Laudon Ess10e Spp 12

8/16/2019 Laudon Ess10e Spp 12

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12.1 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

12Chapter

Ethical and Social IssuesEthical and Social Issuesin Inor!ation Syste!sin Inor!ation Syste!s

Video Cases:

Case 1 Net Neutrality: Neutral Networks Work

Case 2 Data Mining for Terrorists and Innocents

Instructional Videos:

Instructional Video 1 Big Brother (NSA) is o!ying "#erything on the Internet




S"#$E%" &'(EC"I)ES

Essentials o *anage!ent Inor!ation Syste!sEssentials o *anage!ent Inor!ation Syste!sChapter 12 Ethical and Social Issues in Inor!ation Syste!sChapter 12 Ethical and Social Issues in Inor!ation Syste!s

$ +hat ethical, social, and political issues are raised

by inor!ation syste!s

$ +hat speciic principles or conduct can be used to

guide ethical decisions

$ +hy do conte!porary inor!ation syste!s

technology and the Internet pose challenges to the

protection o indi-idual pri-acy and intellectualproperty

$ Ho ha-e inor!ation syste!s aected e-eryday

lie




'eha-ioral "argeting and /our Pri-acy /oure the "arget

$ Proble! need toeiciently targetonline ads

$ Solution'eha-ioraltargeting allosbusinesses and

organiations to!ore preciselytarget desiredde!ographics




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$ 4oogle uses trac5ing iles to !onitor user acti-ity

on thousands o sites6 businesses !onitor

acti-ity on their on sites to better understand

custo!ers.

$ $e!onstrates I"s role in organiing and

distributing inor!ation

$ Illustrates the ethical 7uestions inherent in online

inor!ation gathering










#nderstanding Ethical and Social Issues :elated to Syste!s

$ :ecent cases o ailed ethical ;udg!ent in

business

$ <eh!an 'rothers, I'*, "yson =oods$ In !any, inor!ation syste!s used to bury

decisions ro! public scrutiny

$ Ethics

$ Principles o right and rong that indi-iduals,

acting as ree !oral agents, use to !a5e

choices to guide their beha-iors



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$ Inor!ation syste!s and ethics

$ Inor!ation syste!s raise ne ethical

7uestions because they createopportunities or

$ Intense social change, threatening e?isting

distributions o poer, !oney, rights, and

obligations

$ %e 5inds o cri!e



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A *odel or "hin5ing About Ethical, Social, andA *odel or "hin5ing About Ethical, Social, and

Political IssuesPolitical Issues


$ Society as a cal! pond

$ I" as roc5 dropped in pond, creating ripples one situations not co-ered by old rules

$ Social and political institutions cannot respond

o-ernight to these ripplesBit !ay ta5e years to

de-elop eti7uette, e?pectations, las

$ :e7uires understanding o ethics to !a5e

choices in legally gray areas



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=igure 12D1

"he introduction o ne

inor!ation technology

has a ripple eect, raising

ne ethical, social, andpolitical issues that !ust

be dealt ith on the

indi-idual, social, and

political le-els. "hese

issues ha-e i-e !oral

di!ensions inor!ationrights and obligations,

property rights and

obligations, syste! 7uality,

7uality o lie, and

accountability and control.

"he :elationship A!ong Ethical, Social, Political"he :elationship A!ong Ethical, Social, Political

Issues in an Inor!ation SocietyIssues in an Inor!ation Society



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=i-e *oral $i!ensions o the Inor!ation Age=i-e *oral $i!ensions o the Inor!ation Age

1. Inor!ation rights and obligations

2. Property rights and obligations

3. Accountability and control

. Syste! 7uality8. uality o lie





Fey "echnology "rends "hat :aise Ethical IssuesFey "echnology "rends "hat :aise Ethical Issues

$ $oubling o co!puter poer

$ More organi%ations de!end on co&!uter syste&s for critical

o!erations

$ :apidly declining data storage costs

$ 'rgani%ations can easily &aintain detailed dataases on

indi#iduals

$ %etor5ing ad-ances and the Internet

$ o!ying data fro& one location to another and accessing

!ersonal data fro& re&ote locations are &uch easier





Fey "echnology "rends "hat :aise Ethical IssuesFey "echnology "rends "hat :aise Ethical Issues

