lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh - E-thaksalawa · lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh - E-thaksalawa ... iii

lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

11 jk fY%aKsh

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u'2008

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lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh11 jk fY%aKsh

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khm%:u uqøKh 2008

ISBN

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u'

uqøKh(uqøKd,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u'

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wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvhwOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvhwOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvhwOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvhwOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh

kj iyi%lfha m<uq úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh" j¾;udk mdi,a wOHdmk l%ufha mj;sk

.eg¨ lsysmhla uÕ yrjd .ekSu uq,a fldg f.k l%shd;aul fõ' is;Sfï yelshd" iudc yelshd

yd mqoa., yelshd ÿ¾j, ùu ksid wo ;reK msßia uqyqKmdk m%Yak y÷kd .ksñka o" ta i|yd

fya;= mdol jk lreKq mshjfrka mshjr fidhd n,ñka o" tu ;;a;ajhka ch .ekSug wjYH

miqìu iliñka o fuu úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh ie,iqï lr ;sfí'

wdishd;sl l,dmfha rgj,a yd ii|k l, óg fmr wm rfÜ wOHdmkh mQuqL ia:dkhl

meú;sKs' tfy;a wo fuu l,dmfha fndfyda rgj,a Y%S ,xldj wNsnjd wOHdmksl jYfhka

bosßhg f.dia ;sfí' okakd foa ixialrKhg" mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh lrk ,o foa bf.kqug yd

mj;akd foa ta wdldrfhka u kej; f.dv keÕSug" wOHdmksl wdh;k ld,hla ;=< wLKav

j lghq;= lsÍu fï miqnEu i|yd n,mdk fya;= lsysmhla fõ'

fï ish¨ lreKq i,ld n,d meyeos,s o¾Ykhla Tiafia kj úIhud,d iïmdokh lsÍug

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ks,OdÍka W;aidy ord we;' okakd foa fjkia lrñka o" w¨;a foa

.fõIKh lrñka o" wkd.;hg wjYH foa f.dv kxjñka o fyg ojfia id¾:l;ajh i|yd

iqodku m%o¾Ykh l< yels isiq msßila f.dvkexùu fuys uQ,sl wruqK fõ' tfy;a fï ;;a;aj

idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd .=re N+ñldfõ lemS fmfkk fjkila wjYH nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;=

fkd fõ' fuf;la l,a wfma mka;s ldurj, lemS fmkqK iïfm%aIK yd .kqfokq .=re N+ñld

fjkqjg YsIH flakaøSh" ksmqK;d mdol yd l%shdldrlï fmrgq lr .;a mßKduk N+ñldfõ

iajrEmh uekúka jgyd f.k tu N+ñldjg yqre ùug fï wkqj Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,a .=rejrekag

isÿ fõ'

kj ;;a;ajhkag wkq.; ùu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia rdYshla u we;=<;a fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY

ix.%yh" kj iyY%lfha M,odhS .=rejrhl= ùug Tng w;aje, imhkq we;ehs wms Wola u

úYajdi lruq' fï Wmfoia mßYS,kfhka Tfí ffoksl b.ekaùfï lghq;= fuka u we.hSï

lghq;= o myiq lr .ekSug Tng wjldY ie,fikq we;' isiqka fjkqfjka bosßm;a jk

.fõIK Wmfoia yd fjk;a .=Kd;aul fhojqï o .=re ld¾hh myiq lrùug fya;= jkq ksiel

h' tfia u ld,igykalrKfha oS" iSñ; iïm;a fnod oSfï oS yd wNHka;r wëlaIKj, oS

m%fhdackj;a úh yels jákd f;dr;=re /ila úÿy,am;sjreka fj; f.k hdug o .=re

ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh iydh fõ'

mdi,a uÜgfï by; i|yka md¾Yj yereK úg wdrïNl fyda wLKav fyda .=re wOHdmk

lghq;=j, kshef,k .=re wOHdmk{hskag yd .=re WmfoaYljrekag fuka u ndysr wëlaIK

yd kshduk jevigyka fufyhjk OQrdj,sfha úúO uÜgïj, ks,OdÍkag;a m%fhdackj;a jk

mßos fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ilia lsÍug iDcqj u odhl jQ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

úoHd yd ;dlaIK wOHdmk mSGfha iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a whs't,a' .sksf.a uy;añh m%Odk

wksl=;a ks,OdÍkag yd kka whqßka iïm;a odhl;ajh iemhQ ndysr úoaj;=ka ish¨ fokdg uf.a

m%Kduh ysñ fõ'

uydpd¾h fÊ'ví,sõ' úl%uisxywOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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fmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjokfmrjok

kj YS% ,xldjla i|yd Yla;su;a mokula ilia lsßfï wruqfKka l%shd;aul jk kjiyY%lfha m<uq jk úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh .=re N+ñldfõ lemS fmfkk fjkila wfmalaIdlrhs' fï i|yd wjYH iydh Wmßu uÜgñka .=rejrekag ,nd oSu i|yd iïmdokh lr ;sfnkfuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhg my; i|yka m%Odk fldgia wh;a fõ'

* úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh* úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍug iydh jk l%shdldrlï ika;;sh* bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh oS¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

úIh ud;Dldj,ska yd wkq ud;dldj,ska Tíng hk iúia;r úIh ks¾foaYh" úIhud,djiïmdok lsÍfï oS i,ld n,d ;sfnk uQ,sl ldrKd lsysmhla wjfndaO lr .ekSug .=rejrekagwjia:dj i,id fohs' kj úIh ks¾foaYhg mokï jQ idOl yd úIh wruqKq y÷kajd oSulskawdrïN jk fuu fldgig úIh ksmqK;d wkqj fm< .iajk ,o ksmqK;d uÜgï we;=<;a lr;sfí' isiqka úiska ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;= ta ta ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a ;SrKh lrk ,o oekqïmoku úIh ikaOdrh jYfhka y÷kajd oS we;s w;r tu úIh fldgia isiqkag mjrd oSug fhdod.kq ,nk nyqúO bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï l%u o i,ld n,d ta ta ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd .; jkld, jljdkq ;SrKh lr ;sîu fuu fldgfia úfYaI;ajh fõ' "mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka"hk uefhka bosßm;a lr we;s iúia;r úIh ks¾foaYfha wjidk fldgi iEu WmfoaYlkdhlhl= u uekúka lshjd n,d f;areï .; hq;a;ls' úIh b.ekaùu i|yd ld,h fjkalsÍfï oS" b.ekaùï lghq;= .=rejrekag mejÍfï oS" úIh iu.dó jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍfïoS fuka u .=re ld¾hh wëlaIKh lsÍfï oS o w;aje, imhk jákd Wmfoia iuQyhla fuufldgi uÕska mdi,a l<ukdlrejka fj; iemfhhs'

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha fo jk fldgi fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ms<sn|j meyeos,s wjfndaOhla .=rejrekag ,nd oSu wruqKq fldg ilia lr ;sfí' .=re N+ñldfõwfmalaIs; fjki fuka u ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkhla hgf;a l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍfï l%ums<sfj;a .=rejrekag y÷kajd oSfuka fï fldgi wdrïN fõ' úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍugwjYH l%shdldrlï ika;;sh B<Õg bosßm;a lr we;;a fhdað; l%shdldrlï ta whqßka ul%shd;aul lsÍu .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId fkd flf¾' ta ta .=reNj;d i;= ks¾udKYS,S ydúpdrd;aul Ñka;k yelshd fhdod .ksñka tu l%shdldrlï ;u mka;shg .e<fmk mßos wkqj¾;khlr .ekSug .=rejreka fhduq úh hq;=hs' .fõIKhg ,la jk .eg¨fõ me;s wkqj lKavdhïilia lsÍfï Wmfoia ,nd oS ;snqK o mka;sfha YsIH ixLHdj u; lKavdhï ixLHdj nqoaêu;aj ;SrKh lr .ekSu .=rejrhdf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

l%shdldrlïj,g ld,h fjka lr we;af;a wod< ksmqK;d uÜgï idlaId;a lr .; yelsmßoafoks' ta wkqj ñks;a;= 40l ld,Éfþofhka neyer ùug .=rejrekag isÿ fõ' ta ta ksmqK;duÜgu idlaId;a lr .ekSug m%udKj;a ld,hla ta ta l%shdldrlï i|yd ,nd oS ;sfnk w;r"ld,igyfka ;ks fyda oaú;aj ld,Éfþo m%fhdackhg .ksñka fuu l%shdldrlï iqÿiq mßosfldgia lr l%shd;aul lsÍu .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId flf¾' fmr oskl wdrïN lrk ,ol%shdldrlula iqÿiq mßos fldgia lr l%shd;aul lsßu .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId flf¾' fmroskl wdrïN lrk ,o l%shdldrlula bosßhg f.k hk iEu wjia:djl oS u tf;la ksu lrwe;s l%shdldrlï fldgia mka;shg ieflúka y÷kajd oSu fï ms<sfjf;a id¾:l;ajh i|ydwjYH fõ' tfia u .=rejreka ksjdvq ,nd .kakd wjia:dj, oS isiqka M,odhS bf.kqulfhoùug o fï ;SrKh mdi,a msßiaj,g wjia:dj i,id foa' úIh bf.kqu yd b.ekaùuiuia;hla f,i i,ld tys .=Kd;aul nj wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk .=Kd;aulfhojqï ,ehsia;=jla fï fldgia wjidk wx.h f,i bosßm;a lr we;' wjYH bf.kqï-b.ekaùï øjH l,a we;s j weKjqï lr iQodkï lr ;eîug fï wkqj .=rejrekag yelshdj,efí'

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úIh ks¾foaYfhka wfmalaIs; M, fk<d .ekSu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a jk bÕsrdYshla u ;lafiarej yd we.hSu kï jQ .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha ;=ka jk fldgig we;=<;ah' ta ta l%shdldrlu hgf;a isÿ úh hq;= ;lafiarej yd we.hSu" l%shdldrlï ldKavhla mokïlr isÿ jk bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍu yd fmdÿ úNd.j, oS n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsm%Yakj, iajNdjh hk ldrKd y÷kajd oSug fuu fldgi ieliS ;sfí' ta ta l%shdldrlu ;=<;lafiarefõ yd we.hSfï fhosh yels wjia:d y÷kd f.k fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl fm<la weiqfrka fïld¾hhka id¾:l lr .ekSu .=rejrekaf.a uQ,sl j.lSu f,i y÷kajd osh yels h' l%shdldrlïiuQyhla b,lal fldg bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍu i|yd bosßm;a jk WmlrK lÜg,hks¾foaYs; mka;s ldur ieisj,ska neyer j wLKav bf.kqul fhoSug isiqkag wjldY i,idfoa' tu WmlrK weiqfrka isiqka ,nk bf.kqu ksr;=re j mÍlaId lrñka Tjqka osßu;a lsÍu.=re ld¾hh jk w;r" l%shdldrlï yd iïnkaO wjika M, ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a fjñka ksjerosúksYaphkag t<öu o" tu úksYaphka wod< md¾Yjhka fj; ikaksfõokh lsÍu o" .=rejrekaf.kawfmalaId flf¾' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd fmdÿ úNd.j, oS lemSfmfkk fjkila wksjd¾hfhka u isÿ úh hq;= hs' fujeks úNd.j,ska wjidk jk wOHdmksluÜgï i|yd uQ,dlD;s m%Yak lSmhla y÷kajd oSug Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iydh we;sj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh lghq;= lr ;sfí' jkfmd;a lsÍu" wdo¾Y m%Yakj,g ms<s;=reiemhSu jeks hdka;%sl l%uj,ska bf.kSu fjkqjg" l%shdfjka yd w;aoelSï wdY%fhka bf.kSugisiqka fhduq lr .ekSu i|yd úNd. m%Yakj, fï fjki fhdackd lr ;sfnk ksid ta ms<sn|j mdi,a isiqka yd fouõmshka oekqj;a lsÍu o wdrïNfha oS u isÿ úh hq;= fõ'

lsishï ksmqK;d uÜgula idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd úúO l%shdldrlï ilia l< yelsnj ish¨ u .=rejreka f;areï .; hq;= h' ta wkqj fhdað; l%shdldrlï ta wdldrfhka ul%shd;aul lsÍu fjkqjg jvd fyd| m%fõY" .fõIK fuka u bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍfïúúO WmlrK o fhdod .ksñka jvd id¾:l b.ekaùula i|yd Tjqka iQodkï úh hq;=hs' kjm%fõY yuqfõ .=rejreka wl¾uKH ùu j<lajd .ksñka .=re N+ñldfõ lemS fmfkk fjkilarg mqrd .=rejreka ;=< we;s lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejrekag ffO¾hh imhkqwe;' tfia u fï l%shdldrlïj,ska Tíng hñka kj ks¾udKj, fhfok .=re Nj;=ka osß.ekaùug iy;sl yd úúO ixj¾Ok wjia:d ,nd oSug wms wfmalaId lruq' tu ;s<sK i|ydiqÿiqlï ,nkq jia .=rejreka l< hq;af;a fhdað; l%shdldrlï ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh fhdod jeäoshqKq lr bosßm;a lsÍuhs' uQ,sl l%shdldrlï ie,iqfuka neyer j fufia ilia lrkq ,nkbf.kqï-b.ekaùï ie,iqï iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok&" úoHd yd ;dlaIKmSGh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u hk ,smskhg fhduq l< hq;= h' ta ta úIh lñgq ,jdtu l%shdldrlï wOHhkh lrjd fï i|yd iqÿiaika f;aÍu miq j isÿ lrkq we;'

kj l%ufõo uÕska" bf.kqu" b.ekaùu" ;lafiarej yd we.hSu tl u fõosldjlg f.ktaug fufia wms W;aidy ord we;af;uq' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh" mdi,a mdol we.hSïfuka u f.or jev mejreï o w¾:j;a j yiqrejd .ekSug fï wkqj .=rejrekag kE ;rï bvm%ia;d ,efnkq we;' fuu w;ajef,ka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nñka .;dkq.;sl bf.kqï ydb.ekaùï m%fõYj,ska neyer ù oefha ¥ mq;=kaf.a Ñka;k yelshd" iudc yelshd fuka u mqoa.,yelshd o jeä oshqKq lsÍug Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,a wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jkq we;ehs hkak wfmataldhk úYajdihhs'

wdpd¾h bkaosrd ,s,dukS .sksf.aiyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok&úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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wkqYdil;ajh(uydpd¾h fÊ'ví' úl%uisxywOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

WmfoaYl;ajh(wdpd¾h bkaosrd ,s,dukS .sksf.aiyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a"úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wOHlaIKh(ã'tï' lS¾;sr;akwOHlaI" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh kdhl;ajh yd iïnkaëlrKh(fla'Ô' jika; l=udr lgql=rekaojHdmD;s kdhl" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh lñgqj(tka'ta' .=Kj¾Ok m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wurd ú;dkf.a m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fla'Ô'jika; l=udr lgql=rekao jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

tï'fla'ã' foaYm%sh jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fla'fla'ta' o is,ajd iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fla'tï' pkaøfiak úÿy,am;s" i;a;aj md,k mqyqKq uOHia:dkh" fldgfokshdj

hQ'ta' wdßhodi .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" le<Ksh

ví'ã' lreKdfiak .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" lE.,a,

wd¾'mS'wd¾' iqNdIsKS .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ñkqjkaf.dv

whsrdx.kS wfífldaka .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" .ïmy

mS'tï'mS' álsß ueKsld .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ;Uq;af;a.u

WfmalaId wfífialr Wm.=re" foaú nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U

;siroskS ysßuq;=f.dv Wm.=re" Ydka; f;dauia úoHd,h" fldaÜfÜ

fÊ'ã'whs'tia' chj¾Ok Wm.=re" Y%Smd,s u'u'ú'" fydrK

fla'l=udr;=x. Wm.=re" uqrex.dysálkao úÿy," lelsrdj

tÉ'fla'ã' ,laud,a O¾uodi Wm.=re" nKavdrkdhl nd,sld úoHd,h" wïmdr

B'ta'iS'tka' fmf¾rd Wm.=re" úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" udfld<

ã'tia'B' fyar;a Wm.=re" Ydka; fcdaYma jdia úÿy," fjkakmamqj

tÉ'tia'tï' fukaäia Wm.=re" m,af,fj, uyd úoHd,h" m,af,fj,

NdId ixialrKh(;siai Bßh.u l¾;D" Y%S ,xld úYaj fldaIfha ld¾hd,h" n;a;ruq,a,

mß.Kl ieliqu(ldka;s talkdhl cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msgljrh ieliqu(ldka;s talkdhl cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

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mgqk

msgqj

mßÉfþoh

01. úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh

úIh ye|skaùu 1

úIh wruqKq 2

úIh ks¾foaYh 3

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka 14

02. bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh

ye|skaùu 17

.=Kd;aul fhojqï 20

l%shdldrlï ika;;sh 22

03. ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

ye|skaùu 283

bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍfï WmlrK 285

uQ,dlD;s m%Yak 300

vii

úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh

lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh 11 jk fY%AKsh


ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgï úIh wka;¾.;h ld,hmeh


1.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

úIh ye|skaùu

YS% ,xldj lDIsl¾uh i|yd b;d fhda.H rgls' ta i|yd we;s iïm;a nyq, h' ta i|ydiqÿiq foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhka o mj;S' j¾;udkfha lDIsl¾uh yd Bg wkqnoaO lafIa;%j,skacd;sl ksIamdokhg by< odhl;ajhla imhhs' /lshd wjia:d Wod lr fohs' jákd iïm;ayd mq¿,a Y%u yuqodjla we;;a" lDIsl¾uh ;ju;a Y%S ,xldfõ ,dNodhS jHdmdrhla fkdfõ'

YS% ,xldj merKs rc oji lDIs ;dlaIKfõohkaf.ka f,dj u úiauhg m;a l< rgls'tfy;a j¾;udkfha mj;sk ;;a;ajh ms<sn| lsisfia;a i;=gq úh fkdyel' f,dalfha fjk;argj, lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okh ms<sn| i,ld n,k úg YS% ,xldj miq nEulg ,la j ;sfnknj fmfka' tneúka mdi,a orejka ;=< hym;a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd oekqu j¾Okh lrñkawm hd hq;= b,lal y÷kd.ekSug fm<Uúh hq;= h'

lDIsl¾uh wd¾Ólfha b;d jeo.;a yd m%n, wxYhla jqj;a" iudcfha fjk;a wxY ydii|k úg ld,Sk jYfhka tys j¾Okh ukao.dó j isÿ ù we;s nj meyeos,s h' lDIsksIamdokh by< kexùug kï ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha iEu wxYhla u oshqKq ;;ajhlg m;al< hq;= j we;' uE; ld,fha tl;= jQ ;dlaIKsl fhojqï mjd f.dúhdg ;j u ióm ùfkdue;' ;jo Wiia ;dlaIKh w;f,diailg muKla iSud ù we;' th iudcfha kE u;rd;srul mqoa.,hl=g ,nd .ekSug yels whqßka ixia:dmkh ùu blaukskau isÿ úh hq;= h'

wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsrSu yd jeä jk ck.ykhg wjYH wdydr iqrlaIs;dj ;yjqrelsrSu i|yd l< hq;= jeo.;a ld¾hhla jkafka wdydr ;dlaIKh ms<sn| oekqu ;reK mrmqrg,nd oSu h' fuys oS lDIsl¾uh ms<sn|j ;reK mrmqf¾ wdl,am fjkia lsrSgu;a" jHjidhl;ajb,lal uQ,sl fldg .;a lDIsl¾uhla fj; msúiSug;a lghq;= l< hq;= h'

lDIsl¾uh ,dNodhS jHdmdrhla njg m;a lsÍug kï ;dlaIKfõofha kj m%jK;dksIamdok l%shdj,shg noaO lsrSug lghq;= l< hq;= h' fuys oS mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=<skalDIsl¾uh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl fm<Uùu isiqkag ,nd oSu jeo.;a ld¾hhls'

fuu b,lalhka idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH Ôú; mqreÿ YsIHhd ;=< f.dvkef.k mßoafoka lDIsl¾uh yd wdydr ;dlaIKh úIhh ixj¾Okh lr we;' ta i|ydksmqK;djkag wkqj úIh ikaOdrh ;SrKh flf¾' oekqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;dj,skafmdaIKh jQ ksmqK;d fm<la y÷kajd oS we;' tla tla ksmqK;dj" uÜgï lSmhlska bgq lr.; yels jk mßos iEu ksmqK;djla i|yd u ksmqK;d uÜgï lSmhla y÷kajd oS we;' fïwdldrhg iEu tallhla i|yd u ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï y÷kajd oSfuka cSú; ld,hmqrd u m%o¾Ykh l< yels cSú; mqreÿ YsIHhd ;=< f.dv kexùu i|yd l%shdldrlï ika;;shlafhdackd lr we;'

fï wdldrfhka l%shdfjka yd w;aoelSï weiqfrka oekqu yd w¾:h ;uka úiska uf.dvk.d .ksñka ks¾udKYS,S bf.kqul fhoSug YsIHhdg wjldY i,id we;' tneúkaiïm%odhsl bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka ñoS YsIHhd ks¾udKYS,S bf.kqulg fhduqlrk mßKduk .=re N+ñldj fj; .=rejrhd fhduq ùu wksjd¾h fõ' fuys oS .=rejrhdiïm;a odhlfhl= ke;fyd;a wjYH wjia:dfõ oS muKla ueosy;a jkafkl= f,i lghq;=l< hq;= h'

fï i|yd WmldÍ jk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%fudamdhka" .=Kd;aul fhojqï" mdi,am%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka" ;lafiarelrK yd we.hSï l%ufõoh wdosh o úia;rd;aul úIhks¾foaYfha fhdackd lr we;'

by; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| ie<ls,su;a fjñka YsIHhdg id¾:l bf.kqï w;aoelSï,nd oSug bjy,a jk mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu .=rejrhdf.a j.lSu fõ' fuu.ska lDIsl¾uhyd wdydr ;dlaIKh úIhhg wod< oekqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;dj,ska msßmqka wka;¾ mqoa.,yelshdjka o ixj¾Okh jQ isiq mrmqrla ìys jkq we;'




úIh wruqKq

idïm%odhsl lDIsl¾uhg úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl uqyqKqjrla ,nd oSu'

mdßißl iïm;a ;sridr j Ndú; lsrSu'

i;a;aj md,kh iïnkaO" úoHd;aul yd m%fhda.sl l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

wiajekafka isÿ úh yels kdia;sh wju jk mßos lDIs yd i;a;aj ksIamdokmßrlaIKh i|yd WÑ; ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu'

lDIsl¾uh yd wdydr ;dlaIKh iïnkaO" jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d ixj¾OkhlsÍu'

;reK mrmqr foaYSh lDIsl¾ufha ixj¾Okhg keUqre lr .ekSfuka rfÜ iudc"

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu'

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6' úúOf.dú;ekal%u yd j.drgdwkq.ukhlrñka M,odhSf,i fnda.j.d lrhs'

6'1 merKs yd kQ;kf.dú;eka l%uy÷kd .ksñkaM,odhS fnda.j.djlg fhduqfjhs'

6'2 jeä M,odjla i|ydúúO j.d rgdfhdod .kshs'

6'3 mi" c,h yd ffcjúúO;ajhixrlaIKh i|ydlDIs jk j.dfjysfhfohs'

² merKs yd kQ;k f.dú;eka l%u ² fyaka f.dú;ek ² YIH udrej ² ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek ² ixrlaIK f.dú;ek

² j.d rgd² tal fnda. j.dj² nyq fnda. j.dj

² w;=re fnda. j.dj² ñY% fnda. j.dj² läka lv j.dj

² lDIs jk j.dj² nyq ia;r fnda. j.d

moaO;sh² ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh

² j.d l< yels fnda.

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úIh ks¾foaYhúIh ks¾foaYhúIh ks¾foaYhúIh ks¾foaYhúIh ks¾foaYh

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7' fnda. j.dfõM,odhS;djjeä lr.ekSu i|ydmd,s; mßir;;a;aj fhdod.kshs'

7'1 foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajmd,kh lrñkafnda. j.dfõM,odhS;dj jeä lr.kshs'

7'2 mfia iSudldÍidOl i,ldks¾mdxY= j.dfõkshef<hs'

² md,s; .Dy j¾. ² oe,a .Dy ² yß;d.dr ² fmd,s;Ska .Dy

² md,kh l< yels mßir ;;aj ² WIaK;ajh ² wd¾ø;dj ² wdf,dalh

² lDIsld¾ñl Ndú; ² o~q len,s uq,a weoaoùu ² wiajekafka m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul nj

² frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh

² ks¾mdxY= j.dj² frdamK udOH

² c,h ^c, frdams; j.dj& ² fldyq n;a ² ,S l=vq ² oyhshd wÕ=re

² fmdaIK udOH² Ndú; jk l%u

² n÷ka.; l%uh ² t,a,k nE.a ² j.d rdlal ² PVC ng

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8' m<sfndaOmd,kh ;=<skafnda. j.dfõM,odhS;djjeä lr .kshs'

8'1 m%Yia; wiajekakla,nd.ekSu i|ydj,a me<Eá md,khlrhs'

8'2 fnda. j.dfõM,odhS;dj jeälsrSu i|yd Ydlfrda. md,khlrhs'

² j,a me<Eá y÷kd .ekSu'

² ydksh yd m%fhdack

² j¾.SlrKh

² jefvk ia:dkh wkqj

² f.dv ìu jefjk

² c,fha jefjk

² jhi$Ôú; ld,h wkqj

² jd¾Isl

² oaú jd¾Isl

² nyq jd¾Isl

² rEmldrh wkqj

² ;DK j¾.

² m<,a m;%

² mka j¾.

² wdl%uKldÍ j,a me<Eá

² j,a me<Eá md,kh

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u

² hdka;%sl l%u

² ffcj úoHd;aul l%u

² kS;s u.ska$wK mk;a u.ska

md,kh

² ridhksl l%u

² taldnoaO md,kh

² frda. yd frda. ldrl

² os,Sr - ù ^fld< md¿j&

;jdka me< ôsh u,x lEu&

t<j¨ weka;%elafkdaia&

² nelaàßhd - nelaàßhd

ysgqueÍu

² jhsria - m;% úÑ;% frda."

flfi,a j| mSoSu

² jg mKq - uq,a .eg frda.h

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8'3 jeä wiajkq ,eîui|yd lDóka ydlDó fkdjkm<sfndaO md,khlrhs'

² Ydl frda. md,kh


² hdka;%sl l%u


² kS;s u.ska$wKmk;a u.ska

md,kh

² ridhksl l%u

² taldnoaO md,kh

² lDó m<sfndaO

² imd lk fyda úld lk

lDóka

² úo hqI Wrd fndk lDóka

² iQrd hqI Wrd fndk lDóka

² m;% yl=¿ jk lDóka

² M, fyda l| isÿre lrk

lDóka

² frda. jdyl lDóka

² lDóka fkdjk m<sfndaO

² uhsgdjka

² lDka;lhka

² mlaISka

² uDoajxYSka

² lDóka yd lDóka fkdjk

m<sfndaOj,ska isÿ jk ydksh

² lDóka yd lDóka fkdjk

m<sfndaO md,k l%u


² hdka;%sl l%u$fN!;sl l%u


² kS;s u.ska fyda wKmk;a u.ska

md,kh

² ridhksl l%u

² taldnoaO md,kh

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9' fnda. j.dfõid¾:l;ajhi|yd mi iyc,hl<ukdlrKhlrhs'

9'1 mdxY= Ldokh iyydhkh wjulrñka j.dlghq;=j,kshef<hs'

9'2 wiajekak jeälsrSug iqÿiqfmdfydr Ndú;lrhs'

9'3 c, iïm;l<ukdlrKfhkafnda. j.dfõwiajkq jeä lr.kshs'

² mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= ² mdxY= Ldokh

² Ldok ldrl ² Ldok mshjr ² Ldokfha wdldr

² wdï,sl;dj ² ldnksl øjH wvq ùu ² ,jK;dj ² mi ;o ùu

² mdxY= ixrlaIKh² mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh ² wdï,sl mia ² ,jK mia ² ldnksl øjH W!k jQ mia

² Ydl fmdaIl² laIqø iy uyd fmdaIl² N, P, K iy Mg W!k;d

² ldnksl fmdfydr² fmdfydr j¾.² fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokh

² ridhksl fmdfydr² N, P, K wvx.= fmdfydr j¾.

yd ixhq;sh² fN!;sl ,laIK

² fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍu

² fmdfydr fhoSfï l%u² ldnksl iy ridhksl

fmdfydr tlg fhoSï IPNS&² oshr fmdfydr Ndú;h

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u² msgdr² ;Sre² fíiï² we,s

² c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdokl%u² ìkaÿ² iam%skala,¾ ^bisk&² Wm mDIaÁh

² iújr k<² ueá l<

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9'4 j¾Id c,fhkaWmßu m%fhdack,nd .ksñka j.dlghq;= id¾:l lr.kshs'

02² mdxY= c,h /l .ekSfï l%u² jiqka fhoSu² ldnksl øjH tl;= lsßu² j,a u¾okh

² jeis c, /ia lsÍfï jHQy

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10' M,odhS f,i i;a;aj md,kfha kshef<hs'

10'1 jeo.;alu ydwjYH;djjgydf.k fhda.Hi;a;aj j¾. f;dard.kshs'

10'2 m%Yia;ksIamdokhla i|ydksjeros l%u Ndú;lrñka l=l=¿md,kfha kshef<hs'

² i;a;aj md,kfha jeo.;alu

² f.dú m< i;=ka j¾.SlrKh

² m%fhdackh iy iïNjh jQ

rg wkqj

² .j j¾.

² ó .j j¾.

² t¿ j¾.

² W!re j¾.

² l=l=¿ j¾.

² ksjdi

² jeo.;alu

² ksjdi j¾.

² w;=rekqj kv;a;=j

² wdydr yd c, n÷ka

² wdydr yd wdydr oSu

² wdydr ix>gl

² wdydr i,dl

² wdydr wdl,k

² m,d j¾. ,nd oSu

² ì;a;r /lal ùfï wdldr

² iajNdúl /lal ùu

² lD;%su /lal ùu ^rlaljk

u.ska&

² megjqka /l n,d .ekSu

² nDvrh

² c,h

² WIaK;ajh

² tkak;a yd m%;sÔjl

² úfYaI wdydr

² jefvk i;=ka md,kh

² ì;a;r ouk i;=ka md,kh

² i;=ka msg ,Eu

² wjYH;dj

² msg ,Eï isÿ lrk

wjia:d iy ks¾Kdhl

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10'3 frda. j<lajd.ksñka ì;a;r yduia ksIamdokhjeä lr .kshs'

10'4 ksjeros l%uNdú;fhka.jhskaf.a lsßksIamdokh jeälr .kshs'

10'5 frda. j<lajd.ksñka id¾:l .jmd,khlkshef<hs'

² l=l=<kag je<f|k frda.

² nelaàßhd

² mq,af,darï

² ffjria frda.

² /kslÜ

² jiQßh

² .ïfndafrda

² fm%dgfidaùh frda.

² fldlaisäfhdaisia

² f.ama mKq wdidok

² mKq wdidokh

² jg mKq wdidokh

² frda. md,k l%u

² ksjdi

² ksjdi i|yd ìula f;aÍu

² ksjdi l%u


² wdydr j¾.

² o< wdydr

² idkaø wdydr

² wdydr oSfï oS ie,lsh hq;=

lreKq

² fokqka md,kh

² .eí .ekaùu

² iajNdúl isxpkh

² lD;%Su isxpkh

² .¾NKS ld,h

² lsß jeÍu iy úh<s fokqka

md,kh

² m%iQ;sh yd megjqka md,kh

² .jhskag je<f|k frda.

² nelaàßhd frda.

² .j rla;dY%j

² fmlks iy ikaê

m%odyh

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10'6 m%Yia;ksIamdokhlai|yd ksjeros l%uNdú; lrñka t¿md,kfha fhfohs'

10'7 ksjeros l%uNdú;fhka M,odhSf,i W!rkamd,kfha fhfohs'

² ueiaghsàia

² ffjria frda.

² l=r yd uqL frda.h

² fm%dgfidaùh frda.

² lsks;=¨ WK

² mKq frda.

² frda. md,k l%u

² ksjdi

² wdydr

² wdydr ix>gl


lreKq

² t¿fokqka md,kh

² uo ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu

² .eí .ekaùu

² iajNdúl isxpkh

² lD;%Su isxpkh

² .¾NKS ld,h


² t¿jkag je<f|k frda.

² mlaI>d;h

² mKq frda.

² ksõfudakshdj

² frda. md,k l%u

² ksjdi


² wdydr j¾.


lreKq

² Bßhka md,kh

² .eí .ekaùu

² .¾NKS ld,h


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² W!rkag je<f|k frda.

² mdpkh

² iQlr WK

² mKq frda.

² W!re megjqkaf.a rla;

ySk;dj

² frda. md,k l%u

² fi!LHdrlaIs; i;a;aj

ksIamdok l%shdj,shl uQ,sldx.

² f.dúfmd< msßisÿ;dj

² ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha

fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ lu

² Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok

,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sfhaúúO tall l%shdldrlï iyta yd iïnkaO m%Yia:;;a;ajhka mj;ajd .ekSuWod( lsß ---> lsß foùu" lsß tl;= lsßu

weisÍu" m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu

wdosh

² i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu

ye|skaùu

² ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys

n,mdk idOl

² fN!;sl j wmú;% ùu

² ridhksl úm¾hdi

² laIqø cSù l%shdjka

² i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu

je<elaùu

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10'8 .=Kd;aul;djfhkaWiia i;a;ajksIamdok ,nd.ekSu i|yd iqÿiqmshjr .kshs'

10'9 WÑ; l%fudamdhkaNdú;fhka i;a;ajksIamdok krla ùuwju lsÍug mshjr.kshs'

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² lsß - ye|skaùu yd jeo.;alu

² lsß mßrlaIKh lsÍfï l%u yd

uQ,O¾u

² fN!;sl l%u

² meiapÍlrKh

² ÔjdkqyrKh

² úisß úh<kh

² ffcùh l%u

² meiSu uqojdmq lsß" fhda.Ü&

² uia - ye|skaùu yd jeo.;alu

² uia mßrlaIKh lsÍfï l%u

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10'10 WÑ; l%fudamdhkafhdod .ksñka lsßwdY%s; ksIamdokl%shdj,shlkshef<hs'

10'11 WÑ; l%fudamdhkafhdod .ksñka uiawdY%s; ksIamdokl%shdj,shlkshef<hs'

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mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka

lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh úIhh m%dfhda.sl úIhhls' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

;=<ska w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSu i|yd isiqka fhduq lsÍug fuu úIh ie,iqï lr we;' fuys oS

wfmalaIs; úIhh ksmqK;d idlaId;a lr .ksñka Ôú; mqreÿ isiqka ;=< f.dv k.d .ekSug

yels wdldrfha ks¾udKYS,S bf.kqul fhoSug wjldY i,id we;' ta i|yd l%shdldrlï

ika;;shla we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh úIhhfha wNsu;d¾: idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd hf:dala;

iqÿiqlïj,ska tlla j;a imqrd we;s úIhh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl oekqu we;s .=re

Njf;l= f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

² lDIsl¾u .=re mqyqKqj

fyda

² lDIsl¾u ämaf,daudj$i;a;aj md,k ämaf,daudj

fyda

² lDIsl¾uh ms<sn| Wiia ;dlaIK ämaf,daudj

fyda

² lDIs wOHdmk ämaf,daudj

fyda

² lDIs wOHdmkfõoS$lDIs Wmdê

by; iqÿiqlï imqrd we;s .=re Njf;l= mdif,a fkdue;s wjia:djl oS fuu úIh

b.ekaùu i|yd leu;s úoHd mqyqKq .=re Njf;l= fhoùu jeo.;a fõ' fuys oS Wiia fm<

ldIs úoHdj fyda lDIsl¾uh ms<sn| fjk;a mdGud,d yodrd ;sfnk .=re Nj;=kag m%uqL;dj

oSu jeo.;a jk w;r fuu .=rejrhd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh$ osia;%sla .=re uOHia:dk$

m<d;a yd l,dm uÜgñka meje;afjk fiajdia: ieisj,g iyNd.s lrjd mqyqKqjla ,nd

oSug lghq;= l< hq;= h'

fuu úIh b.ekaùu i|yd f;dard .kq ,nk .=re Nj;d kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g

wod< j úIhh wruqKq" úIhh wka;¾.;h" Bg wod< ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï yd l%shdlrlï

ms<sn| j oekqj;a úh hq;= h' .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfhka wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï ika;;shla

bosßm;a lr we;' kuq;a mdif,a ;sfnk iïm;aj,g wkqj .=rejrhdf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh

Wmfhda.S lr f.k id¾:l l%shdldrlï ie,iqï ilia lr .ekSug ksoyi ;sfí' ta i|yd

iyNd.s úh yels mqyqKq jevigyka y÷kd f.k Bg iyNd.s ù ta ms<sn| ksmqK;djla ,nd

.ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= h' tys oS iqúfYaIS lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr .eg¨

ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug mshjr .; hq;= h'

fuu úIhh i|yd ld,fþo fjka lsÍfï oS tl <Õ osk foll Woh jrefõ ld,fþo

fol yd ld,fþo tl jYfhka fjka lr oSfuka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr

.; yels h' úÿy,am;s f.a wNsu;h mßos ,nd osh yels ld,fþoj,ska ;dlaIK úIhh i|yd

;j;a tla ld,fþohla ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍfuka m%dfhda.sl lghq;= yd ld, l<ukdlrKh

wdoS lghq;= myiq fõ'

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wjYH;dj y÷kdf.k .=Kd;aul fhojqïj,ska uqo,a ,nd osh hq;= h' úoHd,fha fmdÿ

NdKav ñ,oS .ekSfï oS m%d.aOk NdKav tl;= lr .ekSu i|yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

.=Kd;aul fhojqïj,ska øjH ñ, oS .ekSfï oS úIhhka lsysmhla taldnoaO j NdKav ñ, oS

f.k" wjYH wjia:dj, oS mßyrKh l< yels h' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr

.ekSu i|yd ;dlaIKsl l%uYs,am Ndú;d lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tu ksid yelshdjla ;sfí kï

mß.Kl Ndú;fhka bf.kqï wjia:d ,nd oSug fhduq ùu M,odhS fõ'

l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍug wjldY ,nd oS Ôú; ld,h mqrd m%o¾Ykh l< yels mqreÿ f.dv

kexùu lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh úIhfhys yrh fõ' fï i|yd mdi,a f.dúfmd<la

mj;ajd f.k hdu b;d jeo.;a fõ' mdi,a j;a; ;=< iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard f.k ^Wod(

10mx10m muK ìï m%udKhla& tu ìu fjka lr oSfuka fuu f.dúfmd< wdrïN l< yels

h' úIh l%shdldrlïj,g wod< m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ie,iqï iy.; f,i l%shd;aul

lsßu i|yd mdi,a f.dúfmd<g Yla;su;a mokula iemhsh hq;= w;r úIh l%shdldrlï

id¾:l j l%shd;aul lsÍug iqÿiq f,i l,a fõ,d we;s j mdi,a f.dúfmd< ilia lr .;

hq;= h'

tfia N+ñhla fjka lr .; fkdyels wjia:dj, oS n÷ka" isria j.d l%u wdosh i|yd

fhduq ùu jeo.;a fõ' myiqlï we;s mdi,la yd iïnkaO ù iïm;a yqjudre lr .ekSfï

wjia:d ,nd .ekSu" wdo¾Y rcfha f.dúfmd<la yd iïnkaO ù m%dfhda.sl lghq;= lsÍu wdosh

uÕska mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< mek kef.k .eg¨ wju lr .; yels h' úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd

iqÿiq mka;s ldurhla fjka lr oSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'

fuu úIhfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug bjy,a jk úIhh iu.dó l%shdldrlï

fhdackd lr ;sfí' tys oS flaj, fuka u lKavdhï jYfhka l< yels l%shdldrlï we;=<;a

l< yels h' fï i|yd mdi, ;=< mßir Ng lKavdhï" fidnd oyï isiq yjq," lDIs úoHd

ix.uh" mdi,a msßh; w,xlrKh lsÍu" lafIa;% pdßld ixúOdkh lsÍu" ;dlaIK jevuq¿

meje;aùu" ì;a;s mqj;am;a iÕrd wdosh ilia lsÍu" m%o¾Yk meje;aùu" lDIs úoHd osk

meje;aùu l< yels h'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha oS isiqka ;=< ksmqK;d idlaId;a lr .ekSu by<

M,odhS;djlska hqla; j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd isiqkaf.a fuka u .=rejrhdf.a o oekqu hdj;a

ld,Sk úh hq;= h' fï i|yd úúO lafIa;%j, ksmqK;djla we;s iïm;a mqoa.,hska iyNd.s

lrjd .; yels h' ta ta lafIa;%j, iqÿiqlï we;s foudmshka o iyNd.s lrjd .; yels h' óg

wu;r j" f.dúck fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=jg wkqhqla; j isák m¾fhaIK yd ksIamdok

iyldr uy;au uy;aóka f.a yd lDIsl¾u fufyhqï ks,OdÍ uy;au uy;aóka f.a o m, mqreÿ

f.dú uy;ajrekaf.a o fiajh ,nd .; yels h'

fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd mdi, ;=< isÿ jk ndysr

yd wNHka;r wëlaIKh iydh lr .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' tys oS bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

i|yd WmldÍ jk wjYH;d imhd .ekSu iïnkaO j oekqj;a lsÍu wdosh l< yels h'

wjYH;d imhd .ekSu iïnkaO j yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;h .ek mdi,a l<ukdlrKh

yd .=rejreka oekqj;a lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h' .=re WmfoaYljreka iïnkaO lr f.k wdo¾Y

b.ekaùï uÕska l%ufõoh ksjeros u.lg .ekSug yels h' wêlaIKfha oS .=re we.hSï

ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su i|yd kùlrKh

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lr .ekSu wjYH;djls'

úÿy,am;s we;=¿ mdi,a l<ukdlrK uKav,h kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn|

oekqj;a ùu jeo.;a fõ' tuÕska .=rejreka i|yd wjYH myiqlï ,nd oS isiqkaf.a bf.kqï-

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .; yels h' iEu mdi,l u .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha

msgm;la mdi,a mqia;ld,fha úu¾Yk wxYfha ;nd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug isiqkag

wjia:dj ,nd osh yels h'

mdif,a we;s myiqlï y÷kdf.k iqÿiq jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍfuka tajd jvd;a

yrj;a j yd w¾:j;a j l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fufyhùu yd uÕ fmkaùu .=re Nj;df.a

j.lSu fõ' mdi, ;=< l%shd;aul jk jevigykaj, oS ish¨ .=re Nj;=kaf.a iyNd.s;ajh

iqyoYS,S j ,nd .ekSug l%shd l< hq;= h' fï i|yd úÿy,am;sf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.h ,nd

.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' f;dard .;a jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úÿy,am;s f.a Wmfoia u;

jd¾Isl ie,eiaug we;=<;a lr .ekSfuka mdi, i;= iïm;a fuka u úÿy,am;sf.a

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh o ,nd .ekSu myiq jkq we;'

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bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõoh



ye|skaùu

fuu mdGud,djg wod< bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ;SrKh lsÍfï oS .fõIKh

mokï lr f.k isiq ksmqK;d f.dvkeÕSug yels jk mßos bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï

ie,iqï lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fh`duq lr we;' ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkh i|yd fufia

iQodkï ùfï oS .=re N+ñldfõ o meyeos,s fjkila wfmalaId flf¾'

wE; w;S;fha isg wfma mka;s ldurj, nyq, j l%shd;aul jQ idïm%odhsl iïfm%aIK

N+ñldj (TRANSMISSION ROLE) yd miq ld,Sk j y÷kajd fokq ,enQ .kqfokq N+ñldj

(TRANSACTION ROLE) j¾;udk mka;s ldur ;=< ;ju;a lemS fmfka' mdi,a yer hk ore

oeßhkaf.a Ñka;k l=i,;d" mqoa., l=i,;d yd iudc l=i,;dj, wo olakg ,efnk msßySu

ms<sn| j i,ld n,k úg bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh ixj¾Okh úh hq;= nj;a th isÿ úh

hq;= wdldrh;a y÷kd .ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ'

iïfm%aIK .=re N+ñldfõ oS isiqka W.; hq;= ish,a, okakd whl= f,i .=rejrhd

ms<s.efkk w;r isiqka ta lsisjla fkdokakd wh f,i i,ld Tjqka fj; oekqu iïfm%aIKh

lsÍu .=re ld¾hh njg m;a ù ;sfí' .=rejrhdf.ka isiqkg oekqu .,d hdug muKla iSud

jk foaYk uqyqKqjrla .kakd fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh isiq Ñka;kh wjos lsÍug

fyda isiqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl yd iudc l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍug fyda m%udKj;a j odhl

fkdfõ'

.=rejrhd mka;sh iuÕ we;s lr .kakd foni .kqfokq N+ñldfõ wdrïNl wjia:dj

fõ' .=rejrhdf.ka mka;shg yd mka;sfhka .=rejrhdg .,d hk woyiaj,g wu;r j isiq-

isiq wka;¾l%shd o miq j we;s ùu ksid fuu foni l%ufhka ixjdohlg fmrf<a' okakd

fohska fkdokakd fohg" ir, fohska ixlS¾K fohg fuka u ixhqla; fohska úhqla; fohg

isiqka f.k hdu i|yd .=rejrhd os.ska os.g u m%YaklrKfha ksr; fõ'

ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha oS YsIH ld¾hhka m%n, ia:dkhla .kakd w;r mka;sfha

iEu <uhl= u ta ta ksmqK;dj iïnkaO j wvq ;rñka wdikak m%ùK;djg fyda f.k taug

ueosy;a jk iïm;a odhlhl=f.a (RESOURCE PERSON) ;;a;ajhg .=rejrhd m;a fõ' bf.kqug

wjYH WmlrK yd wfkl=;a myiqlï iys; bf.kqï mßirhla ie,iqï lsÍu" isiqka bf.k

.kakd whqre ióm j ksÍlaIKh lsÍu" YsIH yelshd yd fkdyelshd y÷kd .ekSu" wjYH

bosßfmdaIK yd m%;sfmdaIK ,nd foñka isiqkaf.a bf.kqu m%j¾Okh lsÍu fuka u mka;s

ldurfhka neyerg bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq WmlrK ilia lsÍu o

fuys oS .=rejrhdf.ka bgq úh hq;= uQ,sl ld¾hhka fõ' hf:dala; .=re ld¾hNdrh weiqre

fldg .;a .=re N+ñldj mßKduk N+ñldj (TRANSFORMATION ROLE) f,i kï lr ;sfí'

fuu mdGud¾.fha m<uq jeks fldgi uÕska y÷kajd fokq ,nk úia;rd;aul úIhud,dj

l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels l%shdldrlï ika;;sh tys fo jeks fldgig we;=<;a

lr we;' fï iEu l%shdldrlula u wvq ;rñka mshjr ;=kla we;=<;a jk mßos ixj¾Okh

lr ;sfí' l%shdldrlïj, m<uq jk mshjr uÕska isiqka bf.kqug iïnkaO lr .ekSug

wfmalaId lrkq ,efí' tneúka fuu mshjr iïnkaO lr .ekSfï fyj;a kshqla;slrK

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mshjr (ENGAGEMENT STEP) jYfhka kï lr ;sfí' fuys wdrïNhla f,i .=rejrhd

.kqfokq N+ñldfõ ,laIK m%o¾Ykh lrñka isiqka iuÕ fonilg uq, mqrhs' miq j

ixjdohlg mßj¾;kh úh yels fï foni hgf;a .fõIKfha fhoSfuka isiqka ixj¾Okh

lr .; hq;= uQ,sl ksmqK;d yd iïnkaO fmr oekqu isysm;a lr .ekSug;a" l%shdldrlïj,

bosßh ms<sn| bÕs ,nd .ekSug;a isiqkag wjia:dj ie,fia' fuu woyia yqjudrej i|yd

fhdod .; yels Wml%u rdYshla .=rejrhd i;= j we;' m%Yak bosßm;a lsÍu$ mska;+r" mqj;am;a

oekaùï yd ieK m;a (FLASH CARDS) jeks W;af;acl fhdod .ekSu$ .eg¨" m%fya,sld fyda

isoaê wOHhk Ndú;h$ fonia" N+ñld rx.k" lú" .S; wdo¾Yk (DEMONSTRATIONS) iDcq j

fyda Y%jH mg fyda oDYH mg weiqfrka fhdod .ekSu fujka Wml%u lsysmhls' idrdxY

jYfhka my; i|yka wruqKq ;=k idlaId;a lr .ekSu uq,a fldg l%shdldrlïj, m<uq

mshjr l%shd;aul fõ'

• mka;sfha wjOdkh oskd .ekSu'

• wjYH fmr oekqu isysm;a lr .ekSug isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd oSu'

• l%shdldrlfï fo jeks mshjr hgf;a isiqka fhduq lsÍug wfmalaId lrk

.fõIKfha uQ,sldx. isiqkg y÷kajd oSu'

l%shdldrlfï fo jeks mshjr ie,iqï lr we;af;a .fõIKh (EXPLORATION) i|yd

isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd oSug h' isiqka .fõIKfha fhfokafka ta i|yd iqúfYaI j ilia

lrk ,o Wmfoia m;%sldjla mokï lr f.k h' .eg¨jg iïnkaO úúO me;s lKavdhï

jYfhka .fõIKh lrñka iyfhda.S bf.kqfï fhoSug isiqkg yels jk mßos fuu .fõIKh

ie,iqï lsÍug .=rejrhdg isÿ fõ' imhd we;s iïm;a øjH m%fhdackhg .ksñka" i;su;a

nfjka hq;= j lKavdhï idlÉPd fufyhjñka isiqka .fõIKfha ksr; ùu fuu mshjfr

jeo.;a ,laIK lsysmhla fõ' ld,hla ;siafia tn÷ lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùu

ksid iajhx úkh" wkHhkag ijka oSu" wkHhka iuÕ iyfhda.fhka jev lsÍu" Tjqkg

Wojq ùu" ld, l<ukdlrKh" .=Kd;aul nfjka by< ksmehqï ,nd .ekSu" wjxl nj wdoS

idudkH Ôú;hg wjYH jeo.;a l=i,;d /ila ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug o isiqkg yelshdj

,efí'

isiqka .fõIKh i|yd fhdÿ lsÍfï oS YsIH lKavdhïj, kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ;SrK

.ekSfuka .=rejrhd je<lS isáh hq;= w;r isiqka w;ßka kdhlhka u;= ùug wjYH miqìu

muKla uekúka iQodkï l< hq;= h' ieÕjqKq yelshd mokï lr .ksñka wjia:dfjdaÑ; j

kdhl;ajh .ekSfï jrm%idoh fï wkqj isiqkg ysñ fõ'

l%shdldrlfï 3 jk mshjf¾ oS iEu lKavdhulg u ;u .fõIK m%;sM, wka whf.a

oek .ekSu i|yd bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ie,fia' fuys oS .=rejrhd l< hq;af;a iuQy

bosßm;a lsÍï i|yd isiqka osßu;a lsÍuhs' iEu idudðlhl=g u j.lSï mejfrk mßos bosßm;a

lsÍu i,iqï lsÍug isiqka fufyhùu o jevodhl h' isiq wkdjrK meyeos,s lsÍu

(EXPLANATION) yd iïnkaO fuu mshjf¾ jeo.;a ,laIKhla jkafka wfma mka;s ldur ;=<

ks;r wefik .=re l:kh fjkqjg isiq y~ u;= ùug wjia:d iïmdokh ù ;sîu h'

l%shdldrlïj, f; jk mshjf¾ oS fidhd .ekSï jeä oshqKq lsÍug ke;akï úia;drKhg

(ELABORATION) isiqka fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ' tla tla lKavdhu Tjqkaf.a bosßm;a lsÍï

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wjika l< miq ta ms<sn| ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd u;= lsÍug bosßm;a l< lKavdhfï

isiqkg m<uq j o wfkla lKavdhïj, isiqkg fojkq j o wjia:dj ,nd oSfuka fuh isÿ

flf¾' flfia fj;;a wjidk iudf,dapkh ndr jkafka .=rejrhdg h' isiqka ksr; jQ

.fõIKhg wod< jeo.;a lreKq ish,a, meyeos,s jk fia;a ixl,am yd kHdh ms<sn| ksjeros

wjfndaOh isiqka ;=< ;yjqre jk fia;a fuu iudf,dapkh isÿ lsÍu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId

flf¾'

mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh wfmalaIs; wdldrfhka id¾:l j bgq jkafka

oehs fidhd ne,Su fuu l%ufõoh hgf;a .=rejreka i;= m%Odk j.lSuls' fï i|yd

;lafiarelrKh yd we.hSu fhdod .; hq;= w;r ta i|yd m%udKj;a bvlv bf.kqï-

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< oS u ,nd .ekSug ie,iqï.; l%shdldrlï .=rejrhdg wjia:d

i,id foa' l%shdldrlfï 2 mshjr hgf;a isiqka .fõIKfha fhfok úg ;lafiarejg;a

(ASSESSMENT), l%shdldrlï f; jk mshjr hgf;a isiqka meyeos,s lsÍï yd úia;drKhg

fhduq jk úg we.hSug;a (EVALUATION) .=rejrhdg bv ;sfí' ;lafiarelrKh yd we.hSu

ms<sn| úia;rd;aul úuiqula fuu f,aLkh hgf;a u;= oela fõ'

fï olajd úia;r lrk ,o bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh mßKduk N+ñldj l%shd;aul

lsÍu i|yd .=rejrhd fhduq lrjhs' fuys oS lKavdhï .fõIKhg uq,a ;ek ,efnk w;r

.kqfokqj" ixjdoh yd flá foaYk i|yd o .=rejrhdg wjldY ie,fia' m%fõY mshjf¾ oS

.kqfokqjg yd ixjdohg wjia:d we;s w;r wjidk mshjf¾ iudf,dapkh hgf;a flá

foiqulg yd ixl,am ;yjqre lsÍug .=rejrhdg bv we;' kj iyY%fha m<uq úIhud,d

m%;sixialrKh hgf;a bosßm;a jk fuu úIhud,dj yd iïnkaO bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh

ixj¾Okh lsÍfï oS mßKduk .=re N+ñldjg wu;r j iïfm%aIK yd .kqfokq .=re N+ñldj,g

wod< jeo.;a ,laIK .ek o ie,ls,su;a ùu fuu l%ufõofha úfYaI;ajh f,i i|yka l<

yels fõ'



.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ksmqK;d mdol m%fõYh hgf;a YsIHhd ks¾udKYS,S bf.kqulg fhduq lsÍu i|yd

l%shdldrlï ika;;shla fhdackd lr we;' fujeks l%shdldÍ wOHdmkhla i|yd .=Kd;aul

fhojqï iq,N mka;s ldur jd;djrKhla w;HjYH fõ' fuys i|yka fkdjk .=Kd;aul

fhojqï l%shdldrlï iu. bosßm;a lr we;'

m%d.aOk NdKav

² w;a biafldamam

² u,a nd,aos

² uqjy;a l;=re

² Wo¨

² f¾lal

² w;a uq,a

² fïi msys

² w;a ldp

² wdf,dal wkaùlaIhla

² ;dÉÑ

² w,jx.=

² ij,a

² 'fyda' WmlrK

² lkaf*laIkß WIaK;ajudkhla

² mß.Kl hka;%hla$ VCD fyda DVD hka;%hla iy rEmjdyskshla

mdrsfNdacH øjH

² we,an^¾&Ü fmdfydr ñY%Kh

² os,Sr kdYl j¾.

² úúO os. m<,ska hq;= l¿ iqÿ fmd,s;Ska

² iaghsfrdf*daï ßðf*daï& fmÜá

² ysia ma,diaála fnda;,a 1000 ml $ 1500 ml& ² PVC jeys mS,s" tkaâ lema

² fldyq ,Kq$ lïì

² w;a fïia

² isfuka;s fmdaÉÑ$ ueá fmdaÉÑ

² ùÿre lod slides& ² îlr 50 ml" 100 ml" 250 ml& ² ñkqï máhla



² 1$2" PVC ng$ maf,aka fidlÜ$ "T" fnkaâ fidlÜia$ tkaâ lemaia

² PVC .ï

² yelafida lsh;a ;,

² c, úiqreï k, lÜg,hla

² iafgdma je,aõ 1$2"& ² ueá l<

² ma,diaála$ we¨ñkshï nd,aos

² 1$2" c, lrdu

m%ldYk

² i;a;aj ksIamdok yd fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYk

² ldIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYk

² Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;d

² úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< fmd;am;a" PdhdrEm" fmdiag¾

² m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,a

is;shï

² Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,k l,dm fmkajk is;shu

ixhqla; ;eá

² úúO j.d l%u yd j.d rgd

² ks¾mdxY= j.dj

² m<sfndaO md,kh

² mi ixrlaIKh

² i;a;aj md,kh

² wdydr ixrlaIKh Wod( lsß



ksmqK;dj 6 ( úúO f.dú;eka l%u yd j.d rgd wkq.ukh lrñkaM,odhS f,i fnda. j.d lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( merKs yd kQ;k f.dú;eka l%u y÷kd .ksñka M,odhSfnda. j.djlg fhduq fjhs'

l%shdldrlu 6'1 ( f.dú;eka lruq' M,odhS;dj by< kxjuq'

ld,h ( ñks;a;= 150 hs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 6'1'1 g we;=<;a mska;+rh• weuqKqu 6'1'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a

y;rla• weuqKqu 6'1'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a y;rla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 6'1'1 ( • weuqKqu 6'1'1 g we;=<;a mska;+rh mka;shg m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'• ta weiqfrka f.dú;eka l%u ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• fyaka f.dú;ek Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha w;S;fha

isg u mej; tk f.dú;eka l%uhla nj• fyaka f.dú;ek" YIH udrej" ifudaOdks;

f.dú;ek yd ixrlaIK f.dú;ek jYfhka úúOf.dú;eka l%u Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk nj

• fïjd merKs yd kQ;k f.dú;eka l%u f,i j¾.l< yels nj

• fïjdfha úúO jdis wjdis we;s nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 6'1'2 ( • mka;sh lKavdhï y;rlg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾

mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs'&

mshjr 6'1'3 ( • lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• úia;drKh i|yd bosßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g u m%:u

wjia:dj ,nd fokak'• fiiq lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'

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• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• úh<s l,dmfha jkdka;r t<slr iajNdúl

j¾Idm;kfhka fnda. j¾. ñY% j yd wl%uj;a jj.d lsÍu fyaka f.dú;ek f,i y÷kajk nj

• fyaka f.dú;efka oS ù" l=rlalka" fufkaß" nvbßÕ=wdoS OdkH fnda. o uqx" uE" lõms wdoS rks, fnda. ojÜglald" ngq" mqyq,a" lrú, jeks t<j¨ fnda. o"u[af[dlald" n;, wdoS w, fnda. o jjk nj

• iun, fmdaIKh" fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh" mi irelsÍu" mdxY= ixrlaIKh" úúO Wi uÜgïj, fnda.f;dard .ekSfuka jeis c,fha fõ.h md,kh lsÍuwdosh fujeks fnda. f;dard .ekSug mokï ù we;snj

• fyaka f.dú;efka mshjr f,i le,E t<s lsÍu"ms<siaiSu" jeg ieliSu" ìï ieliSu oelaúh yelsnj

• fyaka f.dú;efka jdis fuka wjdis o we;s nj• úúO lreKq i,ld n,d f;dard .kakd fnda. lSmhla

tl u bvfï l%udkql+, j lkakfhka lkakhgudre lrñka j.d lsÍu YIH udre f.dú;ek nj

• YIH udrefõ oS OdkH fnda." rks, fnda." w, fnda."fj<| fnda.$ t<j¨ hk fnda. f;dard .kakd nj

• OdkH fnda. u.ska mfia jHQyh oshqKq lsÍu" rks,fnda. u.ska khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu" w, fnda. u.skami nqre,a lsÍu iy fj<| fnda. u.ska .eUqre mfikafmdaIl Wrd .ekSu hkdosh fnda. f;dard .ekSugmokï ù we;s nj

• YIH udrej Ndú; jk fnda. m%udKh wkqj foudre"f;udre" isõ udre wdoS f,i fhdod .; yels nj

• ñka ckm%sh l%uh f,i isjqudre l%uh Ndú; lrknj

• YIH udre f.dú;efka jdis f,i m<sfndaO ydkswvq ùu" mfia jHQyh oshqKq ùu" Y%uh wvq ùu"f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh wju lsÍu" iun, wdydr fõ,la ,eîu wdoS jdis we;s nj

• ;dlaIKsl oekqu wjYH ùu" úhou jeä ùu" úúOwjia:dj, wiajekak fk<Sug isÿ ùu fhojqï úúOùu fuys we;s wjdis iuyrla nj

• tla jHdmdrhl wmøjH ;j;a jHdmdrhl wuqøjHf,i Ndú; lrñka wfkHdakH M, ,nñka fnda.j.dj" i;a;aj md,kh yd n,Yla;s ksIamdokh wdoSlDIs jHdmdr lSmhla tl u N+ñhl tl úg mj;ajdf.k hdu ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek nj

• tys oS i;a;aj md,kh hgf;a .j md,kh" l=l=¿md,kh W!re md,kh" ;drd md,kh" u;aiH j.djwdosh isÿ lrk nj



• tys oS fnda. j.dj hgf;a t<j¨" m,;=re" ù"wmkhk fnda." ;DK jeks fnda. jjk nj

• m%foaYfha foaY.=Kh" bvfï iajNdjh" iudÔh;;a;ajhka" kS;s" fN!;sl myiqlï yd m%d.aOkhhk lreKq mokï lrf.k ifudaOdk f.dú;ekal%u ie,iqï l< hq;= nj

• N+ñfhka jeä wiajekakla ,eîu" mdxY= ,laIKoshqKq ùu" ksIamdok msßjeh wvq ùu" mßirixrlaIKh" n,Yla;s ksIamdokh" wjodku ydwvudkh wvq ùu wdosh fuys we;s jdis nj

• úYd, bvula wjYH ùu" uQ,sl úhou jeä ùu"by< ;dlaIKsl oekqula wjYH ùu jeks wjdiswe;s nj

• fhojqï wvqfjka Ndú; lrñka iajNdúl iïm;aúkdY ùu yels ;dla ÿrg md,kh lrñka" M,odhSksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lr .;a moaO;shla"ixrlaIK f.dú;eka l%uh nj

• tys oS c,h" mi" Ôùka hk iajNdúl iïm;aixrlaIKh lrk nj

• nyq jd¾Isl Ydl" fld< fmdfydr ,nd fok Ydl"jk Ydl" mdxY= ixrlaIK Ydl" rks, Ydl" i;a;ajwdydr Ydl yd i;a;aj md,k jHdmdr o fuu j.dl%uhg we;=<;a nj

• fuys oS lDIsl¾udka;h iu. jkdka;r Ydl j.djo taldnoaO lr .kakd nj

• ixrlaIK f.dú;ek ksid mdxY= Ldokh wju ùu"mfia c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj" ire nj" jeä ùu"mfia WIaK;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu" f.dúhdf.a wjodkuyd wvudkh wvq ùu" iun, fmdaIKhla ,nd .;yels ùu" ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId ùu hk jdisw;a jk nj

• iuyr úg úhoï wêl ùu" Y%uh jeämqr wjYHùu" wdoS wjdis o we;s nj

• by; i|yka f.dú;eka l%uj,g wu;r j Ndú;jk f.dú;eka l%uhla f,i i;a;aj fnda. udrejy÷kajd osh yels nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( úúO f.dú;eka l%u kï lr úia;r lrhs'

M,odhS fnda. j.djla i|yd oshqKq f.dú;eka l%u Ndú;fha jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'úúO f.dú;eka l%u ie,iqï lr ú.%y lrhs'l=vd lKavdhï ;=< iyfhda.S bf.kqfuys fhfohs'hula ms<sn| j ;¾ldkql+, j lreKq bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 6'1'1

weuqKqu 6'1'2

lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia

"f.dú;eka lruq - M,odhS;dj by< kxjuq'"

• my; oelafjk j.d l%u w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s f.dú;eka l%uh ms<sn| jwjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• fyaka f.dú;ek• YIH udrej• ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek• ixrlaIK f.dú;ek

• lshùï øjH mßYS,kh lrkak'

• Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s f.dú;eka l%uh ms<sn| j lKavdhu ;=< idlaÉPd lrkak'

• tu f.dú;eka l%uh hgf;a j.d lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq fnda.$ i;a;aj$ fjk;a wx. y÷kd.kak'

• tu fnda.$ i;a;aj$ fjk;a wx. f;dard .ekSug fya;= fláfhka meyeos,s lrkak'

• tu f.dú;eka l%uh lrk wdldrh WodyrK iys; j meyeos,s lrkak'

• f.dú;eka l%ufha jdis wjdis fjk fjk u úuid n,kak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lsßug iQodkï jkak'

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weuqKqu 6'1'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

merKs yd kQ;k f.dú;eka l%u

,xldfõ foaY.=Ksl rgdj yd fnda. j¾. wkqj f.dú;eka l%u o fjkia fõ'

f.dú;eka l%uhla hkq fok ,o f.dúm,l we;s iïm;a iy ,nd .; yels Ys,am l%u iu.

we;s úh yels wka;¾ l%shd i,ld n,d jdisodhl whqßka fnda. j.d rgd fhdod .ekSu h'

• fyaka f.dú;ek i, f.dú;ek& • ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek

• YIH udre f.dú;ek • ixrlaIK f.dú;ek

fyaka f.dú;ek

Y%S ,xldfõ merKs;u f.dú;eka l%uhhs' úh<s l,dmfha jkdka;r wdY%s; j iajNdúl

j¾Idm;kfhka fnda. j¾. ñY%j yd wl%uj;a j j.d lrkq ,nk f.dú;eka l%uh fyaka

f.dú;ek f,i y÷kajhs' b;du;a iY%Sl fylaghd¾ 1-2 w;r ìï m%udKhla f;dard f.k

tys le,Ej lmd .sks ;nhs' fkdms<siaiqKq fldgia kej; f.dv .id mq¿iaihs' b;sß úYd,

,Sj,ska bvu jgd jegla idohs' fuh o~q jeg kï fõ' fufia ilia lr .;a lafIa;%h fyak

kñka ye|ska fõ' le,E lemSfï oS udhsïj, úYd, .ia lSmhla b;sß lrkq ,efí' jk

i;=kaf.ka wdrlaId ùu i|yd úYd, .ila u; me,la idohs' fyakaj, ñY% j.djla f,i

l=rlalka" ;," fufkaß" uqx" f.dv ù" lõms" nv bßÕ=" jÜglald" uE" ngq" ñßia" lrú," mqyq,a"

u[af[dlald" n;, wdoS fnda. jjhs' le,Ej ms<siaiSu ksid ,efnk w¿ bvu mqrd iudldr

j úiqrejhs' bka miq wl%uj;a j îc jmqrhs' jir lSmhlska bvu w; yer fjk;a ia:dkhl

fyakla ilihs'

fyaka f.dú;efkaoS tu fnda. j¾. f;dard .ekSug fya;=

• úúO fnda. j¾. ñY%j j.d lsÍfuka iun, fmdaIKh ,nd oSu

• úúO Wi uÜgïj, fnda. ksid jeis ìxÿj, fõ.h md,kh ù mdxY= Ldokh

wju úu

• rks, fnda. f;aÍfuka mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu ksid mi idrj;a ùu

• úúO jhiaj, fnda. f;aÍfuka úúO wjia:dj, oS wiajkq ,nd.; yels ùu

• OdkH fnda.j, ;ka;=uh uQ, uKav,h ksid mfia jHQyh oshqKq ùu

fyaka f.dú;efka jdis

• m%d.aOkh t;rï wjYH ke;'

• Y%uh wvqhs' mjqf,a Y%uh flfrys muKla úYajdi ;nhs'&

• fnda. j¾. lSmhla we;s ksid f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh ;=rka lrhs'

• lDIs WmlrK Ndú;h b;d wvqhs'

• wyia osh muKla m%fhdackhg .kakd neúka c, iïmdokh lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ'

• mi ms<siafik neúka frda. yd lDñ m<sfndaO úkdY fõ'

• fmdfydr fhoSu wjYH fkdfõ'

Y%S

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fyaka f.dú;efka wjdis

• mdxY= Ldokh jeähs' mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u fkdfhdok neúka&

• ldnksl øjH úYd, m%udKhla ms<siaiSu ksid wmf;a hhs'

• .evú¨ka jeks ys;lr mdxY= Ôùka ñh hhs'

• Ydl úkdY ùu ksid jkdka;r m%udKh wvq fõ' oej úkdY fõ' mßirh

¥IKh fõ'

• jk i;=kaf.a jdiia:dk wysñ ùu" Ydl úkdY ùu" iajNdúl wdydr odu úkdY

ùu hkdosh ksid mßir iu;=,s;;dj úkdY fõ'

óg wu;r j" foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu" iajNdúl fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu" j,a me<Eá

me;sÍu" mi ksire ùu hkdosh o fyaka f.dú;efka wjdis f,i oelaúh yels h'

YIH udre f.dú;ek fnda. udrej&

úúO lreKq i,ld n,d f;dard .kakd fnda. lSmhla l%udkql+, j tl u bvfï

lkakfhka lkakhg udre lrñka j.d lsßu YIH udrej kï fõ' hï ìul os.g u tl

u fnda.hla fyda tl u l=,fha fnda.hla fyda j.d lsÍfï oS j.d lrk fnda.hg wkql+, j

fmdaIH mod¾: W!k;d we;s ùu yd m<sfndaO ydks jeä ùu isÿ fõ' túg wiajekak wvq fõ'

fï ksid fnda. udrej jeo.;a fõ' fuys oS úúO j¾Ok ú,dYhka we;s úúO fmdaIl øjH

Wrd .kakd fnda. udrefjka udrejg j.d lrkq ,efí'

YIH udrejlg fnda. udrej& f;dard .kakd fnda.

• OdkH fnda. • rks, fnda. • w, fnda.

• fjf<| fnda.$ t<j¨ fnda.

fufia YIH udrej i|yd tla tla fnda. j¾. f;dard .ekSug iqúfYaI fya;= we;'

OdkH fnda.

jeämqr khsg%cka yd fmdgEishï

wjfYdaIKh lrhs' tfia wjfYdaIKh

lr .kq ,nkafka u;=msg mfiks' ;ka;=

uQ, moaO;shla we;s ksid mfia jHQyh

oshqKq fõ'

rks, fnda.

mig khsg%cka ,nd foa' khsg%cka

wjYH;dj jeä OdkH fnda.hlska miqj

B <Õg tu N+ñfha rks, fnda.h j.d

lrhs' m;% yd wfkl=;a fnda. fYaI mig

fmdaIl ,nd foa'

fmd<j uÜgu

uQ, .eá;suq,a

Ydlh fmd<j uÜgu

uq,a

rks, fnda. OdkH fnda.

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fjf<| fnda.$t<j¿ fnda.

.eUqre mfika o fmdaIl Wrd .kS'

m;% m;kfha oS yd Ydl ñh hdfï oS

mfia u;=msgg kej;;a fmdaIl tl;=

fõ' fmdgEishï wjYH;dj wvq h' tu

ksid w, fnda.fhka miq j fuu fnda.

j.d lsÍu iqÿiq h'

w, fnda.

fmdgEishï wêl j wjfYdaIKh

lrhs' wiajekak fk<k úg mi nqre,a

ùu ksid mfia jHQyh oshqKq fõ'

YIH udrej fyj;a fnda. udrej lSm wdldrhlska Ndú; fõ'

• l=vd bvula kï uq¿ bvu ;ks tallhla f,i f.k fnda. j¾. y;rla lkakfhka

lkakhg udre lr j.d lsÍu

OdkH rks, w, fjf<| OdkH

1jk lkakh 2 jk lkakh 3 jk lkakh 4 jk lkakh 5 jk lkakh

• tl u bvu ìï lÜá lSmhlg fnod pl%dldr j fnda. udre lrkq ,efí' Ndú;

lrk fnda. ixLHdj wkqj wdldr lsysmhls'

• foudre - fnda. 2 la fhdod .ekSu

• f;udre - fnda. 3 la fhdod .ekSu

• isõudre - fnda. 4la fhdod .ekSu

fuu fnda. lSmhla fhdod f.k wkq.ukh lrk YIH udrej jeä m%;sM, ,nd fohs'

fuu l%u w;=ßka isõ udre fnda. udrej jvd m%;sM,odhS fõ' úYd, bvï fldgia 4 lg fnod

fnda. j¾. 4 la f;dardf.k pl%dldr j fnda. udre lr j.d lsßu isõ udre fnda. udrej

f,i ye|ska fõ'

A B A B A B A B A B OdkH fjf<| rks, OdkH w, rks, fjf<| w, OdkH fjf<|

D C D C D C D C D C rks, w, w, fjf<| fjf<| OdkH OdkH rks, rks, w,

1 lkakh 2 lkakh 3 lkakh 4 lkakh 5 lkakh

t<j¨ fnda.

m%frday moaO;sh

uQ, moaO;sh

uÜgu

w, fnda.

m;%

fmd<j uÜgu

w,

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fuu isõ udre YIH udrejl oS uq,ska hï N+ñ fldgil jjk ,o fnda. tu N+ñfha

kej; j.d lrkqfha lkak y;rlg miq j tk miajk lkakfha oS h'

YIH udre f.dú;efka jdis

• m<sfndaO ydks wvq fõ'

fid,fkais l=,fha fnda. jk ngq" ñßia" ;lald,s" w¾;dm,a" ÿïfld< wdoS

fnda.j,g je<f|k ysgq ueÍu jeks frda." fnda. udrej ksid md,kh fõ'

tkï fid,fkais l=,fha fnda.hlska miq fjk;a l=,hl ^rks," OdkH& fnda.

isgqjhs' tu fnda.j,g ysgq ueÍu je<f|kafka ke;'

rks, l=,fha fnda.j,g ydks lrk fndaxÑ ueiaid o lrú, l=,hg ydks lrk

b,a ueiaid o md,kh fõ'

fnda. udrefõ oS n;," lõms" fidahd fndaxÑ" msms[a[d jeks je,a j¾. jeùfuka

mi wdjrKh ùu ksid j,a me< md,kh fõ'

• mfia jHQyh oshqKq ùu

úúO fnda. j¾. jeùu ksid mfia fN!;sl ridhksl yd ffcj ,laIK fjkia

ù jHQyh oshqKq fõ'

• mfia jd;kh oshqKq ùu mi nqre,a ùu ksid&

• Y%uh j¾Ih mqrdu Ndú; lsÍu

fnda. j¾. lSmhla N+ñfha we;s neúka mYapd;a id;a;= úúO wjia:dj, oS isÿ l<

hq;= ùu

• f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh ;=rka ùu

lafIa;%fha fnda. lSmhla j.d lr we;s ksid tla fnda.hla úkdY jqj o b;sß

fnda.j,ska wdodhula ,eîu'

• j¾Ih mqrdu wdodhï ,nd .; yels ùu

• f.dúhdg iun, wdydrhla ,eîu

• rks, fnda. Ndú;h ksid mig khsg%cka tl;= ùu

• úúO .eUqrg uq,a jefvk neúka mfia ish¨ u ia;rj,ska fmdfydr Wrd .ekSu

• mfia fmdaIl iunr;dj we;s ùu

YIH udre f.dú;efka wjdis

• ;dlaIKsl oekqula wjYH ùu • úhou uola jeä ùu

• úúO wjia:dj, oS wiajekak • fhojqï úúO ùu

,eîu ksid tl jr wdodhula fkd,eîu

ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek

tla jHdmdrhl wmøjH ;j;a jHdmdrhl wuqøjH f,i fhdod .ksñka wfkHdakH M,

,nñka fnda. j.dj i;aj md,kh yd n,Yla;s ^Ôj jdhq& ksIamdokh jeks lDIs jHdmdr

lSmhla tl u N+ñhla ;=< tl úg mj;ajd f.k hdu ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek f,i ye|ska

fõ' n,Yla;s ksIamdokh fuka u Yla;sh wmf;a fkdheùu fuu j.d l%ufha jeo.;a u



uQ,O¾uhhs' tfia u iajNdúl iu;=,s;;djla fuu j.d l%ufha oelsh yels h' ksji mokï

lr .ksñka wfkl=;a jHdmdr ia:dmkh flf¾' iEu jHdmdrhl u ksIamdok ksjig

,efnk w;r tu jHdmdrfha wmøjH ;j;a jHdmdrhl wuqøjH f,i Ndú; fõ'

fuys oS fhdod .kakd úúO moaO;s jk fnda. j.dj" fmdfydr tallh" i;a;aj md,kh"

u;aiH tallh" n,Yla;s tallh hkdosh f;dard .ekSug fya;= my; i|yka rEm igykska

meyeos,s fõ'

Wod( • i;a;aj md,k tallfha wmøjH fnda. j.dj i|yd fhdod .ekSu

• fnda. wjfYaI i;a;aj wdydr i|yd fhdod .ekSu

• i;a;aj wmøjH" fnda. wjfYaI hkdosh fmdfydr ksIamdok tallhg Ndú;

lsßu'

• i;a;aj wmøjH ðj jdhq tallhg fhoùu

ifudaodk f.dú;eka ie,eiaula

ifudaOdk f.dú;eka tallhla ia:dmkh lsßug fmr i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq

• m%foaYfha foaY.=Kh - j¾Idm;kh wkqj fnda. f;dard .ekSu

• bvfï iajNdjh - n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk i;=ka we;s lsßug yd fnda. j.djg iqÿiq ùu

yd l÷ fy,aj,ska f;dr ùu" m%udKj;a ùu

• iudchSh ;;a;ajhka - iuyr i;=kaf.a uia j¾. Ndú;hg fkd.kakd wd.ñlhska

isáu' túg tu i;=ka wf<úh wmyiq ùu

• kS;suh ;;a;ajhka - iuyr fnda. yd i;a;aj md,k jHdmdr k.r iSudj ;=< ia:dmkh

i|yd wjir fkdfoa' tfia u wjg ksfjiaj,g we;s jk n,mEu .ek o ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;= h'

• há;, myiqlï - m%jdykh" c, iïmdokh yd tajdfha ;;a;ajhka

• m%d.aOkh - uQ,sl j wjYH úhou wêl h'

Ôjjdhq

úÿ,sh

,Sgrh

;drdjka

ud¿

l=l=<ka

t¿jka

W!rka

i;a;aj iy YdlwjfYaIwdydr .;a miq$ wm øjH ydñh .sh miq

.jhka

ia,ß

wdydr

úÿ,shÔjjdhq

,sgrh

wm øj

H

wm øj

H

wm øj

Hwm øjH

wm øjH

wdydr

wm øjH

wdydr

wdydr

wdydr

wdydrwm

øjH

wm øjH

wm øjH

wm øjH

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ifudaOdk f.dú;eka l%ufha jdis

• N+ñ tallhlska tall ld,hl oS iïm;aj,ska Wmßu ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu

• mig Ydl fmdaIH mod¾: ,eîu

• mfia fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcj ,laIK oshqKq ùu

• mdxY= Ldokh je<lSu

• Y%uh j¾Ih mqrd u ,nd .; yels ùu

• fmdfydr yd i;a;aj wdydr i|yd hk úhou wju ùu

• lDIs WmlrK Ndú;h ld¾hlaIu ùu

• f.dú fmd<j,ska iun, wdydrhla ,eîu

• j¾Ih mqrdu wdodhula ,eîu

• f.dúhdg Wmßu ffoksl wdodhula ,eîu

• tla jHdmdrhla wid¾:l jqj o wfkla jHdmdrj,ska th u. yeÍu ksid

f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh ;=rka ùu

• ksjig wjYH n, Yla;sh ,eîu

• jHdmdr lSmhla ksid f.dúhdg udkisl m%S;shla ,eîu

• mßir ¥IKh isÿ fkdùu

• f.dúfmd< ;=< u wmøjH m%;spl%ShlrKh ùu

ifudaOdk f.dú;eka l%ufha wjdis

• ;rula úYd, N+ñhla wjYH ùu • uQ,sl úhou jeä ùu

• ;dlaIKsl oekqu wjYH ùu • i;a;aj md,kh fuka u fnda.

j.djka ms<sn|j o oekqu wjYH ùu

ixrlaIK f.dú;ek

hka;%" fmdfydr" m<sfndaO kdYl jeks fhojqï yels muK wvqfjka Ndú; lrñka

mfia idrj;a nj" f;;ukh jeks iajNdúl iïm;a wvq ùu yels ;dla ÿrg j<ld,ñka yd

ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lrñka M,odhS ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lr .;a b;d mq¿,a

j me;sreKq moaO;shla ixrlaIK f.dú;ek f,i ye|ska fõ' fuys oS wdrlaId flfrk uq,sl

iajNdúl iïm;a jkafka c,h" mi yd Ôùka fõ'

ixrlaIK f.dú;efka wruqKq

• mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùu • c, ixrlaIKh

• taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh • ñf,ka wvq fhojqï Ndú;h

• mfia idrj;a nj wdrlaIdj • f.dúhdg .e<fmk l%uhla ùu

• fmdfydr f.dúfmdf<ka u ,nd .ekSu • uqo,a fnda. j.d lsÍu

• wx. iïmQ¾K wdydr fõ,la ,nd .ekSu • i;a;aj wdydr iemhSu

• f.dúhdg wjYH or jeks foa ,nd .ekSu

by; wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels fnda.$ i;a;aj yd fjk;a wx.

