Le Suivi de La Croissance

7/31/2019 Le Suivi de La Croissance

1/30

I` zpntn k` io jwhnzzofj` 3 pf ozq`j{nmqhw{of{ kp kt`ihqq`m`f{ ihfl {`wm` kp

qow{njnqof{(o{ei{`Nz{tof Goi~n `{ Wnjeowk \o~

Jhmqim`f{ op khjpm`f{ k`ww`fj Op Jofoko) i zqhw{

j z{ qhpw io tn


2/307

[ogi` k`z mo{nw`z

Otof{ qwhqhz

I` qwz`f{ khjpm`f{ `z{ k`z{nf opu `f{wof`pwz pn hf{pf` zhink` jhffonzzofj` qwo{np` k` io qwnhknzo{nhf k`zqwhlwomm`z offpìz& Fhpz `zqwhfz p` i`z w`fz`nlf`m`f{zpniz ~ {whpt`whf{ i`z onk`whf{ ioghw`w `{ nmqiof{`w k`zqwhlwomm`z k`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhfqwhqw`z op fntòp k` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z o{ei{`z pniz`fjokw`f{&

M`zpw` k` io {onii`) k`z qwhqhw{nhfz kp jhwqz `{ k` io mo{pwo{nhfQhpwphn o-{-hf g`zhnf k` m`zpw`z k` io jwhnzzofj`8Joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{I`z znu qeoz`z k` io jwhnzzofj`Jhmm`f{ m`zpw`w i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf`Qhpwphn z{-j` nmqhw{of{ p` i`z m`zpw`z zhn`f{ ùoj{`z8_p` dop{-ni m`zpw`w8Jhmm`f{ k`twon{-hf m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`8Qwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{Qwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w io {onii` ozznzQwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz_p`z{nhfz {enp`z `{ z`fzngi`z_pofk k`twon{-hf m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`8[woj`w pf` jhpwg` kp w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`Jhmm`f{ p{ninz`w infdhwmo{nhf zpw io jwhnzzofj`JhfjipznhfWdw`fj`zI`j{pw`z jhmqim`f{onw`zLihzzonw`

Oqq`fknj` ?Oqq`fknj` 7Oqq`fknj` :Oqq`fknj` ;Oqq`fknj` 0

:05

?1???7?7?7?:?:?;?;?0?0?4?7?

7:747>?.& Qhpwk{`wmnf`w kofz pìi` m`zpw` pf hp pf` c`pf` o{ei{`qwz`f{` k`z jowoj{wnz{np`z {~qnp`z k` zhf l`) hfkhn{ qhpthnw jhmqow`w j`z jowoj{wnz{np`z jìi`zkpf jeof{niihf w`qwz`f{o{nd qhpw il` `{ i` zù`& Hf

khn{ {woj`w k`z jhpwg`z ihfln{pknfoi`z kp w~{em` k` iojwhnzzofj` %thnw io Dnlpw` ?7 io qol` ?4. of kozzpw`wpf zpntn kp ktìhqq`m`f{ qe~znp` k`z o{ei{`z `{k{`wmnf`w onfzn i`pw fntòp k` mo{pwn{&

Gn`f p` io jwhnzzofj` `{ i` ktìhqq`m`f{ zhn`f{ pfqwhj`zzpz fo{pwì) i` w~{em` k` io mo{pwo{nhf q`p{ town`wlwofk`m`f{ 3 R[WOKPJ[NHF] Pf `fdof{ pn o pf l`jewhfhihlnp` k` ?7 ofz q`p{) zpw i` qiof gnhihlnp`) othnw`f{w` > `{ ?0 ofz& Ghwmz) ?>54&. Io knddw`fj` `f{w`pf `fdof{ k` > ofz `{ pf op{w` k` ?0 ofz `z{ fhwm`2qhpw{of{) j`z o{ei{`z zhf{ zhpt`f{ `f{wofz k` io mm`dohf `{ qow{njnq`f{ k`z jhmq{n{nhfz wqow{nzzof{ i`z

jhfjpww`f{z qow lwhpq`z kl`) j` pn khff` opu o{ei{`zpn hf{ pf ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj`) qipz qow{njpinw`m`f{je`s i`z lowhfz) pf nmm`fz` otof{ol` op w`lowk kìo zi`j{nhf `{ k` io q`wdhwmofj` zqhw{nt`& Qhpw j`zwonzhfz) ni dopkwon{ p` i`z `f{wof`pwz nk`f{n`f{

m{ehknp`m`f{ il` k` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z o{ei{`z`{ ozzpw`f{ pf zpntn wnlhpw`pu) qwnhknp`m`f{&

