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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLEI MEDICINVETERINARA BANATULUI

REGELE MIHAI I AL ROMNIEI DIN TIMIOARA

Facultatea de Management Agricol

Specializarea: Inginerie Economicn Agricultur

Georgeta RA

LIMBI MODERNE

Curs pentru studenii ID

Editura AgroprintTimioara

2014


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Refereni tiinifici:

Prof. dr. Liviu SAMBOTINLector. dr. Luminita TURCU


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Cuprins

Unitatea de nvare 1 The written message 5

Unitatea de nvare 2 The graph (I) 10

Unitatea de nvare 3 The graph (II) 14

Unitatea de nvare 4 The graph (III) 18

Unitatea de nvare 5 Summarising 23

Unitatea de nvare 6 Note-taking 28

Unitatea de nvare 7 Expanding 33

Unitatea de nvare 8 Structure and presentation of letters (I) 37

Unitatea de nvare 9 Structure and presentation of letters (II) 42

Unitatea de nvare 10 Structure and presentation of letters (III) 47

Unitatea de nvare 11 Structure and presentation of letters (IV) 52

Unitatea de nvare 12 Content and style of letters (I) 57

Unitatea de nvare 13 Content and style of letters (II) 61

Unitatea de nvare 14 Types of letters (I) 65

Unitatea de nvare 15 Types of letters (II) 70

Unitatea de nvare 16 Other written documents 75

Unitatea de nvare 17 Basic rules of grammar (I) 80

Unitatea de nvare 18 Basic rules of grammar (II) 85

Unitatea de nvare 19 Basic rules of grammar (III) 90

Unitatea de nvare 20 Basic rules of grammar (IV) 95

Unitatea de nvare 21 Basic rules of punctuation (I) 99

Unitatea de nvare 22 Basic rules of punctuation (II) 104

Unitatea de nvare 23 Basic rules of punctuation (III) 109

Unitatea de nvare 24 Basic rules of spelling 114

Bibliografie 119Anexa 1 122Anexa 2 124


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 1

THE WRITTEN MESSAGE

Cuvinte cheie:business, written message

RezumatUnitatea de studiu prezint importana mesajului scris i modul cum

trebuie citi acesta pentru eficientizarea comunicrii n cadrul uneintreprinderi.

Durata medie de parcurgere a unitii de studiu este de 1 or

Understanding business data means comprehending writtenmaterial and / or visual presentations. Those who are more directlyinvolved in business need to be able to interpret data presented to them inwhatever form and to express the ideas that emerge from their analysis.

The need in business is not simply to understand, but to do so withspeed (as time is expensive in terms of pay for workers, rent for buildingsand interest on bank loans) andaccuracy(as inaccuracy leads to mistakes,miscalculations and losses) if it is to survive.

Very often in business, businesspeople find themselves readingdocuments and letters that need some effort before they can be understood.Getting a clear idea of the message supposes either reading it in a specialway and/or using the questioning approachin addition or as an alternativeto the reading.

Why are written messages so important? Let us have a look at thefollowing situation: you have to report a certain situation to your manager, soyou may choose to say it on the phone or in a meeting or to write it down onpaper.

Why would you choose to write it down on paper? Here are a fewgood reasons why you would like to do so:

- The material needs to be kept for future reference.

- You are too shy to speak to your manager.- You need proof that you have taken action.- You want to give an official impression.- You want to give the impression that you don't really know what

has happened.- You want to make it more formal.Before using letters in business, man used them to communicate with

other people (relatives, friends, etc). (After Joseph Chilver, English forBusiness: A Functional Approach)


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Concepte i noiuni de reinut accuracy = acuratee, limpezime approach = abordare be involved (v.) = a fi implicat() be kept (v.) = a fi pstrat() choose (v.) = a alege comprehend (v.) = a nelege either or = fie fie , ori , ori , sau sau emerge (v.) = a aprea, a se ivi evidence = dovad expensive = scump() finding = descoperire foundation = baz, fundament, fundamentare have a look at (v.) = a arunca o privire la, a se uita la interest = dobnd loan = mprumut loss = pierdere miscalculation = calcul greit mistake = greeal pay = salariu preview = vizionare reason = motiv, raiune relatives = rude rent = chirie shy = timid()

specific = precis() survive(v.) = a supravieui take action(v.) = a aciona

ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

1. Answer the following.

- What does understanding business data mean?

- Can you give examples of written materials?- Can you give examples of visual presentations?- What is the need in business?- Why are speed and accuracy so important in understanding business

data?- How can a businessman or a businesswoman get a clear idea of a

message?

2. Match the following nouns with their definitions.

1. messagea. a communication containing some information, news,

advice, request, or the like, sent by messenger, radio,telephone, or other means


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2.messaging

b. a person who carries a message or goes on an errandfor another, especially as a matter of duty or business

3.messenger

c. a system or process of transmitting messages,especially electronically, by computer, telephone,television cable, etc.

3. Fill in a, an, or the, where needed.

I work as secretary to director of export company. My boss is Mr.Wood. Were doing lot of business at moment, so Im always up to myeyes in work. You see, my job isnt just sorting out mail, typing letters and filing documents. I have many other duties. For example, ouroffice receives lot of routine correspondence, which I usually deal with. Ialso draft important letters and memoranda for Mr. Wood, as well asorganize his diary and work schedule. Weve got large number ofoverseas customers, so Im continually sending telexes and cables

abroad. In addition to that, I have to take telephone calls, handle travel andhotel bookings, and entertain visitors. Oh yes, I forgot to mention, Imresponsible for buying office supplies too. My boss is interested in business machines. Hes got dictating machine and intercom on his desk.In corner of office, theres his new toy - micro-computer. Now heskeen to buy word processor. I suppose Ill have to learn how to use thatsoon.

4. Read the text above, and then answer the following question.- Which of the business machines described in the text are no longer in use

and which of the modern ones are absent?

5. Group the following according to the model. Use a dictionary.

Incorrectly, mistaken, wrong(ly) Negationmisdate mislike

misadventure misbehaviour misbelief miscalculation misconception misease misfire misgovern mishandle misinterpret misjudge mislead mismanage misplace misquote

6. Give synonyms for the words below, and then use them in sentences ofyour own.

buy director documents duty keen mail word processor

7. Give antonyms for the words below, and then use them in sentences ofyour own.

buy continually forget important large receive routine take


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ntrebri de autoevaluare

1. Read and translate the following Private Lettersbetween Prince George(when still a boy) and his grandmother, Queen Victoria.

April 1st

Dear Grandmother,I saw a nice horse in a toyshop yesterday. I should like to buy it but I haveno money. Would you kindly send me some, please, dear grandmamma?

Your affectionate grandson,George.

April 2nd

Dear Child,I was very sorry to hear that you cannot keep money. Your father told methat you spend your pocket money as soon as you get it. You spend toomuch on toys. You should learn what things are worth. Be a better boy.

Your affectionate grandmother,Victoria.

April 3rd

Dear Grandmother,I was very glad to get your last letter, and I thank you very much for it. Isold it to a bookseller for five sovereigns. You see, now, I know what thingsare worth.

Your affectionate grandson,

George.

2. Same exercise for the following Business Letter.

Satex S.p.A.Via di Pietro Papa, 00146 Roma

Telefono: Roma 769910 Telefax: (06) 681 5473 Telex: 285136

Mr L. Cran, Chief Buyer vs. Rif.: Order DR4316F. Lynch & Co. Ltd. NS.Rif.: D/1140Nesson HouseNewell Street 13 March 20--Birmingham B3 3ELUNITED KINGDOM

Dear Mr Crane,

Thank you for your order (No. DR4316) which we are now making up. Wehave all the items in stock and will be advising you in the near future.

Yours sincerely,

D. Causio


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3. Read the letters above then answer the questions.- In what ways can you begin and end a formal letter?- In what ways can you begin and end an informal letter?- Where is the sender's address written?- Where is the address of the company he/she is writing to?

- In what other way can you write the date?- Where does the sender sign his/her name?- Where does he/she print his/her name?- What is the aim of each of the three paragraphs in the letter?

4. Write a Private Letter to a friend, a relative, or a mate of yours to whomyou tell about one of your trips last summer.