• lDIsl¾uh iuÕ taldnoaO j jk j.d we;s lsÍu' jk j.djg wod< N+ñfha fyda

udhsï jegj, fyda mdr fomi .ia jeùu

• jk j.dj yd taldnoaO j fjk;a nyq jd¾Isl Ydl" m,;=re Ydl" oej Ydl yd

i;aj wdydr i|yd Ydl jeùu



• fld< fmdfydr ,nd fok Ydl j.dj

• fidaodmd¨j je<flk fnda. jeùu' l÷ nEjqïj, fiar" iejekaord jeks fnda.

jeúh yels h'

• c,fhka we;s jk fidaodmd¨j je<elaùug úh<s fld< Ndú;h' túg j,a

u¾okh yd fmdaIl ,eîu o isÿ fõ'

• rks, l=,fha Ydl we;=<;a lsÍu - fï uÕska mfia khsg%cka ;sr lrk w;r

ffcj jiqkla f,i o l%shd lrhs'

• taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh fhdod .efka'

• taldnoaO fnda. yd i;a;aj md,kh fuys we;=<;a fõ' i;a;aj wdydr i|yd Ydl

jjk w;r i;a;aj u, uQ;% fmdfydr jYfhka fhdod .efka'

• j.djkag wjYH jQ úg muKla b;d iqmßlaIdldÍ j wOHhkh lr ridhksl

fmdfydr fhdokq ,efí'

• jeä oshqKq l<" wvq úhoï Y%uh msßuefik lDIs WmlrK muKla Wmfhda.S lr

.kq ,efí'

• fhojqï iEu tlla u ,dNodhS úh hq;= h'

• iun, wdydr fõ,la i|yd fnda. yd i;=ka f;dard .; hq;= h'

• ñßia" .ïñßia" mefmd,a" ù jeks fnda. we;=<;a lr fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh lr

we;'

• myiqfjka lemS fkdhk w;= iys; Ydl" iq<x ndOl f,i jjkq ,efí'

ixrlaIK f.dú;ek jvd iqÿiq jkafka úh<s l,dmhg h' úh<s l,dmfha ksIamdok

uÜgu b;d wvq bvïj,g fuu f.dú;eka l%uh fhdod .; yels h' fidaod md¨j jeäùu"

u;=msg mfia ;o ia;r we;s ùu" mfia idrj;a nj wvq ùu uÕ yrjd .ekSug fuu l%uh

Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' ixrlaIK f.dú;eka l%u .Kkdjls' tajdfha ixl,khka o

iys; j iqÿiq ixrlaIK f.dú;eka l%uhla ms<sfh, lr .; yels w;r fuu iSudjka ;=<

f.dúhdg ;u ixrlaIK f.dú;ek fjkia lr .; yels h'

ixrlaIK f.dú;efka jdis

• mi j¾Idj iuÕ fl<ska u fkd.eàu ksid mdxY= Ldokh wju ùu

• mdxY= wdjrKh ksid mig c,h Wrd .ekSu jeä jk w;r mfia WIaK;ajh

wdrlaId lrhs'

• mfia idrj;a nj jeä fõ'

• rks, fnda. wdjrK j.djka f,i fhdod .kakd neúka mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu

• f.dúhdf.a wjYH;dj wkqj fhdod .kakd moaO;sh fjkia lr .; yels ùu

• iïm;a wkqj moaO;s lSmhla taldnoaO lr .; yels ùu

• fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh ksid f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh ;=rka ùu

• iun, wdydr fõ,la ,eîu

• fmdfydr Ndú;h wju ùu

• i;a;aj wdydr" i;a;aj fmdfydr" fld< fmdfydr f.dúmf<a u ilid .; yelsùu

• ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId ùu



ixrlaIK f.dú;efka wjdis

• iuyr w;HjYH u wjia:dj, oS j,a kdYl fhoSug isÿ ùu ksid úhou wêl

ùu yd mßir ¥IKh

• iuyr moaO;s l%udkql+, j md,kh lsÍu isÿ jk neúka Y%uh yd úhou jeä ùu

by; i|yka f.dú;eka l%uj,g wu;r j ;j;a nyq, j Ndú; jk f.dú;eka l%uhla

f,i i;a;aj fnda. udrej o y÷kajd osh yels h' fuys oS j.d lafIa;%h iudk fldgia

follg fnod tl fldgil ;DK jjd .jhka" t¿jka " neg¿jka wdoS i;=ka we;s lsÍu o

wfkla fldgfia fnda. j.d lsÍu o isÿ flf¾' jir follg muK miq j fnda. j.d l<

fldgfia i;=ka we;s lsÍu o i;=ka we;s l< fldgfia fnda. j.d lsÍu o isÿ flf¾'

A B A Bi;=ka fnda. fnda. i;=ka

we;s lsÍu jeùu jeùu we;s lsÍu

;DKj.dj

;DKj.dj> <




ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( jeä M,odjla i|yd úúO j.d rgd fhdod .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 6'2 ( M, ,nkak j.d ìfuka - rgdjlg j.d lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 6'2'1 g we;=<;a mska;+r$ i;H kso¾Yl• weuqKqu 6'2'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a

;=kla• weuqKqu 6'2'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a ;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 6'2'1 ( • weuqKqu 6'2'1 g we;=<;a mska;+rh mka;shg m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'• ta weiqfrka j.d rgd ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• j.d rgd ;=<" tal fnda. j.dj yd nyq fnda. j.dj

jYfhka m%Odk fldgia folla we;s nj• nyq fnda. j.dj hgf;a

• w;=re fnda. j.dj• ñY% fnda. j.dj• läka lv j.dj jeks j.d rgd lsysmhla we;snj

• fuu j.d rgd ;=< kj lDIs ;dlaIKh we;=<;a nj• fïjdfha jdis fuka u wjdis o we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 6'2'2 ( • mka;sh lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾

mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsrSula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs'&



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• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• tal fnda. j.dj hkq lafIa;%fha fnda. tlla muKla

os.ska os.g u jeùu nj• nyq fnda. j.dj hkq fnda. folla fyda jeä .Kkla

tl u lafIa;%hl j.d lsÍu nj• fma<sj,g fyda l%uj;a j j.d lr we;s m%Odk

fnda.hg wu;r j tu fnda.hg ;rÕhla we;sfkdjk fia fjk;a fnda.hla fyda fnda. lSmhlatu bvfï l%uj;a j j.d lsÍu w;=re fnda. j.djnj

• w;=re fnda. j.dfõ oS• m%Odk fnda.h iu. w;=re fnda. 1 la• m%Odk fnda.h iu. w;=re fnda. 2 la• m%Odk fnda.h iu. w;=re fnda. 3 la jYfhkaisgqúh yels nj

• m%Odk fnda. f,i fmd,a" rn¾ wdosh o w;=re fnda.f,i wkakdis" flfi,a" mefmd,a" fldams" .ïñßia"u[af[dlald wdosh o fhdod .kakd nj

• iajNdúl iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSu"jeä wiajekak" wu;r wdodhu" m<sfndaO md,khwdoS jdis w;=re fnda. j.dj ksid ,nd .; yels nj

• m%Odk fnda.fha ´kE u wjia:djl w;=re fnda.isgqúh fkdyels ùu" iuyr úg fnda. w;r ;rÕhlawe;s úh yels ùu w;=re fnda. j.dfõ wjdis nj

• tl u N+ñhl tl u wjia:dfõ fnda. folla fydaBg jeä ixLHdjla fma<s rys; j fyda iys; j ñY%j j.d lsÍu ñY% fnda. j.dj f,i ye|skafjk nj

• rks, fnda." OdkH fnda." t<j¨ fnda. jeks j¾.fuys oS fhdod .; yels nj

• fyaka f.dú;ek" ueorg l,dmfha f.j;=" yd Wvrgt<j¨ j.dj wdosfha oS ñY% fnda. j.dj fhdod.kakd nj

• mfia úúO uÜgïj,ska fmdaIl Wrd .ekSu" N+ñfhkaWmßu m%fhdack .ekSu" wjodku yd wvudkh ;=rkaùu" khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu" m<sfndaO md,kh wdoshfuu j.d rgdfõ jdis nj

• w;=re h;a .Eu wmyiq ùu" wiajkq fk<Su wmyiqúu" iuyr m,sfndaOhkaf.a ydks jeä ùu jekswjdis o fuys we;s nj

• fnda. j.dj l%uj;a lsÍu" .e<fmk fnda.ixl,khka f;dard .ekSu wdosh u.ska fuu wjdisuÕ yrjd .; yels nj

• N+ñhl tla fnda.hl mqIam yg .kakd wjêh yd B<Õ fnda.fha j¾Ok wjêh iumd; jk fia fnda.lSmhla tl u ìul j.d lsßu läka lv j.djf,i y÷kajk nj



• ù" ñßia" uqx" r;= ¿Ekq wdoS fnda. läka lv j.dji|yd fhdod .; yels nj

• fuu fnda. f;dard .ekSfï oS• flá ld,Sk fnda.• rks, fnda. wdosh f;dard .; hq;= nj

• wiajkq úúO ùu" wLKav j wiajkq ,eîu" m<sfndaOmd,kh hkdoS jdis fuys we;s nj

• WmlrK Ndú;h wmyiq ùu" wiajekak fk<Sfï.eg¿ we;s ùu wdosh fuys wjdis nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( fnda. j.d rgd úia;r lrhs' úúO j.d rgd ksjeros j wkq.ukh lsÍfuka jeä M,odjla ,nd .; yels nj

ms<s.kshs' tla tla j.d l%ufha jdis wjdis ú.%y lrhs' lKavdhï ;=< iyfhda.fhka jev lrhs'

ks¾udKd;aul j f;dr;=re f.dkq lr bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 6'2'1

weuqKqu 6'2'2


"M, ,nkak j.d ìfuka - rgdjlg j.d lruq"

• my; oelafjk j.d rgd w;=rska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk j.d rgdj ms<sn| wjOdkhfhduq lrkak'• tal fnda. j.dj ;ks fnda. j.dj&• w;=re fnda. j.dj• ñY% fnda. j.dj• läka lv j.dj


• Tfí lKavdhug wod< j.d rgdj y÷kajkak'

• tu j.d rgdjg j.d l< yels fnda.$ fnda. ldKav y÷kajkak'

• fuu fnda. j.d rgdj wkq.ukh lsÍfï jdis wjdis idlÉPd lrkak'

• Tfí m%foaYfha$ mdi,a N+ñfha fuu j.d rgd oelsh yels ia:dk ms<sn| úuid n,kak'

• Tfí wkdjrK wdl¾IKSh f,i iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

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weuqKqu 6'2'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

ñh msßySu" wiajkq wvq ùu yd j.d lrk bvï m%udKh wvq ùu fya;= fldg

f.k mdrïmßl f.dú;ek uÕska wdydr iemhqu jeä lsÍu wmyiq úh' tu ksid mj;sk

N+ñ tallfhka ,nd .kakd wiajekak jeä lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj we;s úh' fï ksid oshqKq

lDIs ;dlaIK l%u Ndú; lsÍug wjYH jQ w;r tys tla wx.hla f,i úúO j.d rgdjka

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù we;' j.d rgdjla hkq hï lsis lafIa;%hl mr;r iys; j fyda

rys; j fnda. j.d lrk wkqms<sfj, fõ' uQ,slj u j.d rgdjka wdldr follg fnfoa

• tal fnda. j.dj

• nyq fnda. j.dj

tal fnda. j.dj

lsishï lafIa;%hl tla fnda.hla muKla j.d lsÍu tal fnda. j.dj hkqfjka y÷kajkq

,efí' Wod( ù j.dj" nv bßÕ= j.dj" ñßia j.dj

uyd mßudK jYfhka jdKsc fnda. j.dj wdrïN ùu;a iu. wd¾Òl fnda. o tal

fnda. j.djka jYfhka fhdod .kakd ,oS' wêl ,dN ,nd .ekSu i|yd f;a" fmd,a" rn¾"

l=re÷" .ïñßia" lrdnq keá wdoS fnda. fï hgf;a fhdod f.k we;'

.ïno f.dùyq nv bßÕ=" l=rlalka" flfi,a" mefmd,a jeks j.djka oekg u iq¿

mßudK jYfhka fuu l%uhg j.d lr;s'

tal fnda. j.dfõ jdis

• úúO m¾fhaIK i|yd fhduq úh yels ùu

• tlu fnda.fha úúO m%fNao j.d l< yels ùu

• tla fnda.hlska jeä wiajekakla ,nd f.k fj<|fmd< wjYH;dj imqrd,sh

yels ùu

• tla fnda.hla j.d lsÍu ms<sn| oekqu muKla m%udKj;a ùu

• jeä WmlrK m%udKhla wjYH fkdùu

• j.d lsÍfuka miq úfõlhla ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj

• fmdfydr yd ridhksl øjH jeä .Kkla wjYH fkdùu

tal fnda. j.dfõ wjdis

• frda. yd m<sfndaO jHdma; ùfï m%jK;dj jeä ùu

• tl jr jeä wiajekakla ,eìfï oS ñ, my; jeàu fya;=fjka mdvq isÿ ùu

• uQ, moaO;sfha .eUqr tl iudk ksid tla ia;rhl ;sfnk fmdaIK øjH muKla

mfika bj;a ùu

• wjodkï ;;ajj,g uqyqK oSug isÿ ùu

• tl jr jeä lïlre msßila wjYH ùu

N+



nyq fnda. j.dj

lsishï lafIa;%hl fnda. folla fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla j.d lsÍu nyq fnda. j.dj

hkqfjka woyia lrkq ,efí' ta wkqj oekg fhdod .kq ,nk nyq fnda. j.d rgd lSmhla

my; i|yka fõ'

• w;=re fnda. j.dj • ñY% fnda. j.dj • läka lv j.dj

w;=re fnda. j.dj

fma<sj,g fyda l%uj;a j j.d lr we;s m%Odk fnda.hg wu;r j tu fnda.hg

;rÕhla we;s fkdjk mrsos fjk;a fnda. tlla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla j.d lsrSu w;=re

fnda. j.dj hkqfjka ye|ska fõ' fï wkqj m%Odk fnda.hg wu;r j fnda. j¾. tlla"

folla fyda ;=kla fhdod .; yels h' tfia fnda. f;dard .ekSfï oS fnda.fha meje;aug

Wmldr jk c,h" ysre t<sh" bvlv yd fmdaIKh ms<sn| .eg¨ we;s fkdùug j. n,d .;

hq;= h' my; oelafjk j.=j wOHhkh lsÍfuka tu fnda. f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| jegySula

,nd .; yels h'

m%Odk fnda.h w;=re fnda. iqÿiq fnda.

fmd,a tlla wkakdis$.ïñßia$flfi,a

fmd,a folla fldams iy .ïñßia

fmd,a ;=kla wkakdis" flfi,a" u[af[dlald

jevqKq fmd,a j.djl flfi,a j.d rgdj jevqKq fmd,a j.dfõ

.ïñßia" fldams iy .a,sßiSähd j.d rgdj

rn¾ j.dj iu. o fldams" fldfldajd os.= ld,Sk fnda. jYfhka isgqúh yels w;r

flá ld,Sk fnda. jYfhka flfi,a" je,a fodvï wdoS fnda. j.d l< yels h' jd¾Isl

fnda. fhdod .kafka kï ñßia" fidahd fndaxÑ" rg lcq wdoS fnda. ta i|yd iqÿiq h'

w;=re fnda. j.dfõ jdis

• br t<sh" fmdfydr" c,h" fmdaIH mod¾:" • jeä wiajekakla ,eîu

bvlv wdoS iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack • wu;r wdodhula ,nd .ekSug

,eîu yels ùu

• w;=re fnda. ksid j,a me<Eá md,kh ùu • m<sfndaO md,kh ùu

óg¾03

.ïñßia

.a,sßiSähd

fmd,a

fldamsóg¾03

óg¾03

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w;=re fnda. j.dfõ wjdis

• iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .ekSu" fnda. w;r mr;r kshñ; mßos mj;ajd .ekSu iïnkaO

j f.dúhdg wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h'

• w;=re fnda.fha lghq;= ksid úfõlh iSud ùu'

• w;=re fnda. lghq;= i|yd fmdfydr fhoSu" frda. m<sfndaO md,kh" frdamK øjH"

lïlrejka yd m%d.aOk fhdod .ekSfï oS .eg¨ we;s ùu'

• wiajkq fk<Sfï oS úúO .eg¨ we;s úh yels h'

ñY% fnda. j.dj

tl u N+ñhl tl u wjia:dfõ fnda. folla fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla fma<s rys; j

fyda iys; j j.d lsÍu ñY% fnda. j.djhs' fuu fnda. fndfyda ÿrg iu jhia fnda. úh

hq;= h'

rks, fnda.hla khsg%cka iemhSu wruqKq fldg ñY% j.djg we;=<;a l< yels h' fyaka

f.dú;efka oS o ñY% fnda. j.d l%uh wkq.ukh flf¾' nv bßÕ= îc wl%uj;a j isgqjd ta

w;r uqx" ñßia" l=rlalka" wn wdoS ìc biSu lrkq ,efí'

ueo rg f;;a l,dmfha f.j;= j.dj o fuhg fndfyda ÿrg iudk h' tajdfha fldams"

fldfldajd" l=re÷" .ïñßia" lrdnqkeá" mqjla wdosh olakg ,efí'

f.j;af;a ñY% fnda. j.dj

Wvrg t<j¨ fnda. j.dfõ oS o fuu ñY% fnda. j.d l%uh wkq.ukh flf¾' lerÜ"

îÜ" f.dajd" ,Slaia" fkdaflda,a wdoS fnda. ñY% j j.d lsÍu fuys oS flf¾'

ñY% fnda. j.djla wdrïN lsÍug fmr ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

• wdf,dalh" fmdaIl yd c,h i|yd we;s jk ;rÕh i,ld ne,Su

• Ydlhg wjYH bv m%udKh o< jYfhka i,ld ne,Su

• frda. yd m<sfndaO ms<sn| i,ld ne,Su Wod( fmd,a Ydlfha f.dnh l=Kq ùu"

weÜá l=Kq ùu we;s lrk mhsfgdmaf;rd mdñfjdard os,Srh" .ïñßia Ydlfha

mdoia:hg ydks lrk w;r fldfldajd f.ä l=Kq ùu" mqIam yd wxl=r úkdY lsÍu

flfrys o n,mdhs'

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ñY% fnda. j.dfõ jdis

• .eUqre uQ, uKav,hla we;s fnda. j¾. lsysmhla we;s ksid fmdfydr iy c,h

bj;a jkafka mfia úúO uÜgï j,sks'

• fnda. ñY% f,i j.d lrk úg N+ñh u m%fhdackhg .efka'

• rks, fnda. we;=<;a lr .ekSfuka jd;fha khsg%cka mfiys ;sr fõ'

• tla fnda.hla úkdY ùfuka we;s jk wjodku yd wvudkh u. yef¾'

• frda. yd m<sfndaO ydks wvq fnda. we;=<;a lsÍfuka wfkla fnda. o wdrlaId fõ'

• fnda.j,ska mi jeiS we;s ksid fidaodmd¿j wvq fõ'

• úúO fnda.j,ska úúO ld,j, oS wdodhï ,efí'

• tla fnda.hlg oeuQ fmdfydrj, b;sßh wfkla fnda.j,g o Wmfhda.S lr .;

yels h'

ñY% fnda. j.dfõ wjdis

• kshñ; rgdjlg fnda. j.d lr ke;s neúka w;=re h;a .Efï WmlrK Ndú;h

ÿIalr fõ'

• úúO wjia:dj, wiajekak fk<Su wmyiq úh yels h'

• frda. me;sÍu jeä úh yels h'

Wod( fmd,a" .ïñßia" fldfldajd wdoshg tl u os,Srfhka frda. je<osh yels h'

läka lv j.dj

tla fnda.hl mqIam yg .kakd wjêh iy B <Õ fnda.fha j¾Ok wjêh iumd; jk

f,i lafIa;%fha fnda. fhoSfuka tl u ìfï fnda. lsysmhla tl úg j.d lsÍu läka lv

j.dj f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fnda.hla mßK; jQ miq wiajkq /ia lsÍug fmr" fjk;a

fnda.hl ìc fyda îc me< isgqùu fuys oS lrkq ,efí'

Wod( ù j.d lr wiajekak fk<Sug fmr fidahd fndaxÑ" uqxweg" lõms j.d lsÍu'

bÕ=re isgjd wiajekak fk<Sug fmr u[af[dlald j.d lsÍu'

läka lv j.dj i|yd fnda. f;dard .ekSfï oS flá ld,Sk fnda. jk ù" ñßia"

r;=¿EKq jeks fnda. yd rks, fnda. jk uqx weg" lõmS" fidahd fndaxÑ wdoS fnda. f;dard .;

yels h'

läka lv j.dj i|yd fnda. fhdod .; yels wdldrh my; rEmigyka weiqßka

wOHhkh l< yels h'

• jeá yd we,s ilia lr we,sj, f.dhï me< • f.dhï lemSug wdikak jk úg

isgqùu ^Tlaf;daïn¾ 01& jeáj, ñßia me< isgqùu' ^ckjdß 15&

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• ù wiajekak fk¿E miq we,sj, • ñßia wiajekak fk¿E miq jeáj,

uqx isgqùu' ^fmnrjdß 03& r;=¿EKq isgqùu' ^cQ,s 20&

• iema;eïn¾ 20 jk úg wiajkq ish,a,

,nd wjidk fõ'

fnda.h m%fNaoh isg jQ oskh wiajekak .;jk

fkÆ oskh osk .Kk

ù BG 450 Tla' 01 fmnrjdß 01 120

ñßia M 1 fouqyqu ck' 15 cQ,s 15 180

uqx weg j¾. 51 fmn' 03 wfm%a,a 01 56

r;=¿EKq - cQ,s 20 iema' 20 90

.; jQ ld,h 360 446

fuys oS fnda. ;ks ;ks j j.d l<fyd;a kshñ; jhi wkqj fnda. y;f¾ wiajekak

fk<Sug osk 446 la .;jk kuq;a" fnda.hl wiajekak fk,Sug fmr läka lv isgùu ksid

wiajekak fk,Sug .; jQ ld,h osk 360 ls' tu ksid osk 86 l ld,hla b;sß lr .ekSug

yelshdj ,eì we;'

läka lv fnda. j.dfõ jdis

• fnda.hla i|yd jk N+ñ mßfNdackh yd wiajkq fk<Sfï ld,h wju lr .; yels

ùu

• úúO mdxY= ia:rj, fmdaIl Ndú;hg .; yels ùu

• wLKav j" úúO wjia:djkays oS wiajkq ,nd .; yels ùu

• frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh

• j,a me<Eá md,kh

• jirla ;=< jeä osk .Kkla jhie;s fnda. j.d lsÍug yels ùu

läka lv fnda. j.dfõ wjdis

• N+ñfha iajNdjh" foaY.=Ksl idOl" fnda. hkdosh ms<sn| ukd oekqula wjYH ùu

• l%udkql+, ld, igykla wkqj lghq;= lsrSug isÿ ùu

• kshñ; osk jljdkq ;=<oS u fnda. fhosh hq;= ùu

• w;=re h;a .Efï W mlrK Ndú;h wmyiq ùu

• wiajkq fk<Sfï .eg¿ we;s ùu

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( mi" c,h yd ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh i|yd lDIs jkj.dfjys fhfohs'

l%shdldrlu 6'3 ( lDIs jk j.dfjka mßirh iqrlsuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 6'3'1 g we;=<;a mska;+rh• weuqKqu 6'3'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a

folla• weuqKqu 6'3'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a folla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 6'3'1 ( • weuqKqu 6'3'1 g wod< mska;+rh isiqkag bosßm;a lrkak'

• tajdhska ksrEmKh jkafka l=ula ms<sn| j o hkakisiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjlafufyhjkak'• ùos fnda. j.djl jkdka;r ,laIK we;s nj• mi c,h yd ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh i|yd

jkdka;rj, jHQyh jeo.;a jk nj• jk j.dj iu. taldnoaO j fnda. j.d lsÍu lDIs

jk j.dj f,i y÷kajk nj• jkdka;rj, we;s ,laIK lDIs jk j.dfõ oS oelsh

yels nj• lDIs jk j.d l%u w;=ßka my; i|yka j.d moaO;s

jeo.;a jk nj• ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh• nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;sh

• fuu l%u Ndú;fha úúO jdis yd wjdis we;s nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 6'3'2 ( • mka;sh lKavdhï follg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾


^ñks;a;= 90 hs'&


wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

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• fiiq lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhl

fhfokak'• lDIs jk j.dj" nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;sh yd

ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh weiqßka úia;r l< yels nj• Ydlj, Wi wkqj Wi wvq fnda. ksji wi,g o

uOHia: Wi fnda. bvfï uOHia:hg o" Wi jeäfnda. udhsfï o f,i l%uj;a j isgqùu nyq ia;rfnda. j.d moaO;sh f.j;= jk j.d moaO;sh& f,iy÷kajk nj

• t<j¨" m,;=re" oej" fld< fmdfydr i|yd .kakdYdl" yd ;DK wdoS fnda. fuu j.d rgdfõ oS Ndú;lrk nj

• fujeks fnda. f;dard .ekSu u.ska mßirh iu;=,s;ùu" tu.ska mfia c,h r|jd .ekSu j,a me<md,kh wdosh isÿ jk nj

• fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh" m<sfndaO md,kh" w,xldrh"mdxY= ixrlaIKh" mßir iu;=,s;;dj wdosh fuyswe;s jdis nj

• fnda. w;r ;r.hla we;s úh yels ùu" ;dlaIKsloekqu wjYH ùu" wiajkq fk<Sfï oS .eg¨ we;sùu" kd.ßl m%foaYj,g fhdod .ekSu wmyiq ùuwdoS wjdis o we;s nj

• f;dard .;a nyq jd¾Isl Ydl 4 m mr;rhla muK jQfma<sj, j.d lr tu fma<s w;r t<j¨" m,;=rewdoS fnda. jeùu ùos fnda. j.d moaO;shla f,iye|skafjk nj

• ùos i|yd nyq jd¾Isl fnda. f,i bms,a bms,a".a,sßiSähd" l;=re uqrex.d" we,aîishd wdoS Ydl f;dard.kq ,nk w;r ùos w;r t<j¨ fnda." lafIa;%fnda. wdosh jjk nj

• ùos fnda. jeùu uÕska" ldnksl fmdfydr ,nd oSu"mdxY= ixrlaIKh" c, ixrlaIKh" khsg%cka ;srlsßu" mßir iu;=,s;;dj /lSu wdoS jdis ie,fiknj

• ;dlaIKsl oekqu wjYH ùu" ks;r kv;a;= l< hq;=ùu" iuyr úg fnda. w;r ;r. we;s ùu fuyswjdis nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (lDIs jk j.dj" ùos fnda. j.dj yd nyq ia;r fnda. j.dj weiqßka úia;r lrhs'mi" c,h yd ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh i|yd j.d moaO;s jeo.;a jk njms<s.kshs'lDIs jk j.d moaO;s i|yd ie,iqï ilia lrhs'lKavdhï ;=< iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrhs'ks¾udKd;aul j f;dr;=re bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 6'3'1

weuqKqu 6'3'2


"lDIs jk j.dfjka mßirh iqrlsuq'"

• my; oelafjk ud;Dld w;=ßka Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;sh• ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh


• fnda. j.d moaO;sh y÷kd .kak'

• Tng wod< j.d moaO;sh i|yd iqÿiq fnda.$Ydl lsysmhla y÷kd .ekSug W;aidylrkak'

• mi" c,h yd ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh i|yd tu j.d moaO;sfha odhl;ajhidlÉPd lrkak'

• lDIs jk j.djla f,i y÷kajk fuu fnda. moaO;shl jeo.;alu fya;= olajñkameyeos,s lrkak'

• ta weiqfrka Tfí f.j;a;$ mdi,a j;a; i|yd lDIs jk j.d ie,iqula ilia lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsßug iQodkï jkak'

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weuqKqu 6'3'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

lDIs jk j.dj

Is jk j.dj hkq ixrlaIK f.dú;efka Wm moaO;shls' fuys oS ixrlaIK

f.dú;efka m%Odk wxYh f,i ie,flkafka lDIs jk j.djhs' lDIs jk j.dj Âgro-forestry& hkafkka woyia jkafka fnda. j.dj iu. taldnoaO j isÿ flfrk jk j.djhs'

fuh .%dóh ckhdf.a fndfyda wjYH;djka bgq lr fokq ,nk l%uhls' f.j;a; ;=< fyda

ta jgd l%udkql+, j .ia fyda m÷re j¾. j.d lsÍu u.ska oej o~q iy bkaOk oej wjYH;d

bgq lr .ekSug mq¿jk' ;j o fuu Ydl mfia idrj;aNdjh ia:djr j /l .ekSug fuka

u wfkl=;a úúOdldr m%fhdackhka i|yd o Ndú; l< yels fõ'

lDIs jk j.d l%u .Kkdjla u we;' fï w;ßka nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;sh yd

ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh hk lDIs jk j.d moaO;s fol .ek fuys oS i,ld nef,a'

nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;sh f.j;= jk j.d moaO;sh&

lDIs jk j.d moaO;sh i|yd úúO fnda. j¾. we;=<;a lsÍu fyj;a fnda.

úúOdx.SlrKh u.ska nyq ia;r fnda. moaO;sh ilia lrkq we;' fuu f.dú;efka oS

Ydlj, Wi wkqj Wi wvq fnda. ksji wi<g o" uOHu m%udKfha fnda. uOHia:hg o" Wi

jeä fnda. udhsfï o isgqjkq ,efí' fuys oS m%fhdack .Kkdjla we;s Ydl j¾. tla lrkq

,efí' Wod( t<j¨" m,;=re" oej" or" T!IO iy .j wdydr f,i fhdod .kakd Ydl j¾.

fndfyda úg f.dúhd ish ksji jgd nyq ia;r fnda. moaO;s ilia lrkq ,nhs'

t<j¨ ish ksji wi, o" oej i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .kakd .ia jeks Wie;s Ydl f.j;af;a

udhsug jkakg o j.d lrk w;r tys w;r ueo fldgfia m,;=re yd wfkla fnda. j.d

flf¾'

nyq ia:r fnda. j.d moaO;sh

fuys oS fnda. w;r ;rÕh wju jk mßos kshñ; mr;rhka wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a

h' mi" foaY.=Ksl idOl yd f.dúhdf.a wjYH;dj wkqj fnda. wdlD;s fjkia lr .; yels

h' mia wdjrKh Wmßu jk whqßka fnda. ixia:dmkh l< úg mi ixrlaIKh fuka u c,

ixrlaIKh o isÿ fõ' mi wdjrKh m%udKj;a kï ldkq fyda jeá wjYH fkdfõ' wjYH

úgl muKla j,a me< lmd me< uq,g fhosh hq;= fõ'

lD

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nyq ia;r j.d moaO;sh iu. i;a;aj md,kh o iïnkaO lsÍfuka fuu moaO;sh b;d

iunr jQ Ydl" i;a;aj" ñksia iïnkaO;djla we;s lrhs' tu.ska ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId

lr .; yels fõ'

nyq ia;r fnda. j.dfõ jdis

• fnda. úúOdx.SlrKhla ;sîu• úúO wjia:dj, oS wdodhï ,nd .; yels ùu• N+ñh Wmßu f,i fnda. j.djg fhdod .; yels ùu• mßir iu;=,s;;dj we;s ùu• w,xldrh ,nd oSu• mdxY= yd c, ixrlaIKh ùu• j,a me< md,kh ùu• mfia fN!;sl" ridhk yd ffcj .=Kdx. hym;a ùu• N+ñ tallhlska ,efnk wiajekak Wmßu ùu• iajNdúl j lDñ m<sfndaO md,kh ùu• mi wNHka;rfha we;s fmdaIl Ndú;hg .; yels ùu• jeis c,h fmd<j u; m;s; ùfï fõ.h wvqùu• f.dúhdf.a wjYH;dj wkqj ie,eiau fjkia lr .; yels ùu


nyq ia;r j.d moaO;sj, wjdis

• fnda. w;r ksis mr;rhka wkqj u j.d l< hq;= ùu

• ;dlaIKsl oekqu yd Wiia ie,iqï wjYH ùu

• úYd, Ydlj, w;= lvd jeàu jeks hdka;%sl ydks ksid wfkl=;a fnda.j,g ydks

isÿ ùug bv ;sîu

• tla fnda.hl wiajekak fk<k úg wfkl=;a fnda.j,g ydks isÿ ùug bv ;sîu

• kd.ßl m%foaYj,g t;rï iqÿiq fkdùu

• jk i;=kaf.ka yd .DydY%s; i;=kaf.ka fnda.j,g ydks isÿ ùug bv ;sîu

ùos fnda. j.d moaO;sh

fuys oS lafIa;%fha 4m la muK jQ mr;rj,ska hqla; fma<sj, f;dard .;a nyq jd¾Isl

Ydl j¾. jk bms,a bms,a" .a,sßiSähd" l;=reuqrex.d jeks rks, Ydl úfYaI j.d lrkq ,efí'

fï u.ska jdhqf.da,Sh N2 ;sr lrk ksid mfia idrj;a nj j¾Okh fõ'

jirl ld,hla ;=< fuu Ydl jeãug bv yßkq ,efí' fuu ld,h ;=< oS jqj;a

fma<s w;r lafIa;% fnda. j.d l< yel'& j¾Id ld,h meñKs úg fuu .ia ógrhla muK

Wilska lmamdÿ lrkq ,efí' fuf,i lmamdÿ lsÍfuka ,efnk fld< yd w;= ßls,s" fma<s

w;r ìu jiqkla f,i w;=rkq ,efí' tuÕska mdxY= yd c, ixrlaIKh isÿ fõ'

fld< ye¨Kq miq w;= len,s or i|yd bj;a lr .ekSug yels h' bka miq fld<j,ska

wdia;rKh jQ fmdf<dj u; fnda. j.d lrkq ,efí' fnda.j,g ysre t<sh ,nd oSug ;j;a

jrla fyda fojrla fuu .ia lmamdÿ lsÍug isÿ fõ' fuys oS f.dúhdf.a wjYH;dj yd

m%foaYfha foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh jeks lreKq i,ld n,d flfi,a" nvbßÕ=" lõms" ñßia wdoS

fnda. fyda m,;=re" t<j¨ j¾. yd T!IO Ydl o j.d l< yels h'



j.d ìfï fnda.hla fkdue;s ld,j, oS fuu nyq jd¾Isl Ydlhka ksoyfia j¾Okh

fõ' tu.ska ysre t<sh wdjrKh ù j,a me<Eá md,khla o isÿ fõ' óg wu;r j .eUqre uQ,

moaO;s iys; fuu nyq jd¾Isl Ydl mfia .eUqqre ia;rj, we;s fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lrk

w;r Ydlfha m;% ye,Sfï oS tu øjH kej; mi u;=msg ia;rj,g ,efí' fuys oS iajNdúl

j ldnksl fmdfydr ksIamdokh jk w;r mdxY= Ôùka o j¾Okh fõ' fufia mßir moaO;sh

ixj¾Okh jk w;r ffcj úúO;ajh /l .ekSug o bjy,a fõ'

ifudaÉp f¾Ld wdldrhg taldldr fma<s fyda ;Sre f,i ilia lsÍfuka nEjqï iys;

N+ñj,g o fuu l%uh fhdod .; yels h'

bms,a bms,a fh¥ ùos fnda. j.djl m;% úhk lmd oud ìu w;=rd we;s wkaou

ùos fnda. moaO;sfha jdis

• mi u; m;s; jk yd lmd ouk fld< ksid mi ixrlaIKh ùu

• mig ldnksl øjH ,eîu ksid mdxY= Ôùkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh hym;a ùu

• c,h ixrlaIKh ùu

• j,a me< md,kh ùu

• c,h jeämqr mig Wrd .ekSu

• mi nqre,a ùu

• mfia jHQyh yd jd;dY%h oshqKq ùu

• mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu

• f.dúhdg wjYH or ,nd .; yels ùu

• mßirfha iu;=,s;;dj /l oSu


ùos fnda. moaO;sfha wjdis(

• ;dlaIKsl oekqu wjYH ùu

• ksjeros ie,iqï iys; j moaO;sh ielish hq;= ùu

• ks;r kv;a;= l< hq;= ùu'

• fnda. w;r ;rÕhla we;s úh yels ùu

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ksmqK;dj 7 ( fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd md,s;mßir ;;a;aj fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj md,kh lrñka fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;djjeä lr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 7'1 ( .<muq fidnd ou - j.djg iqÿiq f,i" ,nuq Wmßu M,


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 7'1'1 g we;=<;a fmd,s;Ska .Dyfha rEm igyk• weuqKqu 7'1'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 7'1'1 ( • weuqKqu 7'1'1 g we;=<;a fmd,s;Ska .Dyfha rEm igyk

mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'• ta weiqßka my; i|yka lreKq biau;= jk mßos

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'• fnda.j, M,odhS;dj flf¾ mdßißl idOl n,mdk

nj• fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS mdßißl ;;a;ajh md,kh l<

yels nj• tf,i md,kh lsÍu i|yd úfYaIs; jHQy wjYH

jk nj• tjeks jHQy .Kkdjla we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 105 hs'&


wjia:dj ,nd fokak'• fiiq lKavdhïj, ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhl

fhfokak'• mdßißl idOl md,kh lrñka fnda. j.d lsÍfuka

jeä wiajekakla ,efnk nj• ta i|yd my; jHQy Ndú; l< yels nj

• oe,a .Dy• yß;d.dr• fmd,s;Ska .Dy



• fïjd wdrlaIs; .Dy jYfhka y÷kajk nj• oe,a .Dy hkq ,kq fyda oe,a fyda ,S má Ndú; fldg

idod we;s jHQy jk nj yd tajd ,e;a ksjdi f,io y÷kajk nj

• yß;d.dr hkq ish¨ u mdßißl idOl md,kh l<yels jk mßos ùÿrej,ska ;ekQ iaÒr jHQy nj

• fmd,s;Ska .Dy fmd,s;Ska Wux& hkq úfYaIfhka uwd¾ø;dj yd WIaK;ajh md,kh lr .ekSu i|ydfmd,s;Ska Ndú; lr idod we;s jHQy nj

• fuu wdrlaIs; jHQy Ndú; lr my; i|ykafoaY.=Ksl idOl md,kh l< yels nj• WIaK;ajh• wd¾ø;dj• wdf,dalh

• fuu jHQy úúO lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd Ndú;l< yels nj• o~q len,s uq,a weoaoùu• ;jdka md,kh

• fuu jHQy Ndú;h ksid fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;djjeä lr .; yels nj

• frda. m<sfndaO md,kh l< yels nj• wiajekafka m%udKh jeä l< yels nj• wjdrfha wiajkq .; yels nj• tla foaY.=Khlg wkqj¾;s; fnda. md,s; ;;a;aj

hgf;a kEu m%foaYhl j.d lsÍu l< yels nj ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( fnda. j.dfõ oS md,kh l< yels mßir idOl kï lrhs' fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd wdrlaIs; jHQy Ndú; l< yels

nj ms<s.kS' tu jHQy Ndú; lrñka fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .ekSug ie,iqï

ilia lrhs' ld¾hhkays oS ksis mßos ld,h l<ukdlrKh lrhs' lKavdhu ;=< iyfhda.fhka ;u lghq;= bgq lrhs'



weuqKqu 7'1'1

weuqKqu 7'1'2


".,muq fidnd ou - j.djg iqÿiq f,i ,nuq Wmßu M,"

• mdßißl ;;a;aj md,kh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< yels jHQy j¾. iïnkaO j TfílKavdhug ,efnk my; ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• oe,a .Dy• yß;d.dr• fmd,s;Ska .Dy


• Tng wod< wdrlaIs; jHQy j¾.h rEmigyka weiqfrka meyeos,s lrkak'

• tu jHQyh ;=< md,kh l< yels mßir ;;a;aj y÷kd .kak'

• tu jHQyfha lDIsld¾ñl Ndú; ms<sn| j lKavdhï ;=< idlÉPd lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s jHQy j¾.h Ndú;fha oS ie,fik úfYaI jdis úuid n,kak'

• tu jHQyh uÕska fnda. j.dfõ oS we;s jk .eg¨ idlÉPd lrkak'

• tu .eg¨ u. yrjd .; yels l%u idlÉPd lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

"

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weuqKqu 7'1'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

Isld¾ñl lghq;=j, oS fnda. j.d wdY%s; mrsir idOl b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'

fnda. j.d wdY%s; mßir idOl hkq fnda.hg n,mdk jdhj mßirh yd mdxY= mßirhhs'

md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dfõ oS m%Odk jYfhka flfrkqfha mdxY= mßirh yd jdhj

mßirh o md,kh lrñka fnda. wiajekafka m%udKh yd .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lr .ekSuhs'

yß;d.dr fnda. j.dj" wdrlaIs; fnda. j.dj" fmd,sgk,a j.dj" .Dyia: fnda. j.dj

jeks fhÿï fï i|yd Ndú; fõ' tkï fufia fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS jdhj yd mdxY= mdßißl

;;a;ajhka kùlrKhg Ndck jk nj fuhska woyia flf¾'

hqfrdamSh rgj,ska werô wdrlaIs; fnda. j.dj miqj cmdkh" Ökh wdoS wdishd;sl

rgj,g o jHdma; úh' bka wk;=re j Y%S ,xldjg o jHdma; jQ fuu l%uh ms<sn| j wmg

we;af;a flá b;sydihls'

fnda. j.d wdY%s; mßir idOl md,kfha oS jdhj mßirh md,kh l< yels wdldrh

ms<sn| j fuu fldgfia oS idlÉPd flf¾'

fï i|yd úúO wdrlaIs; jHQy Ndú; lrhs' nyq,j u Ndú; jk wdrlaIs; jHQy f,i

yß;d.dr" fmd,s;Ska .Dy fmd,s;Ska Wux& yd oe,a .Dy oelaúh yels h'

iqÿiq jHQyhka f;dard .ekSfï oS my; idOl i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'

1' f;dard .kakd jHQyh fnda.hg .e,mSu

2' f;dard .kakd jHQyh m%foaYhg .e,mSu

3' ;ukaf.a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhg .e,mSu

fuu jHQy ;ekSu i|yd øjH f;dard .ekSfï oS my; lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh

hq;= h'

1' tu øjHj, l,a meje;au 4' tu øjHj, ñ,

2' jHQyh ;=<g ,eìh hq;= wdf,dal m%udKh 5' tu.ska mßirhg isÿ jk n,mEu

3' jHQyh ;=< WIaK;ajh wd¾ø;dj wdosh md,kh l< yels ùu

1' oe,a .Dy

fïjd oe,a" ,kq" Ímam má fyda fjk;a ,S má Ndú; fldg ;ekQ jHQy fõ' fufia ;ekQ

oe,a .Dy$ Ímam má ksjdi ,e;a ksjdi Lath house& hkqfjka o y÷kajkq ,efí' oekg jir

lSmhlg fmr fuu jHQy jvd;a m%p,s; j mej;=K w;r miqj Ndú;h l%ufhka wvq úh'

m%Odk jYfhka md,kh lrk foaY.=Ksl idOl jkqfha wdf,dalh yd iq<Õhs' tu.ska hï

;dla ÿrlg wd¾ø;dj jeä lr .ksñka fijk iemhSula isÿ fõ' jdhq ixirKh fyd|ska isÿ

ùu ksid wêl f,i WIaK;ajh fyda wd¾ø;dj by< hdula isÿ fkdfõ' kuq;a frda. fyda

fjk;a m<sfndaO md,khka isÿ fkdfõ' iEoSu i|yd hk úhou wvq h'

lD



2' yß;d.dr

fïjd ùÿrej,ska ;ekQ iaÓr jHQy fõ' bos lsÍug úYd, uqo,la jeh jk ksid fuh wm

rfÜ t;rï m%p,s; fkdfõ' tfy;a yß;d.drhla ;=< WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh" wd¾ø;dj yd

iq<Õ wdoS ish¨ idOl md,kh l< yels neúka m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkj, Ydl wNsckk

lghq;=j, oS o fïjd nyq, j Ndú; fõ'

úúO wdldrfha yß;d.dr ie,iqï we;'

yß;d.drj, úÿ,s mxld iú lr we;s w;r ta

u.ska yß;d.drhg we;=,a lrk jd;h" we;=<;

;dmh Wrdf.k WKqiqï ùu ksid by< f.dia

yß;d.drfha jy,h me;af;ka msysá isÿre ;=<ska

msgfõ' fï ksid th ;=< wkjYH f,i WKqiqï

ùu je<fla' WKqiqï jd;h msg jk f,ig jy,h

me;af;ka isÿre iEosh hq;= h' mxldfjka we;=¨

jk jd;h fmryklska fmÍ we;=,a jk ksid frda. ldrlhska we;=,a ùu j<lS' ;j o

jy,fha isÿrej,ska wLKav j msg;g jdhq m%jdyhka .,k neúka thska o frda. ldrlhskag

we;=,a ùug wjia:dj fkd,efí'

3' fmd,s;Ska .Dy fmd,s;Ska Wux&

j¾;udkfha jvd;a m%p,s; wdrlaIs; jHQyhhs' myiqfjka bos l< yels h' yß;d.drj,g

jvd ,dNodhS h' .e,ajkhsia ng fhdod f.k iE¥ iels,a, fmd,s;Skaj,ska wdjrKh fldg

fuu jHQyh ks¾udKh flf¾'

fï ;=< by< wd¾ø;djla yd by<

WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd .; yels ksid w;=

len,s uq,a len,s wdosfha uq,a woaojd .ekSug

WÑ; fõ' fuys oS frda. yd fjk;a m<sfndaO

md,kh o isÿ fõ' wêl wd¾ø;dj ksid

c, ixrlaIKhla o isÿ fõ' j¾Idj" iq<Õ

wdoS idOlj,ska o wdrlaId fõ' ;lald,s"

fn,afmm¾ jeks ñ, wêl j.djka i|yd

fïjd nyq, j Ndú; flf¾' kuq;a

fmd,s;ska .Dy ;=< j.dfõ oS my; .eg¿

we;s úh yel'

• my;rg m%foaYj, fïjd Ndú;fha oS we;=<; WIaK;ajh wêl f,i by< hdu isÿ úh

yels h'

• hï wdldrhlska me< uelalka" l+ä;a;ka" lSvEjka yd uhsgdjka .Dyh ;=<g we;=,a

jqjfyd;a tu i;=kag ys;lr ;;a;aj ta ;=< mj;sk ksid nrm;, ydks yd .eg¨ we;s

úh yel'

fuu .eg¿ u. yeßu i|yd fuu .Dyj, jy,hg muKla fmd,s;Ska fhdod jfÜ

ì;a;sj,g lDñ m%;sfrdaë oe,a fhosh yels h' túg jdhq ixirKh fyd|ska jk ksid wkjYH

fmd,s;Ska .Dyhl ie,eiaula

yß;d.drhl ie,eiaula

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mßos WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj by< hdu j<lS' ;j o jy,fha uqÿk lvd Wiaid ieliSfuka

o jHQyh ;=< jdhq ixirKh jeä l< yels h' fuys jy,fha lvd biaiQ isria me;s wdjrKh

i|yd lDñ m%;sfrdaë oe,a Ndú; flf¾'

wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS mßir idOl md,kh lsÍu

jdhj mßir idOl md,kh u.ska fnda. j.dfõ oS n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk uQ,sl wruqK

m%Yia; fnda. j¾Okhla yd ta ;=<ska jvd;a .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul núka hq;a wiajekakla

,nd f.k jeä wdodhula ,nd .ekSuhs' újD; mßirfhka fjka ù wdrlaIs; .Dyhla ;=<

fnda. j.djlska tu wruqKq bIag lr .ekSug kï fuu mßir idOl ukd f,i md,kh

l< hq;= fõ'

1' WIaK;ajh

Ydlj, isÿ jk m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,shg WIaK;ajh iDcqj u n,mdhs' Ydlj,

wiajekak jeä ùug kï m%NdixYaf,aIKh m%Yia: j isÿ úh hq;= h' fï ksid fuu jHQy

;=< m%Yia; WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= fõ' ta i|yd WIaK;ajh wêl j by< hdu

md,kh l< hq;= h' hï m%udKhlg by< WIaK;ajj, oS w;= len,s uq,a weoSu id¾:l j isÿ

fõ'

WIaK;ajh wvq lr .ekSug my; l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh l< yels h'

1' uo iq<x yuk újD; mßirhl .Dyh bos lsÍu

2' .Dyfha ì;a;s yd uqÿk Wi jeä lr .ekSu

3' fhda.H fmd,s;Ska wdjrK yd oe,a fhdod .ekSu

4' uqÿka jd ljq¿ fhoSu

5' fmd,s;Ska .Dyj, jy,h fldgia follg lvd uqÿk Wvg Tijd ilia lsÍu

6' mxld iú lsÍu

7' jdhq iukh lsÍu

8' fnda. w;r mr;rh md,kh lsÍu

9' isis,k l%uhla Ndú; lsÍu

2' idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj

wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< úfYaIfhka u wd¾ø;dj wkjYH mßos jeä jk úg frda. me;sÍfï

wjodku jeä fõ' fnda.j, m%Yia; j¾Okhla yd ksIamdokhla i|yd ;sìh hq;= m%Yia;

wd¾ø;djla we;' 60]-85]& .Dy ;=< wd¾ø;dj wvq lsÍu jdhq ixirKh jeä lsÍu u.ska l<

yels h' tfia u wd¾ø;dj jeä lsÍug ñÿï W;amdol fyda úiqreï c, iïmdokh fhdod .;

yels h'

3' wdf,dalh

wdf,dal ;sj%;dj wdf,dalfha .=Kd;aulNdjh yd wdf,dalh mj;sk ld, iSudj Ydlj,

m%NdixYaf,aIK fõ.hg n,mdhs' wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj yd wf,dalh mj;sk ld,h jeä jk

úg m%NdixYaf,aIK fõ.h jeä fõ' túg wjidk wiajekak jeä lr .; yels h' fïjd



jeä lsÍug wjYH kï lD;%Su wdf,dalh ,nd osh hq;= fõ'

mdrcïnq, lsrK m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wys;lr fõ' fï ksid fndfyda úg fuu jHQyj,

jy,hg Ndú; lrk fmd,s;Ska mdrcïnq, lsrKj,g m%;sfrdaë úh hq;= h'

oe,a .Dy u.ska" ,efnk wdf,dalh wvq lrhs' fijk m%sh lrk lsâ j¾. weka;+ßhï"

flda,shdia j ¾. oe,a .Dyj, j.d l< yels h'

4' iq<Õ

fõ.j;a iq<fÕa n,mEu wju lsßu i|yd .Dyh ;eksh hq;af;a iq<x osYdjg iudka;rjhs'

oe,a .Dy ;=< iq<Õ ukd f,i md,kh fõ'

fuu jHQyj, lDIsld¾ñl jeo.;alu

1' o~q len,s uq,a woaojd .ekSug

2' jeä wiajekakla ,nd .; yels ùu

3' ,nd .kakd wiajekafka .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä ùu

4' flá l,lska wiajekak ,nd .; yels ùu

5' wLKav j wiajkq ,nd .; yels ùu

6' wjdrfha wiajkq ,nd .; yels ùu

7' fnda. iq<Õska wdrlaId lr .; yels ùu

8' fnda. wêl j¾Idfjka /l .; yels ùu

9' noaO me< /l n,d .ekSu

10' fi!uH l,dmSh fnda. ksj¾;k l,dmfha jeúh yels ùu

11' mgl frdamKfhka idod .kakd l=vd me< /l n,d .ekSu

12' i,do fn,afmm¾ jeks fnda.j, ;jdka ilia lr .ekSu

13' f,v frda. je<|Su wju lr .; yels ùu

14' f.dúhdf.a wjodku iy wjOdkh wju lr .; yels ùu



ksmqK;dj 7 ( fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd md,s;mßir ;;a;aj fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( mfia iSudldÍ idOl i,ld ks¾mdxY= j.dfõ kshef,hs'

l%shdldrlu 7'2 ( mia rys; j fnda. jjuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • ks¾mdxY= j.dj ms<sn| mska;+r lsysmhla$ CD ;eáhla• weuqKqu 7'2'1 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a

;=kla• weuqKqu 7'2'2 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd

Wmfoia• weuqKqu 7'2'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a ;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 7'2'1 ( • ks¾mdxY= j.dj ms<sn| mska;+r mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• ta weiqfrka tu j.d l%ufha iqúfYaIS nj ms<sn| jisiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dvk.kak'• mia rys; j fnda. j.d lsÍu ks¾mdxY= j.dj f,i

ye|skafjk nj• fï i|yd úúO >k udOHh yd øj Ndú; l< yels

nj• fuu l%u uÕska fndfyda jdis ,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 105 hs'&



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• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• ks¾mdxY= j.dj wdldr lsysmhlg l< yels nj

Wod • n÷ka .; l%uh • .eUqre m%jdy l%uh • t,a,k nE.a l%uh • ßðf*daï fmÜá l%uh • ng l%uh • uq,a .s,ajQ j.dj • md;a;s$ ldkq • mdfjk l%uh • ;=kS fmdaIl mg, l%uh

• j.d rdlal l%uh$PVC ng l%uh

• fï i|yd >k udOH iy øj udOH Ndú; l< yelsnj

• >k udOH f,i" fldyq n;a" fldyq fl|s" oyhshd"wÕ=re" ,S l=vq" je,s" Ñmaia" f;a l=vq wdosh Ndú; l<yels nj

• >k udOH ks¾mdxY= j.dfõ oS n÷ka" j.d u¨" md;a;s$ldkq Ndú; l< yels nj

• øj udOH f,i c,h Ndú; l< yels nj• øj udOH Ndú;fha oS pl%SlrKh jk yd pl%SlrKh

fkdjk l%u Ndú; l< yels nj• pl%SlrKh jk l%uh wdldr lsysmhlg l< yels

nj Wod( • ;=kS fmdaIl mg, l%uh• .eUqre m%jdy l%uh

• pl%SlrKh fkdjk l%uh o wdldr lsysmhla we;snj Wod( • uq,a .s,a jQ j.dj • md fjk l%uh

• flaYdl¾IKh fhdod .ekSu• >k yd øj udOH foflys oS u fmdaIK udOH f,i

we,anÜ ødjKh Ndú; l< yels nj• tla tla j.d l%uj, oS úúO mshjr wkq.ukh

lrk nj• ks¾mdxY= j.dfjka frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh" c,

ydksh wju lsÍu" ldIs ridhksl øjHj,ska f;drksIamdok ,nd .ekSu" .==Kd;aulNdjfhka by<ksIamdok ,nd .ekSu wdoS jdis ,nd .; yels nj

• fmdaIl udOHfha pH w.h 5'8-6'5 w;r mj;ajd.ekSfuka fndfyda .eg¨ wju lr .; yels nj

• EC w.h (Electrical Conductivity) ^úoHq;aikakdhl;dj& 1'5-2'5 w;r úh hq;= nj

ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u úia;r lrhs'

ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u Ndú;fhka wys;lr ridhksl øjHj,ska f;dr wdydrksIamdokh l< yels nj ms<s.kS'fi!LHu;a wdydr ksIamdokh lsÍug ie,iqï ilia lrhs'Ôú;fha oS yuq jk .eg¨ ch .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'hula ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ;¾ldkql+, j bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 7'2'1


"mia rys; j fnda. jjuq' "

• my; oelafjk ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk j.d l%uh flfryswjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• n÷ka .; l%uh$ md;a;s l%uh• t,a,k nE.a l%uh$ ßcsf*daï fmÜá l%uh• j.d rdlal l%uh$ PVC ng l%uh

• lshùï øjH mßYS,kh lrkak'• Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s j.d l%uh wfkl=;a j.d l%uj,ska fjka lr y÷kajkak'• tu l%ufha jeo.;alu idlÉPd lrkak'• j.d l%uh i|yd Ndú; lrk frdamK udOH yd fmdaIK udOH y÷kd .kak'• tu l%uh Ndú;fhka ks¾mdxY= j.dj isÿ lrk wdldrh mshjfrka mshjr meyeos,s

lrkak'• ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia wod< ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'• tla tla mshjf¾ oS u;= úh yels .eg¨ yd tajd wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾.

úuid n,kak'• Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'

weuqKqu 7'2'2

ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; oelafjk ud;Dld Tiafia ld¾h mßY%;=kla ilia lrkak'

• n÷ka .; l%uh$ md;a;s l%uh • t,a,k nE.a l%uh$ ßcsf*daï fmÜá l%uh

• j.d rdlal l%uh$ PVC ng l%uh

• ish¨ u ld¾h mßY% i|yd wod< fmdÿ fhojqï

• fldyq n;a • os,Sr kdYl j¾.hla$;eïîug iqÿiq WmlrK • u,a nd,aos • w;a biafldamam

• we,anÜ fmdfydr • c,h

• ld¾h mßY% I i|yd fhojqï

• 20 cm m<, 45 cm Wi l¿$iqÿ fmd,s;Ska nE.a

• ld¾h mßY% II i|yd fhojqï

• 3 m os. 20 cm m<, fmd,s;Ska u¨ fyda úYd, m%udKfha ma,diaála fnda;,a$ßcsf*daï fmÜáhla

• fldyq ,kq fyda lïì$ l¿mdg fmd,s;Ska lene,a,la

• wdOdrl$ ma,diaála fldamam • l;=rla$uqjy;a msyshla

• ld¾h mßY% III i|yd fhojqï

• 1-1'5 m m%udKfha isÿre lrk ,o jeys mS,s lsysmhla fomi wdjrKh lr .; hq;= h'&

• wdOdrl • ,kq fyda lïì



weuqKqu 7'2'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

. j.dfõ oS iajNdúl fuka u iïm%odhsl j.d udOHh jkqfha mi h'

mi u.ska fnda.hg wjYH laIqø fmdaIl yd uyd fmdaIl we;=¿ ish¨ u fmdaIl o c,h

yd uQ, uKav,fha Yajikhg jd;h o imhk w;r fnda.fha Odrlh f,i o lghq;= lrhs'

Bg wu;r j fnda.fha j¾Okhg ys;lr pH w.h iajhxlS%h j md,kh lsÍfï yelshdjla o

we;' tkï mi iajdrlaIlhla (Bufferinh actor) f,i o ls%hd lrhs'

kuq;a ñksidf.a ls%hdjka" kqiqÿiq j.d ms<sfj;a" mdxY= Ldokh" uqyqÿ r<" iqkdñ wdoSs

iajNdúl fya;+ka ksid iuyr ìï fnda. j.d lsÍug kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a ù we;' ck.ykh

j¾Okh ksid j.d ìï iSud ù we;' fujeks fya;+ka ksid mi fjkqjg úl,am udOHj,

fnda. j.dj flf¾ úoHd{hkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù we;' fuh ks¾mdxY= j.dj f,i ye|ska

fõ' fuys oS >k udOH fuka u øj udOHh o Ndú; fõ' j.d udOHh f,i c,Sh ødjKhla

Ndú; jk úg th c,.; (Hydroponics) j.dj f,i ye|ska fõ'

ks¾mdxY= >k udOH j.d l%uh

ks¾mdxY= j.dj i|yd >k udOH Ndú; lrk úg tfia udOH jYfhka fhdod .kq

,nk øjH iajNdúl yd lD;%Su udOHhka" ldnksl yd wldnksl udOHhka f,i o j¾.SlrKh

l< yels h'

fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels øjH lsysmhls'

fldyq n;a fyda fldfldamSÜ je,s

oyhshd wÕ=re l=ka;dka& Ñmaia

,S l=vq f;a frdvq

fïjdfha iq,N;dj wkqj tla tla m%foaYj, Ndú; l< yels h' n÷ka.; l%uh"

t,a,k nE.aj, j.dj" ;sria u¿j, j.dj" ldkq$md;a;sj, j.dj >k udOH Ndú; lrñka

isÿ lrk iq,n ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u fõ'

ks¾mdxY= fnda. j.dfõ oS fhdod .kakd udOH yryd mfika imhkq ,nk idOl

fkdwvq j ,nd oSu jeo.;a fõ' tkï by< .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;a jeä wiajkq ,nd .ekSu

i|yd wjYH fmdaIl" c,h" Tlaiscka jdhqj iemhSu;a" w÷r yd isis, ,nd oSu;a Ydl úhkg

wjYH wjldYh yd Odrl Yla;sh ,nd oSu;a wdoshhs'

j.d lsÍug whym;a mia we;s ia:dk fnda. j.dj i|yd fhdod .ekSug yels ùu

fuu l%ufha úYsIag jdishla f,i ie,lsh yels h' my; i|yka jkafka >k udOH fhdod

.ksñka flfrk ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u lsysmhls'

1' n÷ka ;=< j.dj (Pot culture) - n÷ka.; l%uh

fuys oS me< isgqùu lrkqfha 30 cm muK .eUqr ueá" ma,diaála fyda fmd,s;ska n\qka

j, h ' fuu l%ufha oS o j.d udOH ilia lsÍu" fmdaIl ødjKh iemhSu" wdOdrl iemhSu

j.d kv;a;=j wdosh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

fnda



fldyqn;a cSjdkqyrKh lr ^ñks;a;= 30 la muK kgk c,fha .s,ajd ;eîu$ os,Sr

kdYlhl .s,ajd ñks;a;= 20 la muK ;eîu& n÷kaj,g mqrjd .ekSfuka miq fnda.fha

wjYH;djh wkqj fmdaIK udOHh thg tla l< hq;= fõ'

n÷ka j.d l%ufha c, frdams; me<

2' t,a,k nE.a l%uh isria j.d u¨ ;dlaIKh&

fuu l%ufha oS óg¾ 1'3 la os. is,skavrdldr mdrcïnq, lsrK m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;skaj,ska

iE¥ u¨ ;=< mqrjk ,o ÔjdKqyß; fldyq n;a iys; j.d u¨ Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

fuys oS fmd,s;ska nE.fha msg;

iqÿ meye;s jk w;r we;=<; l¿

meye;s fõ' u,af,ys my< fl<jr

uqød ;nd we;s w;r by< fl<jr l=vd

k<hlg iïnkaO lr we;' fuu

l%uhg újD; ia:dkhl fuka u

wdrlaIs; j.d l=áhl jqj o j.d l<

yels h' wjqreÿ 2 la muK Ndú; l<

yels fuu u,a,l isgqjk me<

m%udKh fnda.h wkqj fjkia fõ'

Wod( i,do me< 20 la muK tl u,a,l isgqúh yels h'

3' ;sria j.d u¨ ;dlaIKh

fuu l%ufha oS 1'5 m la muK os. mdrcïnq, lsrK m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;ska u¿ ÔjdkqyrKh

lrk ,o fldyq n;aj,ska mqrjd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' j.d u,af,ys Wi 6-10 cm muK jk

w;r m<, 18 cm la muK fõ' fuu l%ufha oS fmdaIK øjH iemhSu w;ska l< yels jqj o

ìxÿ c, iïmdok l%uhla Ndú; lsÍfuka id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .; yels h'

;sria j.d u¨ ;nd we;s wdldrh

laIqø k,

>k udOH iys;j.d n÷k

m%Odk fmdaIl iemhqï k,h

fmdaIl ødjKiemhqï k,

isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨ iys; moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

fmdïmh

N+.; gexlsh

pl%SlrKhjk fmdaIlødjKh

fldyq fl|smsrjQ j.d u¨

fldyqn;a$ fl|smsrjQ j.d u¨

fmdaIl ødjKiemhqï laIqø k,

m%Odk fmdaIlødjK iemhqï k,

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>k udOH msr jQ ldkq fyda md;a;s ;=< j.d ;dlaIKh

fuys oS fmd<j u;=msg .fvd,a fyda fldkalS%Ü Ndú; lr f.dv kxjk ,o ì;a;s jeks

md;a;sj,g j.d udOH mqrjd fnda. j.d lrk l%uhls'

>k udOH msrjQ ldkqjl me;slvla

>k udOHh msrjQ md;a;shl me;slvla

by; i|yka l%u foflys oS u c,h ldkaÿ fkdjk fia mdrcïnq, lsrKj,g m%;sfrdaë

fmd,s;ska ;Ügq folla ldkqj fyda md;a;s iy ta wjg ìu jefik fia t,d miq j j.d udOH

msrúh hq;= h' ldkqj, m<, j.d lrk fnda.h wkqj ;SrKh l< yels h'

fuys j.d udOH f,i Ôjdkqyß; fldyqn;a" ÔjdKqyrs; je,s" ,S l=vq" Ñmaia fyda

tajdfha ñY%Khla Ndú; l< yels h' ìxÿ c, iïmdok l%uhlska fyda w;ska tla tla me<hg

fjk fjk u fmdfydr ødjKh fhosh yels h'

ks¾mdxY= øj udOH j.d l%uh

øj udOH j.dfõ oS msßisÿ c,hg fmdfydr ñY% lr iE¥ ødjKh we,anÜ ødjKh& ;=<

Ydlfha uQ, uKav,h .s,ajd ;eîfuka fyda flaYdl¾IK n,h u.ska fyda úisreï wdldrhg

uQ, uKav,hg fmdaIl yd c,h iemhSu flf¾' øj udOH Ndú; jk l%uh wkqj my; mßos

j¾.SlrKh flf¾'

1' plS%lrKh jk l%u

fuu l%ufha oS Ydlfha uQ, uKav,hg ,nd .; yels jk mßos fmdaIK udOH iemhSu

lrkq ,efí' fuys wdldr lsysmhls'

c,jyk k,h

m%Odk fmdaIliemhqï l,h

fmd,s;Ska mg,h

j.d udOHiys; md;a;s

fmdaIl ødjKiemhqï laIqø k,

fmd,s;Ska mg,h

j.d udOHiys; ldkq

c,jykk,h

fmdaIl ødjKiemhqï k,h

m%Odk fmdaIliemhqï k,h

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;=kS fmdaIl mg, l%uh

fuys oS me<Eáj, uq,a iDcqj u fmdaIl udOH yd iïnkaO fõ' fuys oS b;d ;=kS

^5 mm muK& ødjK mg,hla myiqfjka kefukiq úfYaIs; ;yvq u.ska iE¥ j.d k,hla

;=<ska .uka lrùug ie,iajhs'

fmdaIl ødjK mg, j.d moaO;sh

j.d rdlal l%uh$PVC ng l%uh

tlsfklg ;sria j fjkia Wij,ska rdlal wdldrhg ng fhdod f.k lrkq

,nk j.djka j.d rdlal l%uh$ PVC ng l%uh f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

j.d rdlal

by; rEm igyfka fmfkk wdldrhg wegjqula ilia lr ^PVC ng$jeys msys<s&

fmdaIK ødjKh ta ;=<ska .uka lsÍug ie,eiaúh hq;= h'

.eUqre m%jdy l%uh

10 cm l úIalïNh iys; k< ;=<ska 2'-3 cm .eUqre Odrdjla fia fmdaIK ødjKh .uka

lrùug i,iajhs' k<h Wv me;af;aa ilia l< isÿre ;=<ska oe,a n÷kaj, ieliQ me< k<h

;=< we;s ødjKh iu. .eàu isÿ fõ' ng ;ks ;Ügqjg isák f,i fyda wla-jla (Zig Zag)wdldrhg ilia lr .; yels h'

2' 2' 2' 2' 2' plS%lrKh fkdjk l%u

fmdaIK udOH Ydlj,g fjka fjka jYfhka fhdokq ,nk w;r" Ydl l=vd n÷kaj,

isgjkq ,efí' fuu l%ufha oS wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%u lsysmhls'

bj;a jk fmd aIlødjKh uQ,sl gexlshg.uka lrhs'

N+.; fmdaIl ixÑ; gexlsh

fmdaIl ødjKiemhqï k,

iqÿ meye;sj.d k,

fmdïmh

PVC k,h

ødjKh ;=< .s,aúhyels fmdïmh

fmdaIl ødjKh

fmdaIl gexlsh

fmrkh

j.d k,h

ld,.klh

,S ;Ügqj

lrdu lmdgh

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uq,a .s,a jQ j.dj ßðf*daï fmÜá l%uh&

fuu l%ufha oS ßðf*daï iaghsfrdf*daï& fmÜáhla Ndú; lr thg fmdaIK udOH tla

lrkq ,efí' l=vd ma,diaála fldamamj, isgjkq ,nk me<j, uQ, uKav,hka g fmdaIK

udOH ,nd .ekSug yels jk mßos úfYaI l%uhlg ilia lr we;' tys wkqms<sfj, my;

i|yka rEmigykaj,ska meyeos,s l< yels h'

l¿ fmd,s;Ska wdjrKh l< n÷k me< /|ùug Ndú; lrk isÿre iys; mshk

j.d n÷kla iaghsfrdf*daï fmÜáhl ieliQ plS%lrKh fkdjk j.d moaO;shla

md fjk l%uh

we;=<; mDIaGh l¿ fmd,s;skaj,ska wdjrKh l< 30cm muK .eUqre fmÜáhla

fï i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fmdaIl o%djKh mqrjd iaghsfrdf*daï fyda md ùug myiq

ieye,a n÷kl /| jQ me< ødjKh u;=msg md ùug bv yÍ'

mdfjk ia:rhl isÿ lrk j.dj

flaYdl¾IK l%uh

m;=f,a isÿre iys; úúO

m%udKfha n÷ka fï i|yd Ndú; l<

yels h' >k udOH msr jQ n÷kaj, me<

isgqjd th fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.=

fkd.eUqre Ndckhl .s,ajkq ,efí'

fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.= Ndckfha ødjK

uÜgu wvq jk úg kej; msrùu l<

hq;= fõ'

mdfjk ;yvqj

lD;su jdOdrdjla iemfha

fmdaIl ødjKh

flaYdl¾IK l%uh

jd ixrlaIKhi|yd mSùiS n÷k

>k udOHr|jk oe,

fmdaIl ødjKh

jd;kh i|yd bv

j.d n÷k

>k udOH

m;=, ;ekska ;ek isÿrelr idrka oe,a lene,a,la;eîu

<

ÔjdkqyrKh l<fldyq n;a<

fmdaIl ødjKhmsrjQ n÷k^j.d n÷fkka Wiska1$3 la muKjefik mßos&

<

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fmdaIl ødjK ieliSu

j.dlrejkg wjYH kï Tjqkag u fmdaIl ñY%Kh ilid .; yels w;r ta i|yd

iïmQ¾Kfhka u c,fha ødjH ridhksl ixfhda. Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' c, frdams; j.dfõ

wjYH;dj wkqj f;dard .; yels úúO fmdfydr j¾. we;' fuys oS ldnka" yhsv%cka yd

Tlaiscka iajNdúl j jd;fhka iy c,fhka ,efnk neúka fmdfydr f,i Ndú;

fkdlrhs' khsg%cka" fmdiamria" fmdgEishï" le,aishï" ue.akSishï yd i,am¾ m%Odk

jYfhka o iskala" fldm¾" hlv" ueka.kSia" fndafrdaka" fud,síäkï" laf,daÍka wdoS uQ,

øjH iq¿ jYfhka o wjYH jk w;r fmdfydr ñY%Kfha fuu uQ, øjH wvx.= úh

hq;= h'

ta i|yd we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh Ndú; l< yels h' tu fmdfydr ñY%Kh msßisÿ

c,h 25 l l osh lr idkaø fmdfydr ødjKh idod .; hq;= h' wdrïNl wjia:dfõ oS fuu

ñY%Kh fhosh hq;= w;r úúO wjia:djkays oS fhosh hq;= m%udK my; oelafõ'

óg wu;r j wjYH;dj wkqj c,h iemhsh hq;= h' ìxÿ c, iïmdokh u.ska fuu

l%uhg c,h yd fmdfydr iemhSu jvd;a ld¾hlaIu fõ' óg wu;r j le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü

o wjYH;dj wkqj fhosh yels h'

c, frdams; j.dfõ jeo.;alï

úYd, N+ñhla wjYH fkdfõ' wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< o j.d l< yels ùu

mia Ndú; fkdlrk ksid j.dlre msßisÿ mßirhl j.dfõ kshe,Su

md;a;s ieliSu" j,a me<Eá md,kh" c, iïmdokh jeks Y%uh wêl ÿIalr ld¾hhka

lsÍu wjYH fkdùu

wLKav j.djla mj;ajd f.k hdug yels ùu

mfika me;sfrk frda. yd jgmKq ydks wju ùu

wjdrfha ksIamdok ,nd .; yels ùu

úfkdaodxYhla f,i l< yels j.djla ùu

mq¿,a mrdihl t<j¨ yd u,a m%fNao j.d l< yels ùu

c, ydksh wju lr .; yels ùu

;rÕldÍ fjf<|fmd< i|yd mia rys; me< yd uq,a weoao jQ we;=" me< ,nd .;

yels ùu

lDIs ridhksl øjHj,ska f;dr ksIamdokh;a ,nd .; yels ùu

me< wjêh$jhi

1' ;jdka me<j, i;H m;%u;=ùfï isg i;s 5 olajd

2' j¾Ol wjêh i;s 2-4 olajd$i;s 6-10 olajd

3' u,a msfmk wjêh yd i;s5-8 olajd$i;s 12 olajd^fnda.h wkqj&

4' M, fk<k wjêh

i;s 6ka miq$i;s 12 ka miq

we,anÜ fmdfydrg&

10

20

30

40

osh lrk c,m%udKh l&

10

20

10

10

osk 1 lg me<hlgñY%Kh ml&

25-50

100-500

500-1000

1000



by< jákdlï iys; fouqyqï m%fNaoj,ska .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< ksIamdok ,nd

.; yels ùu'

fmfydr yd c,h jvd;a ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; l< yels ùu

c, frdams; j.d l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍfï oS .eg¨ iys; wjia:d uÕ yrjd .ekSug

mshjr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' frda. yd m<sfndaO jHdma; ùu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ÔjdKqyrs;

j.d udOH Ndú; l< hq;= h' fmdaIK udOHh ilid .ekSfï oS fmdaIK úIu;d u;=

fkdjk wdldrhg ilia lr .; hq;= h' fmdaIl udOHfha pH w.h 5'8-6'5 w;r mj;ajd .;

hq;= h' úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj 1'0-2'5 w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= h' fmdaIK ødjKfha WIaK;ajh

m%udKj;a whqßka mj;ajd .; hq;= w;r tfia fkdjqjfyd;a Ydlj, Yajik fõ.h jeä jk

neúka Tlaiscka wjYH;dj jeä fõ' j.dj i|yd wdf,dalh o wjYH mßos ,nd osh hq;= h'

wdrlaIs; j.d l=á ;=< isria fyda ;sria j.d u¨ Ndú; jk l%uj, oS we;=<; fma<sj,g

m%udKj;a f,i iQ¾hdf,dalh fkd,eîu ksid j¾Okh yd wiajekak wvq úh yels h' iuyr

fnda. m%fNaoj, u,a lD;S%u j mrd.kh l< hq;= h' ta i|yd iqÿiq wjia:dfõ oS mshjr

fkd.;fyd;a wiajekak wvq úh yels h' >k udOH iys; ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%uj,

oS fmdaIl ñY% c,h ,nd oSfuka wk;=rej c,h iïmdokh lsÍfï oS fmdaIl W!k;djkaj,g

myiqfjka Ndck úh yels neúka ta ms<sn| j wjOdkfhka hq;= j lghq;= l< hq;= h'



ksmqK;dj 8 ( m<sfndaO md,kh ;=<ska fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeälr .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( m%Yia; wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu i|yd j,a me<Eá md,khlrhs'

l%shdldrlu 8'1 ( "j,a fk<uq M, ,nuq"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • j,a me<Eá iuÕ we;s ksire f,i jeã we;s fnda.me<Eáhla iys; n÷kla

• weuqKqu 8'1'1 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoiam;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

• weuqKqu 8'1'2 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|ydWmfoia m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

• weuqKqu 8'1'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a ;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 8'1'1 ( • j,a me<Eá iys; ksire f,i jeã we;s fnda. me<Eáh

iys; n÷k isiqkaf.a ksÍlaIKhg i,iajkak'• n÷k ;=< we;s me<Eá fudkjd oe hs y÷kd .ekSug

i,iajkak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• m%Odk fnda.hg wu;r j jefvk kE u me<Eáhla

j,a me<Eáhla nj• j.d ìul j,a me<Eá ;sîu ksid j.dfõ j¾Okh

nd, ù wiajekak wvq jk nj• j,a me<Eá m%fhdackj;a jk wjia:d we;s nj• j,a me<Eá wdldr lsysmhlg j¾. l< yels nj• j,a me<Eá md,k l%u lsysmhla we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod yßkak'• tla tla lKavdhug j,a me<Eá kso¾Yl$rEmigyka fnod

fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 105 hs'&

mshjr 8'1'3 ( • lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• bosßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g m%:u úia;drKh i|yd

wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

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fhfokak'• ñksidg" ñksid j.d lrk fnda.hlg" .Dyia;

i;ajfhl==g wdydr øjHhlg fyda NdKavhlg hïydkshla isÿ lrkq ,nk Ôùka m<sfndaO jYfhkaye|skaúh yels nj

• ta wkqj m<sfndaO m%Odk j¾. ;=klg fnosh yelsnji. j,a me<Eáii. frda.iii. lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO

• j.d lafIa;%hl j.d l< fnda.h yer wfkl=;aYdl ish,a, u j,a me<Eá f,i y÷kajk nj

• j,a me<Eá md,kh myiq lsÍu i|yd tajdfha úfYaI,laIK y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a nj

• tu ,laIK my; f,i oelaúh yels nji. ´kE u mßirhlg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdjii. îc úYd, m%udKhla ksmoúuiii. Ydlh l%u lsysmhlg fndaùu

• j,a me<Eá my; oelafjk wdldrj,g j¾. l<yels nj jefvk ia:dkh Ôú; ld,h rEmdldrh wkqj

wkqj wkqj f.dv ufâ jd¾Isl oaú nyq m;%j, Ydlfha

jefjk jefjk jd¾Isl jd¾Isl iajNdjh iajNdjh wkqj wkqj ksosl=ïnd cmkacnr yq,x;,d we;a;ä b¨la ;DK iDcq Ydl

nðß wegjrd m<,a m;% Odjl mka je,a j¾.

• b;d iS>%fhka fjk;a j,a me<Eá hgf;a mjdjefjk msgrglska ixl%uKh jQ j,a me<Eáwd.ka;=l wdl%uKldÍ j,a me<Eá f,i y÷kajknj

• ta i|yd WodyrK f,i md;Skshï" fhdaO ksosl=ïndyd lsUq,ajekak ye|skaúh yels nj

• j,a me<Eá ksid fnda. j.djg my; ydks isÿ jknj• fnda.fha j¾Okh nd, ùu• wiajekafkys .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu• iuyr j,a me<Eá frda. fnda lsÍu• lDñ m<sfndaO i|yd Odrl Ydl f,i yeisÍu• c, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu

• j,a me<Eáj, my; m%fhdack o we;s nj• mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùu• i;a;aj wdydr f,i Ndú; lsÍu• T!IO f,i Ndú;hg .ekSu



• mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍug odhl ùu• ldnksl fmdfydr f,i Ndú; lsÍu• N+ñ w,xlrKhg fhdod .ekSu

• id¾:l wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu i|yd j,a me<md,khka isÿ l< hq;= nj

• ta i|yd my; l%u wkq.ukh lrk nj YIH ffcj hdka;%sl ridhksl kS;s yd

úoHd;aul úoHd;aul l%u l%u wK mk;a

l%u l%u uÕska

• ish,q u j,a me<Eá md,k l%uj, ixl,amhka WÑ;mrsos WÑ; wjia:dfõ oS Ndú; lrñka j,a me<md,kh isÿ lsÍu taldnoaO j,a me< md,kh f,iye|skafjk nj

• taldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha oS yels;dla ÿrgridhksl fkdjk l%u Ndú; lrk nj

^ñks;a;= 60 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( j.d lafIa;%j, j,a me<Eá ;sîu ksid we;s jk ydks úia;r lrhs' j,a me<Eá md,kh lsÍfuka jeä wiajekakla ,nd .; yels nj ms<s.kshs' mdi,a f.j;af;a j,a me<Eá md,kh lrhs' ;u lKavdhu ;=< iyfhda.fhka jev lrhs' wjia:dkql+, j ;SrK .kS'

• msßisÿ

frdamK øjHNdú; lsÍu'

• l%udkql+,

ìu ieliSu'

• kshñ;

mr;rhgisgqùu'

• iun,

fmdfydrñY%KNdú;h'

• laIqø c,

iïmdok l%uwkq.ukh'

• wdjrK

fnda. j.dj'

• j,a me<Eá

md,khgðùka fhdod.ekSu'

• lDóka

• isjqmdjqka

• Ydl

• w;ska

.,jd oeóu'

• Wo¨ .Eu'

• lmd bj;a

lsßu'

• .sks ;eîu'

• jiqka

fhoSu'

• c,fhka

hg lsßu'

• mi

fmr,Su'

• j,a

fk<kWmlrKNdú;h'

• j,a me<Eá

md,khgúúOridhksl j,akdYlNdú;h'

•ksfrdaOdhk

uOHia:dkyryd'

• ndysr

ksfrdaOdhkh'

• wNHka;r

ksfrdaOdhkh'



weuqKqu 8'1'1


"j,a fk<uq - M, ,nuq "

• j,a me<Eá j¾.SlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd ks¾Kdhlhkaf.ka Tfí lKavdhug,efnk ks¾Kdhlh flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• jefvk ia:dkh• Ôú; ld,h$ jhi• rEmdldrh

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrñka Tfí ks¾Kdhlhg wkqj j,a me<Eá j¾.SlrKhlr olajkak'

• Tfí j¾.SlrKhg wod< j,a me<Eá i|yd WodyrK ye;s ;dla Tfí m%foaYh weiqfrkay÷kd .kak'

• j,a me<Eá u.ska fnda. j.djg isÿ jk ydks WodyrK iys; j meyeos,s lrkak'

• j,a me<Eáj, m%fhdack ljf¾ o@

• wdl%uKldÍ j,a me<Eá hkqfjka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

• wNHka;r yd ndysr ksfrdaOdhk l%u u.ska fuu j,a me<Eá md,kh l< yels whqremyokak'

• j,a me<Eá md,k l%u" y÷kd f.k meyeos,s lrkak'

• Tng wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia wod< ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

weuqKqu 8'1'2

ld¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd Wmfoia

• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; oelafjk ud;Dld Tiafia lKavdhï ;=ki|yd ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ilia lrkak'

• w;ska .,jd fyda lmd bj;a l< yels j,a me<Eá iys; md;a;shla

• j,a me< Wo¨ .Efuka bj;a l< yels ia:dkhla

• N+.; l|ka iys; j,a me<Eá we;s ia:dkhla


• w;a fïia fcdavq 04 la • w;a uq,a¨ 04 la • fïi msys 04 la


• Wo¨ 04 la • f¾lal 02 la

• ld¾h mßY% III i|yd fhojqï

• w;a uq,a¨ 04 la • w;a fïia fcdavq 04 la



weuqKqu 8'1'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

m<sfndaO

ksidg" ñksid j.d lrk fnda.j,g" lDIsld¾ñl iïm;aj,g" .Dyia: i;=kag

fyda wdydr øjHj,g fudk hï wdldrhlska fyda ydks muqKqjkakka m<sfndaO f,i ye|ska

fõ'

fuu m<sfndaO j¾. ;=kls'

1' j,a me<eá

2' frda. ldrl

3' i;a;aj m<sfndaO lDóka yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO&

j,a me<Eá

j.d lafIa;%hl we;s j.d l< fnda.h yer wksl=;a Ydl ish,a,u j,a me<Eá fõ'

j,a me<Eáj, úfYaI ,laIK

² ´kEu lgql mßirhl Ôj;a ùfï yelshdj we;' b;du;a ksire c,h ySk mil jqj o

j,a me<Eá j¾Okh fõ'

² îc úYd, m%udKhla ksmojhs' túg jHdma; ùu jeä h'

² tlu Ydlh fnda ùu l%u lSmhlg isÿ ùu' l,d÷re" ngoe,a," ie,aùkshd jeks Ydl

j¾Ol" ,sx.sl jeks l%u lsysmhlg fnda fõ'

² îcj, ÔjH;dj os.= l,la mej;Su' iqÿiq mßirhla ,enqKq ú.i fnda ùu isÿ fõ'

² flá Ôjk pl% iys; ùu' túg tla j.d lkakhla ;=< oS îc me<ùu" j¾Okh ùu yd

fïÍu isÿ ù jHdma; ùu isÿ fõ'

² îc jHdma; ùu i|yd úúO wkqj¾;k ilia ù ;sîu' Wod ( iq`<. u.ska jHdma; ùu"

msydgq jeks wkqj¾;k" i;=ka u.ska jHdma; ùu" wef,k nj c,h u.ska jHdma; ùug

j,al msysàu" ieye,a nj wdosh

² j,a me< l=vd wjosfha oS fnda.hg iudk rEmSh ,laIK fmkaùu' Wod( ù" f.dcrjd¨"

nðß

j,a me<Eáj,ska isÿ jk ydks

² j.d l< fnda.hg bvlv" fmdfydr" c,h yd ysre t<sh i|yd ;rÕhla we;s lsÍfuka

fnda.fha j¾Okh nd, ù wiajekak wvq ùu'

² wiajekak iu. j,a me<Eáj, îc ñY% ùu ksid tys .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu'

Wod( ù iu`. nðß" lsß|s" udrela jeks j,a me,Eáj, îc ñY% ùu'

² iuyr Ydl frda. fnda lsÍug Woõ lsÍu' Wod ( yq,x;,dj,g úÑ;% ffjria frda.h

je<f|a' tjeks me<Eáj,ska nKavlald jeks Ydlj,g tu frda.h fnda fõ'

² lDókaf.a Odrl Ydl ùu'

j.djkag ydks lrk lDóka lafIa;%fha m%Odk fnda.h fkdue;s úg j,a me<Eá u; Ôj;a

fõ' fnda.h lafIa;%fha jevqKq miq tajdg ydks lrhs' Wod ( f.dhï ul=Kd

ñ



² c, ud¾. wjysr ùu'

iuyr c,c j,a me<Eá c, ud¾.j, jeùu yd tajd lrd m%jdykh ùu ksid jdß moaO;s

wjysr fõ' Wod ( cmka cnr" ie,aùkshd

² fnda.j, mYapd;a id;a;= yd wiajekak fk<Sfï wmyiq;d we;sùu' Wod ( ksosl=ïnd" lgq

;ïm,d" jeks lgq iys; j,a me<Eá lafIa;%fha we;s úg fnda.j,g mYapd;a id;a;= lsÍug

wmyiq jk w;r wiajekak fk<Su o wmyiq lrhs'

² fnda. j.dj, ksIamdok úhou by< hdu'

j.d lafIa;%fha j,a me<Eá we;s úg tajd md,kh i|yd hï uqo,la jeh l< hq;= fõ' túg

ksIamdok úhou by< hhs'

² mfia fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcj ,laIK ÿ¾j, ùu'

j,a me< md,kh i|yd ks;r ks;r ìu ieliSug isÿ fõ' túg mdxY= jHQyh ÿ¾j, fõ'

tfia u j,a me< md,kh i|yd fndfyda úg j,a kdYl Ndú; lrhs' fïjd mig ñY% jQ

úg mdxY= Ôùyq ñh h;s' mfia ridhksl ,laIK ÿ¾j, fõ'

² iuyr j,a me<Eá wdydrhg .;a úg fokqkaf.a lsßj, rih fjkia fõ'

Wod ( j;=md¨ wdydrhg .;a úg lsßj, ;s;a; ri we;s fõ'

² mßir ¥IKhg odhl ùu

j,a me< md,kh i|yd ridhksl j,a kdYl fhoSfuka mßirh ¥IKh fõ'

² ñksidg yd i;=kag ydksodhl ùu'

Wod ( wdl%uKYS,S j,a me<Eáhla jk md;Skshï YÍrfha iam¾Y ùfuka ñksiqkag yd

i;=kag p¾u frda. je<f|a'

j,a me<Eáj,ska isÿ jk ydks fndfyduhla ;snqK o tajd wmg m%fhdackj;a jk

wjia:d o we;'

j,a me<Eáj, m%fhdack

² mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùu' l%uj;a j j.d fkdlrk ,o N+ñhla j,a me<Eá u.ska wdjrKh

ùfuka tu N+ñh mdxY= Ldokhg f.dÿre fkdfõ'

² i;aj wdydr f,i Ndú; lsÍu' fndfyduhla ;DK j¾. .jhskag yd t¿jkag wdydr

jYfhka fhdod .; yels h'

² ñksidg T!IO f,i Ndú; l< yels ùu' Wod ( fudKrl=vqïìh" W÷msh,sh" l,d÷re

² mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍfï l%shdj,shg odhl ùu' Wod ( ksosl=ïnd" f;dar" ms, wdoS rks,

l=,fha Ydl

² ldnksl fmdfydr f,i Ndú; l< yels ùu' iajNdúl j mi ;=< osrdm;a ùu yd

fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .ekSu'

² lDñ Wjÿre md,khg fhdod .ekSu' we;eï Ydlj,ska msg lrk ridhksl øjH lDókag

úI iys; fõ' Wod ( udkd" uÿre;,d

² N+ñ w,xlrKhg fhdod .; yels ùu' Wod ( ;DK" W÷msh,sh

² cdk ixrlaIKhg wjYH Ydl f,ig Ndú; lsÍu

j,a me<Eá j¾.SlrKh

j,a me<Eáj, úúO ,laIK wkqj wdldr lsysmhlg j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' j,a

me<Eá md,kh yd wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd mokï lsysmhla u; j,a me<Eá j¾. lr we;'

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wdldrh ;DK mka j¾. m<,a m;%

m;% wdldrh

^m;% yevh&

kdrá úysoSu&

^úNHd.h&

lf|a yria

lemqula

WodyrK

1' jefvk ia:dkh wkqj mßirh&

² f.dv ìu jefjk j,a me<Eá' Wod( ksosl=ïnd" yq,x;,d" j;=md¨" l,d÷re" ne,;K

² ufâ jefjk j,a me<Eá Wod( udrela" l=vueÜg" ngoe,a," cmka cnr" f.dcrjd¨

2' Ôú; ld,h jhi wkqj&

jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá

j¾Ifhka fyda Bg wvq ld, iSudjl oS Ôjk pl%h iïmQ¾K lrhs' ù j.dfõ yd

lafIa;% fnda. j.dfõ oS nyq,j u fuu j,a me<Eá oelsh yels h'

oaújd¾Isl j,a me<Eá

j¾I folla ;=< oS Ôjk pl%h iïmQ¾K lrhs' m<uq j¾Ifha oS j¾Ol j¾Okh;a"

fojk j¾Ifha oS ,sx.sl j¾Okh;a isÿ fõ' Wod( we;a wä

nyq jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá

Ôjk pl%h iïmQ¾K lsÍug j¾I follg jvd jeä l,la .; fõ'

Wod( l<d÷re" j;=md¨

3' rEmdldrh wkqj - m%Odk wdldr folls'

m;%j, iajNdjh wkqj

² ;DK j¾. ² mka j¾.

f.dcrjd¨ ;=keiai

² m<,a m;%

cmka cnr

j,a me<Eá - ;DK j¾."mka j¾. yd m<,a m;%j,

fjkialï

t;Sfkdlaf,dajdlDDia.d,S^fj,a udrela&

ihsm%iafrdákavia^l,d÷re&

fudfkdfldaßhdjeðld,siaôsh fnr,sh&

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Ydlj, iajNdjh wkqj

i. iDcq Ydl - yq,x;,d iii. Odjl - W÷msh,sh

ii. mka j¾. - ;=keiai iv. je,a j¾. - j;=md¨

wdl%uKldÍ j,a me<Eá

fjk;a rgj,ska úúO l%uhg furgg ixl%uKh jQ j,a me<Eá fõ'

Wod ( fhdaO ksosl=ïnd" md;Skshï" ie,aùkshd" lsUq,ajekak we,sf.ag¾&

fïjdfha úfYaI ,laIK

1' iS>%fhka fnda ùfï yelshdj we;'

2' fjk;a j,a me< hgm;a lrf.k jeãu

3' jix.; wdldrfhka jHdma; ùu

4' l%u lSmhlska m%pdrKh ùu Wod( ,sx.sl m%pdrKh" w,sx.sl m%pdrKh

j,a me<Eá md,kh

j,a me<Eá hï N+ñhl ;sîfuka tu N+ñhg;a" j.djg;a ydks isÿ jk whqre by; oS

meyeos,s lr .;suq' fnda. j.djl m%Yia; wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug j,a me< md,kh l<

hq;= fõ' fï i|yd úúO l%u rdYshla wkq.ukh l< yels h'

1' YIH úoHd;aul l%u lDIsld¾ñl l%u& 4' ridhk l%u

2' hdka;%sl l%u 5' kS;s u.ska$wK mk;a u.ska md,kh

3' ffcj úoHd;aul l%u wNHka;r yd ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh&

6' taldnoaO j,ame< md,kh

YIH úoHd;aul l%u

fnda. f;dard .ekSfï isg wiajekak fk<d .kakd f;la ksjeros jQ;a l%uj;a jQ;a j;a

ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh yd oshqKq f.dú;eka l%u Ndú;h u.ska j,a me< md,kh lsÍu YIH

úoHd;aul j,a me< md,khhs' fï i|yd my; l%u wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí'

1' msßisÿ frdamK øjH Ndú;h

j,a me<Eá îc fyda fjk;a m%pdrl fldgiaj,ska f;dr frdamK øjH Ndú;hhs'

2' l%udkql+, j ìu ieliSu

3' kshñ; mr;rhg fnda. isgqùu

fnda.h j¾Okh jk úg j,a me<j,g wjYH bvlv" wdf,dalh fkd,eî md,kh fõ'

4' iun, fmdfydr ñY%K l%udkql+, j Ndú; lsÍu'

fuys oS fnda. Ydl fyd|ska j¾Okh jk ksid j,a me< ;rÕfhka merfoa'

5' laIQø c, iïmdok l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu'

fnda.hg muKla c,h ,efnk w;r wjg m%foaYhg c,h fkd,efnhs' túg j,a me<

îc m%frdayKh ùu j<lS'

6' wdjrK fnda. j.dj

rn¾" fmd,a jeks m%Odk fnda. jjd we;s lafIa;%j, fnda. w;r ysia ìï m%foaYh wdjrKh

jk f,i rks, l=,fha je,a j¾. jjkq ,efí' Wod( fikafg%diSud" mshqf¾ßhd"

le,mf.dakshï" isrdfg%da jeks je,a j¾." l,d÷re iys; N+ñhl n;, j.d lsÍfuka n;,

wdjrK fnda.hla f,i l%shd lr l<d÷re md,kh lrhs'



hdka;%sl l%u

j,a me< md,kh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk hdka;%sl l%u lsysmhls'

1' w;ska .,jd oeóu

l=vd lafIa;%hlg iqÿiq h' jeä ld,hla .; jk ld¾hhla fõ'

Wod ( ù j.dfõ j,a me< md,kh" f.j;= j.dj,

2' Wo¨ .Eu

jeä mr;rhla iys; j j.d lr we;s fnda.j, j,a me< i|yd nyq,ju Ndú;d l< yels

h' nyq jd¾Isl j,a me< md,khg Ndú; l< fkdyels h' N+.; fldgia bj;a fkdjk

ksid&

3' lmd bj;a lsÍu

j.dj ;=< we;s úYd, j,a me<Eá lmd bj;a l< yels h'

4' .sks ;eîu

fyaka f.dú;efka oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk" j,a me< md,kh l< yels id¾:l l%uhls'

j,a îc o úkdY fõ' kuq;a N+.; l|ka iys; nyq jd¾Isl Ydl md,kh wmyiq h'

5' jiqka fhoSu'

fnda.h isgqjd iïmQ¾K md;a;shu wdjrKh jk f,i jiqkla fhoSu fuys oS isÿ lrhs'

túg j,a me<Eá îc m%frdayKh ÿ¾j, lrhs'

6' c,fhka hg lsÍu

ù f.dú;efka f.dhï me< wjêfha oS l=Uqr c,fhka hg lrhs' m<,a m;% iys; j,a

me<Eá l=Kq ù hhs' j,a îc m%frdayKhg wjYH jd;h fkd,eî tajdfha m%frdayKh

ÿ¾j, fõ'

7' mi fmr,Su

Wo¨" k.=,a wdosfhka mi fmr,Sfuka

j,a me< mig hg fõ' tajd l=Kq ù

hhs' túg mia u;=msgg meñfKk

N+.; fldgia bj;a l< yels h'

8' úúO j,a fk<k WmlrK Ndú;h

fnda. fma<s iys; j j.d lr we;s úg

cmka j,a me< fk<kh Ndú; lr

j,a me< bj;a l< yels h'

hka;%dkqidrfhka j,a me<Eá u¾okh

^cmka j,a me< fk<kh&

ffcj úoHd;aul j,a me< md,kh

j.d lafIa;%j, j,a me< md,kh i|yd hï lsis Ôúhl= fhdod .ekSu ffcj úoHd;aul

j,a me< md,khhs' fï i|yd úúO i;=ka yd Ydl fhdod .kshs'

² lDóka Wod( ie,aùkshd md,khg ihsfgdfí.ia ie,aùksfha lDñhd fhoSu"

fmdäis[af[durx md,khg weuf,da bkaishq,dgd lDñhd fhoSu

² isjqmdjqka Wod( .jhka yd t¿jka fhdod j,a me< md,kh lsÍu

² Ydl w¾O mrfmdaIs; yd mQ¾K mrfmdaIs; Ydl fï i|yd fhdod .kshs'

Wod( j;=md¨ md,khg l=ial=gd w.uq, ke;s je,& Ndú;h

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mQ¾K mrfmdaIs; Ydlfha uq,a Odrl Ydlfha maf,dahu ;=<g f.dia bka wdydr

wjfYdaIKh lsÍu ksid Odrl Ydlh úkdY fõ' ffcj md,kfha jdis f,i mßir ¥IKh

wvq ùu;a" úhou wvq ùu;a oelaúh yels h'

kS;s uÕska$ wK mK;a u.ska md,kh

fï i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk m<sfndaO wdrlaIK mk; u.ska wNHka;r yd

ndysr m<sfndaO ksfrdaOdhkh m<sfndaO Wjÿre rg ;=< me;srSu fyda rg ;=<g we;=¿ ùu

je<elaùu& i|yd ux i,id we;'

1' ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh

ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh i|yd wod< me<Eá ksfrdaOdhk uOHia:dk .=jka f;dgqm< yd

jrdh wdY%s; j msysgqjd we;' fjk;a rgj,ska furgg j,a me<Eá meñKSu je<elaùu

fuys wruqKhs' fuu wdh;kfha wjirhlska f;dr j furgg lDIsld¾ñl wjYH;d

i|yd øjH f.kaùu ;ykï h' tfuka u tu f.kajk øjH fuu wdh;kfha oS

mÍlaIdjg ,la lr j,a me<Eá îc fyda fjk;a j,a me<Eáj,g wod< fldgia fkdue;s

njg iy;sl jQ miq tajd wod< mqoa.,hdg ksoyia lrkq ,efí'

2' wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhkh

rg ;=< hï j,a me<Eáhla me;sÍ hdu wvq lsÍug fyda je<elaùug mkjd we;s kS;s fõ'

hï m%foaYhl wd.ka;=l j,a me<Eáhla fõ kï ta nj m%foaYfha lDIsl¾u

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wod< ks,Odßhdg oekqï osh hq;= h' tu ks,Odßhd ta ms<sn| mÍlaId

lr n,d tu m%foaYh ;ykï l,dmhla njg m;a lrhs' bka miq tu m%foaYfhka

wd.ka;=l j,a me<Eáhg wod< lsisu fohla fjk;a m%foaYhlg f.k hdu ;ykï

lrkq ,efí' fï ksid j,a me<Eá jix.; wdldrfhka jHdma; ùu j<lajd .; yels

h'

ridhksl l%u

j,a me<Eá md,kh i|yd ridhksl j,a kdYl j¾. Ndú; lsÍuhs' ckm%sh jQ;a"

Ndú;h myiq jQ;a" úYd, N+ñj,g mjd fhdod .; yels blauka l%uhla f,i fuh ye|skaúh

yelshs'

j,a kdYlhl ;sìh hq;= ,laIK (

² j,a me<j,g úI iys; ùu ² wvq ñ,la iys; ùu

² myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu ² fhoSug myiq ùu

² ñksiqkag yd i;=kag úI rys; ùu

² lafIa;%fha j.d lr we;s fnda.hg úI iys; fkdùu

j,a kdYl j¾.SlrKh (

wdldr lsysmhlg j,a kdYl j¾.SlrKh isÿ l< yels h'

1' Ydlhg fhdok wdldrh wkqj" fN!;sl iajrEmh wkqj&

² oshr ² leg ² l=vq

2' j,a me<Eáh u; l%shd lrk wdldrh wkqj

² iam¾Y úI iys;



j,a kdYlh Ydlfha iam¾Y jQ muKska u Ydlh úkdY fõ' Wod ( vhs laf,dfrd

fm%dmsfhdfkd,hsâ

² mßi¾mK úI iys; mßixl%uK&- j,a kdYlh Ydlh ;=<g Wrd f.k Ydlh

mqrd hhs' bka miq Ydlfha wNHka;r mglj, blauka ffi, j¾Okhla isÿ lr

fyda ffi, ;=< we;s øjHj, ixhq;sh fjkia lr j,a me<Eáh úkdY lr ouhs'

Wod ( M C P A

3' j,a kdYlfha l%shdldÍ;ajh wkqj

² ish,a, kik j,a kdYl

j.d lafIa;%fha we;s ishü Ydl úkdY lr ouhs' fnda.h fkdue;s úg fhosh

hq;=hs' Wod ( .%efudlafidaka

² f;dard kik j,a kdYl

j.d lrk fnda.h yer ishü j,a me<Eá úkdY lrhs' j.d lrk fnda.fha

iajNdjh" tys m;%j, msysàu" m;%j, fl|s msysàu" m;%j, ,siaik iq iajNdjh"

w.%ia: wxl=rfha msysàu jeks fya;= ksid j.d lrk fnda.hg j,a kdYlfhka

ydks isÿ fkdfõ' Wod ( M C P A

3' fhdok wjia:dj wkqj

² mQ¾j ks¾.uk j,a kdYl

mfia f;;ukh we;s úg îc fyda me< isgqùfuka miq j,a me<Eá u;=ùug fmr

fhdohs'

² mYapd;a ks¾.uk j,a kdYl

j,a me<Eá u;= jQ miq mig fhdohs' fïjd o j,a me< muKla úkdY lrhs'

fhdokq ,nk j,a kdYlj, id¾:l l%shdldÍ;ajhg n,mdk lreKq (

² j,a kdYlfha idkaøKh

kshñ; idkaøKh fhosh hq;= h' idkaøKh wvq jQ úg j,a me< ksishdldr j md,kh

fkdfõ' idkaøKh jeä jQ úg fnda.hg ydks isÿ úh yels h'

² mßir ;;a;ajh

wêl j¾Idj jeks ;;a;ajj, fkdfhosh hq;= h'

² j,a me<Eáh fudard we;s m%udKh jvd;a fudard we;s j,a me<Eá u¾okh wmyiqhs' j,a

me< <má wjia:dfõ md,kh myiqhs'

taldnoaO j,a me< md,kh

by; idlÉPd l< j,a me<Eá md,k l%uj, ixl,khka iqÿiq wdldrhg iqÿiq

wjia:dj, oS Ndú; lrñka j,a me< u¾okh lsÍu ñka woyia fõ' wjYHu wjia:djl yer

ridhksl l%u j,a me< md,khg Ndú; fkdflf¾'

taldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha isÿ flfrk l%shdtaldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha isÿ flfrk l%shdtaldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha isÿ flfrk l%shdtaldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha isÿ flfrk l%shdtaldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha isÿ flfrk l%shd

² j,a me<Eá îcj,ska f;dr frdamK øjH f;dard .ekSu

² j,a me< md,kh jk fia ìu ieliSu

² j,a me< md,kh l< yels j.d l%uhla f;dard .ekSu

² kshñ; mr;rhg fnda. ia:dmkh lsÍu

² msßisÿ jdß c,h Ndú;h

² ks;r w;=re h;a .Eu



² ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr ñY%Khla kshñ; ld,j, oS kshñ; m%udKhkaf.ka fhoSu

² wjYH wjia:dj, oS muKla ridhksl j,a kdYl Ndú;h

² ffcj md,kh fhdod .ekSu

fjf<|mf<ys nyq, j we;s j,a kdYl j¾.(

j,a kdYl j¾. lsysmhla my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

fmdÿ kduh u¾okh l< yels Ydl

² MCPA ;=keiai" ;=kaysßhd" osh ishU,d" lgq blsßh" cmka cnr yd mka j¾.