$ Ad-ances in data analysis techni7ues

$ Proiling

$ o&ining data fro& &ulti!le sources to create dossiers ofdetailed infor&ation on indi#iduals

$ %onob-ious relationship aareness G%&:A

$ o&ining data fro& &ulti!le sources to find oscure

hidden connections that &ight hel! identify cri&inals or

terrorists$ *obile de-ice groth

$ Tracking of indi#idual cell !hones






Credit card purchases

can make personal

information available

to market researchers,telemarketers, and

direct-mail companies.

Advances in

information

technology facilitatethe invasion of

privacy.





=igure 12D2

%&:A technology can

ta5e inor!ation about

people ro! disparate

sources and indobscure, nonob-ious

relationships. It !ight

disco-er, or e?a!ple,

that an applicant or a

;ob at a casino shares a

telephone nu!ber ith a5non cri!inal and

issue an alert to the

hiring !anager.

%onob-ious :elationship Aareness G%&:A%onob-ious :elationship Aareness G%&:A




Ethics in an Inor!ation Society

$ 'asic concepts or ethical analysis

$ :esponsibility

$ Acce!ting the !otential costs duties and oligations for decisions

$ Accountability$ Mechanis&s for identifying res!onsile !arties

$ <iability

$ *er&its indi#iduals (and fir&s) to reco#er da&ages done to the&

$ $ue process

$ +aws are well known and understood with an aility to a!!eal to

higher authorities





$ Ethical analysis a i-eDstep process

1. Identiy and clearly describe the acts

2. $eine the conlict or dile!!a and identiy thehigherDorder -alues in-ol-ed

3. Identiy the sta5eholders

. Identiy the options that you can reasonably ta5e

8. Identiy the potential conse7uences o your

options



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$ Candidate Ethical Principles

$ 4olden :ule

$ Do unto others as you would ha#e the& do unto you,

$ I!!anuel Fants Categorical I!perati-e

$ If an action is not right for e#eryone to take it is not right for

anyone

$ $escartes :ule o Change

$ If an action cannot e taken re!eatedly it is not right to take

at all,



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$ Candidate Ethical Principles Gcont.

$ #tilitarian Principle

$ Take the action that achie#es the higher or greater #alue,

$ :is5 A-ersion Principle

$ Take the action that !roduces the least har& or !otential cost,

$ Ethical %o =ree <unchJ :ule

$ Assu&e that #irtually all tangile and intangile o-ects are

owned y so&eone unless there is a s!ecific declaration

otherwise,





$ Proessional codes o conduct

$ Pro!ulgated by associations o proessionals

$ ",g, AMA ABA AIT* AM

$ Pro!ises by proessions to regulate the!sel-es

in the general interest o society

$ :ealDorld ethical dile!!as

$ &ne set o interests pitted against another

$ ",g, right of co&!any to &a.i&i%e !roducti#ity of workers

#ersus workers right to use Internet for short !ersonal tasks







Inor!ation :ights Pri-acy and =reedo! in the Internet AgeInor!ation :ights Pri-acy and =reedo! in the Internet Age

"he *oral $i!ensions o Inor!ation Syste!s

$ Pri-acy

$ lai& of indi#iduals to e left alone free fro&

sur#eillance or interference fro& other indi#idualsorgani%ations or state, lai& to e ale to control

infor&ation aout yourself,

$ In the #nited States, pri-acy protected by

$ /irst A&end&ent (freedo& of s!eech)

$ /ourth A&end&ent (unreasonale search and sei%ure)

$ Additional federal statues (e,g, *ri#acy Act of 0123)






$ =air inor!ation practices

$ Set of !rinci!les go#erning the collection and use of

infor&ation

$ Basis of &ost 4,S, and "uro!ean !ri#acy laws$ Based on &utuality of interest etween record holder

and indi#idual

$ 5estated and e.tended y /T in 0116 to !ro#ide

guidelines for !rotecting online !ri#acy$ 4sed to dri#e changes in !ri#acy legislation

$ '**A$ 7ra&&8+each8Bliley Act$ 9I*AA






$ ="C =IP principles

$ %oticeKaareness Gcore principle

$ We sites &ust disclose !ractices efore collecting data

$ ChoiceKconsent Gcore principle

$ onsu&ers &ust e ale to choose how infor&ation is used

for secondary !ur!oses

$ AccessKparticipation

$ onsu&ers &ust e ale to re#iew contest accuracy of

!ersonal data






$ ="C =IP principles Gcont.

