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Assessing Coastal Vulnerability along the Penarik Beach Terengganu

Ramizah Binti Mohd Raza (43801)

Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

2016

Pusat Kil UIVIVElL'

P. KNIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK iýýý.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIMMSIYIN 1000272651

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DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP

I, Ramizah binti Mohd Raza, declare that the final year project report entitled:

Assessing Coastal Vulnerability along the Penarik Beach and the work

presented in the report are both my own, and have been generated by me as the result

of my own original research. I confirm that:

" this work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research

degree at this University;

" where I made corrections based on suggestion by supervisor and examiners,

this has been clearly stated;

" where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly

attributed;

" where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With

the exception of such quotations, this report is entirely my own work;

"I have acknowledged all main sources of help;

" where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have

made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed

myself;

" none of this work has been published before submission

Signed:

Aquatic Resource Science and Management

Department of Aquatic Science

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

Date: ýýý ýý

ii

Acknowledgment

No words except "Alhamdulillah" as a huge gratitude towards Allah SWT for His

enormous blessing to me in completing this thesis. Apart from that, I would like to

convey my endless thanks to my family, especially my parents for their encouragement

and support.

Moreover, a deep thanks and highly appreciation to Dr. Aazani Mujahid for her

supervision who has given me a lot of guides to produce a superb work. Million

thanks to my family too for giving me full supports to do this project.

Many people have contributed to this thesis in all sorts of ways. Even though I

cannot acknowledge them all, I would particularly like to mention all my team mates

of this Final Year Project, Nurul Mardhiah binti Che Mahmood, Syamimi Anis Amirah

binti Ismail, and Nabilla binti Sayothi as they have contributed a lot in discussion and

feedback. I do really appreciate their willingness to help me out.

Besides, I am indebted to the authors of all reading materials that I have referred

to. Last, but not least, special thanks to all the respondents who have given me

invaluable cooperation in my randomly distributed questionnaires.

iii

Pusat Khiomat Maklumat Akadem' ' UIVIVEltSTfi MALAYSIA SARAWA,.

Table of Contents

Declaration of Authorship

Acknowledgment

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Abbreviations

Abstract

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Penarik Beach

2.2 Coastal Geomorphology

2.3 Coastal Erosion and Accretion

2.4 Monsoon

2.5 Coastal Vulnerability

2.6 Vulnerability Assessment Toolkits for Coastal Ecosystem

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Sites

3.2 CIVAT

3.2.1 Beach Profiling

3.2.2 Shoreline Tracing

3.3 Computing Data and Data Analysis

3.3.1 Questionnaire

3.3.2 Vulnerability Assessment

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Beach Profiling

4.2 Shoreline Tracing

4.3 Community Awareness

4.3.1 Community Background

4.3.2 Community Perceptions

4.4 Vulnerability Assessment

4.4.1 CIVAT Exposure rubric

Ii

III

VI

viii

X

X1

I

4

4

4

5

6

6

8

11

11

12

12

14

14

14

15

17

17

28

32

32

34

38

38

iv

4.4.2 CIVAT Sensitivity rubric

4.4.3 CIVAT Adaptive Capacity rubric

4.4.4 Vulnerability Level

5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 REFERENCES

7.0 APPENDICES

Appendix I

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

List of Tables

Tables No. Title Pages

1 Description on Vulnerability Indicators (adapted from Geronimo, 8 Quibilan, and Follosco, 2013)

2 Description of the three coastal VA tools (adapted from MERF, 2013) 10

3 Stations, coordinates, and the markers 13

4 Summary of beach profiling data 24

5 (i) A rubric of exposure parameter 38

5 (ii) Exposure level of beaches at Kg. Mangkuk, Kg. Baru Penarik, and 40 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

6 (i) A rubric of sensitivity parameter which including intrinsic and 41 extrinsic factors in relation to wave impact and sea level rise

6 (ii) Sensitivity level of beaches at Kg. Mangkuk, Kg. Baru Penarik, and 42 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