² fm%dmkS,a f;dard kik j,a kdYlhls' f.dhfï we;s jd¾Isl ;DK" m<,a m;% yd

mka j¾.

² fnka;sfhdald¾í mQ¾j ks¾.uk yd mYaÑu ks¾.uk j,a kdYlhls' ù j.dfõ m<,a m;%

yd mka j¾.

² ìhqglaf,da¾ mQ¾j ks¾.uk j,a kdYlhls' ù j.dfõ ;DK" m<,a m;% yd mka j¾.

² vhshqfrdaka mQ¾j ks¾.uk j,a kdYlhls' wkakdis" lmq" Wla" nvbß`.=" f;a" fmd,a"

rn¾ j.dfõ j,a me<Eá

² we,elaf,da¾ mQ¾j ks.uk j,a kdYlhls' Ækq" ñßia" rg lcq fnda." fndaxÑ" j.djkaj,

j,a me<Eá

² .%efudlafidaka iam¾Y úI iys; mQ¾K j,a me< kdYlhls' ù j.dfõ ;DK" mka" m<,a

m;%" wdosh mi ilia lsÍug fmr

² .a,hsfmdfiaÜ ixia:dkslhls' c,fha myiqfjka osh fõ' wegjrd" b¨la" udkd"

l,d÷re jeks N+.; l|ka iys; j,a me<Eá yd wfkla j,a me<Eá

md,kh lrhs'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 ( fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lsÍu i|yd Ydl frda.md,kh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 8'2 ( "frda. kid jeä wiajkq ,nuq'"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • Ydl frda. kso¾Yl lsysmhla• weuqKqu 8'2'1 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla• weuqKqu 8'2'2 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 8'2'1 ( • Ydl frda. kso¾Yl isiqkag ksßlaIKh lsÍug

i,iajkak'• ta weiqßka Ydlj, oelsh yels frda. ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka

úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak• Ydlj,g úúO frda. we;s jk nj• tu frda. we;s lrkakka frda. ldrlhska nj• frda. ldrlhska f,i os,Sr" nelaàßhd" ffjria yd

jgmKqjka hk Ôùka l%shd lrk nj• Ydl frda.j,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSug frda. ldrlhska

md,kh yd u¾okh l< hq;= nj• ta i|yd úúO l%u ms<sfj;a we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod yßkak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 90 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• Ydlhl iajNdúl ;;a;ajfha fjkia ùula frda.hla

f,i y÷kajk nj• frda. ldrlhska jk os,Sr" nelaàßhd" ffjria yd

jg mKqjka ksid we;s jk frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIKfjka fjka jYfhka y÷kd .; hq;= nj

• mq,a,s yg .ekSu" ms<sld" l=Kq ùï" wx.udrh ydue, ùu os,Sr frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK nj

• m;% mq,a,s yg .ekSu" Ydl fldgia ñh hdu"wx.udrh" ikd, ue, ùu" .eg we;s ùu" nelaàßhdfrda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK nj

• úÑ;% ,laIK we;s ùu" kdrá fíÍu" Ydl fldgiaueÍ hdu" úlD;s ùu yd Ydl l=re ùu ffjriafrda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK nj

• uq, uy;a ùu" wêl f,i uq,a yg .ekSu" uq,a u;=msg;=jd, we;s ùu" j¾Okh nd, ùu yd u,dksl ùujgmKq frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK nj

• nyq, j oelsh yels os,Sr frda. f,i" ÿUqre mq,a,sfrda.h" ;jdka me< osh u,ka lEu" weka;%elafkdaiawdosh oelaúh yels nj

• ysgq ueÍu nelaàßhd frda.hla jk w;r óg wu;rj uDÿ l=Kq ùu" nelaàßhdkq fld< wx.udrh" mdoia:l=Kq ùu WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels nj

• úÑ;% ffjria frda.h" fld< fldvùu wdoshffjria frda. nj

• uq,a .eg frda.h" jg mKq frda.hla nj• tla tla frda.hla i|yd frda. ldrlhl=$ frda.

ldrlhska isák w;r ffjria frda. i|yd frda.jdylhska o we;s nj

• ´kE u frda.hla y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ta tla tlafrda.hg iqúfYaI jQ frda. ,laIK we;s nj

• fld< md¿j frda.fha frda. ldrlh *hsßlshqf,aßhdTrhsis jk w;r tys frda. ,laIK lsysmhla f,im;% u;=msg mq,a,s we;s ùu" uq,ska ks,a meye;s mq,a,swe;s ù miq j ÿUqre meye;s ùu" lf|a .eg l¿ meyeùu hkdosh oelaúh yels nj

• oshu,ka lEu frda.fha frda. ldrl f,i mS;shïúfYaI" rhsfidla fgdakshd úfYaI oelaúh yels w;rfrda. ,laIK lsysmhla f,i îc m;% ÿ¾j¾K ùu"îc m;% t,a,d jeàu hkdosh oelaúh yels nj

• weka; %el afkd ai a frd a.fh a frd a. ldrlhfld,sfgdaá%lï úfYaI jk w;r" l|" m;%" lr,ahk fldgiaj, ljdldr mq,a,s we;s ùu" tu mq,a,smiq j l¿ meye ùu hkdosh frda. ,laIK lsysmhlajk nj

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• ysgq ueÍu frda.fha frda. ldrlh ishQfvdfudkdiafid,fkaishdreï jk w;r m;% iuÕ Ydl w.%ia:ue,ù miqj Ydlh ue, ùu" Ydlh ueÍ hdu hkdoshfrda. ,laIK lsysmhla jk nj

• úÑ;% ffjria frda.fha frda.ldrlh ffjrihlajk w;r m;% kdrá ly meye ùu" m;% kdrá w;r,d fld< meye ùu" kdrá fíÍu hkdosh frda.,laIK lsysmhla f,i oelaúh yels nj

• Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao Ndú;h" oshqKq f.dú;ekal%u" ksjeros mYapd;a id;a;=" mdxY= ÔjdKqyrKhwdosh u.ska frda. je<|Su j<lajd .; yels nj

• hdka;%sl l%u" YIH úoHd;aul l%u" ffcj md,kl%u" ksfrdaOdhkh" ridhksl l%u" taldnoaO md,khhkdoS jYfhka frda. md,k l%u wkq.ukh l<yels nj

• frda.S fldgia fyda Ydl úkdY lsÍu" .sks ;eîu"hkdosh hdka;%sl l%u i|yd ksoiqka jk nj

• YIH úoHd;aul l%u i|yd ksoiqka f,i l%uj;aìï ieliSu" fnda. udrej hkdosh oelaúh yels nj

• os,Sr kdYl" jg mKq kdYl wdosh fhoSu" frda.jdylhka lDñ kdYl fhdod md,kh l< yelsw;r OQuldrl Ndú; lr mi ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍuridhksl u¾ok l%u nj

• Ôù fldÜGdYhla fhdod .ksñka frda. md,khlsÍu ffcj md,kh hgf;a isÿ jk nj

• m<sfndAO md,kfha oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk úúO l%uld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS f,i wjia:dkql+, jtaldnoaO j fhdod .ekSu taldnoaO md,kh nj

• taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh uQ,sl isoaOdka; lSmhlgwkqj l< hq;= nj

• m<sfndaOlhd wd¾Ól j ydks jk uÜgug meñKsmiq m<sfndaO md,k l%u fhoSu" yels ;dla ridhkslfkdjk l%u Ndú; lsÍu yd wjYH u wjia:djl oSmuKla ridhksl l%u Ndú;h hkdosh tu isoaOdka;f,i bosßm;a l< yels nj

• frda. md,kh u.ska wiajkq jeä jk nj^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( Ydl frda. y÷kdf.k tajd úia;r lrhs' Ydl frda. md,kfha oS frda. ldrlhska y÷kd .ksñka u¾okh yd md,kh

l< hq;= nj ms<s.kshs úúO ldrl ksid we;s jk frda. yªkdf.k md,k l%u ú.%y lrhs' ksÍlaIK weiqßka ks.ukj,g t<fUhs' .eg¨jla i|yd úúO úi÷ï w;ßka jvd;a WÑ; úi÷u wkq.ukh lrhs'

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weuqKqu 8'2'1


"frda. kid wiajkq ,nuq ."• Ydlj,g frda. we;s lrk my; oelafjk frda. ldrlhskaf.ka Tfí lKavdhug

,efnk frda. ldrl Ôù ldKavh$ ldKav flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• os,Sr • nelaàßhd yd jg mKq • ffjria

• tu frda. ldrlh fya;=fjka Ydlj,g frda. je<÷Kq úg we;sjk fmdÿ frda. ,laIK,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• tu frda. ldrlh ksid Ydlj,g je<f|k jeo.;a frda. lsysmhla kï lrkak'

• by; i|yka l< tla tla frda.fha frda. ldrlhd kï lrkak'

• tu frda. je<÷Kq j.djl frda. md,kh Tng mejÍ we;a kï ta i|yd Ndú; l< yelsmd,k l%u ieflúka bosßm;a lrkak'

• "taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh" jeo.;a ixl,amhls' Tn y÷kd .;a m<sfndaO md,k l%uweiqfrka taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh l%shd;aul lrk whqre úia;r lrkak'

• ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia wod< ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'

• mdi,a j;af;a tfia ydkshg ,la jQ frda.S Ydl fldgia yels ;dla tl;= lr tu frda.y÷kd .kak'

• Tfí wkdjrK yd kso¾Yl Ndú;fhka iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsÍulg iQodkïjkak'

weuqKqu 8'2'2


• oS we;s øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;fhka my; i|yka f;aud Tiafia ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ilialrkak'• os,Sr frda. y÷kd .ekSu • nelaàßhd frda. y÷kd .ekSu• ffjria frda. y÷kd .ekSu

• ish¨ u ld¾h mßY% i|yd fmdÿ fhojqï• w;aldp$ wkaùlaI • ;shqKq msys û, fkdnef|k& • ùÿre lod

• ld¾h mßY% I g wod< fhojqï• fld< md¿ frda.h je<÷Kq f.dhï Ydlhla$ mska;+r• oshu,ka lEfï frda.h je<÷Kq Ydl iys; ;jdka n÷kla$ mska;+r• weka;%elafkdaia frda.h je<÷Kq Ydl fldgila ^;lald,s f.ä$ ud¿ñßia lr,a

lSmhla&$ mska;+r

• ld¾h mßY% II g wod< iqúfYaIs fhojqï• ysgq ueÍu je<÷Kq Ydlhla ngq$ ñßia$ ;lald,s$ w¾;dm,a$ ÿïfld<& $mska;+r• u, fkdnef|k ;shqKq msyshla$ íf,aâ ;,hla• msßisÿ c, ùÿrejla • uq,a .eg frda.h je<÷Kq ;lald,s Ydlhla$ mska;+r• uq,a .eg frda.h je<÷Kq nKavlald$ ksú;s Ydlhla$ mska;+r

• ld¾h mßY% III g wod< iqúfYaIS fhojqï• úÑ;% ffjria frda.h je<÷Kq Ydlhla nKavlald$ msms[a[d& mska;+r• u, fkdnef|Kq ;shqKq msyshla



weuqKqu 8'2'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

Ydl frda.

lhl iajNdúl ;;a;ajfha fjkia ùula frda.hla f,i ye|skafõ' fuu

fjki Ydlfha fldgil fyda iïmQ¾K Ydlfha u fyda isÿ fõ' fuys oS Ydlfha iajNdúl

j isÿ jk ldhsl l%shdldrlï c, wjfYdAIKh" m%NdixYaf,aIKh" W;aiafõokh" wdydr

mßixl%uKh hkdosh& ÿ¾j, fõ' fï ksid Ydl j¾Okfha nd, ùula isÿ jk w;r tuÕska

ksIamdokh wvq ù wiajekakg n,mEula we;s lrhs'

Ydlj,g je<f|k frda. m%Odk fldgia folls'

1' ldhsl frda. W!K;d frda.& 2' jHdê ckl frda.

jHdê ckl frda. we;s ùug frda. ldrl fya;= fõ'

• os,Sr • nelaàßhd • ffjria • jgmKqjka

os,Sr frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK

• m%dfoaYsl mq,a,s yg .ekSu

Ydlfha úúO fldgiaj, mq,a,s yg

.ekSu isÿ fõ'

Wod( m;%" l|" M, wdoS fldgiaj,

fld<mq,a,s iys; m;% ms<sld we;sjqKq Ydl m;%hla

• l=Kq ùu

mgl l=Kq ù oshr .e,Sula isÿ fõ'

Wod fmd,a .fia lf|ka oshr .e,Su - fmd,a l| l=Kqùfï frda.h

• wx.udrh

Ydlj, m;% yd m%frday fldgia ñh hEu isÿ fõ'

Wod( ìì,s wx.udrh$ w¾;dm,a mYaÑu wx.udrh

• ms<sld we;s ùu

Ydlfha wiajdNdúl f,i ffi,

j¾Okh ùu ksid we;=<g fyda msg;g

fkrd .sh fldgia we;s ùu ms<sld we;s

ùfï oS isÿ fõ' meÕsß l=<fha Ydlj,g

jeä jYfhka je<f|a'

Yd

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• ue, ùu

Ydlfha uQ, uKav,h wdl%uKh lsßu ksid c, wjfYdaIKhg ndOd ùfuka Ydlh

ue, fõ' Wod( oshu,x lEu" ßls<s ue, ùfï frda.h

fnda.j,g nyq, j ydks lrk os,Sr frda.

oshu,x lEu

frda. ldrlhd( os,Srhls' wdldr lsmhl os,Sr úfYaI uÕska frda.h idohs'

• ms;shï • rhsfidlafgdakshd • mshqfiaßhï

;jdka me<j,g nyq, j je<f|k frda.hls' ;jdka me<j,g i;s 4 olajd ld,h ;=<

frda.h je<|Sug bv we;' os,Srh mfia isg uq,aj,g we;=,a ù j¾Okh jk úg frda.

,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'

frda. ,laIK

• m;% ÿ¾j¾K ùu

• îc m;% ÿ¾j¾K ù t,a,d jeàu

• îc m;% l¿jka úh<Sulg Ndck ùu

• me<Eáfha fmd<jg wdikak l| fldgi

uQ,a l=Kq ùulg ,la ù weo jeáu

• iïmQ¾Kfhka u Ydlh ue, ùu

oshu,ka lEulg ,la jQ ñßia me<

frda. md,kh

• ysre t<sh jefgk ;ekl ;jdka ieliSu

• c,jykh fyd|ska isÿ jk mßos mi ieliSu

• ;jdka md;a;s ðjdKqyrKh lsÍu

• iqÿiq mr;rhla we;s j îc isgqùu

• j¾Idfjka ;jdka wdrlaId lsßu

• frda.h je<|S we;akï os,Sr kdYl biSu" weka;%flda,a 3 ml la c,h 1 l l fyda 85]

fudareÜ 3 ml la c,h 4 l lg osh lr biSu&

f.dhï fld< md¿j - frda. ldrlhd( mhsß lsHqf,aßhd Trhsis os,Srh

f.dhug nyq, j ydks lrk os,Sr frda.hls' óÿu iys; f;;a foaY.=Ksl ld,j,

frda.h myiqfjka me;sf¾' ks¾foaYs; m%udKhg jvd khsg%cka wvx.= fmdfydr fh¥ úg

frda. md;%S Ndjh jeä fõ' frda.h jix.; ;;a;ajhg o m;a úh yels h'

frda. ,laIK

• m%:ufhka m;% u;=msg ,d ks,a mdg mq,a,s we;s fõ'

• fuu mq,a,s l%ufhka úYd, ù fomi uy;a j w.% W,a ù ;¾l=jl yevh .kS'

• mq,a,s úYd, jQ úg ueo w¿ meyehla .kS'

• mq,a,s tlg tl;= ùfuka iïmQ¾K m;%h u úh<S hd yels h'

• os,Srh lf|a .egj,g wdidokh jq úg l¿ meyehlg yeÍ l| lvd jefÜ'

• lrf,a f., ia:dkhg je<÷K úg lr, lvd jefghs' fuh f., l=Kq ùu kï fõ'

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• fï ksid lr, fmdaIKh ùu j<lsk neúka lr, fnd,a fõ'

• jix.; ;;a;ajhla we;s jQ úg Ydlh iïmQ¾Kfhka ueÍ hhs'

• fujeks l=Uqrla wE;g osia jkafka m÷re ufvys .s¨kdla fuks'

frda. md,kh

• frda.S Ydl fYaIhka uÕska frda.h fnda jk neúka bmke,a, msÿre wdosh mq¿iaid oeñh

hq;= h' vhsf;aka tï 45 wod< ks¾foaY fhoSu'

• khsg%cka fmdfydr wêl j fh¥ úg Ydl l| m;% udxY, ùfuka frda. md;%s nj jeä

neúka iun, fmdfydr ñY%K Ndú; l< hq;= h'

• c,h wvq jk úg m;%j, is,sld ;ekam;a ùu wvq jk neúka c, iïmdokh l%uj;a j

l< hq;= h'

• frda. m%;sfrdaë msßisÿ ì;a;r ù Ndú; l< hq;= h'

• frda.h je<|S we;akï fnkaf,aÜ" uekafiÜ" vhsf;aka tï 45 wod< ks¾foaY fhoSu'

weka;%elafkdaia frda.h

ñßia" fndaxÑ" uE" oT," flfi,a" wU wdoS fnda.j, M,j,g yd iuyrla Ydlj,g fuu

frda.h je<f|a'

frda. ldrlhd( fldf,fgdá%lï úfYaI

frda. ,laIK

• lf|a" m;%j," lr,aj, ÿUqre mdáka hq;a ljdldr l=vd mq,a,s we;s fõ'

• fuu mq,a,s fikaáóg¾ Nd.hla muK jk f;la úYd, fõ'

• fïrE mq,a,s ;o ÿUqre mdg fyda l¿

mdáka hqla; h'

• f;;a foaY.=Kh we;s úg fuu mq,a,s

frdai meye;s fõ' lr, l=Kq fõ'

• nrm;, f,i ;og frda.h je<÷Kq

úg uq¿ Ydlh u uef¾'

• lr,aj, jdKsc jákdlu wvq fõ'

weka;%elafkdaia os,Srh úYd, lrk ,o rEmhla&

frda. md,kh

• ksfrda.S îc isgq ùu i|yd .ekSu • frda. m%;sfrdaë m%fNao Ndú;h

• îc m%;sldr lsßu • fnda. udrej

ôs,Sr kdYl Ndú;fhka& • frda.S Ydl fldgia úkdY lsßu

• frda.h je<|S we;akï" uekafldfií 80]" ;fhdfnkavfida,aÜ 50] ks¾foaYs;

m%udK fhoSu'

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nyq, os,Sr frda. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

frda.h je<f|k fnda.h$fnda. frda. ,laIK

ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h ù • m;% ;,h u; ÿUqre meye l=vd ,m we;s fõ'

• ,m jgd ly meye;s odrhla msysghs'

u,lv frda.h rks, • m;%j, há me;af;a msáuh r;= ÿUqre fldamsme,a,ï we;s ùu

• W.% jQ úg m;% úh<S ñh hdu

msámqia frda.h rks, • m;% u; yd wfkl=;a Ydl fldgia u; ;ekskat<j¨ ;ek l%ufhka me;sfrk iqÿ meye me,a,ï

we;s ùu • miqj me,a,ï w¿ meye ùu

mYaÑu wx.udrh w¾;dm,a • m;%" l|" wdlkaoj,g ydks fõ' • f;;a mq,a,s we;s ùu mq,a,s úYd, ùu • mq,a,s ÿUqre fyda oï meye;s ùu • wêl wd¾ø;dj hgf;a iqÿ mqia fmfka'

• m;%" l|" wdlkao úkdY fõ'

nelaàßhd frda.

nelaàßhd fya;=fjka fnda. Ydlj,g frda. je<f|a' nelaàßhd frda. je<÷Kq úg

fmdÿfõ oelsh yels frda. ,laIK my; oelafõ'

nelaàßhd frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK

• m;% mq,a,s yg .ekSu • .eg we;s ùu

m<uqj m;%j," M,j, f;;a mq,a,s Ydlfha úúO fldgiaj, l|" w;=&

yg f.k miq j tu fldgiaj, ffi, j¾Okh fõ.j;a ùfuka

mgl úkdY ù l=Kq ù hhs' tu fldgiaj, .eg we;s fõ'

Wod( nq,;a fld< mq,a,s frda.h Wod( we.afrdnelaàßhï

mshqñfmaikaia ksid we;s

jk .eg

iQßhldka; Ydlhl nelaàßhd

ksid yg .;a .eghla

nq,;a fld< mq,a,s frda.h

je<÷kq Ydl fldgila

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• uDÿ l=Kq ùu • wx.udrh

frda. ldrl nelaàßhdjka Y%djh lrk Ydlfha m;% w;= jeks fldgia ñh

tkaihsuhla ksid Ydlj, mgl hdu isÿ fõ'

úkdY ùfuka uDÿ l=Kq ùu isÿ fõ' Wod( nelaàßhdkq fld< wx.udrh

Wod( lerÜ uDÿ l=Kq ùu

ikd, ue, ùu

ikd, l,dm nelaàßhd wdl%uKh lsßu ksid tajd ÿ¾j¾K ùu" l=Kq ùu we;s fõ'

Wod( ysgqueÍfï frda.h

nelaàßhd frda.

ysgq ueÍu( frda. ldrlhd( ishqvfudkdia fid,fkaishdreï

jïngq" ñßia" ;lald,s" ÿïfld< iy w¾;dm,a wdoS fid,fkais l=,fha fnda.j,g

je<f|a' Y%S ,xldfõ l÷rg jïngq j.djg fu u.ska úYd, ydks isÿ fõ'

frda. ,laIK(

• Ydlh ue, ùu" osjd ld,fha olakg ,efnk

w.sia ue, ùu ijia jk úg wvq jqj;a miqjod

ijia jk úg jvd;a oreKq f,i ue, fõ'

• frda.S Ydl l=re fõ' Ydl m;% ly mdg fõ'

• lf|a wd.ka;=l uq,a yg .kS' uq,a l=Kq fõ'

• frda.S Ydl l| lmd mÍlaId l< úg ikd,

mgl ly mdgg yqre ÿ¾j¾Khlska oelsh yels h'

• lf|a lemQ fl<jßka w¿ jka iqÿ meye;s Wl= nelaàßhd ysgq ueÍug ,la jQ

fij, i%djhla je.sf¾' ;lald,s me<hla

^msßisÿ c, n÷klg lemQ l| oeófuka tu i%djh ksßlaIKh l< yels h'&

frda.h md,kh

• YIH udre l%uhla wkq.ukh lsßu • frda. m%;sfrdaë m%fNao j.d lsÍu

• mia ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu • frda.S Ydl .,jd mq¿iaid oeóu

• ksfrda.S msßisÿ îc j.dj i|yd fhdod .ekSu

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nyq, nelaàßhd frda. lsysmhla

frda.h je<f|k fnda.h$ frda. ,laIK

fnda.

uDÿ l=Kq ùu t<j¨ • M,hkays mgl uDÿ oshdre ialkaOhla njg m;a ùu

nelaàßhd fld< ù • m;% odr ly meyefha isg iqÿ meyehgwx.udrh yqre f;;a jQ ;Sre iys; iajNdjhla

.ekSu• fuu ;Sre ly meyehg yqre ÿUqre meyehla .ekSu• m;% ;,h mqrdu ;rx.dldr odrj,ska

hq;= ;Sre we;s ùu• m;% fldmqj,g o me;sÍu

mdoia: l=Kq ùu ù • m<uqj <má ßls,sj,g je<f|a'• m;% fldmq l=Kq ù ÿUqre meyehla .ekSu• l|" .eg" kdrá olajd me;sÍu• l| uDÿ l=Kq ùug ,la ùu• ÿÕ|la yeóu• Ydl l| lvd jeàu

• Ydl myiqfjka .e,ù hhs

ffjria

úúO ffjria uÕska fnda. Ydlj,g úúO frda. fndalrhs' fuu frda. me;sÍu frda.

jdylhla uÕska isÿ fõ' fndfyda úg frda. jdylhka lDóka h'

ffjria frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK

• kdrá fíÍu • fldgia ueÍ hdu

fïrE m;%j, kdrá u;= ù fmfka' Ydlj, mgl fldgia ñh hdu ksid

Wod( úÑ;% ffjria frda.h ksid wdydr mßjykhg ndOd we;s ù

kdrá fíÍu isÿ fõ' Ydl fldgia ueÍ hhs'

msms[a[d úÑ;% ffjrihg f.dÿre jq msms[a[d úÑ;% ffjria

m;%hl úúO wjia:d frda.fha ,laIK

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• úÑ;% ,laIK we;s ùu • úlD;s we;s ùu

Ydl m;%j, fld< mdg yd ly mdg Ydlj, wiajdNdúl jeãula isÿ ù

fldgia we;s ùu ksid úÑ;% ,laIK úlD;s yg .kS' Wod( fld< fldv

we;s fõ' Wod( fndaxÑ úÑ;% frda.h ùu ksid úlD;s we;s ùu

fndaxÑ úÑ;% frda.h fld< fldv ùfï ixlS¾Kh

ffjria frda.

nKAvlald úÑ;% ffjria frda.h

frda. jdylhd( iqÿ ueiaid fnïishd genels&

Y%S ,xldfõ ueo rg iy my; rg ks;r olakg ,efnk frda.hls' ue,afõiS l=,hg

wh;a lmqlsksiai wdoS j,a me<Eáj,g o fï frda.h je<f|k neúka wkshï Odrl Ydl f,i

fuu j,a me<Eá l%shd lrhs'

frda. ,laIK

• m;%j, kdrá fíÍu;a" kdrá ly mdg

ùu;a oelsh yel'

• kdrá w;r ;o fld< mdg fyda ,d

fld< mdáka hq;a fldgia yg .kS'

• frda.S Ydl m;% l=vd fõ'

• M, úlD;s fõ' M,odj wvq fõ'

• j¾Okh nd, fõ'

nKavlald kdrá ly ùfï msms[a[d úÑ;% ffjrihg

ffjria frda.fha ,laIK f.dÿre jQ lráhla

frda. md,kh

• frda.S me<Eá uq,a wjia:dfõ oS u Wÿrd mq¿iaid oeóu'

• frda. md;%S fnda.h lkak lsmhla hk f;la kej; j.d fkdlsÍu'

^fnda. udrejla wkq.ukh lsÍu&

• frda. m%;sfrdaë j¾. j.d lsÍu'

• lmqlsksiai" yq<x;,d jeks j,a me<Eá ffjrifha wkshï Odrl jk neúka j,a

me<Eá md,kh lsÍu'

• frda.h me;sfrkafka frda. jdylhd u.ska neúka frda. jdylhd md,khg lDñ

kdYlhla fhoSu'

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nyq, ffjria frda. lsysmhla

frda.h je<f|k fnda.h$ fnda. frda. ,laIK

fld< fldv ùu ñßia" ;lald,s • m;% Wvq w;g fyda há w;g yels,Sujïngq yd m;% /,s jeáu

• m;% >klu ùu iy l=vd ùu• l=vd m;% rdYshla u yg .ekSu• kdrá fíÍu• Ydlh l=re ùu

;DKdldr l=Kq ùu ù • me< l=re ùu• m÷re ;DK m÷rl wdldr .ekSu• m;% mgq ù iDcq njla .ekSu• m;% ,d fld< meyefha isg ;o fld< meyehg yeÍu• m;% ;,fha l¿ ,m we;s ùu• lr,a yg .ekSu l,d;=rlska ùu tajd l=vd lr,a ùu

á%iafgid ffjria fodvï • m;% l%ufhka ly mdg ùu frda.h • m;%j, kdrá fíÍu

• m;% wdf,dalhg úksúo fmkSu• m;% ye,S hdu

• m;% ye¨Kq w;= w. isg osrd m;a ùu

jg mKqjka

jg mKqjka ksid Ydlj,g frda. iEfoa' jg mKqjd mshú weiska oelSug ;rï wmyiq

l=vd" mKqjl= fyda kQ,l wdldr wmDIaG jxYsl i;a;ajfhls' jg mKqjdf.a Ôjk pl%h ir,

h' .eyekq i;=ka ouk ì;a;rj,ska msg jk lSghka yevfhka iy l%shdldß;ajfhka fïrE

jg mKqjkag iudk h' fudjqkaf.a uqLfha we;s fy,a,la jeks wjhjhl ud¾.fhka Odrl

Ydlh isÿre lr hqI Wrd fndk w;r u fÄgh jeks i%djhla Ydlh ;=<g we;=,a lrhs' fï

fÄgh uÕska ffi, uy;a ùu ksid frda. md;%S Ydlj, .eg we;s ùu fyda Ydl fldgia uy;a

ùu olakg ,efí'

jg mKq frda. ,laIK

• jdhj fldgiaj, olakg ,efnk ,laIK

ire mil jefvk fnda.j, c,h" fmdaIH mod¾: W!K;djka jeks ,laIK

fmkajkafka kï bka yefÕkafka uQ, uKav,h wl%Sh njhs' fujeks Ydl

• u,dksl fõ'

• nyq jd¾Isl fnda.j, m;% ly meye ù ueÍ hhs'

• Ydlfha w;=j, iy <má fldgiaj, w. isg ueÍ hhs'

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• N+ .; fldgiaj, olakg ,efnk ,laIK

• uq,aj, .eg fyda bosóu

• wêl f,i uq,a yg .ekSu iy

uq,a u;=msg ;=jd, we;s ùu

• uq,a l=Kq ùu

uQ, .eá;s jg mKqjdf.a ydksh

jg mKq frda.

f;a uq,a .eg frda.h - frda. ldrlhd( fuf,dhsfv.hsks fn%õfldavd

Y%S ,xldfõ f;a j.djg je<f|k frda.hls' Ydlfha uq,aj,g isÿ lrk nrm;, ydksh

ksid f;a wiajekak wvq fõ'

frda. ,laIK

jg mKqjd uq,aj,g ydks lsÍu ksid j.dfõ ;ekska ;ek c,h iy fmdaIH mod¾:

ysÕlñka fmf<k ,laIK we;s f;a m÷re oel .; yels h'

• frda.S f;a m÷re l=re ù u,dksl fõ' m;% ly mdg fõ'

• frda.h W.% jQ úg w;= ßls,s uef¾'

• frda.S Ydl uqf,ys tlsfklg iïnkaO jQ .eg olakg ,efí'

• jg mKqjka uq,a .eg ;=< Ôj;a jk neúka uq,a bosó uy;a fõ'

frda. md,kh

• f;a j.dj iu. odiafm;shd j.d lsÍu'

• frda.S Ydl fldgia úkdY lsÍu

• j.dfõ mi ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu fï i|yd OQulrKh iqÿiq h'

• jg mKq kdYlhla mig fhoSfuka frda. ldrlh úkdY lr oeóu

Ydl frda. md,kh

.=Kd;aulNdjfhka hqla; by< wiajkq ,nd .ekSu i|yd frda. md,kh l< hq;= fõ'

Ydl frda. md,kfha oS frda. iEoSu j<lajd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' fnda. Ydlj,g frda.

fnda ùu j<lajd .ekSug Wml%u fhoSu frda. ksjdrKh kï fõ' frda. ksjdrKh i|yd

fndfyda úg wkq.ukh flfrkafka YIH úoHd;aul fkdfyd;a lDIsld¾ñl md,k l%uhs'

wu;r j j.d lafIa;%j,g frda. ldrl meñKSu je<lSu u.ska o frda. ksjdrKh l< yels

h' ta i|yd frda. ksfrdaOdhk l%u Ndú; flf¾'

Ydl frda. md,k l%u

i. YIH úoHd;aul l%u iv. kS;s uÕska$ wK mk;a uÕska

ii. hdka;%sl l%u v. ridhksl l%u

iii. ffcj úoHd;aul l%u vi. taldnoaO md,kh

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i. YIH úoHd;aul l%u

Ydlj,g frda. je<|Sug bv fkdoS tajd wdrlaId lr .ekSu fuys oS isÿ fõ'

Wod( • fnda. ikSmdrlaIdj j.d ìfï msßisÿ nj&

• fnda. udrej

• ksfrda.S msßisÿ frdamK øjH Ndú; lsÍu

• m%;sfrdaë m%fNao Ndú; lsÍu

• l%uj;a j ìï ieliSu

ii. hdka;%sl l%u

• frda.S me< yd Ydl fldgia bj;a lsÍu

• frda. md;%S Ydl mq¿iaid úkdY lsÍu

• mi ms<siaiSfuka ðjdkqyrKh

iii. ffcj úoHd;aul l%u

frda. md,kh i|yd Ôùka fhdod .kS'

iv. kS;s uÕska$ wK mK;a uÕska md,kh

lDIs ksIamdok" frdamK øjH yd fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl øjH wdkhkfha oS yd m%jdykfha

oS fuu kS;s l%shd;aul flf¾' frda.S Ydl fldgia rg ;=<g meñKSu je<elaùu i|yd

wdkhkfha oS frda.j,ska f;dr njg iy;slhla ;sîu iïnkaO kS;s ndysr ksfrdaOdhkfha

oS l%shd;aul flfrhs' rg ;=< m%jdykfha oS wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhk l%u l%shd;aul flf¾'

v. ridhksl l%u

fuys oS os,Sr kdYl fhoSu" OQulrKh lsÍu wdosh isÿ flf¾' ridhksl l%u wdldr

lsysmhlg fhdod .kS'

• mig ridhksl øjH fhoSu Wod( mdxY= ðjdKqyrKh

• isgqùug Ndú; lrk frdamK øjHj,g ridhksl øjH fhoSu Wod( îc m%;sldr l%u

• Ydlj, we;s ;=jd,j,g ridhksl øjH fhoSu ;=jd,j,ska os,Sr" nelaàßhd Ydlh

;=<g we;=¿ úh yels h'&

• frda. jdylhka md,kh lsÍu i|yd m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú;h

Wod( fld< fldv ùfï frda.h - jdylhd( iqÿ ueiaid

• os,Sr kdYl fhoSu Wod( ;srdï" uekafiÜ" vhsf;aka M 45

vi. taldnoaO md,kh

m<sfndaO md,kfha oS" taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh jeo.;a ixl,amhls' m<sfndaO

md,kh i|yd l< yels úúO l%uj, ixl,khka ld¾hlaIu j yd ,dNodhS j Ndú; lsÍu

taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kfha oS isÿ flf¾' frda. md,kh i|yd Ndú; l< yels úúO

l%uj, ld¾hlaIu;dj úúOdldr fõ' ta ksid tla tla l%u fjk fjk u Ndú; lsÍu t;rï

i;=gqodhl fkdfõ' ridhksl l%u Ndú;h fndfyda wys;lr m%;sM, f.k foa' mßir

¥IKh" wiajkqj, úI tl;= ùu" ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks ùu" m%fhdackj;a Ôùka úkdY



ùu" wdosh tjeks wys;lr m%;sM, iuyrls' kuq;a wdydr ksIamdokh by< kexùu i|yd

wjYH u wjia:dj, oS ridhksl l%u Ndú; lsÍug isÿ fõ' Wod( jix.; ;;a;ajj, oS

fï ksid frda. md,kh i|yd we;s úúO l%uj, ixl,khka wjYH;dj mßos ld¾hlaIu

j yd ,dNodhS j ñksid we;=¿ mßirhg jk ydksh wju jk fia Ndú; lsÍu taldnoaO frda.

md,kfha os isÿ flf¾' fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels úúO md,k l%u jkafka"

• YIH úoHd;aul l%u • ffcj úoHd;aul l%u

• hdka;%sl l%u • ksfrdaOdhk l%u

• ridhksl l%u ^wjYH u wjia:dj, oS&

taldnoaO md,kfha uQ,sl isoaOdka; 3 ls'

• m<sfndaOhd wd¾Ól j ydksodhl jk úg muKla m<sfndaO md,k l%u fhoSu

• yels ;dla ÿrg ridhksl fkdjk l%u Ndú; lsÍu

• wjYH u wjia:dj, oS mßirhg ydks fkdjk mßos ridhksl l%u Ndú; lsÍu

j.d ìul frda. ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu yd frda. md,k l%shdj,sh wLKav j fhoSfuka

fnda.j, M,odhS;dj by< kexúh yels fõ'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'3 ( jeä wiajkq ,eîu i|yd lDóka yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaOmd,kh lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 8'3 ( "lDñ ydks wvq lruq' wiajkq jeä lruq'"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • lDñ ydks iys; Ydl fldgia lsysmhla yd tu ydksisÿ l< lDókaf.a i;H kso¾Yl$ mska;+r lsysmhla



bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 8'3'1 ( • lDñ ydksh iys; Ydl fldgia iy lDókaf.a i;H

kso¾Yl$ mska;+r mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'• Ydl fldgiaj,g isÿ ù we;af;a l=ula oe hs isiqkaf.ka

úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• fnda.j,g ydks lrk i;=ka we;s nj• tu i;=ka lDóka yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO f,i

fldgia follg fnosh yels nj• ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj lDó m<sfndaO j¾. l<

yels nj• lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO f,i uhsgdjka" lDka;lhska"

mlaISka yd uDoajxYSka wh;a jk nj• m<sfndaO md,k l%u rdYshla we;s nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod yßkak'• ld¾h mjrd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsÍula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 120 hs'&



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• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• lDóka wd;%fmdavd jxYfha bkafilagd j¾.hg wh;a

nj• bkafilagd j¾.fha we;s úfYaI ,laIK ksid lDó

fkdjk m<sfndaOlhskaf.ka lDó m<sfndaOlhkafjka lr y÷kd.; yels nj

• fnda.hg isÿ lrk ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj my;oelafjk mßos lDóka wdldr 6 lg j¾. l< yelsnj• imd lk yd úld lk• úo hqI Wrd fndk• iQrd hqI Wrd fndk• m;% yl=¿jk• M, fyda l| isÿre lrk• frda. jdyl

• by; wdldrj, lDókag WodyrK lsysmhla my;whqre wkqms<sfj,g kï l< yels nj• tms,elakd• f.dhï ul=Kd• me< uelald• fld< yl=¿jk o<Uqjd• b,a ueiaid• l+ä;a;d

• by; m<sfndaOlhka ydks lrk fnda. iy ydksfhaiajNdjh tlska tl fjkia njWod( tms,elakd lDñhd fid,fkais iy l=lìfÜis

l=,j, Ydl m;%j,g ydks isÿ lrk w;r b,a ueiaid l=lìfÜis l=,fha M,j,g ydks lrhs'

• tla tla m<sfndaOhkaf.a ydks lrk wjia:djtlsfkldg fjkia njWod( • f.dhï ul=Kd wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh&

iqyqUq,a iy YsY= wjia:d foflys oS u ùwegj, hqI Wrd îu isÿ lrhs'

• lsh;a mKqjdf.a iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh&lSghka úiska ;jdka me<j,g ydks isÿlrhs'

• lDó fkdjk m<sfndaOhka jk uhsgdjka" óhka"f,akqka" ydjka" j÷rka" l=re,a,ka" yxf.d,a,ka iyf.d¿fn,a,ka úiska fnda. j.djkag isÿ lrk ydkstlsfklska fjkia jk wdldrh my; i|yka mßosjk nj• hqI Wrd îu• M, imd lEu• m;%" w;=" lvd oeóu" ld oeóu



• by; m<sfndaOhka md,kh l< yels l%u my; mßosoelaúh yels njWod( tms,elakd lDñhd md,kh l< yels

l%u lsysmhla my; i|yka mßos oelaúhyels nj• hdka;%sl l%u • w;ska w,a,d bj;a lsÍu • Odrl Ydl bj;a lsÍu• ridhksl l%u • laf,dafrd mhsßfmdia wvx.= lDó

kdYl fhoSu• YIH úoHd;aul l%u • ìu ilia lsÍfï oS j,a me< md,kh

• by;ska i|yka l< m<sfndaO u¾ok l%u lsysmhlataldnoaO j isÿ lsÍu u.ska o id¾:l j m<sfndaOmd,khla l< yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( fnda. j.djg ydks lrk m<sfndaO m%Odk f,i lDó yd lDó fkdjk f,i

j¾. l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs' fuu m<sfndaOhkaf.a ydks u.ska wiajekafka m%udKh yd .=Kd;aulNdjh

my< uÜgulg f.k tk nj ms<s.kshs' mßir ys;ldó f,i m<sfndaOhka md,kh lrk whqre ú.%y lrhs' ydks y÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska M,odhS;dj j¾Okh lr .kshs' wjia:dkql+, j ;SrK .kshs'



weuqKqu 8'3'1


"lDñ ydks wvq lruq - wiajkq jeä lruq. "

• my; i|yka ldKav ;=fkka Tn lKavdhug wod< ldKavh flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrkak'

ldKavh I ldKavh II ldKavh III

• imd lk fyda • iQrd hqI Wrd • M, fyda l| isÿre úld lk lDóka fndk lDóka lrk lDóka

• úo hqI Wrd fndk • m;% yl=¿jk • frda. jdyl lDóka lDóka lDóka

• uhsgdjka • lDka;lhska • uDoajxYSka

• mlaISka


• Tng oS we;s lDó m<sfndaO wdldr fol kï lrkak'

• tu wdldrj,g wh;a jk tla lDñhl= ne.ska y÷kd .kak'

• tu lDóka weiqfrka my; i|yka f;dr;=re tla /ia lrkak'

i. tla tla lDñhd ydks lrk fnda. j¾.

ii. Ôjk pl%h weiqßka tu lDóka ydks lrk wjia:dj

iii. ydksfha iajNdjh

• Tfí ldKavhg wh;a lDó fkdjk m<sfndaOhka y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy .kak'

• Tjqkaf.a ydksj, iajNdjhka fln÷ oehs idlÉPd lrkak'

• m<sfndaO md,k l%u weiqfrka Tn y÷kd.;a m<sfndaOhka md,kh l< yels l%u kïlr tajd ieflúka meyeos,s lrkak'

• Tn y÷kd.;a lDñ m<sfndaOlhkag wu;r j tu ldKavhg wh;a fjk;a m<sfndaOlhkai|yd WodyrK fokak'




weuqKqu 8'3'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

l wdydr ixúOdkh úiska lr we;s m¾fhaIKj,ska fy<s ù we;s lreKq

wkqj f,dal wdydr ksIamdokfhka jeä m%udKhla m<sfndaO ydks ksid úkdY ù hhs'

fnda.j,g ydks muqKqjk m<sfndaO lDñ m<sfndaO yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO f,i

ldKav follg fnod oelaúh yelsh' fudjqka y÷kd .ekSu yd lafIa;%fha oS md,kh lsÍu

u.ska fnda. j.dfõ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels fõ'

fuhska m<sfndaO f,i jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka lDó m<sfndaO ldKavhhs' lDó fkdjk

m<sfndaOhkaf.a ydkshg idfmalaI j fudjqkaf.a ydksh jeä h' lDóka" iqÿiq mßir ;;a;aj

yuqfõ flá ld,hla ;=< oS iS>% f,i fnda fõ' úúO mßir ;;a;ajhkag id¾:l j

wkqj¾;kh fõ' tu ksid lDóka id¾:l Ôù fldÜGdYhla f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' tneúka

j.d ìul lDó m<sfndaO md,kh wjfndaOfhka l< hq;= w;HjYH l%shdj,shls'

lDó m<sfndaOlhskag iqúfYaIS jQ ,laIK

f,dalfha i;aj j¾. w;=ßka jeäu Ôùka m%udKhla we;=<;a jk wd;%fmdavd fkdfyd;a

ikaê mdol jxYfha bkafilagd j¾.hg lDóka wh;a fõ' fudjqkaf.a ysi" Wri yd Worh

hkqfjka YÍrh fldgia 3 lg fnoS we;' Wri fldgfiys mdo hq., 3 la we;s w;r tajd

ikaê iys; fõ' ysi fldgfiys iam¾Yl hq.,la yd uqL Wmdx. we;' Worh meyeos,s j

l,dmj,g fnoS ;sfí' lDóka bkafilagd j¾.hg

wh;a fõ' fudjqkaf.a iuyr i;=ka mshdm;a iys; jk

w;r mshdm;a rys; i;=ka o we;' j.d md,kfha oS

fnda.j,g ydks lrkq ,nk lDóka fufia wka

Ôùkaf.ka fjka lr y÷kd .ekSfuka m<sfndaO md,kh

myiq fõ'

m<sfndaO md,kfha oS lDó rEmdka;rKh jeo.;a jkafka wehs @

lDókaf.a Ôjk pl%h ;=< úúO rEmdldr wjia:djka fmkakqï lsÍfï ixisoaêh

rEmdka;rKh f,i y÷kajhs' lDó rEmdka;rKh m%Odk wdldr 2 ls'

• iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh • wiïmQ¾K w¾O& rEmdka;rKh

tu wjia:d my; i|yka mßos fõ'

iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh ^wjia:d 4& wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh ^wjia:d 3&

Wod ( b,a ueiaid" tms,elakd Wod ( f.dhï ueiaid" lSvEjd

ì;a;rh

iqyqUq,d

YsY=jka

f,da

lDñfhl=f.a isref¾ m%Odk fldgia

iam¾Yl

ysimdo

Worh

Wrh

mshdm;a

ms,jd

lSghd

ì;a;r

iqyqUq,d

^fldaI.;wjia:dj&

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lDókaf.a Ôjk pl%fha úúO wjia:djkays oS fkdfhla wdldrhg fnda.j,g ydks

muqKqjhs' Tjqka tu wjia:d .; lrk ia:dk yd mßir ;;a;ajhka o fndfyda úg tlsfklg

fjkia fõ' fnda. lDñ m<sfndaOhkaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSug kï Tjqkaf.a Ôjk pl%fha

úúO wjia:d u¾okh l< hq;= fõ'

fnda.j,g ydks isÿ lrk wdldrh wkqj lDó m<sfndaO j¾. lsÍu

lDókaf.a uqL Wmdx. ieliS we;s wdldrh wkqj fnda.j,g isÿ lrkq ,nk ydks

úúOdldr fõ' fnda.j,g isÿ lrk ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj my; i|yka mßos lDñ

m<sfndaO j¾. l< yels h' fufia j¾. lsÍfuka m<sfndaO ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj ydks l<

lDñ m<sfndaOhd ms<sn| ks.ukhlg t<öug myiq fõ'

² imd lk fyda úld lk lDóka ² m;% yl=Mjk lDóka

² úo hqI Wrd fndk lDóka ² M, fyda l| isÿre lrk lDóka

² iQrd hqI Wrd fndk lDóka ² frda. jdyl lDóka

imd lk fyda úld lk lDóka(

imd lk fyda úld lk lDókaf.a ;shqKq uqL Wmdx. msysgd we;' fnda.hl uq,a" l|"

m;% yd u,a wdydrhg .ekSug fudjqka mqreÿ ù we;' Wod ( tms,elakd" wjq,lf*dard" fmd,a

l¿ l=reñKshd" lsh;a mKqjd

tms,elakd l=reñKshd

jï ngq j.djg nyq, j ydks lrk w;r ;lald,s" w¾;dm,aj,g o l=lìfÜis l=,hg

wh;a mf;da," jegfld`M" msms[a[d wdoS fnda.j,g o ydks lrkq ,nhs' f.da,dldr fyda

b,smaidldr yevfhka hqla; l=vd bífnl=f.a iajrEmh .kakd ;s;a l=reñKsfhls' ÿUqre

meyefha isg r;= ÿUqre meyeh olajd j¾Kh fjkia fõ' mQ¾j mshdm;a hq., >k ù we;s w;r

ta u; l`M ;s;a olakg ,efí' fiñka mshdir lrhs'

Ôjk pl%h ydksfha iajNdjh

iqyqUq,a i;=ka yd lSghska by; i|yka l<

fnda.j, m;%j,g ydks lrhs' lSgfhda m;%

iQrd l;s' iqyqUqf,da kdrá yer m;% mgl

wdydrhg .ks;s' ydks l< miq m;% kdrá

b;sß ù oe,la fia osia fõ' ydksh wêl jQ

úg m;% iels,a, muKla b;sß fõ'

tms,elakd l=reñKshdf.a Ôjk pl%h

iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh osk 35-40&

^ì;a;r lymdghs'm;% há me;af;aouhs'&

^,d ly mdghs'foayfha LkaGlwe;'&

^fldaI.; wjia:djm;% há me;af;a isà'&a

ms,jd

lSghd

ì;a;r

iqyqUq,d

tms,elakd l=reñKshd iy lSghd

m;%j,g ydks lrk wjia:djla



md,k l%u

² l=reñKshka w;ska tl;= lr úkdY lsÍu

² lDó kdYl fhoSu

² tms,elakd l=reñKshkaf.a Odrl Ydl úkdY lsÍu

² fldfydU oshr" iqÿ`Ækq ødjKh hkdosh m;% u;g biSu

wjq,lfmdard l=reñKshd

lrú, l=,hg ^l=lìfÜis l=,h& wh;a jk mf;da," lrú," jegfld`M" msms[a[d"

lelsß wdoS Ydlj,g nyq, j ydks isÿ lrhs' wjq,lfmdard l=reñKshka úfYaI lSmhla

olakg ,efí' ;eô,s mdg" l`M mdg" iy ÿUqre meye;s mQ¾j mshdm;a jfÜ l`M odrh we;s

úfYaI nyq, j y÷kd.; yels fõ' 7 mm muK os. l=vd l=reñKsfhls'


lSgfhda fnda.j, uq,a wdydrhg

.kakd w;r l| isÿre lr;s' iqyqUq,a

i;d m;% ld oeóu ksid m;% ;,fha isÿre

rdYshla we;s fõ'

wjq,lfmdard lDñhdf.a Ôjk pl%h

iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh osk 35-45&

lafIa;%fha oS nyq, j yuq jk wjq,lfmdard úfYaI

yd wjq,lfmdardjkaf.a ydksh

md,kh

² ì;a;r yd ms,d wjia:djka úkdY lsÍu

² me< isgqùug fmr mi ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu

² fldfydU" mdjÜgd jeks hqI j¾. biSu'

² ridhksl lDó kdYl fhoSu

² l=vd f.j;a;l kï lDóka N+ñf;,a Ndckhlg tl;= lsÍfuka úkdY l< yels h'

óg wu;r j y÷kd .; yels imd lk fyda úld lk lDó m<sfndaOlhka lSmhla my;

oelafõ'

ms,jd

iqyqUq,d

ì;a;r

lSghd

ôSma;su;a ly meye;s h'

mi u;=msg$ fld< frdvq

u; ì;a;r ouhs'&

^ly meye;s h;o ÿUqre ysi&

^fldaI.; wjia:dj&

<

<

<<



f.dhï ueiaid ù îcj,gydks lrk wdldrh

lDñhd rEmdka;rKh ydks lrk fnda. ydks lrk ydksfha

wjia:d iajNdjh

lsh;a mKqjd iïmQ¾K f.dajd" fkdflda,a" lSghd ;jdka me< yd

rEmdka;rKh rdnq" îÜ" ñßia" <má me< ld jïngq" ;lald,s wdoS ouhs' fnda.

foys iuk< iïmQ¾K foys" fodvï" cukdrx lSghd m;% yd wxl=rlSghd rEmdka;rKh wdoS fnda. imd lhs'

fmd,a l`M iïmQ¾K fmd,a" ;,a we;=`M iqyqUq,a <má m;% fld<l=reñKshd rEmdka;rKh mdfï l=,fha Ydl Ôúhd os. yeÍug

fmr ld ouhs'

úo hqI Wrd fndk lDóka

fuu lDóka fnda.fha úúO fldgiaj,ska hqI Wrd fndhs' ta fya;=fjka m<uqj Ydl

ue,ùula fmkakqï lrk w;r miqj Ydlh l%ufhka ly meye fõ' ydksh ;jÿrg;a jeä

jk úg ÿUqre meye ù ueÍ hhs' fndfyda úg fudjqka ffjria frda. o m;=rejhs' úo hqI Wrd

îu i|yd fujeks i;=kaf.a Y=Kavdj kï bosßhg fkrd .sh uqL Wmdx.hla we;' w;a ldphla

Ndú; lsÍfuka fuh meyeos,s j oel .; yels fõ' Wod ( me< uelalka" lSvEjka" l=ä;a;ka"

f.dhï ueiaika

f.dhï ueiaid

Ôjk pl%h

f.dhï ueiaid Tjqkag u wdfõKsl

jQ .kaOhlska hqla; fõ' os. isyska isrerla

we;' 14 mm muK os. h' ijia ld,fha yd

Woh ld,fha fudjqyQ ießir;s' .%eñfka

l=,hg ;DK l=,h& wh;a Ydl u; Ôj;a

jk fuu lDñhd ÿUqre meye;s fõ'

ydksfha iajNdjh

iqyqUq,ka iy YsY=jka f.dhu lsß jeoS f.k

tk wjia:dfõ oS <má ù îc isÿre lr hqI Wrd

fndhs' YsY=jd iy iqyqUq,a ueiaid hqI Wrd î îc

fnd,a njg m;a lrhs' iy,a weg >k jk wjia:dfõ

oS isÿ jk fuu ydksh ksid ;;a;ajfhka nd, iy,a

,efí' mSoSug fmr f.dhï ul=Kka u,a mSoSfuka

miq <má îcj, hqI Wrd fndñka nrm;, f,i

ydks isÿ lrhs'

ì;a;rYsY=jd

^,d fld<

meye;s h&

^m; %fh a ueo kdráhgwdikak j iudka;r j fma<sf,i ì;a;r ouhs' j,dldriqÿ meye ì;a;r miqj w÷remeyehg yef¾'&

f.dhï ueiaidf.a Ôjk pl%h wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh&

iqyqUq,d

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lafIa;%fha yuq jk úo hqI Wrd fndk ;jka lDó m<sfndaOlhka lsysm fofkl= ms<sn|

j f;dr;=re my; oelafõ'

lDñhd rEmdka;rKh ydkslrk ydks lrk ydksfhafnda. wjia:d iajNdjh

ÿUqre me< wiïmQ¾K ù iqyqUq,a yd m;% fldmq isÿre lSvEjd rEmdka;rKh YsY= lr hqI Wrd îu'

wjia:dj ffjria frda.m;=rejd,Su'

l+ä;a;ka wiïmQ¾K ñßia" mf;da," iqyqUq,a l| úo hqI WrdrEmdka;rKh lrú, wdoS fnda. wjia:dj fndhs'

ffjria frda.m;=rejhs'

yn,a mdo wiïmQ¾K mf;da," lrú, iqyqUq,a M, yd l| úo ul=Kd rEmdka;rKh wdoS fnda. yd YsY= hqI Wrd fndhs'

wjia:d

iQrd hqI Wrd fndk lDó m<sfndaOhka

iSÍug yd hqI Wrd îug wkqj¾;kh jQ uqL Wmdx. fuu lDóka i;= fõ' Ydl

fldgiaj, mgl iQrd tu fldgiaj, hqI Wrd îfuka ydks muqKqjhs' Wod ( f.dhï me<

uelald" flfi,a me< uelald" my;rg t<j¨ fnda.j,g ydks lrk me< uelald

f.dhï me< uelald (Thrip)

me< uelald iQrd hqI Wrd fndñka f.dhï Ydlhg ydks muqKqjhs' YÍrh b;d ishqï

h' iqyqUq,ka 3-5 mm w;r fõ' os. isyska isrerlska hqla; fõ' isref¾ odrj, isyska os.á

fl|s msysgd we;' fudjqka ly meyefha isg ;o ÿUqre meye;s fõ' m;% u; fõ.fhka tyd

fuyd mkshs' mßK; i;=ka ydkshg m;a jQ m;% ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï oS oelsh yels h'

Ôjk pl%h

f.dhï fld< ;=< ì;a;r ouhs' bka msg

jk l=vd me< uelaflda YsY= wjêh .; lr iqyqUq,a

Ôúhka njg m;a fõ' w¾O rEmdka;rKh iys;

Ôjk pl%hla .; lr;s'

me< uelald Thrip&

ydksfha iajNdjh md,k l%u

f.dhï me< uelalka îqyqUq,ka iy ² úl,am Odrl Ydl úkdY lsÍu

YsY=jka& m;%j, hqI Wrd îu ksid <má ² bmke,a, mqMiaid úkdY lsÍu

fld< ly meye ù u,dksl fõ' ydksh ² lDñ kdYl fhoSu

;on, jQ úg f.dhu ueÍ hdug o bv

we;'

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iQrd hqI Wrd fndk fjk;a lDó m<sfndaOhka

lDñhd rEmdka;rKh ydkslrk ydks lrk ydksfha fnda. wjia:d iajNdjh

flfi,a me< w¾O flfi,a iqyqUq,ka flfi,a f.ä uelald rEmdka;rKh yd YsY=jka iQrd isÿre lrhs'

úh<s ld,fha oSiïmQ¾K Ydlfha;ekska ;ek iQrdhqI Wrd fndhs'

my;rg t<j¨ w¾O lrú," iqyqUq,ka u,a iy <má fnda.j,g rEmdka;rKh mf;da," yd YsY=jka wxl=rj, w.%ia:fha ydks lrk jegfld`M mgl fldgia iQrd me< uelald hqI Wrd fndhs'

ta fya;=fjka m;%wiajdNdúl

yevhla .kS'

M, fyda l| isÿre lrk lDó m<sfndaOhka

fuu ldKavhg wh;a jk lDóyq M, fyda l| isÿre lr ì;a;r ou;s' bka msg jk

lSgfhda wNHka;r fldgia wdydrhg .ksñka ydks muqKqj;s' Wod ( b,a ueiaid" m,;=re

ueiaid" fndaxÑ ueiaid" flfi,a l| .=,a,d

b,a ueiaid

lrú," jegfld`M" mf;da," msms[a[d wdoS

l=l=ìisfÜis l=,hg wh;a Ydlj,g ydks muqKqjhs' b,a

ueiaid 7 mm muK os. fõ' mshdm;a os.yeßh úg 15 mmmuK fõ' fudjqkaf.a mshdm;a úksúo fmfkk iq`Mh'

Y,al msysghs' b,a ueiaid ÿUqre meye;s h' Worfha ly

meye;s f¾Ld 3 la olakg ,efí'


lSghd M, ;=< we;s udxi, fldgia

wdydrhg .ekSu ksid M, l=Kq ù úkdY ù

hhs' M, ;=< we;s jk l=yr iys; nj ksid

os,Sr yd nelaàßhd wdidok we;s úh yels h'

iqM ydkslr

wjia:dfõ oS M,

úlD;s ù fjf<|

jákdlu wvq fõ'

b,a ueiaidf.a ðjk pl%h osk 18-20 .; fõ& b,a ueiaid ydks l< lrú, f.ähla

iqyqUq,d

ì;a;rms,jd

lSghd

^äïn ksOdhlfhkaM,h isÿre lr ì;a;rouhs'&

iqÿ meye;s h'

^ly meyehg yqre iqÿmeye; sh'M, ; =<udxi, fldgia lhs'&

mi ;=<isà

>>

>

>

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md,k l%u

² ìu ieliSfï oS mi ÔjdKqyrKh

lsÍfuka fldaI.; ms,d wjia:d úkdY l< yels h'

² ydks jQ M, tl;= lr mqMiaid úkdY

lsÍfuka ì;a;r yd lSg wjia:d úkdY

l< yels h'

² <má lr,a fmd,s;skaj,ska wdjrKh lsÍu

² f*rfudaka W.=,a Ndú;d lsÍu

² lDó kdYl fhoSu <má lr,a i|yd fmd,s;Ska wdjrK fhoSu

M, fyda l| isÿre lrk fjk;a lDóka


wjia:d iajNdjh flfi,a l| iïmQ¾K flfi,a lSghska flfi,a l| ydrd .=,a,d rEmdka;rKh wdydrhg .kshs'

.ekSu ksidj¾Okhg ndOdwe;s fõ'

fndaxÑ ueiaid iïmQ¾K fndaxÑ" uE wdoS lSghska lf|a mdoia:rEmdka;rKh Ydlj,g fldgfia mgl

wdydrhg .ekSuksid l| mdoia:hbosó mqmqrd hhs'

m,;=re ueiaid iïmQ¾K wU" fmar jeks lSghska M, ;=< Wux idodrEmdka;rK m,;=rej,g tu fldgia

ld oeóu ksiduDÿ l=Kq ùug

,la ùu'

m;% yl=¿jk lDóka

jïngq fld< yl=Mjk o<Uqjd

iqyqUq,a Ôúhd ÿUqre meye;s fõ' mshdm;aj,

ly meye;s ;s;a yd bß olakg we;' o<Uqjdg lSghd&

fld< meye;s úksúo fmfkk foayhla we;' o<Uqjd

ál osklska fldaI.; ù miqj i<nhd îqyqUq,d&

fldaIfhka msg;g meñfKhs' i<nhd m;% u; ì;a;r

ouhs' osk lSmhlska msg jk lSgfhda fld< yl=`Mjd

.ksñka ta ;=< jefv;s' iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla .;

lr;s'

ydksfha iajNdjh

Ydlfha ;ekska ;ek yelsMKq m;% olakg ,efí' m;% mgl o<Uqjd úiska iQrd lEu

ksid Ydlfha j¾Okh nd, ù wiajkq wvq fõ'

m;% u;ì;a;rouhs'

fld< meye;s h'úksúo fmfkkfoayhla we;'

ÿUqremeye;sh'mshdm;aj,ly ;s;a yd bßwe;'

fld< yl=Mjk o<Uqjdf.a Ôjk pl%h

lSghd

ms,d

jevqKq i;diqyqUq,d

ì;a;r

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² md,k l%u

² f.dgq .id we;s m;% w;ska tl;= lr úkdY lsÍu

² fldfydU" ksl jeks lDóka" wm%sh lrk hqI m;%j,g biSu

² lDñ kdYl biSu

óg wu;r j m;% yl=`Mjk lDó j¾. isák" bka lSmhla ms<sn| my;ska oelafõ'


wjia:d iajNdjh

nKavlald iïmQ¾K nKavlald lSghd m;% frda,a lrñkafld< rEmdka;rKh ta ;=<g ù Ydlyl=Mjk fldgia ld ouhs'o<Uqjd yels`MKq m;%

olakg ,efí'

f.dhï fld< iïmQ¾K f.dhï lSghd m;% odr tlg ne|yl=Mjk rEmdka;rKh m;% frda,a lr .kS'o<Uqjd m;% uOHfha mgl

iQrd lhs' ydkshjeä jQ úg ;ekska;ek iqÿ meyehgyereKq yelsMKqm;% olakg ,efí'

fldmq mKqjd iïmQ¾K f.dhï lSghd lSghd m;% ;,hrEmdka;rKh frda,a lr idod

.kakd fldmqj ;=<Ôj;a fõ' w.fldgia lmdwdydrhg .ekSuksid tu fldgiarys; f.dhï m;%

olakg ,efí'

frda. jdyl lDóka

frda. jdylhska f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka tla frda.S Ydlhl isg ;j;a ksfrda.S Ydlhla

lrd frda. ldrlhska /f.k hk lDó ldKavhs' fï i|yd WodyrK f,i l+ä;a;d" me<

uelald" iqÿ ueiaid" lSvEjd hk lDóka kï l< yels h'

l+ä;a;d

l`M meye;s ;rul rjqï isrerla we;' 3 mm muK fõ' wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla

fmkajhs'

ydksfha iajNdjh

l=ä;a;ka ñßia" msms[a[d fnda.j,g úÑ;% ffjria

frda.h m;=rejhs' fuúg ñßia m;% /,s jegqKq iajNdjhg

m;a fõ' ñßia lf|a nyq, jYfhka olakg ,efí' lf|ka

hqI Wrd î jefvhs'

l=ä;a;ka y÷kd .ekSu

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md,k l%u

² osñ f.dgq fhoSfuka l=ä;a;ka úkdY lsÍu

² inka oshr fhoSu

² odia fm;shd j.d lsÍfuka u,g meñfKk i¾msfâ ueiaika úiska l=ä;a;ka

wdydrhg .ekSu

² ks¾foaYs; lDñ kdYl fhoSu

fjk;a frda. jdyl lDóka

lDñhd rEmdka;rKh ydks lrk fnda. ydks lrk m;=rejk

wjia:d fjria frda.

iqÿ ueiaid wiïmQ¾K ñßia yd my;rg iqyqUq,ka ñßia fld<^ffjria frda. rEmdka;rKh t<j¨ fldvùujdylfhls& fndfyduhlg

lSvEjd wiïmQ¾K f.dhï iqyqUq,ka ;DKdldr l=reùu^ffjria frda. rEmdka;rKh

jdylfhls'&

lDóka fkdjk m<sfndaOhka

lDókag wu;r j my; i|yka i;ajfhda fnda.j,g ydks muqKqj;s'

² uhsgdjka ² lDka;lhka

² mlaISka ² uDoajxYSka

uhsgdjka

0'4 mm - 0'5 mm olajd m%udKhla jk fudjqka mshú weiska hdka;ï oelsh yels fõ'

uhsgd úfYaI lSmhla lafIa;%fha oS yuq fõ' iqÿ uhsghd" ly uhsghd" r;= ul=`Mjl= jeks

uhsghd" Scarlet uhsghd tjeks úfYaI lsysmhls'

wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla fmkajk i;aj ldKavhls' rEmigykska uhsgdjkaf.a

Ôjk pl%fha úúO wjia:d fmkakqï lrhs'

uhsgdjka y÷kd .ekSu

uhsgdjkaf.a Ôjk pl%h uhsgd

´j,dldr

úksúo fmfkkwjêh

mdo hq.,4 la iys;iqyqUq,awjêh

mdohq., 3

iys; úksúofmfkk

mßK; fkdjQYsY=

wjêhmdohq., 4la

iys; mßK;YsY= wjêh

iqyqUq,a

ì;a;r

YsY=



uhsgdjkaf.a ydksfha iajNdjh

iqyqUq,ka iy YsY=jka hqI Wrd îu ksid Ydl m;%j, yß;m%o úkdY ù hhs' fï ksid

m;% frda,a ù r;= ÿUqre meye;s ù úh<S miqj ueÍ hhs' j¾K fjkia ùu m<uqfjka meyeos,s

f,i n,d .; yels jkqfha Ydl m;%j, hg me;af;a h' m;% há me;af;a f.d`Mfn,a,ka .sh

miq we;s jk wdldrhg os,sfik iajNdjhla .kS' u,a fm;sj,g o fudjqyq ydks isÿ lr;s'

fijk iys;" j,a me<Eá nyq, j we;s" khsg%cka fmdfydr wêl" c, jykh uekúka

isÿ fkdjk ia:dkj, we;s j.djkaj, fuu ydksh nyq,j olakg ,efí'

md,kh

j,a me<Eá bj;a lsÍu" ukd c, jykhla we;s lsÍu" khsg%cka fmdfydr wju f,i

Ndú;h ydksh nyq, kï niqãka fyda iqñ;sfhdaka wvx.= ridhksl øjHhla biSu'

lDka;lhska

fuu j¾.fha m<sfndaOhka f,i óhka" f,akqka" ydjqka" j÷rka wdosh i|yka

l< yels h' fudjqka w;=ßka óhka iy f,akakq fndfyda úg .DydY%s; fnda.j,g yd .nvdj,

OdkHj,g ydks muqKqjk w;r" wfkl=;a t<j¨" w, fnda. iy m,;=re fnda.j,g o ydks

f.k fo;s' fuu fnda. j¾. imd wdydrhg .kS' ófhda w,j, uq,a ydrd wdydrhg .ks;s'

óg wu;r j .nvd .; OdkH fyda fjk;a fnda.j,g fudjqkaf.a u," uQ;% iy f,dau tl;=

ùfuka wmú;% fõ' ydfjda fndfyda úg Ydl m;% imd lEu iy úld lEu isÿ lr;s' Ydlfha

<má fldgiaj,g fndfyda fia ydks muqKjhs' j÷frda Ydl m;% wdydrhg .ekSu o M, lvd

lEu o fnda. Ydl lvd úkdY lsÍu o isÿ lr;s'

md,kh

óhka" f,akqka jeks i;=ka md,kh i|yd ó l;=re Ndú;h" fjk;a W.=,a wegùu"

n<¨ka we;s lsÍu wdosh l< yels h' ydksh W.% jQ úg úI iys; weu Ndú; isÿ l< yels

h' j÷rka" f,akqka m<jd yeÍu i|yd glh Ndú; l< yels h'

ydjqka i|yd o W.=,a wegùu" úI ;ejrE øjH j.d ìfï ;eîu yd j.dj fmd,a w;="

fmd,s;ska jeks øjHhlska wdjrKh lsÍu o l< yels h' r;s[a[d msmsrùfuka j÷rka m<jd

yeßh yels h'

mlaISka

lmqgka" ù l=re,a,ka" .srjqka" uhskka" f.a l=re,a,ka" jjq,ka wdoS mlaISyq fnda. îc ld

oeóu" meiqKq lr,a lmd wdydrhg .ekSu yd bÿKq M, wdydrhg .ekSu isÿ lr;s'

md,kh

Yío W;amdol iú lsÍu glh" osh fyd,auk jeks& u.ska fudjqka m,jd yeßh yels

h'

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uDoajxYSka

f.d`Mfn,a,d" yxf.d,a,d wdoS m<sfndaOhka fuu ldKavhg wh;a fõ' me< iïmQ¾Kfhka

ld oeóu" me< lmd oeóu" fudjqkaf.a ydks f,i oelsh yels h'

fudjqyq f;;ukh we;s ia:dkj, ie`.ù isg rd;%S ld,hg fnda.j,g ydks lr;s'

f;; iys; l=Kq f.dvj,a" f;; msÿre" ;K fld<" fldyq n;a jeks øjH we;s tallj,

ì;a;r ou;s' jrlg ì;a;r 150 - 300 la muK ouk w;r osk 14 - 21 la muK .; jQ miq

l=vd megjq msg;g meñfK;s'

f.d`Mfn,a,df.a YÍrh ;o lgqjlska wdjrKh ù we;s w;r yxf.d,a,df.a YÍrh

wdjrKh ù ke;'

fudjqka md,kh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka l%u wkq.ukh l< yels h'

² w;ska w,a,d tl;= lsÍu

² ie`.ù isák iA:dk t<sfmfy,s lsÍu

² weula ;nd úkdY lsÍu

² ¨Kq oshr oeóu - tu.ska f.d`Mfn,a,ka iy yxf.d,a,ka úkdY l< yels fõ'

² fugd weu Ndú;h - fug,aäyhsâ 15 g la yd,a ksjqvq 500 g la iu. ñY% lr c,h

oud ñY% lr l=vd fnda, idod .kak' tajd lafIa;%fha

óg¾ 3 ka ;=kg muK ÿrlska ;eîfuka ta fj; weoS tk

f.d`Mfn,a,ka úkdY m;a fõ'

lDó yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO md,k l%u

YIH úoHd;aul l%u (

² ìï ieliSu - mfia isák lDó ðjk pl%fha wjia:d úkdY fõ'

² l%uj;aj fmdfydr Ndú;h- wiu;=,s; j fmdfydr fh¥ úg ^jeä jQ úg&

Ydl uDÿ ùfuka lDó ydks we;s fõ'

² lkakhg j.d lsÍu - md,k lghq;= tl jr bgq lsÍu ksid m<sfndaO

md,khla fõ'

² fnda. udrej - tla fnda.hlg iqúfYaI m<sfndaO j¾. fjk fjk

u we;s neúka Tjqkag hemSug Ydl fkdue;s ùfuka

m<sfndaO md,kh fõ'

² j.dfõ me< w;r kshñ;

mr;rhla mj;ajd .ekSu - Ydl jeã m<sfndaO m%;sfrdaë;dj jeä fõ' j,a

me< md,kfhka Odrl Ydl fkdue;s fõ'

² m%;sfrdaë m%fNao j.d lsÍu - fuu m%fNaoj,g m<sfndaOhd m%;sfrdaë jk neúkA

ydks fkdlrhs'



hdka;%sl l%u$fN!;sl l%u

² fmd,a w;= t,a,Su ² M, wdjrK fhoSu

² lïmk WmlrK t,a,Su ² j.d ìfï ikSmdrlaIdj

^glh" osh fyd,auk& ² wdl¾IK yd úl¾Yk øjH yd fnda. Ndú;h

² w;x.=jla fhdod .ekSu ² fmd,a ms;s isgqùu

² myka W.=,a Ndú;h

ffcj úoHd;aul l%u

m<sfndaO .ykh j<lajd .ekSug my; i|yka mßos Ôùka fhdod .; yels fõ'

² fm%dñfld;Sld l=ñx.s fmd,a l=reñKshd md,khg äfudalshd cejksld lDñhd

fhdod .ekSu

² fld< yl=<k o<Uqjka" l+ä;a;ka md,khg osñhka fhoùu

² n;a l+rd" bì l=reñKshd" m<`.eáhd" r;= lähd" wdoS m<sfndaOlhkaf.a iajNdúl

i;=rka wdrlaId lsÍu

kS;s uÕska$ wKmk;a uÕska md,kh wNHka;r yd ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh&

lDó yd lDó fkdjk m<sfndaO md,kfha oS o ndysr yd wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhk l%u

Ndú; lrhs' fmd,a m;% lKskakdf.a me;sÍu je<elaùu i|yd uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, isg rg

ueog fmd,a m%jdykh lsÍu rch u.ska 1972 oS ;ykï lsÍu WodyrK f,i oelaúh

yels h'

ridhksl l%u

wka ishü l%uj,ska md,kh l< fkdyels wjia:dj, oS fuu l%uh wkq.ukh

lrkq ,efí'

id¾:l lDó kdYl Ndú;hla i|yd ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

² lDñhd ms<sn| f;dr;=re oek .ekSu

² lDó kdYl ksishdldr j fhoSu

² lDñ kdYl fhosh hq;= fõ,djka ms<sn| oekqula ;sîu

² kshu lDñ kdYl ixfhdack ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu

² fhosh hq;= lDó kdYl ud;%dj ms<sn| m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,fha i|yka j we;s

mßos l%shd lsÍu

² lDñ kdYl fhdok l%u

² oshr f,i biSu ² úh<s l=vq f,i biSu ² OQulrKh ^ÿula f,i fhoSu&

² lDó kdYl fhoSfï oS Ndú;hg .kq ,nk WmlrK

² oshr bisk hka;% ² l=vq bisk hka;%

² m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,hl wvx.= úh hq;= lreKq

² lDIs ridhkfha fjf<| kduh

² fjf<| ku wi, ji hkak i|yka lsÍu

² fjf<| kduhg háka ridhk o%jHfha kduh

² m<sfndaO kdYlfha úI ;;a;ajh

² m<sfndaO kdYl úI ;;a;ajh ukskq ,nkafka" t,a'ã'50 w.h u.sks' L.D.50



w.h wvq jk úg úI jeä jk w;rg L.D.50 w.h jeä jk úg úI wvq fõ'

m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,fha wvx.= jk mdg ;Srej u.ska úI m%udKh oek .;

yels h'

mka;sh mdg ixfla;h

I W.% úI r;= wk;=reodhlhs

II uOHu úI ly ydksodhlhs

III wvq úI ks,a wjodkï iys;hs

IV iqM úI fld< m%fõYfuka

^Y%S ,xld mßir iïfï,kh" lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j&

lDIs ridhk øjH Ndú;fha wdrlaIs; Wmdh ud¾.