5. Write an Official Letterto the director of a public library to thank him for thekindness of his employees.

6. Write a Business Letter to the manager of a firm dealing fat burners,vitamins, etc.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 2

THE GRAPH (I)

Cuvinte cheie:business data, graph

RezumatUnitatea de studiu prezint unul dintre cele mai importante mijloace

grafice de comunicare: graficul.


A formal business report may contain tabular and visual displays,i.e. numerical information (+ verbal information).

The various types of diagram ('a drawing or plan that outlines andexplains the parts, operation, etc. of something') structural scheme,functional scheme, map, histogram, organisation chart, graph, table, andarborescent representation convey information with the help of codes:

- Place code (up vs. down, left vs. right, etc.);- Shape code (circle, rectangle, square, irregular figure, etc.);- Dimension code (from a simple dot to the whole area);- Colour code;- Value code (from the lightest to the darkest hue);- Hachure code;- Orientation code;- Granulation code (dotted line, thick line, and thin line).Thus, from aplace codepoint of view (zone vs. linear vs.punctiform

implantation),the following can be distinguished:- map (zone implantation based on place, colour, value, and

granulation codes);- histogram or bar chart (geometrical zone implantation generally

based on colour, value, orientation, and hachure codes);- graph (linear implantation straight or curved lines based on

colour and granulation codes);- scheme (zone implantation based mainly on arrow orientationcode);

- table (linear implantation based on place code).Encoding (retaining only defining features and eliminating useless

ones) and decoding(identifying defining features) are socially and culturallydetermined. Reading a diagram needs learning how to do it. As a result, wesee in a diagram what we have been taught to see. (After Joseph Chilver,English for Business: A Functional Approach)


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Concepte i noiuni de reinut area = zon arrow = sgeat be taught (v.) = a fi nvat() chart = schem convey(v.) = a transmite curved = curbat() dark = nchis() (la culoare) display = expunere dot = punct dotted = punctat() drawing= desen feature = (trstur) caracteristic hue = nuan light = deschis() (la culoare) map = hart outline (v.) = a sublinia shape = form straight = drept, dreapt thick = gros, groas thin = subire useless = inutil() whole = ntreg, ntreag



- Do you use tabular and/or visual displays in your work? When andwhere?

- Is there any diagram in the classroom? If yes, of what type are they?- Can you tell the codes used in them?- What codes are used in the textbook in front of you?- How is place code used in a newspaper?

- How is shape code used in geometry?- How is dimension code used in photography?- How is colour code used in painting?- How is value code used in mapping?- How is hachure code used in soil science?- How is orientation code used in everyday life?- How is granulation code used on any map?

2. Match the following compounds of message with their definitions.

1. message centre

a. a measure of the duration of and distance

covered by local telephone calls, used bytelephone companies as a basis for assessing


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service charges

2. messageswitching

b. an office or other area where incoming andoutgoing messages, mail, etc. are received andtransmitted, as by telephone, computer, ormessenger

3. message unitc. the process by which data transmissions are

stored until a proper circuit is available so thatthey can be forwarded

3. True or false?

True False1. A formal business report cannot contain tabular and

visual displays.2. The various diagrams convey information with the help

of different codes.3. A granulation code uses dotted lines, thick lines, and

thin lines.4. A map is a zone implantation based on place, colour,

value and granulation codes.

4. Fill in with the proper nounsfrom below.

director employees managers staff

John Brown, managing of Blue Company, is unhappy. This morning, three

have come into his office, each telling him the same story. Somehow orother, the office have heard about the computer systems which will soonbe introduced. The are very upset. The older ones are afraid of moderntechnology, and the younger ones do not want to learn new methods of work.Most of the are certain that they will lose their jobs when the office iscomputerised. Some are already looking for jobs with other firms. The areright in one way. The company will need fewer office when the computer isinstalled. This will be in three months' time, but the machine and systems willbe working efficiently only six to nine months later.

5. Group the following according to the model.

'Privation' 'Reversion'disabilit disembark

disabuse disaccord disaccusation disadvantage disaffect disaffiliate disagree disannul disapproval disarm disconnect disconsolate discount discredit disembarrass dishonest dislocate dismount distrust


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1. Here are 3 graphs. Describe them according to the features mentioned inthe text The Graph (I).

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2. Complete the Organisation Chart below with the positions suggested,starting from the model:Finance Managing director Marketing Personnel - Product 1

Product 2 Product 3 Production Research and development.

3. Speak about the fall of the ROL between 1996 and 2000, using the graphson pages 20 and 21 and the words below.

to decrease to dip to fall to hit the bottom to increase to peak to plunge to recover to rise to soar to stabilise to stay the same

4. Develop two graphs in which you represent your academic progression orregression over the last years:- in your major;

- in English.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 3

THE GRAPH (II)





A tabular display is 'an array of verbal or numerical information in

columns and rows'. It is most useful in presenting information about two ormore related variables for example, employee salaries for a certain month.

A visual display is 'a diagram that represents several items ofinformation in a manner that makes comparison easier or reflects trendsamong the items'. Presenting data visually in the form of graphs or diagramsmakes their meaning clear at a glance.

Tabular displays generally have less impact than visual displays,whose short, medium, or long bars can be easily picked by the eye. On theother hand, though the data contained in most two-column tables can bedisplayed visually, to display the information in a three-column table, severalbar or pie charts would be required. In such a case, the items of informationare easier to compare when they are presented in a table. Also, informationthat is to be manipulated is most often displayed in tabular form.

A graphis 'a diagram [chart 'a graphic representation, as by curves, ofa dependent variable, as temperature, price, etc.', plan, or scheme]representing a system of connections or interrelations among two or morethings by a number of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc.' In a graph, values areplotted to scale on a set of axes. Graphs are most effective for presentinginformation about a single variable that changes with time (see below), andthey tend to emphasise trends as well as peaks and low points in the value ofthe variable.

Several types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays'management: two-dimensional graphs, bar charts,and pie charts.They all can 'say' the same things, though they are quite different from

a representational point of view. (After Joseph Chilver, English forBusiness: A Functional Approach)


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Concepte i noiuni de reinut array = aranjare at a glance = dintr-o privire be to (v.) = a urma s, a trebui s below = mai jos effective = eficient() emphasise (v.) = a accentua, a pune accentul pe employee = angajat() item = articol, obiect less= mai puin() meaning= neles, sens peak = punct maxim, vrf pick (v.) = a alege, a culege, a selecta plot to scale (v.) = a reprezenta la scar price = pre row = rnd, ir though = cu toate c, dei trend = curent, tendin


1. Answer the following.- What is a tabular display?- How can verbal or numerical information be arrayed?- Where is it most useful?- What is a visual display?- What advantage does it have?- Why have tabular displays less impact than visual displays?- Why can short, medium, or long bars be easily picked by the eye?- When is it better to display information in a table?- What is a graph?- What do graphs represent?- How do graphs represent connection systems or interrelations among two

or more things?

- What do charts usually represent graphically?- Where are values plotted to scale?- What are graphs most effective for?- What do they tend to emphasize?- What types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays' management?

2. Match the following words with their definitions.

1. displaya. (in heraldry, of a bird) represented with wings

and legs spread2. display ad b. an act or instance of displaying; exhibition

3. displayadvertising c. an advertisement, in a newspaper or otherpublication, often using special attention-


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getting devices, as large size, display type, andillustrations

4. displayed d. display ads taken collectively

5. display typee. type larger than body type, used in headings,

advertisements, etc.

3. Fill in with the proper verbsfrom below.

did has is should wanted were will

This the busiest time of the year for the company. Every employeeworking overtime and continue to do so for the next two months ormore. The office recently taken on two temporary workers, but neither doing her job well. The director worried. He not tell the office staff aboutthe plans to install a computer because, for a long time, the management not sure if they to introduce it. He still not signed the contract with thesupplier of the equipment. Now he beginning to think 'Maybe we forgetabout the computer and leave the office as it '

4. Fill in with one of the following nouns, paying attention to their meanings.

to display= to spread something out so that it may be most completelyand favourably seen, to show off ones qualities or feelings

to evince= to show feelings or qualitiesto exhibit= to display something in a show, show off ones qualities or

feelings

to manifest= to show feelings or qualities- Gardeners always their most showy flowers within the Expo Flora

shows.- He would always surprise at Christmas time.- She never any interest in anything.- Shops goods for sale.- The attack made him his wit.- The face of the frightened boy fear.