7 (i) A rubric of adaptive capacity parameter in relation to wave impact 43 and sea level rise

7 (ii) Adaptive Capacity level of beaches at Kg. Mangkuk, Kg. Baru 43 Penarik, and Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

8 (a) Potential Impact of beaches at Kg. Mangkuk, Kg. Baru Penarik and 44 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

8 (b) (i) The PI rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Mangkuk obtained from 45 multiplying the exposure and sensitivity score based on standard formula in CIVAT

S (b) (ii) The PI rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Baru Penarik obtained from 45 multiplying the exposure and sensitivity score based on standard formula in CIVAT

8 (b) (iii) The PI rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Rhu Sepuluh obtained from 45 multiplying the exposure and sensitivity score based on standard formula in CIVAT

V1

8 (c) (i) The vulnerability rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Mangkuk 46 obtained from multiplying the PI and AC score based on standard formula in CIVAT

8 (c) (ii) The vulnerability rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Baru Penarik 46 obtained from multiplying the PI and AC score based on standard formula in CIVAT

8 (c) (iii) The vulnerability rating for a stretch of beach at Kg. Rhu Sepuluh 46 obtained from multiplying the PI and AC score based on standard formula in CIVAT

VII

List of Figures

Figures No. Title Pages

1 Relationship of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity 7 (adapted from Geronimo, Quibilan, and Follosco, 2013)

2 Study sites (Station 1-9) along the Penarik Beach (adapted from 11 Google Earth, 2016)

3 Basic formula used to calculate coastal vulnerability 15

4 (a) (i)

4 (a) (ii)

4 (a) (iii)

4 (b) (i)

4 (b) (ii)

4 (b) (iii)

4 (c) (i)

4 (c) (ii)

4 (c) (iii)

The difference of beach slope for Station I during PRM and ENM in 17 Kg. Mangkuk

The difference of beach slope for Station 2 during PRM and ENM in 18 Kg. Mangkuk

The difference of beach slope for Station 3 during PRM and ENM in Kg. Mangkuk

18

The difference of beach slope for Station 4 during PRM and ENM in 19 Kg. Baru Penarik

The difference of beach slope for Station 5 during PRM and ENM in 20 Kg. Baru Penarik

The difference of beach slope for Station 6 during PRM and ENM in 20 Kg. Baru Penarik

The difference of beach slope for Station 7 during PRM and ENM in 21 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

The difference of beach slope for Station 8 during PRM and ENM in 22 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

The difference of beach slope for Station 9 during PRM and ENM in 23 Kg. Rhu Sepuluh

5 The sheltering islands, Lang Tengah and Redang Island facing the 27 Penarik Beach shoreline (adapted from Google Earth, 2016)

6 (i) Comparison of shoreline trend in 2015 with historic shoreline at Kg. 28 Mangkuk (adapted from Google Earth, 2016)

viii

6 (ii) Comparison of shoreline trend in 2015 with historic shoreline at Kg. 29 Baru Penarik (adapted from Google Earth, 2016)

6 (iii) Comparison of shoreline trend in 2015 with historic shoreline at Kg. 29 Rhu Sepuluh (adapted from Google Earth, 2016)

7 (i) Community background based on gender 32

7 (ii) Community background based on age 33

7 (iii) Community background based on employment status 33

8 (i) Community perceptions based on importance of coastal area to them 34

8 (ii) Community perceptions based on condition of the beach currently 34 compared to the past

8 (iii) Community perceptions based on regularity of human activities that 35 might cause the beach vulnerability level to increase

8 (iv) Community perceptions based on level of awareness on global 35 climate change and any issues related to it

ix

List of Abbreviations

CIVAT Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Tool

GPS Global Positioning System

SIF S Intrinsic Factors

VA Vulnerability Assessment

CCA Climate Change Adaptation

CC Climate Change

CTI CCA Coral Triangle Initiative Climate Change Adaptation

TURF Tool for Understanding Resilience Fisheries

ICSEA-C-Change Integrated Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure and Adaptive