² m<sfndaO kdYl biSug fmr ms<smeosh hq;= lreKq

wdrlaIdldÍ we÷ula we|Su" uqyqK yd w;a md wdjrK me<|Su" m<sfndaO kdYl fnda;,h

lshjd ne,Su" gexlshg Nd.hla muK c,h mqrjd miqj kshñ; m%udKhg m<sfndaO kdYlh

tl;= lsÍu'

² m<sfndaO kdYl bisk w;r;=f¾ oS ms<smeosh hq;= lreKq

;o iq<x we;s úg fkdfhoSu" ;ud foig fkdtk f,ig iq<x yuk osidjg ,ïnl

j isg biSu" bisk w;r;=f¾ oS wdydr .ekSu$ j;=r îu$ ÿïmdkh wdosh fkdlsÍu" YÍrhg

hï wmyiq;djla we;s jQ úg biSu k;r lsÍu

² m<sfndaO kdYl biSfuka miq ms<smeosh hq;= lreKq

Ndú; l< we÷ï" oshr biskh fidaod" wdrlaIdldÍ j ;eîu" w;a jeiqï" .e,ùug fmr

fidaod miqj inka .d w;a fiaoSu" inka .d iakdkh lsÍu" lDó kdYl ñY%Kfha b;sßh yd

ysia fnda;,a j<,d oeóu'

² lDIs ridhk øjH ñksiqkag úI ùu

uqLh" kdih" iu ;=<ska lDIs ridhksl øjH YÍrhg isÿ úh yels h' lDIs ridhk øjH

úI ùfï oS oelsh yels ,laIK(

² la,dka;h ² wêl f;fyÜgqj ² jukh

² nfâ oeú,a, ² leiSu ² mdpkh

² lrleú,a, ² wêl f,i oyäh oeóu ² leiai

² iunr;dj fkdue;s ùu ² mmqfõ oeú,a, ² ms<siaiSu

² weia fmkSu ÿ¾j, ùu ² l÷`M .e,Su ² Yajik wmyiq;dj

² ysi roh

² m%:udOdr

² bisk wjia:dfõ oS kï biSu kj;d frda.shd ksoyia ia:dkhlg f.k hdu

² we÷ï bj;a lr fidaod msßisÿ lsÍu

² jydu ffjoHjrhl= lrd f.k hdu

² fnda;,fha f,an,h iys; n÷k frda.shd iu`. /f.k hdu w;HjYH fõ' Bg

fya;=j kï f,an,fha m%;s úI i|yka lr ;sîuhs'



ridhksl m<sfndaO kdYl fhdod lDóka md,kh lsÍu

² tms,elakd l=reñKshd iy wjq,lf*dard l=reñKshd i|yd -

ghslaf,dafrdf*dka 500 g/l ridhkslh wvx.= ämafgfrlaia t,a'ã' 50] fhosh yels

h'

² b,a ueiaid u¾okhg f*ka;sfhdaka 500 g/l ridhkslh wvx.= f,nhsisâ B'iS'50]

iqÿiq fõ'

² msá ul=Kka yd fldrfmd;= lDóka md,kh i|yd vhsñf;dataÜ 400 g/l wvx.= jk

frdf.d¾ 40 jeks lDñ kdYlhla fhosh yels h'

² i,a*¾ 80] f;; l=vq& wvx.= ;fhdaúÜ ví'mS' ,xflï i,a*¾ jeks lDñ kdYl

fhdod uhsgdjka md,kh l< yels fõ'

² tgf*dka fm%dlaia 100 g/l fyda ldfnd*shqfrdka 3] leg hk ridhkslhka wvx.=

lDñ kdYl M, yd lrá úoskakka md,kh lsÍug fhdod .; yels fõ'

úI rys; ridhksl fyj;a m<sfndaO kdYl idod .kakd wdldrh iy j.dfõ i;aj m<sfndaOhska

md,kh lsÍSu

² odiafm;shd" fldfydU fld<" fmd,a f,,s" lcq f,,s wdoS fld< j¾.j,ska ÿï

we,a,Su u.ska b,a ueiaika md,kh lsÍu'

² l=ä;a;ka" fld< lk o<Uqjka" lSvEjka" me< uelalka md,kh i|yd inka" fldfydU

fld< hqI iy fldfydU weg" is.rÜ fldg" ÿïfld<" mdjÜgd jeks øjH ;eïnQ c,h

fhosh yels h'

² fldfydU w`Mj,ska idod .kakd ødjKh iy fldfydU weg fldgd b;sß jk frdvq

mig ñY% lsÍfuka mfia Ôj;a jk m<sfndaO wjia:djka úkdY l< yels fõ'

² fld< lk o<Uqjka md,kh i|yd lyô,shd" .|mdk" l=mamfïkshd fld< c,fha

m,a lr fmrd Ndú;hg .; yels h'

² wuq f.du" .a,sßiSähd" ksl" fldfydU" mdjÜgd" hk øjH nßka iu j f.k osk 14la

m,a fjkakg yer fmrd .kakd ødjKh 1:6 wkqmd;hg c,h fhdod fnda.j,g

biSfuka m<sfndaO lDóka md,kh l< yels h'

² fldÉÑ 100 g la fldgd c,h 1 l la ñY% lr meh 24 la ;nd fyd|ska fmrd 1(5

wkqmd;hg c,h ñY% lr j.djg fhoSfuka lDóka md,kh fõ'

² wr,sh u,a 100 g la muK c,h 1 l lg oud thg iSks f;a ye|s 1 la ñY% lr meh 24

la meiùug ;nd fnda.j,g biSfuka uDÿ YÍr we;s lDóka md,kh fõ'

² iqÿÆkq yd mefmd,a weg iu j f.k ;,d c,h iu`. ñY% lr r;a lr meijd fmrd

biSfuka l=ä;a;ka yd me< uelalka md,kh fõ'

² yd,a ksjqvq c,fha osh lr lafIa;%fha ;ekska ;ek ;eîfuka óhka md,kh l< yels

fõ'

² ksl" mdjÜgd" ì,sx" l=re÷" wkakdis fldgd meijd hqI fmrd biSfuka m<sfndaOlhska

md,kh l< yels h'

² wfkdaod wuq M," îc" m;% yd uq,a fldgd c,h iu. ñY% lr meh 24 la meiùug ;nd

1(5 wkqmd;hg c,h tla lr fnda.j,g fhoSfuka lDó m<sfndaOlhska md,kh fõ'



ksmqK;dj 9 ( fnda. j.dfõ id¾:l;ajh i|yd mi yd c,h l<ukdlrKhlrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ( mdxY= Ldokh iy ydhkh wju lrñka j.d lghq;=j,kshef,hs'

l%shdldrlu 9'1 ( j.dfõ oS mdxY= Ldokh iy ydhkh wju lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 9'1'1 g we;=<;a m%jD;a;s isria;,h• weuqKqu 9'1'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla• weuqKqu 9'1'3 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 9'1'1 ( • iafõÉPdfjka bosßm;a jk YsIHhl= ,jd weuqKqu 9'1'1& ys

i|yka m%jD;a;s isria;, mka;shg bosßm;a lrjkak'• ta weiqfrka m%jD;a;s isria;, yd we;s iïnkaO;dj

isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• iajNdúl fya;+ka ksid fnda. j.djg úúO .eg¿

we;s jk nj• tu .eg¿ fnda. j.d lrk mig o n,mdk nj• ta ksid mfia fN!;sl" ridhksl" ffcùh ,laIK

msßySu ksid mfia ksIamdol;dj msßfyk nj ydth mdxY= ydhkh f,i y÷kajk nj

• mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= f,i mdxY= Ldokh" wdï,sl;djj¾Okh" ,jK;dj j¾Okh" ldnksl øjH ysÕùu"mi ;oùu wdosh oelaúh yels nj

• fnda. j.d i|yd fuu ;;a;ajhkag ms<shï fhoshhq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 9'1'2 ( • mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï ;=klg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾

mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 105 hs'&

mshjr 9'1'3 ( • lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• bosßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g u úia;drKh i|yd m%:u




• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• mdxY= ydhkhg my; lreKq fya;= jk nj

• wksis f,i mi Ndú; lsÍu• wksis f,i mi yeisrùu• ta ms<sn| wjfndaOh uo ùu• tys jeo.;alu fkdoekSu

• mdxY= Ldokh hkq mia wxY= mdxY= foayfhka fjka ùlsishï idOlhla fya;==fjka fjk;a ;eklgm%jdykh ù ;ekam;a ùu nj

• mdxY= Ldok ldrl my; tajd nj• c,h • iq<Õ• i;=ka • .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h

• foaYSh ;;a;aj hgf;a oS jeo.;a idOlh c,h jknj

• c,h wdldr lsysmhlska mdxY= Ldokhg n,mdknj• j¾Idm;kh• .,d hk c,h• c,fha /,s l%shdj

• iq<fÕa fõ.h fya;=fjka iq<x jeä m%foaYj, ydld,j, mdxY= Ldokh isÿ jk nj

• i;=ka úúOdldrhg mdxY= Ldokhg fya;= jk nj• .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h fya;=fjka mia wxY= fjka ùula

ke;s j l÷ msáka fjk;a ia:dkhlg m%jdykhjk nj

• mdxY= Ldokfha mshjr lsysmhla we;s nj• mia wxY= mdxY= foayfhka fjka jSu• m%jdykh ùu• fjk;a ia:dkhl ;ekam;a ùu

• mdxY= Ldokfha úúO wdldr ;sfnk nj• ia:Íh Ldokh• wNHka;r Ldokh• we,s Ldokh• úYd, fldgia jYfhka mia p,kh ùu

• mdxY= Ldokh ksid jk wys;lr n,mEï• mi ksire ùu• .x j;=r ;¾ck• fnda. j.djg wmyiq ùu• mi wdï,sl ùu• mfia ,laIK msßySu• Ydl weo jeàu

• wdï,sl;dj j¾Okh ùu mfia we;sjk .eg¿jlanj

• pH w.h 7 g wvq ùu wdï,sl mil ,laIKhla nj• mila wdï,sl ùug úúO fya;= n,mdk nj



• wêl j¾Idm;kh ksid mi fiaoS hdu• úúO fya;= ksid ldnksl wï, iEoSu• wdï,sl fmdfydr j¾. os.ska os.g Ndú;h• wï, jeis

• wdï,sl mil fnda. j.dfõ oS .eg¨ we;s jk nj• ,jK;dj hkq mfia ,jK idkaøKh fnda. j.djg

WÑ; fkdjk uÜgulg m;a ùu nj• ,jK;dj we;s ùug fya;= f,i

• jdIamSlrKh wêl ùu• ,jK wêl jdß c, iïmdokh• ridhksl fmdfydr wêl f,i Ndú;h

• ,jK;dj j¾Okh jQ úg fnda. j.dfõ oS .eg¿we;s jk nj

• laIaø Ôùka u.ska osrdm;a l< yels Ydl yd i;a;ajfldgia ldnksl øjH f,i ye|skaúh yels nj

• ldnksl øjH ysÕ ùu ksid mfia ,laIK msßySfukafnda. j.djg WÑ; fkdjk ;;a;ajhg m;a jknj• fmdaIK W!K;d• jHQyh" jd;kh ÿ¾j, ùu• c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj wvq ùu• laIqø Ôù l%shdj wvq ùu• legdhk yqjudre Odß;dj wvq ùu

• háka we;s mia wxY= ;oska weisrSu mi ;o ùu f,iye|skaúh yels nj

• mi ;o ksid my; i|yka .eg¿ we;s jk nj• c, jykh ÿ¾j, ùu• j.=re ;;a;aj we;s ùu• Ydl uQ, moaO;sj,g ydks ùu

• mdxY= Ldokh j<lajd mi wdrlaId lsßu mdxY=ixrlaIKh nj

• mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u ldIsld¾ñl yd hdka;%sl l%uf,i j¾. flfrk nj

• lDIsld¾ñl l%u f,i• ksjeros N+ñ mßyrKh• ksjeros ìï ieliSu• ksjeros c, md,kh• iqÿiq whqre fnda. isgqùu

• jiqka fhoSu mfia u;=msg ia;rh wdjrKh lsÍu• Ôù jiqka - wdjrK fnda.• wÔù jiqka - msÿre" fmd,s;Ska

• hdka;%sl l%u f,i• fy,au¿ iEoSu • ldkq lemSu • jeá iEoSuÔj jeá iEoSu o l< yels nj

^SALT" iejekaord jeks&



• mfia ksIamdol;dj os.= ld,Sk j wdrlaId jk mßosWiia mdxY= ,laIK Wiia ;;a;ajhg f.k tau mdxY=mqkre;a:dmkh f,i y÷kajk nj

• wdï,sl mia mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd• le,aishï wvx.= øjH mig tla lsÍu yqkq.,a"

w¿yqkq" osh .eiQ yqkq" fvd,uhsÜ" ismamslgq l=vq&• NdIañl fmdfydr fhoSu

^NdIañl ia,e.a&• ,jK mia mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd

• mig jeämqr c,h fhdod c, jykh ùugie,eiaùu

• mig ldnksl øjH ñY% lsÍu• wêl ,jK we;s úg mfia u;=msg ;=kS ia;rhla

fia bj;a lsÍu• ldnksl øjH ysÕ úg" ldnksl øjH tl;= lsÍu yd

mi ;o ùu we;s úg ;o jQ ia;r lvd oeóug .eUqreiS iEu u.ska o mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh l< yels nj

ñks;a;= 60 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ( mdxY= ydhkh" mdxY= Ldokh" mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh w¾: olajhs' mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u fhoSfuka nEjqï ìïj, mfika Wmßu m%fhdack .; yels

nj ms<s.kshs' j.dfõ oS mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh lrhs' N+ñh wkd.; mrïmrdjg o m%fhdackhg .; yels jk fia mßyrKh lrhs' ks¾udKYS,S j f;dr;=re ikaksfõokfha kshef<hs'



weuqKqu 9'1'1

m%jD;a;s isria;, lsysmhla

• fï oskj, weo yef,k wêl j¾Idj fya;=fjka .ukd.ukhg ndOd we;s ù ;sfí'

• j¾Idj ;j ÿrg;a mej;=K fyd;a kdh hEfï ;;a;ajhla Wod úh yels neúka fokshdhl÷ wdY%s; m%foaYj, uyck;djg wdrlaIl ia:dk lrd hk f,i rch oekqï fohs'

• le,Ks .fÕa c, uÜgu my< hdu ksid uqyqÿ c,h mdkSh c,h iuÕ ñY% ùug bvwe;s nj wjOdrKh flf¾'

weuqKqu 9'1'2


"j.dfõ oS mdxY= Ldokh iy ydhkh wju lruq' "

• my; i|yka tajdhska Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• mdxY= Ldokh• mfiys wdï,sl;dj yd ,jK;dj• mfiys ldnksl øjH wvq ùu yd mi ;o ùu

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y÷kajkak'

• th mdxY= ydhkh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh y÷kd .kak'

• mdxY= ydhkh ùu je<lSug fyda ydhkhg ,la jQ mia kej; fnda. j.djg WÑ; whqreixialrKh lsßug .; yels l%shd ud¾. úia;r lrkak'

• Tfí mdi,a f.dúmf,a fyda f.j;af;a Tn olsk fujeks .eg¨ i|yka lr Bg fhoshyels ms<shï fhdackd lrkak'

• Tn lKavdhug wod< ld¾h mßY%hg f.dia ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'

• Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsßug iQodkï jkak'



weuqKqu 9'1'3


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka Tn mdi,g wod< mßos my; i|yka ud;Dld;=kla i|yd lKavdhï ;=kg ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ilia lrkak'

nEjqï iys; ìul kï ;eks;,d ìul kï

• mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd ldkq lemSu • wÔù jiqka fhoSu

• mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd jeá iEoSu • Ôù jiqka fhoSu• mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd fy,au¿ iEoSu • mig ldnksl øjH fhoSu

• ish¨ u ld¾h mßY% i|yd wod< fmdÿ fhojqï

• Wo¨ 09

• w,jx.= 03 • ñkqï má 03 • ;dÉÑ 03 • ij,a 03

• ld¾h mßY% I i|yd iqúfYaIS fhojqï

• msÿre$ fnda. wjfYaI$ úh<s ;DK$ lemamsáhd fld< ;eks;,d ìul kï&

• ld¾h mßY% II i|yd iqúfYaIS fhojqï

• .,a len,s$ fmd,a f,,s$ iejekaord - nEjqï ìul kï

• wdjrK fnda. i|yd frdamK øjH - ;eks;,d ìul kï

• ld¾h mßY% III i|yd iqúfYaIS fhojqï

• ;K msv,s - nEjqï ìul kï

• ldnksl øjH - ;eks;,d ìul kï



weuqKqu 9'1'4

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

fnda. j.djg WÑ; whqre mi ixrlaIKh yd mqkre;a:dmkh

Is l¾udka;fha oS fnda. j.d lsÍu i|yd mi úúOdldrfhka mßyrKh lrkq

,efí' úoHdkql+, j ksjeros l%u wkq.ukh lrñka mi Ndú; lsÍu u.ska os.= ld,Sk j

mfika Wmßu M, fk<d .ekSug yels fõ' tfia fkdue;s j mi mßyrKh lsÍu ksid

mfiys fN!;sl" ridhksl" ffcùh ,laIK msßyS hdfuka mfiys .=Kd;aulNdjh msßfya'

tu ksid mfia ire nj yd ksIamdol;dj wvq ù hhs' fufia mfia ksIamdol;dj msßyS hdu

mdxY= ydhkh kï fõ' mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= jk lreKq f,i mdxY= Ldokh" wdï,sl;dj

yd ,jK;dj j¾Okh" ldnksl øjH wvq ùu" mi ;o ùu" wdosh oelaúh yels h' fuu

;;a;ajhka j¾Okh ùug fya;= jkafka wksis f,i mi Ndú; lsÍu" wksis f,i mi

md,kh lsÍu" ta ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd;sîu iy tys jeo.;alu fkdoekSu hk lreKqhs'

mdxY= Ldokh

mdxY= Ldokh hkq mia wxY= mdxY= foayfhka fjka ù lsishï idOlhla fya;=fjka

fjk;a ia:dkhl ;ekam;a ùfï l%shdj,shhs'

fï wkqj mdxY= Ldok l%shdj,sh mshjr ;=klska isÿ fõ'

1' mdxY= foayfhka mia wxY= fjka ùu'

2' fjka jQ mia wxY= fjk;a ia:dkhlg m%jdykh ùu'

3' w¨;a ia:dkhl tu mia wxY= kej; ;ekam;a ùu'

mdxY= Ldokh isÿ ùug fya;= jk idOl fyj;a mdxY= Ldok ldrl my; i|yka tajd

fõ'

1' c,h 2' iq<`. 3' i;=ka 4' .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h

c,h

foaYSh ;;a;aj hgf;a oS b;du jeo.;a mdxY= Ldok ldrlh c,hhs' mdxY= Ldokh i|yd

c,fha n,mEu wdldr lsysmhls' tys oS j¾Idm;kh" .,d hk c,h" c,fha /,s l%shdj

wdosh jeo.;a fõ' j¾Idm;kfha ld, iSudj" j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;dj yd j¾Idm;k m%udKh

jeä jk úg mdxY= Ldokh jeä fõ' mi u;=msáka c,h .,d hk úg o mdxY= Ldokh isÿ

fõ' .x.dj, c,h .,d hdfï fõ.h jeä jk úg bjqre Ldokh jeä fõ' l÷lr ìïj,

oS c,h .,d hdu fõ.j;a ksid mdxY= Ldokh b;du;a jeä fõ' mil c, wjfYdaIKh yd

c, jykh ÿ¾j, jk úg u;=msáka c,h .,d hdu ksid mdxY= Ldokh jeä fõ'

c,fha /,s l%shdj, mdxY= Ldokh i|yd fya;= fõ' uqyqfoa /,s l%shdj" .x.dj,

/,s l%shdj fuhg wh;a fõ' úfYaIfhka uqyqÿ Ldokhg fya;= jkafka fuu /,s l%shdjhs'

iq<`.

iq<f`.a fõ.h fya;=fjka mia wxY= mdxY= foayfhka fjka ù .id f.k hdu ksid mdxY=

Ldokh isÿ fõ' iq<f`.a fõ.h jeä jk úg mdxY= Ldok m%udKh jeä fõ' iq<x Ldokh

n,mdkafka ,xldfõ iuyr m%foaYj,g muKs' uyshx.kh" yqkakia.sßh" W!j m<d; jeks

lD



m%foaYj, iy úh<s l,dmfha h,a lkakfha oS iq<x Ldokh jeämqr oelsh yels h' fndfyda

ÿrg iq<x Ldokh isÿjkafka iq<x jeä cQ,s" wf.daia;= hk udij,oS h'

i;=ka

i;=kaf.a úúO l%shd ksid mdxY= Ldokh i|yd isÿ fõ' mi u; ixprKh lrk

i;=kaf.a nr yd l=r .eàï ksid mi u;=msg we;s mia wxY= mdxY= foayfhka fjka ù fjk;a

ia:dkj,g f.dia ;ekam;a fõ'

úúO i;=ka úiska mi yEÍu o" mdxY= Ldokh fya;= ldrl fõ' Wod ( W!re óhka' ;jo

ñksidf.a úúO l%shdldrlï o mdxY= Ldokh jeä lsÍug fya;= fõ' Wod ( wksis ìï ieliSu'

.=re;ajdl¾IK n,h

.=re;aj n,h fya;=fjka úYd, fldgia f,i mia p,kh ùu isÿ fõ' fuys oS mia wxY=

fjka ùula fkdue;sj u wdrïNl ia:dkfha isg mia l÷ tf,iska u fjk;a ia:dkhlg

m%jdykh fõ' ,xldfõ l÷lr m%foaYj, oS fujeks Ldokhka oelsh yels h' kdh hdï

fuhg WodyrK fõ'

mdxY= Ldokfha wdldr

mdxY= Ldokh úúO iajrEmfhka oelsh yels h' tkï ia:Íh Ldokh" wNHka;r

Ldokh" we,s Ldokh" úYd, fldgia jYfhka mia p,kh ùu wdosh hs'

ia:Íh Ldokh - lafIa;%fha u;=msg ia;rh fiaoS hdu fuys oS isÿ fõ'

wNHka;r Ldokh - j¾Idj ksid mi u;=msáka fjka jk mia wxY= mi ;=<g

we;=`M ù mi ;=< wjldY jeiS hdu fuys oS isÿ fõ'

we,s Ldokh - mi u;=msg tl;= jk w;sßla; c,h N+ñfha my;a m%foaY

lrd .,d hdfï oS tu c,h .,d hk m%fõ.h jeä ùu

ksid mia wxY= fjka ù we,s iEoSu isÿ fõ' th we,s Ldokh

kï fõ' fuu we,s úYd, ùfuka miqj w.,a iEfoa' bka

isÿ jk Ldokh w.,a Ldokhhs'

úYd, fldgia jYfhka mia p,kh ùu -

mia wxY= fjka ùula isÿ fkdù l÷ jYfhka fjk;a

ia:dkhlg m%jdykh ùuhs' Wod ( kdh hEu

mdxY= Ldokh ksid jk wys;lr n,mEï

² idrj;a mia lafIa;%fhka bj;a ùu ksid mi ksire ùu

² .x.d" c,dY wdosfha mia ;ekam;a ùu ksid tajd f.dv ùu" .xj;=r ;¾ck we;s ùu'

² lafIa;%fha taldldÍ nj ke;s ùu ksid fnda. j.d lsÍug wmyiq ùu

² mi wdï,sl ùu

² ldnksl øjH wvq ùu ksid mfia c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj my< hdu" mfia fN!;sl "

ridhksl" ffcj ,laIK msßySu'

² Ydl uq,a ksrdjrKh ù .ia weo jeàu



wdï,sl;dj

mil H+ idkaøKh jeä jk úg wdï,sl;dj we;s fõ' mdxY= pH w.h 7 jvd wvq kï'

tjeks mila wdï,sl mila f,i ye|ska fõ' wdï,sl mil NdIañl whk (Ca++, Mg++, K+)iq,N;dj idfmalaI j wvq jk w;r wdï,sl whk (H+, Al+++) iq,N;dj idfmalaI j jeä fõ'

mila wdï,sl ùug fya;=

² wêl j¾Idm;kh iys; m%foaYj, mi ks;ru c,fhka msÍu ksid NdIañl whk mi

;=<g laIrKh ùu

² l÷ nEjqïj, oS j¾Idm;kh fya;=fjka mi fiaoS hk úg NdIañl whk fiaoS hdu'

² ldnksl øjH nyq, j mig fhoSu ksid iEfok ldnksl wï, m%udKh jeä ùu' wvq

WIaK;aj iys; m%foaYj, oS ldnksl øjH w¾O j úfhdackh ùu fya;=fjka fuu wï,

ksIamdokh fõ'

² wdï,sl fmdfydr j¾. j.d ìïj,g fhoSu' Wod ( wefudakshï i,af*aÜ

² wï, jeis we;s ùu' ld¾ólrKh wêl m%foaYj, oS jdhq f.da,hg ksoyia jk NO2, N2O,So2 jeks jdhq j¾. jeis c,fha osh ùfuka ksmojk wï," jeis c,h yd ñY% ùfuka wï,

jeis we;s fõ'

fufia wdï,sl;dj j¾Okh jQ mil fnda. j.dj lrf.k hdfï oS .eg¨ iy.;

;;a;ajhla we;s fõ' tu .eg¨ ;;a;aj jkafka"

² ´kEu fnda.hla i|yd m%Yia; j¾Okhla fmkajk pH mrdihla we;' mi wdï,sl ùu;a

iu. kshñ; pH mrdih fkd,efnk ksid fnda. j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ù wiajekak wvq ùu

² wêl wdï,sl ;;a;ajh fnda. uQ, moaO;shg úI iys; ;;a;ajhla we;s ùu

² Al +++, Fe+++ wdoS whkj, úI ùu isÿ ùu

² Ca++, Mg++, K+ jeks whk W!k;djla we;s ùu

,jK;dj

mdxY= ødjkfha we;s ,jK idkaøKh fnda.hlg ord .; yels uÜgu blaujd jeäùu

,jK;dj f,i ye|skafõ' fujeks mil pH w.h 7 g jvd jeä h'

,jK;dj we;s ùug fya;=

² wêl úh<s ;;a;aj we;s úg jdIamSlrKh wêl ùfuka mfiys my< isg ,jK iys; c,h

by<g ú;a c,h muKla jdIam ù hdu ksid mfia by< ia;rj, ,jK idkaøKh by<

hdu'

² j.d lafIa;% i|yd ksis l<ukdldÍ;ajhlska f;dr j tl os.g ,jK iys; jdß c,h

iïmdokh'

² úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, .eUqre j.d <sxj,ska ,jK ñY%s; c,h j.d ìïj,g os.ska os.g

iïmdokh lsÍu'

² ridhksl fmdfydr wêl f,i Ndú;h

mfiys ,jK;dj we;s ùu fnda. j.dfõ oS .eg¨jls' mdxY= ødjKfha ,jK idkaøKh

wêl jQ úg fnda. Ydlj, uQ, flaYj,g c, wjfYdaIKh ùu je<fla' fya;=j c,h .uka

lrkafka c, idkaøKh jeä ;ek isg c, idkaøKh wvq ;ekghs' Ydl uq,g idfmalaI j

mfia ,jK idkaøKh jeä jk úg c, idkaøKh wvq fõ'



ldnksl øjH wvq ùu

mil fN!;sl .=Kdx. by< uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSug fuka u legdhk yqjudre

Odß;dj by< oeóu i|yd o ldnksl øjH jeo.;a fõ' idudkHfhka lDIsld¾ñl ìul

j.djka i|yd N+ñh ms<sfh, lrk úg;a" j.dj mj;ajd f.k hk ld, iSudj ;=<;a N+ñh

wêl iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh fõ' fï ksid mfia wvx.= ldnksl øjH m%udKh úkdY

ù hdula isÿ fõ' tfia u ldnksl øjH úfhdackh ùfuka miq j Lksc iEoS" tu Lksc

fmdaIl fnda. Ydl u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrhs' fï ksid mfia ldnksl øjH wvq ùula isÿ fõ'

mfia ldnksl øjH wvq ù hdu ksid mfiys we;s úh yels .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;aj jkafka "

² fmdaIl W!K;djka we;s ùu

² mdxY= jHqyh ÿ¾j, ùu

² mfia c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj wvq ùu

² mdxY= laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh wvq ùu

² mfia iújr;dj wvq ùu'

² mdxY= jd;kh ÿ¾j, ùu'

² mfia legdhk yqjudre Odß;dj wvq ùu u.ska mfia idr;ajh wvq ùu

mi ;o ùu

mfiys wNHka;r Ldokfha m%;sM,hla f,i mi ;o ùu j¾Okh fõ' mi u;=msgg

c,h jefgk úg mfiys wjldY ;=<ska .uka lrk c,h iu`. u;=msg we;s ishqï mia wxY=

úfYaIfhka ueá wxY= laIrKh ù mfiys my< ia;rj, we;s wjldY w;r ;ekam;a ù ;o

ia;r we;s fõ' túg mfia c,h by< my< .uka lsÍug wmdr.uH fõ' tu ksid úh<s

;;a;aj hgf;a mi u;=msg úhf<k w;r j¾Idm;kh jeä jk úg c,h my<g .uka lsÍu

ndOd jk ksid by< ia;rj, c,h /|S j.=re ;;aa;ajhla we;s fõ' Ydlj, uQ, moaO;s ÿ¾j,

fõ' uq,a frda. me;sf¾'

mdxY= ixrlaIKh

mdxY= Ldokh j<lajd mi wdrlaId lr .ekSu mdxY= ixrlaIKhhs' fu u.ska mdxY=

ydhkh wvq lr .; yels fõ' mi ksrdjrKh ùu je<lSu;a" c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj yd

c, jykh jeä oshqKq lsÍu;a" .,d hk c, m%udKh wvq lsÍu;a" .,d hk c,fha fõ.h wvq

lsÍu;a u.ska mi wdrlaId lr .ekSu fuys oS isÿ flf¾' ta i|yd úúO l%u wkq.ukh lrkq

,efí' tajd mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u f,i ye|ska fõ' uQ,sl jYfhka mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u

fldgia follg fnfoa'

1' lDIsld¾ñl l%u 2' hdka;%sl l%u

1' lDIsld¾ñl l%u

ksjeros N+ñ mßyrKh nEjqu wkqj N+óh j¾.SlrKh lr ta wkqj fnda. j.d lsÍu&

fuys oS mdxY= Ldokh wju jYfhka isÿ jk m%foaYj, iqÿiq lDIsld¾ñl mdxY= ixrlaIK

l%u fhdod .ksñka fnda. j.d lrkq ,efí'



mdxY= Ldokh ;rula isÿ jk m%foaYj, mdxY= Ldokh j<lajk lDIsld¾ñl yd hdka;%sl

l%u fhdod f.k mi wdjrKh lrk fnda. j.d l< yels h' mdxY= Ldokh wêl m%foaYj,

iajNdúl jkdka;r ;sîug bv yeÍu fyda ;DK jeks mdxY= ixrlaIKhg ;=vq fok fnda.

j.d l< yels h'

ksjeros ìï ieliSu

j¾Idj wvq ld,j, oS ìï ieliSu;a" wjYH .eUqrg muKla ìï ieliSu;a iqÿiq fõ'

nEjqï iys; úg ifudaÉp wdldrhg ìï ielish hq;= h' nEjqï wêl ia:dkj, wju ìï

ieliSu fyda Y=kH ìï ieliSu l< yels h'

ksjeros c, md,kh

wjYH m%udKhg muKla c,h iemhSu l< hq;= h' c, jykh i|yd l%fudamdhka

wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

iqÿiq whqre fnda. isgqùu

kshñ; ld,fha oS fnda. isgqúh hq;= h' nEjqï ìïj, oS ifudaÉp wdldrhg fnda.

isgqúh yels h' fnda. w;r mr;rh kshñ; whqre ;nd .; hq;= h' mdxY= Ldokh wêl kï

flá l,lska mi wdjrKh jk fnda. isgqúh yels h'

jiqka fhoSu

msÿre" fnda. wjfYaI" ;DK wdoS øjHj,ska mi u;=msg jeiSu fuys oS isÿ flf¾' fïjd

wÔù jiqka h' fu u.ska mdxY= Ldokh wvq ùu fuka u c, ixrlaIKh o isÿ fõ' mig

ldnksl øjH tl;= jk ksid mfia fN!;sl ,laIK o jeä oshqKq fõ'

wdjrK j.d fhoSu

mi wdjrKh jk fia úúO Ydl jeùu fuys oS isÿ flf¾' Wod ( mshqf¾ßhd" fikafg%diSud"

fviafudaähï" iaghsf,dieka;ia' fuys oS fndfyda úg rks, Ydl f;dard .kS' tu.ska mfia

khsg%cka jeä fõ' fuh Ôù jiqkls' fu u.ska mdxY= Ldokh wvq fõ' c, ixrlaIKh fõ'

mfia fN!;sl ,laIK jeä oshqKq fõ'

j,a me,Eá md,kh

f;dard .;a ydksodhl j,a me<Eá muKla md,kh lsÍfuka mdxY= Ldokh wvq fõ' j,a

md,khg hka;% fhoSu mdxY= Ldokh jeä lrhs' Wo¨ .Eu fjkqjg jdhj fldgia bj;a

lsÍu WÑ; h'

2' hdka;%sl l%u

wêl nEjqï iys; N+ñj, oS wu;r j hdka;%sl l%u Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' fuu l%u i|yd

uQ,sl úhou wêl jk w;r ukd ;dlaIKsl oekqula o wjYH fõ'



fy,au`M oeóu

nEjqïj, mia lmd mä fm< f,i

idok ,o jHQy fy,au`M f,i ye|skafõ'

fy,au`Mjla idokafka nEjqug ,ïnl j ifudaÉP f¾Ldjla u; h' fy,au`M oeóu

u.ska w;a jk m%fhdack jkafka"

² my<g .,d hk c,h r|jd .ekSu

² .,d hk c,fha m%fõ.h wvq lsÍu

² .,d hk c,h iu`. hk mia wxY= r|jd .ekSu

² wfkla hdka;%sl l%uj,g idfmalaI j úhou wvq ùu

² nEjqfï os. wvq ùu

ldkq oeóu

N+ñfha iudk mr;rj,ska ifudaÉp f¾Ldj, ldkq idokq ,efí' fuu md¾Yaúl ldkq

u.ska c,h tl;= lr f.k f.dia m%Odk ldkq fj; heùu lrhs' m%Odk ldkq iajNdúlj

msysá tajd fyda iajNdúl ux Tiafia lD;S%u j iE¥ tajd úh yels h' w;sf¾l c,h l%udkql+,

j lafIa;%fhka bj;a lsÍug yels ùu" mi u;=msáka .,k c,fhka fldgila mig wjfYdaIKh

ùu" .,k c,fha m%fõ.h wvq ùu" w;sßla; c,h iu`. we;s mia wxY= r|jd .ekSu wdoS

m%fhdack ldkq oeófuka ,nd .; yels h'

jeá oeóu

lafIa;%fha nEjqug ,ïnl j yria w;g fhdok

,o ndOlhka jeáhla f,i ye|skafõ' jeá oeóu

ifudaÉp f¾Ld u; isÿ l< hq;= h' .,a jeá" fmd,a

f,,s jeá wdosh fufia fhdok jeá j¾. iuyrls'

wu;r j Ôj jeá o Ndú; flf¾' Wod ( fojeá

l%uh (S A LT )

nEjqï ìfï ifudaÉp f¾Ld wkqj .a,sßiSähd jeks

Ydl jeá folla tl <`. l=vd mr;rhla iys; j

fhdokq ,efí' os.ska os.g fuu Ydl fojeáh lmamdÿ

lr kv;a;= l< hq;= h' lmamdÿ lrk Ydl fldgia fojeáh ueog tl;= flf¾' túg

fmdaIKh jeä oshqKq jk w;r" c, ixrlaIKh o jeä fõ'

iejekaord m÷re jeá fhoSu

j.d ìfï nEjqfï ifudaÉph osf.a iejekaord m÷re 20 cm mr;rh we;s j isgqjkq

,efí' lkak folla muK l,a .; jQ úg m÷re jeã iejekaord m÷re >k j jevqKq jegla

iEfoa' nEjqu wkqj jeá w;r mr;rh ;nd .kq ,efí'

1234567812345678123456781234567812345678lefmk fldgi

msrfjk fldgi

nEjqï ìï

fojeá l%uh S A LT - (SlopingAgricultural Land Technology)

fnda.h

.a,sriSähd jeáfol

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nEjqu jeá w;r mr;rh

5] 60 cm27] 14 cm57] 7 cm

iejekaord jeá fh¥ ìula

jeá oeóu u.ska o my<g .,d hk c,fha m%fõ.h wvq fõ' mia wxY= r|jd .efka'

c,h ixrlaIKh isÿ fõ'

mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh

lsishï ìul wLKav j fnda. j.d lsÍfuka tys fmdaIl bj;a flfrk w;r" ta ksid

mdxY= ;;a;ajh l%ufhka msßfya' tkï mfia ,laIK fnda. j.djg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a

fõ' ;jo úúO fya;= idOl ksid úúO ìïj, wdï,sl;dj ,jK;dj jeks ;;a;ajhka o

j¾Okh fõ' mfiys ldnksl øjH ySk ùu" mi ;o ùu jeks wys;lr ;;a;ajhka o j¾Okh

jk wjia:d we;' fuu ;;a;ajhka uÕ yer kej; j.djg WÑ; ;;a;ajhg mi oshqKq lsÍfï

wjYH;djla mekkÕS'

mfia ksIamdol;dj os.= ld,Sk j wdrlaId jk mßos mdxY= ,laIK Wiia ;;a;ajhlg

f.k tau mi oshqKq lsÍu fyj;a mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh f,i ye|ska fõ'

wdï,sl mia mqkre;a:dmkh

wdï,sl mila mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhla ;sfí' le,aishï

wvx.= øjH mig fhoSu bka tla l%uhls' yqkq .,a (CaCo3) w`M yqkq" (CaO) osh .eiQ yqkq

(Ca(OH)2) fvd,uhsÜ (CaCo3:MgCo3) tfia mig fhosh yels le,aishï wvx.= øjH fõ'

;jo ,S w`M" ismams lgq l=vq wdosh o fhosh yels h' wdï,sl mig fidaähï khsfÜ%Ü" NdIañl

ia,e.a jeks NdIañl fmdfydr fhoSu u.ska o wdï,sl;dj md,kh l< yels h'

,jK mia mqkre;a:dmkh

,jK mia h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu i|yd uQ,slj u c, jykh oshqKq l< hq;= h'

fujeks mil c,h ne| ;nd kej; bj;a lsrsu l< hq;= h' fuu c,h mfiys uQ, uKav,

l,dmfhka my<g laIrKh jk úg ,jK my<g fiaoS hhs' mig ldnksl øjH tl;=

lsÍfuka mfia ,jK idkaøKh wvq l< yels h' mfia u;=msg ia;rfha wêlj ,jK /ia

ù we;s úg iQrd u;=msg ;=kS ia;rhla f,i mia bj;a lsÍu o lrkq ,efí'

ldnksl øjH W!k jQ mia mqkre;a:dmkh

fï i|yd l< hq;af;a ldnksl øjH mig tla lsÍuhs' wuq fld< fmdfydr" úh<s

fld< frdvq" fldïfmdaiaÜ" f.dú m< fmdfydr jeks ldnksl øjH fia u fldyq n;a o mig

tla l< yels ldnksl øjH fõ' rks, j.d lr mig ñY% lsrsu u.ska o fuh l< yels h'

mi ;o ùu j¾Okh jQ mia mqkre;a:dmkh

fï i|yd l< hq;af;a há mi nqre,a lsÍu u.ska mfia wNHka;rfha j¾Okh ù we;s

;o ia;r lvd oeóuhs'

ysia;eka fkdue;s

wLKav jeá

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 ( wiajekak jeä lsÍug iqÿiq fmdfydr Ndú;d lrhs'

l%shdldrlu 9'2 ( fmdfydr fhdouq - ire M, ,nuq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • ldnksl yd ridhksl fmdfydr idïm,• weuqKqu 9'2'1 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla• weuqKqu 9'2'2 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd

Wmfoia• weuqKqu 9'2'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a folla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 9'2'1 ( • fmdfydr idïm, mka;shg bosßm;a lr isiqka w;g m;a

lrkak'• tajd ksÍlaIKh lr y÷kd .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'• fmdfydr mig fhdokafka l=ula i|yd oehs isiqkaf.ka

oek .kak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• Ydlj, ukd j¾Okhg fmdaIl jeo.;a jk nj• Ydl fmdaIl m%Odk ldKav follg fnosh yels

nj• fmdfydr u.ska Ydlj,g fmdaIl ,nd osh yels

nj• fmdfydr m%Odk ldKav follg fnod oelaúh yels

nj• fmdaIl wvq ùfuka Ydl W!K;d ,laIK fmkakqï

lrk nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 9'2'2 ( • mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï follg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾


^ñks;a;= 135 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• Ydl j¾Okhg w;HjYH jk fmdAIl uQ,øjH

mj;sk nj• fuu w;HjYH uQ,øjH uyd fmdaIl yd laIqø

fmdaIl f,i m%Odk fldgia follg fnosh yelsnj

• Ydl j¾Okfha oS jeämqr m%udKj,ska wjYH jkuQ,øjH uyd fmdaIl f,i ye|skafjk nj

• Ydl j¾Okhg iq¿ jYfhka odhl jk fyda iq¿m%udKj,ska wjYH jk uQ,øjH laIqø fmdaIl f,iye|skafjk nj

• C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S hk uQ,øjH uydfmdaIl jk nj

• Fe, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Mn hk uQ,øjH laIqø fmdaIljk nj

• Ydlj,g fuu uQ,øjH ysÕ jQ úg úúO W!k;d,laIK fmkajk njWod( N W!k;d ,laIK

• my< m;%j, isg by< m;% olajd l%ufhka ly mdg ùu• l,ska fïrE úlD;s u,a" M, we;s ùu

• fuu W!K;djka uÕ yrjd .ekSug ldnksl ydridhksl fmdfydr fhosh yels nj

• ridhksl fmdfydr uÕska wod< uQ, øjH iDcqj uYdlj,g iemhsh yels nj

• N, P, K wvx.= fmdfydr ñY%K fhoSfuka M,odjjeä lr .; yels nj

• ldnksl fmdfydrj, uQ,øjH ish,a, u mdfya iq¿jYfhka wvx.= jk nj

• hQßhd" wefudakshï i,af*aÜ" wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü"fidaähï khsfÜ%Ü" fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü wdoSridhksl fmdfydr uÕska Ydlj,g khsg%cka ,ndosh yels nj

• iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ" frdla fmdiafmaÜ" wefudakshïfmdiafmaÜ" le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ wdoS ridhkslfmdfydr u.ska Ydlj,g fmdiamria ,nd osh yelsnj

• ñhqf¾Ü T*a fmdgEIa" i,af*aÜ T*a fmdgEIa"fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü wdoS ridhksl fmdfydr uÕskaYdlj,g fmdgEishï ,nd osh yels nj

• ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ" ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ" lSirhsÜ"fvd,uhsÜ wdoS ridhksl fmdfydr u.ska ue.akSishï,nd osh yels nj



• Ydlj,g ldnksl fmdfydr ,nd oSu i|yd f.dúm,fmdfydr i;a;aj fmdfydr" fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr"fld< fmdfydr" weg lgq fmdfydr" f,a fmdfydrwdosh Ndú; l< yels nj

• ner,a l%uh" Ôj fldgq l%uh" jeä oshqKq l< l%uh"j, l%uh" f.dv l%uh Ndú; lrñka fldïfmdaiaÜfmdfydr ilia lr .; yels nj

• ldnksl fmdfydr j¾. w;=frka fldïfmdaiaÜfmdfydr idod .ekSu myiq jk w;r jdis rdYshla,nd .ekSug o yels jk nj

• fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr iEoSfï oS fldïfmdaiaÜ øjHyd fldïfmdaiaÜ udOH wjYH jk nj

• fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH f,i osrd m;a jk Ydl yd i;a;ajfldgia Ndú; l< yels nj

• fldïfmdaiaÜ udOH f,i f.du w¿ yd mrKfldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr c,h iuÕ ñY% lr idod.;a ñY%Kh Ndú; l< yels nj

• fmdfydr Ndú;fha ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsßug"ldnksl yd ridhksl fmdfydr ñY% j fhoSu" oshrfmdfydr fhoSu wdoS l%u Ndú; l< yels nj

• Ydlfha tla tla j¾Ok wjia:djg .e<fmkfmdfydr j¾. f;dard .ekSfuka fnda. j.djlskaire wiajekakla ,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (fnda. j.dj i|yd fmdfydr Ndú;fha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'ldnksl yd ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú; lr ire wiajekakla ,nd .; yels njms<s.kshs'fnda. j.dfõ id¾:l;ajh i|yd fmdfydrj, n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'ksis l<ukdlrKhlska hqla; j ;u ld¾h iM, lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'lKavdhula ;=< iyfhda.fhka jev lrhs'



weuqKqu 9'2'1


"fmdfydr fhdouq ire M, ,nuq'"

• Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s Ydl fmdaIl j¾. ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• uyd fmdaIl

• laIqø fmdaIl


• Ydl fmdaIl j¾.h y÷kajkak'

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrñka Tng ,eì we;s ud;Dldjg wod< fmdaIl j¾. wvqjQ úg Ydlj, oelsh yels W!k;d ,laIK úuid n,kak'

• Ydlj,g tu fmdaIl ,nd oSu i|yd Ndú; lrk fmdfydr j¾.j,g WodyrKolajkak'

• Tfí lKavdhug wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'

• ldnksl fmdfydr j¾.hla f,i fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr Ndú;fha jeo.;alu idlÉPdlrkak'

• Tng ,eì we;s fldïfmdaiaÜ iEoSfï l%ufha mshjr fláfhka meyeos,s lrkak'

• fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍug wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾. i|ykalrkak'

• Ydlj, tla tla j¾Ol wjia:dj, oS N, P, K ,nd oSug iqÿiq ridhksl fmdfydr j¾.yd tajdfha m%;sY;hka ms<sn| j f.dú uyf;l=g Wmfoia ,nd oSug Tng isÿ jqjfyd;ata i|yd Tfí fhdackd bosßm;a lrkak'




weuqKqu 9'2'2


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; oelafjk ud;Dld Tiafia ld¾h mßY%folla ilia lrkak'• fldïfmdaiaÜ ieoSfï ner,a l%uh$ Ôj fldgq l%uh• jeä oshqKq l< f.dv l%uhg fldïfmdaiaÜ iEoSu

• ish¨ u ld¾h mßY% i|yd wod< fmdÿ fhojqï• fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH• fldïfmdaiaÜ udOHh• Woe,a,la• w;a biafldamam lsysmhla• msys lsysmhla• ij,la


• ner,a l%uh

• ma,diaála ner,hla$ wäh mshkla fia ilik ,o ;dr ner,hla$ isfuka;s

rduqjla u; ;eìh yels ner,hla

• 75cm x 75cm m%udKfha oe,a lene,a,la isÿre 1cm muK jk&

• wdOdrl lsysmhla

fyda

• Ôj fldgq l%uh

• ,kq ler,s lsysmhla• 150cm muK os. ,S fldagq we,aìishd fyda .a,sßiSähd& wjYH muK


• 60cm la muK os. WK ng fyda PVC ng úIalïNh 3"& 6 la fyda 8 la

• ueá fyda f.du

• wdjrK lsÍug fmd,s;Ska fyda fjk;a iqÿiq wdjrKhla



weuqKqu 9'2'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

. j.dfõ uQ,sl wruqK jkafka by< wiajekakla ,nd .ekSuhs' wiajkq f,i

,nd .kafka Ydl ksmojk ldnksl øjHhs' Ydlj, ldnksl øjH ksmojkafka

m%NdixYaf,aIKh u.sks' ta i|yd wldnksl øjH wjYH fõ' tu wldnksl øjH Ydl ,nd

.kafka mfika" c,fhka yd jd;fhks' Ydlj, ldnksl øjH ksmoùu i|yd wjYH jk

wldnksl øjH wjg mßirfhka ,nd .kakd l%shdj,sh Ydl fmdaIKh f,i ye|ska fõ'

Ydl fmdaIKfha oS w;HjYH jk fmdaIl uQ,øjH m%Odk fldgia follg fnosh yels

h'

1' uyd fmdaIl' 2' laIqø fmdaIl

uyd fmdaIl

Ydl jeãug úYd, m%udKj,ska w;HjYH jk fmdaIl uQ,øjH uydfmdaIl fyj;a

wê ud;% uq,øjH f,i ye|skafõ' tajd kï

ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaiscka" khsg%cka" fmdiamria" fmdgEishï" le,aishï" ue.akSishï"

i,a*¾

fuu uQ,øjH w;=frka ldnka" yhs%cka iy Tlaiscka jd;fhka yd c,fhka ,nd

.kakd w;r wfkl=;a uQ,øjH mfika ,nd .kS'

laIqø fmdaIl

Ydl jeãug l=vd m%udKj,ska w;HjYH jk fmdaIl laIqø fmdaIl fyj;a wxY= ud;%

uQ,øjH f,i ye|ska fõ'

hlv" uex.kSia" iskala" fldm¾" fndafrdaka" fud,síäkï" ksl,a" fldfnda,aÜ

Bg wh;a jk uQ,øjH fõ'

Ydl j¾Okhg" meje;aug yd m%ckkhg wjYH Yla;sh ,efnkqfha fmdaIKh uÕsks'

fmdaIKh i|yd Ydlj,g wjYH uQ,øjH fndfyduhla mfika ,nd .kS' kuq;a ksrka;r

fnda. j.dj ksid fuu uQ,øjH mfika bj;a fõ' tu bj;ajk uq,øjH fmdfydr f,i

kej; mig ,nd fohs' fmdaIl wjYH m%udKhg mfika ,nd .; fkdyels jQ úg Ydlj,

úúO wdldrfha W!K;d ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'

fnda



uyd fmdaIl W!k;d ,laIK

fmdaIlh W!K;d ,laIK

ûQ,øjH&

khsg%cka (N) ² fïrE m;% lymdg ùu ² j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu² Ydl l=re ùu ² m;% ye,S hdu

fmdiamria (P) ² uq,aj, j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu² mßK; m;%j, há me;af;ka oï meyehg yeÍu² mqIam ye,S hdu² fkdfïrE m;% l=vd ùu² m;%j, oSma;su;a nj wvq ùu

fmdgEishï (K) ² w.%ia: fldgia ñh hdu² m;% odr ms<siaiqkq iajNdjhla .ekSu² Ydl weo jeàu² m;% kgq ÿ¾j, ùu

le,aishï (Ca) ² m;% wxl=rj, yß; fldgia úkdY ùu² m<;=re Ydlj, j¾Ol w.%ia:h ñh hdu² u,a yd wxl=r mßK;shg fmr ye,S hdu

ue.akSishï (Mg) ² m;% kdrá w;r fldgia ,d fld< meyehg yeÍu² m;% odr yd w.%h Wvq w;g yels,Su² m;% lefvk iq¿ ;;a;ajhla we;s ùu

i,a*¾ (S) ² fkdfïrE m;% ly meyehg yeÍu² Ydl l=vd ùu yd isyska ùu² j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ú mSoSu m%udo ùu

hlv (Fe) ² fkdfïrE m;%j, kdrá w;r yß;laIh ùu² miqj iïmQ¾K Ydlhu yß;laIh ùu

uex.kSia (Mn) ² m;% kdrá w;r fldgia ly meye ùu² m;%h oe<la wdldrhg osia ùu

iskala (Zn) ² Ydlfha m¾j flá ùu ksid m÷rla wdldrhg osia ùu² m;% >klñka jeä ùu² m;% yß;laIhg ,la ùu² Ydl l=re ùu

fldm¾ (Cu) ² m;% odrj, isg ly meye .ekaùu² w.%ia: fldgia ñh hdu² m;% blaukska ye,S hdu

fndafrdaka (B) ² mrd.Kh yd ixfiapkh yd îc yg .ekSu ÿ¾j, ùu² w.%ia: wxl=r j¾Okhg ndOd we;sùu

fud,síäkï (Mo) ² fïrE m;%j, ,d fld< mdg me,a,ï we;s ùu² kdrá w;r fldgia ñh hdu² rks, Ydlj, ÿ¾j, uq, .eá;s we;s ùu

² u,a ye,Su



iajNdúl j jefvk Ydl m%cdjka uÕska mi fmdaIKh fõ' osrdm;a ùfuka miq Ydl

fldgia ish,a, kej; mig tl;= fõ' fuys oS fmdaIl øjH mfika .ig;a" .fika mig;a

mßixl%uKh isÿ fõ' fnda. j.d lghq;= oS¾> ld,Sk j isÿ lrk úg bj;a jk fmdaIl

kej; mig ,nd oSu i|yd fmdfydr fhoSu isÿ flf¾' fmdfydr m%Odk fldgia follg

fnokq ,efí'

1' ldnksl fmdfydr îajNdúl fmdfydr& 2' ridhksl fmdfydr ^ld;%Su fmdfydr&

ldnksl fmdfydr

² f.dúfmd, fmdfydr ² i;a;aj fmdfydr

² fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr ² wuqfld< fmdfydr

² úh<s fld< fmdfydr ² fnda. wjfYaI

² f,a fmdfydr

f.dúm, fmdfydr

f.dúm, i;=kaf.a u, uq;% yd Tjqkaf.a ,e.=ï ia:dkj,g ouk oyhshd" msÿre" wdoS

wdia;rK øjH ish,af,ys tl;=j y÷kajkq ,nkafka f.dúm, fmdfydr jYfhks' f.dúm,fmdfydrj, wvx.= fmdaIl øjH m%udKh my; i|yka lreKq u; r|d mj;S'

² i;a;aj j¾.h ² i;=kaf.a jhi

² ,nd .kakd wdydr ² fhdokq ,nk wdia;rK øjH

² .nvd lr ;nk wdldrh

.=Kd;aul núka jeä f.dúm, fmdfydr ilia lsßu i|yd my; i|yka l%shdud¾.

wkq.ukh l< yels h'

² wdjrKhla hg .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu u.ska j¾Idjg fiaoS wmf;a hdu wvq jk w;r ysre

t<sh jeàfuka isÿjk khsg%cka úfhdackh kj;S'

² mig fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh je<elaùu i|yd .nvd lsÍfï oS ;o mila u; fyda wmdr.uH

mDIaGhla u; .nvd lr ;eîh hq;= h'

² f.dúm, fmdfydr lafIa;%hg fh¥ ú.i mig hg lsÍu fuu.ska ysre t<sfhka úh,Su

ksid jk khsg%cka ydksh wju lr .; yels h'

² os.= l,la .nvd lr fkd;eìu" os.= l,la .nvd lr ;eìfuka fmdfydr f.dv ;=<

WIaK;ajh by< f.dia fmdaIl úkdY ùula isÿ fõ' fuh j<lajd,su msKsi blaukska

Ndú; lsÍu yd .nvdfõ oS f;;aj ;nd .ekSu l< hq;= fõ'

i;a;aj fmdfydr

f.dúmf,ys we;s lrk úúO i;=kaf.a u, uq;% i;a;aj fmdfydr f,i ye|ska fõ' Y%S

,xldj ;=< nyq, j Ndú; lrk i;a;aj fmdfydr jkafka f.du fmdfydr t¿ fmdfydr yd

l=l=¿ fmdfydr h' jeä u khsg%cka m%;sY;hla we;s ldnksl fmdfydr j¾.h jkafka l=l=¿

fmdfydr h'

i;a;aj fmdfydr j¾. w¿;a ;;a;ajfhka fhoSu iuyr úg kqiqÿiq fõ' Bg fya;=j tys

ldnka wêl m%udKhla ;sîu wkqmd;h jeä ùuhs' túg laIqø ðùkaf.a j¾Okhg w;HjYH

N m%udKj;a fkdùu ksid tajdfha ÔrKh m%udo ùuhs'



fï ksid mfia ;djld,sl khsg%cka W!k;djhla we;s fõ' fuh uÕ yrjd .ekSug

j.d lsßug i;s lsysmhlg fmr i;a;aj fmdfydr mig fhdod mi iuÕ ñY% lsÍu

l< hq;= h'

fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr

bj; ,k ldnksl øjH Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia& Wmfhda.S lr f.k WIaK;ajh yd

f;;ukh md,kh lr laIqø Ôùka uÕska Ô¾Kh lrùfuka idod .kakd ,o fmdfydr

j¾.hla h' fuys wvx.= jk fmdaIH mod¾: m%udKh Ndú; lrk wuqøjH u; fjkia fõ'

ldnksl øjH f,i y÷kajkq ,nk Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia ldfndayhsfâ%Ü" fm%daàk"

,smsv yd Lksc hk fldgiaj,ska ieoS we;' fïjd b;d ixlS¾K ;;a;ajfha mj;sk neúka

Ydlj,g wjfYdaIKh l< fkdyel' fuu ldnksl øjH laIqø Ôùka uÕska Ô¾Kh lrùfuka

ir, øjH njg m;a lsßula fldïfmdaiaÜ ieoSfï oS isÿ flf¾' tys oS yshquia iEoS miq j tajd

Lksc njg m;a fõ'

id¾:l fldïfmdaiaÜ iEoSfï l%shdj,shla i|yd wjYH idOl

² øjHj, ldnka" khsg%cka wkqmd;h wvqùu

² fhdod .kakd ldnksl øjH we;=¿ wuqøjH fyd|ska ñY% lsßu

² f;;ukh yd jd;kh iemhSu

² WIaK;ajh 600C-650C muK ùu

² pH w.h 6'5-7 w;r ùu

fldïfmdaiaÜ ieoSu i|yd Ndú;d l< yels wuqøjH

úfhdackh úh yels kEu ldnksl øjHhla Ndú; l< yels h'

Wod( ² i;a;aj .d,aj,ska bj; ,k øjH$ f.dúm, fmdfydr

² uq¿;eka f.hska bj; ,k øjH

² kd.ßl le,s li,

² wdydr j¾. ilia lrk l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska bj; ,k øjH

² fnda. wjfYaI yd j,a me<Eá

fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr iEoSfï l%u

fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr idod .; yels l%u lsysmhla we;'

² f.dv l%uh ² j, l%uh

² ne/,a l%uh ² jeä oshqKq l< l%uh

² Ôj fldgq l%uh



f.dv l%uh

j¾Idj wêl m%foaYj,g fuu l%uh iqÿiq h' iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard f.k tu ia:dkh

msßisÿ lr iu;,d lr .kak' fldïfmdaiaÜ f.dfâ wähg u úh<S .sh Ydl m;%" msÿre"

,Sl=vq jeks >k øjHhla 20 cm la muK Wig fhdokak'

f;;ukh r|d mj;ajd .ekSug;a" laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh jeä lsÍug;a

fldïfmdaiaÜ udOH ilia lr .; hq;= h' ta i|yd wuq f.du" oej w¿" hqßhd iaj,amhla"

mrK fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr" c,h iuÕ ñY% lr Wl= ødjKhla ilia lr .kS' fuu

ødjKh wdrïNl ødjKh f,i ye|ska fõ' >k fldgia bj;a lr l=vd fldgiaj,g lmd

.;a fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH ;Ügqjla fi'ó' 15 muK Wig oud udOHfhka fyd|ska f;;a l< hq;=

h' kej; fi'ó' 15 Wig ;Ügqjla oud f;;a lr .; hq;= h' ta wdldrhg ;Ügq lsysmhla

udrefjka udrejg w;=rd .; hq;= h' iEu ;Ügqjlg u wjYH muK f;;ukh ;sìh hq;=

h' fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH fyd|ska osrdm;a ùu i|yd fmr,Su l< hq;= h' ta i|yd

I fmr,Su - i;s 2 oS

II fmr,Su - i;s 4 oS

III fmr,Su - i;s 6 oS

IV fmr,Su - i;s 8 oS

udi 3 lska miq j fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr Ndú;hg iqÿiq ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'

j, l%uh

úh,s m%foaYj,g iqÿiq l%uhls' 3-4 m la os. 2 m la m<, 1 m la .eUqre m;=, me;a;g

nEjqï jk fia j,la ilia lr .kak' ndysr j¾Id c,h j, ;=<g fkdtk wdldrhg

jeáhla fyda ldKqjla ilid .kak' f.dv l%ufha oS fuka fldïfmdaiaÜ njg m;a lsßug

fhdod .kakd øjH ;Ügq f,ig w;=rd .kak' fldïfmdaiaÜ f.dv fmr,Su i|yd jf<yshï bv m%udKhla ;nd .kak' f;;ukh ,nd oSu fyd|ska isÿ l< hq;= h' fmr,Su f.dvl%ufha l< wdldrhg u l< yels h' fuu l%ufha oS o udi 3 lg miq fldïfrmdaiaÜfmdfydr Ndú;hg .; yels h'

jeä oshqKq l< l%uh

fuu l%ufh a o S

fldïfmd ai aÜ øjH l=vd

fldgiaj,g lmd .; hq;= h'

miq j tajd udOH iuÕ fyd|ska

ñY% lr f.k iu;, .;a ìul

f.dv .id .; hq;= h'

fldïfmdaiaÜ f.dv ;=<g

PCV ng fyda WK ng 30 cm la muK os.g& lsysmhla we;=¿ lr ueá fyda f.du ;Ügqjlska

fyd|ska iS,a lr .; hq;= h' WK ng we;=¿ lsÍfuka fldïfmdaiaÜ f.dv ;=<g jd;h we;=¿

ùu;a" wjYH kï c,h fhoSu;a l< yels h' wu;r f.dv ;=< ;;a;aj úfYaIfhka WIaK;ajh

mÍlaId l< yels h' WIaK;ajh b;d ;oska by< hkafka kï f.dv fmr,d f;;ukh yd

fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH yd udOH

WK ng fyda PVC ng

ueá fyda f.du ;Ügqj



jd;h iemhsh hq;= h' udi 8 lska muK miq j fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr f,i Ndú; lsÍfï

wjia:dj ,efí' iuyr úgl fldïfmdaiaÜ øjHj, m%udKh" laIqø Ôùka f.a l%shdldß;ajh

hk lreKq u; ld,h iq¿ fjkila isÿ ùug o bv we;'

ner,a l%uh

ner,a l%uhg fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr ieliSfï oS wäh bj;a lr .;a ;dr ner,hla

jfÜ isÿre lr ilia lr .; yels h' tys tl me;a;l wäh mshkla fia ilid .; hq;= h'

tfia fkdue;s kï fj<|fmdf,ka 'fldïfmdaiaÜ' ner,a ñ, oS .; yels h' tjeks ner,hla

iqÿiq ia:dkhl ;nd osrd m;a jk Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia Bg tl;= l< yels h' osrd m;a

ùfuka miq ner,fha my<ska fyda my< we;s fodr ;=<ska fmdfydr msg;g .; yels h' osk

m;d tl;= jk ldnksl fldgia ner,fha mshk újD; lr thg oeñh yels h'

cSj fldgq l%uh

fuu l%ufha oS .a,siSähd ,S o~q rjqug isgqjd

,Kqj,ska jg lr .kq ,efí' ta ;=<g

fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH yd udOH tla lr .; yels

h' .a,siSähd o~q me< ùug bv yer tu Ydl

m;% o fldïfmdaiaÜ fldgqjg tl;= lrkq ,efí'

osrd m;a jq fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr fldgqfõ

my<ska ,nd .; yels fõ'

fmdiafmd fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr

fmdiafmd fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmojd .ekSu i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ tmamdj, m%foaYfha iajNdúl

j msysgd we;s tmamdj, fmdiafmaÜ ksêfhka ksmojk tmamdj, frdla fmdiafmaÜ fhdod .;

yels h' fuu fmdiafmaÜ j¾.h fj<| fmdf<ys ERP f,ig ñ, oS .; yels w;r th ú

j.dj i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk fmdfydrj,g jvd fnfyúka ñf,ka wvq h' kuq;a ERP j,

ødjH;djh wvq neúka flá ld,Sk fnda.j,g fhdod .ekSu wmyiq fõ' fuys oS msÿre" wuq

f.du" fld< fmdfydr fhdod .ksñka fldïfmdaiaÜ ms<sfh, lrk úg tys øjH;djh jeä

lr .; yels nj fidhd f.k we;' fuu fmdiafmd fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr fnda. j.djkag

fhosu ckm%sh fjñka mj;S'

mshk

ner,h

jd;dY% isÿre

úh<s Ydlm;% fydafldïfmdaiaÜøjH

wdOdrl

mshk

ner,h

fodr

,Kq

.a,siSähd ,S o~q

fldïfmdaiaÜ øjH

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fld< fmdfydr

Ydlj, fkdfïrE w;= fldgia yd Ydl m;% fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels h' fïjd

lafIa;%hg msg;ska f.keú;a fyda lafIa;%fha u j.d lr mig fhosh yels h' fld<

fmdfydr f,i jeä Yfhka Ndú; l< yels Ydl j¾. lsysmhls'

Wod( ishU,d" fldfydU" trnÿ" uodrd" iQßh" meKs f;dar" j,a iQßhldka;" jrd" lemafmáhd

fïjd wuq fld< fmdfydr f,i fuka u úh<s fld< fmdfydr f,i o Ndú; l<

yels h'

ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;fha jdis

² mfia jHQyh oshqKq fõ'

² mfia jd;dY%h jeä lrhs'

² mfia iújr;djh jeä flf¾'

² c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj oshqKq fõ'

² mdxY= Ldokh wvq lrhs'

² mfia legdhk yqjudre Odß;dj jeä flf¾'

² mdxY= laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh jeä flf¾'

² ldnksl fmdydrj, Ydlj,g wjYH jk uQ, øjH ish,a,la u mdfya wvx.= fõ'

² idfmalaI j wvq uqo,lska ksmojd .; yels h'

ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;fha wjdis

² w;HjYH uQ,øjH m%;sY;h idfmalaI j wvq neúka ksis m%;sM, ,eìu i|yd úYd,

m%udKj,ska fhosh hq;= h'

² .nvd lsÍu wmyiq h'

² lafIa;%hg fhoSug jeämqr ld,hla yd Y%uhla jeh fõ'

² laIKsl j m%;sM, fkd,efí'

² ldnksl fmdfydr ieliSug jeä ld,hla .; fõ'

² l,a ;nd .ekSu wmyiq h'

ridhksl fmdfydr

ridhksl fmdfydr hkq ridhksl øjH fhdod f.k l¾udka; Yd,dj, lD;%Su j

ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk fmdfydr j¾.hls' mfia M,odhS;dj by< kexùu i|yd ridhksl

fmdfydr j¾. o mig fhosh hq;= h' tuÕska mfia ksIamdok Yla;sh by< kxjd M,odj jeä

lr .; yls h'

lafIa;%fha mj;sk fnda.fha wjYH;djh wkqj wñY% fmdfydr f,i fuka u ñY%

fmdfydr f,i ñ, oS .; yels h'



khsg%cka wvx.= ridhksl fmdfydr j¾.

fmdfydr j¾.h wvx.= khsg%cka m%;sY;h

hQßhd 46]

wefudakshï i,af*aÜ 21]

wefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ 20]

le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü 15]

le,aishï yhsfâ%Ü 16]

fmdiamria wvx.= ridhksl fmdfydr

fmdfydr j¾.h wvx.= fmdiamria

P2O5& m%;sY;h

isx.,a iqm¾ fmdiafiaÜ ^S.S.P.& 16-20]

idkaø iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ T.S.P.& 46]

wefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ 52]

frdla fmdiafmaÜ 27-30]

fmdgEishï wvx.= ridhksl fmdfydr

fmdfydr j¾.h wvx.= fmdgEishï

^K2& m%;sY;h

ñhqßfhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa MOP& 60]

i,af*aÜ T*a fmdgEIa 50]

fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü 40]

ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;fha jdis

² fmdaIH mod¾: jeä m%;sY;hla wvx.= ùu

² fndfyda ridhksl fmdfydr blaukska osh jk ksid wjfYdaIKh blauka h'

² m%;sM, blaukska ,efí'

² .nvd lr ;eìu" m%jdykh" lafIa;%hg fhoSu myiq h'

ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;fha wjdis

² mdxY= jHQyhg wys;lr n,meï we;s lrhs'

² mfia ridhksl m%;sl%shd isÿ fõ'

² mdxY= Ôù l%shd wvmK fõ'

² idfmalaI wêl uqo,la jeh fõ'

² fhoSu i|yd ;dlaIKsl oekqu ;sìh hq;= h'



fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj

fnda.hg fh¥ fmdfydr m%udKfhka i;H jYfhka fnda.h Ndú; l< fmdfydr

m%udKfha m%;sY;h fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj f,i ye|ska fõ' fmdfydr ld¾hlaIu;dj

flf¾ fmdfydr j¾.h" mi" fNda.h" mßir ;;a;aj" fmdfydr fhdok l%uh hk idOl

n,mdkq we;' j.dfõ oS fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj by< oeóu jeo.;a fõ' ta i|yd

my; i|yka l%u wkq.ukh l< yels h'

² fnda.fha wjYH;d wkqj fmdfydr ñY%K ilid fhoSu

² kshñ; fmdfydr fhoSfï l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu

² ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr m%udKh tljr fkdfhdod jdr lsysmhlg fhoSu

² fmdfydr fhdod mi iuÕ ñY% lr mig c,h fhoSu

² oshr fmdfydr f,i fhoSu

² ldnksl fmdfydr iy ridhksl fmdfydr tlg fhoSu ÎPNS&




ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'3 ( c, iïm; l<ukdlrKfhka fnda. j.dfõ wiajkq jeälr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 9'3 ( we;s muK c,h fhdouq - wiajkq ire lruq'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 9'3'1 g we;=<;a iam%sla,¾ l%uhg j.d ìulgc,h imhk mska;+rh

• weuqKqu 9'3'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoiam;%sldfõ msgm;a folla

• weuqKqu 9'3'3 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|ydWmfoia

• weuqKqu 9'3'4 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a folla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 9'3'1 ( • c, iïmdokh oelafjk rEm igyk mka;shg m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'• iafõÉPdfjka bosßm;a jk isiqkaf.ka woyia úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• mfia we;s c,h fnda. j.djg m%udKj;a fkdjk

úg ndysßka c,h iemhSu c, iïmdokh f,ioelaúh yels nj

• c, iïmdok l%u úúO f,i j¾. l< yels njWod( • mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u

• c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u• fndA.j,g c,h iemhSu ukd l<ukdlrKhlska

isÿ l< hq;= nj• tu.ska fnda. j.dfõ wiajkq jeä lr .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 120 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• Ydlj, f;;ukh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSug

lafIa;%fha ukd c, l<ukdlrKhla wjYH nj• c,h wvq jeä ùï ksid Ydlj, úúO widudkH;d

^Disorders& fmkakqï lrk nj• tu wjia:d y÷kd .ekSfuka iqÿiq mßos c,

l<ukdlrKh lsßug myiq jk nj• c, l<ukdlrKfha oS Ydlj, f;;uk wjYH;d

iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd lD;%Su j c,h iïmdokh l<hq;= nj

• M,odhS f,i c, l<ukdlrKh l< yels c,iïmdok l%u m%Odk jYfhka my; i|yka mßosjk nj• mDIaÀh c, iïmdok l%u N+ ;,&• c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u

• fmdf<dj u;=msáka c,h fnda.hla fj;g .,dhdug ie,eiaùu mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh f,iye|skaúh yels nj

• msgdr" ;Sre" fíiï" we,s hk c, iïmdok l%u"mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u hgf;a y÷kajd osh yelsnj

• by; i|yka mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u" lafIa;%hgfhdok wdldrh" iqÿiq fnda. yd jdis wjdis fjkajYfhka y÷kd .; hq;= nj

• Ydlfha wjYH;djg m%udKd;aul j .e<fmk f,imuKla c,h iemhSu c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdokhf,i ye|skaúh yels nj

• c, ixrlaIK iïmdok l%u hgf;a ìkaÿ" iam%skala,¾^bisk& Wm mDIaÁh N+.;& hk l%u oelaúh yelsnj

• tys oS iújr k< yd ueá l< u.ska c,h iemhSuWm mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh hgf;a kej;;a fjkalr oelaúh yels nj

• iújr k< yd ueá l< je<,Sfuka c,h ldkaÿùug i,iajk nj

• iEu c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%uhl oS u c,wjfYdaIK Odß;dj jeä jk wdldrhg c,h imhknj

• ìkaÿ yd bisk hk c, iïmdok l%u hk foflysfndfyda iudkd;au;d we;s nj

• tfy;a tajdg iqúfYaIS jQ ;;a;aj we;s w;r tajdy÷kd .; hq;= nj

• fnda. j¾.hla i|yd úúO c, iïmdok l%u fhdod.; yels nj

• tfy;a úúO c, iïmdok l%u w;ßka fnda.hgjvd;a iqÿiq c, iïmdok l%uh f;dard .; hq;= nj



• ish¨ u c, iïmdok l%u c, iïm; iq/flkwhqßka jvd;a M,odhS f,i lafIa;%hg fhdod .;hq;= nj

• tfia c, iïm; ukd f,i l<ukdlrKhlsÍfuka fnda. j.dfjka Wmßu wiajkq ,nd oScd;sl wdodhug odhl úh yels nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (c, iïmdok l%u úia;r lrhs'fnda.j,g fhdok c,h ukd l<ukdldß;ajhlska hqla; j iemhsh hq;= njms<s.kshs'iqÿiq mßos c, iïmdok l%u ie,iqï lrhs'lKavdhu ;=< iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrhs'ld,h wkqj jev ie,iqï lr .kshs'



weuqKqu 9'3'1

weuqKqu 9'3'2


"we;s muK c,h fhdouq - wiajkq ire lruq'"

• c, iïm; l<ukdlrKfha oS wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk my; i|yka l%u w;ßka Tng,eî we;s ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh• c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u


• Tng ,eî we;s c, iïmdok l%uh y÷kajkak'

• tu l%uhg wod< úúO c, iïmdok l%u y÷kd .kak'

• tla tla c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;fha jdis wjdis idlÉPd lrkak'

• úúO fnda. j¾. i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq c, iïmdok l%u bosßm;a lrkak'

• wod< ld¾h mßY% fj; hkak'

• Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'



weuqKqu 9'3'3


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; i|yka ud;Dld Tiafia lKavdhï foli|yd ld¾h mßY% folla ilia lrkak'

• mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u

msgdr$ ;Sre$ fíiï$ we,s&

• c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u ^ìkaÿ$ iam%skala,¾$ iújr k,$ ueá l<&

• ld¾h mßY% I i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• c, m%Njhla

• Woe,a,

• .,algqj

• ij,

• f¾lalh

• ,kq

• ld¾h mßY% II i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• 1$2" PVC ng wjYH ÿr m%udKh wkqj&

• maf,aka fidlÜ$ fnkaâ$ "T" fidlÜ$ tkaâ lema

• PVC .ï

• yelafida lsh;a ;,hla

• c, úiqreï k< lÜg,hla

• iafgdma jE,aõ

• ä%ma ng

• ueá l<

• fmd,a lgq



weuqKqu 9'3'4

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

lDIsl¾uh i|yd wjYH c,h iajNdúl iïm;la f,iska Y%S ,dxlslhskag Wreu

ù we;' c,h fnda.hlg w;HjYH idOlhla jk w;r" c,h ys`. ùu fyda w;sßla; j

mej;Su ksid j.d lghq;=j, oS .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdkakg isÿ fõ' iajNdúl j¾Id c,h

fuka u fnda.j,g lD;S%u j imhkq ,nk c,h ksis l<ukdlrKhlg hg;a j j.d

ìulg ,nd oSfuka fnda.j, f;;uk m%;sY;h m%Yia; j mj;ajd .ekSug iu;a fõ' ta

fya;=fjka Ydlj, wLKav j¾Okhla we;s j by< wiajkq ,nd fohs'

Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾uh i|yd c, Ndú;h by< uÜgul mj;S' iajdNdúl c, iïm;

/l .ksñka fnda. j.djg m%Yia; whqßka c, iïmdokh lsÍu j.d ìul c, iïm;

l<ukdlrKh f,i ye|ska fõ'

fnda. j.dj flfrys c, iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu

îc m%frdayKfha isg wiajkq fk<d wjika jk f;la j.d ìul ksis c,

l<ukdlrKhla wLKav j mj;ajd .; hq;= h' Ydlj, W;aiafõokh isÿùu" u;=msg mfia

c,h jdIamSlrKh ùu u.ska m%Odk jYfhka mfika c,h bj;a fõ' mfia c, ys`.hla

fmkakqï lsÍug fmr wvq jk c, m%udKh ,nd oSug lghq;= l< hq;= h' tu.ska fnda.j,

j.djl c, m%;sY;h m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .; yels fõ'

tkaihsu" fydafudak l%shdldß;ajhka wvmK ùu" m%Ndixiaf,aIKh" Yajikh jeks

Ôj l%shdj,s wvd, ùu" mQáld ksishdldr j újD; fkdùu fya;=fjka jdhq yqjudrej

wl%uj;a ùu hkdosh c, ys.;djl oS fmkakqï lrk .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhka fõ' fuys

m%;sM,hla f,i ffi, úNckh wvmK ù j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu ksid fnda. j.djlska

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wiajkq fkd,eî hhs' fuu ;;a;ajhka uÕ yrjd .ekSug iqÿiq Wml%u

Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' /ia l< c,h wjYH wjia:dj, oS fnda.j,g lD;%Su j ,nd oSu c,

iïmdokh f,i ye|ska fõ'

imhkq ,nk c,h Wmßufhka fnda.j,g ,nd .ekSug WÑ; c, iïmdok l%u

wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ' úúO mia j¾." j.d lr we;s fnda." foaY.=Ksl ;;ajh" N+ úIu;dj

hkdoS lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr j.d lafIa;%hg c,h iemhsh yels wdikakfha

mj;sk c, iïm; ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tu`.ska c, iïmdokfha

M,odhS;dj jeä l< yels fõ'

² M,odhS f,i c, iïm; l<ukdlrKh i|yd Ndú; l< yels c, iïmdok l%u

y÷kd .ksuq'

1' mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u 2' c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u

1' mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u

fmdf<dj u;=msáka c,h fnda. fj;g .,d hdug ie,eiaùu mDIaÁh c, iïmdokhhs'

fuh N+ ;, c, iïmdokh f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí' mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u my; i|yka

fõ'

lD



i. msgdr c, iïmdokh iii. fíiï c, iïmdokh

ii. ;Sre c, iïmdokh iv. we,s c, iïmdokh

i. msgdr c, iïmdokh

fuys oS ksoyfia c,h lafIa;%h ;=< .,d hEug i,iajkq ,efí' wjYH muK lafIa;%h

c,fhka f;;a jQ miq c, m%Njhg iïnkaO j we;s uqodyeÍfï ljqM jid oeóu l< hq;= h'

fuys oS ld,h;a" Y%uh;a" úhou;a" b;d wvq

jqj o" úYd, jYfhka c,h wmf;a hdula isÿ fõ'

myiqfjka Ldokhg ,la fkdjk ;o jHQyhla

iys; N+ñ i|yd fhda.H fõ' c,h blaukska nei

hk neúka je,s milg msgdr c, iïmdokh

iqÿiq fkdfõ' iEu N+ñ fldgilgu taldldr j

c,h iemhSu ÿIalr fõ' jeä jYfhka c,h m%sh

lrk Ydl jk ù" fldys," lkal=ka hkdoS

j.djkag iqÿiq c, iïmdok l%uhls' fï i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh yd Ys,amSh oekqu b;d wju

fõ' tfia u úYd, c, m%udKhla wjYH ùu" iuyr fnda. i|yd wys;lr ùu yd lafIa;%fha

WmlrK Ndú;h wmyiq ùu o wjdis f,i oelaúh yels h'

ii. ;Sre c, iïmdokh

lafIa;%hg c,h imhk wef<a isg osla j úysfok fia mia jeá ;Sre jYfhka fhdod

fjka lr tu ;Sre mgq md;a;s f,i uÜgï lsÍula uQ,sl j l< hq;= h' tu ;Sre osla w;g

nEjqï jk fia ilia l< hq;= h' c, iemhSu wdrïN l< miq we<g wdikak j md;a;sfha

;Sre fmfoi m<uqfjka f;;a ùug bv yeßh hq;= h' bka miq tu md;a;shg c,h iemhSu

k;r lr B <`. md;a;shg c,h iemhsh hq;= h' mfia c,h ldkaÿ ùfï iS>%;dj ie,ls,a,g

f.k md;a;sfha m<, wvq fyda jeä l< hq;= h' tfy;a 1 m g fkdjeä úh hq;= h'& mfia

c,h ldkaÿ ùfï iS>%;dj wvq kï md;a;sfha os. m%udKh o wvq l< hq;= fõ'

;sß`.=" fidahd fndaxÑ" uqx weg"

ljqms" hkdoS tlsfklg ióm j j.d

lrk fnda. i|yd fuu l%uh iqÿiq

fõ' wvq Ys,amSh oekqula yd wvq

m%d.aOkhla wjYH ùu jdis f,i

oelaúh yels h' jdIamSlrKh u.ska

c,h wmf;a hdu" N+ñh uÜgï lsÍug

wjYH ùu" je,s yd ueá mi i|yd

fhda.H fkdùu fuu l%ufha oS we;s

jk .eg¨ f,i bosßm;a l< yels

fõ'

c, myr we;=,a ùu

c, myr msg ùu

msgdr l%ufha lafIa;% ie,eiaula

m%Odk c, iemhqu

c, iemhqï we< ;Sre c, iïmdokh lrkúg lafIa;%h mia jeáj,skafnod we;af;a wef<a isg oslaw;g úysfok f,i h'

;Sre c, iïmdokh

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iii. fíiï c, iïmdok l%uh

fíiï wdldrhg ilia lrkq ,nk md;a;s fmdf<dj uÜgfuka 15 cm muK .eUqßka

fhdod ,shos wdldrhg ilia lrkq ,efí' iEu ,shoaola jfÜgu 20 cm -30 cm muK mqM,a

jQ jeá fhdod iEu ,shoaolgu c,h yerúh yels jk fia fjk fjk u c, iïmdok ldkq

yd c, fodrj,a ilia lrkq ,efí' c, fodrj,a i|yd mia l=Üá" ,S lE,s" msÿre" ma,diaála"

;yvq wdoS kE u fohla Wmfhda.S lr .; yels fõ' l=vd y;/ia ,shos ilid .ekSug wmyiq

wjia:dj, ´kE u yevhlg ,shos ms<sfh, lr .; yels fõ' c, iemhqï ud¾. tlu

uÜgulg bos lsÍu fyda c, iemhqï ud¾. iaj,am jYfhka l=vd ,shosj,g jvd Wia jk fia

bos lsÍu iqÿiq h'

tla ,shoaolg m%udKj;a ;rï c,h msreKq miq tys c, fodr jid B <`. ,shoaog c,h

iemhSug lghq;= l< hq;= h' fï wkqj tl fma<shl we;s ishü ,shos c,fhka mqrjd .;a

miq tu ,shos fma<shg c,h imhk ldkqfõ fodr iïmQ¾Kfhka jid oeñh yels fõ' bka

wk;=rej B <`. ldkqfõ fodr újD; fldg ta hgf;a c,h iemhsh hq;= wfkla ,shos fma<shg

c,h imhd .; hq;= h'

fuu l%uh r;=`MEKq j.dj i|yd jvd;a fyda.H jk w;r" uqx" ljqms" fidahd fndaxÑ"

wdosh úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, j.d lsÍfï oS Ndú; lrhs' w,sfmar" wU" iem;s,a,d" ños"

flfi,a hkdoS nyq jd¾Isl fnda. i|yd rjqï yeve;s fíiï ilia lr c, iïmdokh lrkq

,efí'

c,h ysÕ m%foaYj,g jvd;a fhda.H jk fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍfuka wvq c,

m%udKhlska fnda.j,g c,h imhd .; yels fõ' wmf;a hk c, m%udKh o wvq h' c,

iïmdok úhoï wvq fõ' ilia lrkq ,enQ N+ñh lsysm j;djla m%fhdackhg .; yels neúka

ìï ieliSfï úhoï o wvq lr .; yels fõ' f.dv ìïj, w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. j.d lsÍfï

oS fuu l%uh jvd;a fhda.H fõ' j¾Idm;kh wvq ld,j, oS úh<s l,dmfha l=Uqrej,

w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS fuu l%uhg c, iïmdokh lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ' wêl

j¾Id ld,fha oS weo yef,k jeis c,h nei hdu i|yd lafIa;%fha ldkq lSmhla fhoSu

wjYH fõ' ksjeros f,i ìï ieliSug mqyqKq Y%uh wjYH ùu" wjYH m%udKhg muKla c,

iemhqu ,nd oSu i|yd c, iemhqï fodr ljqM weÍu yd jeiSu ms<sn| mqM,a oekqula iys; ùu

jdIamSlrKfhka c, ydks ùu hkdosh fuu l%ufha oS we;s jk .eg¨ f,i oelaúh yels h'

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² we,s c, iïmdok l%uh

fuu l%ufha oS lafIa;%h we,s yd jeá wdldrhg ilia lr jeáj, fnda. isgqjd we,s

Tiafia ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=< c, iïmdokh lrkq ,efí' fuys oS we,sh osf.a .uka

lrk c,h ldkaÿ ùu u.ska we,sh fomig md¾Yaúl j me;sÍ hhs' idudkHfhka jeáhl

Wi 15 cm la jk fia ilia lsÍu fhda.H fõ' jeáhl os. 3 m g fkdjeä úh hq;= h' j.d

lsÍug wfmalaId lrk fnda.fha jeãu yd jeáh u; fhdokq ,nk fnda. fma<s .Kk wkqj

jeáfha Wi yd m<, ;SrKh l< hq;= h' we,s c, iïmdokfha oS we,sj, nEjqu b;d jeo.;a

fõ' tu nEjqfï m%udKh mia j¾.h wkqj ;SrKh flf¾' ldkqjl m<, 15-20 cm olajd

;sîu iEfya'

fuu l%uhg c, iïmdokh lsÍfï oS iEu c, ikaêhlgu mdfya c, mdrj,a wjYH

f,i weÍug iy jeiSug yels jk fia mia msv,s" ,E,s lE,s" fnf,la ;yvq" ma,diaála lE,s"

.fvd,a wdosh Wmfhda.S lr .; hq;= h' b;d ir, c, fodrj,a imhd .ekSfuka c,h wmf;a

hdug bv fkd;nd wvq c, m%udKhlska yd flá ld,hlska lafIa;%hg wjYH m%Yia; c,

m%udKh iïmdokh l< yels fõ' fuys oS wjYH m%udKhg muKla c,h r|jd ;nd

.ekSug ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' we,s Tiafia .,d hk c,h ukdj md,kh lrñka fuu

l%uhg c, iïmdokh lsÍfuka j.d fi!LHh wdrlaId jk w;r" c, iïmdok úhoï wvq

fõ'

rg lcq" ¿Ekq" we;=Mj ;j;a OdkH" t<j¨ yd m,;=re j¾. /ila i|yd fuu l%uhg

c, iïmdokh l< yels fõ' c,h tla/ia ùu ksid ydks isÿ jk yd uq,a l=Kq ùfï

frda.j,g md;% jk ;lald,s" ñßia" w¾;dm,a wdoS fnda. i|yd o fuu l%uh iqÿiq fõ' fuys

oS c, msßueiaula we;' wjYH m%udKhg ksishdldr c, iemhSula l< yels h' tfy;a ìï

ieliSfï oS mqyqKq oekqula wjYH fõ' lafIa;%fha ksrka;r c, md,khla l< hq;= h'

jdIamSlrKfha oS c,h ydks fõ' ksjeros ìï ieliSu yd kv;a;=j fkdue;s jQ úg .eg¨

we;s fõ'

we,s c, iïmdokh - jeá yd ldKq l%uh;ks iy fofma<s jeá iy ldkq l%ufha idudkH

mßudKhka fikaá ógrj,ska

45 cm

15-20cm

we,s c, iïmdokh

fnda.h

c,h .uka lrkmd¾Yaúl ldKq

m%Odk c, iemhqu

15cm

15-20cm

10-11cm

35-40cm10-20cm

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c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u

c, iïmdok l%u w;ßka c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u u.ska c, iïm; wdrlaId

lr .ksñka fnda. j.djg Wmßu odhl;ajhla ,nd oSug yels fõ' wvq c, m%udKhlska

flá ld, iSudjl oS Wmßu M,odhS;djla we;s lr,Sug fujka c, iïmdok l%u bjy,a fõ'

ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u u.ska jeä c, wjfYdaIK Odß;djla we;s jk mßos by<

uÜgfï c, iïm; l<ukdlrKhla isÿ fõ' fï i|yd my; i|yka l%u Ndú; lrkq

,efí'

1' ìkaÿ c, iïmdokh

2' iam%skala,¾ bisk& c, iïmdokh

3' Wm mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh N+.;&

i. iújr k< N+.;&

ii. ueá l<

² c, ixrlaIK c, iïmdok l%u w;ßka ìkaÿ yd iam%skala,¾ c, iïmdok l%uj,

iudkd;au;d we;'

² b;d ld¾hlaIu c, iïmdok l%uhla fuka u j¾;udkfha fuh wiajkq jeä lr,Sfï

;dlaIKhla f,i fhdod .efka'

² mig ^fnda.fha uQ, uKav, l,dmhg& flá ld,dka;rj, oS l=vd c, m%udKhla

,ndoSfuka m%Yia; f;;ukhla mj;ajd .ekSug yels fõ'

² mi u;=msg lfnd,a,la jeks ;o ia;rhla we;s fkdfõ'

² mfia WIaK;ajh md,kh lrhs'

² mdxY+ jd;kh oshqKq lsÍug yels fõ'

² c,h iu`. ødjH fmdfydr fhoSug yels neúka j.dfõ m%Yia; j¾Okhla isÿ ù Wmßu

wiajekakla ,efí'

² ìkaÿ yd bisk c, iïmdok moaO;shlg wjYH jk Wmdx. my; i|yka fõ'

i. c, m%Njh

ii. c, fmdïmh

iii. c, fmrk" fmdfydr fhoSfï Wmdx. lÜg, we;=`M m%Odk md,l tallh

iv. m%Odk" Wm m%Odk yd md¾Yaúl k<

v. c, úi¾cl (Drippers) fyda úisreï tall (Sprinkles)² c, iïmdok moaO;sh i|yd wjYH k," c, m%udKh" c, mSvkh" hk lreKq ie<ls,a,g

.; hq;= fõ' .Ks;uh ixl,am fhdod .ksñka kshñ; úoHd;aul ie,iqula wkqj

lafIa;%fha ìkaÿ yd bisk c, iïmdok moaO;s ia:dmkh l< hq;= fõ'

² j.dfõ jhi wkqj fhosh hq;= c, m%udKhka fjkia fõ'

² fhdokq ,nk md¾Yaúl k< folla w;r mr;rh fnda.h yd mj;sk me< m%udKh

wkqj fjkia fõ'

² md¾Yaúl k<j,g ä%m¾ iy úisreï tall iú l< hq;= w;r' tu.ska c,h ,efnk

wdldrhg me< isgqùu l< hq;= h'

² j.dj i|yd c,h fmdïm lr Ndú;d lsÍfuka bkaOk yd úÿ,sh msßuid .; yels h'

² Y%u b;sßhla we;s fõ'

² ;dlaIK oekqu by< uÜgulska wjYH fõ'



² úYd, uQ,sl m%d.aOkhla wjYH fõ'

² úYd, c, m%udKhla b;sß lr .; yels fõ'

² ´kEu milg yd wl%uj;a N+ñhlg taldldr j c,h iemhSu l< yels h'

i. ìkaÿ c, iïmdokh

ìkaÿ wdldrfhka c,h ,nd oSfuka Ydlhg c,h iïmdokh lsÍu fuys oS oelsh yels

úfYaI ,laIKhls' m%Odk iemhqï k<hlg iú lr we;s gexlshl .nvd lr we;s c,h

w;sf¾l iemhqï k< u.ska lafIa;%hg f.k hkq ,nkafka md¾Yaúl k<j,sks' fnda.hg

wdikak j md¾Yaúl k< isÿre lr we;s w;r c,h msgùug úfudaplhla iú lsÍfuka c,h

iemhSu l%uj;a fõ' óg wu;r j wê mSvk c, fmdïmhlg iú lrk ,o ishqï isÿre iys;

c, k< lafIa;%h mqrd wjYH mßos t,d c, fmdïmh l%shd;aul fldg fnda.j,g c,h

ldkaÿ ùug i,iajkq ,efí'

wjYH jk c, m%udKh wvq neúka uyd mßudK j.djka i|yd Ndú;d l< yels h' Ydl

uq,a wjg f;;a j ;nd .ekSug yels fõ' c,h wmf;a hdula isÿ fkdfõ' msßisÿ c,h Ndú;

l< hq;= fõ' wl%uj;a N+ñhl jqj o fuu l%uhg c, iïmdokh l< yels fõ' ´kEu

milg fhda.H fõ' ngq" ñßia jeks fnda. i|yd fhosh yels w;r nyq jd¾Isl Ydl i|yd

fhoSu ;rula wmyiq fõ' c, iïmdokh flfrk isÿre jeiS hdu yd kv;a;= lsÍug wmyiq

ùu wjdishla f,i bosßm;a l< yels h'

c, iïmdok moaO;shl m%Odk Wmdx.