Qhpw w`qw`w i`z o{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` hp{owknd) hf q`p{ p{ninz`w k`z m`zpw`z pn q`wm`{{`f{ k`zpntw` i` w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`& I` don{ ppf o{ei{` on{pf ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` hp {owknd fo qoz knmqhw{ofj``f zhn2 j` pn jhmq{`) j`z{ io dohf khf{ hf kjnk` kì`fjokw`w jhpw{ `{ ihfl {`wm`& Hf q`p{ ioghw`wk`z qiofz k`f{wof`m`f{ `{ k` jhmq{n{nhf okoq{zopu g`zhnfz nfkntnkpìz k` io{ei{`) zìhf p` zhfktìhqq`m`f{ `z{ qwjhj`) fhwmoi hp {owknd&

_pofk i`f{wof`pw `ftnzol` pf qwhlwomm` k`f{wof`m`f{)k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhf qhpw io{ei{`) zhf l`)`z{ pf qowom{w` nmqhw{of{ jhfznkw`w kofz ipo{nhf&Io ko{` k` fonzzofj` k` io{ei{` l` jewhfhihlnp . z{pf` khff` nfjhmqi{`& I`f{wof`pw khn{ {`fnw jhmq{` k`qipzn`pwz townogi`z khf{3

?& il` jewhfhihlnp )7& il` z{ok`. k` ktìhqq`m`f{

qe~znp`) m`f{oi `{ odd`j{nd.2:& il` gnhihlnp`2;& il` zpì`{{np`20& il` wìo{nd24& il` k`f{wof`m`f{ zqhw{nd lfwoi2

50.

Jhffonzzofj`z otofj`z l`


4/30;

?11

51

41

;1

71

1

7 ; 4 5 ?1 ?7 ?; ?4 ?5 71

l` off`z.

[onii`

o{{`nf{`

`f

%

k`

io

jw

hnzzofj`

qhz{fo{oi`

Dnlpw` ?& iipz{wo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj` k`z knddw`f{z z~z{m`z i`fdofj` Okoq{ k` Zjommhf) ?>:1.

F`pwoi

Lfn{oi

Lfwoi

Jhpwg` lfwoi` J`{{` jhpwg` kjwn{ i` ktìhqq`m`f{ kp jhwqz `f {`wm`z k` mhwqehihln` `{ k` qhnkz& J`{{`thip{nhf `flihg` i` w~{em` k` jwhnzzofj` k`z knddw`f{`z qow{n`z kp jhwqz jhmm` io mozz` mpzjpionw`) io mo{pwn{zpì`{{np`) i`z qhpmhfz `{ i` jh`pw& I` zjemo niipz{w` pf` jwhnzzofj` i`f{` monz wlpinw` kp jhwqz `f{w` 0 `{

?1-?7 ofz& J`z{ pf mhm`f{ hqqhw{pf qhpw i` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z eogni`{z mh{wnj`z& Q`fkof{ `{ oqwz io qpg`w{)i` jhfkn{nhff`m`f{ qe~znp` q`p{ {w` ojj`f{p jopz` k` io mo{pwo{nhf zpì`{{np`) io mozz` mpzjpionw`) i`zqhpmhfz) i` z~z{m` jowknhtozjpionw` `{ io qwknzqhzn{nhf kp z~z{m` ehwmhfoi&

Jhpwg` f`pwoi` J`{{` jhpwg` niipz{w` io jwhnzzofj` kp j`wtòp `{ kp z~z{m` f`wt`pu& T`wz il` k` < ofz) >0% kpz~z{m` f`wt`pu `z{ ktìhqq& J`{{` thip{nhf woqnk` kp z~z{m` f`wt`pu dojnin{` i` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z eogni`{zmh{wnj`z {ìi`z p` iolnin{) io jhhwknfo{nhf) ipningw`) `{ io tn{`zz`& I`z dhfk`m`f{z kp mhpt`m`f{ jhpwnw)zop{`w) iofj`w) `{j&.) i`z eogni`{z mh{wnj`z `{ i`z eogni`{z k` goz` io qwo{np` zqhw{nt` khnt`f{ {w` nf{whkpn{`z `{ktìhqqz i`fdofj`& J` z{ok` `z{ jowoj{wnz qow pf ktìhqq`m`f{ lfwoi k` i`fdof{&