5. We form the comparative degree of most adjectives in English by addingerto the positive degree (A diagram represents several items of informationin a manner that makes comparison easier). If the adjective has more thantwo syllables, we generally form the comparative by the use of more. Thecomparative form of all adjectives is generally followed by than. Complete thefollowing by supplying the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.- Ann is (attractive) than her sister.- Gold is (valuable) than iron.- Mrs. Smith is much (old) than I expected.- My elder sons car is (expensive) than my younger sons car.- New York is (big) than Paris.- She is (young) than I am.- The weather yesterday was (warm) than the weather today.- These exercises are (difficult) than some of the others.- This avenue is even (wide) than Broadway.


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- This programme is (satisfactory) than the previous one.- This student is (clever) than the other one.- This summer is (hot) than last summer.

6. Complete these sentences in your own words.

- Bucharest is bigger - He is taller - I am - It is warmer - She is - The weather is - This winter is

7. Group the following according to the model.In Un-

inoculate inability

inattention inbeing inboard incalculable income indefensible indent indwelling inexpensive infallible infer ingest ingrate inhabit inharmonic inimitable inject injudicious inhume inland innate innominate inquiry

8. Make sentences with the other meanings of the words item, peak, andtrend.

ntrebri de autoevaluareWhat differences are there between the following charts?

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UNITATEA DE NVARE 4

THE GRAPH (III)





The most common form of visual representation is two-dimensionalgraph. It has two axes a horizontal one (noted as x and called anabscissa), and a vertical one (noted as y and called an ordinate). The x-axisrecords one dimension (usually the time dimension), and the y-axis recordsanother dimension that changes in relation to the time (or other dimensions).

There are two types of two-dimensional graphs: line graphsand bargraphs. In a line graph, the variable is represented by a broken line (it canalso be a curved one). In a bar graph, the variable is represented by bars(dotted, striped, hachured, or coloured). In bar charts, each value isrepresented as a horizontal or vertical (perpendicular) bar. The longer a bar,the greater the value is. This type of visual display is useful for presentingvalues that are to be compared. The same situation can be represented withthe help of perpendicular bars. Time variable is horizontal, and profit variableis vertical.

The Gantt chart, a variation of the bar chart, is 'a graphic schedulingdevice that displays the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis andthe time required for each task on the horizontal axis'. It is used inconnection with the process of control in a business, as it can providean instant visual comparison between expected and actualperformance, forcing the manager to plan the steps required to get ajob done and to specify time requirements for each part of the job.

A pie chart is a circle (pie) whose 360 (degrees) are divided intoslices, each of which represents a different item, proportionally allocated tothe data. The circle represents the whole (for example, total sales). The sizeof each slice shows the contribution of that item to the whole: the larger theslice, the larger the contribution. Pie charts are most effective in displayingthe relative size or importance of various items of information. (After JosephChilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut abscissa = abscis actual = efectiv(), real()


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axis (pl. axes) = ax broken = frnt() device = plan, schem display (v.) = a expune expect (v.) = a se atepta get a job done (v.) = a face o munc/ treab in connection with = n legturcu in relation to = n funcie de ordinate (s.) = ordonat pie = plcint provide (v.) = a echipa, a furniza record (v.) = a nregistra require (v.) = a cere, a necesita schedule (v.) = a planifica pentru o anumitdat scheduling device = dispozitiv de planificare / programare slice = felie, parte, porie step = pas striped = dungat(), vrgat() task = datorie, sarcin total sales = volumul total al vnzrilor whole (s.) = ntreg



- Which is the most common form of visual representation?- What is an abscissa? An ordinate?- What does the x-axis record? The y-axis?- How many types of two-dimensional graphs are there?- What is the variable represented by in a line graph? In a bar graph?- What is a bar chart?- What is it useful for?- What is the Gantt chart?

- What is it used in connection with?- What is a pie chart?- What does the circle represent?- What are pie charts most effective in?


1. grapha. a diagram representing a system of connections or

interrelations among two or more things by anumber of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc.

2. graphic b. a novel in the form of comic strips

3. graphic accent c. a product of the graphic arts, as a drawing or print4. graphic arts d. any mark written above a letter, especially one


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indicating stress in pronunciation, as in Romaniancele or acle

5. graphic novel e. giving a clear and effective picture; vivid

6. graphicalf. the art of drawing, especially as used in

mathematics, engineering, etc.

7. graphicsg. the arts or techniques, as engraving, etching, dry-

point, woodcut, and other methods, by whichcopies of an original design are printed from aplate, block, or the like; graphics

3. True or false?

True False1. The most uncommon form of visual representation is

two-dimensional graph.

2. The x-axis records one dimension (usually the timedimension), and the y-axis records another dimensionthat changes in relation to the time.

3. There are two types of two-dimensional graphs: linegraphs and bar graphs.

4. In a bar graph, the variable is represented by circles(dotted, striped, hachured, or coloured).

5. In bar charts, each value is represented as a parallelor vertical (perpendicular) bar.

6. The Gantt chart, a variation of the pie chart, is agraphic scheduling device that displays the tasks to

be performed on the vertical axis and the timerequired for each task on the horizontal axis'.

7. A pie chart is a circle (pie) whose 360 (degrees) aredivided into slices, each of which represents adifferent item, proportionally allocated to the data.

8. Pie charts are most effective in displaying the relativesize or importance of various items of information ordata.

4. Fill in with the proper infinitivesfrom below.

assess attract build carry change create increase launch

Most companies have advertising budgets. They use the money to salesof their products, new products, and people's attitudes to theirorganisations. When a company decides to out an advertising campaign, itgenerally contacts an expert in the field the advertising agency. The agencyplans the campaign for its client. For example, it carries out market studiesand provides essential marketing data on which to a campaign. It alsoselects the media newspapers, magazines, television, posters, etc. whichwill be used for promoting the product. It will advise the client how to the

right brand image and will invent messages or slogans to the public'sattention. The bigger agencies offer a wide range of services, so companies


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should get a good return on their investment. However, it is often difficult to accurately for a long time, but some advertisers change agenciesregularly. They believe that, after a while, the agency loses its creative touch.

5. We form the superlative degree of most adjectives by adding est to the

positive degree. If the adjective has more than two syllables we generallyform the superlative with most. The definite article thealways precedes thesuperlative degree. (The most commonform of visual representation is two-dimensional graph) Complete the following by supplying the superlative formof the adjectives in parentheses.- Bucharest is (large) city in the world today.- Chinese is (intriguing) language I have tried to learn.- Georgia was (attractive) girl at the party.- He is (intelligent) student that I know.- He wore (pretty) costume at the party.- January is (cold) month of the year in Romania.

- Mary is (old) girl in our class.- My mothers dishes are (sophisticated) dishes in our family.- Our new colleague is (strange) colleague we have ever had.- She is (ambitious) girl that I have ever known.- The Golden Gate is (long) bridge in the world at present.- The New York Timesis (important) newspaper in the town.- The novel which I read was (funny) of all.- The Pacific is (dangerous) ocean in the world.- These exercises are (difficult) in the whole textbook.- This armchair is (comfortable) armchair in the whole office.- This is (expensive) dictionary which I know.


1. Look at the charts and then answer the questions.

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- What is the difference between the line graph (1), the pie graph (2) andthe pyramid graph (3)?

- What kind of line is there in graph 1?- What is the difference between the graphs 2 and 3?- What kind of figures are there in graphs 2 and 3?

2. Make a Gantt chart displaying the tasks to be performed byyou until the end of the semester.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 5

SUMMARISING

Cuvinte cheie:information, summarising

RezumatUnitatea de studiu prezint una dintre modalitile de modificare a

informaiei - rezumatul.


Sometimes, when there is time constraints, information may need tobe reproduced in an abbreviated or summarised form, as only the refinedmaterial is to go forward: this implies that people in business are oftenrequired to distinguish between important and trivial elements incommunications - the essence of the task in the business world.

In practice, summary,brief,digest,and synopsis, all terms for a shortversion of a longer work, are often mistaken:

Brief is 'a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of adiscourse (usually legal) to be completed:

abrief for an argument

Digest is 'an abridgement of an article, book, etc., or anorganised arrangement of material under heads and titles:a digest of popular novel

Summary is 'a brief statement or restatement of mainpoints, especially as a conclusion to a work:

the summary of a chapter Synopsis is 'usually a compressed statement of the plot of

a novel, play, etc.:a synopsis of Hamlet

Summarising means looking at some hundred or thousand word textand deciding which strands are vital to its understanding and which parts can

be left out, or glossed over, without seriously reducing the impact. Ifinformation fall into clear-cut compartments of vital and irrelevant, the text iseasy to shorten. The shorter the summary, the greater the loss of detail is.