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2. bisk iam%skala,¾$úisreï& c, iïmdok l%uh

fmdf<dj u;=msg iú lr we;s k<

moaO;shl hï lsis fõ.hlska lrlefjk

fkdi, u.ska lafIa;%hg c,h iemhSu

fuys oS isÿ flf¾' fuys oS iafm%av¾

keiskak u.ska c,h <`.g;a" frkaÊ

keiskak u.ska c,h ÿrg;a biSu i|yd

fkdi,a folla Ndú; lrk wjia:d o

we;' c,fha wêl mSvkh fya;=fjka

c,h keisks u.ska lafIa;%h mqrd úiqrejd

yßkq ,efí'

iam%skala,¾ l%uh i|yd ñ, wêl

jQ wê mSvk c, fmdïm" c, k< yd

c,h úiqrejk keisks fkdi,& wjYH

fõ' fmdïmfhka we;s jk mSvkh fya;=

fldg f.k c, úiqrejkh lerflk

w;r c,h ljhl mßudj ;=< iudldr

j úisfrk f,i fkdi, ks¾udKh lr

we;' c, k< moaO;shl by<g iú

lrk ,o tkaâ lema (End- cap) isÿre

lr kshñ; mr;rhlg wkqj lafIa;%fha

fhoSfuka o c,h úiqrejd yeßh yels

fõ'

óg wu;r j l=vd c, fmdïmj,g ng iú fldg fl<ska u fnda.j,g c,h iemhSu

uyd mßudK j.d lghq;=j, oS lghq;= lrhs' fmdïmfha m%Odk isÿf¾ úIalïNhg jvd fnod

yßk k<j, úIalïNh wvq úh hq;= h' ke;fyd;a c,h msg ùfï oS me<j,g ydks isÿ úh

yels h' fï i|yd fofofkl= fyda Bg jeä fofkl= fiajfha fhosh yels fõ'

3' Wm mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u wdldr follska y÷kd .; yels fõ'

i. iújr k< u.ska c, iïmdokh

ii. ueá l< u.ska c, iïmdokh

i. iújr k< u.ska c, iïmdokh lsÍu

fmd<j háka iú lrk ,o l=vd isÿre iys; k<j,ska fnda.j, uQ, moaO;shg c,h

f.k hEula isÿ lrhs' fnda.fha uQ, uKav,h jefvk uÜgug iudk .eUqrlska me<

isgqùug fmr k< iú lrkq ,efí' k<j, we;s isÿre ;=<ska fnda.fha uq,aj,g c,h Wrd

.; yels fõ' k< moaO;shg c,h imhk m%Odk iemhqï k<hla iïnkaO lsÍfuka c,h

iemhsh yels h' fuh N+ .; c, iïmdokh f,i o y÷kajhs'

ûQ,dY% - 127111 fudähq,h cd'w'wd' - c, iïmdokh ydc,mjdyk fomd¾;fïka;=j&

c, fmdïmhla Wmfhda.S lr f.k k,yryd c,h úiqrejd yeÍu úhou wêljqj;a c,h msßuid .; yels l%uhls'



úYd, m%d.a Okhla jeh ùu" w;=re h;a .Efï lghq;=j, oS k< moaO;shg ydks we;s ùu"

;o mig iqÿiq fkdùu" iu;,d ìula mj;ajd .ekSug isÿ ùu fuu l%ufha wjdis fõ'

Ydl .Dy ;=< j.d lsÍfï oS fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l< yels h' úYd, nyq jd¾Isl

fnda. i|yd iqÿiq fkdjqK o .eUqr wvq uQ, moaO;shla we;s fnda. i|yd iqÿiq fõ' rg lcq"

ñßia" r;=`MEkq& jdIamSlrKfhka c,h wmf;a hdula isÿ fkdfõ'

ii. ueá l< u.ska c, iïmdokh lsÍu

úh<s l,dmfha úh<s ld,.=Khla mj;sk wjia:dj, oS wU" fodvï" meIkamDÜ" ños" wdoS

nyq jd¾Isl fnda. úh<S hdu je<elaùu i|yd fuu l%uh Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí' fldams"

.ïñßia" nq,;a wdoS f;;a yd wka;¾ m<d;aj, j.d lrkq ,nk fnda. ksh`.fhka wdrlaId lr

.ekSu i|yd o fuu l%uh Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí'

by; i|yka lrk ,o tla tla fnda.fha c, wjYH;dj wkqj Ydlh jfÜg je<,sh

hq;= ueá uqÜá fyda l< f.ä .Kk ;SrKh l< hq;= h'

c, n÷ka je<,Sfï oS tajdfha lg fmdf<dfjka 2 cm la muK by<g isák fia

je<,Sfuka n÷k ;=<g mia msÍu je<elaúh yels h' tfy;a n÷fka lg leã hd yels neúka

wjYH m%udKhg jvd fmdf<dj u;=msgg fkrd tk fia n÷ka ia:dmkh fkdl< hq;= h'

n÷kg i;=ka we;=`M ùu je<elaùug fmd,a lgq fyda fjk;a hulska n÷fka lg jid oeñh

hq;= h' n÷k ksrka;rfhka msÍ mej;Su wjYH fõ' ueá n÷kaj,ska ldkaÿ jk c,h

Ydlfha uq,a u.ska Wrd .kq ,efí' fuu l%uhg c,h iemhSfï oS Ydl uq,a ueá n÷ka jfÜg

>k j jeãug mgka .kS' lsishï osYdjla fj; muKla c,h iemhSug wjYH jQ úg

n÷fka tu osYdjg úreoaO me;af;a msg;ska uekúka ;Ska; wdf,am lsÍfuka wk;=re j l<

je<,Su iqÿiq h'

N+.; c, iïmdokh

fnda.h

iðø k,h

ueá n÷ka Ndú; fldg c,h ldkaÿúug ie,iSu



b;d mqrdKfha isg wkq.ukh lr we;s fuu l%uh Y=Ial m%foaYj,g iqÿiq jk w;r"

fï uÕska oeä ksh`.fhka Ydl wdrlaId lr .; yels fõ' fuh ir, c, iïmdok l%uhla

neúka b;d myiqfjka fuu l%uhg c, iïmdokh l< yels fõ' úYd, j.d N+ñ i|yd fuu

l%uh wkq.ukh l< fkdyels h' lafIa;%fha l< j<,d we;s úg j,a me< md,kh yd

Ydlhg mia <x lsÍu wdoS mYapd;a id;a;= lghq;=j,g ndOdjla we;s fõ'

óg wu;r j f.j;= j.dfõ oS u,a nd,aos" nd,aos yd fydaia wdOdrfhka c, iïmdokh

lrkq ,nhs' wvq c, m%Njhla we;s úg fujeks l%u Ndú; lrhs'

by; i|yka l< úúO c, iïmdok l%u lafIa;%fha ksishdldr j yd M,odhS f,i

fhdod .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd fnda.h jvd;a iqÿiq c, iïmdok l%uh f;dard

.; hq;= w;r" c,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack .; yels mßos lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;% i|yd c,

Ndú;h wrmßiaiñka isÿ lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;= h' tfia u ukd c, l<ukdlrKh ;=<ska

Ydlj, wLKav j¾Okhla isÿ ù m%Yia; wiajkq ,nd fohs' tu.ska rfÜ cd;sl wdodhug

odhl;ajhla iemhSug yels jkq we;'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'4 ( j¾Id c,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ksñka j.d lghq;=id¾:l lr .kS'

l%shdldrlu 9'4 ( "ieu od fkd,efnk jeis c,h - j.d lrkakg /ia lr.ksuq'"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 9'4'1 g we;=<;a foni• weuqKqu 9'4'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a folla• weuqKqu 9'4'3 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsßu i|yd

Wmfoia• weuqKqu 9'4'4 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a folla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 9'4'1 ( • weuqKqu 9'4'1 ys foni mka;sfha iafõÉPdfjka bosßm;a

jk isiqka fofofkl= ,jd bosßm;a lrkak'• tys we;=<;a lreKq iïnkaO j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• jeis c,h jir mqrd taldldÍ j fkd,efnk nj• ,efnk wjia:dfõ oS jeis c,h /ia lr ;nd .;

hq;= nj• jeis fkd,eîu iuÕ mi úh<S hdu j.d lghq;=j,g

ndOdjla nj• jeis c,h /ia lsÍug;a" mdxY= c,h /l .ekSug;a

úúO l%ufõohka wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj• tfia lsÍfuka wjqreoao mqrd fkdlvjd id¾:l j

j.d lghq;= l< yels nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• iajNdúl j ,efnk jeis c,h jeõ" fmdl=Kq fyda

fjk;a c,dYj, ;ekam;a jk nj• jeis c,h iajNdúl j N+ .; c,h f,i ;ekam;a

jk w;r lD;%Su j o ldIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd.nvd lr .; hq;= nj

• iajNdúl j mfiys ;ekam;a jk jeis c,h oixrlaIKh l< hq;= nj

• ta i|yd jiqka fhoSu" ldnksl øjH fhoSu yd j,ame< md,kh we;=¿ j ;j;a l%u lsysmhla wkq.ukhl< yels nj

• jiqka fhoSfï oS" ldnksl øjH fhoSfï oS yd j,ame< md,kfha oS c, ixrlaIKh i|yd úúO l%uYs,am wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj

• by; i|yka l%u Ys,am lafIa;%hg fhoSfuka .,dhk c,fha fõ.h wvq lr wjfYdaIKh lr .kakdc, m%udKh jeä lr .; yels nj

• tu.ska mdxY= c, uÜgu m%Yia; j mj;ajd .; yelsnj

• lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd jeis c,h .nvd lsÍugw;S;fha mgka úúO l%u wkq.ukh l< nj

• mqrdKfha jeõj, .nvd lr .;a jeis c,h u.skakshx ld,fha o fkdlvjd id¾:l j j.d lghq;=l< nj

• lDIs <sx" jeis c, gexls hkdosh j¾;udkfha kj;dlaIKh;a iuÕ jeis c, ixrlaIK jHQy f,iy÷kajd oS we;s nj

• jeis c, ixrlaIK jHQy ks¾udKh i|yd úfYaI;dlaIKh we;=<;a l%ufõohka wkq.ukh l< hq;=nj

• tfia ks¾udKh lrk jeis c, gexls uÕska ie,lshhq;= c, m%udKhla .nvd lr .; yels nj

• lDIs <sx j.d ìïj, bos lrk w;r wksis f,itajdfha c,h mßyrKh lsÍfuka N+ .; c, uÜgumy< nisk nj

• lDIs <sx jgd neïula iEoSu wjYH jk w;r c,h,nd .ekSug fmdïmhla Ndú; lsÍu u.ska lafIa;%hgc,h iemhSu myiq jk nj

• iEu jeys ì÷jla u m%fhdackhg .ksñka j.dlghq;=j, fhfokakg jeis c, ixrlaIK l%ubjy,a jk nj

• j.d lghq;=j, oS wjYH mdxY= f;;ukh /l.ekSug l%shd lsÍfuka id¾:l fnda. j.djla mj;ajd.; yels nj



• iajNdúl j ,efnk c, iïm; iq/lSu yd M,odhSf,i lDIsl¾ufha oS Ndú;hg .ekSug yqre mqreÿùu cd;sl wjYH;djla jk nj

ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (jeis c, iïm; iq/lSfï l%ufõohka úia;r lrhs'jeis c,h iqrlaIs; lr .ksñka yd M,odhS f,i lDIsl¾ufha oS jeis c,hNdú;hg .ekSfuka id¾:l fnda. j.djla mj;ajd .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'c, iïm; M,odhS f,i ixrlaIKh lr .; yels l%ufõohka wkq.ukh lrhs'úúO .egï|yd úi÷ï ud¾. fidhhs'ksjeros ;SrKj,g t<fò'



weuqKqu 9'4'1

fonila

ksu,a - "mqÿu mEú,a,la' mi fyd|gu fõ<s,d' fuod mdr kx jeiai úYajdihlakE jf.a'"

ir;a - "yß mdvqjla fjkafka' fï lkafkg kï j.d lrkak;a neß fjhs jf.a'"ksu,a - "tal ;uhs' jysk fj,djg wmsg j;=r wf.a kE' jeys j;=r tl;= lr,

;shd .;a; kï fï lrof¾ keyefka'"

weuqKqu 9'4'2


"ieu od fkd,efnk jeis c,h - j.d lrkakg /ia lr .ksuq'"• j¾Id c,h lDIsl¾ufha oS Ndú;hg .ekSu yd iïnkaO my; i|yka l%ufõohka

w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• mdxY= c,h /l .ekSu • jeis c,h /ia lsÍu

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrkak'• ud;Dldjg wod< j úi÷ï f,i Ndú; l< yels úúO l%u olajkak'• tu l%u m%dfhda.sl j lafIa;%hg fhoSfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= ;dlaIK ms<sfj;a

y÷kd .kak'

• ld¾h mßY% fj; hkak'

• wod< l%shdldrlïj, ksr; jkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsßug iqodkï lr.kak'

weuqKqu 9'4'3


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; i|yka ud;Dld Tiafia lKavdhï foli|yd ld¾h mßY% folla ilia lrkak'• mdxY= c,h /l .ekSu - ldnksl øjH tl;= lsßu$ jiqka fhoSu'• jeis c, /ia lsÍu - jeis c, /ia l< yels jHQy ks¾udKh lsÍu'

• ld¾h mßY% I i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• fmd,a f,,s$ fmd,a w;=$ ,S l=vq$ msÿre$ fjk;a Ydluh fldgia• i;a;aj wmøjH$ osrdm;a fjñka mj;sk Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia• fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr • Woe,a, • f¾lalh• fyda WmlrK • w;a uq,a¨j

• ld¾h mßY% II i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• c,h /ia l< yels m%udKj;a ner,hla$ ueá l<hla$ nd,aos• jeys msys,s yd mhsmam wjYH m%udKhg$ fnkaâ$ T fidlÜ• lrduhla • .ï• fmd,s;Ska l< wdjrKh lsßug& • yelafida lsh;a ;,• n÷k by<ska jeiSu i|yd u, fkdnef|k l=l=<a oe,la

• jeys msys,s f,i Ndú; l< yels ls;=,a l|" WK nïnq" fld<m;a wdoS øjH

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weuqKqu 9'4'4

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

,h hkq iSñ; iïm;ls' wm c,h ,nd .kafka we<" fod<" .x.d" jeõ' fmdl=Kqwdosfha .nvd ù we;s c,fhka fyda mfiys we;s c, W,am;a wdY%fhks' fïjdg c,h,efnkafka j¾Idfjks' jeis c,fhka fldgila fl<skau jeõ" fmdl=Kq wdosfha ;ekam;ajk w;r ;j;a fldgila mi ;=<g ldkaÿ fõ' jif¾ iEu osklu j¾Idj fkd,efnkneúka jeis ld,j, oS ,efnk c,h Wmßu jYfhka jeõ" fmdl=Kq fyda fjk;a c,dYj,ke;fyd;a c, gexlsj, ;ekam;a lr .; hq;= h' tfia ke;s kï tu c,h mi ;=< we;s c,W,am;aj, .nvd lr .; hq;= h'

tfia u uy fmd<fõ jefvk l=vd me,Eá o" .ia fld<ka o" Ndú; lrkafka mfia.nvd ù we;s mdxY= c,hhs' Ydl c, wjYH;d imqrd,kafka mdxY= c,fhks' mdxY= c,h hkqmia wxY= w;r we;s újrj, mj;sk c,hhs' bka mfia r|d mj;skafka flaIdl¾IK c,hhs'mfiys my<ska N+.; c,h f,i o c,h ;ekam;a j mj;S'

fuu m%Njj, Wmßu c, Odß;djla ;ekam;a lr .ekSug kï j¾Id c,h Wmßufhkami ;=<g .uka lsÍug bv ie,eiaúh hq;= h' ta i|yd u;=msáka c,h .,d hEu ydjdIamSlrKh wju l< hq;= h' u;=msáka .,d hk c,h iu`. idrj;a u;=msg mia ;Ügqj owmg wysñ fõ' fujka ydkslr ;;a;aj u`. yrjd .ekSug mdxY= c,h iqrlaIs; lr .; hq;=fõ'

² mdxY= c,h /l .ekSfï l%u

c, fmdaIl m%foaYj, mdxY= f;;ukh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd m%Odk jYfhka jiqkafhoSu" ldnksl øjH tl;= lsÍu" j,a me< md,kh hkdoS l%u ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'óg wu;r j ifudaÉp j.d fhoSu" wdjrK j.d fhoSu" wju ìï ieliSu" ;Sre j.d l%ufhoSu" ifudaÉp ldkq fhoSu" .,a jeá yd l=Üá ldkq fhoSu" hdka;%sl jeá fhoSu u.ska c,fmdaIl m%foaY mq`M,a lr .; yels fõ' fujeks l%u wkq.ukh lsÍfuka .,d hk c,fhafõ.h wvq lr mig c,h Wrd .ekSfï wjia:djka jeä oshqKq lrhs'

² jiqka fhoSu

jiqka fhdod fmd<j wdjrKh lsÍfuka ukd f,i c,h ixrlaIKh lr .; yels fõ'fmd,a w;=" msÿre" úh<s j,a m<Eá" fldyq n;a" ,S l=vq" oyhshd" i;aj msydgq" Wla o`vq" flfi,afld<" .a,sßiSähd hkdosh jiqka f,i Ndú; lrhs' wdjrK j.d fhoSu Ôù jiqkla f,iNdú; fõ' mi wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd fmd,s;ska o Ndú; l< yels fõ' tfy;a iajNdúlj imhd .kakd ,o øjH jiqka i|yd jvd;a fhda.H fõ'

wêl WIaK;ajhg yd wêl iq<`.g mi ksrdjrKh ùu ksid isÿ jk jdIamSlrK;;a;ajhka jiqka fhoSfuka j<lajd .; yels fõ' fudaiï jeis wjidkh;a iu`. u jiqkafhdod mi wdjrKh l< hq;= fõ' jiqka u.ska mi wdjrKh ù we;s neúka mfia f;;ukm%;sY;h m%Yia; j mj;ajd .kS' tu ksid c, iïmdok úhoï wvq fõ' mfia WIaK;ajhfnda. j.djg ys;lr uÜgfï mj;ajd .; yels h' jiqka osrdm;a ùfuka mfia idrj;a Ndjho j¾Okh fõ' laIqø Ôùkag ys;lr mßirhla we;s fõ' j,a me<Eá u¾okh fõ'

fnda.j,g jiqka fhoSfuka c,h ixrlaIKh lr .; yels wdldrh

imhd .kakd ,o jiqka lafIa;%hg fhoSfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shd ms<sfj;a tulafIa;%h wkqj fjkia fõ' ;jdklg jiqka fhdokafka kï ÔjdKqyrKh l< jiqklaafhosh hq;= fõ' WKq osh fhdod ;dm m%;sldrh u.ska fyda ridhksl j os,Sr kdYlhla fhdod

c



jiqk ÔjdkqyrKh lr.; yels fõ'iïmQ¾Kfhka mi wdjrKh jk fia jiqkfhosh hq;= h' Ydl isgqjd we;skï isgqjdwe;s fnda.hg ydks fkdjk fia jiqkfhoSug ie<ls,su;a úh hq;=h' uE;l isgjiqka f,i fmd,s;Ska Ndú;d l<o mdxY=jd;fha WIaK;ajh by< ke.Su ksid wys;lr;;a;ajhka we;súh yels h' Ydluh fldgiafhdod mi wdjrKh lrk wjia:dfõoS u,ayg.ekSug fmr lmd Ndú; l< hq;=h'

² ldnksl øjH tl;= lsÍu

i;aj wmøjH" fldïfmdaiaÜ" fld< fmdfydr" fNda. wjfYaI hkdoS ftkaøSh fmdfydrNdú; lsÍfuka mfia f;;ukh r|jd ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj jeä fõ' ldnksl fmdfydrj,giajNdjfhka u f;;ukh wdrlaId l< yels neúka mfia WIaK;ajh fnda.j,g ys;lruÜgfï mj;ajd .; yels fõ' ftkaøSh fmdfydr u; l%shd;aul jk laIqø Ôù l%shdj,shksid mfia r|jd .; yels c, m%udKh jeä fõ' fï wkqj c, iemhqï jdr .Kk" wjYHc, m%udKh yd úhou wvq fõ' uqo,g ,nd .; hq;= ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h o fu u.skawju fõ' ridhksl fmdfydr muKla fhoSfuka isÿ jk mdxY= úh<sNdjh ldnksl fmdfydru.ska j<lajd .; yels fõ' ;j o ldnksl fmdfydr fhoSfuka fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä flf¾' fmdfydr Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq fhdok fmdfydr m%udKfhka fld;rïm%udKhla Ydl ,nd .kafka o hkakhs'

fld< fmdfydr jYfhka .a,sßiSähd" bms,a bms,a" ishU,d wdoS myiqfjka osrdm;a jkkhsg%cka nyq, rks, l=,fha Ydl m;% me< isgqùug osk 7 lg fmr mig hg l< hq;=h'fnda. wjfYaI f,i msÿre jeks oE fhdokafka kï îc fyda me< isgqùug udihlg muKfmr mig tla l< hq;= fõ' W÷" ;," uqx" fidahd" uE jeks fnda. wjfYaI o fï i|yd Ndú;l< yels fõ'

i;aj wmøjH" fldïfmdaiaÜ hkdosh îc fyda me< isgqùug osk ;=klg fmr mig lj,ïl< hq;= fõ' isgqjd we;s fnda. i|yd o fldïfmdaiaÜ úh<s f.du fmdfydr Ydlh jgdfhosh yels fõ'

² j,a me< md,kh

fnda. fuka u j,a me<Eá o c,h i|yd j¾Idfjka yd N+ .; c,fhka hefma' tneúkaj¾Idj ys. wjia:dj, oS mfia wka;¾.; c,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd j,a me<Eá yd fnda. w;r;r.hla we;s ù fndfyda úg fnda. wNsNjd j,a me<Eá ;r.fhka ch .kS' j.d lsÍfï oSlafIa;%h j,a me<Eáj,ska f;dr j ;nd .ekSfuka j,a me<Eá yd fnda. w;r c,h i|yd jk;r.h u`. yrjd .; yels fõ' j,a u¾okh lsÍfuka ysre t<sh yd Ydl fmdaIl i|yd jk;r.h o md,kh lr .; yels fõ'

² jeis c, ixrlaIK l%u

j¾Id ld,h ;=< ,efnk wu;r c,h l=vd c,dYj, ^c, fldgq" we< fod<& fydajeõj, /ialsÍu w;S;fha isg mej;s l%uhls' jeys msys,s f,i .%dóh jYfhka hï hïwdfoaYl fhdod .ksñka jeis c,h /ialsÍu" .iaj, l| osf.a fmfrk c,h /ialsÍu" újD;ia:dkj,ska fl,ska u jeis c,h m%jdykfhka gexlsj,g tl;= lsÍu hkdoS úúO l%u u.ska

Ydl øjHh fhdod fhdod mi Ydl øjHh fhdod fhdod mi Ydl øjHh fhdod fhdod mi Ydl øjHh fhdod fhdod mi Ydl øjHh fhdod fhdod mi jiqkA lsÍfuka c, fmdaIKh lsÍu jiqkA lsÍfuka c, fmdaIKh lsÍu jiqkA lsÍfuka c, fmdaIKh lsÍu jiqkA lsÍfuka c, fmdaIKh lsÍu jiqkA lsÍfuka c, fmdaIKh lsÍu

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w;S;fha mgka jeis c,h /ialr .ekSug mqreÿ ù isáhy' tu c,h jeis fkdue;s ld,j,oSiqM mßudKfha j.d lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakg .%dóh f.dúhdg yels úh'

;jo úh<s l,dmfha m%udKfhka úYd, ueá l< lafIa;%fha ;ekska ;ek j<,d j¾Idld,fha oS tajd c,fhka msreKq miq úh<s ld,fha oS m%fhdackhg f.k j.d lghq;= lrkakgyels nj c, iïm;a uKav,h úiska y÷kajd oS we;' lDIs ,sx ,xldfõ N+.; c,hm%fhdackhg f.k j.d lghq;= l< yels ;j;a l%uhls' kj ;dlaIK l%ufõohkag wkqjuE; ld,fha ksmojd we;s jeis c, gexls j¾;udkfha y÷kajd oS we;s jvd;a M,odhS jQ jeisc, /ialsÍfï jHQy fõ' fuu.ska úYd, c, m%udKhla /ial< yels neúka kshx ld,fhaoS f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd Ndú;hg .; yels fõ'

² jeõ yd c,dY ;ekSu

jeis ,efnk ld,fha oSN+ñhg ,efnk jeis c,h Wiaia:dkhl /f|k whqßka fõ,sne|Su yd .x.d yryd fõ,s ne|c,dY ilid .ekSu ms<sn| b;du;aoshqKq ;dlaIK l%u Ndú;hg f.kj.d lghq;= lr we;s nj w;S;f;dr;=rej,ska fmkS hhs'

l,d jej

fufia ;ekQ jeõ yd we< ud¾.j, c,h ;u m%foaYfha foaY.=Ksl rgdj yd .,md.ksñka j.d lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kakd ,oS' iEu j.d ìulgu kshx ld,fha jqjo wjYHmuK c,h iemhSug fuu c,dYj,g yels úh' c, fmdaIl m%foaY jeä lrñka j.d N+ñm%udKh jeä lr,S h' wyiska jefgk iEu osh ì÷jla u M,odhS lsÍug jeõ yd we< ud¾.bjy,a úh' md,khlg hg;a j úYd, m%foaYhla c,fhka fmdaIKh lsÍug fuu merKsjeis c, /ia lsÍfï jHQy jk jeõ yd we< ud¾. iu;a úh' tu`.ska wvqfjka jeis ,efnkúh<s l,dmh we;=¨ j w;S; Y%S ,xldj lDIsl¾ufhka iajhxfmdaIs; lrkakg yels úh'

² msys,s wdldrfha yev we;s úúO foa Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka jeis c,h /ialsÍu i|ydmoaO;s ieliSu

ls;=,a" WKnïnq" fld<m;a jeks .%dóh jYfhka myiqfjka fidhd .; yels øjH msys,sf,i jy,hg iïnkaO lr m%udKfhka úYd, ma,diaála fyda fjk;a u< fkdnef|kNdckj,g /ialr .kS' tu c,h weô,smsáh" fudKrd., jeks m%foaYj, iqM mßudK j.dlghq;= i|yd m%fhdackhg .kS' tu`.ska jir mqrd fnda.fha c, wjYH;dj imqrñka j.dlghq;= lrkq ,nhs'

tfiau isfuka;s gexls idod by; i|yka úúO øjH Tiafia jeis c,h /ialr .ekSfukaie,lsh hq;= c, mßudjla 1000-1500 l w;r& j.d lghq;= i|yd kshx ld,fha oS m%fhdackhg.; yels fõ' fuys oS fmdf<dj u;g jefgk iq`M m%udKfha jeis ì÷jla j;a wmf;afkdhdug bv fkd;nd yels Wmßufhka c,h /ialr ;nd.kS'



² jeis c, ixrlaIK gexls

b;d oshqKq c, ixialD;shg kElï lshk Y%S ,xldfõ j¾;udk bxðfkarejka úiskajeis c,h /ialsÍu i|yd by< c, Odß;djhlska hqla; c, gexls y÷kajd oS we;' fuhwdldr 2lg ks¾udKh lrhs' tkï" .fvd,aj,ska fmdf<dj hg idok wdjrKh l< yelsljdldr gexlsh iy fmd<j u;=msg idok f*frd isfuka;s gexlshhs' fuu jeis c, gexlsm%cd c, iïmdol yd ikSmdrlaIl jHdmD;sh hgf;a m%cd ixúOdk yryd b,a,Sula lsÍfukamiq ksjfia bos lr fokq ,nhs'

jeis c, gexls boslsÍfukañksidf.a tosfkod mßfNdackhg ydlDI sld¾ñl lghq; = i|ydm%fhdackhg .; yels jk mßos jeisc,h /ialr ;nd .; yels fõ'fuu.ska .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< wvqúhoulska jeä c, m%udKhla /ialr;nd .kS' foaYSh wuqøjH yd Y%uhfhdod .ksñka fuu gexls myiqfjkaboslr .; yels fõ'

jeis c, ixrlaIK gexlsh

fuu gexls boslsÍu i|yd .ia" uq,aj,ska ndOd fkdue;s ;o fmdf<djla iys; ia:dkhlaiqÿiq fõ' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg ógr 3 la Wiska jy,h ;sìh hq;= w;r jeis c,h /ialsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< hq;= jyf,a wju jYfhka 50 m2 la j;a mej;sh hq;= h' jeys mS,s" iúlr ;sìh hq;= h' .,a yd je,s oud gexlsh ;=< fmryka moaO;shla ilia lrkq ,nhs' gexlshwe;=<; c,fhka ysia j fkd;nd wju jYfhka gexlsh ;=< 15 cm l c, uÜgula mj;ajd.; hq;= fõ' gexlshg ysre rYañh we;=M ùu ksid gexlsfha bß ;e,Sï isÿ úh yels h' c,h,nd .ekSu i|yd w;a fmdïmhla fyda lrduhla Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'

úh<s l,dmfha jeis ld,j, oS Wmßufhka jeis c,h mdúÉÑhg f.k flfukajeiai wvq ù W,am;a c,h wvq jk úg fuu c,h lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g fhdod .; yelsfõ'

² lDIs <sx u.ska jeis c,h ixrlaIKh lsÍu

úl,am c, iemhqï ud¾.hla f,i úh<s l,dmfha lDIs <sx fkdfyd;a j.d <sx y÷kajdoS we;' lDIs <sx u.ska l=vd f.dú ìï ;=< j.djka id¾:l j mj;ajd .; yels fõ'lDIsld¾ñl <sx Y%S ,xldfõ lDIs l¾udka;hg buy;a odhl;ajhla orhs' tfy;a fuu <sxwdY%s; j N+ .; c,h o wêl j mdúÉÑhg .efkk neúka N+ .; c, uÜgu my< neiSulaisÿ úh yels h' jeis wêl ld,j, oS msÍ mj;sk <sx jeis wvq ù l%ufhka kshx ld,hla t<ôúg N+ .; c,h j.d <s| ;=<g .,d tau isÿ fõ' tu wjia:dfõ oS ukd l<ukdldÍ;ajhlskahqla; j c,h mßyrKh l< hq;= h' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a N+ .; c, uÜgu my< nei tu.skawjg ìï l%ufhka úh<S f.dia úúO mdßißl .eg¨j,g uqyqK oSfï wjodkula we;s fõ'

<s|la lemSu i|yd bvfï my;a ia:dkhla fyda l=Uqrla fyda jejla wi< ia:dkhla jvd;aiqÿiq fõ' j¾Id ld,fha oS <s| wjg mi c,fhka fm`.Su ksid <sx neïu wêl mSvkhlg,la jk neúka l=vd ljq`M ;nd neïu .fvd,a " je,s yd isfuka;s fhdod ne| .; hq;= fõ'<sx neïu fmd<j uÜgfuka by<g ne| lmrdre lsÍfuka neïfï Yla;sh jeä lr .; yels

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fõ' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd j.d <s|lska c,h ,nd .ekSfï oS c, fmdïmhla l%shdlrùfuka fyda w;ska f.k Ndckj,g mqrjd Ndú;hg .; yels fõ'

lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd by; i|yka l<jeis c,h /ia lr .ekSu yd c, ixrlaIK l%uwkq.ukh lsÍug oekqj;a úh hq;= h' wm rfÜflá ld,hla ;=< wêl jeis we;s ùu;a" jeis wvqld, iSudj;a oS¾> fjñka mj;sk njla meyeos,s jfmkS hk lreKls' tjeks ;;ajhka ms<sn|jie,ls,a,g f.k jeis c,h Wmßu f,iskam%fhdackhg .; hq;= h' tneúka jeis ,efnkld,hg iEu jeys ì÷jlau m%fhdackhg .ksñkajeis c,h .nvd lr tajd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;djlskaiy wrmsßueiafuka m%fhdackhg .ekSug lghq;=l< hq;= fõ' tfia u N+.; j .nvd jk c,hwdrlaId lr .ekSu o wmf.a hq;=luls' fufiai ajNdúl j ,efnk jei s c,h ukdl<ukdldÍ;ajhlska hq;= j Ndú;hg .ksñka j.dlghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug mqreÿ mqyqKq ùu cd;slfufyjrla jkq we;'

lDIsld¾ñl <sx

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ksmqK;dj 10 ( M,odhS f,i i;a;aj md,kfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( jeo.;alu yd wjYH;dj jgyd f.k fhda.H i;a;aj j¾.f;dard .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 10'1 ( "y÷kdf.k ksjeros i;a;aj jß. - fhfouq M,odhS i;a;ajmd,khl"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'1'1 g wod< rEm igyka• weuqKqu 10'1'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia

m;%sldfõ msgm;a ;=kla• weuqKqu 10'1'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a ;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'1'1 ( • weuqKqu 10'1'1 g wod< rEm igyka mka;shg bosßm;a

lrkak'• tys we;=<;a i;=ka iïnkaO j isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• my; i|yka f.dú m< i;=ka nyq, j we;s lrk

nj• .jhka • t¿jka• ó .jhka • l=l=<ka• W!rka

• úúO wjYH;djka i|yd f.dú fmd< i;=ka we;slrk nj

• wjYH;dj yd m%foaYhg WÑ; jk fia fhda.H i;a;ajj¾. yd jß. f;dard .ekSfuka Wiia ksIamdokhla,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 60 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,kh oshqKq lsÍfuka"

• ñksidg wjYH i;a;aj fm%daàka ,nd .; yels ùu

• j.djkag wjYH fmdfydr ,nd oSu• wdodhï bmehSu wdoS m%fhdack /ila ,nd .;

yels nj• Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,kh oshqKq lsÍu i|yd

úNjhka lsysmhla f,i"• i;a;aj ksIamdok i|yd úYd, mdßfNda.sl b,aüla mej;Su• i;a;aj wdydr Y%S ,xldfõ iq,N ùuwdosh oelaúh yels nj

• Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j we;s lrkq ,nk f.dú m<i;=ka j¾. lsysmhla f,i .jhska" t¿jka" W!rkaiy l=l=<ka oelaúh yels nj

• tla tla f.dú m< i;a;aj jß.hkaf.a úúO jß.^breeds& we;s nj

• mS%Ishka" wh¾Ih¾" iskaos" iysjd,a" AMZ, AFS wdoS.j jß. lsysmhla we;s nj

• cñkmdß" idkka fldÜgqlÉÑh YS% ,xld fndah¾wdos t¿ jß. lsysmhla we;s nj

• W!re jß. lsysmhla f,i ,dÊ jhsÜ" ,Ekaâ f¾iawdosh oelaúh yels nj

• f,f.daka" RIR, n%yaud" fldÑka jeks i;=ka l=l=¿jß.j,g WodyrK nj

• by; i;a;aj jß.j,g wdfõKsl jQ ,laIK we;snjWod( m%SIshka .j jß.fha ,laIK lsysmhla f,i

ifï j¾Kh - l¿ iy iqÿ mq,a,s iys; YÍrh úYd, nj lsß ksIamdokh" lsß uqrhl oS lsß 6000 l - 7000 l muK jk nj

wdosh oelaúh yels nj• m%fhdackh yd iïNjh jQ rg wkqj tu jß.

j¾.SlrKh l< yels nj• .j jß. • iïNjh wkqj • hqfrdamSh jß. - mS%Ishka" wh¾Ih¾" c¾is • bkaoSh jß. - r;= iskaos" iysjd,a • m%fhdackh wkqj • uia i|yd - î*a udiag¾" n%yauka • lsß i|yd - m%SIshka" wh¾Ih¾ • oaúld¾h - fIdaÜ fydaka • nr weoSug - ls,dß



• Y%S ,xldfõ uia i|yd .j jß. we;s fkdlrk nj• W!rka jß. • m%fhdack wkqj • uia i|yd - foaYSh W!rka • fílka i|yd - ,dÊ jhsÜ" ,Ekaâ f¾ia • oaúld¾h - ähqfrdla• t¿ jß. • iïNjh wkqj • wdishdkq jß. - cïkmdß • hqfrdamSh jß. - idkka • m%fhdackh wkqj • uia msKsi - fldÜgqlÉÑh • lsß i|yd - idkka • oaúld¾h - cïkmdß• l=l=¿ jß.

• iïNjh wkqj • weußlka jß. - RIR • hqfrdamSh jß. - Tiag%f,dma • uOHOrKS jß. - f,f.daka • wdishd;sl jß. - n%yaud" fldÑka • m%fhdackh wkqj • uia i|yd - n%yaud" fldÑka • ì;a;r i|yd - f,f.daka • oaúld¾h - RIR • w,xldrh i|yd - cemkSia nekagï • l%Svd ^fmdr& i|yd - bkaoshka f.aï• ó .j jß. • m%fhdackh wkqj • lsß i|yd - uQrd

• m%foaYhg yd wjYH;djg WÑ; jk fia i;a;ajjß. f;dard .; hq;= njWod( • Wvrg l,dmh$ lsß ksIamdokh i|yd

- m%SIshka .jhd• úh<s l,dmh$ oaúld¾h t¿ - cïkmdß• úh<s l,dmh$ oaúld¾h W!re - ähqfrdla• úh<s l,dmh$ ì;a;r - RIR

• tu.ska Wiia wiajekakla ,nd .; yels nj ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (i;a;aj md,kfha we;s jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'i;a;aj md,kfha oS mßirhg yd wjYH;djg wkqj fhda.H i;a;aj j¾. f;dard.ekSfuka Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels nj ms<s .kshs'ld¾hh yd mdßißl ;;a;ajhka wkqj WÑ; i;a;aj jß. f;dard ,hsia;= .;lrhs'

ksjeros yd WÑ; foa f;dard .kshs' wjYH wjia:dj, oS j¾.SlrKh Ndú; lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'1'1

weuqKqu 10'1'2


"yªkdf.k ksjeros i;a;aj jß. - fhfouq M,odhS i;a;aj md,khl"

• my; i|yka tajdhska Tng ,efnk i;a;aj jß.$ j¾. ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduqlrkak'1' t< .jhska yd ó .jhska2' t¿jka yd W!rka3' l=l=<ka


• Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,kh oshqKq lsÍfï jeo.;alu yd ta i|yd we;s úNjhka úia;rlrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s i;a;aj j¾.hg wh;a jß. breeds& kï lrkak'

• tla tla i;a;aj jß.hkaf.a ,laIK y÷kd .kak'

• tu jß. m%fhdackh wkqj$ iïNjh wkqj j¾.SlrKh lr olajkak'

• tu i;a;aj jß. w;=ßka Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd Tfí m%foaYhg ydwjYH;djg WÑ; jß. f;dard olajkak' tfia f;dard .ekSug fya;= o olajkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lsÍug iqodkï jkak'

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weuqKqu 10'1'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

;=ka .Dyia:lrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i fkdfhla f.dú fmd< i;a;aj j¾. yd

jß. we;s úh' hqfrdamfha we;s jQ lDIsld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ i;a;aj md,kh l¾udka;hla

njg m;a úh' tys m%;sM,h f,i fouqyqï wNsckkh we;=¿ kj wNsckk l%u Ndú;h

werUqKs' t u.ska ñksidf.a wd¾Ól yd fjk;a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd Wiia ,laIK

iys; i;=ka ìys flßKs'

i;a;aj md,kfhka ,efnk m%;s,dN rdYshls' ñksidg wjYH i;a;aj fm%daàka i|yd

uia" ì;a;r yd lsß ,nd .; yels ùu" j.djkag wjYH fmdfydr ,nd .ekSug yels ùu"

iajhx /lshdjla jYfhka kshqla; ù wdodhï Wmhd .; yels ùu" i;a;aj wmøjHj,ska ðj

jdhqj ,nd .ekSfuka tosfkod ñksidg wjYH n,Yla;sh ksmojd .ekSug yels ùu"

uq¿;ekaf.hs bj; ,k øjH" ñksia mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq wdydr j¾. úkdY fkdlr i;a;aj

wdydr f,i ,nd oS i;=kaf.a ksIamdok ñksia mßfNdackhg .; yels ùu" ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

mjqf,a w;sßla; Y%uh Ndú; lrñka werôh yels i;a;aj md,k l¾udka;h Y%S ,xldj

;=< jHdma; lsßug úNjhla we;' tkï"

• Y%S ,xldfõ lsß" uia yd ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq neúka tu W!k;dj iïmQ¾K lsÍfï

wjYH;djla ;sfí'

• mßfNdackhg wjYH ;rï ksIamdokh fkdjk ksid lsß yd uia ksIamdok wdkhkh

lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd hk úfoaY úksuh b;sß lsÍfï wjYH;djla mj;S'

• i;a;aj wdydr jYfhka Ndú; flfrk fmd,a mqkaklal=" iy,a ksjqvq" ;DK jeks foa

Y%S ,xldfõ iq,N ùu'

• lsß yd uia ksIamdok i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ m%udKj;a l¾udka;Yd,d yd mY= ffjoH fiajd

myiqlï mq¿,a j mej;Su'

• i;a;aj md,kh i|yd úúO Kh yd rlaIK l%u l%shd;aul ùu'

Y%S ,xldfõ we;s lrk m%Odk f.dú m< i;a;aj úfYaI jkafka .jhka" W!rka" l=l=<ka

yd t¿jka h' tu i;a;aj úfYaI Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, jHdma; j isá;s'

Y%S ,xldfõ f.dú fmd< i;a;aj .yk ixhq;sh

i;a;aj úh<s yd l÷rg yd my;rg f;;a

j¾.h w;rueos l,dmh ueorg l,dm

.jhka 73] 13'1] 13'9]

ó yrla 72'71] 12'3] 15'0]

t¿jka 73'2] 13'5] 12'0]

W!rka 39'7] 6'4] 57'0]

l=l=<ka 45] 16'8] 38]

i



f.dú m< i;=ka j¾.SlrKh

f.dú m< i;=ka iïNjh wkqj yd ld¾hh wkqj my; oelfjk fia j¾.SlrKh l<

yels h'

.jhskaa j¾.slrKh

1& iïNjh wkqj

a' hqfrdamSh jß. Bos taurus& b' bkaoshdkq jß. Bos indicus&

2& ld¾hh wkqj

1' lsß i|yd - ms%Ishka" wh¾Ih¾ 3' oaúld¾h lsß yd uia i|yd& - fIdaÜfydaka

2' uia i|yd - ì*a udiag¾" n%yauka 4' nr weoSu i|yd - ls,dß

hqfrdamSh yd bkaoshdkq .j j¾. foflys m%Odk ,laIK

fndia bkaälia fndia fgdaria

• bkaoSh iïNjhla iys; h' hqfrdamSh iïNjhla iys; h'

• WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= foa' WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa'

• YÍrh l=vd h' YÍrh úYd, h'

• fud,a,sh j¾Okh ù we;' fud,a,sh j¾Okh ù ke;'

• ;e,a," fmlks fm;a; fyd|ska

j¾Okh ù t,af,hs'

• YÍrfha msgqmi rjqï h' YÍrfha msgqmi rjqï ke;'

• j,a.h os.g j¾Okh ù we;' j,a.h flá h'

• Yafõo .%kaÓ jeä h' Yafõo .%kaÓ wvq h'

• yu wefok iq¨ h' fi,fõ' yu weÕg ;o ù we;'

• lsks;= WKg yd lsks;= WKg yd

mrfmdaIs;hkag Tfrd;a;= foa' mrfmdaIs;hkag f.dÿre fõ'

• msßñ i;=ka nr weoSug iqÿiq h' wNsckk ld¾hhkag fhda.H h'

• lsß ksIamdokh wvq h' lsß ksIamdokh jeä h'

Y%S ,xldfõ we;s lrk .j jß.

Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, úúO .j jß. we;s lrkq ,nhs' fuu .j m%fNao w;=ßka

wjYH;dj yd m%foaYfha mdßißl ;;a;aj wkqj iqÿiq jß. f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a h' tu.ska

Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h'

tla tla i;aj md,k l,dmhg WÑ; .j jß. lsysmhla my;ska oelafõ'

i;aj md,k l,dmh ks¾foaYs; .j jß.

úh<s l,dmh iysjd,a" iSkaos" AFS, AMZ

Wvrg f;;a l,dmh m%SIshka" c¾is" wh¾Ih¾

ueorg f;;a l,dmh hqfrdamSh .j jß." AFS, AMZmy;rg f;;a l,dmh iysjd,a" c¾is" m%SIshka" AFS, AMZfmd,a ;s%fldaKh c¾is" iysjd,a



Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j we;s lrk .j jß.hka my; oelafõ'

1& m%SIshka

• lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kS' f,dalfha jeä u lsß ksmojkakd h' hqfrdamSh

.j jß.hls'

• iïNjh fko¾,ka;h h'

• ifï j¾Kh l¿ iy iqÿ mq,a,s iys; h' wx

os. h'

• YÍr m%udKh úYd, h' mßK; msßñ

i;l=f.a nr 1029-1270 kg jk w;r .eyeKq

i;l=f.a nr 590-725 kg fõ'

• tla uqrhl oS ksmojk lsß m%udKh 6000 l -7000 l la muK jk w;r lsßj, fïo

m%;sY;h 3-3'5] ls'

2& wh¾Ih¾

• lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd hqfrdamSh .j jß.hls'

• iafldÜ,ka;fha wh¾Ih¾ ckau N+ñhhs'

• ifï j¾Kh r;= fyda ÿUre iys; mq,a,s iys; h' kuq;a ;o ÿUqre fyda w¿ meye;s

.jhka o we;' wx os. h'

• YÍr m%udKh uOHu m%udKfha jk w;r

mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr 700-900 kg jk

w;r .eyekq i;l=f.a nr 450-630 kg la fõ'

• tla uqrhl oS ksmojk lsß m%udKh 5500 l -6000 l la muK jk w;r lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h

4] ls'

• Y%S ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhl u we;s l< yels

h' kuq;a jvd fhda.H jkafka Wvrg f;;a

l,dmh h'

3& c¾is

• hqfrdamh wjg c¾is ¥mf;a uq,a Wm; jk w;r lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq

,nhs'

• YÍr j¾Kh l¿ fyda w¿ meye fõ'

• YÍr m%udKh l=vd h' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr 450-500 kg jk w;r .eyeKq

i;l=f.a nr 350-400kg la fõ'

• tla uqrhl oS ksmojk lsß m%udKh 4500 lla muK jk w;r lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h

4'5-5'5] ls'

• fuu i;=kaf.a wx W,a ù bosßhg keó we;'

weia bosßhg fkrd we;'

• Wvrg" ueorg f;;a l,dmhg fhda.H h'

úh<s l,dmhg t;rï fhda.H ke;'

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4& r;= iskaos

mdlsia:dkfha iïNjh ,nd we;s bkaoSh .j jß.hla

jk fuu i;=ka r;= fyda ÿUqre j¾K fõ' YÍrh uOHu

m%udK jk w;r" mßK; msßñ i;l= 450-500 kg la o

.eyeKq i;l= 300-350 kg la o fõ' lsß ,nd .ekSu

i|yd we;s lrk fuu i;=ka tla uqrhl oS ksmojk lsß

m%udKh 1900 l -2100 l ;a w;r jk w;r fïo m%;sY;h

5'4-5'5] ls' úYd, fud,a,shla we;' wx iys; h' lka úYd, h; ;e,a, t,a,d jeà

we;' úúO mßir iys; m%foaYj, we;s l< yels h' nr weoSu i|yd o fhda.H h'

5& iysjd,a

mdlsia:dkfha iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka

lsrs ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nk bkaoSh

.j jß.hls' YÍr m%udKh úYd, h" ,d r;=

ÿUqre j¾K .kS' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr

450 kg la jk w;r .eyekq i;l=f.a nr 400

kg ls' tla uqrhl oS ksmojk lsß m%udKh

2600 l la jk w;r fïo m%;sY;h 4'5] ls' ;e,a,

úYd, jk w;r t,a,d jefÜ' nqre,a yula yd fud,a,shla we;' uOHu m%udKfha lka

yd YÍrfha isyska flaY we;' frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj we;s fuu i;=ka úh<s

l,dmfha o ueorg yd my;rg úh<s m%foaYfha o jefâ'

6& foaYSh .j jß.$ngq yrla

• furg Wm; ,o l=vd .j jß.hls' furg iEu m%foaYhl u mdfya oelsh yels jqj o

jeä jYfhka u oelsh yelafla úh<s l,dmfha iajNdúl ;DK N+ñj, h'

• fndfyda fia oeä h' lsisÿ md,k l%uhla ke;s j jqj o j¾Okh fõ' b;d iq¿ wdydr

m%udKhlska kv;a;= l< yels h'

• j¾Kh l¿ fyda r;= fõ' iuyr i;=kaf.a iqÿ meye;s mq,a,s olakg we;' laISrKh udi

6 la muK fõ'

• uqrhlg lsß 625 l l la muK .; yels h'

• mßK; msßñ i;l= 270 kg la muK o" .eyekq i;l= 180 kg la muK o nr fõ'

• Wiia .j j¾. iuÕ fouqyqï lsÍfuka foaYSh i;=ka Wiia l< yels h'

• lsß yd uia ,nd .ekSug fuka u" nr weoSu yd iS iEu i|yd o fhda.H h'

• .eyekq i;l= ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a jk úg jhi wjqreÿ 3 1$2 la muK fõ'

7& fouqyqï jß.

oekg Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj,g .e<fmk fouqyqï jß. we;s lrkq ,efí' fuys

wruqK lsß ksIamdokhhs'

AFS-íafÜ%,shdkq m%sIshka iysjd,a

íafÜ%,shdkq m%sIshka yd bkaoshdkq iysjd,a hk jß. fouqyqï lsÍfuka fuu jß.h

idod we;' fudjqka l¿ fyda r;= ñY% l¿ meye;s h' lsß ksIamdokh jeä h' WIaK

•



foaY.=Kj,g Tfrd;a;= foa' lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h m%SIshka jß.fha i;=kag jvd jeä h'

AMZ-íafÜ%,shdkq ñ,alska iSnq

íafÜ%,shdfõ c¾is iy bkaoshdfõ iskaos fyda iysjd,a jß.j, fouqyqfuka ksmojd

we;s jß.hls' fudjqkaf.a foay j¾Kh rka jka meyefha isg ÿUqre meyeh olajd fõ'

lsß ksIamdokh jeä h' WIaK foaY.=Kj,g Tfrd;a;= foa' fud,a,shla ke;' ;e,a,la

yd isks÷ iula we;'

ó .j jß.

oeä oaúld¾h i;a;aj fldÜGdYhls' úfYaIfhka lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd ó .jhka we;s

lrkq ,efí' ó lsß " t< lsßj,g jvd fmdaIHodhlhs' l=Uqre iS iEu msKsi o fudjqka

fhdojkq ,efí' f,vfrda.j,g myiqfjka f.dÿre fkdfõ' Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j isák ó

yrla jß. lsysmhla my;ska oela fõ'

1' uQrd

bkaoshdfõ mkacdí ys iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=kaf.a

YÍr l¿$;o w¿ meye;s fõ' úYd, YÍrhla we;' wx

flá w;r tajd miqmig;a" hgg;a" kej; Wvq w;g;a

lrleù we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 700-900 kg ;a w;r

fõ' .eyeKq i;l= 600-700 kg ls' tla uqrhl oS

ksmojk lsß m%udKh 1800-2500 kg ;a w;r jk w;r

lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h 6-7] ls' fuu i;=kaf.a ysi

idfmalaI j l=vd h' lka t,a,d jeà we;' os.= fn,a,la yd os.= j,s.hla we;'

2' iQ¾;s

bkaoshdfõ mkacdí m%dka;fha iQ¾;s m%foaYfha iïNjh

,nd we;s fuu i;=ka w¿$ ÿUqre meye fõ' uOHu

m%udKfha YÍrhla we;' wx ;rula flá h'

oEle;a;l yevhla .kS' mßK; msrsñ i;l= 500-

700 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 400-600 ;a w;r

fõ' tla uqrhl oS lsß 1800 l - 1200 l la w;r

m%udKhla ksmojhs' lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h 7'5] ls'

fuu i;=kaf.a fn,af,a iqÿ meye;s máhla we;s

w;r idfmalaI j os.= ysila we;'

3' ks,s rú

bkaoshdfõ yd mdlsia:dkfha jß. folla f,i

iïNjh jQj;a oekg tla jß.hla f,i ie,fla'YÍrfha j¾Kh l¿ h' YÍr m%udKh uQrd yd iQ¾;sw;r m%udKhla .kS' mßK; msßñ i;l= 600 kg lamuK jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 500 kg la muK fõ'wx flá h' ;oska keù we;' tla uqrhl oS lsß

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1800 l -2500 l la muK ksmojhs' lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h 6-7] fõ' j,a.h os.= h' mdo"j,a.h yd fydïn iqÿ meyehla .kS' k<f,ys iqÿ meye;s ,mhla we;' mdo uQrd

jß.hg jvd flá h' weia ;=< fld< meye;s uqÿjla olakg we;'

4' foaYSh ó .j jß.h

Y%S ,xldfõ iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka ;o w¿$

;rula l¿ meyehla .kS' l=vd m%udKfha YÍrhla

we;' wx msgqmig jla ù" uola fmrg iy fomig

fkrd f.dia we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 350-380 kg ;a

w;r fõ' tla uqrhl os ksmojk lsß m%udKh 500 l -675 l ls' YÍrh Yla;su;a h' Wiia m%fNaohla iuÕ

fouqyqï lsÍfuka lsß ksIamdokh jeä l< yels h'

t¿jka j¾.SlrKh

1& iïNjh jQ ia:dkh wkqj j¾.SlrKh

iïNjh u.ska tla tla t¿ jß.h wkqj¾;kh ù we;s foaY.=Kh yd mßirh fmkajd

fokq ,efí'Wod( a. wm%sldkq jß. b. wdishdkq jß. c. hqfrdamSh jß.

fï w;=ßka Y%S ,xldfõ nyq,j u we;s lrk jß. wh;a jkafka wdishdkq yd hqfrdamSh

jß.j,g h'

2& ld¾hh wkqj j¾.SlrKh

a. uia msKsi we;s lrk i;=ka b. lsß i|yd we;s lrk i;=ka c. oaúld¾h i;=ka

Y%S ,xldfõ we;s lrk t¿ jß.

1' cïkmdß

wdishdkq iïNjhla we;' uq,a Wm; bkaoshdjhs'

oaúld¾h jß.hls' YÍrh úúO j¾K úh yels h' mßK;

msßñ i;l=f.a nr 75 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a

nr 65 kg ls' jirlg lsß .; yels osk 150 fõ' uqrhl

oS ksmojk idudkH lsß ksIamdokh 150 l ls' fudjqkaf.a

YÍrh úYd, h' lka úYd, jk w;r os.g t,a,d

jefÜ' flá" me;,s jQ wx we;' f,dau flá h' isks÷ h' ksj¾;k yd w¾O ksj¾;k

l,dmj,g .e<fma'

2' idkka

hqfrdamSh iïNjhla we;' lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrk

fuu i;=kaf.a uq,a Wm; iaúÜi¾,ka;fha h' YÍrh iqÿ

j¾Kh isg l%Sï meyeh olajd fjkia fõ' mßK; msßñ

i;l=f.a nr 75 kg la muK jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a nr

ls'.%E' 65 ls' jirlg lsß .; yels osk 150 la jk w;r

osklg lsß 3 l la muK ,nd foa' fuu i;=kaf.a ysi

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os. h' uqyqK iDcq h' lKa l=vd h' lka fl<ska W,g bosßhg keuqk iajNdjhla

fmkajhs' fn,a, os.= jk w;r isyska h' wx iys; h' úúO mßir ;;a;ajhkag

Tfrd;a;= ÿkak o" oeä iQ¾h rYañhg ixfõoS h'

3' fldÜgqlÉÑh

bkaoSh jß.hl foaYSh fouqyqula f,i fldÜgqlÉÑh

f.dúmf,a 1950 j¾Ifha iïNjh isÿ ù we;' uia i|yd

we;s lrkq ,nhs' YÍr j¾Kh l¿ h' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a

nr 40 kg la muK jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a nr 30 kg ls'

uOHu m%udKfha YÍrhls' mdo os.= h' lka" mmq fmfoi

flá h' flá f,dau olakg ;sfí' lgql mßirhkag

Tfrd;a;= foa'

4' Y%S ,xld fndah¾

wdishdkq iïNjhla we;' fndah¾ i;=ka fldÜgqlÉÑh fouqyqï

i;=ka iuÕ fouqyqï lsßfuka fuu jß.h fnda ù we;' uOHu

m%udKfha os.= mdo yd lka o" flá f,dau o olakg ,efí'

fn,a, yd ysi fldgi l¿ fyda ÿUqre meye jk w;r YÍr

m%udKh úYd, h' uia yd lsß i|yd fhda.H j¾.hls' mßK;

msßñ i;l=f.a nr 60 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 45 kg la muK fõ'

W!rka j¾.SlrKh

W!rka uia ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,efí' úúO ksIamdok iEoSu i|yd ;r lrk

,o W!rkaf.ka uia ,nd .kS' foayfha msg fldkafoa yd Worh fomi uia fílka ksIamdok

i|yd Ndú; flf¾' .d;fha uia" yeï ksIamdokh i|yd ,nd .kS' b;sßh idudkH uia

jYfhka Ndú; flf¾' idudkHfhka fílka ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrk jß. yd uia ,nd

.ekSu i|yd we;s lrk jß. f,i W!rka j¾. lr we;' fílka yd uia fol u ,nd .ekSug

we;s lrk j¾. oaúld¾h j¾. fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ we;s lrkq ,nk W!re jß.

W!re md,kh Y%S ,xldfõ b;d myiqfjka ,dN ,eìh yels jHdmdrhls' laISrmdhska

w;=ßka jeä u wdydr mßj¾;k ld¾hlaIu;djhla we;af;a W!rkag h' fuys oS jvd jeo.;a

jkafka wjYH;dj wkqj .e<fmk W!re jß. f;dard .ekSu h'

Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j we;s lrk W!re jß.hka my; oelafõ'

1' ,dÊ jhsÜ

ì%;dkHfha iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;a;aj jß.h fílka

,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' YÍr j¾Kh iqÿ h'l¿ ;s;a" ks,a ;s;a fyda l¿ frdau iys; h' YÍrhúYd,h" os. h' ysi ;rula os. h" fndl=gq h' fydïnuy;a h' lka bosßhg keó osla ù we;' mdo Wia h'

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mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr 150-200 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a nr 115-160 kg ;a

w;r fõ' jrlg megjq 10-12 la ouhs' megjq b;d l=vd neúka uefrk ixLHdj jeä

h' oeä ysre rYañhg yd mSvdjkag Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa'

2' ,Ekaâ f¾ia

fvkaud¾lfha iïNjh ,o fuu i;a;aj jß.h fílka

i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' YÍr j¾Kh iqÿ h' YÍrh os.

h' t,a,d jegqk lka we;' fydïn os. h' mßK; msßñ

i;l=f.a nr 135-180 kg la muK jk w;r .eyeKq

i;l= 100-150 kg ;a w;r fõ' jrlg megjqka 10-

12 la ouhs' msgqmi .d;a ÿ¾j, neúka msßñ i;=ka

wNsckkh i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ' Y%S ,xldjg WÑ; jß.h fõ'

3' ähqfrdla

wefußldfõ iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka r;= meye;s h'

uia yd fílka ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' fï ksid

fudjqka oaúld¾h fõ' lka ;rula t,a,d jefÜ' mßK; msßñ

i;l= 160 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 130 kg la fõ' jrlg

megjqka 9-10 la ouhs' fuu i;=kaf.a YÍrfha msgqmi fmfoi

fïo ;Ügqfõ >klu wvq h' bosß .d;%j, Yla;su;a nj wvq

h' WIaK m%foaYj,g Tfrd;a;= foa'

4' foaYSh W!rka'

• ;o meye;s h'

• YÍr m%udKfhka l=vd h'

• YÍrfha bosßmi fldgi j¾Okh ù we;s

w;r msgqmi fmfoi t;rï j¾Okh ù ke;'

• ksIamdokhg t;rï fhda.H ke;'

• jrlg megjq 3-6 la muK ouk w;r

megjqkaf.a urK wkqmd;slh 20-100] fõ'

l=l=<ka j¾.SlrKh

1& iïNjh wkqj • wefußlka jß.

• hqfrdamSh jß.

• uOHOrKS jß.

• wdishd;sl jß.

2& ld¾hh wkqj • ì;a;r i|yd iqÿiq jß.

• uia i|yd iqÿiq jß.

• oaúld¾h jß.

• w,xldrh i|yd iqÿiq jß.

• l%Svd fmdr& i|yd iqÿiq jß.

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ì;a;r i|yd we;s lrk wNsckkh l< jß.j, ,laIK

fuu i;=kaf.a YÍr nr wvq h' ieye,a h' wvq wdydr wd.kqjla we;' ,sx.sl mßK;sh

blaukska isÿ fõ' udi 4-4 1$2 lska muK ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrk w;r j¾Ihlg ì;a;r

280 g jvd ouhs' ì;a;r úYd, h' fudjqyq ì;a;r fkdrls;s'

uia i|yd we;s lrk jß.j, ,laIK

fï i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka h' fudjqka my; i|yka ,laIKj,ska

hqla; úh hq;= h'

• osk 42 ka cSj nr 1'7-2 kg la muK ùu

• wdydr uia njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùu

oaúld¾h jß.j, ,laIK

m<uqfjks wjqreoafoa oS ì;a;r oeóu ukdj isÿ fõ' miq j Tjqka j uia i|yd .; yels

h' ì;a;r i|yd fhdod .kakd jß.j,g jvd nfrka jeä h' läir h' jirlg ì;a;r

180-200 la m%udKhla ouk fuu i;=ka udi 3 1$2- 4 1$2 muK jQ miq iïmQ¾Kfhka u jefâ'

lsls<shka ì;a;r /lalùu i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

w,xldrh yd úfkdaoh i|yd fhdod .kakd l=l=¿ jß.

fudjqka t;rï iq,N fkdjk w;r ksIamdokhla n,dfmdrd;a;= fkdfõ'

Wod( cemkSia nekagï - w,xldrhg" fmdr l=l=<d - fmdrg" bkaoshka f.aï - fmdrg

l=l=¿ jß.

Y%S ,xldj ;=< l,ska we;s lrk ,o kquqyqka jß. lsysmhl ,laIK my; olajd we;'

oshqKq ;dlaIKh;a iuÕ Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfï wáfhka fuu m%fNao fouqyqï

wNsckkfhka fouqyqka jß. ksmojd we;' wo Y%S ,xldfõ we;s lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkqfha

fuu fouqyqka jß. h'

1' f,f.daka

iïNjh wkqj uOHOrKS ldKavhg wh;a fõ' ì;a;r i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' f,dalfha

Wiia u ì;a;r ksIamdolhd fõ' udi 4-4 1$2 lska ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrhs' jirlg

ì;a;r 280-300 la ouhs' YÍr m%udKh l=vd h" läir h' msydgqj, j¾Kh wkqj jhsÜ

f,f.daka" n%jqka f,f.daka yd n*a f,f.daka f,i wdldrh 3

ls' ñka ckm%sh jkafka jhsÜ f,f.daka h' Y%S ,xldj jeks

rgj,g iqÿ meye jß.h b;d WÑ; h' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a

nr 2'8 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a nr 2 kg ls' ;ks$frdai

lru,la we;' lka fm;a; iqÿ meye .kS' iu yd mdo ly

meye;s h'

2' frdaâ whs,kaâ frâ RIR&

weußlka iïNjhla we;s oaúld¾h i;=ka jk fuu i;=kaf.ka ì;a;r ksIamdokh

jirlg 180-200 ;a w;r fõ' msydgqj, j¾Kh ;o ÿUqre fyda r;= fõ' ;ks$frdai

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lru,la we;' YÍrh p;=ri%dldrh" msg m<,a h' j¾Ok iS>%;dj

jeä h' ì;a;r oeóu udi 41$2-5 oS wdrïN lrhs' mßK; msßñ

i;l=f.a nr 4 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l=f.a nr 2'5 kg ls'

lka fm;af;a j¾Kh r;= h' iu yd mdo ly meyehla .kS' >¾u

l,dmSh rgj,g .e<fma'

3' n%yaud

wdishdkq iïNjhla we;' uia ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq

,nhs' fudjqkaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq h' jirlg ouk

ì;a;r m%udKh 60-100 ls' jdKscuh jYfhka t;rï oshqKq ù

ke;' w,xldrh i|yd o we;s lrkq ,nhs' msydgqj, j¾Kh

ks,a$ÿUqre fyda m~qjka fõ' mS yevfha lru,la we;' lka

fm;a; ly meyehla .kS' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr 5-5'5 kgla jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 4'5 kg la fõ'

4' fldÑka

wdishdkq iïNjhla we;' uia ,nd .ekSu msKsi we;s lrkq

,nhs' úYd, YÍrhla we;' uOHu m%udKfha ysila orhs'

fydg l=vd h" oeä h" uola keó we;' mßK; msßñ i;l=

4'3 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 3'6 kg la fõ' jirlg ouk

ì;a;r ixLHdj 60-100 w;r fõ' msydgqj, j¾Kh

l¿$iqÿ$m~qjka fõ' ;ks lru,la we;' lka fm;af;a j¾Kh

r;= h' iu yd mdo ly meye;s h'

5' Tiag%f,dma

hqfrdamSh iïNjhla we;s fudjqka uia yd ì;a;r ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' Y%S

,xldfõ ckm%sh jß.hls' .ï l=l=<ka fuks' os.= YÍrhla we;' .eUqre h' jirlg

jirlg ì;a;r 180-200 w;r m%udKhla ouhs' msydgq oSma;su;a

l¿ j¾Khla .kS' ;ks lru,la we;' lka fm;a; r;=

meye;s h' iu iqÿ meyehla .kS' mdo ;o w¿ meye;s h'

mßK; msßñ i;l= 3'4-3'8 kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 2'8 kgla fõ' f;;a j¾Idj we;s fmfoiaj,g Tfrd;a;= foa'

fouqyqka jß.

oekg Y%S ,xldfõ jdKsc j ì;a;r ksIamdokh i|yd jeä jYfhka Ndú; jkafka

fouqyqï jß.hhs' f.da,avka flduÜ" fIaj¾ 579" f,daudka ÿUqre" yhsfilaia ÿUqre wdoS ÿUqre

meye ì;a;r ouk jß.;a fIaj¾ 288" yhsfilaia iqÿ" f,daudka iqÿ wdoS iqÿ meye ì;a;r ouk

jß.;a tu fouqyqka jß. i|yd WodyrK fõ' iqÿ meye ì;a;r ouk jß.j, jeä ì;a;r

m%udKhla ksIamdokh;a" YÍr l=vd ùu;a ta ksid kv;a;=jg wjYH jk wdydr m%udKh wvq

ùu;a" jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla jk w;r" ì;a;r lgqfõ >klu wvq ksid ìf|k iq nj jeäùu;a" ì;a;r ñ, wvq ùu;a" i;=ka l=vd ksid msg,Efï oS úlsKsh yels uia m%udKh wvq ùu;awjdisodhl ;;a;aj fõ' ÿUqre meye ì;a;r ouk jß.j, ì;a;r m%udKh wvq h' i;=kaf.am%udKh idfmalaI j úYd, h' kv;a;=jg wjYH jk wdydr m%udKh jeä h' kuq;a ì;a;r

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lgqfõ >klu jeä h' ì;a;rj, ñ, jeä h' msg,Efï oS úlsKsh yels uia m%udKh jeäh' fï wkqj ÿUqre meye ì;a;r ouk jß. fmkajkafka iqÿ meye ì;a;r ouk jß.j,gm%;súreoaO ,laIKhka h' flfia kuq;a fuu jß. fofla ì;a;r .=Kd;aul;dj w;skaiudk ;;a;ajfha mj;sk nj wjOdrKh l< hq;a;ls'

uia ksIamdokh i|yd we;s lrk fouqyqka jß. jkafka yhsfn%da" y¾n¾â" fIaj¾"f,daudka" bkaoshka ßj¾ wdoshhs'

fouqyqka i|yd kï ,nd oS we;af;a ksIamdos; iud.ï wkqjhs' ish,af,ys u ksIamdokhgwdfõKsl jQ ,laIKj,ska hqla; fõ'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'2 ( m%Yia; ksIamdokhla i|yd ksjeros l%u Ndú; lrñka l=l=¿md,kfha fhfohs'

l%shdldrlu 10'2 ( "Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u" ,nuq by< ksIamdok"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'2'1 g l=l=<kaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjêoelafjk rEmh



bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'2'1 ( • weuqKqu 10'2'1 g we;=<;a rEmh isiqkag m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• ta weiqfrka l=l=<kaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjê ms<sn| jisiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjlafufyhkak'• l=l=¨ md,kfha oS úúO j¾Ok wjêj, i;=ka

md,kh l< hq;= nj• megjqka• j¾Okh jk i;=ka• ì;a;r ouk i;=ka

• tu wjêj,g wkqj Tjqkaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;djfjkia jk nj

• tu ksid úúO fmdaIK w.hkaf.ka hq;a úúO wdydr,nd osh hq;= nj

• tu j¾Ok wjêj,g wod< j .e<fmk ksjdiiemhsh hq;= nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 120 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• l=l= md,kfha os m%Odk j¾Ok wjê ;=kla ms<sn|

j lghq;= lrk nj• megjqka wjêh osk 1 isg i;s 8 hs• j¾Ol wjêh i;s 8 isg i;s 18 hs• ì;a;r ouk wjêh i;s 18 isg

• l=l=<ka we;s lsÍu ksoe,s " wv ishqï yd ishqï f,im%Odk l%u ;=klg l< yels nj

• ishqï l%ufha oS i;d ;u ðú; ld,h ;=< u ksjila;=< we;s lrk nj

• ishqï l%ufha oS m%Odk wdldr ;=klg i;=ka we;sl< yels nj• ãma ,sg¾ l%uh• leo,s l%uh• ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsßu

• fuu tla tla l%ufha oS i;=kag fok bv m%udKfjkia jk nj

• by; l%u w;=ßka jvd;a ckm%sh l%uh ãma ,sg¾l%uh nj

• tu l%ufha oS l=l= ksjdifha ìug >k wdia;rKhkafhdok nj

• tu wdia;rKh f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;=lreKq rdYshla we;s nj

• tu wdia;rKh ukd f,i kv;a;= l< hq;= nj• we;s lsÍfï l%uh l=l=<ka i|yd imhk ksjdi

j¾. fjkia jk nj• l=l= ksjdi iEoSfï oS lreKq rdYshla i,ld n,k

nj• l=l=¨ ksjdih ;=<" ì;a;r l+vq" c, n÷ka" wdydr

n÷ka m%udKj;a f,i ;eìh hq;= nj• l=l=<kaf.a j¾Ok wjê wkqj ksjdij, iqúfYaIS

,laIK mj;sk nj• megjqka wjêfha oS uq,a i;s 07 oS i;=ka nDDvrh kï

WmlrKh ;=< we;s lrk nj yd ksjdih ;=< u;nk nj

• osk 07 g miq j ksjdih ;==< bv jeä lr imhknj

• megjqka wjêfha oS WIaK;ajh ,nd oSu w;HjYHnj

• j¾Ok wjêfha oS yd ì;a;r ouk wjêfha oS we;slrk l%uh wkqj imhk ksjdih ;SrKh jk nj

• jefvk i;=ka md,kfha oS wdf,dal md,kh ,sx.slmßk;shg m;aùfï ld, iSudjg yd ì;a;rksIamdokhg n,mdk nj



• i;=kaf.a ksfrda.S j¾Okhg yd jeä ksIamdokhla,nd .ekSug;a Wkag ,nd fok wdydr jeo.;a jknj

• megjqkaf.a wdydr i,dlh chick mash f,i ojefvk i;=kaf.a wdydr i,dlh grower mash f,io ì;a;r ouk i;=kaf.a wdydr i,dlh Layermashf,i o y÷kajk nj

• tu i,dl ta ta j¾Ok wjêhg wjYH m%udKj,ska"fmdaIl m%;sY; .,md ,nd osh hq;= nj

• l=l= wdydr ñY%Kj, ldfndayhsfâ%g wvx.= wdydrix>gl nv bßÕ=" iy,a ksjqvq& fm%daàka wvx.= wdydrix>gl rks, fnda." udI fnda." i;a;aj reêrh"weglgq l=vq& fïo" Lksc" úgñka yd wdl,k øjHwvx.= úh hq;= nj

• fmdaIKh by< kexùug;a f,v frda. j,lajd.ekSug;a tl;= lrk øjH wdl,k øjH f,iy÷kajk nj

• fï hgf;a tkaihsu" fyda¾fudak" j¾Kl" m%;sðjlyd m%;sTlaisldrl i,lk nj

• kj i;a;aj .ykhla ,nd .ekSug ì;a;r /lalùuu.ska megjqka ,nd .; hq;= nj

• ì;a;r /lalúu iajNdúl yd lD;%su hk wdldrfollg l< yels nj

• iajNdúl l%ufha oS lsls,shka fhdod .kakd w;rlD;%Su l%ufha oS bkalshqfígrh kï WmlrKh Ndú;lrk nj

• ,dNh jeä lr .ekSfï wruqKska wdydr i|yd hkúhou we;=¿ kv;a;=jg hk úhou wvq lr .ekSug"kqiqÿiq i;=ka mÜáfhka bj;a l< hq;= nj yd thmsg,Eu f,i y÷kajk nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (l=l=¿ md,kfha oS i,ld nef,k uQ,sl j¾Ok wjê kï lr tajd úia;r lrhs'ksjdi" wdydr yd msg ,Eu u; úúO j¾Ok wjê yd ne|s fjkialï mj;sk njms<s.kshs'úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lr i;=kag wdydr i,dl iEoSu yd i;=ka msg ,Eums<sn| ú.%y lrhs'ks¾Kdhl fhdod .ksñka f;darhs'Wmßu M,odjla i|yd wjYH;d y÷kd f.k lghq;= lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'2'1

weuqKqu 10'2'2


"Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u ,nuq by< ksIamdok"

• l=l=<kaf.a my; oelafjk j¾Ok wjos w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldjms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

megjqka jefvk i;=ka ì;a;r ouk i;=ka


• l=l=<ka we;s lsßug fhdod .kakd l%u ie,ls,a,g .ksñka j¾Ok wjoshg wod< ksjdij¾. y÷kd f.k tajd ms<sn| flá úia;rhla bosßm;a lrkak'

• w;=rKqj hkafkys woyi idlÉPd u.ska meyeos,s lrf.k tys kv;a;=j ms<sn| f;dr;=ref.dkq lrkak'

• wod< j¾Ok wjoshg .e<fmk wdydr j¾. kï lrkak'

• l=l=¿ wdydrj, wvx.= m%Odk ix>gl y÷kd .kak'

• wdydr wdl,k" m,d j¾." m%;s ðjl wdosh tla lsÍfï wruqKq ú.%y lrkak'

• Tn m%foaYfha l=l=¿ f.dúm<la wdrïN lsßug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk f.dú uyf;l=i|yd ì;a;r /lalùfï l%u ms<sn| j Tn ,nd fok Wmfoia fláfhka úia;rlrkak'

• i;=ka msg ,Efï ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka msg ,k wjia:d ms<sn| úia;r lrkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lsßug iqodkï jkak'

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weuqKqu 10'2'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

l=l=`M md,kh

,xldfõ isÿ lrk i;a;aj jHdmdr w;=ßka l=l=`M md,khg ysñ jkafka úfYaI

ia:dkhls' .%dóh uÜgfï isg kd.ßl uÜgu olajd u fuh isÿ lsÍug by< úNjhla we;'

l=l=M md,kfha jeo.;alu

² l=l=<ka i|yd wvq bv m%udKhla wjYH jk neúka iSñ; bvl jqj o we;s lsÍug

yelshdj we;'

² ,dNodhS j mj;ajd .; yels jHdmdrhla neúka iajhx /lshdjla f,i y÷kajd oSug

yels h'

² ì;a;r u.ska mqoa.,hl=f.a ffoksl i;a;aj fm%daàka wjYH;dj ,dNodhSj imhd .ekSug

yelshdj we;'

² wvq ;dlaIKsl oekqula we;s .DysKshkag mjd mj;ajd .; yels jHdmdrhla ùu'

² flá ld,hla ;=< wdodhï ,nd .; yels jHdmdrhla ùu'

² l=l=<kaf.a u,my iys; w;=reKq jákd ldnksl fmdfydrla f,i fhdod .ekSug we;s

yelshdj yd tajd u.ska Ôj jdhqj ksIamdokhg úNjh'

² wfkl=;a uia j¾.j,g idfmalaI j iu bj;a lrk ,o l=l=¿ uiaj, wvq fldf,iagfrda,a

m%udKhla wvx.= neúka mdßfNda.sl b,a u jeä ùu'

l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï l%u

oekg Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk l%u ;=klg l=l=<ka we;s lrkq ,efí'

1' ksoe,s l%uh (Free range) 2' wv ishqï l%uh (Semi intensive)3' ishqï l%uh$iQlaIau l%uh (Intensive)

1' ksoe,s l%uh

ksoe,s l%ufha oS osjd ld,fha i;=ka ksoe,af,a weúosñka wdydr fidhd .kakd w;r rd;%S

ld,fha ,e.Sug muKla ksjdihla imhhs' fuu ksjdifha tl if;l=g 1000 cm2 -1400 cm2

bvla iemhSu m%udKj;a fõ' i;=kag wdrlaIdj iemfhk mßos fuu ksjdih ielish hq;=

w;r tajd iEosh yels l%u ;=kls'

i. fmd<j u; ;nk ksjdi iii. ;Ügqjla iys; ksjdi

ii. t,a,d ;nk ksjdi

Y%s ,xldfõ .ïno m%foaYj, l=l=<ka we;s lsÍu

fuu l%uhg isÿ lrhs' fuu l%ufha oS i;=kag weys|

lEug m%udKj;a ;rï bvla ;sìh hq;= fõ' tfia

fkdjqKfyd;a fjk;a wdldrhg fmdaIK wjYH;dj

,nd fkdfok ksid fmdaIK W!k;d we;s ù

ksIamdokh wvq úh yel' tfuka u fuu l%ufha oS

i;=kag jeä bv m%udKhla wjYH jk ksid kd.ßl

m%foaY i|yd fhdod .ekSug wmyiq h't,a,d ;nk ksjdihla

Y%S

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fuu l%uh ,dNodhS myiq l%uhla jqj;a m%Odk .eg¿ jkafka i;=ka úf,damslhkag

f.dÿre ùu;a" ;ekska ;ek ì;a;r ouk ksid ì;a;r fidhd .ekSfï wmyiqj;a h' kuq;a

i;=ka ksoe,af,a weúosñka fld< j¾. wdosh wdydrhg .ekSu ksid ì;a;rj, ly uoh ;o

ly mdgla .kS' fï ksid .ï ì;a;rj,g jeä b,a ula yd m%sh;djla olajhs' tneúka fuu

ì;a;r ieu úgu jeä ñ,lg wf<ú lr .ekSug yelshdj we;'

2' wv ishqï l%uh

fuu l%ufha oS i;=kag ksjdihla imhk

w;r th ;=< wdydr n÷ka yd c, n÷ka imhd ta u.ska

wdydr yd c,h ,nd fokq ,efí' Bg wu;r j ksoe,af,a

yeisÍug bv ,nd fohs'

mQ¾K ld,Sk j ksjdih ;=< fkdisák ksid

i;l=g ksjdih ;=< bv imhd we;af;a 1350 cm2 -1800

cm2 la muKs'

bv m%udKh ;rula imhd .; yels w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYj,g fï l%uh jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

weys| lEug wjia:dj o ,efnk ksid i;=kag wu;r fmdaIKhla ,efí' i;=kag ksoe,af,a

yeisÍug ,nd fok bv m%udKh l,ska l,g fjkia lsÍfuka tu N+ñ j.djka i|yd o

fhdod .; yels ùu fuys úfYaI jdishls' ksjdi imhk ksid ì;a;r tl;= lsÍfï .eg¨

mek fkdk.S'

3' ishqï l%uh (Intensive Method)

fuu l%ufha oS i;=ka mQ¾K ld,Skj ksjdi ;=< we;s lrhs' ta i|yd Ndú; l< yels

ksjdihl o< ieleiau my; igykska oelafõ'

tu ksjdi ;=< i;=ka wdldr

;=klg we;s l< yels h'

1' >k wdia;rK l%uh

Deep litler Method2' ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu

Slated floor method3' leo,s l%uh Cage system

ishqï l%uhg l=l=<ka we;s lsÍu bv m%udKh iSñ; kd.ßl m%foaYj,g b;d iqÿiq h'

fuu l%ufha oS tall lafIa;%M,hl úYd, i;=ka m%udKhla we;s lsÍug yelshdj we;' by;

tla tla l%uh wkqj imhk ksjdij, wdldrh yd myiqlï úúO fõ'

jy,h

lïì oe,

fldg ì;a;sh

fodr

tijQ jy,h

md fodajkh^footh bath&

(/2-1/3)XCo

pyrig

ht ©

200

7 N

atio

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nstit

ute o

f Ed

ucat

ion

- Sri

Lank

a.



1' >k wdia;rK l%uh

ìug fhdok ,o wdia;rKhla u; i;=ka we;s lrk ksid fuu l%uh >k wdia;rK

l%uh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' l=l=¿ md,kfha jvd;a u ckm%sh l%uh fuh fõ'

>k wdia;rK l%ufha ksjdihla ksjdih ;=< >k wdia;rKh w;=rKqj&

w;=rKqj wdia;rKh& i|yd øjH f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq (

1' f;dard .kakd øjH myiqfjka fidhd .; yels tlla úh hq;=h'

2' ñf,ka wvq tlla úh hq;= h'

3' mßyrKhg yd md,khg myiq ùu

4' jeä ld,hla mej;Su

5' myiqfjka .sks fkd.kakd øjH ùu

6' c,h myiqfjka Wrd .; yels ùu

7' ¥ú,sj,ska f;dr ùu

8' i;=ka wdydrhg fkd.kakd øjH ùu

fï wkqj w;=rKqj i|yd oyhshd" msÿre lE,s " h;= l=vq wdosh Ndú; l< yels h'

wdia;rKh kv;a;= lsÍu

lsls<s rxpqjla i|yd wdia;rKh l%udkql+, j kv;a;= lsÍfï oS tu rxpqj bj;a lrk

;=reu tl u wdia;rKhu jqj o Ndú; l< yels h' fuys oS jeo.;a u lreK jkqfha th úh<s

;;a;ajfha mj;ajd .ekSuhs' fï i|yd uq, oS 7'5 cm la muK >klug fhdok wdia;rKh

osk m;d fyda wvqu ;rñka i;shlg fojrla j;a f¾lal lsÍu l< hq;= fõ' c, Ndckh

wdikakfha c,h ldkaÿ ùu ksid f;;a jQ fldgia we;a kï tajd wfkla fldgia iu. ñY%

l< hq;=hs' jy,fhka fyda c, Ndckj,ska osh ldkaÿ fõkï tajd ms<silr l< hq;= fõ'

2' ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu

fuh l%u folls'

1' ,Smá ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu - l+vqfõ ìu isg 60 cm muK by<ska ,S má ;Ügqjla

idod ta u; i;=ka we;s lrhs'

2' oe,a ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu - l+vqfõ ìu isg 60 cm by<ska oe,a ;Ügqjla idod ta

u; i;=ka we;s lrhs'

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má ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu oe,a ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu

fuu l%ufha oS tall lafIa;%M,hl >k wdia;rK l%uhg jvd jeä i;=ka m%udKhla

we;s l< yels fõ'

leo,s l%uh

fï l%ufha oS lïì oe,aj,ska fyda ,S máj,ska ilia l< leo,s ;=< i;=ka we;s lrhs'

ilia lrk leo,s wdldr folls'

1' ;ks l+vq l%uh Single Cage System& - tla if;l=g tl l+vqj ne.ska imhhs'

2' nyq l=vq l%uh Multiple Cage system& - tla leoe,a,l i;=ka jeä .Kkla isá;s'

;ks l+vq l%uh negß l%uh& ;ks l+vqjl ieleiqu

leo,s l%ufha oS leo,s tl u; tlla ;nd ;Ügq lSmhla f,i ilia l< yels ksid fuhg

negß l%uh hk ku o Ndú; lrhs' fuu l%ufha oS tall lafIa;%M,hl we;s l< yels i;=ka

.Kk m<uq l%u folgu jvd jeä h' ueiaika fnda ùu yd ÿ.| jykh ùu fuu l%ufha

we;s m%Odk .eg¨jls'

l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï oS úúO j¾Ok wjêj, i;=ka /l n,d .ekSug isÿ fõ' tkï"

1' megjqka - osk 1 isg i;s 8 olajd jhi i;=ka

2' jefvk i;=ka - i;s 8 isg i;s 18 olajd jhi i;=ka

3' ì;a;r ouk i;=ka - i;s 18 g jeäfhka jhi i;=ka

fuu i;=ka /l n,d .ekSfï oS wdrlaIdj i|yd ksjdi iemhSu" fmdaIKh i|yd wdydr

yd c,h iemhSu wdoS l%shdjka jeo.;a fõ'

c, Ndckh

wdydr Ndckh

ì;a;r tl;=jk ia:dkh

wmøjH tl;=jk ,E,a,

ìu

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l=l=<ka i|yd ksjdi iemhSu

l=l=<ka i|yd ksjdi iemhSu" we;s lsÍfï l%uh u; mokï ù we;s w;r úúO j¾Ok

wjëka i|yd imhk ksjdij, o iqúfYaIS njla we;' úfYaIfhkau iQlaIau l%uhg i;=ka

we;s lsÍfï wdrïNh;a iu. ksjdij, wjYH;dj mek ke.=Ks' ksfrda.S j j¾Okh jk

i;=ka i|yd mdßißl idOl md,kh;a i;=kag wdrlaIdj ,nd oSu;a ksjdij,ska wfmalaIs;

uQ,sl wruqKq úh'

ksjdihla iEoSug ia:dkhla f;aÍfï oS - i,ld n,k idOl

1' c, jykh fyd|ska isÿ ùu

2' ukd jd;dY%hla ,eîu

3' m%jdyk" úÿ,sh yd c, myiqlï ;sîu

4' l<n,ldÍ mßirhlska f;dr ùu

ksjdih f.dv ke.Su

fuys oS my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= fõ' ksjdih msysgúh

hq;af;a osla wlaIh kef.kysr niakdysr osYdj Tiafia h' túg ksjdihg fl<ska u

wdf,dalh jeàu ksid ksjdih ;=< WKqiqu by< hdu j<lajd .; yels h' idudkHfhka

ksjdifha Wmßu m<, 9 m la muK úh hq;= h' os. wjYH muKg ;eìh yels h'

ksji ;=<g jd;dY%h ,efnk mßos ì;a;s ilia úh hq;= h' úh<s m%foaYj, oS 30 cmmuK Wi ì;a;s idod b;sß fldgfia oe,a .eish hq;= h' fomi ì;a;s 2'1 m la uqÿka ì;a;sh

3'6 m - 4'2 m Wig iEosh hq;=hs' YS; m%foaYj, wdjD; ksjdi idokq ,nk w;r ìug

isfuka;s ouhs' my; rg yd úh<s m%foaYj, WIaK;ajh md,khg jy, Tijd iEoSu jvd

iqÿiq h' jy,hg fmd,a w;=" weianeiafgdaia yd we¨ñkshï ;yvq fyda W¿ fhosh yel'

ksjdi i|yd wjYH WmlrK

wdydr n÷ka" c, n÷ka" ì;a;r ouk fmÜá fuys oS jeo.;a h'

l=l=¿ ksjdi i|yd wdydr n÷ka yd c, n÷ka imhk úg tajdhska wdydr yd c,h

¥Is; fkdjk wdldrhg;a" i;=kag myiqfjka <`.d úh yels wdldrhg;a" tajd iemhsh hq;=

fõ'

tla tla j¾Ok wjia:dfõ oS i;=kag wdydr iy c,h i|yd imhk bv m%udKhkag

.e<fmk wdldrhg fuu n÷ka m%udKh ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ' megjqka 25lg 30 cm la os.

me;s 2 lska hq;a wdydr ;eá 1-2 la o" jefvk i;=ka 25 lg t,a,k rjqï lEu Ndck 1-2 la

o ì;a;r ouk i;=ka 25 lg t,a,k rjqï lEu Ndck 2 la o Ndú; l< hq;= h'

;ks l+vq l%ufha oS tla ì;a;r fmÜáhla i;=ka 7 fofkl=g muK ,efnk wdldrhg

o fmdÿ ì;a;r fmÜá imhk úg i;=ka 50 -75la i|yd tl ì;a;r fmÜáhla ,efnk f,i

o iemhsh hq;= h'

megjqka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfï oS wkq.ukh lrkqfha ishqï l%uhhs' uq,ska u megjqka

mßir WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok f;la wdrlaId lr .; hq;= h' tfia wdrlaId lsßu i|yd

WIaK;ajh" wdydr" c,h foñka megjqka /l n,d .ekSu megjqka /lalùu (Brooding) f,i

ye|ska fõ' fuu ld,h osk 7 ls'

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fuu megjqka /lalùu wdldr 2 ls'

1' lsls<shka ,jd megjqkag wjYH WIaK;ajh ,nd oSu - iajNdúl l%uh

2' lD;%Su j WKaK;ajh iemhSfuka megjqka /l n,d .ekSu - lD;%Su l%uh

1' lsls<shka ,jd megjqka /l n,d .ekSu

idudkH m%udKfha YÍrhla we;s /lalùfï ,laIKh iys; lsls<shkag tla jrlg

/l n,d .; yels jkafka megjqka 12-15 muK iq¿ m%udKhls' tu ksid fuu l%uh o l=vd

mßudK l=l=¿ md,lhkag fhda.H l%uhla fõ'

2' lD;%Su j WKqiqu iemhSfuka megjqka /l n,d .ekSu

fï i|yd nDDvrhla Ndú;

lrhs' th megjqka i|yd uq,ska u imhk

ksjdihhs' nDDvrh rjqï fyda y;/ia

fyda úh yels h' nDDvrh ;=< m%Odk

wx.h WIaK;aj m%Njhhs' fï i|yd úÿ,s

n,an" úÿ,s o`.r" N+ñ f;,a ,dïmq"

,ka;Ereï jeks ´kEu tlla Ndú; l<

yels h' fuu nDDvrh idokqfha ishqï

l%ufha oS imhk ksjdihla ;=< h' nyq, j

>k wdia;rk l%ufha ksjdihla ;=< fuh idohs' rEm igykska fmkakqï lr we;s whqre

WIaK;aj m%Njh jgd 45 cm Wi ;yvq fyda ldâfndaâ fyda wdjrKh l< lïì oe,a fhdod

wdrlaIl mjqrla ilia lrkq ,efí' nDDvrh m;=,g 5 cm la muK >klug w;=reKqjla

fhdod ta u; fhdok ,o lvodishla u;g oskla jhie;s megjqka oukq ,efí' nDDvrh ;=<

wdydr n÷ka yd c, n÷ka m%udKj;a .Kkla ;eìh hq;= fõ' m<uq i;sh ;=< 350c WIaK;ajhla

nDDvrh ;=< mj;ajd .; hq;= w;r jd;dY%hla o iemhsh hq;= h'

nDDvrfha megjqkag imhk WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a o hkak oek .ekSug nDDvrh ;=<

megjqkaf.a yeisÍu ksÍlaIKh lsÍu WÑ; l%uhls' th my; rEm igykaj,ska fmfka'

WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a ke; WIaK;ajh jeä h WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a h

osk 7 la WIaK;ajh iemhSu m%udKj;a fõ' osk 7 ka miq nDDvrh bj;a fldg bv

m%udKh jeä lr jd;dY%h imhhs' ta i|yd nDDvrh ;snQ ksjdih u Ndú; flf¾' ta ;=<

i;s 8 la jk f;la meh 24 u i;=kag wdf,dalh iemhsh hq;= fõ'

i;s 8-18 olajd jhie;s jefvk i;=ka" megjqka we;s l< ksjdih ;=< u fyda fjk;a

ksjdihl we;s l< yels h' we;s lsÍfï l%uh wkqj imhk ksjdi j¾.h ;SrKh fõ' ksoe,s

l%ufha oS" wv ishqï l%ufha oS fyda ishqï l%ufha oS imhk ksjdifha wdldrh l=l=<ka we;s

nDDvrhla

wdrlaIl mjqr WIaKlaj m%Njh

c, Ndckh

45 cm

wdydr ;eáh

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lsßfï l%u hgf;a olajd we;' ishqï l%ufha oS >k wdia;rk l%ufha& ksjdih ;=< jefvk

i;=kag 900 cm2 - 1800 cm2 l bv m%udKhla ,nd osh hq;= fõ' i;=kag imhk wdf,dal meh

.Kk wvq l< hq;= w;r rd;%s wdf,dalh ,nd oSu isÿ fkdlrhs' i;=kag ,nd fok wdydr

m%udKh o iSud lr iemhsh hq;= h'

i;s 18 muK jk úg lsls<sh ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrhs' ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN l<

miq Tjqka ì;a;r ouk i;=ka f,i ye|skafõ' jefvk i;=ka we;s l< ksjdih ;=<u fyda

fjk;a ksjdihla ;=<" fï i;=ka we;s l< yel' fuysoS o lsls<shka we;s lsÍfï l%uhg wkqj

ksjdi iemhsh hq;= h' ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka i|yd imhk ksjdij, we;s m%Odku fjkialu

jkqfha ì;a;r oeóug fmÜá imhd ;sîu;a" tla if;l=g 1800 cm2 - 2150 cm2 w;r bv

m%udKhla iemhSu;a h' >k wdia;rK l%ufha oS&

ì;a;r ouk i;=ka i|yd imhk wdf,dal meh .Kk j¾Ok i;=kag imhk

wdf,dal meh .Kkg jvd jeä l< hq;= h' ta wkqj osklg imhk wdf,dal meh .Kk meh

12 isg meh 17 olajd l%ufhka jeä lsÍfuka by< ì;a;r ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h' th

my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

i;=kaf.a jhi

i;s& 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

wdf,dalh ,nd fok

ld,h meh& 12 13 13½ 14 14½ 15 15½ 16 16½ 17

l=l=<kag wdydr iemhSu

l=l=¿ md,kfha m%Odk wruqK by< ksIamdokhla ,nd Wmßu ,dN ,eîuhs' ì;a;r

ksIamdokfha oS ksIamdok úhoñka 60] - 70] la jeh jkqfha wdydr i|yd h' tu ksid wdydr

l%udkql+, j iemhSu l=l=¿ md,fha oS b;du jeo.;a h' ksishdldr j l=l=<kag fmdaIKh

,nd oSfï oS my; lreKq ms<sn| j i,ld ne,sh hq;= fõ'

1' tla tla j¾Ok wjêfha i;=kaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;djka

2' tu fmdaIK wjYH;djka iemhSu i|yd ilik wdydr ñY%K

3' ta i|yd fhdod .kakd wdydr ix>gl

4' tu wdydr ix>glj, ñ,

5' i;=kag wdydr imhk l%uh

l=l=,kaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;d

megjqka yd j¾Okh jk l=l=<ka i|yd wdydr ñY%Kj, fm%daàka yd Yla;s ix>gl jeämqr

fhdok w;r ì;a;r ouk i;=kaf.a wdydr ñY%Khg le,aishï jeämqr tl;= lrhs'

ta wkqj ta ta j¾Ok wjia:djg ilik wdydr ñY%K my; whqre y÷kajkq ,efí'

Wod ( 1' l=vd megjqka i|yd - chick mash megjq i,dlh

2' jefvk i;=ka i|yd - grower mash - jefvk i;=kaf.a i,dlh

3' ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka i|yd - layer mash - ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkaf.a i,dlh



fuu wdydr ñY%K ieliSu i|yd fhdod .kakd wdydr ix>gl my; wdldrhg

j¾.SlrKh l< yel'

wdydr

ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdydr$ fm%daàka ,smsv Lksc úgñka wdl,k j¾.