Capacity to Climate Change

AC Adaptive Capacity

NE monsoon Northeast monsoon

SW monsoon Southwest monsoon

PRM Pre-northeast monsoon

ENM End-northeast monsoon

PI Potential Impact

WWF-Malaysia World Wide Fund for Nature-Malaysia

MERF Marine Environment and Resources Foundation

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

SLR Sea Level Rise

SL Sea Level

CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Planning

X

Assessing Coastal Vulnerability along the Penarik Beach, Terengganu Ramizah Bt. Mohd Raza

Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

University of Malaysia Sarawak

Abstract

Most of the beaches are experiencing erosion due to climate change. One of the factors that can erode the beach is the wave during northeast (NE) monsoon. In Malaysia, the NE monsoon affects the beaches in the east of Peninsular Malaysia and the beaches in the west of Borneo. Those beaches might subject to great erosion, including Penarik Beach that is located in the east of Peninsular Malaysia when the NE monsoon attacks the coastal areas. Furthermore, very few studies on coastal vulnerability assessment had been done in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims Penarik Beach in order to assess its vulnerability level towards the NE monsoon by using Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CIVAT). Beach profiling and shoreline tracing methods are applied throughout this research. Besides, this research is also completed by determining the awareness level of localities by using questionnaires. This study has found out that some parts of Penarik Beach are eroding and there are also parts that experience accretion. Overall, vulnerability level at Kg. Mangkuk is low and the vulnerability at both Kg. Baru Penarik and Kg. Rhu Sepuluh are high. The survey by

using questionnaires has also found out that awareness level among the locals is low.

Keywords: Erosion, Northeast monsoon, CIVAT, beach profiling, shoreline tracing

Kebanyakan pantai lazimnya mengalami proses hakisan disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Salah satu punca yang boleh menghakis pantai ialah monsun. Di Malaysia,

monsun Timur Laut (musim tengkujuh) memberi kesan kepada pantai pantai di Timur Semenanjung Malaysia dan di Pantai Barat Borneo. Pantai tersebut mungkin terdedah dengan hakisan yang teruk termasuk Pantai Penarik yang terletak di Timur Semenanjung Malaysia apabila kawasan persisiran pantai dilanda monsun Timur Laut. Lagipun, kajian tentang penilaian kelemahan kawasan pesisiran yang telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia adalah sangat sedikit. Oleh hal yang demikian, kajian ini memilih Pantai Penarik untuk dinilai tahap kelemahan pantainya terhadap monsun Timur Laut dengan menggunakan Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CIVA7). Teknik profil pantai dan pengesanan koordinat pantai digunakan dalam kajian ini. Selain itu, kajian inijuga telah disempurnakan dengan menentukan tahap kesedaran masyarakat setempat dengan menggunakan borang kaji selidik Kajian ini

mendapati bahawa ada kawasan Pantai Penarik yang mengalami hakisan dan ada yang mengalami penambakan. Secara keseluruhan, tahap kelemahan terhadap perubahan iklim di Kg. Mangkuk adalah rendah, manakala di Kg. Baru Penarik dan Kg. Rhu Sepuluh adalah tinggi. Kajian daripada borang kaji selidik mendapati bahawa tahap kesedaran masyarakat setempat adalah rendah.

Kata kunci: Hakisan, monsun Timur Laut, CIYAT, profil pantai, mengesan koordinat

pantai

xi

1.0 Introduction

Malaysia possess long coastline at about 4800 km which covering along the East Coast

of Peninsular Malaysia with 860 km (Sharifah, 1992), West Coast of Peninsular

Malaysia with 1110 km, Sarawak with 1040 km and Sabah with 1800 km (Abd.