Whenever a person involved in business is faced with the task ofsummarising, that is when there are time constraints, he/she should rely on anine-stage method based on the words TRACK DICE (a device for aiding thememory). To each letter of this mnemonics corresponds a stage to follow.(After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach)


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Concepte i noiuni de reinut abridgement = prescurtare, prezentare pe scurt aid (v.) = a ajuta be faced with (v.) = a fi confruntat cu brief (s.) = compendiu, scurtexpunere, rezumat clear-cut = bine definit() compressed = comprimat() constraint = constrngere device = dispozitiv, truc digest = culegere (de material); publicaie informativ; rezumat;

expunere sumar gloss over (v.) = a da o interpretare special go forward (v.) = a pleca mai departe head= titlu important imply (v.) = a implica, a nsemna

involved = implicat() leave out (v.) = a lsa la o parte, a omite loss = pierdere mnemonics (sg.) = mnemotehnic novel = roman outline = expunere play = piesde teatru rely on (v.) = a se baza pe shorten (v.) = a scurta strand = poriune

summary = conspect, expunere sumar, rezumat synopsis (pl. synopses)= expunere sumar, rezumat, sinopsis trivial = insignifiant(),lipsit() de importan, nesemnificativ()



- When may information need to be reproduced in a summarised form?- What does it imply?

- What is a summary? A brief? A digest? A synopsis?- What does summarising mean?- How many kinds of information are there?- What should someone involved in business rely on when faced with the

task of summarising?- What corresponds to each letter of the TRACK DICE?


1. summarilya. a comprehensive and usually brief abstract,

recapitulation, or compendium of previously statedfacts or statements

2. summarise (v.) b. brief and comprehensive, concise


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3. summary (n.)c. in a prompt or direct manner, immediately,

straightaway

4. summary(adj.)d. to make a summary of, to state or express in a

concise form; to constitute a summary of

3. Fill in with the appropriateprepositionsfrom below.

at for in of on out to with

Smart Fashions make clothing young people between the ages 18 and25. The firm specialises evening wear, producing the sort clothes worn discos, parties and clubs. Its merchandise is not expensive, though it isfashionable and well made. Soon, the company will launch its new creation, atrouser suit. The suit costs $ 15 to manufacture, and its selling price has notyet been fixed. It is made a lightweight material which looks and feels silk. It should be ideal the young woman who wants look smart asummer evening. Unfortunately, fashionable clothing does not always sellwell. Look what happened last year. The company brought a lovely dressfor summer wear. All Smarts staff expected it sell like hot cakes, but fact few customers bought it. Smart does not want the same thing happen the trouser suit. The company has contacted two advertising agencies andhas asked each consider how it would promote the suit. If one themgives good advice and has interesting ideas, they will use that agency carry an advertising campaign the new suit.


Under, below,beneath

Slightly, imperfectly, nearly Subordinate

subalpine subacid subcommittee

subacute subaltern subaquatic subarid subassembly subaxillary subbasement subcellar subchloride subclass subconscious subcontinent subcortex subdivision subfloor subfamily subgroup sublieutenant sublingual submarine submontane subplot subprincipal subsidy subsoil substrate substructure

5. Change the following into questions, as indicated.- Only the refined material is to go forward. (What ?)- People involved in business are often required to distinguish between

important and trivial elements in communication. (Who ?)- Sometimes information may need to be reproduced in an abbreviated

form. (When ?)


1. Summarize the text on page 39 bearing in mind the following advice.


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T= TaskMake sure you understand the terms of reference, the task youhave been set.

R= ReadRead through the passage once to perceive the general drift.

Then read it again more carefully.

A=AskAsk questions such as 'What is this about?', 'What title could itbe given?'

C= ClarifyLook at any difficult words or passages. Try to work out theirmeaning from the surrounding text.

K

= Key words and phrasesWhich are the vital parts of the text? Where possible underlinethem. Use broken lines to show the secondary phrases, thoseyou consider to be fairly important but not vital.

D= DraftMake a rough draft of your summary, using your own words tolink up the elements.

I= ImproveRefer back to the instructions. Read the passage once more andmake any necessary amendments.

C

= CountIs there a limit to the number of words you are allowed to use inyour summary? How many words have you used? Add orsubtract according to the degree of importance.

E = EditRead through the draft once more before editing and producingthe summary in its final form.

COMPANY NEWSSHARE OFFER BY KITCHEN MANUFACTURER

Next month, Zena plc, the well-known maker of kitchen appliances, willoffer for sale to the public two million shares. These will rise about800,000 for the company. Zena supplies a wide range of equipment forthe luxury kitchen market. It specialises in high-quality cookers, freezersand refrigerators. The company was founded in 1970. Its turnover hasgrown from 100,000 to 12 million. Last year pre-tax profits were 1.6

million. Chairman of the firm is Mr Gerald Knight. The board of directors average age 42 includes Mr Frank Bewley, sales director, and Mr JasperLevy, chief accountant. Investors should jump at the chance to buy theshares. Zena has a good profit record over the years. Its fixed assets areworth over 4 million. Factories at Liverpool and Bristol (both freeholdproperties) are valued at 2.9 million. It also has plant and machinery worth1 million. The company has paid out excellent dividends since it obtaineda quotation in 1976. Zena are issuing new shares to finance theirexpansion into Europe.

2. Which word or phrase in the text above mean:

- a company whose controlling interest is owned by another company- a form of tenure by which an estate is held in fee simple, fee tail, or for life


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- a pecuniary gain resulting from the employment of capital in anytransaction

- a sum of money paid to shareholders of a corporation out of earnings- any long-term assets, as buildings, tracts of land, or patents- one of the equal fractional parts into which the capital stock of a joint-

stock company or corporation is divided- pieces of equipment, usually operated electrically, especially for use inthe home or for performance of domestic chores, as a refrigerator,washing machine, or toaster

- prior to the payment of taxes- the statement of the current or market price of a commodity or security- the turning over of the capital or stock of goods involved in a particular

transaction or course of business

3. Put into Romanian the text above. Use a dictionary.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 6

NOTE-TAKING

Cuvinte cheie:information, note-taking


informaiei luarea de notie.


Note-taking is closely allied to summarising. It is called for inbusiness, particularly in recording what has happened at a meeting.Exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions means a great deal of talk. Thatis why it is general for a record to be made of what has been said. It isobligatory to record any decisions that have been made. In any case, anydecisions of a committee require to be recorded.

Here again, in practice such terms as note, comment, observation,and remark that imply all giving special attention, an opinion or a judgement are often mistaken.

Thus:

Commentis 'judgement or explanation of a particular point:a comment on the author's scholarship Noteis 'a brief, written record; memorandum, minute' Observationis 'a note based on judgement and experience:

an observation on usages Remarkis 'usually a casual and passing expression of opinion:

a remark about a playIt is obvious that dictionary definitions are not enough accurate

themselves, as note is defined as 'a memorandum' or 'a minute', andobservation as 'a note', while observation is said to be based on 'ajudgement', that is on a comment.Formal records of what has been said at a

meeting are described as minutes'rough drafts, summaries, or memoranda',considered to be satisfactory if:- they do not omit any vital facts (names of persons, facts, figures,

any kind of data, etc.);- there are no further reductions possible (that is, no reductions that

could be made without producing distortions);- there are no inaccuracies in the recorded note (names of persons

misspelled, inaccurate figures, etc.). (After Joseph Chilver, Englishfor Business: A Functional Approach)


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Concepte i noiuni de reinut allied = nrudit be mistaken (v.) = a fi interpretat() greit call for (v.) = a apela la casual = informal closely = strns comment = observaie lmuritoare, remarc draft = ciorn, schi figure = cifr formal = formal(), oficial() inaccuracy = neclaritate inaccurate= neclar() memorandum (pl. memoranda)=nsemnare, memorandum, not,

raport minute = minut, not, proces-verbal misspell (v.) = a scrie greit note = nsemnare, not, noti observation = not, observaie, prere, remarc obvious = evident() passing = trector, trectoare proceedings = dezbateri (ale unei adunri), lucrri (ale unei comisii) reach a conclusion (v.) = a ajunge la o concluzie record = consemnare, nregistrare remark = remarc, observaie, comentariu rough = brut()

scholarship = burs, perioadde studii usage = uzaj



- What is note-taking closely allied to?- When is note-taking called for?- What does exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions mean?