Yla;s ckl wdydr ) ismams lgq l=vq ) úgñka m%sñlaia

) nv bß`.= ) ¨kq l=vq ) fyda¾fudak

) iy,a ksjqvq ) vhs le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ )j¾Kl

) iy,a lE,s iqkqiy,a& )m%;sTlaisldrl

) msá j¾. )m%;sÔjl

Ydl fm%daàka i;a;aj fm%daàk

) mqkaklal= j¾. ) ud`M l=vq

) fidahd ) uia l=vq

) rg lcq ) f,a l=vq

i;=kaf.a wjYH;dj iemsfrk mßos by; ix>glhka ksis wkqmd;j,ska ñY% lsÍfuka

tla tla j¾Ok wjê i|yd wjYH wdydr ñY%K ilia lrkq ,efí' tu ix>gl f;dard

.ekSfï oS tajdfha ñ, iy fhdod .kakd iSudldÍ idOlhka ie,ls,a,g f.k ,dNodhS f,i

ñY%K ilid .; hq;= fõ' wdydr i,dl ñY% lsÍfï oS úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= tla

ix>glhls" wdl,k øjH' wdydr ñY%Khg fïjd oeófuka wdydrfha j¾Kh" rih" Ô¾Kl;dj"

by< kexúh yels w;r" wdydr os.= l,la krla fkdù ;nd .; yels h'

wdydr ñY%K u.ska i;=ka fmdaIKh lsÍfï oS tla tla j¾Ol wjêh wkqj i;=kag

wdydr ,nd oSfï l%uh fjkia l< hq;= fõ' my; i|yka j.=fõ wdldrhg wdydr iemhSfuka

ta ta wjia:dfõ Wmßu j¾Okh yd ksIamdokh ,nd .; yels fõ'

jhi ,ndfok wdydr j¾.h ,ndfok wdldrh

i;s 0 - 8 megjq i,dlh (chick mash) i;dg leu;s ;rï (Ad-libitum)i;s 8 - 18 j¾Ol i;=kaf.a i,dlh (grower mash) iSudlr wjYH m%udKh (limited)i;s 18 isg ì;a;r ouk i;=kaf.a i,dlh Layer mash) iSudlr wjYH m%udKh (limited)

ì;a;r /laljSu

fï i|yd m%Odk l%u 2 la fhdod .kS'

1' iajNdúl l%uh 2' lD;%su l%uh

iajNdúl l%uh

/lalùfï ,laIKh we;s lsls<shka ,jd ì;a;r /lalùu fuhska woyia flf¾' iq

mßudK f.dùkag wvq úhoulska megjqka ,nd .ekSug fuu l%uh .ïno j nyq,j u fhdod

.efka' tla jirlg lsls<shka ,jd rlaljd.; yelafla ì;a;r 10-12 muK iq m%udKhla

ùu fuys we;s m%Odk .eg¨jhs' kuq;a ì;a;r /lalùug wjYH WIaK;ajh" ì;a;r yerùu"

idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh wdoS ish¨ u ;;a;ajhka lsls<shka uÕska ,nd foa'

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lD;%su l%uh

tljr megjqka úYd, m%udKhla ,nd

.; yels l%uhls' fï i|yd bkalshqfígrh

kï WmlrKh Ndú; lrhs' fuu

WmlrKh ;=< iajNdúl l%ufha oS lsls<sh

úiska ,nd ÿka WIaK;ajh" idfmalaI

wd¾ø;djh yd ì;a;r yerùu jeks ;;a;aj

lD;%su j ,nd fohs'

i;=ka msg ,Eu (Culling)

kqiqÿiq i;=ka mÜáfhka bj;a lsÍu msg ,Eu hkqfjka ye|skafõ' kuq;a l=l=¿ mÜáhl

msg ,Eu /lalùu i|yd ì;a;r f;aÍfï isg u isÿ l< hq;= fõ' l=l=¿ mÜáhla ,dNodhS j

mj;ajd f.k hdug msg ,Eu wksjd¾h fõ' fï ksid l%udkql+, msg ,Efï l%shdj,shl oS

my; i|yka wjia:djkays oS msg ,Eu isÿ lrkq ,efí'

1' /lalùu i|yd ì;a;r f;aÍfï oS"

ì;a;rhl wNHka;r yd ndysr ,laIK i,ld n,d iqÿiq ,laIK we;s ì;a;r muKla

/lalùu i|yd fhdod .kS' kqiqÿiq ,laIK we;s ì;a;r bj;a lrhs'

2' /lalùug ;nd osk 7 lska

wdf,dal Odrd mßlaIdj u.ska Ôù yd wÔù ì;a;r fjka lr wÔù ì;a;r f;dard bj;a

lrhs'

3' ojfia megõ wjia:dj -

ksfrda.S l=l=¿ megjqka muKla b;sß lr úúO ÿ¾j,;d we;s i;=ka yd j¾.hg wdfõKsl

,laIK fkdue;s i;=ka bj;a lrhs'

4' megjq wjêh wjidkfha oS"

kshu m%udKhg j¾Okh fkdjQ i;=ka bj;a l< hq;= fõ'

5' ì;a;r oeóu wdrïNfha oS"

kshñ; jhfia oS ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN fkdl< YÍr j¾Okh ksishdldr j isÿ ù ke;s yd

ì;a;r oeófï ,laIK msysgd fkdue;s i;=ka bj;a l< hq;= fõ'

6' ì;a;r ouk w;r;=r"

ì;a;r oeófï yd fkdoeófï ,laIK mÍlaId fldg wvq ksIamdokhla fmkajk i;=ka

mÜáfhka bj;a lrkq ,efí' fuys oS lsls<shkaf.a cïnd,sfha wdldrh;a" fY%daKs wiaÓ

w;r bv;a" Worfha Odß;dj;a ie,ls,a,g f.k msg ,Eu isÿ lrhs'

msg,Eu ksid isÿ jk jdis(

1' wdydr i|yd hk úhou wvq lr .; yels ksid ,dNh jeä lr .; yels h'

2' taldldÍ ì;a;r ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h'

3' ksjdij, bv ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; l< yels h'

4' frda. me;sÍu md,kh lr .; yels h'

5' ksYaÑ; wdodhula ,nd .; yels h'

leìkÜ wdldr iajhxl%Shì;a;r rlaljkhla

jdhq we;=,ajk isÿre

ì;a;r/lalfjk ;eá

c, n÷k

WIaK;aj m%Njh

ì;a;r ;eá

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( frda. j<lajd .ksñka ì;a;r yd uia ksIamdokh jeä lr.kshs'

l%shdldrlu 10'3 ( "frda. j<luq - Wmhuq ,dN"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'3'1 g we;=<;a fonia LKavh• weuqKqu 10'3'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'3'1 ( • iafõÉPdfjka bosßm;a jk isiq orejka ;=ka fofkl=

mka;shg bosßhg le|jd fonia LKavh lshjkak'• r;= lsls<sf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq ùug fya;= fudkjdoe

hs úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• l=l=¿ md,kfha oS úúO frda. i;=kag je<f|k nj• tu.ska i;a;aj ksIamdok i|yd wys;lr n,mEula

t,a, jk nj• frda. y÷kdf.k thg ms<shï fhosh hq;= nj• frda. md,k l%u wkq.ukh lrñka ksIamdokh

by< oeñh yels nj• frda. we;s ùug fmr j<lajd .ekSu jvd jeo.;a

nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• frda. ldrl lsysmhla u.ska l=l=<kag frda. we;s

jk nj yd ta wkqj frda. j¾. lrk nj• nelaàßhd frda. • fm%dfgdfidaùh frda.• ffjria frda. • f.amamkq wdidok

• tla tla frda. ldrl ;=< tlsfklg fjkia ,laIKwe;s nj

• frda. ,laIK y÷kd .ekSfuka frda.h ksYaph lr.; yels nj• mq,af,darï frda.fhys frda. ,laIK lsysmhla

f,i úYd, megõ .Kkla tl jr ñh hdu• megjq tlg .=,s ù isàu • iqÿmdgg yqre mdpkh oelaúh yels nj

• wfkla frda. i|yd o fufia iqúfYaI frda. ,laIKwe;s nj

• frda. md,kh i|yd úúO l%ufõo rdYshlawkq.ukh l< hq;= nj• m%Yia; ksjdi ;;a;aj • msßisÿ wdydr yd c,h• Wiia j¾.fha i;=ka • m%;sldr

• if;l= hï frda.hlg md;% ùug fmr frda. je<|Sugwe;s wjia:d uÕ yrjd .ekSu frda. ksjdrKh f,iye|skaúh yels nj

• by; l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍfuka frd a.j<lajdf.k ì;a;r yd uia ksIamdokh jeä lr.; yels nj

ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (l=l=<kag je<f|k frda.j, frda. ldrlhska kï lrhs'i;=kaf.a frda. ,laIK ksßlaIKfhka frda. y÷kd .ekSug fm<fUhs'je<f|k frda.j,g ksjeros m%;sldr l%u bosßm;a lrhs'.eg¿ i|yd l%fudamdhka fidhhs'mdvqj wju lrñka ,dNh Wmßu lsßug l%shd lrhs'Co

pyrig

ht ©

200

7 N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute o

f Ed

ucat

ion

- Sri

Lank

a.



weuqKqu 10'3'1

fonia lKavh

l=l=<d : yefudau tkak yefuda u tkak ' ' ' ' .sh udfi ì;a;rj,guqo,a .kak ' ' ' ' ' fmda,sug tkak ' ' ' ' ' fï ' ' fï ' ' 'r;=lsls<s fmda,sfï tkjd ' ' ' ' fmda,sfï tkjd ' ' ' '

iqÿ lsls<s : fï r;= lsls<s Thd ug miafika bkak ' ' ' '

l=l=<d : ÿUqre lsls<s .sh udfia oeïu ì;a;r 25 g remsh,a 100 hs'iqÿ lsls<s .sh udfia ì;a;r 30 la od, ;sfhkjd ' ' 'remsh,a 120 hs'wd ' ' ' r;= lsls<s .sh udfia od, ;sfhkafk ì;a;r 16 laú;rhs' fukak re' 64 la'

iqÿ lsls<s : wehs r;= lsls<s .sh udfia ojia 30 g ì;a;r 16 la ú;rlaoeïfï'

r;= lsls<s : wfka uu .sh udfia wikSm jqKd' ' ' ' b;ska ì;a;r odkak neßjqKd ú;rla fkú ' ' ' .=Kmd, udud fnfy;a ÿkafk ke;akïuu fu,ylg;a j< m,af,a ' ' '

weuqKqu 10'1'2


"j<luq frda. - Wmhuq ,dN"

• my; oelafjk ldKav w;=ßka w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ldKavh ms<sn| jwjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ldKavh I ldKavh II ldKavh III • mq,af,darï frda.h • jiQßh frda.h • .ïfndafrda frda.h

• /kslÜ frda.h • fldlaisäfhdaisia frda.h • mkq wdidok

• Tng ,eî we;s frda.hkays frda. ldrlhska kï lrkak'

• tla tla frda.fha frda. ,laIK fjk fjk u y÷kd .kak'

• tu frda. md,kh i|yd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrkak'

• l=l=¨ md,kfha oS frda. ksjdrKfha we;s jeo.;alu idlÉPd lrkak'




weuqKqu 10'3'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

,xldj ;=< i;a;aj md,kh wE; w;S;fha isg mej; tkakls' bka l=l=¿

md,khg ysñ jkafka jeo.;a ia:dkhls' uia" ì;a;r iy megjqka wf<úh Wfoid f.dúm<j,a

mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' iEu l=l=¿ f.dúm<l u m%Odk wruqK jkafka ksIamdokh by<

oeóu u.ska ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSuhs' kuq;a i;=ka frda.S jQ úg ì;a;r" uia ksIamdokh my<

jefgk w;r .=Kd;aulNdjfhka wvq ksIamdok ,efí' fuh ixj¾ê; rgj, 20] wdikak

w.hla nj fidhd f.k we;' Y%S ,xldj jeks ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, fuh Bg

jvd jeä w.hla .kS' th ,dNh wvq lrk idOlhls' frda.S ;;a;ajhka W;aikak jQ úg uq¿

/f<ys u i;=ka ñh hdug ,la úh yels h' ke;fyd;a úkdY lsÍug isÿ fõ' tu ksid b;d

jeo.;a jkafka frda. we;s fkdjk f,i md,kh lsÍuhs'

if;l=f.a frda.S ;;a;ajhka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd i;a;aj /< jvd;a úuis,su;a j

mßlaId l< hq;= hs' kEu i;a;ajfhl= idudkH yeisÍïj,ska neyer ùu frda.S ;;a;ajhla

úh yels h' l=l=<ka yg frda. we;s lrk m%Odk idOl folls'

• laIqø Ôùka u.ska we;s lrk frda. - fuys oS nelaàßhd iy ffjria u.ska l=l=<kag

we;s lrk frda. i,ld n,kq ,efí'

• mrfmdaIs;hska uÕska we;s lrk frda. ie,lSfï oS wNHka;r mrfmdaIs; iy ndysr

mrfmdaIs; frda. f,i wdldr folls' ndysr mrfmdaIs; frda. we;s lrkqfha lsKs;=,a,ka"

Wl=Kka" uelalka wdoS Ôùka h' wNHka;r mrfmdaIs; frda. we;s lrkqfha fm%dgfidajd

iy mámKqjka wdoS Ôùka uÕska h'

nelaàßhd frda.

mq,af,darï frda.h

frda. ldrlhd nelaàßhdjls' ie,afudfk,a,d mq,af,darï Salmonella Pullorum& u.ska

frda.h we;s fõ' l=vd i;=kag nyq, j je<f|k frda.hls' jefvk i;=kag o je<|sh yels

h' jvd ydksodhl jkafka l=vd i;=kag je<f|k úg h' fuu frda.fha frda. ,laIK f,i

úYd, megjq .Kkla tl jr ñh hdu" megjq tlg .=,s ù lïue<s j isàu" iqÿ mdgg yqre

mdpkh" cïnd,sh jgd iqÿ meye u, b;sß ù ;sîu iy wdydr .ekSu wvq ùu oelaúh yels h'

wdidos; ì;a;r" ì;a;r lgq" mrK w;=reKq" uereKq i;=ka" ì;a;r bkalshqfígr Incubators&yd wmsßisÿ c,h uÕska frda.h jHdma; ùu isÿ fõ' frda. md,kfha oS msßisÿ ì;a;r uÕska

megjqka ,nd .ekSu" WKq lr ksjd .;a c,h îug ie,iSu" msßisÿ wdydr ,nd oSu" i;=kag

kshñ; bvlv ,nd oSu" frda.S i;=kaf.ka ,nd .;a ì;a;r /lalùfuka je<lSu iy i;a;aj

ksjdi úI îc kdYl fhdod" ðjdKqyrKh lsÍu wdoS l%shd ud¾. fhdod .; yels h'

ks¾foaYs; m%;sÔjl ksIamdok Wmfoia wkqj ,nd oSfuka frda.h u¾okh l< yels h'

flfia fj;;a frda. ksjdrKh b;d jeo.;a fõ' tys oS wdidos; megjqka /f<ka msg ,Eu"

ñh .sh i;=ka ms<siaiSu fyda yqkq iuÕ je<,Su l< hq;=hs' tfuka u ukd fi!LH ;;a;ajhla

f.dú m< ;=< mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

ffjria frda.

Y%S



/kslÜ frda.h ksõldi,a frda.h&

ñlafid jhsri fldgig wh;a Paramyxo viridae u.ska we;s fõ' ksõ ldi,a frda.h"

jHdc l=l=¿ jix.;h" l=l=¿ jHdêh hk kïj,ska o y÷kajhs' ish¨ u jhiaj, i;=kag

je<f|a' frda.S i;=kaf.a urK wkqmd;slh 90]-100] ls' fuu frda.fha ,laIK f,i

i;=kaf.a YÍr WIaK;ajh 420C-430C olajd by< ke.Su" iqÿ yd fld< meyehg yqre u, msg

ùu" fÄgh Y%djh ùu wvq ùu ksid wdydr .s,Su wmyiq ùu" wdydr fkd.ekSu" /f<ys

fkdikaiqka nj" Yajik wmyiq;d fmkaùu" ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq ùu" ì;a;r lgq widudkH

yev .ekSu wdosh oelaúh yels h' f.dú fmd<lg frda.h me;sÍ osk 5-6 l oS uq¿ /< u ñh

hdfï wjodkula we;'

frda.h ffjrihla ksid jHdma; jk neúka iam¾Yfhka yd iq<fÕka fnda ùu isÿ fõ'

jeä WIaK;ajh iy jeä wd¾ø;dj ffjri me;sÍug WmldÍ jk w;r îfc!IK iuh osk

3-5 ld,hls'

frda.h md,kh lsÍfï oS úYajdiodhS f.dú fmd<lska ksfrda.S i;=ka ñ< oS .ekSu"

msßisÿ wdydr" c,h" bvlv" WIaK;ajh kshñ; f,i ,nd oSu flfrys ie,ls,a,la oelaúh

hq;= h' i;s 3 l oS iy udi 3 oS /kslÜ tkak; ,nd oSu u.ska i;=ka frda.s ùu j<lajd .;

yel'

l=l=¿ jiQßh

Poxviridae - Avipox ffjri u.ska frda.h fnda fõ' l=l=¿ mefmd," l=l=¿ äma;Sßhdj

hk kïj,ska o y÷kajhs' f.dú mf<a ish¨ jhia ldKavj, i;=kag je<f|a' urK

wkqmd;slh 2] muK fõ' frda.h je<÷k úg ksIamdokh wvqùu ksid wd¾Ól j mdvq isÿ

fõ' frda. ,laIK f,i YÍr WIaK;ajh by< hdu" ;e,a," lru, fldgi fomi yd

fjk;a msydgq rys; ia:dkj, m<uqj r;a meyeù tu m%foaYj, bkakka jeks l=Iag we;s ùu"

ksIamdokh wvq ùu" i;=kaf.a nr wvq ùu oelaúh yels h' lru, úYd, i;=kag frda.h mq¿,a

j ydks lrhs'

frda.h iam¾Yfhka" iq<Õska iy c,fhka fnda ùu isÿ fõ' iïu; bvlvj,g

m%udKj;a i;=ka f.dúm< ;=< ;nd .ekSu" l=l=¿ tallj, ikSmdrlaIdj" úúO jhiaj,

i;=ka fjk fjk u we;s lsÍu uÕska frda. md,kh isÿ l< yels h' m%;sldr f,i jiQßh

m<uq tkak; i;s 5-6 os;a jiQßh fojk tkak; i;s 14-16 oS;a ,nd oSu u.ska i;=ka frda.S

ùu j<lajd .; yel'

.ï fndafrda frda.h

Birnanovirce keu;s ffjri uÕska fnda fõ' m%:u jrg 1962 oS muK wefußldfõ

.ïfndafrda m%foaYfhka y÷kdf.k we;' i;s 3-14 olajd jhia iSudj, i;=kag nyq, j

je<f|a' i;=ka ñh hdug wu;r j frda.S jQ i;=kaf.a m%;sYla;sh ySk ùu ksid fjk;a

frda.j,g f.dÿre ùfï jeä m%jK;djla we;' frda. ,laIK ie,lSfï oS iqÿ meye oshr

f,i u, øjH msg lsÍu" cïnd,sh wjg msydgq f;;a ù mej;Su" Yajik fõ.h wvq ùu"

fjõ,k iajNdjhla we;s ùu" n¾idj úYd, ù l%Sï j¾Khla f.k th miq j r;= mdg ùu"

foay WIaK;ajh by< hdu iy laIKsl j my< hEfuka i;=ka ñh hdu oelaúh yels w;r

frda. ,laIK we;s ù osk 2 la ;=< /f<ys urK wkqmd;slh 40-90] olajd úh yels h '



iam¾Yh yd iq<Õ u.ska jHdma; jk w;r" w;=rKqfõ we;s wmøjHj,ska i;s 2 la muK

hk ;=re úI îc msg ùu isÿ fõ' úfYaI jdylhka fkdue;s w;r ì;a;r uÕska jHdma;

fkdfõ' îfc!IK ld,h osk 2 ls' ffjria frda.hla neúka frda. md,kfha oS i;=kag

kshñ; bv ,nd oSu" jd;dY%hla ,nd oSu iy w;=rKqj kv;a;= lsÍu wdoS l%shd ud¾. wkq.ukh

l< hq;=hs' tkak;a lsÍu megjqkag osk 14 oS iy osk 35 oS;a fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka i|yd osk 14 oS;a

isÿ l< hq;=hs' fuys oS m%dfoaYSh mY= ffjoHjrhskaf.a fyda i;a;aj ixj¾Ok WmfoaYl LDI&f.a Wmfoia wksjd¾hfhka u ,nd .; hq;= h'

l=re¨ WK

l=re¨ WK 2003 j¾Ifha hqfrdamSh rgj,ska o fko¾,ka;h" fn,aðhu" c¾uksh& 2004

j¾Ifha wdishdkq rgj,ska o jd¾;d jQ jix.; frda.hla f,i ye|skaúh yels h' fuh Myxovirodae ldKAvhg wh;a ffjrihls' frda.h udrdka;sl jk w;r l=l=<ka we;=¿ mlaISkag

je<f|k neúka i;=ka u.ska f.dú m< lïlrejkag o je<÷K wjia:d oelsh yels h'

i;=ka laIKsl j wm%dKsl ùu" wdydr .ekSu k;r lsÍu" ì;a;r ksIamdokh laIKsl j

my< hdu" uqyqK" f., m%foaY bosóu yd tu m%foaY ks,a mdgg yqre r;= meye .ekSu" i;=kag

weúoSu wmyiq ùu wdoS frda. ,laIK fmkakqï lrk w;r frda.h i|yd lsis u m%;sldrhla

fkdue;' kuq;a iuyr rgj,a tkak;a lsÍï isÿ lrk w;r ffjrih fjkia ùïj,g ,la

jk ksid m%;sM, .ek úYajdihla ;eìh fkdyel' ixpdrl mlaISka uÕska" f.dúmf<a

WmlrK uÕska" frda.S i;=kaf.a i%djhka u.ska m%Odk f,i jHdma; fõ'

frda.S i;=ka yd frda.hg md;% ùug

yelshdj we;s i;=ka ish,a, úkdY lsßu"

WmlrK" we÷ï" me<÷ï jeks ffjri fyda

i%djhka iu. iam¾Y jQ øjH úkdY lsßu"

úI îc kdYl fhdod ÔjdKqyrKh" ixpdrl

mlaISka flfrys oeä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

u.ska frda. ksjdrKh l< yels h'

fm%dgfidajd u.ska we;s jk frda.

fldlaisäfhdaisia frda.h

wNHka;r mrfmdaIS fm%dgfidajdjka u.ska we;s fõ' whsóßhd Êimeria& j¾.fha

fm%dgfidajdjka jk E.tenella, E. netatrix, E. acervulina hk ;=ka j¾.fhka frda.h we;s fõ'

Ôùka i;=kaf.a wdydr ud¾.fha úúO ia:dk wdidokh lrhs' wdidokh jQ ia:dkh wkqj

i;=ka fmkajk frda. ,laIK tlsfklg fjkia h' jefvk i;=ka fï frda.h i|yd jvd

.%dyS jk w;r iuyr wjia:dj, oS i;s 1-3 w;r i;=ka o frda.hg .%dyS fõ'

fuu frda.fha frda. ,laIK f,i" mdpkh" u, øjH iu. reêrh .e,Su" Yaf,aIau,

ñY% uDÿ u, øjH msgùu" ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvqùu" j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu" /f,ys urK

m%;sY;h by< hEu wdoS ,laIK oelsh yels w;r ñh .sh if;l= mYapd;a urK mßlaIKhg

Ndckh lsÍfuka wdydr ud¾.fha wdidokh jq wjhj y÷kd .; yels h' w;=rkqj u.ska

wdydr iy c,h u.ska o frda.h jHdma; úh yels h'

frda.hg md;% jQ if;la

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frda.h md,kfha oS m%Odk jYfhka wfkla frda. md,kh lrk wdldrhg u l=l=¿

ksjdi ;=< ukd fi!LH ;;a;ajfhka mj;ajd .ekSu iy w;=rkqj" f*dau,Ska" fmdgEishï

m¾uex.fkaÜ KMnO4& w¿yqKq CaO& jeks ridhksl øjH uÕska ðjdkqyrKh lsÍfuka

md,kh isÿ l< yels h'

m%;sldr f,i ks¾foaYs; fnfy;a j¾. ksIamdolf.a fyda mY= ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj

Ndú; l< hq;= h'

mKq wdidok

mKqfjda m%Odk f,i wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hska jYfhka Ôj;a fj;s' mKq wdidok

ksid l=l=<ka jeks mlaISkag udrdka;sl ydks we;s fkdfõ' kuq;a ksIamdokh wvq fõ'

i;df.a l%shdYS,S nj yd wdydr .ekSu wvq fõ' fuu i;=ka Odrlhdf.ka fmdaIKh ,nñka

iS>% j fnda fõ' l=l=<kag je<f|k m%Odk mKq frda. 2 ls' tajd kï má mKq wdidok yd

jg mKq wdidokhs'

frda. u¾okfha oS l=l=¿ tallj, ikSmdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSu" msßisÿ wdydr yd c,h

,nd oSu iy mrfmdaIs;hska yuq jQ úg w;=rKqj iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lr tallh ðjdKqyrKh

lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' m%;sldr f,i fjf<| mf<a we;s ks¾foaYs; mKq kdYl ,nd osh hq;=hs'

if;l= hï frda.hlg md;% ùug fmr i;d yg frda. je<|Sug we;s wjia:d uÕyrjd

.ekSu frda. ksjdrKh f,i .; yels h' th jvd jdis jkafka f.dúhdg wu;r uqo,la jeh

fkdùu" Y%uh kdia;s fkdùu" ì;a;r" uia ksIamdokh wvq ùfuka ,dNh wvq ùula we;s

fkdùu" ksIamdokj, .=Kd;auh my< fkdhEu jeks fya;= u; h' osk m;d l%udkql+, j

msßisÿ lsÍu" wdydr n÷ka" c, n÷ka msßisÿ lsÍu" wdydr wjYH m%udKhg muKla oeóu" msßisÿ

c,h ,nd oSu" tkak;a" m%;sÔjl T!IO ,nd oSu" jd;dY%h yd bvlv ukd f,i ,nd oSu

w;=rKqj kv;a;=j u.ska frda. ksjdrKh id¾:l f,i isÿ l< yels h' fï u.ska frda.j,g

md;% fkdù jeä ksIamdokhla f.dú mf<ka ,nd .ekSug i;a;aj ysñhdg yels fõ'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'4 ( ksjeros l%u Ndú;fhka .jhskaf.a lsß ksIamdokh jeä lr.kshs'

l%shdldrlu 10'4 ( "Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u - jeä lruq lsß ksmehqu"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'4'1 g we;=<;a lsß ksIamdokhg jeo.;a .jmd,kfha úúO wjê oelafjk mska;+rhla

• weuqKqu 10'4'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoiam;%sld m<uq fldgi iy fojk fldgi msgm;a ;=kne.ska

• weuqKqu 10'4'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a ;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'4'1 ( • lsß ksIamdokhg jeo.;a .j md,kfha úúO wjê oelafjk

mska;+r mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'• ta weiqßka .j md,kfha úúO wjëka ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka

úuikak'• my; i|yka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv

k.kak'• .j md,kfha oS my; oelafjk m%Odk j¾Ok wjëka

y÷kd .; yels nj• megjqka• jevqk i;=ka ^ &• .eí .;a fokqka

• tla tla j¾Ok wjëka i|yd ksjdi yd wdydrwjYH;djkays úúO fjkialï we;s nj

• fokqka .eí .ekaùu fohdldrhlska l< yels nj• by; i|yka idOl ksishdldr j l<ukdlrKh

lsrSfuka Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,aa l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• m%iQ;sfha isg m<uq udi 3 olajd ld, isudfõ miq

jk if;l= megfjl= f,i y÷kajk nj• ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a jQ i;=ka jevqK i;=ka f,i

kï l< yels nj• msßñ i;=ka• .eyeKq i;=ka

• bkaoSh i;=ka bmoS udi 20-25 oS;a" hqfrdamSh i;=kabmoS udi 12-15 oS;a ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a jk nj

• .eí .;a od isg m%iQ;sh olajd osk 285 l ld,h.eí .;a fokla f,i iqúfYaIs j y÷kajk nj

• by; i|yka iEu wjêhla i|yd u ksjdihla iEoSugiqÿiq ìula f;aÍfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKqrdYshla we;s nj

• .jhka md,kh l< yels m%Odk l%u ;=kla we;snj• ksoe,s • wv ishqï • ishqï

• ksoe,s l%uh iy wv ishqï l%uh .j md,kfha oSnyq, j Ndú; jk nj

• uyd mßudK f.dú m<j, ishqï l%uh wkq.ukhlrk w;r tys oS úêu;a ksjdi Ndú; jk nj

• by; md,k l%uj, oS i;=ka rojk wdldr lsysmhlawe;s njWod( • ysig ysi l%uh

• j,s.hg j,s.h l%uh• úúO j¾Ok wjê i|yd ,nd fok wdydr idkaø

wdydr yd o< wdydr f,i j¾. l< yels njWod( msÿre o<&

mqkaklal= îdkaø&^ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

mshjr 10'4'4 ( • mQ¾j lKavdhï kej; ilia lrkak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾

mEka$ma,eá.akï$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnodfokak'

• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• uohg meñKs miq isxpkh lsßSu .eí .ekaùu f,i

ye|skaúh yels nj• .eí .;a od isg m%iQ;sh olajd osk 285 l ld,h

.¾NKS wjêh f,i y÷kajk nj• m%iQ;shg fmr wjidk udi 2 l úh<s ld,h f,i

iqúfYaIS j i,lk nj• .¾NsKS wjêh wjidkfha" m%iQ;shg osk 60 lg

fmr lsß .ekSu kj;ajk w;r th lsß jeÍu f,iy÷kajk nj

• .eí .ekaùug fmr uo ,laIK y÷kd .ekSuw;HjYH njWod( • wfkla i;=ka u; ke.Su

• fkdikaiqka nj• uohg meñKs miq isxpkh l< hq;= nj• lD;S%u yd iajNdúl f,i isxpk l%u folla we;s

nj• úh<s ld,h ;=< l,, j¾Okh jvd fõ.j;a j isÿ

jk nj• tu ld,h ;=< ukd fmdaIKh" wdydr ,nd oSu

wksjd¾h nj• m%iQ;s ,laIK ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a

nj• nqre,a, my;a ùu yd fhdaks m%foaYh bosóu

bka iuyrla nj• m%iQ;s wjia:dfõ megjd iy uj fj; iqúfYaIS

wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= nj• m%iQ;sfhka miq megjd msßisÿ lsÍu" fmlKs je,

lemSu yd jeoEuy bj;a lr j< oeóubka iuyrla nj

• by; ish¨ idOl ksis l<ukdlrKh lsÍfukaksIamdokh by< oeñh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (.j md,kfha oS i;=kaf.a úúO wjê fj; wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj úia;rlrhs'tla tla wjêh i|yd úúO idOl n,mdk nj ms<s.kshs'tu idOl lsß ksIamdokhg we;s lrk n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'

wNsfhda. ch .ekSug ;sfnk iïm;a fhdod .kS' lKavdhula ;=< iyfhda.fhka jev lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'4'1

megjqka

jevqki;=ka

.eí.;afokqka

isxpkh

j¾Okh

m%iQ;sh

>

>>

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weuqKqu 10'4'2


"Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u - jeä lruq lsß ksmehqu"

fldgi I

• .jhskaf.a my; oelafjk j¾Ok wjëkaj,ska Tng ,efnk j¾Ok wjêh flfryswjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• megjqka• jevqK i;=ka ^ &• .eí .;a fokqka

• Tng ,eî we;s j¾Ok wjêh y÷kajkak'

• by; i|yka j¾Ok wjê i|yd ksjdihla iEoSug iqÿiq ìula f;aÍfï oS ie,ls,a,g.; hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• .jhska we;s lrk l%uj,g wkqj Ndú; l< yels ksjdi j¾. y÷kd .kak'

• by; we;s lsÍfï l%uj, oS i;=ka /|ùfï wdldr olajkak'

• tu i;=ka i|yd ,nd fok wdydr m%Odk ldKav folla hgf;a j¾. lr olajkak'

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lsÍug iqodkï jkak'

fldgi II

• fokqka mdd,kh iïnkaOfhka my; oelafjk ud;Dld w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug,efnk ud;Dldjg wod< f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'• fokqka .eí .ekaùu• .¾NsKS ld,h" lsß jeÍu yd úh<s fokqka md,kh• m%iQ;sh


• by; i|yka wjê$ wjia:dj, oS wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= úfYaI ;;a;ajhka olajkak'




weuqKqu 10'4'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

.j md,kh

fyda rgj,a ish fm%daàkuh wdydr wjYH;djkaf.ka jeä m%udKhla i;a;aj

ksIamdokj,ska ,nd .ekSug keUqre ù we;' úfYaIfhka t< lsß yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok jk

Öia" ng¾" fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsß" lsß msá" ri l< lsß wdoS wdydr /ilg úYd, fj<|m<

b,a ula we;' tfuka u ukaofmdaIKh ÿr,Su i|yd o úl,amhla f,i t< lsß oelaúh yels

h' Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,khg úNjhka mej;sh;a foaYSh b,a fuka wm ksmojkafka 20]

lg wdikak m%udKhls' b;sß 80] wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd jd¾Isl j uqo,a úfoaYhka fj;

weoS hhs' tu ksid rfÜ i;a;aj md,kh ;j ÿrg;a jHdma; lsÍu;a ksjeros l%u Ndú;fhka

lsß ksIamdokh jeä lr .ekSu;a ld,Sk wjYH;djls'

.jhskaf.a m%Odk wjê jkafka megjqka" jevqK i;=ka iy .eí .;a fokqka h' fuu

wjê ;=k ksis f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍfuka id¾:l .j md,khl kshe,Sug fuka u

,dNhla ,nd .ekSug o f.dúhdg yels fõ' jefvk i;=ka hg;g msßñ iy .eyekq i;=ka

hk foj¾.h u wh;a fõ'

megjqka

m%iq;sfhka miq tkï Wmf;a isg udi 3 l muK ld,h megjl= f,i i,lhs' wkd.;fha

oS lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug kï kSfrda.S megjl= /l n,d .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

bmÿK jydu megjdg l< hq;= id;a;= lsysmhls' tkï" kdifha yd uqLfha we;s

Yaf,aIau, bj;a lr yqiau .ekSug bv ie,eiaùu" fmlks je, 7cm-8cm muK b;sß lr

msßisÿ l;=rlska lmd kQ,a lene,a,lska ;o jk fia .eg .id whãka ødjKhlska fyda

ldn,sla inkaj,ska fiaoSu" fmlKs jef,a ueiaika jeiSu je<elaùug fldfydU f;,a .Eu"

l< hq;= h' t<fokg megjd f,j lEug bv oSu u.ska megjdf.a YÍrh u; we;s wmøjH

bj;a ù f,a .ukh isÿ fõ' tfia fkdue;s kï msßisÿ úh<s f.daks lene,a,lska fyda úh<s

msÿrej,ska megjd msi oeñh hq;=hs' megjdf.a nr lsrd igyka l< hq;=hs'

jevqKq i;=ka

fh!jfkdaohg m;a i;=ka jevqK i;=ka f,i y÷kajhs' idudkHfhka fyd| fmdaIK

;;a;aj hgf;a wdishd;sl if;l= udi 20-25 w;r ld,fha oS fh!jfkdaohg m;a jk w;r

hqfrdamSh if;l= udi 8-12 ld,fha oS jeä úhg m;a fõ' fuu jhi jk úg if;l=f.a nr

250-300kg muK jeã ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' f.dúm<g wkd.;fha oS megjqka ,nd oSu" lsß ,nd

oSu isÿ lrkqfha jevqKq i;=ka ksid Tjqka /l n,d .ekSu" fmdaIKh b;d wjOdkh fhduq

l< hq;= idOl fõ' Wiia ,laIK fmkajk jevqKq msßñ i;=ka iy .eyekq i;=ka ,nd .ekSu

f.dú m<l id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk idOlhka h' tfuka u jevqKq msßñ i;=ka ixLHd;aul

j wvqfjka iy .eyekq i;=ka úYd, .Kkla ;nd .ekSu idudkHfhka isÿ lrhs' msßñ

i;=ka iajNdúl isxpkhg b;d jeo.;a jk w;r iuyr wjia:dj, oS nr weoSug o fhdod

.efka'

fnd



.eí .;a fokqka

fh!jfkdaohg m;a fokla fyda óg fmr megjqka ìys lr we;s fokla h<s uo ,laIK

fmkajk wjia:dj, oS id¾:l isxpkhla u.ska .¾NsKS wjia:djg m;a ù we;s kï tu

t<fok .eí .;a fokla f,i y÷kajhs' .eí ld,h idudkHfhka osk 285 ls' tu ld,h

;=< b;d iqmÍlaIdldÍ f,i fok /l n,d .ekSu jeo.;a h' wkd.; megjd ìys ùu;a" lsß

,nd .ekSu;a hk lreKq fol u r|d mj;skafka .eí .;a fok uekúka kv;a;= lf<d;a

muKs' idudkHfhka fhda.H wdydr u.ska ukd fmdaIKhla ,nd oSu jeo.;a h'

md,k l%u

.j md,kfha úldYh wkqj w;S;fha isg wo olajd mj;sk m%Odk md,k l%u fyj;a

we;s lrk l%u jkafka

• ksoe,s l%uh

• wv ishqï l%uh

• ishqï l%uh hk wdldr 3 hs'

ksoe,s l%uh

fuu l%uh b;du;a fkd oshqKq yd ir, jQ l%uhls' .%dóh m%foaYj, tod isg wo olajd

u fuu l%uh olakg ,efí' fuys oS .jhska osjd ld,fha ;DK W,d lEu i|yd ksoyia lrk

w;r rd;%S ld,fha oS fldgq lrk ,o .d,lg oeóu isÿ lrhs' tfia fkdue;s úg .jhska

ksoe,af,a osk .Kkla yeisÍu o olakg ,efí'

rd;%s ld,fha ,e.Su i|yd ,Sj,ska iy fmd,a

w;=j,ska ks¾udKh lrk ,o l=vd ksjdihla

iuyr wjia:dj, olakg we;' tys frda.S i;=ka

iy megjqka /|ùu o isÿ lrhs' megjqka" jevqK

i;=ka iy .eí .;a fokqka fjka fjka j fkd;nk

w;r ish¿ j¾Ok wjêj, i;=ka ñY% j ,e.=ï

.ks;s'

wv ishqï l%uh

fuh .%dóh iy w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYj, olakg we;s .j md,k l%uhls' ish¨ u i;=ka

osjd ld,fha t<suykfka osf.a,s ne| ;eîu& lrhs' rd;%s ld,fha .df,a .eg .id wdydr

imhhs' foaYSh lsß ksIamdokfhka jeä

m%udKhla ,efnkafka fuu l%uh

wkq.ukh lrk f.dùkaf.ks' ;u

wd¾Ól yelshdj iu. iQlaIu$ ishqï

l%uhg fuu f.dùkag lghq;= lr f.k

hEug wjia:dj ;sfí'

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ishqï l%uh

fuu l%ufha oS .jhskaf.a ish¨ u j¾Ok wjê tkï megjqka" jevqK i;=ka iy .eí

.;a fokqka we;s lrkafka .j ksjdi ;=< h' fndfyda úg l÷rfÜ iy rcfha fuka u oshqKq

fm!oa.,sl f.dú m<j, o fuu l%uh olakg yels h' ksoe,s l%ufha oS fuka i;d ksoyfia

wdydr fidhd fkdhk w;r fiajlhska u.ska wdydr ,nd oSu fuka u nysi%dù øjH iy u,

øjH bj;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' f,v frda.j,g md;% ùu b;du;a wvq w;r b;d Wiia msßisÿ lsß

ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h' úfYaIfhka fjk;a l%uj, oS i;dg ixprKhg jeh jk

Yla;sh fuys oS foay j¾Okhg jeh fõ' fuu l%uh ;=< i;=ka ksjdifha r|jk wdldr

folls' tkï

1' ;ks fma<s l%uh

2' fofma<s l%uh

* ysig ysi l%uh * j,s.hg j,s.h l%uh

ishqï l%ufha oS ish¨ j¾Ok wjê ksjdi ;=< we;s lsßu isÿ lrhs' úfYaIfhka

megjqkag iy mÜá f.dkqkag fjka lrk ksjdij, bv m%udK fjkila mj;sk w;r .eí

.;a fokqka yd frda.S i;=kag tl u bv m%udKhla fjka lrhs' uOHu mßudKfhka .j

md,kh isÿ lrk úg úYd, f.dvke.s,a,l tla tla j¾Ok wjê i|yd bv fjka l< yels

h' tfy;a uyd mßudKfhka .j md,kh isÿ lrk f.dú fmd<j, tla tla j¾Ok wjê

i|yd fjk fjk u ksjdi ia:dms; lr we;' tys oS md,kh i|yd lïlrejka o úYd,

msßila wjYH fõ'

.j ksjdi

• .j ksjdihla iEoSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

• ud¾. myiqlï iys; ia:dkhla ùu

• md,lhdg myiqfjka <Õd ùug yels ;rï wdikak ia:dkhla ùu

• msßisÿ c,h wjYH ;rï ,efnk ia:dkhla ùu

• ;DK N+ñj,g wdikak ia:dkhla ùu

• c, jykh isÿ jk ia:dkhla ùu

• iQ¾hdf,dalh jefgk ia:dkhla ùu

• ;o iq<Õska je<lsh yels ia:dkhla ùu

• iajNdúl f.dv fkdl<& Wia ìula ùu wdoshhs

tla tla md,k l%uh wkqj ksjdifha wdldrh md,k l%u hgf;a i|yka lr we;'

md,k l%uh wkqj tla tla i;=ka i|yd imhk bvlv fjkia fõ' wv ishqï l%ufha oS yd

ishqï l%ufha oS megjqka i|yd 1 m2 la o lsß fokqka i|yd 1'5 m2 -1'8 m2 la o bvlv iemhsh

hq;= h' wv ishqï l%ufha oS megjqkag m<uq udih ;=< fjk fjk u o miq j tlg o l+vq

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imhhs' ishqï l%ufha oS mÜá f.dkqka i|yd o tl i;l=g 9'28 m2 la bvlv we;sj ksjdi

imhhs'

wdydr

.j md,kfha oS ksjdij,g fuka u wdydr i|yd o jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' jeä

lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug kï fmdaIHodhS wdydr ,nd oSu w;HjYH fõ' ksoe,s l%ufha

oS i;=kag wdydr ,nd oSu isÿ fkdlrk w;r i;d ;DK W,d lEu i|yd .uka lrhs' wv

ishqï l%ufha oS megjqkag yd lsß fokqkag wdydr ,nd fok w;r iQlaIu$ ishqï l%ufha oS

ish¨ u j¾Ok wjêj, i;=kag wdydr ,nd oSu isÿ lrhs' idudkHfhka ,nd fok wdydr

m%Odk ldKav 2 la hgf;a j¾. lrkq ,efí' úh<s ;DK" msÿre" fnda. wjfYaI fyda ihsf,aÊ"

rks, ;DK wdosh o< wdydr f,i y÷kajhs' mqkaklal= j¾." OdkH w;=re M," OdkH j¾."

ud¿$uia wkakh wdosh idkaø wdydr f,i y÷kajhs'

fmdaIHuh - ud¿$ uia wkakhidkaø Yla;sh - mqkaklal=

fjk;a - Lksc$ úgñkawdydr

wdydr fnda. wjfYaIo<

f;;a - ;DK" rks," ihsf,aÊ

megjqkag wdydr ,nd oSfï oS m%:ufhka u bmÿK ú.i uq,a lsß fyj;a fldf,iag%ï

,nd osh hq;= fõ' megjl= ìys ù úkdä 30 lska muK lsß îug W;aidy lrk w;r tfia

fkdjk úg Ndckhlg fodjd fyda lsß îug osh hq;=hs' fldf,iag%ï osk 3 la muK ,nd

oSu jeo.;a fõ' y;rjk oskfha isg megjdf.a YÍr nßka 10] m%udKhla lsß fmùu wjYH

fõ' udi 2-3 la muK jk f;la fufia lsß îug ie,eiaùu iqÿiqhs' Bg wu;r j idkaø

wdydr oSu 7 jk oskfha isg wdrïN l< hq;=hs' tfuka u 14 jk oskfha isg fya iaj,amhla

lEug mqreÿ lsÍu b;d iqÿiqhs' i;dg .e<fmk f,i tu wdydr oSfuka ixlS¾K wdudYfha

l%shdldß;ajh jeä ù r¿ wdydr osrùfï yelshdj ,efí' udi 2 la olajd osklg wdydr 1kgla muK ,nd osh hq;=hs' udi 3 lg6 miq lsß jerE megjqka ;DK yd idkaø wdydr u; yqre

ù isàu fuys oS jeo.;a fõ'

jevqk i;=kag iy .eí .;a fokqkag wjYH ;rï o< wdydr ,nd osh hq;=hs' i;df.a

Ôj nßka 10] la ,nd osh hq;=hs' osk m;d idkaø wdydr o 1-2 kg ,nd oSu isÿ l< hq;=hs' tu

m%udKh i;df.a foay nr wkqj fjkia lr .; yels h' .¾NsKS i;=kag idkaø wdydr jeä

m%udKhla ,nd foa' tfuka u lsß fok i;=kag iy .¾NsKS i;=kag Lksc j¾. ñY% lr

idok ,o leghla f,j lEug ,nd oSfuka foay Lksc wjYH;dj imqrd,hs' óg wu;r j

msßisÿ c,h o ,nd oSu isÿ l< hq;=hs' idkaø wdydr f,i fj<| fmdf<a we;s .j wdydr cattlefood& fyda ;ud úiska ilia lr .;a wdydr ñY%Khla ,nd osh hq;= h'

.eí .ekaùu

idudkHfhka fh!jfkdaohg m;a hqfrdamSh fokla udi 12-15 oS muK m%:u .eí

.ekaùug fhduq lrhs' bka miq iEu m%iQ;shlska u miq h<s 3-4 wd¾;jfha oS h<s .eí .ekaùu

isÿ lrkq ,efí' tu.ska jd¾Isl j megjl= ne.ska ,nd .; yels h' t<fokf.a wd¾Òl wdhq



jir 7 la jk w;r megõ 5 fofkla ,nd .; yels h' t<fokla .eí .ekaùu f.dúhdg

wjYH fõ,djg isÿ l< fkdyels h' ta i|yd t<fok uohg meñKsh hq;=hs' idudkHfhka

ksfrda.S fokla osk 21 lg jrla uohg meñfKa' uo ld,h meh 18 la muK mj;sk w;r

tu ld,h ;=< .eí .ekaùu isÿ l< hq;=hs'

1' meyeos,s ks¾j¾K Wl= Y%djhla fhdaksfhka jEiaiSu

2' fhdaksh bosó r;a meye .ekaù ;sîu 6' Wl=,a nkaOks ,sys,a ùu

3' fkdikaiqkalu" ks;r y~ .Eu 7' wdydr wreÑhla oelaùu

4' lsß ksIamdokh wvq ùu 8' úfYaIfhka u msßñ i;=ka

5' fjk;a i;=kag ;u msg Wv we;=¿ wfkl=;a i;=ka iuÕ

ke.Sug bv oSu .ejiSug leue;a;la oelaùu

.eí .ekaùu wdldr folls'

1' iajNdúl isxpkh - mÜá f.dkl= u.ska ixi¾.fha fhdojd .eí .ekaùu

2' lD;S%u isxpkh - Wiia msßñ if;l=f.ka lD;%Suj u ,nd .kakd Y=l%dKq uo

,laIK fmkajk fokl= yg lD;%Su j WmlrKhla u.ska

.¾NdY .; lsÍu

id¾:l ixfiapkhlska miq fokla y÷kajkafka .eí .;a fokla f,isks' ixfiapkfha

isg m%iQ;sh olajd .¾NsKS ld,h ôsk 285& f,i y÷kajhs' kuq;a megjd ìys lsÍug udi

follg fmr wjêh úh<s ld,h f,i kï lrhs' Wmßu lsß ksIamdokhla i|yd úh<s

fokqka l%uj;a j md,kh lsÍu wjYH fõ' .eí ld,fha m<uq udi 7 g jvd wjidk udi

2 oS megjdf.a j¾Okh fõ.fhka isÿ fõ' th l,,fha j¾Okfhka 2$3 la iïmQ¾K jk

wjêhhs' wjidk udi fol ;=< lsß .ekSula fkdlrk ksid úh<s ld,h f,i o y÷kajhs'

tkï tu udi 02 ;=< lsß .ekSu kj;d t<fok fmdaIKh l< hq;=hs' tys os nqre,a,g

úfõlhla ,efnk w;r nqre,af,a mgl kej; j¾Okh fõ'

úh<s ld,fha oS fokf.ka lsß .ekSu keje;aùu l%udkql+, j isÿ l< hq;=hs' m%:ufhka

osklg jrla o miq j osk follg jrla o lsß foùu l< hq;= h' fufia osk 5-6 lg jrla

lsß fodjd miq j l%ufhka foùu wvq lr .kq ,efí'

.eí .;a fokla wdikak f,i osk 285 l oS ;u megjd ìys lsÍu m%iQ;sh f,i ye|skaúh

yels h' m%iq;shg wdikak jq úg fokf.ka ,laIK lsysmhla oelsh yels h' tajd kï"

nqre,a, my;a ùu" úYd, ùu" N.h bosóu" N.fhka mdroDYH i%djhla jEiaiSu" úáka úg

,e.Su yd mdo ìu .eiSu wdoshhs' fuu wjia:dfõ ,nd fok wdydr kj;d úf¾lkh i|yd

uDÿ wdydr le|& ,nd oSu jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u i;dg msßisÿ c,h îug ,nd osh hq;= h'

,.sk ìu lvf;d¨ fkdjQ ìula úh hq;= w;r úh<s msÿre jeks øjHhla we;sßu isÿ l< hq;=hs'

m%iq;shg wdikak jk úg u nqre,a, iy i;df.a msgqmi fmfoi inka od fiaosh hq;=hs'

m%:ufhka megjdf.a bosß .d;a fol iy ysi meñKsh hq;= w;r tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, oS

m<mqreÿ mqoa.,fhl=f.a Woõ ,nd .; hq;=hs' ke;akï megjd isr ù fokg iy megjdg

wk;=re isÿ ùug mq¿jk' m%iq;sfhka meh 8 la we;=<; jeoEuy bj;a fkdjQfha kï mY=

ffjoH ks,OdÍ yuq ù Wmfoia ,nd .; hq;=hs' bj;a jQ jeoEuy t<fokg lEug fkdoS yels

ú.i j< oeóu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fok jeoEuy lE úg ksmojk lsß m%udKh wvq jk w;r

megjdg ;sfnk wdorh wvq ù hhs'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'5 ( frda. j<lajd .ksñka id¾:l .j md,khl kshef,hs'

l%shdldrlu 10'5 ( "frda. ÿr ,d - jeä m%;s,dN ,nuq"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'5'1 g we;=<;a Wmqgd .ekSfï msgm;la• weuqKqu 10'5'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoia


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'5'1 ( • Wmqgd .ekSu mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'

• ta weiqßka M,odhS i;a;aj md,khla i|yd i;a;aj fi!LHhjeo.;a jk wdldrh úuikak'

• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjlafufyhjkak'• .jhskag úúO wdldrfha frda. je<|sh yels nj• ta w;=ßka my; frda. ldKav m%Odk nj

• nelaàßhd frda.• ffjria frda.• fm%dfgdafidaùh frda.• mKq frda.

• frda. j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍfuka id¾:l.j md,khl kshe,sh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,aa l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• frda.hla hkq idudkH ldhsl ;;a;ajhkaf.ka neyer

ùula nj• .jhkaf.a ksIamdokh flfrys frda.S ;;a;ajhka

b;du;a wys;lr wkaoñka n,mdk njWod( j¾Okh nd, ùu" ksIamdokh wvq ùu

m%ckl ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq ùu" urKhg m;aùu

• .j frda.j, oS ueiaghsáia" fmlKs yd ikaê m%odyh".j rla;di%jh wdoS frda. i|yd frda. ldrlhdnelaàßhd nj

• l=r yd uqL frda.h i|yd frda. ldrlhd ffjrihlanj

• mKqjka ksid mKq frda. je<f|k nj• mKq frda. úfYaIfhka u megjqkaf.a fi!LHh

flf¾ n,mEï we;s lrk njWod( megjqkaf.a j¾Okh nd, ùu

• úúO frda. ldrlhska úiska we;s lrk úúO frda.i|yd iqúfYaI frda. ,laIK we;s njWod( ueiaghsáia frda.h - frda. ,laIK

nqre,a, bosóunqre,a, r;a meye .ekaùulsß wj meye .ekSulsßj, leá;s iajNdjh

• tu frda. md,kh i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; jk njWod( ueiaghsáia frda.h -

.j .d, msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu lsß foùug m%:u nqre,a, fiaoSu lsß fojQ miq meáhdg lsß Wrd îug ie,iSu frda.S i;=ka fjka lr iqÿiq m%;sÔjl ,nd oSu

• frda. ksjdrKh hkq frda. we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSunj

• Y%S ,dxlSh ;;a;aj hgf;a oS frda. me;sÍug jeäm%jK;djla we;s ùu

• frda. ksjdrKh ;=<ska frda. u¾okhg hk úhouwvq l rf.k ,dn odhS ksIamdokhla l< yels nj

ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (frda. je<|Su ksIamdokhg n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'úúO ldrl fya;=fjka frda. we;s jk nj ms<s.kshs'frda. md,khg frda. ldrlhd yd frda. ,laIK ms<sn| oek fidhd n,hs'

wjia:dkql+, j ;SrK .kshs' ksjeros l<ukdlrKhlska hq;= j ;u ld¾h imqrd .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'

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weuqKqu 10'5'1

mqj;am;a ,smshl fldgila

.jhskag je<f|k úúO frda. ksj¾;k rgj, .j md,kfha oS i;a;aj ksIamdokhiSud lrkq ,nk m%Odk idOlhls' mY= ffjoH fiajd jvd;a l%uj;a whqßka mj;ajd f.khkq ,nk oshqKq rgj, .j md,kfha oS mjd uq¿ ksIamdok m%udKh 10-20] w;r m%udKhlskafujeks fi!LH fya;= ksid úkdYhg m;ajk nj fmkajd oS we;' tu ksid .j md,kfhaoS ksIamdok uÜgu ,dNodhS j mj;ajd .ekSug kï .j mÜá frda.j,ska f;dr j ukdfi!LH wdrlaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a md,kh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

weuqKqu 10'5'2

"lKavdhï .fõIKh i|yd Wmfoia"

"frda. ÿr ,d jeä m%;s,dN ,nuq'"

• my; oelafjk .j frda. w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ldKavh ms<sn| j wjOdkhfhduq lrkak'

ldKavh I ldKavh II ldKavh III

• .j rla;di%jh • fmlKs iy ikaê m%odyh • ueiaghsáia

• l=r yd uqL frda.h • lsKs;=,a WK • mKq frda.

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mokï lr .ksñka i;=ka frda.S ùu iuia; ksIamdokhg n,mdkwdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s frda.hkays frda. ldrlhd kï lrkak'

• tla tla frda.fha frda. ,laIK fjk fjk u y÷kd .kak'

• tu frda. u¾okh i|yd .; hq;= l%shd ud¾. fhdackd lrkak'

• .j md,kfha oS frda. ksjdrKfha we;s jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrkak'

• Tnf.a wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'



weuqKqu 10'5'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

.jhskag je<f|k frda.

frda.hla hkq(

;a;ajfhl=f.a ldhsl l%shdj,Ska yd p¾hdjka iajNdúl ;;a;ajhkaf.ka neyer

ùu frda.hla f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

.jhskaf.a ksIamdokh fkdfhl=;a lreKq u; ;SrKh fõ' tys oS frda.S ;;a;ajhka

wys;lr wkaoñka ksIamdokhg n,mEï we;s lrhs' fuh lsysm wdldrhlg isÿ úh yels h'

tkï j¾Okh nd, ùu" ksIamdokh wvq ùu" m%ckl ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq ùu iy i;=ka

urKhg m;a ùu wdoshhs'

frda.j,ska wdrlaId ùu i|yd úfYaI wdrlaIl

hdka;%khla i;=ka ;=< we;' fuh m%;sYla;slrK moaO;sh

Îmmune system& uÕska isÿ flf¾'

kuq;a fuys ld¾hlaIu;dj úúO idOl u; r|d mj;S'

tajd kï"

ksis fmdaIKh" hym;a fi!LHdrlaIdj"

ksis mßos i;=ka tkak;a lsÍu iy

m%fõKs idOl hs'

tu idOl m%Yia; iy ys;lr ;;a;ajfha fkd;snqK

fyd;a" frda. ldrlhdf.ka ;udf.a YÍrh fírd .; fkdyels

ù i;d frda.hg ì,s fõ'

i;l=f.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lrk lreKq

my; lreKq wkqj hï if;l=g frda.hla je<|S we;ehs ;SrKh l< yels h' tajd kï"

1' YÍrfha nr" 2' i;d .uka lrk wdldrh" 3' iu" frdau yd Yaf,aIau, mglj,g iajNdjh"

4' u, øjHj, iajNdjh" 5' wdydr .ekSu" 6' Yajikh" 7' reêr ixirKh kdä jeàu uÕska

uek .kS&" 8' YÍr WIaK;ajh" 9' ksIamdok uÜgu iy 10' fofk;aj, iajNdjh wdoshhs'

ksfrda.S if;l=f.a ,laIK jkqfha" 1' oSma;su;a weia" 2' f;; .;sfhka hq;= ;o frdai

meye;s Yaf,aIau, mg," 3' uDÿ isks\q os,sfik iq iu" 4' YÍr WIaK;ajh" kdä fõ.h yd

Yajik fõ.h idudkH uÜgñka mj;ajdf.k hdu" 5' iajNdúl whqßka u,øjH msg lsÍu"

6' wdydr .ekSu" judrd lEu" úvd yeÍu wdoS l%shd kshñ; whqßka mj;ajd f.k hdu iy 7'

ndysr W;af;ac flfrys ksis m%;spdr oelaùu hkdoshhs'

frda. ldrl

frda.hg n,mdk fya;=j frda. ldrlh f,i ye|skafõ' frda. ldrl m%Odk ldKav

follg fjka l< yels h'

i

i;a;ajhl=f.a YÍrfha wdrlaIlhdka;%Kh

m%fõKsl

idOl

ksis m

ßos

tk

ak;

a lsÍu

ksis fmdaIKh

m%;sYla;sh

hym;afi!LHdrlaIdj

frda. ldrl

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1' wdidos; frda. - nelaàßhd" ffjria" fm%dfgdfidajd" mKqjka wdoS

frda.ldrl uÕska we;s jk frda.

2' wdidos; fkdjk frda. - mßjD;Sh úIu;d" fmdaIK W!k;d" úI YÍr .; ùu

wdoS ldrl ksid we;s jk frda.

fuys oS wdidos; frda. ms<sn| j m%Odk jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

nelaàßhd frda.

.j rla;md;h rla;di%jh&

wêl wdidokhl oS lsisu frda.

,laIKhla fkdfmkajd i;=ka blaukska

urKhg m;a úh yels h'

frda.h je<÷Kq miq m%;sldr lsÍfuka

iqj lsÍu wmyiq h' tksid l%uj;a j

i;=ka tkak;a lsÍu l< hq;= h'

m<uq tkak; megjdf.a jhi udi 4-6

w;r oS l< hq;= h' fojk tkak; bka

udi 3-6 w;f¾ oS osh hq;= h' miqj jd¾Isl

j jeis iuh t<öug m%:u tkak;a l<

hq;= h'

fmlKs iy ikaê m%odyh(

w¨; bmÿKq megjqkaf.a fmlKs je, iy ta wdY%s; m%foaYh mßirfha we;s nelaàßhd

u.ska wdidokh ùfuka fuu ;;a;ajh we;s fõ'

m%iQ;s fldgqj, ikSmdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSfuka yd megjd bmÿKq ú.i fmlKs je,

ákap¾ t*a' whãka jeks ødjKhlska fyda fldfydU f;,a .e,aùu u.ska úI îc kdYkh

lsÍfuka fuh j<lajd .; yels h'

fmlKs je, wdidokh jq

miq ta i|yd iqÿiq m%;sðjl ,nd

oSu fkdl<fyd;a nelaàßhd

reêr jdyskS ;=<g we;=¿ ù

mdoj, ykao s m %fo aYhka

wdl%uKh lrhs' túg ykaos

bosóu isÿ jk w;r i;d fldr

.eiSug mgka .kS'

fuu ;;a;ajhg kshñ; m%;sðjl ,nd osh hq;= h' ke;fyd;a fldr .eiSu os.g u

mj;sk w;r i;df.a j¾Okh nd, fõ'

rla;md; jix.;fhka fmf,k .jfhla

- wêl WK- lEu wreÑh- há ykqj bosóu"- mmqj m%foaYhg iy bosß mdoj,g me;sßu- yqiau .ekSu wmyiq ùu iy wjidkfha oS ìu je;sÍu iy urKh

- ykaos bosóu- fldr .eiSu

fmlksh bosóuiyierj .e,Su

fmlks wdidokh iy ykaos bosóu

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ueiaghsáia nqre¨ m%odyh&(

fuh iajNdúl mßirfha nyq, j isák nelaàßhd j¾. tllska fyda lsysmhlska

nqre,af,ys isÿ jk wdidokhls'

fuu frda.h je<ÿK úg lsß ksIamdokfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila isÿj k w;r th

wd¾Òl j w,dNodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs'

ueiaghsáia i|yd kshñ; wjia:dfõ oS m%;sldr fkdl< fyd;a nqre,a,g os.= ld,sk

ydks isÿ fõ' fuúg lsß ksIamdokh kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdfõ'

msg;g frda. ,laIK fmkajk tkï

idhksl nqre¨ m%odyfha os idudkHfhka

fokf.a yeisÍfï fjkialï olakg

,efí'

nqre,a, bosó ;o .;shla fmkajk w;r

r;a meye .ekafõ' iam¾Y lsÍfï oS

fõokdjla oefka' fuh lsß fodjk

wjia:dj, os ksßlaIKh l< yel'

lsß wj meye .ekafjk w;r leá;s

olakg we;' we;eï úg reêrh ñY% ù

;sfí'

ueiaghsáia frda.fha oS nqre,af,a tla mqvqjla fyda mqvq lsysmhla wdidokh úh yels h'

we;eï nelaàßhd uÕska we;s lrk nqre¨ m%odyfha oS WK" wdydr wreÑh" úvdm;a nj wdoS

,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'

ueiaghsáia i|yd kshñ; m%;sðjl we;=¿ lsÍug fmr nqre,af,a we;s wdidos; lsß

ish,a, bj;a l< hq;= w;r osk lsmhla fuu m%;sldrh l< hq;= h'

ueiaghsáia frda.h je<|S we;s nj fmryka fldamam Strip cup& mÍlaIK u.ska iaÒr lr

.; yels h' fï i|yd msßisÿ fldamamhl rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg l¿ meye isksÿ fros

lene,a,la ne| tu fros lene,a, u;g lsß foúu lrhs' lsßj, we;s f,a fyda fjk;a leá;s

j¾. fï uÕska ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

fmryka fldamam mßlaIdj uÕska idhksl fkdjk

nqre¨ m%odyh y÷kd.; yels h' fuu mßlaIKh lsß

foùu lrk wjia:dfõ oS fyda fjk;a kE u wjia:djl

oS l< yel'

hï .j mÜáhl fokqkag ks;r ks;r ueiaghsáia we;s ù ;sfí kï kshñ; ld,dka;rj,

os fuu mßlaIdjg Ndckh l< hq;= h'

l¿ fros lene,a,

fldamamh

- nqre,a, bosó r;ameye.ekSu

- l sß .ekSug bvfkdoSu

- lsß ÿ¾j¾K ùu iylsß leá .eiSu

- iuyr úg lsßj,reêrh ;sìu

- iuyr úg WK .;shlEu wreÑh iy lsßwvq ùu

nqre¿ m%odyfhka fmf,k .jfhla

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ueiaghsáia frda.h we;s ùu je<elaùu i|yd my; ms<sfj, wkq.ukh lsßu jeo.;a h'

tajd kï"

• .j .d, msßisÿ lsÍu"

• lsß foùug m%:u nqre,a, fiaoSu"

• nqre,a, msi oeófï oS" i;=ka lsysm fofkl= i|yd tl u froslvla Ndú; fkdlsÍu"

• lsß fojQ ú.i u mqvq uqød ;eìu iEu ;Kmqvqjla u 1'6] f*dañla wï,h jeks úI

îc kdYlhl .s,aùu ke;akï megjdg lsß îug wjia:dj ,nd osh hq;=hs'&

• lsß .jhka i|yd udi 3lg jrla fmryka fldamam mßlaIdj isÿ lsÍu

• frda.S i;=ka mÜáfhka fjka lr m%;sldr lsÍu

• lsß foùfï oS my; mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

ueiaghsáia fkdue;s i;=kaf.a lsß .ekSu -----> ueiaghsáia ieoS iqj jQ i;=kaf.a lsß .ekSu

-----> ueiaghsáia we;s i;=kaf.a lsß .ekSu

óg wu;r j .jhskag je<|sh yels nelaàßhd frda. iuyrla

• fnda jk .íidj ^nDfi,af,daisia&

• ld, .d;% frda.h

• weka;%elaia frda.h

ffjria frda.

l=r yd uqL frda.h(

.jhka we;=¿ l=r iys; i;=kag je<|sh yels iS>%fhka fnda jk ffjria frda.hls'

fjrih iq<Õska" c,fhka iy wdidos; i;=ka wkqNj l< wdydr yd ;DK uÕska b;d

iS>%fhka me;sf¾'

wdidos; i;=kaf.a uqLfha iy mdoj, wNHka;rfha osh nqnq¿ fuka ;=jd, we;s fõ'

fïjd r;a meye jk w;r iqj ùug l,a .; fõ'

wdidokh WÉp wjia:dfõ oS uqLfhka

fiu je.sÍu isÿ fõ' wdydr .ekSu wvq ùu

ksid i;=kaf.a YÍr ;;a;ajh msßfyk w;r

lsß ksIamdokh wvq fõ' mdoj, ;=jd, ksid

fldr .ihs' i;=kaf.a ;dm md,kh

wl%uj;a ùu ksid y;s oeóu isÿ fõ'

fuu frda.fha oS mrsK; i;=ka iqjm;a

úh yels w;r <dnd, i;=kaf.a urKh isÿ

úh yels h' tkak;a lsßu uÕska fuu

frda.h je<elaúh yels h'

- wêl WK .;sh - uqLfha iy mdofha

osh ìì,s we;s ùu - lEu wreÑh iy lsß

wvq ùu - mdoj, ;=jd, we;s

ùu ksid fldr.eiSu

l=r iy uqL frda.fhka fmf,k .jfhla

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óg wu;r j .jhskag je<|sh yels ffjria frda. iuyrla kï

• ßkavfmkaÜ

• kshqfudakshdj fõ'

fm%dfgdfidaùh frda.

lsKs;= WK neîishdj&

lsKs;=,a,kaf.ka me;sr hk" fm%dfgdafidajd j¾.fha mrfmdaIs;hl= ksid we;s jk

frda.hls'

frda. ldrlhd r;= reêrdKq wdidokh lr tu ffi, úkdY lrhs' tu fya;=fjka uq;%d

rka meye .ekafjk w;r fmK iys; j Wl= j msg fõ' u, øjH ;o ly meye .ekafõ'

wêl WK we;s fõ' ;j o i;d wdydr .eksu wvq ùu" i;d ÿ¾j, ùu" wld¾hlaIu ;;a;ajhg

m;a ùu" lsß ksIamdokh wvq ùu wdoS frda. ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'

.eí .;a i;=kaf.a .íid úu isÿ úh yels h' iuyr úgl oS iakdhql iudfhdackh

wvd, úu" wmr .d;%d mK ke;s ùu" fjõ,Su yd isys u| nj o fmkajhs'

frda.h W;aikak jQ úg i;d osk 1-2

oS ñh hhs' frda. md,kh i|yd tkak;a

,ndoSu yd T!IO ,nd oSu l< yels h' óg

wu;r j frda. jdylhska f,i l%shd lrk

lsKs;=,a,ka u¾okh b;d jeo.;a jk w;r

ta i|yd wiqkafgda,a jeks lDñ kdYl Ndú;

flf¾'

mKq frda.(

megjqkag nyq, j je<f|a' .j .df,a wmsßisÿlu fuu frda. fnda ùug m%Odk u

fya;=jhs' u,j, we;s mKq ì;a;r wdydr iu. nv je,g we;=¿ ù nvjef,a mKqjka iEfoa'

m%Odk jYfhka frda. we;s lrk mKq j¾. 2 ls'

1' jg mKqjka 2' má mKqjka

mKq frda.j, oS megjqkaf.a j¾Okh

nd, ùu" u,dksl .;sh f,a wvq ùu&" nv

úYd, ùu yd uú,a weúiaiqkq .;shla

fmkaùu" nvt<sh hdu" u,j, fij,

.;shla fyda f,a wvx.= ùu olakg ,efí'

neîishdfjka fmf,k .jfhla

- ;o WK .;sh- uQ;% r;a meye

.;sh- lEu wreÑh- lsß wvq ùu

fuu j¾Okh nd, jQ" jeyeÍ .j megjd iuyrúg wdka;%Sh wdidokhlska fmf,kjd úh yelsh'

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mKq frda. je<elaùug" .j .df,ka ks;r f.du bj;a l< hq;= fõ' i;=kaf.a f.du

mY= ffjoHjrhl= ,jd mÍlaId lr" mKqjka we;s njg idOl we;a kï m%;sldr l< hq;= fõ'

ish¨ u i;=kag" udi 3 lg jrla mY= ffjoHjrhl=f.a fyda i;a;aj ixj¾Ok WmfoaYl

^LD1& Wmfoia wkqj mKq fnfy;a ,nd osh hq;= h'

frda. ksjdrKh(

frda. ksjdrKh hkq frda. we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSuhs' .j md,kfha oS ld¾hlaIu

ksIamdokhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd .j mÜáj, frda. ksjdrK l%u wkq.uh lsÍu b;d

jeo.;a fõ'

ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgla jk Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a jHdê ckl

nelaàßhd" ffjria yd fjk;a mrfmdaIs;hkaf.a me;sÍu b;d iS>%fhka isÿ fõ' óg wu;r

j i;a;aj md,kfha oS wkq.ukh lrkakd jQ ÿ¾j, md,kh yd fmdaIKh wvd, ùu o frda.

me;sßug m%Odk fya;= fõ' ta ksid Y%S ,dxlSh ;;a;aj hgf;a oS i;a;aj md,kh jvd;a ,dNodhS

whqßka mj;ajd .ekSug i;=kaf.a fi!LHh yd ikSmdrlaIdj ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhla

fhduq l< hq;= h' iEu úgl u frda. ksjdrKh i|yd iqÿiq ms<shï .ekSu ;=<ska frda.

md,kh i|yd jeh jk úYd, úhou;a" i;=ka úkdY ùu;a Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok ld¾hlaI;;dj

ÿ¾j, ùu;a" ue~ mj;ajd .; yels h' tu.ska i;a;aj md,kh jvd;a ,dNodhS whqßka mj;ajd

.; yels fõ'

frda. ksjdrK l%u(

1' wdidos; i;=ka mÜáfhka fjka lsÍu

2' f.dú m< msßisÿ j mj;ajd .ekSu

3' u, øjH ksis mßos bj;a lsÍu

4' ukd m%;sYla;slrK jevms<sfj<la wkq.ukh lsßu

5' i;a;ajhskag iunr wdydr i,dl ,nd oSu

6' wdydr i,dlj,g úgñka yd Lksc ,jK we;=,a lsßu




ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'6 ( m%Yia; ksIamdokhla i|yd ksjeros l%u Ndú; lrñka t¿md,kfha fhfohs'

l%shdldrlu 10'6 ( "Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u - ,nuq by< wiajekakla"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'6'1 g we;=<;a t¿jkaf.a újO j¾Ok wjêfmkajk rEm

• weuqKqu 10'6'2 g we;=<;a lKavdhï .fõIK Wmfoiam;%sld m<uq fldgi yd fojk fldgi msgm;a ;=kne.ska


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'6'1 ( • weuqKqu 10'6'1 ys we;=<;a rEm isiqkag m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• ta weiqfrka t¿jkaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjê ms<sn| jisiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉcdjlafufyhjkak'• t¿jka we;s lsÍfï oS my; oelafjk m%Odk j¾Ok

wjëka y÷kd .; yels nj• megjqka • jevqKq i;=ka • .eí.;a fokqka

• tla tla j¾Ok wjêfha oS ksjdi yd fmdaIKwjYH;d fjkia jk nj

• fuu wjYH;d ksjeros j iemhSfuka WiiaksIamdokhla ,eìh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia m<uq fldgi fj; lKavdhïj,

wjOdkh fhduq lr ta ta lKavdhug wod< ld¾hhmjrkak'

• l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• t¿jka we;s lsÍfï oS ksoe,s" wv ishqï" ishqï hk

l%u ;=k u Ndú; jk nj• t¿jka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfï oS my; i|yka

wjYH;djka imqrk nj• iqj myiq mßirhla ,nd oSu• wdrlaIdj ,nd oSu• md,k lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu• frda." m<sfndaO md,kh• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< ksIamdokhla ,nd

.ekSu• t¿jka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfï oS iqúfYaI jQ lreKq

lsysmhla .ek i,ld n,k nj• jd;dY%h yd úh<s nj• wdydr iemhSfï myiqj• c,h ,nd .ekSfï myiqj• bvlv

• t¿jka i|yd ksjdi wdldr 2 la mj;sk nj• Wia lrk ,o fmd<j iys; ksjdi• fmd<j uÜgfuka by<ska idok ,S ;Ügqjla

iys; ksjdi• megjqka i|yd" t¿ fokqka i|yd" m%iQ;s ldur i|yd

ksjdih fldgiaj,g fnok nj• t¿jkaf.a wdydr m%Odk fldgia 2 lg fnok nj

• o< wdydr• idkaø wdydr

• ksjdi ;=< oS yd lafIa;%hg hjñka wdydr imhknj

• ksjdihla ;=< oS rdlalj, yd t,a,d o< wdydr^fld<& imhk nj

• t¿jka i|yd idkaø wdydr" .eí fokqkaf.a wjikaudifha" m%iQ;sfhka miq m<uq udi lsysmfha ydmegjqkag muKla ,nd fok nj

• udi 2-3 olajd megjqkag uõ lsß ,nd fok w;rBg miq l%ufhka o< wdydrj,g yqre lrk nj

• j¾Okh jk i;=kaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;dfjka jeäm%udKhla o< wdydrj,ska muKla u imhd .;yels nj

• ish¨ u j¾Ok wjosj, i;=kag Lksc iemhSuw;HjYH nj

• msßisÿ c,h iemhSu w;HjYH nj• mlaId.d;h" mKq frda. yd ksõfudakshdj t¿jkag

nyq, j je<f|k frda. nj ñks;a;= 45 hs'&




mEka l=vd lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&



fhfokak'• t¿jkaf.a m%ckkh iïnkaOfhka mÜá t¿jdf.a

M,odhS;dj yd fokf.a ksfrda.SNdjh b;d jeo.;afõ'

• .eí .ekaùu mÜá t¿jka u.ska iajNdúl j ydlD;%Su isxpkh u.ska hk l%u follg isÿ l<yels nj

• i;=ka mÜá oeófï oS uo ,laIK jeo.;a nj• .eyekq if;l=f.a jhi wjq' 1 jk úg fyda YÍr

nr jevqKq foklf.ka 60] la muK jQ úg .eyekqi;=ka m<uq jrg mÜá oeñh hq;= nj

• udi 12 oS muK msßñ i;=ka mÜá oeóu i|yd fhdod.; hq;= nj

• t¿foklf.a .¾NsKS ld,h osk 150 la jk nj• m%iQ;shg i;s 8 lg fmr lsß jeÍu l< hq;= nj• .¾NsKS ld,h ;=< fokf.a kv;a;=j" Wmosk

megjdf.a ksfrda.S Ndjh flfrys n,mdk nj• m%iq;sfhka miq jydu megjdg uq,a lsß ,nd oSug

lghq;= l< hq;= nj^ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (t¿jka we;s lsÍfï l%uh wkqj Ndú; lrk ksjdi j¾. ms<sn| úia;r lrhs't¿jkaf.a j¾Ok wjêh wkqj fmdaIKh l< hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'uo ,laIK y÷kdf.k fokqka .eí .kajk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ukd md,kh ;=<ska jHdmdrhl ,dN jeä lr .kshs' f;dr;=re ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'6'1

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weuqKqu 10'6'2


"Ndú;fhka ksjeros l%u - ,nuq by< wiajekakla'"

• fldgi I

• t¿jkaf.a my; oelafjk j¾Ok wjëkaj,ska Tng ,efnk j¾Ok wjêh ms<sn|wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• megjqka• jefvk i;=ka• .eí .;a fokqka

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kfhka Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj fláfhka y÷kajkak'

• Tng wod< j¾Ok wjêfha isák i;=ka we;s lsÍfï l%uh wdY%s; j Ndú; lrk ksjdiúldYh ms<sn| j fya;= olajñka myokak'

• tu i;=ka i|yd iqÿiq wdydr ix>gl y÷kd .ñkska" ksjeros wdydr i,dlhla ieliSuyd th i;=kag ,nd oSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq ú.%y lrkak'

• tu t¿jkag je<f|k frda. y÷kd .ksñka ta ms<sn| j fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

• tu frda. md,k l%u ieflúka olajkak'


• fldgi II

• my; oelafjk ud;Dld w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkhfhduq lrkak'

• fokqka .eí .ekaùu

• .¾NsKS ld,h

• m%iQ;sh

• ud;Dldj y÷kajkak'

• tu wjia:dfõ oS i;=ka fmkajk úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kak'

• id¾:l ksIamdokhla i|yd tu wjia:dfõ oS l< hq;= ld¾hhka idlÉPd lrkak'




weuqKqu 10'6'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

t¿ md,kh

j¾;k yd w¾O ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj, i;a;aj md,kfha oS t¿ md,kh i|yd

jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ' Bg fya;=j jkafka ksj¾;k l,dmSh ;;a;aj hgf;a jqj o t¿jka

ukdj j¾Ok ùuhs' m%Odk jYfhka t¿ md,kfha kshef,kafka uia yd lsß ,nd .ekSfï

wruqKska h' wu;r j fl|s" iï yd fmdfydr hkdosh o ,nd .kq ,efí' fuu ksIamdok

by< .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hqla; j ,nd .ekSu i|yd ksjeros l%uhg md,k lghq;= lr f.k

hd hq;= h' tys oS ksjdi yd wdydr iemhSu" frda. md,kh" i;=ka fnda lr .ekSu wdosh ksjeros

j yd id¾:l j lr f.k hdu jeo.;a fõ'

t¿ lsß yd t¿ uia i|yd fjf<|fmdf,ys mq¿,a b,aüla mj;sk w;r ñ, o by<

w.hla .kS' t¿ lsßj, fïo f.da,sld l=vd ksid uõ lsßj,g wdfoaYlhla f,i o Ndú;

l< yels h' t¿jkaf.a wdydr i|yd hk úhou o wvq h' úh<s ;;a;ajhg Tfrd;a;= oSfï

yelshdjla o mj;S' jHdma;s fiajd myiqlï" wNsckk myiqlï o iEfyk mßos m%dfoaYsl j

mj;S' fuu lreKq fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ t¿ md,kh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úNjhla

mj;sk nj lsj yels h'

t¿jka we;s lsÍfï oS Wkaf.a m%Odk j¾Ok wjê 3 la md,kh lsÍug isÿ fõ' megjqka"

j¾Okh jk i;=ka" .eí.;a fokqka tu j¾Ok wjê fõ' megjqka f,i i,lkafka Wmf;a

isg jhi udi 4 la olajd ld,fha i;=ka h' udi 4 isg udi 15-18 olajd jhi iys; i;=ka

j¾Okh jk i;=ka fõ' id¾:l isxpkhlska miq megjl= ork ld,h .eí.;a fokqka f,i

ye|ska fõ' .eí.;a fokqka md,kfha oS fok .eí .ekaùu;a" m%iQ;sfhaoS;a lsß ,nd fok

ld,fhaoS;a md,kh jeo.;a fõ'

t¿jka we;s lsÍu ksoe,s l%uhg" wv ishqï l%uhg fuka u ishqï l%uhg o isÿ flf¾'

úfYaIfhka úh<s l,dmfha m%foaYj, ksoe,s l%uhg t¿jka we;s lrkq ,efí' ueorg yd

fmd,a ;%sfldaKfha oj,a ld,fha wdydr ,nd .ekSu i|yd rxpq jYfhka ksoyia lr ;nd rd;%s

ld,hg ksjdi ;=< .d,a lrhs' th wv ishqï l%uhhs' wu;r j iqlaIu jYfhka wdydr yd

wfkl=;a wjYH;d ksjdi ;=< u imhñka ishqï l%uhg t¿jka we;s lsÍu o lrkq ,efí'

úfYaIfhka bvlv iSñ; m%foaYj, fuu l%uh wkq.ukh flf¾'

t¿ ksjdi

wfkla f.dú m< i;=kag fia u t¿jkag o ksjdi iemhSfï wjYH;djka jkafka"

• iqj myiq mßirhla ,nd oSu

• wdrlaIdj ,nd oSu

• md,k lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu wdydr ,nd oSu" lsß foùu" megjqka md,kh wdoS

lghq;=&

• frda. yd m<sfndaOj,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSu

• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< ksIamdok ,nd .ekSu

ks



t¿jka i|yd ksjdihla ;ekSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

• t¿jka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfï oS i;df.a wdrlaIdj" ikSmdrlaIdj /flk mßos uvq

iEoSu ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

(i) jd;dY%h( i;=gqodhl úh<s ìula f;dard .; hq;= h' osh iSrdj iys; f;;a

ia:dkhla t¿jkaf.a fi!LHh i|yd ys;lr fkdfõ'

(ii) wdydr imhd .ekSug myiqj i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'

(iii) msßisÿ c,h ,nd .; yels úh hq;= h'

(iv) u, øjH yd uq;%d bj;a lsÍug fyda tajd m%;spl%SlrKh lsÍug fyda Ôj jdhqj

ksmoùug fyda fhdod .ekSug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'

(v) bvlv we;s kd.ÍlrKh fkdjQ m%foaYhla ùu jvd .e<fma'

1& Wia lrk ,o fmd<j iys; ksjdi

fï ksjdi j¾.h úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj,

t¿ md,kfha oS fhdod .efka' b;d myiqfjka

wjg mßirfhka fhdod .kakd ,o ,S iy fmd,a

w;= fhdod f.k t¿ uvq idod .efka' ta ksid

jeh jk uQ,Okh wvq h' tfy;a i;=kaf.a

ikSmdrlaIdj .ek i,ld n,k úg fuh

id¾:l ksjdi l%uhla fkdfõ' j¾Idj" iq<Õ wdoS foaY.=Ksl idOlhkag i;d md;% ùu jeä

h' tjeks wjia:dj, i;=ka frda.S úh yels h' i;=kaf.a u, uQ;%d bj;a lsÍug l%uhla

fkdue;s ksid i;=ka ta u; ,e.sug mqreÿ fõ' tfyhska i;=kaf.a mú;%;ajh ms<sn| .eg¨

u;= fõ'

2& fmd<j uÜgñka by<ska idok ,S ;Ügqjla iys; ksjdi

fï ksjdi f;;a l,dmSh m%foaYj, t¿

md,kh i|yd fhdod .efka' fuu ksjdi fmd<j

uÜgñka by< ^90-120cm& lKq u; idok

fõosldjla Wv f.dv k.kq ,efí' ìu ilia

lrkq ,nkafka ,S máj,sks' má w;r mr;rh

2cm fyda weÕs,a,l ;rïj;a ;nd .; hq;= h'

mßir idOlj,g i;d md;% ùu i,ld ne¨ úg fuu ksjdi Wia lrk ,o fmd<j iys;

ksjdij,g jvd iqÿiq h' ;o iq<Õska yd úúO mrfmdaIs; ydksj,ska i;d wdrlaId ùug fuu

ksjdih f.dv kÕd we;' fuys fõosldj ieliSug fmd,a" mqjla" fyda ls;=,a ,S fhdod .;

yels w;r jy,h fiú,s lsÍug fmd,a w;= fyda msÿre fyda we¨ñkshï ;yvq Ndú; flf¾'

uvqfjys ì;a;s ,S má .id wdjrKh lrkq ,efí'

• t¿ fokqka" t¿jka yd m%iQ; ldur i|yd uvqj fldgiaj,g fnokq ,efí'

• fuu ksjdij, megjqka i|yd l+vq fmd<j uÜgfï isg by<g my; rEmfha oelafjk

mßos idokq ,efí' j¾Idfjka" YS; iq<Õska" mrfmdaIs;hkaf.ka l=vd megjqka wdrlaId

jk mßos fuu megjq fldgq idod we;'

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l+vqfõ j¾.M,h we;s lrk i;=ka

m%udKh wkqj fjkia fõ' 15 m2 l

bvlv we;s ksjdihl t<sÉÑhka 6 la

yd t¿jka 1 yd megjqka 15 la we;s l<

yels h'

ksjdij, ì;a;sfha idok ,o

rdlalhl oud wdydr lEug ,nd fohs'

t¿jka Tjqkaf.a msgqmi mdoj,ska

isgf.k wdydr .ekSug reÑl;ajhla

olajk fyhska fuu rdlal fmd<fjka

by< uÜgul iEoSu jeo.;a h' c,h

iemhSu i|yd l+vq ;=< c, n÷ka .eg

.id ;nkq ,efí'

t¿jkag wdydr oSu

t¿jkag wjYH fmdaIKh iemhSu i|yd ta ta j¾Ok wjêfha oS WÑ; jQ wdydr iemhSu

wjYH fõ' i;=kaf.a foay j¾Okh" kv;a;=j" Yla;s wjYH;d imqrd,Su" ksfrda.S nj wdrlaId

lsßu" iM, ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu wruqKq lr f.k fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd,sh hq;= fõ'

fuu fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd t¿jkag o< wdydr fuka u idkaø wdydr o fokq

,efí'

o< wdydr

t¿jd frdauka;sl if;l= jk ksid o< wdydr ÔrKh lsÍfï yelshdj we;' tneúka

t¿jka i|yd jeämqr o< wdydr ,nd foa' o< wdydr jYfhka Ydl w;=" fmdaI ;DK yd

rks," wdosh lmd wdydrhg fokq ,efí' lDIsld¾ñl w;=re M, o o< wdydr jYfhka osh

yels h'

t¿jkag fok Ydl w;=

fndfyda w;= j¾. t¿jkag wdydr i|yd osh yels h' fldfydU" wU" fldia" m¨" kq."

ùr wdosh ta i|yd WodyrK fõ'

rks, Ydl

bms,a bms,a" fikafg%diSud" .a,sßiSähd" mshqf¾áhd" trnÿ$ vvema" iaghsf,dieka;ia

t¿jkag fok ;DK

.sks ;DK" fkamsh¾ úfYaI Wod( mQid chkaÜ fkamsh¾ - PGN&" n%eflaßhd úfYaI Wod(

n%eflaßhd ì%ika;d" n%eflaßhd ñ,sf*daïia&" fifÜßhd" meiafm,ï

ksjdifha ì;a;sfha idok lEu rdlalh

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lDIsld¾ñl w;=re M,

fnda.j, wiajkq fk<d .;a miq Ydlfha b;sß fldgia" OdkH$ rks, fmd;=" flfi,a

l|ka" wf<úhg fY%aKs lsÍfï oS" bj;a lrk t<j¨

fuu o< wdydr i;=kag fokq ,nkafka

ksjdifha fmÜá ;=<g oud fyda w;=

ksjdifha t,a,d ;eîfuks' ke;s kï W,d

lEu i|yd lafIa;%hg hefõ'

idkaø wdydr

i;=kag Yla;sh fyda fm%daàk jeämqr wjYH wjia:dj, oS idkaø wdydr osh hq;= fõ' tu

wjia:d yd osh hq;= idkaø wdydr m%udK jkafka

• uõ i;=kag wjika .eí udifha osklg 400 g• m%iQ;sfhka miq m<uq udi fol ;=< osklg 400 g• jeä j¾Ok fõ.hla we;s i;s 3 isg lsß jrk f;la megjqkag osklg 50 g• wikSm ù isg iqj fjñka isák i;=kag

idkaø wdydr ,nd oSfï oS wdydr i,dlh f,i iy,a ksjqvq 60] la yd fmd,a mqkaklal=

ñY% lr idod .;a idkaø wdydr ñY%Khla ,nd oSu ks¾foaYs; h'

óg wu;r j uq¿;eka f.hska bj; ,k wmøjH o t¿jkag wdydr jYfhka ,nd oSug

yels h'

c,h iemhSu

t¿ /<g u îug wjYH msßisÿ w¨;a c,h iEu úg u .d, ;=< ;sìh hq;= h' c,n÷kaj, we;s c,h osk m;d udre l< hq;= h' n÷k msßisÿ tlla úh hq;= h'

Lksc iemhSu

;=,s; fkdjQ wdydr ,nd oSu ksid Lksc W!k;d we;s úh yels h' fuh fokqkaf.aiM,;djg" i;=kaf.a fi!LHhg iy /f<ys ksIamdokhg n,mdhs'

Lksc W!k;dj ksid jk wjodku b;d jeä úh yels jkafka fmdiamria" le,aishï ydfidaähï wvq jQ úg h'

Lksc iemhSu i|yd idudkH ¨Kq fmd,a lgqjlg oud th ksjdifha t,a,d ;ndi;=kag f,jlEug bv yeÍfuka yd Lksc leghla t,a,d ;nd f,j lEug ie,eiaùfuka

l< yels h'

t¿ megjqkaf.a fmdaIKh

bmÿK jyd u uq,a lsß ,nd osh hq;= h' miq j udi 2-3 olajd ujq lsß ,nd fohs' 4 jk

i;sfhka miq j l%ufhka fmdaI ;DK yd fld< w;= wdydrhg ñY% lrkq ,efí'

udi 1 ka miq W,d lEu i|yd yqre l< yels h'

ksjdi ;=< o< wdydr oSu

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jefvk i;=ka i|yd wdydr ,nd oSu

udi 4 isg udi 10-12 olajd ld,h jefvk i;=ka f,i i,lkq ,efí' fuu wjêh

jk úg i;df.a rEukh j¾Okh ù ;sfnk ksid o< wdydr Ô¾Kh isÿ fõ' wuq ;DK"

ixrlaIs; ;DK fyda fldia" trnÿ jeks fld< j¾. wdydrh i|yd ,nd osh yels h' ksjdih

;=< oS u o< wdydr iemhSu fyda W,d lEug yeÍu u.ska o< wdydr iemhSu l< yels h' wu;r

j idkaø wdydr yd Lksc ñY%K iemhsh hq;= h'

jefvk tla i;l= i|yd my; i|yka wdydr m%udK ,nd osh hq;= h'

o< wdydr ;DK fyda fld< - 4kgrks, - 1kg

idkaø wdydr - 100-200gLksc ¨Kq& ñY%Kh - 10g

.eí .;a fokqka i|yd wdydr iemhSu

ksfrda.S" Yla;su;a megfjl= ,nd .ekSug;a" t<sÉÑhlf.ka Wiia lsß ksIamdokhla

,nd .ekSu i|yd;a" t¿fokg fï wjêfha oS ,nd fok wdydr b;d jeo.;a h' .eí ld,fha

uq,a udi 3 oS ,nd osh hq;= úfYaIs; wjYH;d fkdue;s jqj o udi 4-5 oS megjdf.a j¾Okh

b;d iS>% j isÿ jk ksid .eí i;d úfYaI f,i /l n,d .ekSu;a" wdydr ,nd oSu;a wjYH

fõ' fï ld,fha oS ;DK ìïj,g heùu l%ufhka meh 2 olajd iSud l< hq;= h' megjd

,eîug we;s oskg wvq jYfhka i;s 2 lg l<ska ;DK ìïj,g heùu keje;aúh hq;= h'

miajk udih wdrïN jk osk isg u idkaø wdydr 400 g ne.ska osklg osh hq;= h' Wod(

mqkaklal= 40] yd yd,a ksjqvq 60] ñY%Kh& Lksc ñY%Kh yd msßisÿ c,h iEu úg u ,nd osh

hq;= h'

t¿ fokqka md,kh

id¾:l j megjqka fnda lr .ekSu i|yd fmdaIKh iemhQ t¿ fokqka kshñ; wjia:dfõ

kshñ; whqre .eí .ekaùu l< hq;= h' t¿ fokl= .eí .ekaúh hq;af;a fok uohg meñKs

wjia:dfõ oS h' uo ,laIK y÷kd .ekSfuka uohg meñKs wjia:dj ;SrKh l< yels h'

uo ,laIK

• fokqka l,n,ldÍ ùu yd ks;r ks;r • j,s.h tyd fuyd jekSug W;aidy lE .eiSu lsßu• ndysr ,sxf.akaøsh bosó r;a meye .ekSu • ks;r ks;r uq;% lsßu• wka i;=kag msg Wv ke.Sug bv oSu yd • wdydr wreÑh wka i;=kaf.a msg Wv ke.Su

t¿ fokqka .eí .ekaùu

fï i|yd l%u 2 la wkq.ukh flf¾'

1' iajNdúl l%uh iajNdúl isxpkh&

t¿ fokl= .eí .ekaúh yels wju jhi jkafka wjqreÿ 1 ls' YÍr nr jevqKq

foklf.ka 60] la muK jQ .eyekq i;=ka m<uq jrg .eí .ekaúh yels h' iajNdúl l%ufha

oS fok .eí .ekaùu i|yd mÜá t¿jl= Ndú; flf¾' mÜá t¿jdf.a jhi udi 11 oS yd

nr 25 kg la jk wjia:dfõ mÜá oeóu i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

{



mÜá t¿jl= i;= j ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

• j¾.hg wdfõKsl ,laIK meyeos,s • máá fiajdj i|yd fhoùug iqÿiq

f,i msysgd ;sîu jhfia isàu

• ksfrda.S i;l= ùu • Yla;su;a ùu

• fyd|ska jevqKq YÍrhla ;sîu • ,sxf.akaøshhka iajNdúl fia msysgd ;sîu

fuu ,laIK fmkajk mÜá t¿jl= u.ska uo ,laIK fmkajk t<sÉÑhka iajNdúl

j ixi¾.fha fhoùfuka iajNdúl l%uhg .eí .ekaùu lrkq ,efí' Y%S ,xldfõ t<sÉÑhka

uohg meñKSu jir mqrdu idudkHfhka isÿ fõ' fï ksid megjqka ,eîu jir mqrd me;sÍ

we;s w;r iuyr ld,j, oS tkï f;;a l,dmfha fmnrjdß isg uehs olajd;a úh<s l,dmfha

fkdjeïn¾ isg ud¾;= olajd;a jeäfhka isÿ fõ'

2' lD;%Su l%uh lD;s%u isxpkh&

lD;%Su isxpkfha oS lD;%Su j tl;= lr .;a Y=l%dKq fokqka ;=<g lD;%Su j we;=¿

lsÍfuka .eí .ekaùu isÿ flf¾' Y%S ,xldfõ ;;a;aj hgf;a fuu l%uh b;d jeo.;a fõ'

Bg fya;= jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ t¿ .ykfhka 80] lg;a jvd wvq ksIamdokhla ,nd fok

foaYSh i;=ka ùu;a Wkaf.ka ksIamdokh Wiia j¾.fha megjqka ,nd .; fkdyels ùu;a h'

lD;%Su isxpkfha oS Wiia j¾.fha wdrj,g wh;a Y=l%dKq Ndú;fhka Wiia j¾.fha megjqka

,nd .; yels fõ' fï i|yd wjYH myiqlï yd oekqu iys; mqoa.,hka Y%S ,xldfõ

m%udKj;a j we;' ;j o Wiia wdrj, mÜá i;=ka ,nd .ekSug yd Wka kv;a;=jg wêl

úhoula oeßug isÿ fõ' iajNdúl .eí .ekaùfï oS mÜá i;=kaf.ka frda. me;srSug o yels

h' fuu wjdisodhl ;;a;aj u. yeÍug o lD;%Su isxpkh m%fhdackj;a fõ'

m%iQ;sh yd megjqka md,kh

.eí .ekaùfï isg megjd m%iQ; lrk f;la ld,h .¾NsKS ld,hhs' .¾NsKS ld,h osk

150 ls' megjd ìys lsÍug wdikak t<sÉÑh mááfhka bj;a lr m%iQ; fldgqjg oeñh hq;=hs'

m%iQ;shg wdikak fokf.a úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhla ;sfí' m%iQ;sh wdikak ùu;a iuÕ

wdydr .ekSug ue,slula olajhs' l,n,ldß njla fmkajhs' nqre,a, bosó my;a jqKq

iajrEmhla oelsh yels h' úYd, jQ nqre,af,a ;k mqvq bosßhg fkrd ;sfí' N.h ndysr

,sxf.akaøsh& bosó ;sîu;a iqÿ meye;s oshrhla i%djh;a oelsh yels fõ' Yajik fõ.h jeä jk

w;r wmyiq;djla fmkakqï flf¾' fok yefrñka ndysr ,sxf.akaøsh foi ne,Sug fm<fò'

fuu ,laIK fmkakqï lrk fok j,s.h wjg we;s wmsßisÿ flaY m%iQ;shg fmr lmd bj;a

l< hq;= h' idudkHfhka t,sÉÑhlf.a m%iQ;s lghq;= j;=r nE.h ^water bag& msg;g

o¾Ykh ùu yd msg;g meñKSu;a iuÕ u wdrïN fõ' j;=r nE.h msmsÍu;a iuÕ meáhdf.a

bosß mdo 2 yd ysi o¾Ykh ùug mgka .kS' megjdf.a ysi tu mdo u; msysgd we;' fuhska

iq¿ ld, iSudjla we;=<; megjd bmfoa' iïmQ¾K m%iQ;sh i|yd meh 1$2 la muK .; fõ'

idudkHfhka uõ i;d ;u megjdf.a uqL m%foaYh;a kdihla f,jld msßisÿ lrk fyhska

megjdg blaukska Yajikh lsßug yels fõ' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a msÿre fyda fros lene,a,la

Ndú; lr fjkla flfkl= mú;% l< hq;= h' miq j fmlKs je, ÔjdKqyß; l;=rlska lmd"

whãka wdf,am lsÍu uÕska úI îc we;=¿ ùu je<elafõ'



megjd fyd|ska msi oeófuka miq" t<sÉÑhf.a nqre,a, WKqiqï c,fhka fidaod" l=vd

meáhdg ujf.a lsß îug wjia:dj i,id fokq ,efí' m<uq osk 3 olajd ,efnk fuu uq,a

lsß fldf,iag%ï& megjdf.a YÍr fi!LHhg yd j¾Okhg wjYH fõ' fuh m%;sÔjlj,ska

wêl neúka t¿ megjqkaf.a iajNdúl m%;sYla;sh j¾Okh jk f;la Tjqka frda.j,ska

wdrlaId lrhs' megjdf.a wkd.; Ôú;fha M,odhS;dj" uq,a wjêfha ixj¾Okh yd kv;a;=j

u; r|d mj;sk ksid fï wjêfha meáhdf.a md,k úê yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;= h' m%iQ;sfha oS we;s jk f;fyÜgqj ksid m%iQ;shg miq fokg úfõlhla wjYH fõ'

blaukska m%¾j¾Okh yd Wmßu lsß ksIamdokh i|yd uõ i;d fldgqj ;=< u ;nd wdydr"

c,h" Lksc ñY%Kh iemhsh hq;= h'

t¿jkag je<f|k frda. yd frda. md,kh

nyq, j t¿jkag je<f|k frda. lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

1' t¿ mlaI>d;h

fuu frda.h .jhkaf.ka fnda jk frda.hls' frda. jdylhd uÿrefjls' frda. ldrl

mrfmdaIs;hd t¿jdf.a iakdhq moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajhg ydks isÿ flf¾' frda.fha frda.