Shukor, 2004). Abd. Shukor (2004) have reported that some Malaysia coastline is

occupied by mangrove forests with a total of 641,886 ha; 17% is found in Peninsular

Malaysia, 26% in Sarawak and the rest is found in Sabah (57%). Coastal areas have

high value of socio-economic related activities, in which including various aspects

such as aquaculture and fisheries, physical setting and land use, tourism, environment

and natural resources and other economic factors (Zainora and Ainaa Nawwarah,

2013). These coastal areas are actually under intense pressure from many factors

which basically from natural processes, resources development, urban growth and

pollution. Those kinds of threats have made the coastal area a priority for coastal

vulnerability assessment programs since coastal area is sensitive to harsh conditions.

"Coast can be defined as the zone possessing marine terraces, sea cliffs, or sand dunes

features on its landward limit which extending seaward to the shore face, or a depth at

which there is little transport of sediments by wave action" (Siringan et al., 2013, p76).

A study done by Ong (2002) has reported that about 30% of Malaysian coastlines are

exposed to erosion. Erosion problem in Malaysia had started long time ago as in 1986,

the National Coastal Erosion Study conducted by the Department of Irrigation and

Drainage had found that 1,300 km out of 4,300km of Malaysia coastline was eroded.

The coastal area bordering the South China Sea is always subjected to serious coastal

I

erosion problem like Terengganu and Kelantan. Erosion problem at beaches gives a lot

of burden to environment and local community as coastal erosion issue can damage

the natural properties occupying the beach as well as communities' properties.

Moreover, coastal erosion does not only attack Malaysia, but its existence is

experienced by all countries worldwide.

Very few coastal vulnerability studies were conducted in Malaysia, based on the

published journals available using CIVAT done in Terengganu. The CIVAT is selected

for this study as Philippines had proven the successful of utilizing it according to a

report by Siringan et al. (2012) that assessed vulnerability of coastal to erosion due to

monsoon and wave exposure. The monsoon that may cause erosion is NE monsoon

because it brings heavy rainfall from November until March and hence the using of

CIVAT for this study is suitable because the coastal habitats and socio-economic

activities of both Malaysia and Philippines are about the same. Coastal erosion

problem in Terengganu might be risen by many factors; wave, monsoon, wind, tidal

inundation, sea level rise, human activities. All those factors except the human

activities are highly related to climate change because climate change assists them to

work extremely.

Unlike sea level rise, wave, monsoon, wind and tidal inundation factors are actually

the common events. But, those factors occur at out of control as they change the

shoreline trend in a bad way due to climate change which resulting from global

warming (Islam and Rahman, 2015) recent years. With the help of sea level rise and

human activities, the coastal inhabitants would be threatened seriously. Nevertheless,

2

coastal habitats can detain to extreme events with natural protectors such as mangrove

forest, rocky shore and coral reef. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to

determine the coastal vulnerability level towards the Northeast monsoon exposure

along Penarik Beach located in Setiu district in Terengganu by applying these

objectives: i) to determine the geomorphological changes along Penarik coast in

pre-NE monsoon and end of NE monsoon, ii) to assess coastal vulnerability level of

Penarik coast by using CIVAT, iii) to determine the level of awareness among the

residents of the Penarik Beach.

3

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Penarik Beach

Penarik Beach is located in Setiu district in Terengganu. Setiu is one of

WWF-Malaysia areas of doing project as an initiative to conserve Setiu Wetlands.

Setiu Wetlands is now being proposed by Terengganu government to gazette it as

Terengganu's First State Park to Forestry Department because it meets the criterion as

state park. The Setiu Wetlands has a variety of natural features; for instance a 14 km

lagoon, swathes of paperbark tea-tree and freshwater, brackish water and sea water

ecosystems. Those wetlands are the second largest mangrove area in Terengganu after

Kemaman Forest Reserve. They stretch from Merang to Kampung Raja, Besut that

consist mostly fringing mangroves, comprising mostly of Nypa and some stand of

Rhizophora (Kamaruzaman and Dato' Hj Dahlan, 2008). The villages are adjacent to

each other, such as Kampung Mangkuk, Kampung Baru Penarik and Kampung Rhu

Sepuluh. So, the study sites are also included in the Setiu Wetlands area as it covers

between Kuala Besut and Merang in which Penarik and Mangkok are in between of

them. Actually, WWF not only tries to protect the trees and water systems but also the

painted terrapin and green turtle since they have made the Setiu Wetlands as their

breeding ground.