- What is it obligatory to record in a meeting?- Why do any decisions of a committee require to be recorded?- What is a note? A comment? An observation? A remark?- Are dictionary definitions accurate enough?- What do dictionary inaccuracies consist in?- What is a minute?- When is a minute considered to be satisfactory?

2. Match the following wordswith their definitions.

1. note a. a book of or for notes

2. notebook b. a brief record of something written down to assist thememory or for future reference


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3. noteholder c. a pad of blank pages for writing notes

4. notepadd. a person who holds or owns a note, as a promissory

or Treasure note

5. notepapere. a writing paper, especially that used in writing notes or

personal correspondence

3. True or false?

True False1. Note-taking is little allied to summarising.2. Exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions means a

great deal of talk.3. Such terms as note, comment, observation, and

remark are never mistaken.4. A comment is a judgement or explanation of a

particular point.5. A remark is rarely a casual and passing expression of

opinion.6. Dictionary definitions are not enough accurate

themselves.7. A minute is a rough draft, summary, or memorandum.

4. Fill in with the proper adjectivesfrom below.

blue efficient fit Japanese overtime physical top

A Romanian factory owner wants his workers to be as as possible.Therefore, he would like to introduce some methods into his new factory.He makes a few suggestions to a group of the factorys managers: allworkers in the factory (including managers) should wear uniforms; eachmorning before work, all employees should sing a company song: at 11oclock every day, they should do exercises to keep ; no worker shouldbe allowed to go on strike: anyone refusing to work should be dismissed;once a week, employees should stay on after work to discuss productionproblems: no payment would be made for such duties; all members of thestaff, including managers, should eat together in the company cafeteria.

5. The pronoun it is commonly used in sentences where the verb to be isfollowed by an adjective-infinitive construction (It is obligatory to recordanydecisions that have been made). Rephrase the following as in the model.

Itis obligatory to record any decisions that have been made. To record any decisions that have been made is obligatory.

- It is called for in business, particularly in recording what has happened ata meeting.

- It is difficult to say which one of you is correct.

- It is easy to criticise the work of others.- It is easy to understand why the boss is angry.


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- It is impossible to finish that work in such a short time.- It is obvious that dictionary definitions are not enough accurate

themselves.- That is why it is general for a record to be made of what has been said.

6. Rephrase the following as in the model.

To learn English is not easy. Itis not easy to learn English.

- To be able to speak a foreign language is often very helpful.- To get to English classes so early in the morning is almost impossible for

many students in this group.- To learn new words every day is very important.- To speak only English with my students is imperative.- To study grammar is not interesting to many students.

- To travel to foreign countries to improve your language skills is veryuseful.

- To understand the grammar of a foreign language is important.

7. Make sentences of your own about being a student using the following.- It is difficult to - It is easy to - It is foolish to - It is important to - It is impossible to - It is interesting to - It is necessary to

8. Change the following into questions, as indicated.- Dictionary definitions are not accurate. (How ?)- Exchanging ideas means a great deal of talk. (What ?)- Formal records of what has been said at a meeting are described as

minutes. (How ?)- Note-takingis called for in business. (Where ?)- Note-takingis closely allied to summarising. (What ?)


Take notes about the text below following the instructions in the table.While doing so, imagine it is an oral presentation you are attending, not awritten one.

T= TaskTry to record what has been said in no more than 30 words.

R

= Read and re-read

Read a first time to get the general outline and then a second timemore closely for the details of what happened.


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A= AskAsk questions such as 'What is this about?, 'Who is implied?','How many people are involved?'

C

= ClarifyWrite everything that is important about who did what. Names of

people involved will have to be mentioned though these reduce thenumber of words available for the description.

K= Key words and phrasesFind basic words (related to whodid what,to any consequence,etc.) in the notes.

D= DraftMake a first draft including details about the people involved(names, capacities, etc.) and the facts, and figures.

I= ImproveEliminate as many details as possible concerning the personsinvolved (capacities, etc.) and the facts, and figures.

C =Count

The draft should not exceed 30 words, and not be too short, either.

E= EditRead through the draft once more before editing and producing theminute in its final form.

Marlboro's image has changed dramatically since its early days. In fact,when the tobacco company, Philip Morris, launched Marlboro in 1924, itstarget market was women. Its advertising slogan said that it was 'Mild asMay'. But it wasn't a great success and by the early 1950s it still had onlyaround 1% of the total tobacco market. That was when the company asked

the Chicago advertising executive, Leo Burnett, to reposition the productas a cigarette for men. He came up with an advertising campaign based onthe image of a cowboy - and Marlboro's sales suddenly soared. Within ayear it became the fourth best-selling brand in the USA; before long it wasthe biggest in the world.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 7

EXPANDING

Cuvinte cheie:information, expanding


informaiei amplificarea.


Expanding can be seen as the opposite of summarising. It isextremely useful in giving a talk in front of (almost) total strangers, no matterthe topic. Instead of just giving a talk, we suggest the following:

Businessmen or businesswomen could have in front of them aseries of prompting cards (memory aids and prompters) with keywords and/or phrases related to the talk he/she is to give written onthem, meant to lessen the burden of a talk and to make it moredramatic;

The prompting cards should be shuffled into the order he/herprefers, which should be the right one;

Businessmen or businesswomen should rely on the reaction of theaudience to the intrusion of a single word; Businessmen or businesswomen should rely on the word

associations in the people's minds.Whenever a person involved in business is faced with the task of

expanding,he/she should rely on the same nine-stage method based on thewords TRACK DICE (see UNITS 5 and 6). In this method, the use of keywords and/or phrases remains as the recommended technique. The nine-stage method can be further adapted and improved: instead of a draft writtenon a piece of paper (as is the case for summaries and minutes), thebusinessman or the businesswoman could first 'perform' his speech in front

of a mirror, and then record it on magnetic tape, so that he can make thenecessary changes after hearing and re-hearing it several times; as he/she isto give a talk in front of people standing up and waiting for some 'big talk', thebusinessman or the businesswoman should pay a great deal of attention tothe way he/she dresses his/her hair, to the outfits he/she wears, to everygesture he/she makes, and, as a general rule, to every single detail meant to'capture' the audience's good will and entire attention.

Concepte i noiuni de reinut a great deal of = mult() aid= ajutor, asisten, sprijin


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audience = audien, public burden= ncrctur, povar dress one's hair(v.) = a se coafa, a-i aranja prul expand(v.) = a crete n mrime, volum, scop further = ulterior give a talk (v.) = a ine o cuvntare good will= bunvoin instead of = n loc s intrusion = introducere, ptrundere key words = cuvinte cheie lessen(v.) = a micora, a reduce, a uura meant to = menit() s mind = minte mirror = oglind outfit = mbrcminte perform(v.) = a interpreta (o piesde teatru, o melodie etc.) prompter =sufleur prompting cards= cartonae ajuttoare record (v.) = a nregistra rely on (v.) = a se baza pe shuffle(v.) = a amesteca / face crile stranger (s.) = strin() topic= subiectul unei conversaii / dezbateri / discuii whenever = ori de cte ori



- How can expanding be seen?- Where is it extremely useful?- What should business(wo)men do instead of just giving a talk?- What should be written on the prompting cards?- What are the prompting cards meant to?

- How should they be shuffled?- What should business(wo)men rely on?- Why should they record the speech?- What should they pay attention to when they are to give a talk?


1. expand(v.) a. a person or thing that expands

2. expanded

b. a representation of the universe, based onthe observed red-shifts of distant galaxies, inwhich the galaxies are assumed to be

receding from each other at a speedproportional to their separation as the result


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of the expansion of the universe3. expanded code c. increased in area, bulk, or volume; enlarged

4. expanded metald. plastic that is made light and spongy by the

introduction of pockets of gas or air; foamedplastic, plastic foam

5. expanded plastic

e. sheet metal slotted and stretched to make astiff network with openings of variouspatterns, used for lathing, wastebaskets, andvarious decorative and semi-structuralapplications

6. expanderf. to increase in extent, size, volume, scope,

etc.7. expanding universe g. zip code

3. Fill in the following verbs, paying attention to the differences in meaning.

to dilate = to increase the width or circumference (applying to spaceenclosed within confines or to hollow bodies

to distend = to stretch, often beyond the point of natural expansionto expand = to spread out, usually in every directionto inflate = to blow out or swell a hollow body withair or gas

- Belladonna the pupils of the eyes.- He hopes to his company.- Heat most metals.- In flying, a bird its wings.