,laIK jkafka" ksjeros bßhõfjka weúoSug wmyiq ùu" YÍrfha miqmi ord .ekSug wmyiq

ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhla we;s ùu" wefiys l¿ b.sßhdj widudkH f,i md,kfhka f;dr ùu yd

oDIaáh ÿ¾j, ùu" i;d w¾O j fyda iïmQ¾K j mK ke;s ùu hk tajdhs' mY= ffjoHjrhl=

yuq ùu" fyg%idka keue;s T!IOh ,nd oSu fuu frda.h i|yd m%;sldr fõ' frda. u¾okh

i|yd .jhka yd t¿jka fjk fjk u fldgq ;=< wE;ska we;s lsßu" m%;sYla;sh i|yd

fyg%idka ,nd oSu" uÿrejka md,kh wdosh l< yel'

2' mKq frda.

rjqï mKqjka" má mKqjka fyda fmky¿ mKqjka uÕska mKq frda. we;s flf¾'

úfYaIfhka megjqka yd jefvk i;=ka ;=< fuu frda. yg .ekSug jeä keUqre;djla we;'

mKq frda.j, frda. ,laIK jkafka"

lEu wreÑh" YÍrh nr wvq ùu" leiai fmKy¨ mKqjka yg .;a úg&" ÿ¾j,;dj" r¿

yd ÿ¾j¾K f,dau" rla; ySk;dj" Worh úYd, ùu" nv t<sh hEu" md,kh fkdl< fyd;a

urKh mjd isÿ úh yels h' fuu frda.h i|yd m%;sldrh jkafka mKq fnfy;a oSuhs' frda.

u¾Okh i|yd ksjdi" n÷ka" wdoS ish,a, msßisÿ j mj;ajd .ekSu u.ska ikSmdrlaIdj

md,kh;a" iïmQ¾K t¿ mÜáhg u udi 3 lg jrla mKq fnfy;a oSu;a l< yels h'

ksõfudakshdj

megjqkaf.a nyq, j oelsh yels frda.S ;;a;ajhls' ÿ¾j, i;=kag o je<|Sfï m%jK;dj

jeä h' frda. ldrlhd ffjrihls' oaú;Shsl nelaàßhd wdidok we;s fõ' frda. ldrlhd

Yajik moaO;shg ydks lrhs' fuu frda.fha ,laIK jkafka" yqiau .ekSfï wmyiq;dj$

Yajik ÿIalr;d we;s ùu" wdydr wreÑh" WK" leiai" kdifhka i%djhla .e,Su" fmkqu

ÿ¾j, ùu wdoshhs' frda. je<÷Kfyd;a mY= ffjoHjrhl= uqK .eiS wjYH m%;sldr ,nd osh

hq;= h' frda. u¾okh i|yd ikSmdrlaIdj" úh<s WKqiqï ksjdi ,nd oSu" ksjeros fmdaIKh

iemhSu" udi 3 lg jrla mKq fnfy;a ,nd oSu" /f<ys i;=ka ixLHdj md,kh kv;a;= l<

yels muKg& l< yels h'




ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'7 ( ksjeros l%u Ndú;fhka M,odhS f,i W!rka md,kfha fhfohs'

l%shdldrlu 10'7 ( ksjeros W!re md,kfhka - ,nuq jeä ksIamdokhla'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'7'1 g we;=<;a W!rkaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjêoelafjk mska;+rhla

• weuqKqu 10'7'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sld m<uqfldgi iy fojk fldgi msgm;a ;=k ne.ska


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'7'1 ( • W!rkaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjê fmkakqï lrk mska;+r mka;shg

m%o¾Ykh lrjkak'• ta weiqßka W!re md,kfha úúO wjëka ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka

úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• W!re md,kfha oS my; oelafjk m%Odk j¾Ok

wjëka y÷kd .; yels nj• megjqka

• lsß fndk i;=ka• lsß jrk megjqka

• j¾Okh jk i;=ka• mßK; i;=ka

• tla tla j¾Ok wjëka i|yd ksjdi$ bvlv ydwdydr wjYH;djka ys úúO fjkialï we;s nj

• Bßhka .eí .ekaùu i|yd fohdldr j isxpkh l<yels nj

• by; idOl ksishdldr j l<ukdlrKh lsÍfukaWiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd l=vd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&


wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

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fhfokak'• W!re md,kfhka úúO jdis wh;a jk w;r bka

lsysmhla my; mßos oelaúh yels nj• uia ,nd .ekSug uia" yeï" fílka&• Ôj jdhqj ksmoùug

• W!rdf.a Ôjk pl%fha úúO j¾Ok wjëka we;s njyd tu wjëka my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yelsnj• lsß fndk megjqka - osk 0-42 olajd• lsß jrk megjqka - osk 42-90 olajd• j¾Ol i;=ka - osk 90-130 olajd• ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a jQ i;=ka - osk 130-180

olajd• isák wjêh wkqj kEïìhka" .eí .;a Bßhka wdoS

jYfhka mßK; i;=ka o" úúOdldr we;s nj• Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd W!rkag ksjdi

iemhSu jeo.;a njWod( • j¾Ok fõ.h jeä lsßug

• frda. yd wdidokhka me;sÍu wvq lsÍug• W!re ksjdihla iEoSu i|yd ia:dkhla f;dard

.ekSfï oS úúO idOl i,ld ne,sh hq;= w;rtajdhska lsysmhla my; oelafjk nj• Wia jQ N+ñhla ùu• m%jdyk myiqlï ;sîu

• W!rka we;s lsÍu i|yd my; oelafjk md,k l%uNdú; lrk nj• ksoe,s l%uh• ishqï l%uh

• W!rka i|yd idok ksjdij, jHQyh tu md,kl%u wkqj fjkia jk nj

• ksoe,s l%uh hgf;a t<suyka fyda w¾O fiú,s l<ksjdi ;=< W!rka we;s l< o" ìu ieliSula isÿfkdjk nj

• ishqï l%uh hgf;a fiú,s l< ksjdi ;=< W!rkawe;s lsÍu yd ìï ieliSula isÿ lrk nj

• iaÓr ksjdihla ;=< tla tla j¾Ok wjê i|ydwjYH bvlv úúO nj

• lsß jrk if;l=g wjYH bvlv - 0'30 m2 -0'35 m2

la muK nj• úh<s iy .¾NsKS i;=kag wjYH wdydr Ndck i|yd

bv m%udKh - 40 cm -45 cm nj• tu bvlv wkqj ksjdifha ie,eiau iEosh hq;= nj

megjqka



• W!rka i|yd ksjeros j fmdaIKh iemhSfï oS my;wdldrh jeo.;a jk nj• iÔù Wm;a ixLHdj jeä lsrrSu i|yd• Wm;a nr jeä lsÍu i|yd

• tla tla j¾Ol wjêh wkqj i;=kaf.a fmdaIKwjYH;dj úúO nj

• tla tla j¾Ok wjêh i|yd iemhsh hq;= wdydri,dl úúO nj

• W!re md,kfha oS i;=kaf.a fi!LHh uekúkamj;ajd .ekSu my; lreKq i|yd jeo.;ajk nj• i;=ka ñh hEu wvq ùu• m%ckk ld¾hlaI;dj jeä ùu

• W!rkag úúO f,v frda. je<f|k njWod( • megjqkaf.a rla; ySk;dj

• mdpkh • iQlr WK

• tu frda. j<lajd .ekSu yd m%;sldr lsÍu jeo.;anj

ñks;a;= 30 hs'&



^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&



fhfokak'• Wiia ,laIKj,ska hq;a i;=ka fnda lr .ekSu

wNsckkfha mrud¾:h nj• .eyekq i;=ka udi 6-7 jk úg ,sx.sl mßk;shg

m;a jk nj• túg uo ,laIK fmkajk nj

• fkdikaiqka nj• jßka jr uq;%d lsÍu• ndysr ,sxf.akaøsh bosó r;= meye .ekSu• wfkla i;=kag msg Wv ke.Sug bv oSu

• túg .eí .ekaúh hq;= nj• .eí .ekaùu iajNdúl j fyda lD;%Su isxpkh uÕska

isÿ lrk nj• .eí ld,h osk 114-116 muK jk nj



• m%iQ;shg wdikak úg my; ,laIK fmkajk nj• fhdaks ud¾.h bosóu• fhdaksfhka i%djhla jEiaiSu• fkdikaiqka ùu• j,s.h Tijd isáu

• m%iQ;sfhka miq megjqkag fmdaIKh yd wdrlaIdjosh hq;= nj

• jhi i;s 2 oS msßñ i;=ka" i;=ka lr weöu l< hq;=nj

• jhi osk 42 oS lsß jeßh hq;= nj• lsß jeÍfuka osk 7-10 la we;=<; kej; mÜá oeñh

hq;= nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (W!re md,kfha jeo.;a wjia:d kï lrhs'W!re md,kfhka Wiia ksIamdok ,eîug ukd md,khla l< hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'W!rka we;s lsÍfï oS ;=,s; wdydr ñY%K ieliSug wjYH o;a; bosßm;a lrhs'ksjeros j f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lrhs'ie,iqï iy.; j ld¾hhkays kshef,hs'



weuqKqu 10'7'1

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weuqKqu 10'7'2


"ksjeros W!re md,kfhka - ,nuq jeä ksIamdokhla"I fldgi

• W!rkaf.a my; i|yka j¾Ok wjê w;=ßka Tng ,eî we;s wjêh ms<sn| j wjOdkhfhduq lrkak'• megjqka• jefvk i;=ka• .¾NsKS i;==ka


• Tng ,eî we;s j¾Ok wjêh y÷kajkak'

• ksjdihla iEoSug ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl ljf¾ o@

• Tng ,eî we;s j¾Ok wjoêh i|yd ksjdi ilia lr we;s wdldrh md,k l%u weiqßkaidlÉcd lrkak'

• W!rkag wdydr oSfï oS i,ld n,k idOl ljf¾ o@

• Tng wod< j¾Ok wjêh i|yd fmdaIK wjYH;d weiqßka wod< i,dl olajkak'

• Tng oS we;s j¾Ok wjêfha oS nyq, j we;s jk frda. y÷kd .kak'

• tu frda.h je<|Su ksid we;s jk n,mEu y÷kd .kak'

• tu frda. md,kh lsÍug Tn .kakd l%shdud¾. ljf¾ o@

• Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

II fldgi

• W!rka md,kh iïnkaOfhka my; oelafjk ud;Dld w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnkud;Dldjg wod< j f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

• uo ,laIKh fmkajk Bßhka .eí .ekaùu

• .¾NsKS ld,h" lsß jeÍu

• m%iQ;sh


• tys tla tla wjia:dfõ i;=ka fmkajk úfYaI ,laIK fudkjd o@

• Wiia megjqka ,nd .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= ld¾hhka idlÉPd lrkak'




weuqKqu 10'7'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

W!re md,kh

re md,kh u.af.dk isg y,dj; olajd fjr<nv ;Srhg fndfyda úg iSud ù

we;' fuh W!re ;Srh (pig belt) f,i ye|ska fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ iïmQ¾K W!re .yKfhka

70]la muK fuu m%foaYfha oelsh yels h'

W!re md,kh u.ska uia" fílka" yeï" fidfiacia" óÜ fnda,a wdoS ksIamdok ,nd .;

yels fõ' W!re uiaj, fm%daàka 18] lao" fïoh 24]la o wvx.= jk w;r" fmdaIKSh .=Kfhka

Wiia h' W!rd iS>% j¾Okhla iys; if;l= jk ksid udi 6 lska muK jeä uia m%udKhla

,nd .; yels fõ' jrlg megjqka 8 - 14 m%udKhla Bßhlg ,efnk w;r" jirlg megjq

;, 2 la ,nd .; yels ksid jirlg megjqka 25 la muK ,nd .; yels fõ'

W!rka i|yd b÷,a we;=¿ ksjfia bj; ,k wmøjH Ndú; l< yels ùu;a" ksjdi i|yd

hk úhou wvq ùu;a" /l n,d .ekSug wvq Y%uhla jeh ùu;a" jHdmdrh weröug yd

mj;ajdf.k hdug wvq m%d.aOkhla jeh ùu;a ksid W!re md,kh ,dNodhS jHdmdrhls'

i;=ka we;s lsÍug wjYH jkqfha iq¿ bv m%udKhla ùu ksid l=vd bvï ysñhkag;a fuu

jHdmdrh iqÿiq h' W!re wmøjH wdY%s; j Ôj jdhqj ksmoúh yels ùu o jdishls' j.djka

i|yd Ndú; l< fkdyels bvï W!rka we;s lsÍug fhoúh yels h'

W!rdf.a úúO j¾Ok wjos

1' megõ wjêh

Wmf;a isg osk 42 olajd i;=ka o osk 42 isg osk 90 olajd lsß jrk i;=ka o óg wh;a

fõ'

2' jefvk wjêh osk 90 isg osk 130 olajd wjêh

3' ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a

osk 130 isg i;=ka' fuu i;=ka Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok wjia:dj wkqj kEïìhka" .eí.;a

Bßhka" megjqka m%iQ; l< Bßhka" lsß jerE Bßhka" mÜá W!rka f,i j¾. l< yels

h'

W!re ksjdi

ukd f,i ie,iqï l< W!re ksjdi ksid" i;=kaf.a jeãu y fi!LH ;;a;ajh oshqKq

fõ' lïlre úhoï yd wdydr i|yd hk úhoï wvq lr.; yels h'

W!re ksjdihla ie,iqï lsÍfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl (

1' Wia jQ N+ñhla úh hq;=h'

ukd jd;dY%h" ukd c, jykh yd wmøjH myiqfjka neyer lsÍu i|yd fujeks ìul

myiqlï we;'

2' N+ñfha mi je,s fyda fndr¨ iys; úh hq;= h'

3' m%jdyk myiqlï ;sìh hq;= h'

4' iQ¾hdf,dalh m;s; jk ia:dkhla úh hq;= h'

5' c, myiqlï iys; ia:dkhla úh hq;= h'

W!re ksjdihl o< rEmhla

W!

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ksjdi j¾.

i;=ka we;s lrk l%uh wkqj ksjdi j¾.h ks¾Kh fõ' m%Odk l%u follg W!rka

we;s lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

1' ksoe,s l%uh

i;=ka iïmQ¾Kfhka u t<suyfka isà' md,khlska f;drj ;eka ;ekaj,g .uka

lrhs' wêl j¾Idfjka yd ;o ysre /iska wdrlaId lsÍug muKla ksjdihla ilihs' wvq

ñ, iys; ,S má fhdod fuu ksjdi idohs' rxpqfõ m%udKh wkqj uvqfõ bv m%udKh

ilihs' iEu W!frl=gu ;o fkdù je;sÍ isàug yels úh hq;= h' W!re ksjdifha ìu ilia

fkdlr ;nhs' W!rd mi u; je;sr isàug ms%h;djhla oelaùu óg fya;=jhs'

2' ishqï l%uh

oekg ,xldfõ nyq,j u Ndú;d jk id¾:l" uyd mßudk W!re md,khg iqÿiq

l%uhhs' W!re ksjdihla iEoSfï oS my; whqre bvlv iemhsh hq;= h'

1' bv m%udKh

W!rkaf.a j¾Ok wjêh wkqj wjYH jk bvlv

j¾Ok wjia:dj if;l=g wjYH bv wdydr Ndckfha i;=ka

^m2& bv - ^cm& .Kk

1' megjqka 0'30 - 0'35 15 - 20 10 - 15

2' j¾Ol i;=ka 0'7 - 1'20 25 - 35 8 - 10

3' .¾NKS i;=ka 2'5 - 2'75 40 - 45 2 - 5

4' mÜá W!rd 6'00 - 6'50 10 - 45 1

f.ìu msßisÿ lsÍug myiq jk fia fyd|ska isfuka;s oud lmrdre lr Yla;su;a j

iEosh hq;= fõ' wmøjH bj;a lsÍfï myiqj i|yd f.ìu wdk;j ;sìh hq;= w;r" ldKqo

fyd|ska c,h nei hk f,ig wdk; j ilia l< hq;= fõ' fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 1 m la

muK Wi ì;a;s .fvd,ska fyda .f,ka ne|sh hq;= fõ' tijQ jy, u.ska W!re ksjdih ;=<

WIaK;ajh jeäùu md,kh lr ukd jd;dY%hla ,ndosh yelsh' fmd,a w;=" weianeiagia" fyda

msÿre fhdod jy< fiú,s l< yels h' m%foaYfha ,dNhg myiqjg Ndú; l< yels øjH fhdod

.ekSu jdisodhl fõ' wdydr n÷ka iaÓr f,i iúlr ;eìh yels h' wdydr n÷kaj,

if;l=g wjYH bv m%udKh by; olajd we;' i;=kag msßisÿ c,h iemhSu l< hq;= fõ' uyd

mßudk f.dúm,j, iajhxl%Sh c, n÷ka Ndú; lrhs'

iaÓr ksjdihl ie,eiau

W/P- lsß jrK megjqka isák fldgqj

P/R - m%iQ;s fldgqj D/P - úh<s Bßhka isák fldgqj

G/P - j¾Ol i;=ka isák fldgqj

B/P - mÜá W!rd isák fldgqj

iaÓr ksjdihl ;%sudk fmkqu

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wdydr iemhSu

W!re md,khg jeh jk uqof,ka 70] la wdydr iemhSug fõ' j¾Ok wjêh"

ksIamdok wjoêh" i;=kaf.a Ôj nr i,ld n,d wdydr ,nd osh hq;= fõ'

wdydr i,dlh osh hq;= fm%daàka Yla;sh

ld,h m%;sY;h kc$$$$$kg&

1' megjqkaf.a wdydr i,dlh osk 7 - osk 42 22 3600

2' lsßjrk megjqkaf.a i,dlh osk 42 - udi 2 18 3350

3' jefvk i;=kaf.a i,dlh udi 2 - 4 17 3135

4' Bßhkaf.a i,dlh os.gu 14 3000

megjqka wdydr iemhSu

megjd bmoS meh ½ la we;=<; uq,a lsß Wrd îug ie,eiaúh hq;= fõ' tu.ska megjdg

my; jdis ie,fia'

1' Ô¾Kh myiq fõ' 3' m%;sYla;sh ,efí'

2' jeä fmdaIKhla ,efí' 4' úf¾pk yelshdj ,efí'

i;shlg miq fï i;=kag megjqkaf.a wdydr i,dlh (creep feed) y÷kajd osh hq;= fõ'

megjqkag wdydr fok wdldrh my; j.=fõ oela fõ'

megjqkaf.a jhi Ôj nr ^kg& osh hq;= wdydr m%udKh

osk 42 5 - 10 400 - 500 g udi 2 20 1 kg udi 3 30 1'2 kg

j¾Ok wjosfha oS wdydr iemhSu

i;=kaf.a jhi udi Ôj nr kg& iemhsh hq;= wdydr

m%udKh kg&

3 30 1'2

4 40 - 50 1'4 - 1'6

5 60 - 70 1'9 - 2'1

6 80 - 90 2'3 - 2'5

,sx.sl j mßK; jQ i;=kag wdydr iemhSu

kEïìhka yd mÜá W!rka o .eí .;a Bßhka o fï hgf;a i,lkq ,nhs'

jhi udi 6 blau jQ i;=ka kEïìhka f,i i,lkq ,efí' fï i;=kag osklg wdydr

2'5 kg la muK osh hq;= fõ' fï i|yd Bßhkaf.a wdydr i,dlhu Sow feed& Ndú; l<

yels fõ'

mÜá W!frl=g osklg wdydr 2'5 kg la iemhsh hq;= fõ' kEïìhkag mÜá oeóug osk

7 - 10 lg fmr osklg fok wdydr 2'5 kg g wu;r j ;j;a 100 g la osh hq;= h' tu.ska

äïn fudapkh blauka lsÍu" ms<sis| .ekSfï wkqmd;h jeä lsÍu" l,, urK wkqmd;h wvq

lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'



Bßh .eí .;a miq wdydr oSu fjkia l< hq;= fõ' mÜá oeuQ osk isg osk 70 la olajd

osklg wdydr 2'5 kg la iemhsh hq;= fõ'

osk 70 isg osk 110 olajd th 3 kg olajd jeä l< hq;= fõ' osklg c,h 4'5 l la j;a

,nd osh hq;= h' megjqka oeuQ miq Bßhg wdydr oSu fjkia l< hq;= fõ' fuu wdydr i,dlh

Sow feed f,i ye|ska fõ'

megõ ,eî m<uq i;sh wdydr 2 kg + tla megfjl=g 100 g ne.ska

megõ ,eî fojk i;sh wdydr 2 kg + tla megfjl=g 200 g ne.ska

megõ ,eî f;jk i;sh wdydr 2 kg + tla megfjl=g 300 g ne.ska

flfia fyda megjqka oeuQ Bßhlg osklg osh hq;= wdydr m%udKh 5 kg l Wmßuhlg

hg;a fõ' óg wu;r j i;=kag Lksc ñY%Kh yd c,h we;s ;rï iemhsh hq;= fõ'

W!rka we;s lsÍfï oS by; lS wdydr i,dlj,g we;=¿ l< yels ix>gl my; oelafõ'

Yla;sh imhk ix>gl ldfndayhsfâ%Ü& nv bß`.=" iy,a ksjqvq" iqKq iy,a

fm%daàka ,nd oSug tl;= lrk ix>gl fidahd msá" lsß msá" ud¿ l=vq" uia l=vq

úgñka yd Lksc ,jK ,nd oSug l=vq l< ismams lgq" úúO úgñka ñY%K"

tl;= lrk ix>gl úúO Lksc ñY%K

óg wu;r j úúO j¾Ok W;af;acl tl;= l< yels h'

W!re md,kfha Wmßu ,dN ,nd .ekSu i|yd idkaø wdydrj,g wu;r j b÷,a

wdydrhg ,nd osh yels h' fydag,a" wdfrda.H Yd,d" fkajdisld.dr" ksfjiaj, uq¿;eka

f.j,ska b;sß jk wdydr fuf,i ,nd osh yels h' fïjd ,dNodhS jqj o fmdaIK .=Kfhka

wvq h' Ô¾Kl;dj o wvq h' kuq;a úgñka j¾. ñY% lsÍfuka" fud,Eiia yd fmria i,af*aÜ

ñY% lsÍu jeks l%u u.ska b÷,aj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä l< yels h' kuq;a l=vd megjqkag

b÷,a oSu iqÿiq ke;' ;ïnd oSu l< hq;= h'

W!rkag je<f|k frda.

i;=kag je<f|k frda. ksid ksIamdokh iSud fõ' fï ksid frda. j,lajd .; yels

f,i i;=ka md,kh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

1' rla; ySk;dj

Bßhf.a lsßj, we;s hlv m%udKh b;d wvq neúka megjqkag m%udKj;a ;rï hlv

fkd,efí' fï ksid W!re megjqkaf.a reêrfhys r;= reêrdKq iy ysfud.af,dìka ySk ùu

ksid we;s jk frda.hls'

i;=ka ÿ¾j, ùu" i;=ka uykais .;shla fmkaùu m%Odk frda. ,laIK jk w;r bmoS i;s

3loS fï frda. ,laIK oelsh yels h' frda.S i;=kag hlv wvx.= tkak;a ,nd oSu" Bßhf.a

nqre,af,ys hlv ixfhda. we;s,a,Su" tu uq,a osk ;=k ;=< lsÍfuka frda.h j<lajd

.; yels h'



2' mdpkh

ie,afudfk,a,d úfYaIhg wh;a nelaàßhdjla u.ska frda.h je<f|a' jhi udi 4-5

la jQ W!rkag je<f|a' iuyr wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka o fuu frda.hg fya;= fõ' f,a ñY%

mdpkh" wdydr wreÑh" uq, oS YÍr WIaK;ajh jeä ù miqj wvq ùu frda. ,laIK jk w;r

frda.h oreKq jQ úg i;d urKhg mjd m;a úh yels h' W!re fldgq msßisÿj ;nd .ekSfuka"

i,am¾ wvx.= fnfy;a j¾. ,nd oSfuka" msßisÿ wdydr yd c,h ,nd oSfuka" i,a*¾ wvx.=

fnfy;a ,nd oSfuka frda. u¾Okh isÿ l< yels h'

3' iQlr WK

frda. ldrlhd ffjrihls' udrdka;sl frda.hls' wêl WK" u,dksl nj" wdydr

wreÑh" iu u;=msg f,a me,a,ï we;sù miqj ÿUqre mdg ù l¿ mdg ùu" meoafoñka .uka lsÍu

frda. ,laIK fõ'

i;=ka tkak;a lsÍu i;s 8 - 10 oS megjqka" yd W!rka jd¾Isl j&" frda.S i;=ka fjka lr

;eîu u.ska frda.h md,kh lr .; yel'

4' mKq frda.

úúO mKqjka j¾. wdydr ud¾.h yd fmkye,s ;=< /|S isàu ksid we;s fõ' j¾Okh

nd, ùu" Worh úYd, ù t,a,d jeàu" i;=kag leiai we;s ùu" iu ÿ¾j¾K ùu" nr wvq ùu"

WK .;sh" kdifhka oshr .e,Su" mdpk frda. ,laIK fõ' iEu jhia ldKavhlu i;=kag

mKq fnfy;a ,ndoSu" osk m;d fldgq msßisÿ lsÍu" i;=ka msßisÿ lsÍu u.ska frda.h md,kh

lr .; yels h'

W!rka yd Bßhka wNsckkh

Wiia ,laIKj,ska fyì i;=ka fnda lr .ekSu wNsckkfha mrud¾:h hs' fï i|yd

/<l isák ukd j¾Ok fõ.hla iys;" läir" l%shdYS,S" j¾.hg kshñ; ,laIK iys;"

m%fõKs ÿ¾j,;d fkdue;s i;=ka f;dard .kq ,efí'

j¾Okh jk .eyekq i;=ka udi 6 - 7 jk úg kEïìhka f,i i,lk w;r" Tjqyq

,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a fj;s' túg tu i;a;= uo ,laIK fmkaj;s' uo pl%h os. osk 21 ls'

uo ,laIK (

1' fkdikaiqka nj 4' jßka jr uq;%d lsÍu

2' wdydr fkd.ekSu 5' wfkla i;=kag msg u; ke.Sug bv oSu

3' wfkla i;=ka imd lEu 6' ndysr ,sxf.akaøsh bosó r;= meye ùu

fuu uo ,laIK osk 2 - 3 la mj;S' uo ,laIK fmkajk wjia:dfõ oS Bßh lD;%Su

j fyda iajNdúl j .eí .ekaúh hq;= fõ' kuq;a ta i|yd Bßhf.a nr 90 kg -100 kg la

j;a úh hq;= h'

iajNdúl l%uh

mÜá W!frl= Ndú; lrhs' W!re f.dú fmd<l mÜá W!rl= kv;a;= lrkqfha fï

ld¾hh i|yd h'



lD;%Su isxpkh

msßñ W!rl=f.ka lD;%Su j ,nd .;a Y=l%dKq uohg meñKs Bßhf.a ndysr ,sxf.akaøsh

Tiafia lD;%Su j m%ckk moaO;sfha ;ekam;a lsÍu fuys oS isÿ lrhs' Bßhla isxpkh lr osk

21 lg miq kej; uohg fkdmeñKsfha kï .eíf.k we;' Bßhlf.a .eí ld,h osk 114-

116 muK fõ'

.eí .;a osk isg .¾NsKS ld,h wdrïN fõ' fï ld,h ;=< Bßh ukd f,i /l n,d

.ekSfuka bmfok megjqka ;,fha megjqka ksfrda.S jk w;r" jeä Wm;a wkqmd;hla ,nd

.; yels h' m%udKj;a fmdaIKhla ,nd foñka i;=ka /l n,d .; hq;= fõ'

megjqka ,eîug i;shlg fmr mßirhg yqre ùu msKsi m%iQ;s fldgqjg oukq ,efí'

m%iQ;s fldgqfõ f.ìu úh<s úh hq;= h' msÿre jeks w;=rkqjla oud ;eìh hq;= h'

m%iQ;sh wdikak Bßhla my; ,laIK fmkajhs'

1' fhdaks ud¾.h bosfï' 4' fmd<j iQrhs'

2' thska oshrhla jEiafia' 5' j,s.h Tijdf.k isà'

3' fkdikaiqka fõ'

iajNdúl j megõ ,eîug myiqlï ie,iSu l< hq;= h' megjd ,enqk ú.i jeoEuy

bj;a lr msßisÿ l< hq;= h' ta iu`.u Bßh megjqkag lsß oSu wrUhs' megjq ;,fha megjqka

jeä .Kkla isák ksid megjqka Bßhg hg ù ñh hdu je<elaùug Tjqka msßisÿ úh<s

fldgqjlg oeñh hq;= fõ' megjqkaf.a nr lsßh hq;= fõ'

megjqkaf.a o;aj,ska Bßhf.a ;k mqvqj,g ydks isÿ ùu je<elaùug tu o;aj,ska ½ la

lmd oukq ,efí' j,s.h o lmd oukq ,efí' megjqka y÷kd .ekSug lka i,l=Kq lsÍu o

fï oskj, u l< hq;= fõ'

Bßhf.a lsßj, hlv wvq h' fï ksid megjq rla; ySk;djg f.dÿre fj;s' ta i|yd

hlv wvx.= tkak;a ,nd osh hq;= fõ' i;shla .; jQ úg megjqkag Creef feed oSu werôh

hq;= fõ'

Tjqkag jhi i;s 2 jk úg lr weöu l< hq;=hs' tu`.ska Tjqka mqIaáu;a j jeã jeä

,dNhla ,nd .; yels fõ' megjqkaf.a jhi osk 42 la muK jk úg Tjqkaf.a lsß jeÍu

wrUd lsß jrk i;=kaf.a i,dlhg udre l< hq;= fõ'

ó<`.g lsß jerE Bßh kej; mÜá oukafka kï lsß jrd osk 7 - 10 w;r t<fUk

uofha oS h'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'8 ( .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia i;a;aj ksIamdok ,nd .ekSu i|ydiqÿiq mshjr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 10'8 ( "rifhka .=Kfhka msßmqka - ,nd fouq i;a;aj ksmehqï"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'8'1 g we;=<;a rEmigyk• weuqKqu 10'8'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sld msgm;a


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'8'1 ( • rEmigyk mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia i;a;aj ksIamdokhka i|ydn,mdk uQ,sl wx. ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjlafufyhjkak'• f.dú fmd< i;=kaf.ka m%Odk i;a;aj ksIamdok

lsysmhla ,nd .kakd nj• Wiia .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;a ksIamdokhla i|yd

uQ,sl wx. rdYshla jeo.;a jk nj• ksIamdok wkqj by; uQ,sl wx.j, n,mEu

tlsfklg fjkia nj^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&

mshjr 10'8'3 ( • lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• úia;drKh i|yd bosßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g m%:u




• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• m%Odk i;a;aj ksIamdokhka f,i lsß" ì;a;r iy

uia oelaúh yels nj• ,laIK rdYshla u.ska Wiia .=Kd;aul ksIamdokhla

y÷kd .; yels nj• fi!LHdrlaIs; nj ;yjqre ùu• iïu; m%ñ;s iy;sl u.ska wkqu; lr ;sîu• wdfõKsl iqj|la yeóu• rij;a nj• kejqï fmkqula ;sîu

WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels nj• fmdaIH ix>glj,ska msß kE u jhia ldKavhlg

,nd osh yels ir, wdydrhla f,i lsß ye|skaúhyels nj

• ì;a;r ñksidf.a fm%daàk wjYH;dj imqrd,km%Odk m%Njhla nj

• ffoksl fm%daàka m%udKh ,nd .ekSug uia fhdod.; yels nj

• Wiia ;;a;ajfha i;a;aj ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfïl%shdj,sfha oS uQ,sl wx. lsysmhla jeo.;a jk nj• f.dú fmd< msßisÿ;dj• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tall l%shdldrlï m%Yia; ;;a;ajfha ;nd .ekSu

• ksIamdokfha uQ,sl wx.j, n,mEu tla tlaksIamdokhka i|yd úúOdldr j n,mdk nj

• Wiia ;;a;ajfha lsß ksIamdok i|yd uQ,sldx.j,n,mEu my; wdldrhg jeo.;a jk nj• f.dú fmd< isßisÿ;dj tys oS"

• i;df.a msßisÿlu• l%udkql+, j i;a;aj wmøjH neyer lsÍujeks lreKq /ilg wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=

nj• ksIamdok ld¾hfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu ie,lSfï oS

• f,v frda.j,ska f;dr ùu• i;=kag ldreKsl ùu• oE;a msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a nj

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tall l%shdldrlï f,i• lsß tl;= lsÍu • lsß foùu• lsß ;;a;aj mÍlaIK • weisÍu• m%jdykh • .nvd lsÍuoelaúh yels nj

• fïjd m%Yia; ;;a;ajfha mj;ajd .; hq;= nj

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• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia ì;a;r ksIamdokhla i|ydksIamdokfha uQ,sldx. jeo.;a jk nj• f.dú fmd< msßisÿlu • w;=rKqj msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu • i;=kag m%udKj;a ;rï ì;a;r l=vq ;nd

;sîu • ì;a;r jeä fõ,djla ì;a;r fmÜá ;=< fkd ;eîu• ksIamdok ld¾hfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu

• msßisÿ Ndckj,g ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu• m%udKhg jvd Ndckj,g ì;a;r fkdoeóu• ì;a;r tl;= lsÍfï jdr .Kk jeä lsÍu• wmsßisÿ ì;a;r msßisÿ lsÍu

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tall l%shdldrlï f,i• ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu • msßisÿ lsÍu• f;aÍu • weisÍu• m%jdykh • kshñ; WIaK;ajhg

.nvd lsÍu• Wiia uia ksIamdokhla i|yd ksIamdokfha uQ,sldx.

jeo.;a jk nj• f.dú fmd< msßisÿ;dfõ oS

• i;df.a ksfrda.SNdjh• f.dú fmd< wmøjH l%uj;a j neyer lsÍu• i;dg wjYH m%udKhg wdydr ,nd oSu jeks

lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj'• ksIamdok ld¾hfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu

• i;=ka wêl fjfyig m;a fkdlsÍu• i;=ka wkjYH f,i l,n, fkdlsÍu• f,a wmøjH jeks wkjYH øjH bj;a lsÍu• i;d msßisÿ lsÍu

• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha tall l%shdldrlï f,i• mQ¾j urK mÍlaIKh• >d;kh• mYapd;a urK mßlaIKh• fldgia fjka lsÍu• ukd f,i weisÍu • m%jdykh

• iqÿiq WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍu ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (i;a;aj ksIamdok kï lrhs'ksIamdokfha oS .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< ksIamdok ,nd oSug fm<fUhs'tla tla ksIamdokj, oS wkq.ukh lrk l%shdjka tlsfklg fjkia nj meyeos,slrhs'fj<| fmdf<ys we;s .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia ksIamdok ms<sn| úu¾Ykh lrhs'

id¾:l ksuejqula i|yd iqÿiq mshjr wkq.ukh lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'8'1

weuqKqu 10'8'2


"rifhka .=Kfhka msßmqka - ,nd fouq i;aj ksmehqï"

• my; oelafjk ud;Dldj,ska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj ms<sn| wjOdkhfhduq lrkak'• lsß• ì;a;r• uia


• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia i;a;aj ksIamdokhla y÷kd .; yels ,laIK lsysmhlay÷kd .kak'

• .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia i;a;aj ksIamdok l%shdj,shl uQ,sldx. úuid n,kak'

• tu uQ,sldx. Tfí ksIamdokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh idlÉPdlrkak'


EGGS

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weuqKqu 10'8'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

;aj ksIamdok f,i m%Odk jYfhka ie,flkafka uia" lsß" ì;a;r wdoS fm%daàk

,nd fok i;=kaf.ka ,nd .kakd wdydruh øjH fõ' kEu i;aj ksIamdokhla .=Kd;aul

;;ajfhka Wiia ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' tu.ska ksIamdokh ms<sn| úYd, m%pdrhla ,efnk

w;r b,a u by< hdfuka ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSug f.dú fmd< ysñhdg wjia:dj ie,fia'

.=Kd;aul j Wiia ksIamdokhla y÷kd .; yels wdldr lsysmhls' tajd kï" ksIamdokfha

fi!LHdrlaIs; nj ;yjqre ùu" ksIamdokh l< oskh yd l,a bl=;a ùfï oskh meyeos,s f,i

olajd ;sìu" ksIamdokhg wdfõKsl iqj|la yeóu" rij;a nj" kejqï fmkqula ;sîu" S.L.S.,I.S.O. wdoS m%ñ;s iy;sl ksIamdokh i|yd ,nd ;sîu jeks idOl oelaúh yels h'

lsß" ì;a;r yd uia hk i;a;aj ksIamdok ck;djf.a fm%daàka wjYH;dj imqrd,Su

i|yd b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu l=uk fyda ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfï oS f.dú m< ls%hdldrlï

/ilg Ndck lsÍug isÿ fõ' m%Odk jYfhka uq,sl wx. 3 la .ek wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

fuu wx.j, ukd ls%hdldÍ;ajfhka .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;= Wiia ksIamdokhla wjidk

M,h f,i ,nd .; yel' tys oS"

• f.dú fmd< msßisÿlu

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfofkakdf.a msßisÿlu

• ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlï yd iïnkaO m%Yia; ;;aj mj;ajd .ekSu

jeo.;a fõ'

lsß

lsß hkq f,dalfha ;sfnk b;du fmdaIKSh wdydrhls' tys fïoh 3% muK o" fïo

fkdjk >k øjH 8% muK o" fm%daàk" Lksc" ,elafgdaia& c,h 87% muK o wka;¾.; h'

fï fya;=j ksid lsß fodjd iq¿ ld,hla .; jk úg ta u; nelaàßhd jeks laIqø Ôùka

j¾Okh u.ska lsß krla ùug mq¿jk' tu ksid .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia lsß ksIamdokhla

,nd .ekSug jeo.;a jk uQ,sl wx. iy tys ls%hdjka úuid n,uq'

f.dú fmd< msßisÿluf.dú fmd< msßisÿluf.dú fmd< msßisÿluf.dú fmd< msßisÿluf.dú fmd< msßisÿlu

fuys oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq rdYshls' m%Odk jYfhka

i;df.a msßisÿ;dj b;d jeo.;a h' t<fok ìu ,e.Su

ksid nqre,a, fmfoi ¥ú,s" f.du" uv wdosfhka wmú;%

ùu" nqre,a, ;=jd, ùu" iuyr fokqkaf.a ;k mqvqj, isÿ

ù we;s iajNdúl úlD;s isÿre we;s ùu" mqvqfõ isÿr újD;

ù ;sìu&" i;ajhd ueiaghsàia jeks frda. ;;a;ajhkaf.ka

fm,Su" nqre,a, msysgd we;s m%foaYh ksjeros f,i inka .d

msßisÿ fkdlsÍu" t<fok lsß fodjkakdg yS,E fkdùu

wdosh ie,lsh yels h' .=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia lsß

ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug kï by; i|yka lreKq .ek

ie,ls,su;a ùu b;d jeo.;a h'

i

.df,a mú;%;dj

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tfuka u lsß fodjk ia:dkfha msßisÿlu o Wiia lsß

ksIamdokhlg n,mdhs' tys oS .j u, uq;%d lsß fodjk ia:dkfha

f.dv .id mej;Su fyda /|S mej;Su" osk m;d wddyr f,i ,nd

fok ;DK j¾. yd mqkaklal= wdosfhys b;=re fldgia tosfkod

bj;a fkdlsÍu" osk m;d wdydr nlals iy c, n\qka msßisÿ

fkdlsÍu" .j .df,ys fokqka ,.sk fldgfiys ìu j<j,a yEÍ

uv ù ;sîu i;=ka .d,a lsÍfï oS wjYH jk lU" oïje,a fyd|ska

msßisÿ fkdlsÍu" iQ¾hd f,dalh yd jd;dY%h fkd,eîu" j¾Id

ld,hg lsß fodjk ia:dkh f;óu wdoS lreKq .ek wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu

msßisÿ lsß ksIamdokfha oS ta ld¾hhg odhl jk

mqoa.,hkaf.a ls%hd l,dmh b;d jeo.;a fõ' tys oS lsß

fodjkakd lsß foùug m%:u fyd|ska oE;a inka .d

fiaoSu isÿ l< hq;= h' tfuka u ksh fmd;= jjd f.k

lsß fodjk wjia:dj, oS úI îc lsßj,g ñY% ùu"

i;df.a ;k mqvqj,g ydks ùu isÿ fõ' lsß fodjk

wjia:dj, oS msßisÿ we÷ula we| isàu" osk m;d tl u

j¾Khg yqre we÷ula we|Su" mdjyka" w;a jeiqï" ysia

jeiqï wdjrK me<oSu jeo.;a h' tu mqoa.,hdf.a oyäh"

fidgq" l÷¿ wdosh lsß Ndckj,g ñY% ùu je<elaùu

l< hq;= hs' b;d ksfrda.S ld¾hlaIu mqoa.,fhl= úh

hq;= hs' lsß foùu w;r;=r fjk;a ld¾hhkays ksr; ùu

fhda.H ke;' oE;a fkdfidaod i;=ka lSm fokl=f.ka

tl jr lsß foùfuka o lsß wmsßisÿ ùug iy i;=kag

frda. fndaùug mq¿jk' ;k mqvqj, wNHka;r mglj,g

ydks jk f,i lsß foùu" tkï ksjeros l%u Ndú;

fkd lsÍu" fokqka yg myr oSu yd l,n, lsÍu" lsß

foùug .; jk ld,h jeä ùu" lsß ish,a, fodjd

fkd.ekSu" f.dú fmd< msßisÿj m;ajdf.k fkd hdu

wdoS lreKq fï hgf;a oelaúh yels h' by; ;;ajhka

ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùfuka .=kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia lsß

ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h'

Wiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlï

fuys oS ksIamdokfha m%:u mshjf¾ isg wjidk

mshjr olajd isÿ lrkakd jQ ls%hdjka ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq

l< hq;= hs' tu ish¨ ;;ajhka ksjeros f,i bgq lsÍfuka

.=Kd;aulNdjfhka Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .; yels h'

tys oS lsß foùu b;d jeo.;a ls%hdldrluls' lsß foùug

lsß tÍu i|yd megjd fhdod.kafka kï megjdg lsß îugie,eiaùu

megjd lsß îfuka miq kej; jrlanqre,a, fiaoSu

lsß Ndckj, mú;%;dj

t<fokf.a mú;%;dj

lsß fodjkakdf.a msßisÿlu

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.kakd Ndck lsß .;a iEu wjia:djlg u miq inka

fhdod fiaoSu l< hq;= hs' fidaod .;a WmlrK lg my<g

isák fia rdlalj, fyda Wia ia:dkhl ;eìh hq;= hs'

óhka" lerfmd;a;ka jeks i;=ka Ndckj,g we;=¿ ùug

bv fkd;eìh hq;= hs' m¨ÿ we;s" uQÜgq we;s" msßisÿ lsÍfï

oS mDIaGh iSfrk Ndck fhdod fkd.; hq;= hs' fï i|yd

isks÷ u;=msgla we;s iqÿ hlv Ndck iqÿiq fõ' lg m<,a

Ndck myiqfjka msßisÿ lr .; yels h' fiaoSfuka miq

úh<SSu wksjd¾h fõ' msßisÿ ia:dkhl .nvd l< hq;= hs'

tla tla fokla i|yd lsß foùug fjk fjk Ndck

fhdod .; hq;= h'

lsß foùug m%:u idkaø wdydr iaj,amhla ,nd oSu"

megjdg iq¿ fõ,djla lsß îug wjia:dj ,nd oSu" megjd

fmkSug ie,eiaùu" Ndckj, y~ weiSug ie,iSu" u|

WKq j;=frka nqre,a, fiaoSu jeks ls%hdjka ;=<ska lsß tÍu

W;af;ackh l< yels h'

lsß foùu wdrïNhg fmr i;df.a nqre,a, ksÍlaIKh

lsÍfuka yd ;k mqvq y;frka lsß iaj,amh ne.ska l¨ fros

lene,a,lg fodjd mÍlaId lsÍfuka nqre¨ m%odyh

ûeiaghsàia& jeks frda. je<|S we;aoehs ks.ukh l< yels

h' l¿ fros lene,a, u;g lsß iaj,amhla ne.ska .ekSfuka

miq tu lsß leá .eiS ;sîu" lsßj, j¾Kh fjkia ù

;sîu" iqj| fjkia ù ;sîu" lsß iu. f,a ñY% ù ;sîu wdoS

,laIK mej;sfha kï frda. je<|S we;ehs is;sh yels h'

tjeks wjia:djl oS tu lsß" fodjd wfkla lsß iu. ñY%

fkdl< hq;= hs' fuu mÍlaIKh fmryka fldamam mÍlaIdj

îaá%ma lma mÍlaIKh& f,i y÷kajhs' i;dg jydu m%;sldr

,nd osh hq;= hs' foùfuka miq úkdlsß iaj,amhl ;k mqvq

.s,aùu isÿ l< hq;= h'

foùfuka miq lsß tl;= lsÍu i,ld ne,sh yels h' f.dùka úiska m%dfoaYSh lsß tl;=

lsÍfï uOHia:dk lrd /f.k tk lsß m%:ufhka ;;a;aj mÍlaIdjlg n÷ka flf¾' tys

oS lsßj, úYsIag .=re;ajh uek n,k w;r ta wkqj lsßj,g ñ, ;SrKh lrhs' ,elafgdógrh

lsß Ndckfha .s,ajd tys mdGdxlh .ekSu fuys oS isÿ lrhs' idudkH t< lsßj, úYsIag

.=re;aj ,elafgdóg¾ mdGdxl 1'028 ls' óg wu;r j fïoh i|yd o lsß iu. fjk;a øjH

ñY% lr we;a oehs fiùu i|yd o mÍlaIK we;s kuq;a fndfyda úg tjekakla m%dfoaYSh lsß

tl;= lsÍfï uOHia:dkj, isÿ fkdlrhs'

bka miq úYd, m%udKfha iqÿ hlv lEkaj,g lsß tl;= lsÍu isÿ lrhs' tajdfha

Odß;dj 20 l isg by<g we;' fufia f.dùkaf.ka tl;= lr .;a lsß yels blaukska m%dfoaYSh

lsß .nvd i|yd m%jdykh l< hq;= hs' YS% ,xldfõ wo jk úg nyq,j u YS;lrK iys;

iaá%ma lma mrSlaIKh

lsß ál yels blaukskawka;su ìkaÿj olajd fodjd.kak'

t<fok nqre¨ frda.j,skaf;dr úh hq;= h' fuhb;eu;a jeo.;a lreKls'

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njqi¾ u.ska fï ld¾h lrhs' m%jdykfha oS lsß weiqreïj, mshk jeiSu isÿ l< hq;= h'

wn,ka ud¾. ksid lsß wmf;a hEu ^ye,Su& isÿ úh yel' m%jdykfhka miq .nvd lrk

uOHia:dkj, oS lsßj, isák laIqø Ôùka m%udKh uek n,k w;r miq j úYd, iqÿ hlv

gexlsj, wvq WIaK;ajfha WIaK;ajh 4oC la muK& lsß .nvd lrhs' fuys oS gexlsh ;=< lsß

le,;Su hka;% u.ska isÿ lrk w;r meh 24 lg fmr njqi¾ u.ska m%Odk l¾udka;Yd,d

fj; m%jdykh lrkq ,nhs'

by; oelafjkafka .=Kd;aul j Wiia lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug wkq.ukh l<

hq;= ls%hd ud¾. rEmigyka wdY%s; j ksrEmKh jk wdldrhhs'

ì;a;r

ì;a;r fkdfhla ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r f.dú m<la ;=< .=Kd;aul j

Wiia ì;a;r ksmoùfï oS my; m%Odk wx. ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

f.dú m< msßisÿ;djhf.dú m< msßisÿ;djhf.dú m< msßisÿ;djhf.dú m< msßisÿ;djhf.dú m< msßisÿ;djh

fuys oS i;d iy Ôj;a jk mßirh .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= hs' tkï" wdia;rKh

ukd f,i kv;a;= lsÍu" m%udKhg jvd i;=ka l+vq ;=< fkd oeóu" oeuQ ì;a;r l+vq ;=< jeä

fõ,djla ;nd fkd.ekSu" l%udkql+, ì;a;r fmÜá Ndú;h" ì;a;r lgqjg ydks fkdùu"

ì;a;r u, øjH iu. iam¾Y ùu fyda ;ejÍu je<lSu" lsls<shkag ì;a;r oeóug ì;a;r l+vq

yqre lsÍu" i;=kag m%udKj;a ;rug ì;a;r l=vq iemhSu hk lreKq .ek wjOdkh fhduq l<

hq;= hs'

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿluksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿlu

w;a md" we÷ï msßisÿ j ;sîu" msßisÿ Ndckj,g muKla ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu" ì÷Kq

ì;a;r iu. fyd| ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu" ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu jeks lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= h'

Wiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,shl tall ls%hdldrlï

f.dú fmd< ;=< isÿ lrk ls%hdjka ie,lSfï oS m%:ufhka ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu l< hq;=

hs' osklg kshñ; jdr .Kkla ì;a;r tl;= lrkq ,nk w;r" tys oS ydks jQ ì;a;r" wmøjH

.EjqKq ì;a;r iy msßisÿ ì;a;r fjka fjka j tl;= lsÍu iqÿiq h' m%udKhg jvd ì;a;r

Ndckj, fkdmsrúh hq;= h'

fufia tl;= lrkq ,enQ ì;a;r f.dú fmd< .nvdjg /f.k f.dia m%:ufhka

wmsßisÿ ì;a;r msßisÿ lsÍu l< hq;= h' tys oS ì;a;r c,fhka fiaoSu isÿ fkdlrk w;r

wm øjH .EjqKq ia:dk je,s lvodishlska iQrd bj;a l< hq;= h' ì;a;r lgqjg ydks jQ ì;a;r

uq,ska u bj;a lr wfkla ì;a;r f;aÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' m%:ufhka ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkaf.a

ì;a;r l=vd jk w;r ;rula os.á h' fïjd fjf<| fmd<g heùu isÿ fkdlrk w;r wvq

ñ,lg wf,ú lsÍu i|yd fjka lrhs' fuu ì;a;r fjka fkdlr fjf<| fmd<g heùfuka

iuia; ì;a;rj, u ñ, wvqfjka ;SrKh lrhs' th wjdishls'

f;dard .;a ì;a;r weisÍu isÿ lrkafka ,S fmÜá ;=< fyda ma,diaála r|jk ;=< h' ,S

fmÜá ;=< ì;a;r weisÍu isÿ lrk úg ì;a;r ;nk wdldrh .ek ie,ls,su;a fkdjk



w;r úh<s msÿre fyda oyhshd iu. weisÍu isÿ lrhs' fuf,i m%jdykh lrk úg ì;a;r

lgqj leãhdu nyq, j oelsh yels h' tfy;a ma,diaála ì;a;r rdlalj, ì;a;r i|yd fjk

fjk u wdjldY we;s w;r ì;a;rhlg by<ska fyda my<ska nrla ,efnkafka ke;' tfuka

u jd;dY%hla ;sfí' p,kh fkdjk ksid isÿ jk ydksh b;du;a wvq h' ,S fmÜá

myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ksid;a" ì;a;r úYd, m%udKhla weisßh yels ksid;a" f.dú fmd<

ysñhka th f;dard .;a; o jvd ksjeros l%uh jkafka ì;a;r ma,diaála rdlalj, weisÍu hs'

tu rdlalj, ñ, wêl ùu .eg¨jls'

weisÍfï oS ì;a;rfha W,a w.%h my<g isák fia weisÍu i;shlg m%udKj;a jk w;r

Bg jeä ld,hla ;nd .kafka kï ì;a;rfha fudg w.%h my<g isák fia weisÍu l< hq;=

h'

fuf,i weisÍu isÿ lr m%jdykh lrkq ,nk ì;a;r i;shlg jvd ld,hla .nvd

lrk úg wd¾ø;dj 80% - 85% oS 27oC g jvd wvq WIaK;ajhl .nvd l< hq;= hs'

ma,diaála rdlalj, ì;a;r weisÍu

uia

uia fm%daàka nyq, wdydrhls' i;aj md,kfha oS uia i|yd úúO i;=ka j¾. we;s lrhs'

WodyrK f,i l=l=<ka" .jhska" W!rka" ydjqka iy neg¿jka oelaúh yels h' YS% ,xldfõ

nyq, f,i l=l=<ka" .jhska iy W!rka uia i|yd we;s lrkq ,nk w;r wfkla rgj,g

idfmalaI j wd.ñl úYajdi yd iudcuh wdl,am wkqj t;rï msßila uia wkqNjhg yqre

ù ke;' .=Kd;aul j Wiia uia ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfï oS uQ,sl wx. ;=kla jeo.;a fõ'

f.dúm< msßisÿ;djf.dúm< msßisÿ;djf.dúm< msßisÿ;djf.dúm< msßisÿ;djf.dúm< msßisÿ;dj

úfYaIfhka i;dg ,nd fok wdydr n÷ka c, n÷ka" osk m;d msßisÿ lsÍu" i;dg

wjYH m%udKhg wdydr ,nd oSu" i;d ,.sk m%foaYh msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu" i;d fiaoSu jeks

lreKq .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= hs'

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ;djksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ;djksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ;djksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ;djksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a msßisÿ;dj

fuys oS uia ksIamdokh i|yd odhl jk mqoa.,hska ksfrda.S úh hq;= h' uiaj,

.=Kd;aul ;;ajhka ms<sn| oekqulaa we;s mqoa.,hska úh hq;= h' tfia u i;d >d;kfha isg

uia weisÍu olajd ls%hdj,shg fjk fjk u mq,a.,hska fhoùu u.ska msßisÿ uia fj<|fmd<g

heúh yels h' i;=kaf.a wmøjH ish,a, bj;a lsÍu" i;d ksjeros j fiaoSu yd ta i|yd msßisÿ

c,h ,nd .ekSu" w;a wdjrK" ysia wdjrK iy msßisÿ we÷ula we| isàu o jeo.;a fõ'

úh<s msÿreì;a;r

,S máì;a;r

fojk rdlalh

m<uq rdlalh

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Wiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlïWiia ;;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tall ls%hdldrlï

fuys oS ls%hdldrlï lsysmhla .ek úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' urKhg

m;a lsÍug m%:u i;d .ek mQ¾j urK mÍlaIKhla m%foaYh Ndr mY= ffjoHjrhd úiska isÿ

lr Tyqf.a wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;= fõ' tfia isÿ fkdlr >d;kh lrkq ,nk wjia:d

kS;sfha /yekg yiq lr .ekSug yels h' tjeks uia úlsKSu o kS;s úfrdaë fõ' fuys oS i;d

frda.S ;;ajj,ska fmf<kafka o" tkak;a lsÍï isÿ lr we;a o" .eínr if;l= o wdoS lreKq

mÍlaId lr n,kq ,efí' tfuka u >d;khg fmr wdydr oSu keje;aùu l< hq;= hs'

mQ¾j urK mÍlaIKfhka miq j i;d >d;kh lrkq ,nhs' mSvdldÍ mßirhl

>d;kh l< úg uia l,a ;nd .ekSu wmyiq fõ' fmaYS ;=< reêrh tl;= ùu" ìhùu ksid

fydafudak reêrhg tl;= ùu" myr oSu ksid wiaÒ" mgl leã hdu u.ska uiaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh

msßySu isÿ fõ'

>d;kd.drh msßisÿ j ;nd .; hq;= w;r tys oS isys ke;s lsÍu" bka miq reêrh

iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lsÍu" msßisÿ c,fhka fiaoSu" wmøjH bj;a lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' tys oS

>d;kh lrk i;dg wju f,i ydks ;e,Sï" fmdä ùï& isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a h'

>d;kfhka miq j mYapd;a urK mÍlaIKhla isÿ l< hq;= fõ' tys oS uiaj,

wNHka;r ;;ajh" ñksia mßfNdackhg iqÿiq o hkak fuka u i;df.a wlaudj ;=< mKqjka

isà o hk nj m%Odk jYfhka mÍlaIdjg ,la lr mY= ffjoH ks,Odßfhl= úiska wf<úh

i|yd wkque;sh ,nd osh hq;= h'

mYapd;a urK mÍlaIKfhka miq fldgia lrkq ,efí' mQ¾j .d;%d" wmr .d;%d" wlaudj

jeks tla tla YÍr fldgia fjka lrk w;r ta i|yd mdßfNda.sl b,aü o mj;S' fldgia

bj;a lsÍfuka miq weisÍu isÿ lrhs' tla tla fldgia fjk fjk u oud weisÍu isÿ lrk

w;r tys oS úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍfï oS uiaj,ska c,h bj;a lsÍu" ks¾foaYs; weiqreï

Ndú;h" ksIamdokfha l,a bl=;aùfï osk oelaùu" weiqrefï mdroDYH nj iy isÿre rys; nj

.ek ie,lss,su;a ùu wjYH fõ'

weisÍfuka miq m%jdykh lrk w;r ta i|yd YS; .nvd iys; jdyk fhdod .; hq;=

h' m%jdykfhka miq uia 0oC g wvq WIaK;ajhl .nvd lsÍfuka udi lsysmhla l,a ;nd

.ekSfï yelshdj we;'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'9 ( WÑ; l%fudamdhka Ndú;fhka i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùuwju lsÍug mshjr .kshs'

l%shdldrlu 10'9 ( "iqÿiq l%u fhdod i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu j<luq"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • weuqKqu 10'9'1 g we;=<;a mqj;a m;a jd¾;dj• weuqKqu 10'9'2 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sld m<uq

msgm;a ;=kla• weuqKqu 10'9'3 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY% ilia lsÍu i|yd


bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'9'1 ( • iafõÉPdfjka bosßm;a jk isiqjl= mka;sh bosßhg le|jd

mqj;a m;a jd¾;dj mka;shg bosßm;a lrjkak'• ta weiqfrka i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùug n,mdk idOl

ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys wdldr lsysmhl

idOl n,mdk nj• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu hkq tajd mßfNdackhg

kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu f,i ir, j oelaúhyels nj

• krla ùu fya;=fjka ksIamdokj, rih" iqj|"j¾Kh" jhkh" pH w.h wdosfha fjkia ùï isÿjk nj

• úúO l%u fhdod .ksñka i;a;aj ksIamdok krlaùu j<lajd .; yels nj

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 75 hs'&





• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq jk whqßka uia" lsß" ì;a;r

jeks ksIamdokj, rih" iqj|" j¾Kh" jhkh" pHw.h wdosfha isÿ jk fjkia ùï" i;a;aj ksIamdokkrla ùu f,i ye|skaúh yels nj

• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys m%Odk wdldr3 l idOl n,mdk nj• fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$ fN!;sl idOl• ridhksl úm¾hdi$ ridhksl idOl• laIqø Ôù l%shdjka

• fN!;sl j wmú;% ùu$ fN!;sl idOlj, n,mEuksid ksIamdokj, my; wdldrfha fjkia ùï isÿúh yels njWod( • uiaj,g frdau" msydgq wdoS øjH tl;= ù

;sîu • uiaj, reêr me,a,ï ;sîu • lsß nqre,af,a we;s ffoysl ffi, .e,ù

lsßj,g t;= ù ;sîu" lsßj,g frdau" ¥ú,s"f.du wdosh tl;= ù ;sîu

• lsß jeä WIaK;ajhlg WKq lsÍu ksidwm%ikak .kaOhla we;s ù ÿUqre meye;sj¾Khla .ekSu

• ì;a;rj, u, øjH yd wmøjH ;ejÍ ;sîu • ì;a;rfha lshqáka ia;rh iSÍ os,sfik

iq nj wvq ùu • ì;a;r m¿ÿ ùu

• ridhksl úm¾hdi$ ridhksl idOlj, n,mEuksid ksIamdokj, isÿ úh yels fjkia ùï lsysmhlaf,iWod( • uia ;o ùu" uia wdï,sl ùu

• lsß uqvq ùu" lsßj, pH w.h fjkia ùuwdosh oelaúh yels nj

• laIqø Ôù l%shdjka ksid ksIamdokj, my; wdldrfhafjkia ùï isÿ úh yels njWod( • uiaj, j¾Kh fjkia ù ÿUqre" ks,a

jeks meyehka .ekSu • laIqø Ôùka j¾Okh ùu ksid uiaj, úI

we;s ùu • uiaj, fij, we;s ùu • lsßj, ,elaála wï,h we;s ùfuka lsß

weUq,a rila .ekSu' • iuyr nelaàßhd ksmojk øjH ksid

lsßj, krla jQ .|la yd krla jQ rihlawe;s ùu



• laIqø Ôù úfhdackh fya;=fjka ì;a;rly uoh yd iqÿ uoh osh ù Wl= oshrhlaiEoSu'

• fuu idOl ;=fkys n,mEu fndfyda úg tllgtlla iïnkaO fjñka l%shd;aul úh yels njWod( >d;kd.drfha wmsßisÿlu ksid uiaj,g laIqø

Ôùka we;=¿ ùfuka uiaj, ridhksl fjkialï we;s ù uia blaukska krla fõ'

• hï i;a;aj ksIamdokhla krla ù we;a oe hs hkakrih" iqj|" j¾Kh" pH w.h wdosh ksÍlaIKh ;=<skay÷kd.; yels nj

• úúO l%u Tiafia i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu j<lajd.; yels nj

• uia krla ùu je<elaùu i|yd -• >d;khg fmr i;d msßiqÿ lsÍu• >d;kd.drh msßisÿ ;;a;ajfha mj;ajd .ekSu• uia fiaoSug msßisÿ laf,daßkSlrKh l< c,h

fhdod .ekSu• uia ;ekam;a lrk ia:dkh msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSuwdosh fhdod .; yels nj

• lsß krlaùu je<elaùu i|yd -• lsß fodjkakd .j .d," lsß Ndck wdosh msßisÿ

;;a;ajfha ;nd .ekSu'• lsßj,g f.du" ¥ú,s wdoS øjH tl;= fkdùug

j. n,d .ekSuwdosh jeo.;a jk nj• ì;a;r krla ùu je<elaùu i|yd my; ;;a;ajjeo.;a jk nj• msg; lshqáka ia;rh iSÍfuka yd lgqj m¨ÿ

ùfuka j<lajd .ekSu• u, øjH fkd;ejfrk f,i mj;ajd .ekSu• ì;a;r kshñ; fõ,djg tl;= lsÍu• m%jdykfha oS kshñ; m%udKhg jvd weiqreï

fmÜáj, weisÍfuka je<lSu ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'ksIamdok krla ùug n,mdk idOl rdYshla we;s nj ms<s.kshs'i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu je<elaùug .; yels l%shdud¾. f.k yer olajhs'

úp,H folla w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj y÷kd .kshs' úúO l%uYs,am fhdod .ksñka wod< f;dr;=re fj; blaukska ,Õd fjhs'



weuqKqu 10'9'1

mqj;a m;a jd¾;djl fldgila

wm rfÜ" uia lsß ì;a;r wdoS i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu fya;=fjka" úYd, m%udKj,skawmf;a hdu isÿ jk nj jd¾;d fõ'

fufia ksIamdok krla ùug m%Odk fya;+ka ù we;af;a i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùugn,mdk fya;+ka yd i;a;aj ksIamdok krla fkdù ;nd .kakd wdldr ms<sn| j ñksiqka ;=<we;s fkdoekqj;alu nj i;a;aj ksIamdok yd fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdßfhlamejiS h'

weuqKqu 10'9'2


"iqÿiq l%u fhdod i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu j<luq'"• my; oelafjk ud;Dld w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj ms<sn| wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'• uia krla ùu• lsß krla ùu• ì;a;r krla ùu

• f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrñka "i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu" hkak y÷kajkak'

• ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl y÷kd .kak'

• tu tla tla idOlfha n,mEï wod< ksIamdok krla ùu ksid tys isÿ jk fjkia ùïúia;r lrkak'

• Tfí lKavdhug wod< ld¾h mßY%h fj; hkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldjg wod< ksIamdok krla ù we;s nj ;yjqre lsÍug Tn fhdod.kakd ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

• Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldjg wod< j we;s ksIamdok krla ùu je<elaùug .; yelsl%shdud¾. olajkak'




weuqKqu 10'9'3


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; i|yka ud;Dld ;=k Tiafia lKavdhï;=k i|yd ld¾h mßY% ;=kla ilia lrkak'

1' krla jQ uia y÷kd .ekSu

2' krla jQ lsß y÷kd .ekSu

3' krla jQ ì;a;r y÷kd .ekSu

• ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY% I i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• krla jQ uia idïm,hla

• ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY% II i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• krla jQ lsß idïm,hla

• ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY%ld¾h mßY% III i|yd iqúfYaIs fhojqï

• krla jQ ì;a;rhla$ ì;a;r lsysmhla



weuqKqu 10'9'4

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

;a;aj ksIamdok f,i m%Odk jYfhka ie,flkafka uia' lsrs" ì;a;r wdoS ñksidg

fm%daàk ,nd oSug jeo.;a jk i;=kaf.ka ,nd .kakd wdydr fõ'

YS% ,xldfõ ck;djf.a fm%daàka mßfNdackh idfmalaI j wvq uÜgul mj;S' fuhg

fndfyda úg fya;= jkafka i;a;aj ksIamdok m%udKj;a fkdùu;a tu ksIamdok ñksidf.a

mßfNdackhg .ekSug l<ska krla ùu;a h' tksid i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu ms<sn| j

oek isàu b;d jeo.;a h'

i;aj ksIamdok krla ùu f,i ie,flkafka mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq jk whqßka i;aj

ksIamdokj, rih" iqj|" j¾Kh" jhkh yd w.h wdosfha isÿ jk fjkia ùï h'

fï wkqj i;aj ksIamdok krla ùfï oS my; i|yka ,laIKj,ska tlla fyda lsysmhla

fyda lsysmhl ixl,khla isÿ úh yels h'

• rih fjkia ùu - Wod( lsß u; nelaàßhd l%shd lsrSfuka weUq,a rih we;sùu

• iqj| fjkia ùu -Wod( uia u; laIqø Ôùka ls%hd lr weók" wefudakshd (NH3&" yhsv%cka

i,a*hsâ (H2S) jeks ixfhda. iEoSu ksid wm%ikak .kaOhla

we;s ùu'

• j¾Kh fjkia ùu - Wod( uiaj, ufhda.af,daîka fm%dagSk yd Tlaiscka tl;= ùu

ksid isÿ jk j¾K fjkia ùu'

• jhkh fjkia ùu - Wod( uia u; jefvk laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldrs;ajh ksid jhkh

fjkia ùu'

• pH w.h fjkia ùu - Wod( lsß u; iuyr nelaàßhd j¾. ls%hd;aul ùfuka lsßj,

w.h wvq ùu'

óg wu;r j wdydr krla ùfï oS wdydr u; frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka tl;= ùu isÿ

úh yels h' iuyr laIqø Ôùka u.ska i%djh lrk ixfhda. úI øjH f,i ls%hd lrhs'

Wod( we*a,fgdlaiska

i;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl(

i;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl m%Odk wdldr 3 ls'

1' fN!;sl j wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl

2' ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl

3' ffcj idOl ^laIqø Ôù l%shdjka&

by; idOlj, n,mEu fya;=fjka uia" lsß" ì;a;r jeks ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aulNdjh

wvq ùu yd krla ùu isÿ fõ'

i;aj ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys m%n, n,mEï we;s lrkqfha laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka h'

laIqø Ôùka úiska ksmojk úúO wmøjH yd i%djh lrk iuyr tkaihsu ksid

ksIamdokj, ridhksl úm¾hdi we;s ùfuka tajdfha .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ù krla ùug

fya;= fõ' fuys oS wï, ksmoùu ksid l,a h;au lsßj, weUq,a rihla we;s jk w;r lsßj,

leá;suh iajNdjhla olakg ,efí'

i



óg wu;r j iuyr laIqø Ôù fkdjk ridhksl úm¾hdi o wdydr krla ùug fya;=

fõ' Wod( lsß uqvq ùu'

fN!;sl wmú;% ùu ksid fuka u fN!;sl idOl n,mEu ksid o laIqø Ôù ls%hd

fõ.j;a lsÍfuka krla ùu blaukska úh yel'

Wod( lgqj m¨ÿ jQ fN!;sl ydks& ì;a;rhla ;=<g laIqø Ôùka myiqfjka we;=¿ ùu

wmsßisÿ Ndckj,g lsß foùfuka tys we;s laIqø Ôùka ksid blaukska lsß krla fõ'

fï wkqj fmkS hkafka ksIamdok krla ùu flfrys by; idOl tlsfkl yd

iïnkaO fjñka n,mEï we;s lrk njhs'

uia krla ùu(

fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka uia krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka uia krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka uia krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka uia krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka uia krla ùu(

fï i|yd lreKq .Kkdjla fya;= fõ' >d;khg fmr i;d wmsßisÿ ;;a;ajfha isàu

ksid uiaj,g úúO wmøjH tl;= úh yels h' W!rka jeks i;=ka >d;khg fmr fidaod

msßisÿ l< hq;= h'

tfia u >d;kd.drfha wmsßisÿlu ksid iy uia ksis mßos msßisÿ fkdlsÍu ksid

l=l=<kaf.a msydgq" W!rka jeks i;=kaf.a frdau uiaj,g tl;= úh yels h' fuys oS >d;kd.drh

msßisÿ ;;a;ajfha mj;ajd .ekSu l< hq;= w;r" msydgq" frdau wdosh fkd/f|k f,i uia

msßisÿ l< hq;= h'

;j o uia fiaoSu yd msßisÿ lsÍu ksis

mßos isÿ fkdùu ksid uiaj, reêr me,a,ï

;sìh yels h' msßisÿ c,fhka uia fiaoSfuka

fuu ;;ajh wju fõ' óg wu;r j

lïlrejkaf.a wmsßisÿ nj" msyshd jeks

WmlrKj, wmsßisÿlu" uia ;ekam;a

lrk ia:dk yd m%jdykhg fhdod .kakd

g%la r: wdosh wmú;% ùu o uia krla ùug

fya;= fõ'

fujeks ;;ajhka we;s fkdjk f,i lghq;= lsÍfuka uia fN!;sl j wmú;% ùu

j<lajd .; yels h'

ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka uia krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka uia krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka uia krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka uia krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka uia krlaùu(

if;l= >d;kh l< miq fmaYsj,g Tlaiscka yd Yla;sh ,eîu isÿ fkdfõ' fuys oS

ridhksl úm¾hdi .Kkdjla isÿ jk w;r tu fya;=fjka uiaj, j¾Kh fjkia ùu iy

uia ;o iajNdjhla .ekSu isÿ fõ'

fuu ;;ajhka wju lsÍug uia blaukska YS;lrKhl .nvd lsÍu;a uia jd;h iu.

fkd.efgk f,i weisÍu;a l< yels h' óg wu;r j yels blaukska mßfNdackhg .ekSu

o l< hq;= h'

frdau yd reêrme,a,ï b;sß ù;sîu

wmsßisÿ msyshd

wmsßisÿ c,h

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laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid uia krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid uia krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid uia krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid uia krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid uia krla ùu(

uia hkq laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okhg jeo.;ajk fmdaIl yd wfkl=;a ;;aj fyd|ska we;s

udOHhls' tksid uia u; laIqøÔùka iS>%fhka j¾Okh fõ'

laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka uiaj, j¾Kh fjkia lsÍug fya;= fõ' uiaj, j¾Kh we;s ùug

fya;= jk ufhd.af,dîka j¾Klh laIqø Ôù ls%hdldß;ajh ksid fugdufhda.af,dîka njg

m;a fõ' tu.ska uia ÿUqre meye .ekafõ'

tfia u uiaj, jQ fm%daàk u; laIqø Ôù ls%hdldß;ajh ksid ksmofjk yhsv%cka

i,a*hsâ (H2S) iu. ufhda.af,dìka m%;sl%shd lr i,a*¾ ufhda.af,dìka ksmojhs' tu.ska

uia ks,a meye .eka fõ'

óg wu;r j uiaj, jq fm%daàk$weuhsfkda wï, wdosh u; laIqø Ôùka ls%hd;aul ùfï

oS tajd î| jeàfuka we;s jk weók" wefudakshd (NH3)" yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ (H2S) yd fjk;a

i,a*¾ wvx.= ixfhda. ksid uiaj, iqj| fjkia ù wm%ikak .kaOhla we;s fõ'

laIqø Ôùka wdidokh jQ uia wdydrhg .;a úg tu laIqø Ôùka YÍr .; ùu ksid

wdidok we;s fõ' Wod( ie,afudfk,af,daisia frda.h - ie,afudfk,a,d úfYaI frda.h

idohs

tfiau uia u; laIqø Ôùka j¾Okh ùfï oS Tjqkaf.a mßjD;a;Sh M, tu uia ;=< tla

/ia fõ' fïjd W.% úI iys; úh yel' tajd wdydrhg .ekSfuka wdydr úI ùï we;s fõ'

Wod( Clostridium botulinum úiska ksmojk úI øjH

laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka fya;=fjka isoq jk uia krla ùu wju lsrSug ls%hd ud¾. rdYshla

wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ'

fuys oS uQ,sl jYfhka uia fN!;sl j wmú;% ùu j<lajd .; hq;= h' óg fya;=j uia

fN!;sl j wmú;% jQ úg laIqø Ôùka myiqfjka uiaj,g we;=¿ùu;a Tjqka ta u; fõ.fhka

j¾Okh ùu;a h'

fufia fN!;sl j wmú;%ùu j<lajd .;a uia yels blaukska 0oC g jvd wvq WIaK;ajhl

^wê YS; ;;aj hgf;a& .nvd lsÍfuka krla ùu j<lajd oS¾> ld,hla wdrlaId lr .; yels

fõ'

lsß krla ùu(-

fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krla ùu(

lsß fodjk wjia:dfõ oS fN!;sl j lsß wmú;% ùu nyq, j isÿ fõ' fidaod msßisÿ

fkdl< Ndck lsß foùug fhdod .ekSfï oS úúO wmøjH lsßj,g ñY% úh yels h'

Wod( l<ska fojQ lsß Ndckj, b;sß ù ;sîu" Ndckj, mDIaG iqug fkdùu ksid

yd lvf;d¿ ;sîu ksid l<ska fojQ lsß tajdfha /|S ;sîu'

fuu ;;ajhka wju lsÍug uQÜgq yd uq¿ rys;" iqug mDIaG we;s" msßisÿ l< Ndck lsß

foùug fhdod .; hq;= hs'

lsß fodjk úg nqre,af,a we;s ffoysl ffi, .e,ù lsßj,g tl;= ùu o" nqre,a,

wjg yd ifï we;s ishqï frdau lsßj,g tl;= ùu o" lsßj, .=Kd;aul;djh wvq ùu flfrys

n,mdhs' fï ksid lsß fodjk úg by; ;;ajhka we;s fkdjk f,i j. n,d .; hq;= hs'



lssßj,g f.du" ÿyqú,s wxY= jeks oE ñY% ùu o lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ù lsß krla

ùug fya;= fõ'

fï i|yd úfYaIfhka lsß fodjkakdf.a iy .j .df,a msßisÿ nj jeo.;a fõ' iEu

lsß foùulgu fmr fodjk ia:dkh iy i;df.a nqre,a, wdosh msßisÿ l< hq;= fõ'

wmsßisÿ lsß nqre,af,ka wmsßisÿ Ndckj,ska

lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu flfrys úúO fN!;sl idOl o n,mdhs(lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu flfrys úúO fN!;sl idOl o n,mdhs(lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu flfrys úúO fN!;sl idOl o n,mdhs(lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu flfrys úúO fN!;sl idOl o n,mdhs(lsßj, .=Kd;aulNdjh wvq ùu flfrys úúO fN!;sl idOl o n,mdhs(

Wod( WIaK;ajh

lsß WKq lsÍfï oS wêl WIaK;aj fhdod .ekSu yd jeä fõ,djla r;a lsÍu ksid lsßj,

lrjqKq rihla yd iqj|la we;s fõ' fuh isÿ jkafka fu,d^¾&â millard& kï jQ tkaihsóh

fkdjk m%;sls%hdjla u.sks' fuys oS lsß fm%daàk yd ,elafgdaia wdoS iSksj, wka;¾

ls%hdldß;ajhla we;s fõ' fï fya;=fjka lsßj, j¾Kh o fjkia ù ÿUqre meyehla .ekaùu

isÿ fõ'

lsß m%udKj;a fõ,djla muKla l,;ñka r;a lsÍfuka fuu ;;ajh wju lr .;

yels h'

lsß wdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh ùu o tys .=Kd;auh wvq ùug fya;= fõ' fuys oS lsßj,

we;s rhsfndmaf,úka kï úgñkh úkdY fõ' fï ksid lsß weisÍfï oS jeish yels mdroDYH

fkdjk Ndck fhdod .; hq;= h'

ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krlaùu(ridhksl úm¾hdi$ridhksl idOl fya;=fjka lsß krlaùu(

lsßj, we;s fïoh TlaiSlrKhg yd c, úÉfÊokhg Ndck ùu ksid lsß uqvq ùu isÿ

fõ' fï ksid lsßj, uqvq jQ rihla yd iqj|la we;s fõ'

.nvd ;;ajhka md,kh lsÍfuka fuu uqvq ùu j<lajd .; yels h' fï i|yd lsß ysre

t<sh yd jd;h iu. .eàu wju lsÍu;a" yels blaukska YS; ;;aj hgf;a .nvd lr ;eîu;a

l< hq;= h'

laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid lsß krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid lsß krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid lsß krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid lsß krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid lsß krla ùu(

lsß fmdaIH .=Kfhka wêl ksid lsß u;

laIqø Ôùka j¾Okh nyq, j isÿ fõ' fï ksid

b;d blaukska lsß krla ùu isÿ fõ'

laIqø Ôùka j¾Okhg m%Yia; WIaK;aj

mrdih jkafka 27oC-45oC w;rhs' ;j o lsß

u; laIqø Ôùka j¾Okhg pH w.h o úYd,

f,i n,mdhs' pH w.h 7 muK ùfï oS nelaàßhdlsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,glsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,glsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,glsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,glsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,gwe;=,a jk ud¾.we;=,a jk ud¾.we;=,a jk ud¾.we;=,a jk ud¾.we;=,a jk ud¾.