2.2 Coastal Geomorphology

Leathermen, Davidson and Nicholls (1994) have reported that coastal geomorphology

is defined as the study of evolution and morphological development of the coast due to

sea level changes, waves, currents, and winds factors. Over the last decade, coastal

4

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademi'" UIYIVERSITi MALAYSIA SARAWAI%

geomorphology has experienced a particularly unique stage of evolution, where

established theory has been both confirmed and challenged, if not overtaken, by rapid

advances in field logistics and instrumentation, computing capabilities and

applications, and by an increased globalization of the science itself. Understandably,

therefore, before we can determine `where do we go from here? ' it has been necessary

to take stock and evaluate where we actually are. Despite all our recent advances,

significant and often persistent questions remain in our knowledge of coastal systems,

while other pathways are being opened for the first time. This report attempts to

provide a synthesis of our present state of knowledge across a selected range of coastal

topics, primarily focusing on the last six years. Our aim is to provide a reference guide

to existing studies and, given that it is not possible to cover all subfields and research

articles in a report this size, we apologize in advance to those left out (Stephenson and

Brander, 2003).

2.3 Coastal Erosion and Accretion

"Coastal erosion is the permanent loss of the sand from the beach dune system and

strongly depends on the type of coast in terms of its exposure, wave climate, sediment

composition, beach slope and surge levels" (Van Rijn, 2011, p868). Coastal erosion

and accretion always involve in shaping the present coastlines (Van Rijn, 2011).

Coastal erosion is experienced by most countries in the world, for instance Thailand.

According to a report prepared by Johan et al (2005), erosion and accretion processes

of the Bang Khun Thien mangrove mud coast located at the Upper Gulf of Thailand

are not in a good balance due to least sediment yield from the Chao Phraya River that

was resulted from the Bhumipol and Sirikit dams' construction and thus rapid erosion

5

occurred there. In Malaysia, Nor Haslinda et al (2014) had done their research about

coastal erosion at Tanjung Piai, Johor. It is reported that the area already experienced

severe erosion for several decades even though various man made sea structures had

been constructed (Nor Aslinda, Wan Hasliza, Mohd Radzi, 2014). Worst erosion at

Tanjung Piai is a something to be worried for because it is a ramsar site that consists of

mangrove forests and mudflats (Nor Aslinda, Wan Hasliza, Mohd Radzi, 2014).

Moreover, mangrove forests play a main role to defence against coastal erosion under

normal condition (Abd. Shukor, 2004). "The erosion is often the result of human

interventions, which disrupt the sediment balance due to constructions that interfere

with the free circulation of coastal sediments" (Silva et al., 2014, pl0).

2.4 Monsoon

Malaysians experience two types of monsoon; Northeast (NE) monsoon and

Southwest (SW) monsoon. The NE monsoon normally starts from November until

March, whereas the SW monsoon commonly emerges from May to September. NE

monsoon always cause beach erosion as the backshore and foreshore are cut back,

ridges are flattened and thus the beach profile is smoothed out (Wong, 1981). On the

contrary, beach accretion occurs during the SE monsoon and therefore ridges, berms,

cuspate, and bars are the common features seen during SE monsoon compared to NE

monsoon (Wong, 1981).

2.5 Coastal Vulnerability

"Vulnerability refers to the weakness of the exposed system" (Holling, 1973; Walker

et al., 2006; Escudero et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2014, p4). Vulnerability can also be

6

defined as the degree to which a system is susceptible to adverse effects of climate

change (IPCC, 2001; Geronirno, Quibilan, and Follosco, 2013). Some ideas on coastal

vulnerability may assist the policy makers and the experts to anticipate any possible

impacts that could appear as a result of climate change (Hinkel and Klein, 2009).