- Later on, the President on his statement.- Most metals with heat.- The buds are not yet to - The doctors had to the patients arteries to keep him alive.- The mind with experience.- The writer chose to his short story into a novel.- While making an effort, an athlete his chest.- You need to a balloon if you want it to rise in the air.

4. Find synonyms and antonyms for the following words and then makesentences with them.

to aid to act big burden to capture dramatic every expanding first general to lessen to recommend right to shuffle stranger


1. Expand the text below bearing in mind the following.

T= TaskMake sure you talk about the subject you have been asked to.

R = Read


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Read the prompting cards with key words and/or phrases youhave prepared for your talk.

A=AskAsk yourself questions such as 'Have l chosen the right words?''Are they in the right order?'

C= ClarifyLook at the key words and/or phrases you have chosen. Makesure their meaning fits your purpose.

K= Key words and phrasesWhich are the vital parts of the speech?

D= DraftTry to give the talk in a 5-10 minute form. Make it in front of amirror. Record it on a tape.

I

= ImproveListen to the recorded talk. Refer back to the instructions. Listenthe passage once more and make any necessary amendmentspossible.

C

= CountIs there a limit to the number of words and/or phrases you areallowed to use in your speech? How many words and phraseshave you used in your recorded speech? Add or subtract wordsand phrases according to their degree of importance.

E= EditListen to the recorded talk once more before giving it in front of amirror and then in front of the audience.

Im a business(wo)man. I am anything I need to be at any time. Tell me,what exactly are you?

2. You are asked to speak about the nine Ps a business(wo)man needs to bewhen dealing with customers. Here are the words written down on yourprompting cards. Use antonyms as in the model.

patient A businessman needs to bepatientparticularly with impatientcustomers.

- patient

- persuasive- polite- positive- practical- precise- prepared


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 8

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (I)

Cuvinte cheie:communication, letter

RezumatUnitatea de studiu prezintprincipalul mijloc de comunicare n cadrul

relaiilor externe ale unei ntreprinderi: scrisoarea.


Defined as 'a communication in writing or printing addressed to aperson or a number of persons', theletterremains one of the most effectiveways of conveying information from one person to another in spite of thegreat advances made in the field of communication. The importance of theletter lies in its impact on the receiver customers or members of the public(potential customers) and in the fact that it is difficult to retract or to deny. Asimple business letterhas its own layout to be observed:

If the firm does not have printed letterheads, the sender's addressis written on the top right-hand side of the page, before thesender's name(in the UK).

The date is written below the sender's address, sometimesseparated from it by a space. The month in the date should not be

written in figures as, for example, 11.1.99 could mean 11th

January 1999 (in the UK) and 151 November 1999 (in the USA). The receiver's / inside address is written below the sender's

address and on the opposite side of the page. If the surname of thereceiver is known, it is written on the first line of the address,preceded by a courtesy title and either the person's initial(s) orhis/her first given name. Courtesy titlesare as follows:- Mr(.), the usual courtesy title for a man;- Mrs(.), used for a married woman;- Miss, used for an unmarried woman;- Ms(.), used for both married and unmarried women;

- Messrs(.), used occasionally for two or more men, or as a partof the name of a firm (Messrs Black & White);

- Esq(.), seldom used now instead of Mr, is placed after thename.

Special titles include medical titles (Dr, Prof.), military titles (Capt.,Maj., Co/., Gen.), aristocratic titles (Sir, Dame, Lord, Baroness). (After A.Ashley,A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut advance = progres as follows = dupcum urmeaz


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below = dedesubt, sub courtesy title= titlu de curtoazie customer =client deny(v.) = a nega either ... or ... = fie ... fie ..., ori ... ori ..., sau ... sau ... Esq.= domnului, stimatului given name= nume de botez in spite of... = n ciuda, cu toate... in the field of = n domeniul layout= prezentare letterhead =antet opposite side = partea opus receiver = destinatar, primitor, receptor right-hand side = partea dreapt seldom = rareori sender = expeditor surname =nume de familie



- What is a letter?- What does its importance lie in?

- Where should the sender's address be written?- Where should the date be written?- Why should the date not be written in figures?- Where should the receiver's address be written?- How should it be written if the surname of the receiver is known?

2. Give the feminine for the courtesy titles below, if possible.

Esq. Messrs Miss Mr Mrs Ms

3. Give the feminine for the special titles below, if possible.Baron Capt. Col. Dame Dr. Gen. Lord Maj. Prof. Sir


1. lettera. (in a door or a partition) a slot through which letters

can be pushed

2. letter bombb. a letter from an official source expressing a

command, permission, invitation, etc.3. letter box c. a public or private mail-box

4. letter carrier d. a written or printed communication addressed to aperson or organisation and usually transmitted by


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mail

5. letter drope. a written ruling sent by the U.S. Internal Revenue

Service in response to a query concerning theapplication of the tax laws to a specific situation

6. letter missive

f. an envelope containing an explosive device

designed to detonate when the envelope is open bythe recipient

7. letter ruling g. mail carrier

8. letter stockh. unregistered stock sold privately by a company so

as not to have a negative effect on the price of itspublicly traded stock

5. True or false?

True False

1. The letter remains one of the most ineffective ways ofconveying information from one person to another dueto the great advances made in the field ofcommunication.

2. The importance of the letter lies in its impact on thereceiver and in the fact that it is difficult to retract or todeny.

3. If the firm does not have printed letterheads, thesender's address is written on the top left-hand side ofthe page.

4. The date is written above the sender's address,

sometimes separated from it by a space.5. 11.1.99 could mean 11thJanuary 1999 (in the USA)

and 1st November 1999 (in the UK).6. The month in the date should be written in figures.7. If the surname of the receiver is known, it is written on

the first line of the address, preceded by a courtesy title.

6. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence (we) does the acting (Wewrite the date below the senders address), but in the passive voice thesubject (date) is acted upon by someone or something (The date is written

below the sender's address). Rephrase the following as in the model.The date is written below the sender's address. Wewrite the date below the senders address.

- Esq(.) is placed after the name.- Esq(.) is seldom used now instead of Mr.- The receiver's or inside address is written below the sender's address.- The sender's address is written on the top right-hand side of the page.- The surname of the receiver is sometimes known.- The surname of the receiver is written on the first line of the address.

7. Rephrase the following as in the model.


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The studentwrote the report. The report was written by the student.

- John returned the books to the library last night.

- Many students attended the lecture given by the French professor.- The audience enjoyed the lecture very much.- The librarian took the books from the shelves.- The professor corrects the students exercises every day.- The results of the exams disappointed the students very much.- The students will deliver their reports by Friday.- They had left their reports on their desks.

8. With modal verbs can, may, must, should, etc., passive form is obtained bythe use of beand the past participle of the main verb. Change to passivevoice, as in the model.

They must finishthis report today. This report must be finishedtoday.

- Congress must debate the students issue today.- He has to finish reading the book today.- Students in agriculture should learn more about organic agriculture.- Students ought to go to the library more often these days.- The professor may organise a new research group next week.- They cannot hold the class in that classroom.


1. Draw lines from A to B to match the elements.

A B

Body42 West 11thStreetNew York, New York 10011April 3, 20--

Closin Dear Annie,Greeting - Salutation

Heading Sincerely,

Signature Margot

2. Write the following headings correctly, observing the recommendations.- 11 forest hill terrace billings montana 59107 january 4 20--- 42 west 11thstreet new york new york 10011 april 3 20--- 115 kirby avenue falls church virginia july 23 20--

- 315 prescott circle camden new jersey 08101 may 6 203. Same exercise for the following salutations.


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- dear cousin philip- dear mike- dear mother- dear uncle oscar- my dear friend

4. Same exercise for the following closings.- all the best bob- love albert- lovingly yours peggy- sincerely william- very sincerely yours edward

5. Put into Romanian the following Note of Acceptance.

37 Wisdom Lane

Goldens Bridge, New YorkMarch 24, 20--

Dear Frank,Thanks a lot for inviting me to the club picnic. When I think of the

fun we've always had, I can hardly wait. I have missed the entire crowd.Ill be there at five sharp to enjoy another of your mother's famous picnicsuppers.