$ Security

$ Data collectors &ust take ste!s to ensure accuracy securityof !ersonal data

$ Enorce!ent

$ Must e &echanis& to enforce /I* !rinci!les






$ European $irecti-e on $ata Protection

$ Co!panies !ust inor! people inor!ation is

collected and disclose ho it is stored and used

$ :e7uires inor!ed consent o custo!er

$ E# !e!ber nations cannot transer personal data

to countries ithout si!ilar pri-acy protection

Ge.g., the #nited States

$ #.S. businesses use sae harbor ra!eor5$ Selfregulating !olicy and enforce&ent that &eets o-ecti#es

of go#ern&ent legislation ut does not in#ol#e go#ern&ent

regulation or enforce&ent






$ Internet Challenges to Pri-acy

$ Coo5ies

$ Tiny files downloaded y We site to #isitor;s hard dri#e

$Identify #isitor;s rowser and track #isits to site

$ Super coo5ies G=lash coo5ies

$ +eb beacons G+eb bugs

$ Tiny gra!hics e&edded in e&ail &essages and We !ages

$ Monitor who is reading e&ail &essage or #isiting site

$ Spyare

$ Surre!titiously installed on user;s co&!uter

$ May trans&it user;s keystrokes or dis!lay unwanted ads

$ 4oogle ser-ices and beha-ioral targeting




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=igure 12D3

Coo5ies are

ritten by a

+eb site on a

-isitors hard

dri-e. +hen the

-isitor returns

to that +ebsite, the +eb

ser-er re7uests

the I$ nu!ber

ro! the coo5ie

and uses it to

access the data

stored by that

ser-er on that-isitor. "he

+eb site can

then use these

data to display

personalied

inor!ation.

Ho Coo5ies Identiy +eb )isitorsHo Coo5ies Identiy +eb )isitors





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$ "he #nited States allos businesses to gather

transaction inor!ation and use this or other

!ar5eting purposes

$ &nline industry pro!otes selDregulation o-erpri-acy legislation

$ Hoe-er, e?tent o responsibility ta5en -aries

$ State&ents of infor&ation use

$ &ptDout &odels selected o#er optDin

$ 'nline <seals= of !ri#acy !rinci!les

$ *ost online pri-acy policies cannot be understood






$ "echnical solutions

$ "he Plator! or Pri-acy Preerences GP3P

$ Intended to !ro#ide standard for co&&unicating a We

site;s !ri#acy !olicies to #isitor;s We rowser

$ 4ser s!ecifies !ri#acy le#els desired in rowser settings

$ 4nsuccessful

$ 'roser eatures

$ Pri-ateJ brosing

$ $o not trac5J eature





Interacti-e Session "echnologyInteracti-e Session "echnology

<ie on the 4rid iPhone 'eco!es i"rac5<ie on the 4rid iPhone 'eco!es i"rac5

$ :ead the Interacti-e Session and then discuss the

olloing 7uestions

$ +hy do cell phone !anuacturers GApple, 4oogle,

and 'lac5'erry ant to trac5 here their custo!ers

go

$ $o you thin5 cell phone custo!ers should be able to

turn trac5ing o Should custo!ers be inor!edhen they are being trac5ed +hy or hy not

$ $o you thin5 cell phone trac5ing is a -iolation o a

persons pri-acy






Property :ights Intellectual PropertyProperty :ights Intellectual Property


$ Intellectual property intangile !ro!erty of any kind

created y indi#iduals or cor!orations

$ "hree !ain ays that intellectual property isprotected

$ "rade secret intellectual work or !roduct elonging to usiness

not in the !ulic do&ain

$ Copyright statutory grant !rotecting intellectual !ro!erty fro&eing co!ied for the life of the author !lus 2> years

