Upload
sanja-pesic
View
30
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Jezik ladin
Jezik ladin (ital. ladino, ladin: ladin) je romanski jezik iz grupe retoromanskih jezika. To je maternji jezik za oko
30.000 ljudi na severoistoku Italije u regionu planina Dolomita. To je jedan od najmanjih jezika Evrope po broju
govornika.
Ovaj jezik ne treba mešati sa jezikom ladino (jezik španskih jevreja).
Teritorija
Region u kome se govori jezik ladin je podeljen između više administrativnih jedinica. Planinske doline doprinose
izolaciji i očuvanju jezika, ali jedna od posledica je dijalekatska iscepkanost.
Jezik ladin se govori:
u provinciji Trentino-Južni Tirol: oblast Bolcana, Val Gardene, Val Badije, Val di Fase
u provinciji Veneto: oblast Beluno, Kortina d'Ampeco
U nekim opštinama jezik ladin se koristi u školstvu i administraciji.
Primer
Ovo je tekst molitve Oče naš na jednom od dijalekata jezika ladin (dijalekt Val Gardene).
Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel,
l sibe santificà ti inuem,
l vënie ti rëni,
sibe fata ti ulentà,
coche en ciel enscì en tiera.
Spanglish
Spanglish refers to the blend of English and Spanish, in the speech of people who speak parts of two languages, or
whose normal language is different from that of the country where they live. For example, the Hispanic population
of the United States and the British population in Argentina use varieties of Spanglish. Sometimes
the creole spoken in Spanish holiday resorts which are exposed to both Spanish and English is called Spanglish. The
similar code switching used in Gibraltar is called Llanito. Spanglish may also be known by a regional name. Some
people tend to believe that the "Tex-Mex" spoken in Texas, is also Spanglish, which is not the case; neither is the
case of the "Ladino" spoken in New Mexico, because both are language varieties of Mexican Spanish. Spanglish
is not a pidgin language. It is totally informal; there are no hard-and-fast rules.
1
There is no clear demarcation between Spanglish and simple bad Spanish or English. "Parquear" for "to park" is
clear deliberate Spanglish; "actualmente" for "actually" rather than "at present" is closer to erroneous use of
a false friend, and ambiguous as it has a clear, but different, meaning in true Spanish. However, implications
present themselves. Spanglish does not mean half and half words - it means half and half sentences or overall
speaking ability, but researchers seem to infer which code (language) students should be using, with those who
mostly speak Spanish being labeled as Limited English Proficient at best, and those that prove they can switch
codes on their own and use that half and half mixture are considered bilingual. Some parents of native Spanish
speaking students may wish their children to be taught in pure Spanish, that is without English at all. Some say
bilingual education is preferable, but others say the best way to educate Spanish speaking students is to
completely immerse them in English as soon as possible. The longer students remain in a bilingual program, the
greater their chances are of staying there.
Distribution
These phenomena are produced by close border contact and large bilingual communities on the northern side
along the United States-Mexico border and California, Oregon, Washington, Texas,Arizona, New
Mexico, Florida, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Atlanta, The City of New York, and Chicago. It is also important to
mention that the bilingual communities on the southern side along the Mexican-American border prefer to use
only Spanish while in Mexico, where the term pocho is applied to people who use Spanglish words and
expressions.
It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903–1999) U.S. control of the Panama Canal influenced much of
local society, especially among the former residents of the Panama Canal Zone, theZonians. Some version of
Spanglish, whether by that name or another, is likely to be used wherever speakers of both languages mix.
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican linguist Salvador Tió coined the terms Spanglish, and the less commonly
used inglañol[1] for English spoken with some Spanish terms.
Portuñol
Se denomina portuñol, (en grafía portuguesa: portunhol, portanhol) a la mezcla de los
idiomas portugués y español. Se da entre los hablantes de las regiones lingüísticas limítrofes entre el castellano
(español) y el portugués. Básicamente esto ocurre en algunas partes de Suramérica -zonas de las actuales fronteras
de Brasil con estados hispanoamericanos- y la Península Ibérica -zonas de las fronteras de España con Portugal-.
Portuñol americano
Se da sobre todo en las fronteras de Brasil con Argentina, Colombia, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela y Uruguay.
En este último caso en particular, donde el portuñol con 250 años de antigüedad tiene amplio alcance y es hablado
por la mayoría de los habitantes de las ciudades norteñas y las limítrofes debido a la integración que ocurre entre
2
los dos pueblos en regiones como la Frontera de la Paz, también se lo conoce como bayano, Portuñol
riverense o fronterizo, y técnicamente como DPU (Dialectos portugueses del Uruguay, país que se separó de
las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata y fue anteriormente invadido por el Brasil durante una década), aunque los
locales por lo general lo llaman portuñol, a secas.
Puntos del portuñol en América
Frontera Venezuela-Brasil, La Línea
Santa Elena de Uairén - PacaraimaFrontera Colombia-Brasil-Perú, Tres Fronteras
Leticia-Tabatinga
Portuñol leticianoFrontera Perú-Brasil
Iñapari - Assis Brasil
Pucallpa - Boqueirāo
Islandia – Benjamin Constant
Puerto Esperanza – Santa Rosa do Purus.Frontera Bolivia-Brasil
Cobija-Brasiléia
El portuñol cobijeño (hablado por casi todos los habitantes de Cobija) es un portugués con gramática y
fonética del español pandino.1 Entre sus características más importantes están:
1. el empleo de cinco vocales,
2. aspiración de toda 's' final,
3. no hace diferenciación entre la 's' y la 'z',
4. no hace diferenciación entre la 'b' y la 'v'
5. no tiene diptongos nasales
Guayaramerín-Guajará-Mirim
Villa Bella-Vila Murtinho
En Villa bella hubo presencia de portuñol en el siglo XIX entre colonos traídos por la explotación del
caucho. Hoy en día con la decadencia de la población este se ha extinguido.