All the best,Bob


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 9

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (II)





If the name of the receiver is not known, his/her title or position in the

company can be used in the address. Alternatively, the letter can beaddressed to aparticular department of the companyor simply addressed tothe company itself.

Envelope addressesare written in a similar way to inside (receivers)addressbut, for letters in or going to the UK, the postcode is usually writtenon a line by itself at the end of the address, and the names of both the townand the country are written in capital letters.

The order of addresses(in the UK) is as follows:- Name of house or building;- Number of building and name of street, road, avenue, etc.;- Name of town or city and postcode;- Name of country.

As for the style and punctuation of addresses, both may be'blocked (more commonly) or 'indented', and have an openpunctuation (i.e., without any commas).

For the attention of is an alternative to including the receiver'sname or position in the address.

The salutationsshould be as follows:- Dear Sir(,) is used to address a man whose name is not known;- Dear Sirs(,), to address a company;- Dear Madam(,), to address a woman, whether single or

married, whose name is not known;- Dear Sir or Madam(,), to address a person whose name andsex are not known;

- Dear Mr(.)X(,), when the name of the person is known;- Gentlemen:, to address a company (in the USA).

Concepte i noiuni de reinut address (v.) = a se adresa avenue = osea blocked= aldin() building = cldire, construcie, edificiu


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by itself = de unul singur, de una singur, separat() capital letters = litere mari, majuscule city = oramare comma = virgul country = ar envelope = plic for the attention of = n atenia indented= indentat() open punctuation(folosit atributiv) = frpunctuaie order = ordine position = funcie post code = cod potal road = drum town= ora(mic sau mijlociu) UK (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) = Marea Britanie whether or = fie fie nu without = fr



- Who can you address a letter?- How are envelope addresses written?- Where is the postcode written for letters in or going to the UK?- How are the names of both the town and the country written for letters in

or going to the UK?- What is the order of addresses in the UK?- How may the style and punctuation of addresses be?- What is the alternative to including the receiver's name or position in the

address?

2. Do you know the different ways of saying the number 0? If yes, match thefollowing.

a. account number1./ u/ b. football scores2. love c. mathematical term3. nil d. phone number4. nought e. reference number5. zero f. temperature

g. tennis

3. How do the British say 0 in phone numbers? The Americans?


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4. We use reflexive pronouns emphatically, to give emphasis to some personor thing mentioned in the sentence (The letter can be addressed to thecompany itself). Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns in the following.- He will make all the preparations for the exam.- I dont like to rush things when it comes to learn for an exam.

- She says that she is responsible for the bad translation of the article.- They will provide the proper translation for the plant names.- We made the first offer to accompany the visitors to the University.- You are to be there when the Rector comes to talk about future

scholarships.- You must present the work you coordinated.

5. We also use reflexive pronouns idiomatically in English together with thepreposition by, to give the meaning of alone or without help (The postcodeis usually written on a line by itself). Substitute the preposition byand therequired reflexive pronoun as in the model.

The postcode is usually written on a line alone. The postcode is usually written on a line by itself.

- He applied for the scholarship alone.- I dont like to go abroad alone.- She prefers to do her homework in English alone.- They made the long tour of Romania alone.- We must judge things alone.- You should practice more English alone.- You should study alone in the library.

6. Should and ought tohave more or less the same meaning in present dayEnglish and can be used interchangeably. Should, however, is more commonthan ought. Though both shouldand ought are used to suggest obligation,they have a slightly negative force, suggesting that, although one has theobligation to do a certain thing, one may not do it (The salutations shouldbeas follows: ), while must is definitely positive in meaning and has almostthe force of a command. Fill in the blanks with must, ought to, or should.

- All my students spend more time on their English.

- Students ask permission before leaving the class.- Students learn as many new English words a day as possible.- Students not make so much noise in the class.- Students not smoke in the corridors of the Faculty.- Students try to come to class on time.- Students work harder on their majors.

7. Must, oughtand shouldhave a past tense form and are frequently used inthe past. This past tense form is obtained by the use of the auxiliary verbhaveand the past participle of the main verb. Change the following to pasttime form, as in the model.

Students shouldstudy more before their examinations. Students shouldhave studied more before their examinations.


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- He must have more practice in conversation.- She ought to be put in the intermediary English class.- She ought to prepare her work more carefully.- They must pay more attention to grammar rules.- We should go with them to the library.

- You should speak to them in English.- You should write your exercises in pencil.

8. Complete the following in your own words, using the past form of should.- Ann spoke to the visitors from America in French, but she - Ben went to the movie last night, but he - He gave the report to the assistant, but he - I gave Helen the dictionary, but I - She invested all her pocket money in textbooks, but she - They took a business course in college, but they - We left our English papers on the teachers desk, but we


1. Read the Business Letter below and then answer the questions.

1 136 Leveret's Alley2 Rochester, New York 146033 April 17,19--4 Children's program5 American Friends Service Committee6 160 North 15thStreet7 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1910489 Gentlemen:10111213

14

In the November issue of Scouting there was an articlestating that you publish a pamphlet describing project kits forgroups of American boys and girls who wish to help people inEurope and Asia. My seventh-grade class is interested in

undertaking a project. We would appreciate a copy of thepamphlet.1516 Very truly yours,17 Robert Jones18 Robert Jones

- Is this letter brief or long?- How many parts does it have? (Name them as in the model: Lines 1-3 -

Heading)- Which letter part of the friendly letter is not included here? What

information does it give?


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- Does this type of letter have block or indented form?- How do the salutation and closing differ from the ones in a friendly letter?- What mark of punctuation is used after the salutation of a business letter?- Why is the signature of a business letter both typed and handwritten?

2. What is wrong about the excerpt from a poorly written Letter of Requestbelow?

Dear Government Printing Office, Please send me one of those bookletsyou mentioned on the radio or TV a few days ago.

3. Write an imaginary letter, requesting for you the Catalogue of the NorthAmerican Book Company, 95 Washington Boulevard, Fair Meadows,Connecticut.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 10

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (III)





The body of the lettermay be indented or block (with a line spacebetween paragraphs).

Complimentary closes, put on the left in blocked letters and in thecentre in indented letters, are as follows:- If the letter begins with Dear Sir(s,), Dear Sirs(,), Dear

Madam(,) or Dear Sir or Madam(,), it will close with Yoursfaithfully(,);

- If the letter begins with a personal name, it will close with Yourssincerely(,);

- Americans tend to close even formal letters with Yours trulyorTruly yours.

Signatures.The name (given name + surname + title) should betyped after the hand-written signature and the position in the firmafter the typed signature.

The printed letterheadgives a great deal of information about:- The type of company:X Ltd. (limited liability) (in the UK) / PLC

(Public Limited Company) (in the UK) / Inc. (Incorporated) (inthe USA); X & Co (for a partnership between two or morepeople); X & Son(s)l Bros (Brothers)l Daughter(s) (for a familyconcern); X (for a single person doing business in his ownname and on his/her own account).

- The board of Directors: the name of the Chairman (in the UK)

or of the President(in the USA), the names of the Directors, thename of the Managing Director (in the UK) or of the ChiefExecutive(in the USA);

- The addresses: of the office from which the letter is being sent,of the head / registered office, of the branch,of other offices,phone number, telex number, etc. (After A. Ashley, AHandbook of Commercial Correspondence)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut board= consiliu branch= secie, sucursal


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chairman = preedinte chief executive = director general family concern = afacere de familie, afacere n familie formal = academic(), convenional() given name = nume de botez, prenume hand-written signature = semnturde mn head / registered office = biroul central, biroul de la sediul companiei in his / her own name = n nume propriu, n numele su incorporated= format sau constituit ca o corporaie indented = indentat() it will close = se ncheie / sfrete / termin limited liability= rspundere limitat line space = spaiu de o linie, spaiu de un rnd managing director = director general on his / her account= pe contul su on the left = n partea stng, n stnga partnership= asociaie, parteneriat, participaie people = oameni surname= nume de familie type(v.) = a dactilografia



- How may the body of a letter be?- Where can be complimentary closes put?- How are complimentary closes like?- What should a signature include?- Where should be typed the signature?- Where should be typed the position in the firm?- What kind of information does a printed letterhead give?- How many types of companies are there?- What is a board of directors?