Three components involved as indicators to measure the coastal vulnerability;

exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity (AC) (IPCC, 2001; Geronimo, Quibilan,

and Follosco, 2013). Sensitivity and exposure components can be taken together to

provide potential impact (P1) while PI and AC may be taken together to yield

vulnerability (Allison et al., 2013). The correlation among the three components is

illustrated in Figure 1. Refer Table I for description.

Exposure ............................... Sensitivity 1)

Potential Impact ...................... Q Vulnerability

Adaptive Capacity

Figure 1: Relationship of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity (adapted from Geronimo, Quibilan. and Follosco, 2013)

i

7

Table 1: Description on Vulnerability Indicators (adapted from Geronimo, Quibilan, and Follosco,

2013)

Exposure -Quantify the intensity or severity of physical environment

conditions that contribute to the changes in the state of the

biophysical system.

-e. g.; wave exposure, sea level change, and tidal range.

Sensitivity -Describe the system's current state for specific features that

respond to Exposure factors emerging from climate change

phenomenon

-Two categories; intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors

Adaptive -Characterize the system's ability to cope with adverse effects

Capacity associated with global climate change

2.6 Vulnerability Assessment (VA) Toolkits for Coastal Ecosystems

Coastal VA Tools were actually being designed for those who involved in managing

the coast as well as the site-level practitioners in order to provide suitable guide in

planning the adaptation to cope with present coastal climate change (MERF, 2013). It

can be done by determining the vulnerability level of the coast to various

climate-related hazards (MERF, 2013). Sea level rise (SLR), waves and storm surges,

rainfall, and sea surface temperature are the climate hazards considered (MERF,

2013). The tools had been developed by more than fifteen Philippine marine scientists

with a wide specializations range that include marine biology, geology, oceanography,

fisheries, ecology, and coastal resources management (MERF, 2013) since the

vulnerability of coast cannot be directly equated with physical effects (Ozyurt and

Ergin, 2010). The VA tools are Integrated Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure, and Adaptive

Capacity to Climate Change VA Tools (ICSEA-C-Change), Coastal Integrity

8

Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CIVAT), and Tool for Understanding Resiliency of

Fisheries (TURF) (MERF, 2013).

ICSEA-C-Change is readily usable as most of the required data inputs may be

obtained from previous studies and resource evaluations and it also may evaluate

available data for finer and more detailed assessments in terms of vulnerability level

(MERF, 2013). Coastal integrity functions of marine and coastal ecosystem as well as

exposure factors like SLR, storm surges, waves, sea surface temperature, and rainfall

are highly considered by ICSEA-C-Change tool (MERF, 2013). Apart from that, the

CIVAT determines the coastal vulnerability physically by analyzing anthropogenic

and natural factors that induce the beach processes (MERF, 2013). The third tool,

TURF is used to analyze vulnerability of fisheries by considering three major

components; fisheries, reef habitat, and socio-economic conditions (MERF, 2013).

Among the three tools, CIVAT and TURF may provide more detailed vulnerability

assessments (MERF, 2013) as shown in Table 2.

9

Table 2: Description of the three coastal VA tools (adapted from MERF, 2013)

ICSEA-GChange CI VAT TURF

Course resolution of analysis Fine resolution of

analysis

The results obtained cannot

be used directly to inform

selection of specific

adaptation options.

Broad and rapid assessment

of climate change

vulnerabilities

Cannot provide specific

adaptation options

The results obtained can

be used directly to

inform selection of

specific adaptation

options.

Assess the vulnerability

of the physical coast

inundation and erosion

due to SL changes and

wave

Can identify specific

adaptations options to

improve coastal integrity

Fine resolution of

analysis

The results obtained can

be used directly to inform

selection of specific

adaptation options.

Measure the vulnerability

of fisheries to climate

change-related hazards

Can identify specific

adaptations options to

lowering fisheries

vulnerability to CC

10

3.0 Materials and Methods

3.1 Study Sites

Figure 2: Stuck sitcs (Station I-9) along the Penarik Beach (adapted from Google Earth, 2016)

This study had been conducted along the Penarik Beach (Figure 2) which comprising

of many villages; three of them are Kampung Mangkuk, Kampung Baru Penarik, and

Kampung Rhu Sepuluh. It was done two times; during Northeast monsoon (end of

November) and post Northeast monsoon (mid of February). According to rough

observations, most of the localities were fishermen, street vendors and fish farmers.

