Language Language Study Study

英语的构词：转化、派生与合成 (( 一一 )) 转化是由一种词类转化成另一转化是由一种词类转化成另一

种词类。种词类。 e.g. 1. Let us have a try. ( try v. → n. ) 2. Please hand in your paper. ( hand n. → v. )

3. The crow emptied a bottle of water. ( empty adj. → v. ) 4. The girl in blue is my daughter. ( blue adj. → n. ) ( 二 ) 派生是由词根加词缀组成的新词。

其中词缀有前缀、后缀两种。

1. 前缀 post- (1) 表示 “在后面” postwar a. 战后的 postpone v. 推迟 postgraduate a. 大学毕业的 postscript n. 附言 , 后记

postage n. 邮资 post office n. 邮局 postcard n. 明信片 postal a. 邮政的 poster n. 海报 , 招贴画

(2) 表示 “邮件 , 邮政”

2. 前缀 sub- (1) 表示 “在下面 , 次一等 , 副手” subtitle n. 副标题 subside v. 下陷 , 平息 (2) 表示 “接近 , 靠近” subcentral a. 接近中心的 subadult a. 接近成年的 subacid a. 略酸的

3. 前缀 over- (1) 表示 “过度 , 过

分” overstudy overwork overdose (2) 表示 “在……之上” overlook overlap overwhelm

n. 用功过度n. 过度劳累n. 用药过量

v. 俯视 , 疏忽v. / n. 重叠v. 压倒 , 泛滥

(3) 表示 “翻转” overturn n. 颠覆 overthrow n. 推翻4. 前缀 up- 表示 “向上 , 在上” upward, uphold, uphill

5. 前缀 under- 表示 “在 …… 下面 , 下面的” underline, underground, underwater 6. 后缀 -fy 表示 “使……化 , 使……

成” beautify, purify, signify, simplify 7. 后缀 -dom 表示 “等级 , 领域 , 状态” kingdom, freedom, wisdom

( 三 ) 合成是两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。

1. lifelong, worldwide, exam-oriented, new-born, well-known, three-legged, heartbroken, easygoing, soft-spoken, narrow-minded, seasick ... ( adj. )

2. weekend, railway, playground, greenhouse, passer-by, brother-in-law, grown-up, breakdown ...

3. half-hibernate, air-drop ... 4. myself, anyone, somebody ...

( n. )( v. )

( pron. )

Exercises

1. That man was _______ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

A. care 　 　 B. careful 　　 C. careless 　　 D. carelessness

B

2. The soldier died for saving the child, so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

A. die    B. dead     C. died     D. death

3. The child looked ________ at his brother who was badly wounded.

A. sadly    B. sadness     C. sadly     D. sad

D

A

5. The three- ________ chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.

A. legging    B. legged     C. legs     D. leged

4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.

A. chemistry        B. chemical C. chemist        D. physician

B

C

6. Stephenson became the ________railway engineer in the world.

A. lead    B. leader     C. leading     D. leadershipC

7. When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked _______ about at his classmates.

A. proud    B. proudly    C. pride      D. pridely

B

8. To everyone’s ________ ， the girl finished the job quite well.

A. satisfied        B. satisfactory C. satisfying       D. satisfactionD

9. — What are you doing here? — Oh, my teacher asked me to write a

passage about ________ in English. — You can write ________ passage

in English? A. 600 words ； a 600-words 　 B. 600-word ； a 600-words C. 600 words ； a 600-word 　 D. 600 words ； a 600-words C

10. No one should enter the spot without the ________ of the police.

A. permit         B. permission C. permitting      D. permittence 11. You must come with us to the police

________. Our head is waiting for you. A. headquarters       B. headline C. headmaster        D. headache

B

A

12. Letting that animal escape was no accident; you did it ________.

A. intend          B. intention C. intentionally 　 D. intentional

13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a _______ smile.

A. practice       B. practise

C. practical       D. practiced

C

D

14. The ________ ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A. judger        B. judgment C. judge        D. judgement

15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the _______ news about Iraq War?

A. lately         B. latest C. later        D. latter

C

B

16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.

A. longer        B. length C. long        D. longing

17. To my ________ ， I passed the exam easily.

A. joy        B. joyful C. joyless        D. joyness

A

B

18. Canada is mainly an ________ country.

A. English-speaking       B. speak-English

C. spoken-English      D. English-spoken

A

19. How________ he is! He is always acting _______. He is really a ________.

A. foolish ； foolishly ； fool B. fool ； foolish ； fool C. foolish ； fool ； fool D. foolishly ； foolish ； fool

A

20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.

A. valuable       B. value C. valueless       D. unvaluable 21. There were ________ fish in the riv

er in South America. A. in danger       B. danger C. dangerous       D. dangerless

B

C

22. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is ________.

A. sound        B. silent C. silence       D. sounded

23. The child looked at me________. A. stranger        B. strangely

C. strange        D. strangeless

B

B

24. The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________ bravely.

A. free        B. freely C. freedom       D. freesC

25. What you said sounded ______ but in fact it was untrue.

A. reasonable       B. reasonful C. reasonless       D. unreason 26. We have to learn ________ technology from

other countries. A. advance       B. advancing C. advantage       D. advanced

A

D

27. The children live in a village ________. They come here almost every day.

A. nearby         B. near C. nearly       D. near by

A

28. Mr Black is an ________in the army, not an ________ in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.

A. official ； officer ； office B. officer ； office ； official C. official ； official ； official D. officer ； official ； officeD

29. You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

A. health        B. healthy C. healthily       D. healthier 30. ________ speaking, I didn’t do it o

n purpose. A. Honestly 　 B. Honest C. Honesty      D. Dishonest

B

A

Homework

1. Choose a best explanation for the word in red.

(1). South Africa’s first multiracial election took place in 1994. ( ) (2). They used to be overworked and underpaid.( )

3. As he stopped speaking there was audible murmurs of discontent. ( )

4. He holds a biannual exhibition of his works in Milan. ( )

5. As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen out. ( )

6. Capitalism is also based on the free exchange of goods and services in the world market. ( )

A. a social system based on private ownership of capital B. involving people of several different races

C. happening twice a yearD. become wideE. not be paid as much as necessaryF. a feeling of wanting an improved situation

2. Preview the Integrating Skills part.