- What is a 'chairman'?- What is a head office?- What is a branch?

2. Match the following compounds of letterwith their definitions.

1. letter of advice

a. an instrument issued by a court or publicofficial authorising an administrator totake control of and dispose of the estateof a deceased person

2. letter of comfort

b. an order issued by a banker allowing a

person named to draw money to aspecified amount from correspondents of


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the issuer; an instrument issued by abanker authorising a person named tomake drafts upon the issuer up to anamount specified

3. letter of credit c. comfort letter

4. letter of marqued. credentials issued to a diplomat or other

governmental representative forpresentation to the country to which he orshe is sent

5. letters ofadministration

e. license or commission granted by a stateto a private citizen to capture andconfiscate the merchant ships of anothernation

6. letters of credence

f. notification from a consignor to aconsignee giving specific information asto a shipment, the name of the carrier, thedate shipped, etc.; a document from thedrawer notifying the drawee that a bill ofexchange has been drawn

3. True or false?

True False1. The body of the letter may be indented or block.2. Complimentary closes are put on the right in blocked

letters and in the centre in indented letters.

3. If the letter begins with Dear Sir(s), it will close withYours faithfully(,).

4. If the letter begins with a personal name, it will closewith Yours sincerely(,).

5. Americans tend to close even informal letters withYours trulyor Truly yours.

6. The printed letterhead gives little information.

4. The modal verb may has two different and important uses in English: toshow permission (The body of the letter maybe indented or block) and toindicate doubt or possible future action. Supply mayto indicate the latter use,as in the model.

It is possible thatthe professor return later. The professor mayreturn later.

- It is possible Ben will attend the lecture tonight.- It is possible that Mary will help us with the report.- It is possible that we will be late for the English class again.- Perhaps Dr. Smith will demonstrate his theory.- Perhaps he will not want to join us in translating the article.

- Perhaps they will postpone their exam in English.- Possibly John will offer to help us with our translation.


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- Possibly the examination will be an easier one this time.- Possibly they will go to England for the exam.

5. May has a special past (perfect) tense, obtained by use of the auxiliaryverb have and the past participle of the main verb (They may have

completedtheir report). This form is used to indicate mere possibility. Supplythe past (perfect) form of mayin the sentences below.

- He (take) the textbook by mistake.- I (leave) my paper at home or I (lose) them on my way to office. Im not

sure.- I dont know where the professor is. She (go) to the library.- It (be) the Dean or it (be) the Rector who told them about the prolonged

holidays.- John (be) a model student at one time, but I doubt it.- She thinks that the schoolbag (steal) by one of her colleagues.

- The exam (change) their holiday plans.- They (translate) the paper by the time you needed the dictionary.- They (write) the exercise while you were out smoking.

6. Group the following as in the model. Use a dictionary.

Super- Sub-survive surrogate

surname surrebuttal surreptitious surcease surcharge surcingle

surfelt surmount surpass


1. Read the Business Letterbelow and then answer the questions.

123

3620 Picayune AvenueBaltimore, Maryland 21233

May13, 19--

4567

Holiday Hobby and Supply Co.37 Crenshaw BoulevardChicago, Illinois 60607

8 Dear Sirs:91011

Please ship to me in the best way the following items advertised inyour spring catalogue:

1213

1415

No. 432 1 Gang-way bicycle horn (blue) $2.89

No. 437 2 Lookee handlebar streamers(2 for 39 ) .39


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161718

No. 303 1 spoke wrench .45No. 214 1 kick stand (14") 1.32

$5.051920 I enclose a money order for $5.05. I'd appreciate prompt delivery.

21222324

Very truly yours,Ronald YoungbloodRonald Youngblood

- What are the sequences starting with 'No...' on lines 13-14 and 16-17?- What seem to indicate the figures 1 and 2 on the same lines?- What seem to indicate the word sequences on lines 13-17?- What seem to indicate the figures on lines 13 and 15-18?- What kind of information is given on line 20?

2. What is wrong about the excerpt from a poorly written Order Letterbelow?

My dog has fleas for over two weeks now. Therefore, please rush me twocans of D-Flea-Dog. My dad will pay when he gets his next pay envelope.

3. Write an imaginary letter, ordering for you the Students Dictionary, 4thedition, at $3.95, from the North American Book Company, 95 WashingtonBoulevard, Fair Meadows, Connecticut.


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UNITATEA DE NVARE 11

STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (IV)





References, quoted to indicate what the letter refers to (Your Ref.) andthe correspondence to refer to when replying (Our Ref.), may eitherappear in figures (661/17, that is letter 661 from department 17) or inletters (AB/XY, that is AB, the writer, and XY, his secretary).

Per pro (p.p.) is sometimes used when signing letters on behalf ofhis/her boss, and means for and on behalf of.

The company positionshould be indicated when signing on behalf of acompany.

If there are any enclosures(e.g., leaflets, prospectuses, etc.) with theletter, one should mention (list) them in the body of the letter, or simplywrite Enc(l).at the bottom of the letter.

Private and confidential,Confidential', or Strictly confidential'may bewritten on the envelope or at the head of the letter in case it is intendedonly for the eyes of the named receiver.

Subject titles are not compulsory, but they may provide a furtherreference, save introducing the subject in the first paragraph,immediately draw attention to the topic of the letter, and allow the writerto refer to it throughout the letter.

When copies are sent to people other than the named receiver, c.c.(that is, carbon copies)is written at the end of the letter when you wanthim to know it, or b.c.c. (that is, blind carbon copies) on the copiesthemselves, when you do not want him to know it. (After A. Ashley, AHandbook of Commercial Correspondence)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut allow(v.) = a permite be intended(v.) = a fi destinat blind carbon copies = copii la indigo confideniale bottom = partea de jos carbon copy= copie la indigo company position = poziia n cadrul companiei compulsory= obligatoriu, obligatorie draw attention to (v.) = a atrage atenia asupra


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3. Fill in a, an, or the, where needed.

epistle (from Greek epistellein, to send to), is formal and instructiveletter, often intended for publication. The epistolary form was familiar among ancient Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The

Greek philosophers Aristotle and Epicurus made notable use of it. Twenty-one books of New Testament are epistles written by apostles tomembers of early church. Since Renaissance epistle, in verse andprose, has held prominent place in literature. Examples of literaryepistle are Lettres provinciales (1656-57), by French philosopher BlaisePascal; Drapier's Letters (1724-25), by Anglo-Irish satirist JonathanSwift; and Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735), in verse, by English poetAlexander Pope.

4. Can you give examples of epistles in Romanian culture? Who wrote them,and when?


ln, into Transitiveenable engrave

enact enamel enamour encage encamp encapsulate encarnalise encase enchain enchant encipher encircle enclasp enclose encode encompass encounter encourage endure engird enkindle enshield

6. After the conjunctions as long / soon as, before, unless, until, when, andwhile, when they introduce subordinate clauses, we use the present tense(c.c. is written at the end of the letter whenyou want the receiver to knowthat copies are sent to people other than him). Supply the proper form of theverbs in parentheses below.

- Dont give him this report until I (tell) you so.- I shall apply for the scholarship as long as I (can).- I wont help him with his translation unless he (ask) me to.- Keep an eye on my books while I (get) my ticket.

- Lets put the textbooks aside before the professor (enter) the classroom.- Please, call me as soon as you (complete) the report.- When copies (be sent) to people other than the named receiver, c.c.is

written at the end of the letter.

7. Complete the following in your own words.- Call me as soon as you - Hell wait there until his mother - I wont go there unless you - Ill stay as long as he - Ill tell you when you

- Lets complete the papers before Mary - Sit here while I


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8. We use when + a present participle to replace a simple present tense.Rephrase the following as in the model.

p.p. is sometimes used whensigning letters on behalf of ones boss. p.p. is sometimes used whenyou sign letters on behalf of ones boss.

- Any young person should be serious when talking of his or her futurecareer.- I wonder why I am so sad when trying to recall my childhood.- One should be happy when thinking of how lucky he or she is.- References are quoted to indicate what the letter refers to and the

correspondence to refer to when replying.- The company position should be indicated when signing on behalf of a

company.- When eating fish, white wine should be drunk.- When using chopsticks, one should take care not to drop them in the

food.


1. Read the Business Letter below and then answer the questions.

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Brigade 51,DK1260,

Co

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