The coast is influenced by the interaction between terrestrial and marine which are

sandy beach, rocky shore, and nipah forest at certain area. Data were collected from

tracing the shoreline and beach profiling of the Penarik coast. Apart from that, data had

also been collected by personal observation and distributed questionnaire among the

villages and nearby areas.

3.2 CIVAT

This research had utilized CIVAT to determine the vulnerability level of the coast as it

could provide data analysis at a fine resolution (Siringan et al., 2013). Moreover, this

tool had been chosen among the three coastal VA tools as this tool is able to promote

ecosystems-based management of the coast (Siringan et al., 2013). Besides, CIVAT

also includes important processes like SL changes and waves as well as intrinsic (e. g.,

shoreline trends and slope) and extrinsic (e. g., coastal structures and beach mining)

factors which covering overall state of the coast for analysis (Siringan et al., 2013).

Two methods were carried out under this tool; beach profiling and shoreline tracing.

Also, observations on the coast's condition had been done by using rubrics for the

three indicators involved (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity). According to

Geronimo et al. (2013), a rubric is a scoring system to expect its quality whereby the

quality range for each criterion is divided into an equal number of scores with clear

descriptions for each score and therein making the evaluations more objective.

3.2.1 Beach Profiling

The beach profiling method that was adapted from Emery method (1965) is also being

called as ̀ Emery board'. It was conducted to measure the changes in height elevation

at the beach so that the rate of erosion and accretion could be predicted by determining

the beach steepness. It was done twice, during the NE monsoon and post NE monsoon.

Two rods and a measuring tape were used. A permanent feature (e. g., coconut tree,

house, chalet) was chosen to be marked as starting point (Point 0) and another point

would be as point 1. The two rods were aligned; each rod at each point and the reading

on the rod of Point 0 was read when the second rod was aligned to horizon. The

12

distance (x) between Point 0 and Point I and the differences in elevation (dz) from sea

level were recorded. The profile was lined perpendicularly to the beach until reaching

the breakwater during the lowest tide to get the longest profiles as posssible.

Observations on sediment type or any objects found along the transect should be

noted. The data obtained had been organized by using Microsoft Excel to have plotted

graphs of beach elevation. Gradient of the elevation was calculated from the graphs

and the steepness of the two data which were during the NE monsoon and post NE

monsoon were compared. Apart from that, observation on sediment particle sizes were

also being made and the size of sand particles had been predicted by doing analysis

based on visual comparison of sediment particles size guide.

Table 3: Stations, coordinates, and the markers

Location Station Coordinates Markers Kg. I N 05°37'48.39" -SK Mangkok

Mangkuk E 102°47'29.41" -coconut tree Kg. 2 N 05°3732.92" -a white fenced house

Mangkuk E 102°47'47.38" Kg. 3 N 05°37'21.57" -pickles manufacturing place

Man kuk E 102°48'00.00" Kg. Baru 4 N 05°36'52.01" -aquaculture site Penarik E 102°4829.21" -swallow house

Kg. Baru 5 N 05°36'46.33" -a house Penarik E 102°48'34.67" -coconut tree

Kg. Baru 6 N 05°36'47.32" -a food stall Penarik E 102°48'33.63" Kg. Rhu 7 N 05°36'53.77" -on the left side of navy temporary base Sepuluh E 102°48'29.15" (Bari Beach Camp) when facing the sea Kg. Rhu 8 N 05°34'47.63" -in the middle of navy temporary base Sepuluh E 102°50'36.95" (Bari Beach Camp) Kg. Rhu 9 N 05°34'41.32" -on the right side of navy temporary Sepuluh E 102°50'45.03" base (Bari Beach Camp) when facing

the sea

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