Jhpwg` lfn{oi` J`{{` jhpwg` kmhf{w` i` w~{em` k` jwhnzzofj` k`z jowoj{wnz{np`z zùpìi`z qwnmonw`z `{z`jhfkonw`z& I` {nzzp lfn{oi wti` pf` jwhnzzofj` i`f{`) jowoj{wnz qow pf` qwnhk` io{`f{` i`fdofj` zpntn kpfktìhqq`m`f{ ojjiw io qpg`w{ ihwz k` io qeoz` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` ( zhpkonf` k` iokhi`zj`f{& I` zjemo k`

io jhpg` niipz{w` pf` mo{pwo{nhf ehwmhfoi` pn opwo pf` jhf{wngp{nhf znlfnjo{nt` op ktìhqq`m`f{ k` io jhfkn{nhfqe~znp` `{ k` io q`wdhwmofj` zqhw{nt`&


5/30

Qhpwphn othfz-fhpz g`zhnf k` m`zpw`z k` iojwhnzzofj`8

K`z m`zpw`z qwjnz`z zpw io jwhnzzofj` zhf{ fj`zzonw`zqhpw ozzpw`w pf zpntn `{ jhffo{w` i` k`lw k` mo{pwn{k`z o{ei{`z of k` m`{{w` `f qioj` k`z qwhlwomm`zk`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhfjhfpz `f dhfj{nhf k` i`pw z{ok` k` ktìhqq`m`f{ qip{{p` k` i`pw l` jewhfhihlnp`&

l` k` ktìhqq`m`f{

Io lpw` 7 io qol` zpntof{` mhf{w` i`z og`wwo{nhfzp` jhmqhw{`f{ i`f{wof`m`f{ qow lwhpq` kl`jewhfhihlnp`. `{ i`z z~z{m`z k` jhmq{n{nhf `f pzol`

qwz`f{`m`f{& I`z otof{ol`z `{ nfjhtfn`f{z kpf c`pf` ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` hp ktìhqq`m`f{ {owknd zhf{ùqinpz kofz io gh{` qipz goz nf{n{pi Jhffonzzofj`zotofj`z l` wìo{nd & I`z oj{nhfz qhz`w qowwoqqhw{ i`dd`{ k` il` wìo{nd zhf{ opzzn kjwn{`z&

Op jeoqn{w` k` io dhwj`) k` io qpnzzofj`) k` i`fkpwofj``{ k` io tn{`zz`) i`z o{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj`zhf{ fhwmoi`m`f{ otof{olz qow woqqhw{ opu op{w`z)`{ j`) zpw{hp{ kofz i`z zqhw{z h io mozz` jhwqhwìi`jhfz{n{p` pf o{hp{& J`z o{ei{`z zhf{ joqogi`z k` khmnf`wi`pwz qonwz `f wonzhf k` i`pw z{wpj{pw` mhwqehihlnp`) `{

Il` wìo{nd chp` opzzn pf wi` nmqhw{of{ kofz io qwnz` k` kjnznhf k` i`f{wof`pw& R[WOKPJ[NHF] I`dd`{ k` il` wìo{nd `z{hgz`wtogi` kofz i`z pnq`z kin{` cpfnhwz { z`fnhwz) h i` fhmgw` ko{ei{ z fz {{ op jhpwz kpf` off` k` zi`j{nhf z{qipz i`t p` i` fhmgw` oppì hf k`twon{ zo{{`fkw` zìhf i`z {opu k` fo{oin{ fo{nhfopu& @f kop{w`z {`wm`z) pf fdof{f i` ?`w coftn`w `{ pf op{w` f i` :? kj`mgw` k` io mm` off` qow{njnq`f{ opu mm`z qwhlwomm`z) mm` zn i` qw`mn`wo qw`zp` pf of k` qipz p` iop{w`& K` fhmgw`pu khjpm`f{z jhfwm`f{ p` il` wìo{nd jhfdw` pf lwofk otof{ol`

j`w{onfz o{ei{`z op mhm`f{ k` io zi`j{nhf& Io ko{` p{ninz` qhpw k{`wmnf`w i` lwhpq` kl` kofz i`z zqhw{z hwlofnzz qhpwi`z c`pf`z z{ i` ?`w oh{ kofz i`z zqhw{z zjhionw`z oflionz `{ i` ?`w coftn`w op ehjb`~ zpw lioj` jofokn`f& Kofz ghf fhmgw` k`zqhw{z knddw`f{z) i`dd`{ k` il` wìo{nd `z{ dojni` hgz`wt`w& I` {ogiòp ioqq`fknj` ? mhf{w` i`z ko{`z k` fonzzofj` k`z

m`mgw`z kpnq`z mozjpinf z ko{ei{nzm`) k` dhh{goii zhjj`w.) k` fo{o{nhf { k` {`ffnz kofz i`z zqhw{z oflionz Mhwwnz ofkF`tnii) 7114.& Io qwdw`fj` ojjhwk` opu w`jwp`z f`z `f op{hmf` `z{ dwoqqof{`) jhmm` j`z{ i` joz qhpw jìi`z f`z opjhpwz kp qw`mn`w {wnm`z{w` k` ioff` op ehjb`~ zpw lioj`&