3
Paraguay-Brasil-Argentina, Triple Frontera
Existe un movimiento artístico llamado Portuñol Salvaje que fomenta la literatura en
portuñolFrontera Uruguay-Brasil
Artigas-Quarai
Chuy-Chuí
Río Branco-Yaguarón
Rivera-Santana do Livramento, Frontera de la Paz
En esta frontera se habla el portuñol más antiguo de América y uno de los más estudiados y conocidos del
continente, denominado portuñol riverense.Portuñol ibérico
En los límites de Portugal y España se da el portuñol ibérico, que no tiene el vigor del sudamericano y sólo se da en
casos aislados salvo en la zona portuguesa al este del Guadiana, fronteriza conAndalucía, donde se usa un dialecto
portugués fuertemente influenciado por el dialecto andaluz. A tal habla se la denomina en círculos
académicos barranqueño por la pequeña localidad portuguesa deBarrancos, que es la más cercana a una población
andaluza en la zona (concretamente a Encinasola, en Huelva). Se acepta comúnmente que el aporte portugués a
este híbrido lingüístico es mayor que la española-andaluza. En cuanto a Olivenza también existen resquicios de
portuñol, mientras que la frontera española con la portuguesa en la región hispana de Galicia también tiene una
especie de portuñol ya que el gallego es muy cercano al portugués al ser el galaico portugués medieval la "lengua
madre" tanto del gallego como del portugués actuales.
También, el portuñol llegó a utilizarse en algunas zonas de las Islas Canarias tras la conquista, pero acabó
desapareciendo a principios del siglo XX en la isla de La Palma. Actualmente en el dialecto canario podemos
encontrar un gran número de lusismos.
También se denomina portuñol al pidgin resultante cuando una persona que habla portugués trata de hablar
español sin conocer las reglas del idioma, y viceversa.
Otra parte donde el portuñol ha tenido una gran importancia ha sido en las ciudades de Elvas y Badajoz, estas al
estar tan próximas la conexión entre sus habitantes es muy fuerte y es frecuente que en muchos comercios de
ambas ciudades para poder entenderse se use el portuñol.
The Riverense Portuñol or Riverense Portunhol, also known as Fronterizo or Fronteiriço is a mixed
language (linguasphere language code 51-AAA-am[1]) formed from Portuguese and Spanish, or Portunhol. It is
spoken on the border between Uruguay and Brazil, and more specifically in the region of the twin cities
4
of Rivera (Uruguay) and Santana do Livramento (Brazil). This section of the frontier is called Frontera de la
Paz (Border of Peace).
General characteristics
As any other language, the Uruguayan-Brazilian Portuñol is very dynamic and heterogeneous, and there is
a continuum of dialects which range fromRioplatense Spanish (castiiano, in Portuñol) to the standard Brazilian
Portuguese (brazilero, in Portuñol). Nevertheless, it has one variant which is the most used, and could be taken as
a case study: this variant is geographically located on the area having the cities of Rivera and Sant'Ana do
Livramento as its center, and expanding over a strip of several kilometers parallel to the border, including territory
of both nations. This article refers to this variant, but from now on it will be simply called Portuñol or Riverense,
names by which it is identified by the people who speak the language.
The majority of linguists classify portuñol as a variety of Portuguese (Alberto Elizaincín [1], uses the term "DPU"
- Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay to refer not to just one, but to between two and six different variations of
Portuguese spoken in northern Uruguay, being Riverense Portuñol one of these varieties), but there is no
consensus. On the other hand, it can be safely said that Portuñol is a very rich language, in the sense that it has a
great amount of synonyms and more precise words to express specific meanings, besides of having a larger
phonetic richness. However, it is not true to say that Riverense is merely a mix between two languages which
doesn't follow strict grammatical rules.
Origins
The origins of Portuñol can be traced back to the time of the dominion of the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. In
those times, the ownerships of those lands were not very well defined, passing back and forth from the hands of
one crown to the other. Portuñol was not only influenced by Portuguese and Spanish, but also, in a few cases, the
native languages as well; e.g.: gurí (boy), mamboretá (praying mantis), caracú (bovine bone).
Phonology and orthography
The Riverense language doesn't possess a formally defined orthography, but in this article an orthography of
Portuñol will be presented in order to enable its phonemes to be represented in the most accurate and consistent
possible way, highlighting the phonologic features of this language variety. It should be noted that not all Portuñol-
speaking persons use the same pronunciation for the same words (as is the case with most languages).
Nevertheless, the script that is chosen is very representative of the most frequent and distinctive features.
The chosen representation is the closest to the one that would be used if we tried to transcribe the phonemes to
the Spanish language (because this is the language taught to Uruguayans, which is the nationality of the majority of
speakers of this dialect), except for the phonemes that can't be represented through the Spanish alphabet, like, for
example the nasal vowels.
5
6