.j ksjdi wjgjd;h

f.du

mi

c,hlsß fodjk WmlrK

lsß fodjkakd

nelaàßhd

îafg%mafgdfldl=i"

,elafgdneis,ia&

os,Sr$mqia

^fmksiS,shï&

wmsßisÿw;aj,ska

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iS>%fhka jefâ' lsßj,g laIqø Ôùka we;=¿ ùu wdldr lsysmhlg isÿ úh yels h'

lsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,g we;=,a jk ud¾.(lsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,g we;=,a jk ud¾.(lsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,g we;=,a jk ud¾.(lsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,g we;=,a jk ud¾.(lsß krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka lsßj,g we;=,a jk ud¾.(

fndfyda laIqø Ôùka lsßj, fmkqu iqj| yd ri fjkia lrhs' úfYaIfhka u nelaàßhd

lsßj, we;s ,elafgdaia meiùfuka ,elaála wï,h ksmojhs' fuh lsßj,g weUq,a rihla

,nd oSug fya;= fjhs' fuu ls%hdj we;=¿ ;j;a wys;lr m%;sl%shd /ila isÿ ùfuka lsß krla

fõ'

iuyr nelaàßhd lsßj, fm%daàk yd fïo ì|Sfuka ksmojk kqiqÿiq øjHhka fya;=fjka

lsßj, iqj| yd rih fjkia lrhs' túg lsßj, .|la yd krla jQ rihla iuyr úg ;s;a;

rihla& we;s fõ'

Wod( E - coli, Clostridia

iuyr nelaàrshd lsrsj, jdhq we;s lrhs' iuyr úfYaI wjia:dj, oS Wod( iaúia Öia&

jdhq we;s lsÍu m%fhdackj;a jk kuq;a lsßj, jdhq we;s ùu idudkHfhka iqÿiq ke;' th

lsß krla jQ njg idOlhls' fujeks nelaàßhd idudkHfhka olakg ,efnkafka u,

øjHj, yd mfiys h' fïjd lsßj,g tl;= jkafka m%Odk jYfhka Ndckj,sks'

Wod( E - coli, Clostridia

;j o iuyr laIqø Ôùka lsß u; jefvk úg Tjqkag wdfõKsl jQ úúO fmd,sielrhsv

i%djh lrhs' tu.ska lsß wdydrj, fij, we;s ùu u.ska lsß wdydr krla fõ'

Wod( Leuconostoc

óg wu;r j laIqø Ôùka lsß u; jeãu ksid we;s jk laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Kl u.ska

lsßj, j¾Kh o fjkia fõ'

laIqø Ôùka ksid isÿ jk lsß krla ùu wju lr .ekSu i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka laIqø

Ôùka lsßj,g tl;= ùu wju lsÍu;a" tajdfha jeãu md,kh lsÍu i|yd b;d blaukska

7 oC fyda Bg wvq WIaK;ajhlg isis,a lr .nvd lsÍu;a l< hq;= h'

foaYSh ;;aj hgf;a fodjk ia:dkfha isis,a lsÍfï myiqlï fkdue;s ksid isis,a

lsÍfï iy .nvd lsÍfï uOHia:dk lrd yels blaukska lsß m%jdykh l< hq;= h'

óg wu;r j lsß krla fkdù oS¾> ld,hla l,a ;nd .ekSug úúO l%u wkq.ukh

lrkq ,efí'

Wod( lsßj,g ridhk øjH fhoSu' yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ jeks&

lsß isis,a lsÍu' YS;lrK Ndú;h&

lsß r;a lsÍu ÔjdKqyrKh yd meiagÍlrKh&

lsß ksIamdok ieliSu' fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsrs - meijSu uz.ska l,a ;nd .ekSu'&

ì;a;r krla ùu

fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka ì;a;r krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka ì;a;r krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka ì;a;r krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka ì;a;r krla ùu(fN!;sl wmú;% ùu$fN!;sl idOl fya;=fjka ì;a;r krla ùu(

ì;a;r fmÜáj, wmsßisÿlu" .nvd lsÍfï wmsßisÿ ;;aj wdosh ksid u, øjH yd

wmøjH ;ejÍu fya;=fjka ì;a;r fN!;sl j wmú;% fõ' fufia wmú;% jQ ì;a;r je,s

lvodishlska fyda kQ,aj,ska msßisÿ l< yels h' fuys oS ì;a;rfha lshqáka ia;rhg ydks



fkdjk mßos wmsßisÿ jQ ia:dk muKla msßisÿ lrhs' tfiau fiaoSfuka lshqáka ia;rhg

ydks isÿ úh yels ksid fiaoSu fkdl< hq;= h'

óg wu;r j úúO fya;+ka ksid ì;a;r lgqj m¨ÿ ùu isÿ fõ'

Wod( ì;a;r fmÜá ;=< m%udKj;a w;=rekqjla fkdue;s ùu'

ì;a;r kshñ; fõ,djkays oS tl;= fkdlr jeä fõ,djla ;eîu'

ì;a;r tl;= lrk nlÜj,g jeämqr ì;a;r megùu'

fï wkqj fuu ;;ajhka j<lajd .ekSug

mshjr .; hq;= fõ'

ì;a;r .nvdfõ WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj

ì;a;r krla ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk fN!;sl

idOl fõ'

;j o .nvdj ;=< wd¾ø;dj wvq ùu o iqÿiq

fkdfõ' fya;=j wd¾ø;dj wvq jQ úg ì;a;rfhka

jeämqr c,h msg ù hduhs'

fï fya;+ka ksid ì;a;r .nvdj ;=< WIaK;ajh 27oC g jvd wvq w.hla o wd¾ø;dj

75%-80% w;r w.hla o mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid ì;a;r krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid ì;a;r krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid ì;a;r krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid ì;a;r krla ùu(laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka ksid ì;a;r krla ùu(

ì;a;rfha msg; lshqáka ia:rh bj;a jQ ia:dk yd lgqj m¨ÿ jQ ia:dk yryd laIqø Ôùka

myiqfjka ì;a;rh ;=<g we;=,a fõ'

;j o ì;a;rfha u, øjH yd fkdfhl=;a wm øjH ;ejÍ ;sîu o laIqø Ôù wdidokh

myiq lrhs' fï ksid fuu ;;ajhka we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'

fufia we;=¨jk laIqø Ôùka úiska ì;a;rfha wNHka;r fldgia úfhdackhg ,la

lsÍu fya;=fjka ly uoh yd iqÿ uoh osh ù tlg ñY% ù Wl= oshrhla iEfoa' tjeks ì;a;r

mßfNdackh i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ'

laIqø Ôùka we;=¿ jQ ksid ì;a;rj, fm%daàk" fïoh wdosh ì| jeàu ksid yhsv%cka

i,a*hsâ (H2S) jdhqj iEfoa' fuh l=Kq ì;a;r .| we;s ùug fya;= fõ' ;j o fï ksid

ì;a;r l¿ fyda fld< meye ùu isÿ úh yels h'

fï wkqj laIqø Ôù ls%hdjka isÿ jk ì;a;r krla ùu wju lsÍug ì;a;rfha lshqáka

ia;rh ydks fkdù ;nd .ekSu;a" ì;a;r m¨ÿ ùu j<lajd .ekSu;a jeo.;a h'

óg wu;r j wm øjH fkd;ejfrk f,i msßisÿ ia:dkhl .nvd l< hq;= h' fuys

oS ì;a;r .nvdj ;=< WIaK;ajh my< w.hlg 10 oCmuK& wvq lsÍfuka laIqø Ôù ls%hdldß;ajh

wvd, lr jeä ld,hla krla fkdù ;nd .; yels fõ'

lgqj m¿ÿ jQ

wmøjH ;ejÍu ksid

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'10 ( WÑ; l%fudamdhka fhdod .ksñka lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokl%shdj,shl kshef,hs'

l%shdldrlu 10'10 ( "lsß l,a ;nd .ksuq' wdydr iqrlaIs;Ndjhg odhl fjuq'"


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok lsysmhla fhda.Ü$ uqojdmq lsß$mdiapß; lsß$ úh<s lsß msá& fyda tajdfha mska;+r

• weuqKqu 10'10'1 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõmsgm;a folla

• weuqKqu 10'10'2 g we;=<;a ld¾h mßY%h ilia lsÍugWmfoia

• weuqKqu 10'10'3 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;afolla

• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'10'1 ( • lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok fyda tjdfha mska;+r mka;shg m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'• ta weiqfrka lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels

l%u ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• lsß iEu fmdaIH mod¾:hla mdfya u wvx.= jk

fm%daàka nyq, wdydrhla f,i ye|skaúh yels nj• lsß laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd o b;d fyd|

fmdaIK udOHhla nj• idudkH mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a lsß krla fkdù

jeä l,la ;nd .; fkdyels nj• lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd úúO mßrlaIK l%u we;s

nj• fuu l%u Ndú;fhka mßrlaIKh l< my;

oelafjk lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok Y%S ,xldfõ jvd;ackm%sh ù we;'• mdiapß; lsß • l,a lsß• úh<s lsß msá • fhda.Ü$ uqojdmq lsß

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&

mshjr 10'10'2 ( • mka;sh lKavdhï follg fnokak'• .fõIK Wmfoia" lshùï øjH" äuhs lvodis yd udl¾

mEka$ meiag,a lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 105 hs'&





fhfokak'• mdiapß; lsß" l,a lsß" ri l< ðjdKqyß; lsß"

úh<s lsß msá" fhda.Ü yd uqojmq lsß wdoS lsß wdY%s;ksIamdok my; oelafjk úúO mßrlaIK l%u iuÕne|S mj;sk nj• mdiapß; lsß - meiapÍlrKh• l,a lsß$ri l< ÔjdKqyß; lsß - ÔjdKqyrKh• úh<s lsß msá - meiapÍlrKh" idkaø lsÍu" úisß

úh<kh• fhda.Ü$ uqojdmq lsß - meiSu

• by< WIaK;ajhlg m;a fldg lsß l,a ;nd .;yels mßrlaIK l%u folla f,i meiapÍlrKh ydÔjdKqyrKh ye|skaúh yels nj

• lsß meiagÍlrKh my; oelafjk l%u folg uisÿ l< yels nj• wvq WIaK;aj os.= ld, l%uh LTLT& - WIaK;aj-

ld, iïnkaO;dj 630C $úkdä 30 la nj• jeä WIaK;aj flá ld, l%uh ^HTST& - WIaK;aj - ld, iïnkaO;dj 710C-720C

$;;amr 15 la nj• Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok i|yd fuu l%u foflys

u WIaK;aj - ld, iïnkaO;dj ukd f,i md,khlsÍu w;HjYH nj

• by< WIaK;ajhla hgf;a lsßj, isák jHdê ckllaIqø Ôùka yd lsß krla ùu isÿ lrk laIqø ðùkaúkdY lr lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu lsß meiapÍlrKfhauQ,O¾uh nj

• meiapÍlrKh uÕska lsßj, isák ish¨ u laIqøÔùka úkdY fkdjqj o ;dm m%;sfrdaë" frda. ldrluhsfl%dnelaàßhd áhqnlHqf,daisia nelaàßhdj mjdúkdY jk nj

• by; WIaK;aj - ld, iïnkaO;dj hgf;a lsßj,wvx.= tkaihsu úkdY jk ksid mdiapß; lsß uqvqùu j<lajd .; yels nj

• meiapÍlrKh ksid lsßj, fmdaIK w.hg t;rïydkshla isÿ fkdjk nj

• mdiapß; lsßj, ;dm m%;sfrdaë" frda. ldrl fkdjknelaàßhd yd tajdfha îcdKq b;sß ù mj;sk nj

• ta ksid" tajd krla fkdù ;nd .ekSug kï 100C gwvq WIaK;ajhl .nvd lsÍu w;HjYH nj



• fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a jqj o mdiapß; lsß krla fkdù;nd .; yelafla b;d flá ld,hla nj osk 2-3la muK&

• l,a lsß hkq ÔjdKqyrKh lrk ,o lsß nj• lsß" 121'50C l WIaK;ajfha úkdä 20 la muK ;nd

isis,a lsÍu lsß ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu f,i ir< jy÷kajk nj

• by< WIaK;ajhla hgf;a lsßj, isák ish¨ ulaIqø Ôùka yd tajdfha îcdKq úkdY lsÍu lsßÔjdKqyrKh lsÍfï uQ,O¾uh jk nj

• ðjdKqyrKh l< lsßj, o iq¿ ixLHdjla fyda;dm m%;sfrdaë" frda. ldrl fkdjk laIqø Ôùkaisáh yels jqj o" idudkH mßir ;;a;aj hgf;audi 4-6 la muK tajd krla fkdù ;nd .; yelsnj

• ðjdKqyrKh lrk ,o lsßj,g ri ldrl jeks,d$fpdl,Ü& tl;= lr ri .kajk ,o ÔjdKqyß;lsß Flavoured Sterilized Milk& ksIamdokh lrk nj

• ÔjdKqyß; lsßj, fmdaIK w.h flfrys oWIaK;ajh my; wdldrhg n,mdk nj• fm%daàkaj, .=K ydks ùu• "iS" iy "î" ldKavfha úgñka úkdY ùu

• øj lsß" lsß msá njg m;a lsÍu i|yd mßrlaIKl%u lsysmhla ^meiagÍlrKh" idkaø lsÍu" úisßúh<Su& iïnkaO jk nj• meiapÍlrKh ksid tys isák laIqø Ôùka úkdY

jk nj• lsß idkaø lsÍu ksid tys wvx.= c,h hï

m%udKhlg bj;a ù hk nj• lsß úh<Su uÕska lsß msá ,nd .; yels nj

• lsß úh<Su i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; jk nj• úisß úh<k l%uh yd frda,¾ úh<s Drum drying&

l%uh nyq, j Ndú; jk lsß úh<Sfï l%u follanj

• fhda.Ü$ uqojdmq lsß wdoS lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj,gwod< mßrlaIK l%uh meiùu$meiSu Fermentation&f,i y÷kajk nj

• meiùu uÕska lsßj, wdï,sl;dj fjkia ù lsßfm%daàk leá .eiSu isÿ jk nj

• fï ksid meijk ,o lsßj, fmdaIK .=Kh by<uÜgul mj;sk nj

• fhda.Ü yd uqojdmq lsß wdoS ksIamdokj,g wod<ksIamdok l%shdj,sh .e,Sï igykla uÕska ir, joelaúh yels nj

• fhda.Ü yd uqojdmq lsß ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha iEumshjrla u wjidk ksuejqfï .=Kd;aulNdjhflfrys úúO wdldrhg n,mdk nj



• Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdokhla i|yd ta ms<sn|ie,ls,su;a fjñka ksjeros j l%u Ys,am yd ;dlaIKhNdú; l< hq;= nj

• lsß mßrlaIKh lsÍu uÕska krla ùu j<lajd.ekSu" uqo,a bmehSu wdoS wd¾Ól jdisj,g wu;r jY%S ,xldfõ fm%daák W!k;dj uÕ yrjd .ekSughï odhl;ajhla iemhsh yels nj

^ñks;a;= 60 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (lsß mßrlaIK l< yels l%u y÷kd f.k úia;r lrhs'mßrlaIK l%u fhdod f.k lsß l,a ;nd .; yels jqj o tajd lsßj, fmdaIKw.h flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdk wjia:d mj;sk nj ms<s.kshs'lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd WÑ; mßrlaIK l%u fhdod .kshs'

f;dr;=re ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lrhs' l=vd lKavdhï ;=< iyfhda.S bf.kqfuys fhfohs'



weuqKqu 10'10'1


lsß l,a ;nd .ksuq' wdydr iqrlaIs;Ndjhg odhl fjuq'

• my; oelafjk lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok fj;wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'• mdiapß; lsß" l,a lsß" fhda.Ü• úh<s lsß msá" ri l< ÔjdKqyß; lsß" uqojdmq lsß


• lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj,g wod< mßrlaIK l%u y÷kd .ksñka tajd fláfhka meyeos,slrkak'

• tla tla mßrlaIK l%uh iuÕ ne|S mj;sk mßrlaIK uQ,O¾uh$uQ,O¾u idlÉPdlrkak'

• ld¾h mßY%h fj; f.dia wod< ld¾hfha ksr; jkak'

• tu lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokhg wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sh .e,Sï igykla weiqfrka olajkak'

• Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdokhla i|yd tys tla tla mshjf¾ we;s jeo.;alu idlÉPdlrkak'


weuqKqu 10'10'2


• oS we;s WmlrK yd øjH Ndú; lrñka my; oelafjk lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSui|yd ld¾h mßY% folla ilia lrkak'• fhda.Ü • uqojmq lsrs

• ish¨ ld¾h mßY% i|yd fmdÿ fhojqï• oe,a fmrkhla • os. ñgla iys; iqÿ hlv$,S yekaola• iqÿ hlv idiamdkla ^l=vd& • lkaf*laIkß WIaK;ajudkhla• .Eia ,smla yd .Eia is,skavrhla

• ld¾h mßY% I i|yd fhojqï• t< lsß 1 l la • ì;a;r ly uofha mdg j¾Kl• iSks 100 g la iaj,amhla• uqyqka jYfhka w¨;a fhda.Ü iaj,amhla • ysia fhda.Ü fldamam 9 la• fc,àka f;a ye|s 1½ la muK • bkalHqfígrhla• jeks,d iaj,amhla

• ld¾h mßY% II i|yd fhojqï• ó lsß fyda t< lsß 1 l la• uqyqka jYfhka w,q;a uqojdmq lsß iaj,amhla• kejqï ueá lsß yÜá& fyda ma,diaála n÷ka lsysmhla

• n÷ka wdjrKh i|yd fmd,s;Ska lene,s$ ma,diaála mshka" rn¾ má lsysmhla



weuqKqu 10'10'3

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

lsrs

rmdhS i;=kaf.a ia;k .%ka:sj,ska i%djh jkakd jQ øjh lsrs f,i ye|ska fõ'

ksfrda.S t<fokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd t<lsß o t¿jka yd ófokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd t¿ lsß

yd ó lsß o ñksid úiska mßfNdackhg .efkhs'

wo f,dalfha fndfyda oshqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj my< uÜgul

mj;sk nj fkdryils' thg tla fya;=jla jkafka wdydrfha we;s fmdaIH mod¾: ms<sn| j

ñksiqka t;rï ie,ls,a,la fkdoelaùuhs' tu rgj, fndfyda ñksiqkaf.a wdydr fõf,ys

fm%daàka ysÕlula mj;S' úfYaIfhka u <uqka w;r fm%daàka W!k;dj W.% f,i mj;sk nj

jd¾;d fõ' fuu wvqj imqrd,Sfuys ,d lsßj,g b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fõ'

lsß" ñksidf.a fmdaIKhg wjYH jk fm%daàka"

ldfndayhsfâ%g" fïo" c,h" úgñka yd Lksc hk fmdaIH

mod¾:hkaf.ka hqla; jQ wdydrhla f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs'

iqÿ meye;s ødjKhla jk lsß" f;,a yd c,h tla

ù iEfok ff;f,daohls' mssßisÿ lsß îxÿjla wkaùlaIhla

hgf;a mÍlaId l<úg ta nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

² lsßj, muKla wvx.= jk iSks j¾.hla jk ,elafgdaia ksid lsßj,g rihla ,eî we;'

fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsß wdoS lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok i|yd ,elafgdaia iSks jeo.;a fõ'

² lsßj, wvx.= jk fïo yd fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh wkqj lsßj, meyeh fjkia

fõ' lsß fïo" b;d l=vd f.da,sld jYfhka lsßj, mj;S' ta ksid ÔrKh myiq ù we;' lsß

fïo fiiq ix>Glj,g jvd ieye,a¨ h' tajd lsßj, meyehg fuka u kejqï lsßj,

wdfõKsl rihg iy lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokj, rihg o n,mdkq we;'

² lsßj, wvx.= jk jeo.;a u fm%daàka j¾.h flaiSka h' lsßj, iqÿ meyehg fya;=jla

jkafka o flaiSka h' lsß WKq l< úg flaiSka" fïo yd fjk;a mod¾: iuÕ tl;= ù

"fhdoh" f,i fjka ù Wv mdfõ'

² YÍrhg w;HjYH úgñka yd Lksc lsßj, wvx.= fõ' tys jeä m%udKhla le,aishï

wvx.= jk w;r hlv wvx.= jkafka b;d wvq m%udKhls' úgñka "ta"" "î1"" "î

2" yd "î

6" wdoS

úgñka j¾. lsßj, jeä m%udKhla wvx.= jqj o úgñka "iS" wvx.= jkafka iq¿ m%udKhls'

ta ksid YÍrfha úgñka "iS" wjYH;dj t<j¨ yd m,;=re uÕska imqrd .ekSu wjYH fõ'

fï wkqj" lsßj, we;s fmdaIHodhS jákdlu b;d by< u uÜgul mj;sk nj meyeos,s

fõ'

lsßj, ixhq;sh i;a;aj úfYaIh wkqj fjkia jk nj my; j.=j ksrSlaIKh l< úg

meyeos<s fõ'

fïo f.da,sld

c,h

ËS

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ix>glh c,h] ,elafgdaia] fïo] fm%daàka] Lksc]

lsß j¾.h

uõ lsß 88'3 7'18 3'11 1'19 0'21

t<lsß 87'25 4'80 3'80 3'50 0'65

ó lsß 82'44 4'64 7'46 4'73 0'78

t¿ lsß 87'88 4'54 3'82 3'21 0'55

lsß mßrlaIKh lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu&

ksfrda.S fokqkaf.ka fodjd .;a lsßj, isák laIqø Ôù ixLHdj b;d w,am jqj o tajd

ndysr mßirhg ksrdjrKh jQ miq meh 03 g jeä ld,hla lsishï m%;sl¾uhla fkdue;s j

krla fkdù ;nd .ekSu wmyiq h' lsß" laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd fyd| fmdaIK

udOHhhla ùu Bg tla fya;=jla fõ'

lsß mßrlaIK l%u yd uQ,O¾u

fï wkqj" lsß krla ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk; u fya;=j f,i laIqø Ôùkaf.a

l%shdldß;ajh oelaúh yels h' ta ksid lsß l,a ;nd .ekSug kï" krla ùu flfrys n,mdk

laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh kj;d,Su l< hq;= h' th wdldr follg isÿ l< yels h' tkï"

² laIqø Ôùka úkdY lsÍu

² laIqø Ôùkag j¾Okh úh fkdyels mßirhla f.dv keÕSu

wdosh hs'

lsß l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd by; uq,O¾u mokï jQ úúO mßrlaIK l%u we;' tajd

m%Odk ldKav follg fnod oelaúh yels h'

² fN!;sl l%u ² ffcùh l%u

fN!;sl l%u

fN!;sl mßrlaIK l%u lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

tkï"

² meiapÍlrKh

² cSjdKqyrKh

² úisß úh<Su

² idkaø lsÍu Wod( Wl= l< lsß&

² YS; lsÍu

² wê YS; lsÍu

jeä WIaK;aj Ndú;h

wvq WIaK;aj Ndú;h



ffcùh l%u

ffcùh l%u hgf;a "meiùu" uÕska lsß l,a ;nd .; yels h'

lsß meiapÍlrKh

lsßj, .=Kdu;aulNdjhg isÿ jk ydksh wju jk fia lsß l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%uhla

f,i fuh ye|skaúh yels h'

msßisÿ" kejqï lsß hï WIaK;ajhla olajd l%ufhka r;a lr" tu WIaK;ajfha hï ld,

iSudjla ;nd f.k tys isák jHdêckl laIqø Ôùka frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka& iy tkaihsu

úkdY lsÍfï l%shdj,sh meiapÍlrKh hs'

meiapÍlrKh m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ l< yels h' tajd kï"

1' wvq WIaK;aj os.= ld, l%uh LTLT l%uh - Low Temperature, Long Time&

msßisÿ kejqï lsß 63 0C l WIaK;ajh olajd l%ufhka r;a lr" tu WIaK;ajfha ñks;a;=

30 la muK ;nd" yels blaukska 4 0C - 5 0C olajd isis,a lsÍu fuu l%uh hgf;a

isÿ lrhs'

2' jeä WIaK;aj flá ld, l%uh HTST l%uh - High Temperature, Short Time&

fuu l%uh hgf;a msßisÿ kejqï lsß 72 0C l WIaK;ajhla olajd l%ufhka r;a lr" tu

WIaK;ajfha ;;amr 15 la muK ;nd" yels blaukska 4 0C - 5 0C olajd isis,a lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

lsß meiapÍlrKh lsÍu ksid;

² lsßj, isák lsß krlaùug n,mdk laIqø ðùka iy frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka úYd,

ixLHdjla úkdYhg m;a fõ'

² lsßj, isák ish¨ u laIqø Ôùka úkdY fkdfõ' ;dm m%;sfrdaë laIqø Ôùka iy îcdKq

b;sß ù ;sìh yels h' ta ksid" mdiapß; lsß 10 0C l muK wvq WIaK;ajhla hgf;a

^YS;lrKhl& .nvd lr ;eîug isÿ fõ' fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a jqj o krla fkdù ;nd

.; yelafla flá ld,hls'

fï wkqj" weiqreï ;=< nydÆ mdiapÍlD; lsß jqj o idudkH mßir WIaK;ajfha ;enQ

úg meh lsysmhla ;=< krla fõ'

² by< WIaK;ajhlg m%;sfrdaë nelaàßhdjla jk laIh frda.h fnda lrk uhsfl%d

nelaàßhd áhqnlHqf,daisia mjd fuu WIaK;aj-ld, iïnkaO;dj hgf;a úkdYhg

m;a fõ'

² lsßj, wvx.= tkaihsu wl%Sh fõ' tuÕska meiapÍlD; lsß uqvqùu j<lajd .; yels h'

mdiapÍlD; lsßj,g wdydr i|yd ks¾foaYs; j¾Kl yd rildrl tla fldg "ri l<

mdiapÍlD; lsß" ksmojkq ,efí'



* uyd mßudKfha mdiapß; lsß l¾udka;Yd,dj, nyq, j isÿ flf¾'

lsß ÔjdKqyrKh

lsß" by< WIaK;ajhla hgf;a ksYaÑ; ld,hla r;a lsÍu ÔjdKqyrKh uÕska isÿ lrhs'

tuÕska lsßj, isák ish¨ u laIqø Ôùka yd îcdKq úkdYhg m;a fõ' tfy;a" iuyr ;dm

m%;sfrdaë frda.ldrl fkdjk nelaàßhd b;d iq¿ ixLHdjla b;sß úh yels h' ðjdKqyrKh

i|yd 100 0C g jeä WIaK;ajhla fhdod .kshs'

fuu lsß udi 4-6 la muK ld,hla krla fkdù ldur WIaK;ajfha ;nd .; yels h'

Wod( l,a lsß" ri l< ÔjdKqyß; lsß

lsß ðjdKqyrKh m%Odk l%u follg isÿ lrhs'

m<uqjk l%uh

lsß" 121'50C l WIaK;ajh olajd l%ufhka r;a lr" tu WIaK;ajfha ñks;a;= 20 la

muK ;nd" ldur WIaK;ajh olajd isis,a lsÍu fuu l%uh hgf;a isÿ lrhs'

fo jk l%uh UHT l%uh - Wmß ;dm l%uh&

"ri l< mdiapß; lsß" ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< .e,Sï igyk

igyk

² mdiapß; lsß ksIamdokh i|yd ksfrda.Sfokqkaf.a lsß ,nd .; hq;= h'

² tu lsß "fmÍu" uÕska tys we;s wmøjHbj;a l< hq;= h'

² miq j" tu lsßj, fïo yd fïo fkdjk>k øjH m%udKh mÍlaIdjg ,la l<hq;= h' th" mdiapß; lsß i|yd wod< jQm%ñ;sj,g wkql+, j Wiia ;;a;ajfhaksIamdokhla ilia lsÍug WmldÍ fõ'

² lsß m%ñ;slrKh - mdiapß; lsßj, ;sìhhq;= m%udKhg jvd lsß fïo jeä kï"tajd bj;a l< hq;= h' ta i|yd l%Sïfimf¾g¾ hka;%h fhdod .; yels h'lsß fïo kshñ; m%udKhg jvd wvq kï"lsßj,g fïo tl;= lsÍu l< hq;= h'

² lsß iucd;SlrKh - lsß iq¿ fõ,djlaksYap, j ;enQ úg tys we;s fïo f.da,sldtlg tl;= ù u;=msgg meñfKhs' thwjidk M,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh flfryswys;lr f,i n,mdhs' th j<lajd .ekSui|yd lsß iucd;SlrKh l< hq;= h' tai|yd iucd;SlrK hka;% Ndú; lrhs'

lsßj, we;s úúO m%udKfha fïof.da,sld b;d l=vd f.da,sldj,g lvdì| oud lsß ;=< taldldÍ j jHdma; lrhs'túg fïo f.da,sld tlg tl;= ùu;=msgg meñKSu j<lS' ta ksid wjidkksIamdokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä fõ'

lsß

fmÍu

;;a;aj mÍlaIdjg,la lsÍu

m%ñ;slrKh

iucd;SlrKh

kshñ; WIaK;ajhgr;a lsÍu

fnda;,a$ melÜj, weisÍu

isis,a lsÍu

ksñ NdKavh$fj<|fmd<g heùu

iSks" j¾Kl øjHyd rildrl >

63 0C/ñks'30ñks'30ñks'30ñks'30ñks'30fyda fyda fyda fyda fyda 72 0C/;;a'15;;a'15;;a'15;;a'15;;a'15

4 0C - 5 0C

*



lsß" 140 0C - 150 0C l WIaK;ajhla olajd l%ufhka r;a lr" tu WIaK;ajfha ;;a;amr

1-4 la muK ld,hla ;nd" ldur WIaK;ajh olajd isis,a lsÍu UHT l%uh hgf;a isÿ lrhs'

Wod( l,a lsß" ri l< ðjdKqyß; lsß

Wiia ;;a;ajfha mdiapß; lsß fyda ÔjdKqyß; lsß ksIamdokh lreKq lsysmhla u;

r|d mj;S' tajd kï" msßisÿ" kejqï lsß Ndú; lsÍu" WmlrKj, msßisÿ nj yd by< uÜgfï

l%shdldß;ajh" ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha fhfokakkaf.a fm!oa.,sl iajia:;dj iy l%uj;a j

weisÍu wdosh hs'

úh<s lsß msá

lsßj, 85] lg jvd c,h wvx.= fõ' ta ksid t<lsß laIqø Ôùka f.a j¾Okh yd

l%shdldß;ajh i|yd fhda.H frdamK udOHhla fõ'

kejqï øj lsß" úh<s lsß msá njg m;a lsÍu mokï ù we;s uQ,O¾uh jkafka laIqø

Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH c,h bj;a lsÍu h' lsßj, c,h bj;a ùu

jdIamSlrKh kue;s ixisoaêh uÕska isÿ fõ'

úh<s lsß msá ksIamdokh l%u lsysmhlg l< yels w;r m%Odk l%u folla my;

oela fõ'

² úisÍ úh<k l%uh

² frda,¾ úh<k l%uh

"l,a lsß" ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< .e,Sï igyk

igyk

² ksfrda.S fokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd lsß"frdau yd fokqkaf.a ;k mqvqj,ska úh<S.e, ù hk foay ffi,j,ska wmú;% ù;sìh yel' th wjidk ksIamdokfha;;a;ajh flfrys n,mdhs' ta ksid lsßj,we;s wmøjH "fmÍu" uÕska bj;a l<hq;= h'

² lsßj, wvx.= jk fïo yd fïo fkdjk>k øjH m%udKh 3'5] yd 8'5 la jk fiam%ñ;slrKh l< hq;= h'

² m%ñ;slrKh l< lsß 100 0C olajd r;alr Yla;su;a" msßisÿ fnda;,aj,g mqrjduqød ;eìh hq;= h'

² lsß ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu i|yd mSvkW÷kla ^Pressure cooker& fyd a"Autoclave" kue;s WmlrKh fydawjYH;dj ie,ls,a,g f.k fhdod .;yels h'

² ÔjdKqyrKh l< lsß fnda;,a" isis,ajdhq Odrdjl isis,a l< hq;= h'

² lsß fnd a;, aj,g m sr j Q mi q jÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu ksid lsßj, muKlafkdj fnda;,aj, isák laIqø Ôùka oúkdYhg m;a fõ'

lsß

fmÍu

m%ñ;slrKh

iucd;SlrKh

msßisÿ" úh<s fnda;,aj,gmsrùu yd uQä .eiSu

ÔjdKqyrKh

isis,a lsÍu

ksñ NdKavh$fj<|fmd<g heùu

>

121.5 0C/ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20

ldur WIaK;ajhldur WIaK;ajhldur WIaK;ajhldur WIaK;ajhldur WIaK;ajh

iSks" j¾Kl øjHyd rildrl

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úisÍ úh<k l%uh

úisÍ úh<k l%uh uÕska øj lsßj, c,h m%;sY;h 4] - 5] olajd wvq lr úisÍ úh<k

l%uh uÕska lsß msá ksmojhs'

lsß meiùu

lsßj, wvx.= jk iSks j¾.h ,elafgdaia f,i y÷kajhs' ñksidg ys;lr nelaàßhdjkaf.a

ls%hdldß;ajh ksid ,elafgdaia iSks" ,elaála wï,h njg m;a fõ' tuÕska lsßj, wdï,sl;dj

jeä ù pH w.h wvq ù& lsßj, we;s m%Odk fm%daàkh jk flaiSka leá .eiSu isÿ fõ' fuu

ls%hdj,sh lsß meiùu kï fõ'

lsßj, wdï,sl;dj jeä lsÍu u.ska lsß krlaùug n,mdk laIqø Ôùkaf.a nelaàßhd&

j¾Okhg yd ls%hdldß;ajhg kqiqÿiq mßirhla f.dv ke.Su fuu l%uh yd ne|S mj;sk

uQ,O¾uh fõ'

lsß meiùu i|yd ñksidg ys;lr ,elaála wï, nelaàßhd fhdod .kq ,nhs' meiùu

wdY%s; ksIamdok w;r fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsß wdosh m%Odk ;ekla .kS'

fhda.Ü

YS% ,xldfõ lsß wdY%s; ckms%h ksIamdokhla f,i fhda.Ü ye|skaúh yel' fhda.Ü iEoSu

i|yd msßisÿ" kejqï t<lsß fyda l,a lsß fyda úh<s lsß msá m%Odk wuqøjH f,i Ndú; lrhs'

fuu lsßj, wvx.= jk ,elafgdaia iSks" ,elafgd neis,ia n,a.ßlia yd iafg%mafgdfldl=ia

;¾fudams,ia hk nelaàßhd u.ska ,elaála wï,h njg m;a lrhs'

úh<s lsß msá ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< .e,Sï igyk

igyk

² ;;a;aj mßlaIdjg ,la l< øj lsß meiapÍlrKh l< hq;= h'

² tu lsß úh<Sug fmr idkaø lsßu lrkq ,nhs' tuÕska lsßj,we;s c,h fldgila bj;a ù hhs'

² idkaø l< lsß mSvkhlahgf;a ishqï ì|s;s fiaúh<k l=àrhg we;= lrhs'tfia úisfrk lsß WKqiqïjd; Odrdj u; m;s; fõ'

² túg øj lsßj, we;s c,hjdIam ù >k ;;a;ajfha úh<slsß msá ,efí'

² fuu hka; %fh a my<fldgfia tl;= jk lsß msáyels blaukska bj;a l< hq;=h' ke;s kï by<WIaK;ajhlg Ndckh ùufya;= fldg f.k lr rihlawe;s úh yels h'

lsß

fmÍu

;;a;aj mÍlaIdj

meiapÍlrKh

idkaø lsÍu

úisÍ úh<Su

melÜj, weisÍu$

fj<| fmd<

ishqï ì|s;sf,iúisfrk lsß

øj lsß

úh<s lsß msá

úisß úh<khô< ieleiauls&

WKqiqïjd;h

úh<kl=àrh

> <

>

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,elaála wï,h ksid lsßj, wdï,sl;dj by< hhs' ta ksid ñksidg ydks lr laIqø

Ôùkag iy lsß krlaùu flfrys n,mdk laIqø Ôùkag j¾Okh úh fkdyels mßirhla we;s

fõ'

,elafgdneis,ia nelaàßhd" yDo frda. je<elaùu flfrys hym;a m%;sM, w;am;a lr

fok nj fidhd f.k we;' n,af.aßhdkq cd;slhkaf.a os.= l,a Ôj;aùfï ryi fhda.Ü

wêlj mßfNdackh lsÍu nj fy<s ù ;sfí'

wuqøjH jÜfgdarej

² t<lsß ,Sg¾ 01

² msßisÿ iSks .%Eï 100

² * uqyqka ñ,s ,Sg¾ 25-30

² fc,àka f;a ye|s 1½² jeks,d iaj,amhla

² ì;a;r ly uofha mdg j¾Kl iaj,amhla

fhda.Ü ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< .e,Sï igyk

* uqyqka f,i fj<|fmdf<a úlsKSug

we;s w¨;a fhda.Ü Ndú; l< yels h'

igyk

² kejqï" øj lsßj, wvx.= jk fïo yd fïo fkdjk>køjH m%udKh fhda.Üj, m%ñ;shg wkql+, jk fiailia l< hq;= h' ta i|yd;² fïo fhdoh& bj;a lsÍu fyda fïo rys; lsßmsá

5] - 10% la muK tl;= lsÍu fyda l< yels h'fïo bj;a lsÍu i|yd lS%ï fimf¾g¾ hka;%hlafhdod .; yels h'

fyda fyda fyda fyda fyda² W;=rk f;la lsß l%ufhka r;a lr ksfjkakg

yeÍfuka o fïo bj;a l< yels h' fufia fo;=kaj;djla lsß r;a lrñka fhdoh bj;a lsÍfukafndfyda ÿrg lsß m%ñ;slrKh lr .; yels h'

² jHdêckl laIqø Ôùka úkdY ùug wu;r j"meiapÍlrKh ksid lsßj, wvx.=jk c,h hïm%udKhla jdIam ù hhs' th lsßj,g ;rul Wl=.;shla ,nd fohs'

² fc,àka tla lsÍu- mdiapß; lsß iaj,amhlg fc,àkatl;= lr osh lr f.k tu ñY%Kh b;sß lsßj,gtl;= lr ñY% l< hq;= h'

² meiapÍlrKh l< lsß 42 0C - 45 0C l muK

WIaK;ajhlg isis,a l< hq;= h' "uqyqka " fhosh hq;af;aBg miqj h'

² j¾Kl" rildlr yd uqyqka fhoSu- j¾Kl yd rildrltl;= lr ñY% l< hq;= h' miq j" lsß iaj,amhla f.kthg uqyqka tl;= lr ñY% lr" tu ñY%Kh b;sßlsßj,g tl;= lr ødjKhl ñY% lsÍu b;d jeo.;afõ'

lsß

fmÍu

m%ñ;slrKh

meiagÍlrKh

fc,àka tla lr ñY% lsÍu

42 0C-45 0C olajd isis,a lsÍu

j¾Kl" rildrl yd uqyqka tla lr ñY% lsÍu

msßisÿ" úh<s fldamamj,g j;a lsÍu

meiSu i|yd 42 0C-45 0C l WIaK;ajfha ;eîu

isis,a lsÍu

ksñ NdKavh$ fj<|fmd<

90 0C/ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20

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² ma,diaála fldammj,g j;a l< lsß meiSu i|yd tajdfha mshka jid 42 0C-45 0C l WIaK;ajfha meh 5-6 la muK ;eìh hq;= h' ta i|yd bkalHqfígrhkue;s WmlrKh fhdod .; yels h'

² bkalHqfígrhla fkdue;s kf.k .ksñka bkalHqfígrhla ks¾udKh lr.; yels h' tkï" 45 cm x45 cm x30 cm m%udKfha ldâfndaâ$,S fmaÜáhlaf.k tys we;=<;a ì;a;s iaghsrf*daï len,s fhdod wdjrKh l< yels kï

jvd;a iqÿiq h'& 40 w-60 w l muK n,a,nhla fhda.Ü fldamamj,g 15 cmla muK by<ska isáka fia iú lr idod .; yels h'

uqojmq lsß

lsß meiùu u; mokï jQ lsß wdY%s; ksIamdokhla

jk uqojmq lsß ksIamdokh i|yd o Ndú; jk m%Odk

wuq øjH ó lsß h' Bg wu;r j" t< lsß o fhdod .kq

,nk wjia:d oelsh yels h'

fuys oS o" øj ó lsßj, wvx.= jk ,elafgdaia iSks

ñksidg ys;lr laIqø Ôùkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh fya;= fldg

f.k ,elaála wï,h njg m;a lrhs' túg udOHfha wdï,sl;dj jeäùu ksid øj ó lsß

leá .eiSu ^ñoSu& isÿ fõ' ta i|yd iafg%mafgdafldlia ,elaáia$iafg%mafgdafldlia vhs

weisá,elaáia" iafg%mafgdfldlia lSfudaßia hk nelaàßhd fhdod .kshs'

uqojmq lsß o fhda.Ü fuka u fmdaIHodhS" myiqfjka Ô¾Kh jk wdydrhls'

wuqøjH jÜfgdarej

² ó lsß fyda t< lsß ,Sg¾ 01

² * uqyqka

uqojmq lsß ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< .e,Sï igyk

* uqyqka f,i l,ska uqojk ,o lsß Ndú; l< yels h'

igyk

² uqojmq lsß ksIamdokfha m%Odk wuqøjH f,i ksfrda.Sfokqkaf.ka ,nd .kakd ó lsß$t< lsß fyda tulsß foj¾.fha u ñY%Khla Ndú; flf¾'

² meiapÍlrKh ksid lsßj, wvx.= c,h jdIam ùWl= .;sh jeä jk w;r tys isák jHdêckllaIqø Ôùka fuka u tkaihsu o úkdY fõ'

² 40 0C-42 0C olajd isis,a jQ lsßj,ska iaj,amhlaf.k thg uqyqka nr wkqj 2]-3] la muK& tl;=lr ñY% l< hq;= h' miq j tu ñY%Kh b;sßlsßj,g tl;= lr kej;;a ñY% l< hq;= h'

² fidaod úh<d .;a ueá fyda ma,diaála n÷kaj,guqyqka tla lrk ,o lsß ñY%Kh j;a lr" msßisÿfmd,s;Ska lene,a,lska fyda mshklska jeiSu l<hq;= h'

² fi,ùïj,ska f;drj fuu n÷ka idudkH mßirfhamsßisÿ ia:dkhl ;nd meiSug bv yeßh hq;= h'fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a lsß ñoSug meh 12-14 lamuK .; fõ'

² lsß blaukska uqojd .ekSu i|yd fhda.Üj, fukabkalHqfígrhla Ndú; l< yels h' tuÕskameh 4-6 la muK ld,hl oS lsß uqojd .; yelsfõ'

lsß

fmÍu

meiapÍlrKh

40 0C-42 0C olajd isis,a lsÍu

uqyqka tl;= lsÍu

msßisÿ" úh<s n÷kaaj,g j;a lsÍu

meiùu

ksñ NdKavhl fj<|fmd<

95 0C/ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20ñks'20

YOUGHT YOUGHT

YOUGHT

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'11 ( WÑ; l%fudamdhka fhdod .ksñka uia wdY%s; ksIamdokl%shdj,shl kshef,hs'

l%shdldrlu 10'11 ( mßrlaIKfhka uia - ;nd .ksuq l,a'


.=Kd;aul fhojqï ( • uia wdY%s; ksIamdok we;=<;a mska;+r lsysmhla• weuqKqu 10'11'1 g we;=<;a .fõIK Wmfoia m;%sldfõ

msgm;a ;=kla• weuqKqu 10'11'2 g we;=<;a f;dr;=re f.dkqfõ msgm;a

;=kla• äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka$ meiag,a

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh (mshjr 10'11'1 ( • uia wdY%s; ksIamdok we;=<;a mska;+r mka;shg m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'• ta weiqfrka uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels

l%u ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'• uia" laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd b;d fyd|

fmdaIK udOHhla nj• tu ksid uia idudkH mßirfha krla fkdù jeä

l,la ;nd .; fkdyels nj• uia krla fkdù l,la ;nd .ekSu i|yd úúO l%u

^mßrlaIK l%u& we;s nj yd tajd lsysmhla my;oelafjk nj• YS; lsÍu• wêYS; lsÍu• úh<Su• mßrlaIl øjH fhoSu

^ñks;a;= 15 hs'&


mEka$ meiag,a lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'• ld¾h mjrd lKavdhï .fõIKfha ksr; lrjkak'• iuia; lKavdhï bosßm;a lsßula i|yd iQodkï lrjkak'

^ñks;a;= 45 hs'&

mshjr 10'11'3 ( • lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'• úia;drKh i|yd bosßm;a l< lKavdhïj,g m%:u


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• my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk mßos iudf,dapkhlfhfokak'• YS; lsÍu" wë YS; lsÍu hkq wvq WIaK;ajh hgf;a

uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels mßrlaIKl%u folla nj

• wvq WIaK;ajhl uia .nvd lsÍu ksid tys isáklaIqø ðùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYHm%Yia; WIaK;ajh fkd,eî hdu fya;= fldg f.kuia l,a ;nd .; yels nj

• wvq WIaK;aj Ndú;h uÕska laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okhyd l%shdldß;ajh wvd, jqj o laIqø Ôùka úkdYùula isÿ fkdjk nj

• fuu l%u Ndú;h ksid uiaj, fmdaIH mod¾:j,g"rihg" meyehg yd jdIamYS,S ixfhda.j,g isÿ jkydksh wju uÜgul mj;sk nj

• YS; lsÍu yd wê YS; lsÍu hgf;a uia l,a ;nd .;yelafla flá ld,hla nj

• YS; lsÍug idfmalaI j wê YS; lsÍu hgf;a uiakrla fkdù jeä l,la ;nd .; yels nj

• uia ¨Kq oeóu" úh<s l%uhg fyda osh l%uhg l<yels nj

• uia ¨Kq oeóu ksid uiaj, muKla fkdj tysisák laIqø Ôùkaf.a mjd c,h bj;a jk nj

• uia Kq oeóu ksid tys isák laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okhi|yd wjYH c,h fkd,eî hdu fya;=fldg f.kuia krla fkdù l,a ;nd .; yels ùu fuu l%uhgwod< m%Odk uQ,O¾uh nj

• ¨Kq ouk ,o uia úêu;a j weisÍu yd .nvd lsÍuksid oS¾> ld,hla krla fkdù ;nd .; yels nj

• uia ÿï .eiSu ksid m%Odk jYfhka isÿ jkafka tyswvx.= c,h bj;a ùu nj

• tuÕska laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldß;ajhi|yd wjYH c,h fkd,eî hdu fya;=fldg f.kuia" l,a ;nd .ekSug yels jk nj

• ÿïj, wvx.= ridhksl øjH o uiaj,g tl;= ùlaIqø Ôùka ksfIaOl f,i l%shd lrk nj

• uia úh<Su ksid uiaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh flfryswe;s úh yels wys;lr n,mEï lsysmhla my;oelafjk nj• fm%daàkaj, .=K ydks ùu• c, ødjH úgñka w¾O j TlaiSlrKh ùu• ndysr fmkqu fjkia ùu• nr wvq ùu

• whkSlrKh jQ lsrKj,g ^.eud" X lsrK& uiaksrdjrKh lsßu uÕska l,a ;nd .ekSu m%úlsrKhf,i y÷kajk nj



• fuys oS ;dm Yla;sh fjkqjg úlsrK Yla;sh Ndú;jk nj

• fuu l%shdj,sh YS; ÔjdKqyrKh f,i o ye|skafjknj

• uia m%úlsrKh ksid uia krla ùu isÿ lrknelaàßhd yd frda. ldrl nelaàßhd úkdY ùufyda wl%Sh ùu isÿ jqj o uiaj, isák ish¨ u laIqøÔùka úkdY fkdjk nj

• m%úlsrK lrk ,o uiaj, fmdaIK w.h b;d iq¿m%udKhla fjkia jqj o fiiq mßrlaIK l%uj,gidfmalaI j isÿ jk ydksh b;d wvq uÜgul mj;sknj

• úúO ridhksl øjH fhoSu ksid uia l,a ;nd .;yels nj

• tu ridhksl øjH tl;= lsÍu ksid uiaj, isáklaIqø ðùkaf.a ffi, fnoSu" ffi, mg,fhamdr.uH;dj yd tkaihsóh l%shd wdosh i|yd ndOdwe;s jk nj

• laIqø Ôùkaf.a ldhl¾óh l%shdj, isÿ jkfjkialï ksid uia krla fkdù l,la ;nd .;yels ùu fuu l%uh yd ne|S mj;sk uQ,O¾uh nj

• uiaj, wdfõKsl j¾Kh fkdfjkia j ;nd .ekSugo iuyr ridhksl øjH Wmfhda.S lr .; yels njWod( fidaähï khsfÜ%Ü

• ks¾foaYs; fkdjk ridhksl øjH Ndú; lsÍu iyks¾foaYs; tajd jqj o kshñ; m%udKh blaujd Ndú;lsßu ñksidg ydkslr nj

• m%;sÔjl Ndú;h ksid o uia l,a ;nd .; yels nj• ta i|yd nyq, j Ndú; lrk m%;sÔjl f,i

laf,dafrdafgg%dihsla,Ska yd Tlaisfgg%dihsla,SkaÔxytetracycline& wdosh oelaúh yels nj

• kshñ; ud;%dj blaujd Ndú; lsÍu fuka u ks¾foaYs;fkdjk m%;sÔjl Ndú;h o kqiqÿiq nj

• by; mßrlaIK l%u Ndú;h uÕska uia krla ùumd,kh l< yels nj

ñks;a;= 30 hs'&

;lafiare yd we.hSï ks¾Kdhl (uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jk mßrlaIK l%u kï lr úia;r lrhs'uia mßrlaIKh lsÍfuka l,a ;nd .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'tla tla mßrlaIK l%uj, oS uiaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys we;s jk n,mEuú.%y lrhs'iyfhda.S bf.kqu m%.=K lrhs'f;dr;=re ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lrhs'



weuqKqu 10'11'1


"mßrlaIKfhka uia - ;nd .ksuq l,a' "

• uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd my; oelafjk mßrlaIK l%u flfrys TfíwjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ldKavh I ldKavh II ldKavh IIII

YS; lsÍu úh<Su wê YS; lsÍu

¨Kq oeóu m%úlsrKh ÿï .eiSu

m%;sÔjl Ndú;h m%;sÔjl Ndú;h mßrlaIl øjH fhoSu


• Tng ,eî we;s mßrlaIK l%u fláfhka y÷kajkak'

• tla tla mßrlaIK l%uhg wod< uQ,O¾uh fya;= olajñka meyeos,s lrkak'

• tu mßrlaIK l%u uiaj, .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh y÷kd .ekSugW;aidy .kak'




weuqKqu 10'11'2

f;dr;=re f.dkqj

uia Meat&&&&&

ia hkq f.dúfmd, i;a;ajhskaf.a wdydrhg .kakd fmaYsuh fldgia f,i ir<

j ye|skaúh yel' .j uia beef&" t¿ uia mutton&" l=l=¿ uia chicken& yd W!re uia pork&hk uia j¾. ,xldfõ nyq, j Ndú;hg .efkk w;r i;a;aj fm%daàka ,nd .; yels wdydr

m%Nj f,i tajd ye|skaúh yels h'

mqoa.,fhl=g osklg fm%daàka 62 g -65 g la w;r m%udKhla wjYH fõ' fuu

wjYH;djfhka 14'6 g la muK i;a;aj fm%daàka úh hq;= h' i;a;aj fm%daàka uÕska w;HjYH

weuhsfkda wï, ish,a,u mdfya ,nd .; yels h'

uiaj, fmdaIK .=Kh

m%Odk jYfhka uiaj, c,h" fm%daàka" fïo yd Lksc wvx.= fõ' Bg wu;r j úgñka

yd tkaihsu jeks ix>gl o hï m%udKhla wvx.= fõ'

uiaj, 45]-70] la muK c,h wvx.= fõ' fm%daàka 15] - 20] la iy fïo 5] - 40]

la muK o wvx.= fõ' ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wvx.= fkdjQj o i;a;aj wlaudfõ .a,hsfldacka wvx.=

fõ'

úgñka "î" ixlS¾Khg wh;a fndfyda úgñka j¾. uiaj, we;' rhsfnd*af,úka yd

ksheiSka ^kslgksla wï,h& ,nd fok fyd| wdydr m%Njhla jqj o uiaj, ;hóka wvx.=

jkafka iq¿ jYfhks' wlaudfõ fïofha oshfjk úgñka j¾. wvx.= fõ'

uiaj, wvx.= jk fuu fmdaIH mod¾: i;a;aj úfYaIh" .kakd wdydr j¾.h" jhi"

i;df.a isref¾ uia msysá ia:dkh" fjfik mßirh yd foaY.=Kh wkqj o fjkia fõ'

uia krla ùu yd l,a ;nd .ekSu

uia" laIqø ðùkaf.a j¾Okg b;d fyd| fmdaIK udOHhls' fndfyda úg uia krlaùu

laIqø Ôùkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh ksid isÿ fõ' laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd ys;lr ;;a;aj jk

WIaK;ajh" f;;ukh" pH w.h" fmdaIH mod¾: wdosh uiaj, we;' uiaj, pH w.h 5'3-6'0

la muK jk ksid laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh ukd f,i isÿ fõ'

Bg wu;r j" tkaihsu l%shdldß;ajh ksid uiaj, wvx.= jk fm%daàka" fïo wdosh

úfhdackh ùu ^Wod( uia uqvq ùu& ksid o uia krlaùu isÿ fõ' fujeks uia ñksiaa

mßfNdackh i|yd kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ tajd f,i i,lkq ,efí'

ta ksid uia krlaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl y÷kdf.k i;a;ajhd >d;khg ,la jQ

wjia:dfõ isg u uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd úúO Wml%u wkq.ukh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; yels mßrlaIK l%u lsysmhla my; oela fõ' tajd

m%Odk fldgia folla hgf;a úia;r l< yels h'

• fN!;sl l%u

• wvq WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍu YS; lsÍu" wê YS; lsÍu&

• c,h bj;a lsÍu úh<Su" Kq oeóu" ÿï.eiSu&

• úlsrKj,g ,la lsÍu

u



• ridhksl l%u

• mßrlaIl øjH fhoSu

• m%;sÔjl Ndú;h

YS; lsÍu

fuh úYd, uia m%udKhla l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels mßrlaIK l%uhls'

fuys oS uiaj, WIaK;ajh 30C-40C la fyda Bg wvq WIaK;ajhla olajd wvq flf¾' túg

uiaj, isÿjk ffcùh yd ridhksl l%shd wvd, fõ' idudkHfhka frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka

100C-370C ;a w;r mrdihla ;=< Ôj;a fõ' taksid 30C-100C w;r WIaK;ajfha laIqø Ôùkaf.a

l%shdldß;ajh b;d wvq fõ'

uia YS; lsÍfï oS iS;, c,h fyda iS;, jd;h fyda uiaj, iam¾Yùug i,iajd uiaj,

foay WIaK;ajh by; w.h 30C-40C olajd wvq lsÍu lrkq ,efí' miq j tu uia 30C-40C l

muK wvq WIaK;ajhla mj;sk YS; .nvdj, weisÍu lrkq ,efí'

uia fufia YS; ldurj, weisÍfï oS tajdfha ì;a;s yd fmd<j ^ìu& iuÕ iam¾Y

fkdjk f,i t,a,d ;eîu lrhs' tuÕska fyd| ;;a;ajfha uia osk lsysmhla ôsk 5-6 la

muK& krla fkdù ;nd .; yel'

wê YS; lsÍu

fuu l%uh uÕska o uiaj, foay WIaK;ajh my< oeóula isÿ lrhs' fndfyda úg -180CWIaK;ajhla hgf;a uia .nvd lrkq ,efí' tuÕska by; l%uhg jvd jeä ld,hla

ûdihla muK& krla fkdù uia l,a ;nd .; yels h' flfia fj;a" wêYS;k WIaK;ajh

u; uia l,a ;nd .; yels ld, iSudj fjkia fõ' -300C l WIaK;aj mrdihl jqj o uia

krla fkdù jeä ld,hla ;nd .; yels jqj o .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys wys;lr f,i

n,mdhs' tkï" fm%daàkj, .=K ydksùu" úgñka j¾. úkdY ùu yd uiaj, u;=msg ÿUqre

meye mq,a,s we;sùu wêYS; ms<siaiqu& wdosh oelaúh yel'

wêYS;kh" m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ l< yels h'

fiñka wêYS;kh Slow freezing& - ffi, w;r we;s c,h ñoSu ksid iEfok whsia

leá;s úYd, h' ta ksid ffi,j,g isÿjk ydksh jeä h'

blauka wê YS;kh Quick freezing& -c,h ñoSu ksid iEfok whsia leá;s l=vd h' ta

ksid ffi,j,g isÿjk ydksh wju fõ'

fiñka wêYS;kh ksid ffi,j, isÿjk ydksh jeä h' túg uia úh<Sulg Ndckh

ù uia u; ÿUqre meye;s me,a,ï we;s fõ' tuÕska uiaj, mDIaGh ms<siaiqKq iajNdjhla

.kakd w;r th wëYS;k ms<siaiqï freeze burns& f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' ta ksid uiaj, rih"

jhkh yd fmdaIK .=Kh o fjkia fõ'

iqiqÿ weiqreï øjH fhdod uia wêYS;kh lsÍu u.ska fuu wys;lr ;;a;ajh ;rula

ÿrg uÕyrjd .; yels h' fï wkqj" uia blaukska wëYS;khg Ndckh lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiq

h' tuÕska uiaj, rih" meyeh" iqj|" jhkh fuka u fmdaIK .=Kh o iqrlaIs; fõ'

flfia fj;;a" WIaK;ajh wvq lsÍu u.ska uia l,a ;nd .ekSfï oS uiaj, fmdaIH

mod¾:j,g wdfõKsl rih" meyeh yd jdIamYS,S ixfhda. wdoshg isÿjk ydksh wju uÜgul

mj;S'

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blauka wêYS;kh fiñka wêYS;kh

wêYS;kfha oS ffi, w;r c,h ñf|k wdldrh

fï wdldrhg uia wvq WIaK;ajhla hgf;a .nvd lsÍu ksid uiaj, isák laIqø

Ôùkaf.a mßjD;a;Sh iS>%;dj wvq ù j¾Okh yd l%shdldß;ajh wvd, fõ' uiaj, wvx.=

tkaihsuj, l%shdldß;ajh o wvd, fõ' ta ksid uia krla fkdù l,la ;nd .; yels fõ'

fuu mßrlaIK l%u laIqø Ôùka úkdY lsÍfï l%u fkdfõ' wvq WIaK;ajhla hgf;a

.nvd lsÍu ksid laIqø Ôùkaf.a yd tkaihsuj, ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH m%Yia: WIaK;ajh

fkd,eî hhs' tu uia kej; mßir WIaK;ajhg újD; jQúg m%Yia: WIaK;aj hgf;a uia

krlaùug mgka .kS'

úh<Su

wE; w;S;fha isg u uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jq mßrlaIK l%uhla f,i

úh<Su ye|skaúh yels h' uia krla ùu flfrys n,mdk laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd

l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH c,h bj;a lsÍu fuu l%uh yd ne|S mj;sk m%Odk uQ,O¾uh fõ'

;j o uiaj, wvx.= jk tiakhsuj, l%shdldß;ajh o wvd, ùu isÿ fõ' tuÕska uia krla

fkdù ld,hla ;nd .; yels h'

uia úh<d .ekSu i|yd mqrdKfha isg u iQ¾hdf,dalh Ndú; úh' meÿrla fyda fjk;a

w;=rkhla ìu t,d" th u; uia len,s w;=rd iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh lsÍu u.ska uia

úh<d .ekSu ckm%sh;u l%uhla úh' fuys oS újD; fõ,Sula isÿ jk ksid mßirfha we;s

úúO wmøjH uiaj,g tl;= ùu fuu l%ufha we;s m%Odk wjdishla úh'

tu ksid uia úh<d .ekSug iQ¾h ;dml Ndú;h wdrïN úh' fuu l%u fol u

oekg;a Ndú; lrhs'

Bg wu;r j" md,kh l< ;;a;aj hgf;a WKqiqï jd;h ,ndoSu uÕska o uia úh<Su

isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd úc,k hka;% fhdod .kshs' tajd ;=< WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj

iajhxl%Sh j md,kh jk w;r WKqiqï jQ jd;h ixirKh fõ'

úh<Su i|yd uia ilia lsÍu l%u lsysmhlg l< yels h' tkï"

uia fm;sj,g fyda ;Srej,g lmd úh<Su

fm;sj,g fyda ;Srej,g lemQ uia Kq ødjKhl .s,ajd ;nd úh<Su

uia fm;s$ ;Srej, Kq l=vq yd l=¿ nvq ;jrd fõ,Su wdosh hs'

úh<Su i|yd fïo wêl uia j¾. Ndú; fkdlrhs' fïo wêl uia uqvqùug we;s bv

lv jeä ksid fyd| ;;a;ajfha .nvd lr ;nd .; fkdyels h'

ffi,

ffi,

whsia leáls l=vdh&

whsia leáls úYd,h&

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uia úh<Su ksid"

nr wvq fõ'

uiaj, wvx.= jk fm%daàkaj, .=K ydks fõ'

c, ødù úgñka j¾. Wod( weiafldaìla wï,h" rhsfnda*af,aúka yd ;hóka& w¾O

f,i TlaislrKh fõ'

ndysr fmkqu fjkia fõ'

Wod( uia yels,Su" msg; mDIaGh ;o iajNdjhla .ekSu'

¨Kq oeóu

uiaj,g idudkH Kq tl;= lsÍu uÕska tajd krla fkdù

oS¾> ld,hla ;nd .; yels h' Kq uÕska uiaj, wvx.= jk

c,h bj;g weo .kshs' fuu l%shdj,sh ndysrdi%e;sh f,i

y÷kajhs' fuuÕska uia muKla fkdj uiaj, isák laIqøÔùkaf.a

ffi, mjd ndysrdi%e;shg ,la fõ' túg uia yd laIqø Ôùka

hk foj¾.fha u c,h bj;aùula isÿ fõ' fuu l%uh W!re uia

i|yd nyq, j fhdod .kshs' Wod( fílka" yeï

uia Kq oeóu l%u lsysmhlg l< yels h' tkï" úh<s l%uhg yd osh l%uhg l< yels

h' úh<s l%uh hgf;a uia iuÕ Kq leg ñY% lsÍu lrkq ,efí' osh l%uh hgf;a uia Kq

ødjKhl 8]-10]l muK& .s,ajd ;eîu fyda Kq oshr uia ;=<g tkak;a lsÍu lrkq ,efí'

óg wu;r j 2] l muK khsg%hsÜ ,jK tl;= lsÍu u.ska uiaj,g wdfõKsl r;= meyeh

,nd .; yels h'

laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH c,h iSud lsÍu Kq oeóu ne|S

mj;sk uQ,O¾uh fõ'

¨Kq oeuQ uia jdhqf.da,Sh c, jdIam wjfYdaIKh fkdjk mßos weisÍu yd .nvd

lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

flfia fj;;a" uia ¨Kq oeóu ksid tys fmdaIH mod¾:j,g ydks isÿúh yels w;r

uiaj, nr wvq ùula o isÿ fõ'

ÿï .eiSu

fuh" uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< merKs mßrlaIK l%uhls' fuu l%uh

hgf;a or oeùu ksid msgjk ÿïj,g uia ksrdjrKh lrkq ,efí' fuys oS m%Odk jYfhka

wdydrfha wvx.= jk c,h bj;a ùu isÿ fõ' Bg wu;r j" ÿïj, wvx.= jk ridhksl øjH

laIqø Ôù ksfYaOl f,i o l%shd lrhs' ;j o fuu ridhksl øjH uÕska uiaj,g úfYaIs;

rihla yd iqj|la ,nd fohs'

tu ksid iuyr oej j¾.j, ÿï iuÕ YÍrhg wys;lr ridhksl øjH uiaj,g tl;=

úh yels h' tu ksid ÿï .eiSu i|yd fhdod .kakd or ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu fuys,d

jeo.;a fõ' oej o~qj,g wu;r j" ,S l=vq" oyhshd jeks øjH o Ndú; lrhs'

wE; w;S;fha isg u Y%S ,xldfõ "ÿï ueiai" fï i|yd Ndú; l< y' wo úYd, l=àr

iys; kùk ÿï ldur o Ndú; lrhs' tajdfha wd¾ø;dj" WIaK;ajh hkdoS ;;a;ajhka

iajhxl%Sh j md,kh lrhs'

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uia ÿï .eiSu ksid fohdldrhl n,mEula we;s fõ' tkï" WKqiqï jd;h ksid c,h

bj;a ù uia úh<Sug ,laùu iy oej ms<siaiSu uÕska msgjk ÿï ksid laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh

kej;Suhs'

ÿï .eiSu uÕska uia u; laIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãu ksfYaOkh ùu muKla fkdj fïo

TlaislrKh ùu o uqvqùu& j<ld,hs' ÿï uÕska rihla uiaj,g ,enqK o th t;rï YÍr

fi!LHhg ys;lr fkdfõ'

flfia fj;;a" uia ÿï .eiSu md,k ;;a;aj hgf;a isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' uiaj,g

wêl j ÿï jeoSu ksid úgñka "iS" úkdY úh yels h'

ÿï ldurh ;=< WIaK;ajh 570C la muK mj;ajd .; hq;=hs' tu ;;a;aj hgf;a meh

18-24 la muK ld,hla ÿï .eiSu isÿ lrkq ,efí'

m%úlsrKh irridiation&

uiaj, isák tjeks laIqø Ôùka yd lDóka úkdY lsÍu i|yd;a" tajdfha l,a ;nd .;

yels ld,h jeä lsÍu i|yd;a uia whkSlrKh jQ lsrKj,g ksrdjrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

uia m%úlrKh irridiation of meat& f,i y÷kajhs'

m%úlsrKh l< wdydr j¾. wvx.= jk weiqreï u; my; oelafjk ,dxPkh uqøKh

lr we;' fuh cd;Hka;r j ms<s.;a iïu;hls'

fuu l%uh hgf;a l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd ilia l< uia whkSlrKh jQ lsrKj,g

ksrdjrKh lrhs' tkï" m%úlsrKh uÕska ;dm Yla;sh fjkqjg úlsrK Yla;sh Wmfhda.S

lr f.k uiaj, isáh yels laIqø Ôùka yd lDóka úkdY lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

weiqreï l< fyda fkdl< uia ixjD; m%úlrK l=áSrhla yryd

hjd md,kh lrk ,o úlsrK Yla;shlg ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=<

Ndckh flf¾' fï i|yd .eud" tlaia-lsrK wdoS whKSlrKh jQ

lsrK j¾. fhdod .kS' fïjd wdf,dal lsrK fuka u úoHq;a pqïnl

Yla;s úfYaIhls' fuu lsrKj,g uia ;=<g .uka lsÍfï yelshdjla

mj;S'

fuys oS whkSlrKh jQ lsrK uia yryd .uka lsÍu muKla isÿ jk w;r tajd

lsisúfgl;a uia ;=< /|Su isÿ fkdfõ' fuu wjia:dfõ uiaj, WIaK;ajh ie,lsh hq;=

jeäùula isÿ fkdfõ' tu ksid fuu l%shdj,sh "YS; ÔjdKqyrKh" Cold sterilization& f,i

o ye|ska fõ'

m%úlsrKh ksid uia krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka yd frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka

úkdY ùu fyda wl%Sh ùu isÿ jk w;r uia fkdmsiQ ;;a;ajfha u mj;S' m%úlrKh l<

uiaj, rih" iqj| yd meyeh fjkia fkdjk ;rï h' fjkia fjf;d;a" th b;d w,am

jYfhks'

md,khla fkdue;s j fkdkj;ajd úlsrKj,g ,la lsÍu ksid uiaj, rih fjkia

úh yels h' ta ksid whKslrKh jQ úlsrK kshñ; ud;%dj fhdod .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

ud;%dj blaujd Ndú;h ksid uiaj, meyeh" rih yd iqj| fjkia fõ' uiaj, fmdaIK w.h

b;d iq¿ m%udKhla fjkia jqj o fiiq mßrlaIK l%u iuÕ iei|Sfï oS tu ydksh b;d wvq

uÜgul mj;S'



uia m%úlsrKh ksid tys isák ish¨ u laIqø Ôùka úkdY fkdfõ' tksid m%úlsrKh

l< uia YS; ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd lr ;eîu u.ska l,a ;nd .; yels ld,h oS¾> lr .;

yels h' fï ksid m%úlsrKh l< uia YS; ldurj, t,a,d fyda YS;lrK ;=< fyda .nvd

lrkq ,efí'

m%;sÔjl Ndú;h

uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd m%;sðjl Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tuÕska uiaj, isák laIqø

Ôùka úkdYhg m;a fõ' ta ksid uia krla fkdù ld,hla ;nd .; yels h'

uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd m%;sðjl Ndú;h wdldr follg isÿ lrhs' i;d urKhg

m;a lsÍug fmr fyda miq j m%;sÔjl i;a;aj YÍrh ;=<g tkak;a lrhs' fuh myiq fuka

u ,dNodhS l%uhla jqj o nyq, j Ndú;h t;rï iqÿiq ke;'

laf,dafrdfgg%dihsla,Ska Cholotetracycline&" Tlaisfgg%dihsla,Ska Oxytetracycline& yd

laf,dafrdmsksflda,a Cholophenicol& wdosh uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels ks¾foaYs;

m%;sÔjl lsysmhls'

mßrlaIl øjH Ndú;h

uia l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd úúO mßrlaIl øjH fhdod .kS' tuÕska uiaj, isák laIqø

Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh ksfYaOkh lrhs'

nyq, j Ndú; jk mßrlaIl øjH lsysmhla

f,i úúO l=¿ nvq j¾. o îajNdúl mßrlaIl

øjH&" fidaähï laf,darhsâ" fidaähï khsg%hsÜ yd

fiaähï khsfÜ%Ü lD;S%u mßrlaIl øjH& wdosh oelaúh

yel' fidfiacia yd óÜ fnda,aia hkq fuu mßrlaIl

øjH fhdod f.k ksIamdokh l< uia wdY%s; ksIamdok

lsysmhls'

fidaähï khsg%hsÜ Sodium nitrite&

fidaähï khsg%hsÜ tl;= lsÍu u.ska uiaj, wdfõKsl j¾Kh frdai mdg& fkdfjkia

j ;nd .kshs' Bg wu;r j iq¿ m%udKhlg nelaàßhd j¾Okh md,kh lsÍula lrhs'

fidaähï khsfÜ%Ü Sodium nitrate&

fuu ridhksl øjH Ndú; ksid nelaàßhd j¾Okh uevmeje;aùug fuka u hï

m%udKhlg uiaj, j¾Kh o wdrlaId lsÍula isÿ fõ'

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;lafiarej yd we.hSu





ye|skaùu

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh uÕska wfmalaIs; bf.kqï M, isiqka úiska idlaId;a lr

.ekSu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd;a isiqka ,Õd lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd;a mka;s

ldurfha myiqfjka l%shd;aul l< yels wka;¾ iïnkaO;djlska hq;a jevigyka folla

f,i ;lafiarej yd we.hSu y÷kajd osh yels h' ;lafiarej ksis mßos isÿjkafka kï

mka;sfha bf.kqu ,nk ish¨ u isiqkg wod< ksmqK;d iïnkaO j wdikak m%ùK;dj j;a

,nd .ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ' wfkla w;g we.hSfuka wfmalaId lrkafka isiqka ,Õd lr .;a

m%ùK;d uÜgï ljf¾ oehs y÷kd .ekSu h'

;lafiare lsÍfï fhoS isák .=rejrekg ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd osh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh

^FEED BACK& yd bosßfmdaIKh ^FEED FORWARD& hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd

fkdyelshd wkdjrKh lr .;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ uÕyrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a"

isiq yelshd iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä oshqKq lsÍug bosß fmdaIKh;a ,nd

oSu .=re ld¾hh fõ'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ ksmqK;d w;frka ljr

ksmqK;d ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs isiqka úiska y÷kd .ekSu wjYH fõ'

we.hSï jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka ,Õd lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï úksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj

.=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd fouõmshka we;=¿ fjk;a wod< md¾Yjhkag

isiq m%.;sh ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduq úh hq;= fõ'

Tn fj; bosßm;a lrk fuu úIhud,dj YsIH flakaøSh ^STUDENT-CENTRED&"

ksmqK;d mdol COMPETENCY-BASED& l%shdldrlï osYdNsuqL ACTIVITY-ORIENTED)lr .;a m%fõYhlska hqla; fõ' Ôú;h w¾:j;a lr .ekSu i|yd l%shdfjka bf.kqu"

.=rejrhdf.a mßKduk N+ñldfõ TRANSFORMATION ROLE& yrh fõ'

mQ¾jfhka ixj¾Okh l< l%shdldrlï ika;;shla Tiafia l%shd;aul jk fuu

úIhud,dj bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu" ;lafiarej yd we.hSu iuÕ ifudaOdkh lsÍug W;aidy

ord we;' ta ta l%shdldrlïj, fojeks mshjf¾ oS isiqka lKavdhï jYfhka .fõIKfha

fhfok úg Tjqka ;lafiarelrKhg;a" l%shdldrlïj, ;=ka jeks mshjf¾ oS isiqka iajlSh

wkdjrK bosßm;a lsÍug yd úia;drKhg fhduq jk úg Tjqka we.hSug;a .=rejrhdg yels

fõ' isiqka .fõIKfha fhfok úg isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgq lrk ld¾hh

ksÍlaIKh lrñka isiqka uqyqKmd we;s .eg¨ mka;s ldurh ;=< oS úi|d .ekSu i|yd iy

ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh imhd oSu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId lrk ld¾hh fõ'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu myiqfjka isÿ l< yels jk mßos fmdÿ ks¾Kdhl myla

fhdackd flf¾' fuu ks¾Kdhl w;frka m<uq ks¾Kdhl ;=k ta ta ksmqK;dj f.dv

ke.Sug talrdYS ù ;sfnk oekqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d uq,sl fldg ieliS ;sfí' wjidk

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ks¾Kdhl fol Ôú;hg jeo.;a jk yelshd folla m%.=K lr .ekSug isiqkg w; foa' fï

ks¾Kdhl yd iïnkaO p¾hd fjkialï my mka;sldurh ;=< isiqka l%shd;aul ùfï oS

y÷kd .ekSug .=rejrhd W;aidy l< hq;= w;r ;lafiarej hgf;a tu p¾hd f.dv ke.Su

;yjqre lsÍug;a we.hSu hgf;a tfia f.dv k.d .;a p¾hd m%udKh lsÍug;a .=rejrhd

fhduq úh hq;= fõ'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu ms<sn| jevms<sfj, jeä oshqKq lsÍfuka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sh mq¿,a l< yels h' fufia bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍu i|yd uq,ska u l<

hq;af;a l%shdldrlï ika;;shg we;=<;a l%shdldrlï" ldKav lsysmhlg fjka lr .ekSuhs'

isiq bf.kqu úlis; l< yels m%fNao lsysmhla ta ta l%shdldrlï ldKavh yd nef|k úIh

ikaOdrh mokï lr .ksñka fojkqj y÷kd .; hq;=hs' f;dard.;a m%fNao mokï lr f.k

.=rejrhdg yd isiqkag Wmfoia we;=<;a jk mßos bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh oS¾> flfrk

WmlrK ilid .ekSu B<Õ mshjr jk w;r iEu l%shdldrlï ldKavhla wdrïNfha oS u

fuu WmlrK isiqkag y÷kajd oSu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId lrk ld¾hhhs' fï wkqj

bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍu i|yd .=rejrfhl=g fhdod .; yels m%fNao lsysmhla u;=

oela fõ'

• ixl,am is;shï (CONCEPT MAPS)

• ì;a;s mqj;am;a (WALL NEWS PAPERS)

·• m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka (QUIZZES)

• m%Yak iy ms<s;=re fmd;a (QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOKS)

·• Á sIH ld¾h idOk f.dkq (PORTFOLIOS)

• isiq ks¾udK m%o¾Yk (EXHIBITIONS)

·• újdo (DEBATES)

• idlÉPd uKav, (PANEL DISCUSSIONS)

• iïuka;%K (SEMINARS)

• laIKsl l;d (IMPROMPTU SPEECHES)

• N+ñld rx.k (ROLE PLAYS)

• idys;H úuiqï bosßm;a lsßu (PRESENTATION OF LITERATURE REVIEWS)

• lafIa;% fmd;a$ iajNdj wOHhk osk fmd;a$ fyd| jev fmd;a (FIELDBOOKS/ NATURE DIARIES)

• m%dfhda.sl mßlaIK (PRACTICAL TESTS)

mdGud¾.fha ;=kajk fldgi fhdað; bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍfï wjia:d yd

ta i|yd f;dard f.k we;s WmlrK y÷kajd oSug ie,iqï lr ;sfí' fï wdldrhg

l%shdldrlï ;=<;a tajd w;r;a ;lafiarej yd we.hSu fohdldrhlska isÿ lsÍfuka bf.kqï-

b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a jk w;r wdYdfjka yd m%fndaOfhka bf.kqfï kshe,Sug

isiqkg yels fõ'

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bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu oS¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh ( m<uq jdrh" 1

2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgï ( 6'1" 6'2" 6'3

3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh ( • merKs yd kQ;k f.dú;eka l%u

• j.d rgd

• lDIs jk j.dj

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh ( • ks¾udKYS,S wdlD;shla ilia lsßu

5' WmlrKfha wruqKq ( • f.dú;eka l%u" j .d rgd yd lDIs jk j.d

ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

• /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re u.ska tajd fjka lr

y÷kd .kshs'

• wdlD;s ks¾udKd;aul f,i bosßm;a lsÍug

wjYH øjH yd WmlrK /ia lrhs'

• øjH yd WmlrK ksjeros f,i iqÿiq mßos

Ndú; lrhs'

• wdlD;sfha iajNdjh ms<sn| m%cdj oekqj;a

lrhs'

6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(

.=rejrhdg ( • l%shdldrlï ika;;sfha 6'1 l%shdldrlu

wdrïN lsßug fmr fuu WmlrK mka;shg

y÷kajd fokak'

• fuh flaj, f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍulska wdrïN

ù lKavdhï jYfhka fjka fjka j wdlD;s

;=kla ieliSfuka wjidk jk ls%hdldrlula

nj isiqkg okajkak'

• isiqka lKavdhï ;=klg fjka lrkak'

• tla tla lKavdhï i|yd ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia

m;s%ldj wOHhkh lsÍug isiqka fhduq

lrjkak'

• lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lr we;s f;dr;=re

ksÍlaIKh lr igykla fhdokak'

• wdlD;s ilia lsÍu ms<sn| j ixjdohl fhoSug

isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• ks¾udKd;aul f,i ilia lr .;a wdlD;s

weiqfrka mdi,a m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍug isiqka

fhduq lrjkak'

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isiqkg ( • .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh úiska fokq ,nkWmfoia m;s%ldjg wkqj lafIa;% fmdf;ysf;dr;=re igyka lr .kak'

• lKavdhïj,g ,nd oS we;s Wmfoia wkqjls%hd;aul jkak'

• fjka fjka j ,nd .;a f;dr;=re ms<sn| jixjdohl fhoS wjidk ksuejqu t<s olajkwdldrh ms<sn| ;SrKhlg t<fUkak'

• tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka ks¾udKYS,S j wdlD;shlailia lrkak'

• wdlD;sfha wka;¾.;h ms<sn| mdi,a m%cdjoekqj;a lsÍfï jevigykla ls%hd;aullrkak'

Wmfoia m;s%ldj lKavdhï wxl 01

• úúO f.dú;eka l%u• úúO f.dú;eka l%u y÷kajkak'• tajdfha úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kak'• ßðf*daï len,s" ,E,s len,s" ueá wdoS kEu øjHhla Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKYS,S

wdlD;shla idokak' wjYH kï o< ie,eiau ilia lr .kak'&• tla tla l%uj, jdis yd wjdis idlÉcd lrkak'• mdi,a m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdlD;sfha ksudj yd imhd .;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S

lr .kak'


• j.d rgdjka• j.d rgdjka y÷kajkak'• tajdfha úfYaI ,laIK y\qkd .kak'• ßðf*daï len,s" ,E,s len,s" ueá" me<Eá j¾." c,h wdosh Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKYS,S

wdlD;shla ilia lrkak'• j.d rgdjkaj, jeo.;alu idlÉcd lrkak'• mdi,a m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdlD;sfha ksudj yd imhd .;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S

lr .kak'


• lDIs jk j.dj• lDIs jk j.dj y÷kajkak'• tu jk j.d l%ufha úfYaI ,laIK y\qkd .kak'• ßðf*daï len,s" ,E,s len,s" ueá" Ydl fldgia wdosh Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKYS,S

wdlD;shla ilia lrkak'• fuu l%ufha jeo.;alu idlÉcd lrkak'• mdi,a m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd wdlD;sfha ksudj yd imhd .;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S

lr .kak'

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wruqK

q mey

eos,s j

jgy

d.ek

Su

ld¾

hfh

ys k

she,

Su y

dj.lSu oeÍ

u

mjrk

,o l

d¾hh f

ok

,o l

d,h ;

=< k

su l

sßu

f;dr

;=rej

, ;

¾l

dkql

+,nj

ksuej

qï i

s;a.

kak

d iq n

j

7' we.hSï l%uh (

ks¾Kdhl

tl;=j

lKavdhï wxlh$

ku

1

2

3

,l=Kq mrdih ( b;d fyd|hs - 4

fyd|hs - 3

uOHia:hs - 2

ixj¾Okh úh hq;=hs - 1

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bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh oS¾> lsÍfï WmlrK

1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh : m<uq jdrh" 2

2' 2' 2' 2' 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgïwdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgïwdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgïwdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgïwdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï: 7'1" 7'2

3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh : • md,s; mßir ;;aj hgf;a j.d lsÍfïjeo.;alu

• lDIsld¾ñl M,odhs;dj jeä lsÍu i|ydfhdod .kakd lDIsld¾ñl Ndú;'

• mfia iSudldÍ idOl i,ld j.d l< yelsks¾mdxY= j.d l%u

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh : • md,s; mßir yd iSudldÍ mdxY= ;;aj hgf;afnda. j.d lsÍu ms<sn| mdi,a m%cdj oekqj;alsÍfï flá iïuka;%Khla

5'5'5'5'5' WmlrKfha wruqKqWmlrKfha wruqKqWmlrKfha wruqKqWmlrKfha wruqKqWmlrKfha wruqKq : • md,s; mßir ;;aj yd iSudldÍ mdxY= idOli<ld j.d lsÍfï wjyH;dj úia;r lrhs'

• tu ;;a;aj ie<ls,a,g .ksñka j.d l< yelsl%u wdo¾Ykh lrhs'

• kj ;dlaIKh we;=<;a f;dr;=re l%udkql+,j bosßm;a lrhs'

• f;dr;=re yd kso¾Yl w¾:j;a j ú.%y lrhs'

6'6'6'6'6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd WmfoiaWmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd WmfoiaWmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd WmfoiaWmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd WmfoiaWmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia:.=rejrhdg Wmfoia.=rejrhdg Wmfoia.=rejrhdg Wmfoia.=rejrhdg Wmfoia.=rejrhdg Wmfoia : • l%shdldrlï ika;;sfha 7'1 l%shdldrlu

wdrïN lsÍug fmr fuu WmlrKh mka;shg y÷kajd fokak'• fuh flaj, f;dr;=re /ia lsÍulska wdrïN

ù lKavdhï jYfhka fjka fjka j ;ubosßm;a lsÍï l< hq;= nj isiqkag okajkak'

• /ia lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re yd kso¾Ylks¾udKYS,S j mdi,a m%cdjg bosßm;a l< hq;=njg isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'

• isiqka lKavdhï lr iïuka;%Kfha oSwjOdrKh l< hq;= úIh lreKq lKavdhïj,gmjrkak' 7'1 yd 7'2 l%shdldrlï wjOdrkh jk mßos&

• iïuka;%Kh i|yd úÿy,am;s ;=ud iu.idlÉcd lr oskhla yd fõ,djla fjka lrf.k isiqkag okajkak'

• iïuka;%Kh meje;afjk ia:dkh ms<sfh,lsÍug l=vd lñgqjla m;a lrkak'

• u;= i|yka jk j.=j lafIa;% fmdf;ys igykalr kj ls%hdldrlï j.=fõ igyka lr ;eîugWmfoia fokak'

• lafIa;% fmd;a jßka jr ksÍlaIKh lrigyklaa fhdokak'

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• /ia l< f;dr;=re iïuka;%Khg .e<fmkwhqßka ieliSu i|yd ixjdohl fhoSugwjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• iïuka;%Kh wjidkfha ;u ls%hdldrlïms<sn| j iudf,dapkhl fhoSug isiqkafufyhjkak'

isiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoia : • .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh úiska fokq ,nk wdlD;shlafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lr .kak'

• Tng ,nd ÿka ud;Dldjg wod< j wjYH lreKqiïuka;%Kh meje;aùug iqÿiq whqßkaks¾udKYS,S j ilia lr .kak'

• Tfí ls%hdldrlï ffoksl j lafIa;% fmdf;ysigyka lr .=re Nj;df.a woyia ,nd .kak'

• lKavdhï wkqj /ia l< bosßm;a lsÍï tla tlaúIh lreKq Tiafia fm< .iajkak'

• iïuka;%Kfha oS wjOdrKh flfrk lreKqbosßm;a lsÍug lKavdhï ksfhdað;hska m;a lr.kak'

• iïuka;%Kh wjika jQ miq lKavdhï jYfhkafjka fjka j l< l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j mka;sldurfha iudf,dapkhl fhfokak'

we.hSï l%uhwe.hSï l%uhwe.hSï l%uhwe.hSï l%uhwe.hSï l%uh

ks¾Kdhl

lKavdhï wxlh$ ku

,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih,l=Kq mrdih:b;d fyd|hs - 4fyd|hs - 3uOHia:hs - 2ixj¾Okh úh hq;=hs - 1

oskh iïka;%Kh i|yd ilialrkq ,nk bosßm;a lsÍï

wod< f;dr;=rems<sfh, lr .;a

wdldrh

iïnkaOjk úIhfldgi

wdYs%; igyka

.=reNj;df.aw;aik

f;dr

;=re

ksjer

os j

fm<

.iajhs'

kj Y

s,amSh l

%Uwkq.ukh l

rhs'

ks¾udK

YS,S j

bosß

m;a l

sÍï

lrhs'

idu

Qysl j

lghq;= l

rhs'

f;dr

;=re

w¾:j;a j

ú.%y

lrhs'

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1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh : fojk jdrh" 3

2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï : 8'1" 8'2" 8'33' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh : • fnda. jd.fõ m<sfndaO y÷kd .ekSu'

• m<sfndaO ydks iqúfYaIS lr oelaùu'• m<sfndaO u¾ok yd md,k l%u fhoSu'

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh : m<sfndaO kso¾Yl f.dkq ms<sfh, lsÍu'

5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq : • j.d ìul m<sfndaO f,i j,a me<Eá"frda. iy lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO y÷kd

.kshs'• m<sfndaO .eg¨ i|yd úi÷ï fidhd n,hs'• ydkslr wjia:d md,kh lrñka j.dfõ

fhfohs'• ia:dfkdaÑ; j oekqu Ndú;fha fhdojhs'

6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia6' WmlrKh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia: .=rejrhdg Wmfoia .=rejrhdg Wmfoia .=rejrhdg Wmfoia .=rejrhdg Wmfoia .=rejrhdg Wmfoia : • l%shdldrlï ika;;sfha 8'1 l%shdldrlu

wdrïN lsÍug fmr fuu WmlrKh mka;shg y÷kajd fokak'• fuu WmlrKh flaj, ls%hdldrlula f,i

wdrïN lr lKavdhï ls%hdldrlula f,iwjika jk nj isiqkag okajkak'

• isiqka lKavdhï ;=klg fjka lr j,a me<Eá"frda." lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO hkqfjkaud;Dld ;=kla fjk fjk u ,nd fokak'

• m<sfndaO kso¾Yl f.dkqjla ms<sfh, lsÍugiqÿiq mßos ud;Dldjg wod< j kso¾Yl ydf;dr;=re /ia lr .kakd f,i isiqkag Wmfoiafokak'

• u;= i|yka jk f;dr;=re m;s%ldj lafIa;%fmdf;a igyka lr f.k kso¾ylj,g wod<j f;dr;=re jd¾;d lsÍug wjYH nj isiqkaoekqj;a lrkak'

• ;ud úiska iïmQ¾K lrk ,o f;dr;=re m;s%ldyd kso¾Yl úia;r lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSuwjYH nj isiqkag mjikak'

• lafIa;% fmd; jßka jr ksÍlaIKh lrigykla fhdokak'

• /ia l< kso¾Yl yd f;dr;=re l%udkql+, jfm< .eiaùu i|yd ixjdohl fhoSug isiqkagwjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• wjidk ksuejqu Ndr osh hq;= oskh isiqkagokajkak'

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isiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoia : • .=re Nj;d úiska fokq ,nk f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï wdlD;sh lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lr .kak'• fokq ,nk Wmfoiaj,g wkqj lafIa;%

.fõIKfha fhoS ud;Dldjg wod< j f;dr;=reyd kso¾Yl /ia lrkak'

• flaj, jYfhka tl;= l< kso¾Yl" lKavdhïls%hdldrlula f,i ud;Dldjg wod< j fm<.iajkak'

• /ia l< f;dr;=re weiqßka ks¾udKYS,S jkso¾Yl f.dkqjla ms<sfh, lrkak'

f;dr;=re m;s%ldj

1& m<sfndaO kso¾Ylfha ku Ndú;fha fhfok& (-úoHd;aul kduh (

2& fidhd .;a ia:dkh yd fõ,dj (-

3& y÷kd.; yels úfYaI ,laIK (-

4& ydksfha iajNdjh (-

5& u¾ok yd md,k l%u (-

7' ,l=Kq oSfï l%uh7' ,l=Kq oSfï l%uh7' ,l=Kq oSfï l%uh7' ,l=Kq oSfï l%uh7' ,l=Kq oSfï l%uh:

ks¾Kdhl

lKavdhï wxlh$ ku


.=re Wmfo

ia

ms<smeo

Su

kso¾

Yl

/ia l

sÍfï

Wkkaÿj

l%udk

l+, j

bosßm;

alsÍu'

/ia l

< k

so¾Yl

j,

m%udK

d;aul

nj

kso¾Y

l f

.dk

qfõk

s¾udk

YS,S n

j

f;dr

;=re mey

eos,s j

bosßm;a l

sÍu

/ia l

< k

so¾Yl

j,

m%udK

d;aul

nj

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1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh : fojk jdrh" 4

2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï : 9'1" 9'2" 9'3

3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh : • mdxY+ ydhkhg fya;=• Ydl fmdaIl• c, iïmdok l%u

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh : wdl¾IKSh fmdiagrhla m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'

5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq : • m%foaYfha mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= fidhd n,hs'• fmdaIK W!k;d yd W!k;d ,laIK uÕyrjd

.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j úuihs'• c, iïmdok l%u f;dard .kS'• fnda. j.dj i|yd by; idOlj, n,mEu

ú.%y lrhs'• /ia lr .kakd f;dr;=re úêu;a j jd¾;d

lrhs'• fmdaiagrh g we;=<;a f;dr;=re ms<sn| m%cdj

oekqj;a lrhs'


wdrïN lsÍug fmr fuu WmlrKh mka;shg y÷kajd fokak'• fuh flaj, f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍulska wdrïN

ù lKavdhï jYfhka fjka fjka j fmdiag¾;=kla ieliSfuka wjidk jk ls%hdldrlulanj isiqkag okajkak'

• isiqka lKavdhï ;=klg fjka lrkak'• u;= i|yka j.= ;=fkka tla tla lKavdhug

wod< j.=j muKla lafIa;% fmdf;a igykalr .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'

• f;dr;r=e tla /ia lsÍug iqÿiq ia:dk f;dard.ekSug isiqkag iyh jkak'

• lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lr we;s f;dr;r=eksÍlaIKh lr igykla fhdokak'

• fmdaiagrfha wdl¾IKSh nj jeä lr .ekSugisiqkaf.a fhdackd" ;¾l bosßm;a lsÍugwjia:dj ,nd fokak'

• wdl¾IKSh whqßka ilia lr .;a fmdaiagrhfyd|ska m%o¾Ykh l< yels ia:dkhl iúlrkak'

• fmdaiagrh m%o¾Ykh l< hq;= oskh okajkak'

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isiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoia : • .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh úiska fokq ,nk igykg wkqj /ia lr .;a f;dr;r=e igyka lrkak'• tla tla lKavdhug /ia lr .ekSug we;s

f;dr;=re ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkak'• f;dr;=re /ia lr .; hq;= ia:dk ms<sn| j

.=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh iu. idlÉcd lrkak'• fjka fjka j ,nd .;a f;dr;=re ms<sn| j

ixjdohl fhoS wjidk ksuejqu t<s olajkwdldrh ms<sn| j ;SrKhlg t<fUkak'

• tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka m%n, mKsúvhla oshyels mßos wdl¾IKSh fmdaiagrhla ilia lriqÿiq ia:dkhl m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• tys wka;¾.;h wOHhkh lsÍug mdi,am%cdj oekqj;a lrkak'

1 j.=j - mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= fiùu'

j.=j 01 - mdxY= ydhkhg fya;= fiùu'

f;dardf;dardf;dardf;dardf;dard.;a

ia:dkh

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7' we.hSï l%uh7' we.hSï l%uh7' we.hSï l%uh7' we.hSï l%uh7' we.hSï l%uh:

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1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh : f;jk jdrh" 5

2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï : 10'1" 10'2" 10'3" 10'4" 10'5" 10'6" 10'7

3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh : • f.dú fmd< i;=ka f,i .jhd" l=l=<d" W!rd" t¿jd• tu i;=kaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjëka md,kh

lsÍfï l%u• i;=kaf.a ksjdi• i;=kaf.a fmdaIKh i|yd wdydr yd c,h• i;=ka fnda lsÍu• frda. md,kh

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh : "m%foaYfha mj;sk iïm;aj, iq,N;djg wod<jvd;a myiq yd ,dNodhS i;aj md,kh i|ydu. fmkaùula" hkqfjka fmdÿ Wmfoiam;%sldjla ms<sfh, lsÍu'

5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq : • m%foaYfha we;s lrkq ,nk f.dú m< i;=ka j¾.hka ms<sn| j fidhd n,hs'• i;=kaf.a úúO j¾Ok wjëka md,kh yd

kv;a;=j ms<sn| j f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'• mj;sk iïm;a fhdod f.k M,odhS i;aj

md,kfha fhoSug yelshdj y\qkd .kshs'• /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re úêu;a j jd¾;d lrhs'


wdrïN lsÍug fmr fuu WmlrKh mka;shg y÷kajd fokak'• fuh flaj, f;dr;=re tl;= lsÍulska wdrïN

ù lKavdhï jYfhka fjka fjka j wod<f.dúm< i;aj j¾.hdg wkqj" f;dr;r=ef.dkq lr bosßm;a l< hq;= w;r" m%foaYfhai;aj md,kh i|yd jvd;a .e<fmk i;ajj¾.h ^mj;sk iïm;a úNj;djg wod<j&f;dard .ekSu i|yd fmdÿ Wmfoia m;s%ldjlaks¾udKYS,S j f.dvke.sh hq;= nj isiqkagokajkak'

• u;= i|yka f;dr;=re m;s%ldj lafIa;% fmdf;aigyka lr f.k thg wod< j f;dr;=re /ialsÍug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

• f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd ;u m%foaYfhaf;dard .;a ia:dk fj; lKavdhï fhduqlrkak'

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• wod< i;a;aj j¾. .j" l=l=¿" W!re" t¿& Tnm%foaYfha yuq fkdjkafka kï m%foaYfha fidhd.; yels i;aj j¾. ms<sn| j f;dr;=re /ialsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'

isiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoia : • .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh úiska fokq ,nk f;dr;=re /ia lsÍfï wdlD;sh lafIa;+% fmdf;ys igyka lr .kak'• fokq ,nk Wmfoiaj,g wkql+, j lafIa;%

.fõIKfha fhoS f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'• fjka fjka jYfhka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re wkqj

m%foaYfha mj;sk iïm;aj,g wod< j jvdmyiqfjka yd ,dNodhS j we;s l< yels i;=kaj¾.h ms<sn| j f.dúfhl=g Wmfoia oSugw;a m;s%ldjla ks¾udKYS,S j ilikak'

f;dr;=re m;s%ldj

1' Tn f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd m%foaYh (

2' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug ,enQ i;aj j¾.h (

3' i;=ka we;s lrk l%uh (

4' ksjdi (• j¾Ok wjosh wkqj

5' w;=reKqfõ iajNdjh" j¾.h" kv;a;=j (

6' wdydr yd c,h ,nd oSu (

• j¾Ok wjosh wkqj ,nd fok

• wdydr j¾.h yd m%udKh

• c, m%udKh

• n÷ka

• iajhxlS%h

• iajhxlS%h fkdjk$idudkH (

7' i;=ka fnda lsÍfï l%u (

• iajNdúl$lD;%Su

• md,kh

• .eí .;a fokqka

• m%iQ;sh

8' nyq, j yuq jk frda. yd md,kh (

9' i;aj md,kfha oS wkq.ukh lrk úfYaIs; md,k l%u (

10' Tnf.a m%foaYhg wod< i;aj j¾.fha fhda.H;dj (

^mj;sk iïm;a Wmfhda.S;dfjka&

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ks¾Kdhl

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1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd1' mdi,a jdrh yd WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh WmlrK wxlh : f;jk jdrh" 6

2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï 2' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgï : 10'8" 10'9

3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh 3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh : • fi!LHdrlaIs; i;a;aj ksIamdok ls%hdj,shluQ,sldx.

• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu md,kh

4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh4' WmlrKfha iajNdjh : ";;a;ajfhka Wiia i;a;aj ksIamdok ,nd.ekSug mshjr .ksuq" hk uefhka lafIa;%iólaIKhla

5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq5' WmlrKfha wruqKq : • fi!LHdrlaIs; i;a;aj ksIamdok ls%hdj,shluQ,sldx. úu¾Ykh lrhs'

• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu isÿjk wdldrhfidhd n,hs'

• i;a;aj ksIamdok krla ùu wju lsÍug .;yels mshjr úuid n,hs'

• iólaIKfha m%;sM, w¾:j;a j ú.%y lrhs'


wdrïN lsÍug fmr fuu WmlrKh mka;shg y÷kajd fokak'• mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï follg fnod lsß"

ì;a;r hk i;a; aj k sI amdok follKavdhïj,g ,nd fokak'

• u;= oelafjk j.=j lafIa;% fmdf;a igykalr .ekSug lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia fokak'

• lKavdhïj,g ,eî we;s i;a;aj ksIamdokweiqfrka ";;a;ajfhka Wiia ksIamdok ,nd.ekSug mshjr .ksuq" hk f;audj Tiafiaf;dr;=re /ia l< hq;= nj isiqkag okajkak'

• o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla i;a;ajf.dúfmd<la& f;dard .ekSug lKavdhïfufyhjkak'

• lafIa;% fmd; jßka jr ksÍlaIKh lrigykla fhdokak'

• /ia l< f;dr;=re weiqfrka fiiq lKavdhïoekqj;a lsÍug lKavdhïj,g wjia:dj ,ndfokak'

• wjidk ksuejqu bosßm;a l< hq;= oskhlKavdhïj,g okajkak'

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isiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoiaisiqkag Wmfoia : • .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh úiska fokq ,nk o;a;/ia lsÍfï j.=j lafIa;% fmdf;ys igykalr .kak'

• f;dr;=re ksjeros j ,nd .; yels jk mßoslafIa;% iólaIKh i|yd f;dard .;a ia:dkhms<sn| j ie,iqï lrkak'

• /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ixjdohlfhoS ks¾udKYS,S bosßm;a lsÍulg iQodkïjkak'

j.=j


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lKavdhï wxlh$ ku

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i;a;ajj¾.h

,nd .kakdksIamdokh

Wiia ;;a;ajfha ksIamdok ,nd.ekSug wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk

Wml%u

i;a;aj ksIamdokkrla ùu isÿ úh

yels wdldr

ksIamdok krla ùuj<lajd .ekSug .;

yels ls%hd ud¾.

Wmfo

ia m

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da.h

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,ksjer

os nj

ks¾udK

YS,S j

bosßm;a l

sÍu

tl;=j

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uQ,dlD;s m%Yak

rpkd m%Yak

"wkqrdOmqr m%foaYfha tla;rd mdi,l isiqka lKavdhula mdi,a f.dúm, l%udkql+,j ilia lrk ,oS' tys oS iuyr isiqka mdi,a f.dúm, msysá N+ñfha mj;sk úúO .eg¨bosßm;a lr Bg ms<shï fhosh hq;= njg o woyia oelaù h' wjidkfha N+ñh fldgia y;rlgfjka lr tla tla fldgia i|yd fnda. fjk fjk u isgqùu uÕska fndfyda .eg¨ wju lr.; yels njg ish¨ fokdf.a tlÕ;djhla we;s úh'"

I. fuys oS isiqka fhdackd l< j.d l%uh l=ula o@II. fuu j.d l%uh i|yd Tn fhdackd lrk fnda. ldKav 4 la y÷kd .kak'III. fuu j.d l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍfuka wju lr .; yels hhs Tn is;k .eg¨

fudkjd o@IV. tu .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug fuu j.d l%uh iqÿiq hhs isiqka ;=< tlÕ;djhla

we;s jQfha l=uk lreKq mokï lr f.k o@

nyqjrK m%Yak

• wxl 1 yd 3 m%Yak my; oelafjk j.=j u; mokï fõ'

fnda. j.d l%u" j.d rgd ms<sn| f;dr;=re j.=fjys we;=<;a fõ'

ldKavh ld¾hh

X tla ksIamdokhl w;=re M, ;j;a ksIamdokhlwuqøjH f,i Ndú; flf¾'

Y m%Odk fnda.hla hgf;a ;j;a fnda. tlla fydalsysmhla j.d flf¾'

Z tla fnda.hl m%ckl wjêh t<fUk úg;j;a fnda.hla frdamKh flf¾'

1' X j,ska oelafjk j.d l%uh y÷kajkafka" I. fnda. udre f.dú;ek jYfhks' II. nyq fnda. j.dj jYfhks' III. i;a;aj fnda. udrej jYfhks' IV. ifudaOdksl f.dú;ek jYfhks'

2' Z i|yd fhdod .; yels fnda. ldKavhla jkafka" I. ñßia" uqxweg" r;=¿EKq II. f;a" rn¾" fmd,a III. fmd,a" wkakdis" flfi,a IV. lrú," w¾;dm,a" f.dgqfld,

3' Y j, m%Odk jdishla jkafka" I. i;a;aj u, uQ;% uÕska mig fmdaIKh ,nd oSu II. mfia úúO uÜgïj,ska fmdaIl Wrd .; yels ùu III. bvlv" mdxY= fmdaIl jeks iajNdúl iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdackhla

,nd .; yels ùu IV. tl u N+ñhl tl u wjia:dfõ fnda. lsysmhla j.d lsÍfuka N+ñfhka

Wmßu m%fhdackhla ,nd .; yels ùu

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