Zn il` wìo{nd) kmhf{wof{ pf jow{ k` ?1 ?7 mhnz) q`p{ nfp`w op{of{ zpw io zi`j{nhf) io qow{njnqo{nhf { io q`wdhwmofj`)

ni z{ ozz`s tnk`f{ pni dop{ ojjhwk`w pf` o{{`f{nhf {wz zqjnoi` io p`z{nhf kp ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` { {owknd k`zc`pf`z) pn q`p{ z` {wokpnw` qow pf jow{ k` ; 0 ofz ihwz kp qwhj`zzpz k` mo{pwo{nhf& Thni qhpwphn ni `z{ joqn{oi) qhpw i`zo{ei{`z) i`z f{wof`pwz) i`z qow`f{z) i`z fz`nlfof{z { i`z okmnfnz{wo{`pwz zqhw{ndz) k` gn`f jhmqw`fkw` i` qwhj`zzpz k`mo{pwo{nhf `{ z`z jhfzp`fj`z&

Jhffonzzofj`z otofj`z l` wìo{nd

fhf k` i`pw {oi`f{ hp k` i`pw eogni`{& Fhwmoi`m`f{)niz jhffonzz`f{ {{ i` zpjjz) j` pn i`pw top{ iow`jhffonzzofj` `{ io{{`f{nhf ojjwp` k` i`pw `f{wof`pw&

J`{ {o{ k` jehz`z `z{ qwhjjpqof{ fhf z`pi`m`f{ qhpwi`z o{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ {owknd) monz opzzn qhpwj`pu op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj`& Kz p` i`z o{ei{`z pnz` ktìhqq`f{ fhwmoi`m`f{ hp {owknt`m`f{ wo{{woq`f{i`pwz qonwz op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj`) j`z k`wfn`wz z`z`f{`f{ dwpz{wz) jow niz hf{ {hpchpwz mnz zpw i`pw z{ok`k` ktìhqq`m`f{ qipz otofj) j`w{onfz flinlòf{k` ktìhqq`w i`z eognin{z hp io jhfkn{nhf qe~znp`fj`zzonw`z& J`z{ onfzn p`) moie`pw`pz`m`f{) i`zo{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` fnzz`f{ zhpt`f{ qowogofkhff`w i` zqhw{ t`wz il` k` ?; hp ?0 ofz qhpw jopz`

k` dwpz{wo{nhf Io|w`fj`) ?>>>.& inft`wz`) i`z o{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ {owknd zhf{fhwmoi`m`f{ ùqhzz ije`j pf c`pf` l`) kp don{p` j`w{onfz k` i`pwz qonwz op ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` i`pwzhf{ gnhihlnp`m`f{ zpqwn`pwz& Mm` zniz zoz{w`nlf`f{ pf `f{wof`m`f{ wnlhpw`pu) niz f` q`pt`f{ qoz z` m`zpw`wqe~znp`m`f{ opu op{w`z `{ niz zhf{ zhpt`f{ ionzzz k`j{ qow i`z `f{wof`pwz) j` pn i`z omf` tntw` k`zùqwn`fj`z mowp`z qow iogz`fj` k` w`jhffonzzofj` `{k`fjhpwol`m`f{&