$ Patents grants creator of in#ention an e.clusi#e &ono!oly on

ideas ehind in#ention for ?> years






$ Challenges to intellectual property rights

$ $igital !edia dierent ro! physical !edia Ge.g.,

boo5s

$ "ase of re!lication$ "ase of trans&ission (networks Internet)

$ Difficulty in classifying software

$ o&!actness

$ Difficulties in estalishing uni@ueness

$ $igital *illenniu! Copyright Act G$*CA

$ Makes it illegal to circu&#ent technologyased

!rotections of co!yrighted &aterials


E i l * I i S





$ Accountability, liability, control

$ Co!puterDrelated liability proble!s

$ I sotare ails, ho is responsible$ If seen as !art of &achine that in-ures or har&s software

!roducer and o!erator &ay e liale

$ If seen as si&ilar to ook difficult to hold author!ulisher

res!onsile

$ What should liaility e if software seen as ser#ice Would

this e si&ilar to tele!hone syste&s not eing liale for

trans&itted &essages


SE ti l * t I ti S t





$ Syste! 7uality data 7uality and syste!

errors

$ +hat is an acceptable, technologically easible

le-el o syste! 7uality$ /lawless software is econo&ically unfeasile

$ "hree principal sources o poor syste!

peror!ance

$ Software ugs errors

$ 9ardware or facility failures

$ *oor in!ut data @uality (&ost co&&on source of usiness

syste& failure)


E ti l * t I ti S tE ti l * t I ti S t




uality o <ie E7uity, Access, and 'oundariesuality o <ie E7uity, Access, and 'oundaries


$ %egati-e social conse7uences o syste!s

$ 'alancing poer although co&!uting !ower

decentrali%ing key decision &aking re&ains centrali%ed$ :apidity o change usinesses &ay not ha#e enough

ti&e to res!ond to gloal co&!etition

$ *aintaining boundaries co&!uting Internet use

lengthens workday infringes on fa&ily !ersonal ti&e

$ $ependence and -ulnerability !ulic and !ri#ate

organi%ations e#er &ore de!endent on co&!uter syste&s







Although some

people enjoy the

convenience of

working at home, the

do anythinganywhere computing

environment can blur

the traditional

boundaries between

work and family time.





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$ Co!puter cri!e and abuse

$ Co!puter cri!e: co&&ission of illegal acts through use of

co&!ute or against a co&!uter syste&Cco&!uter &ay e

o-ect or instru&ent of cri&e

$ Co!puter abuse unethical acts not illegal

$ Spa! high costs for usinesses in dealing with s!a&

$ E!ploy!ent

$ :eengineering or5 resulting in lost ;obs

$ E7uity and accessBthe digital di-ide

$ ertain ethnic and inco&e grou!s in the 4nited States less

likely to ha#e co&!uters or Internet access






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$ Health ris5s

$ :epetiti-e stress in;ury G:SI

$ +argest source is co&!uter keyoards

$ ar!al Tunnel Syndro&e (TS)

$ Co!puter -ision syndro!e GC)S

$"yestrain and headaches related to screen use

$ "echnostress

$ Aggra#ation i&!atience fatigue



E ti l * t I ti S tEssentials o *anage!ent Inor!ation Syste!s





:epetiti-e stress in;ury G:SI is the leading occupational disease today. "he

single largest cause o :SI is co!puter 5eyboard or5


Essentials o *anage!ent Inor!ation Syste!sEssentials o *anage!ent Inor!ation Syste!s




Interacti-e Session PeopleInteracti-e Session People"oo *uch Inor!ation"oo *uch Inor!ation

$ :ead the Interacti-e Session and then discuss the

olloing 7uestions

$ +hat are so!e o the argu!ents or and against the use

o digital !edia

$ Ho !ight the brain aected by constant digital !edia

usage

$ $o you thin5 these argu!ents outeigh the positi-es odigital !edia usage +hy or hy not

$ +hat additional concerns are there or children using

digital !edia Should children under @ years o age use

co!puters and cell phones +hy or hy not





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Laudon Ess10e Spp 12