6/304

R[WOKPJ[NHF] Moie`pw`pz`m`f{) kofz i`z qwhlwomm`zk` ktìhqq`m`f{ oj{pì) fhpz hm`{{hfz zhpt`f{ kìonzz`w opu o{ei{`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ {owknd i` {`mqzpni i`pw dop{ qhpw wo{{woq`w i`z op{w`z zpw i` qiof k` iomo{pwn{ qe~znp` `{ qhpw ktìhqq`w i`pwz eogni`{z& Opin`p k` jìo) j`z `fdof{z `f tn`ff`f{ zhpt`f{ pn{{`wi` zqhw{ pf c`pf` l`) qowj` pniz fhf{ qoz i` zpjjz`zjhmq{z `{ pniz zhf{ fhwmm`f{ dwpz{wz& J`{ `dd`{z` don{ zpw{hp{ z`f{nw je`s i`z lowhfz pn z` ktìhqq`f{{owknt`m`f{) `f wonzhf kp kzotof{ol` jhfznkwogi` qowwoqqhw{ i`pw qonw ktìhqq`m`f{ qwjhj` pn khmnf`&Nwhfnp`m`f{) ni `z{ qhzzngi` p` j`z lowhfz on`f{ i`qh{`f{nì qhpw k`t`fnw k` {wz ghfz o{ei{`z) monz ni dop{ozzpw`w i`pw nmqinjo{nhf zqhw{nt` kofz k`z qwhlwomm`z k`poin{ pf c`pf` l` of k` dothwnz`w i` ktìhqq`m`f{

k`z eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z& Io|w`fj`) ?>>>&.Io qpginjo{nhf Op Jofoko) i` zqhw{ j`z{ qhpw io tn` Goi~n)\o~) Fhwwnz) Jowknfoi $ Enllz) 7110. kjwn{ i`z zjemoz k`jwhnzzofj` `{ k` ktìhqq`m`f{ `{ j`wf` i`z knddw`fj`z`f{w` il` jewhfhihlnp` `{ il` hp i` z{ok` k`ktìhqq`m`f{& I`z {`wm`z jwhnzzofj` `{ mo{pwo{nhf zhf{ zhpt`f{ `mqih~z k` dohf nf{`wjeoflògi`) monzniz w`fthn`f{ k`z oj{ntn{z gnhihlnp`z knz{nfj{`z&

Io jwhnzzofj` kznlf` i`z jeofl`m`f{z hgz`wtogi`z)m`zpwogi`z) pof{nogi`z `{ qwhlw`zzndz pn {hpje`f{io mhwqehihln` fh{omm`f{ io {onii`) i` qhnkz `{ i`

qhpwj`f{ol` k` {nzzpz oknq`pu& Io mo{pwo{nhf kznlf` i`z

jeofl`m`f{z z{wpj{pwopu hp dhfj{nhffìz inz op z~z{m`poin{o{nd pn z` qwhkpnz`f{ ihwzp` i` jhwqz qwhlw`zz` t`wzio mo{pwn{) qow ù`mqi` ihwzp` i` jow{niol` kp zpì`{{`z` {wofzdhwm` `f hz&

I` ktìhqq`m`f{ ihfl {`wm` kp qow{njnqof{(o{ei{`%KI[Q(O. fj`zzn{` ink`f{njo{nhf kp w~{em` k`mo{pwo{nhf k` infkntnkp jwhnzzofj` qwjhj`) mh~`ff`hp {owknt`. `f tp` k` iioghwo{nhf k` qwhlwomm`zk`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhfq`w{nf`f{z pn {n`ff`f{ jhmq{` k`z mhm`f{z hqqhw{pfzqhpw ktìhqq`w i`z jhmqhzof{`z qe~znp`z& Iomhwj`zhpkonf` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` `{ i` zhmm`{ o{{`nf{zhf{ k`z nfknjo{`pwz jiz qhpw iioghwo{nhf k` {ìzqwhlwomm`z&

J`w{onf`z nfjoqojn{z q`pt`f{ lwofk`m`f{ mhkn`w i`ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z `fdof{z `{ k`z okhi`zj`f{z) pf doj{`pwpn khn{ {w` qwnz `f jhmq{` kofz i` {wotoni opqwz k`zo{ei{`z o~of{ pf eofknjoq&

I` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{ jowoj{wnz qowpf` ojjiwo{nhf k~ w~{em` k` jwhnzzofj` iokhi`zj`fjÌ`z Dnlpw`z : `{ ; niipz{w`f{ io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj` je`si`z ii`z `{ i`z lowhfz w`zq`j{nt`m`f{) zhpinlfof{ i`zknddw`fj`z `f{w` i`z k`pu zù`z& I`z w`qwz`f{o{nhfzlwoqenp`z {oginzz`f{ opzzn pf in`f `f{w` j`w{onf`zjowoj{wnz{np`z z`jhfkonw`z in`z op l`fw` `{ io

jwhnzzofj`&

Dnlpw` 7& I` qwhj`zzpz k` mo{pwo{nhf je`s i`z ii`z `{ i`z lowhfz %okoq{ `{ mhkn koqwz ihptwol` k`[off`w) ?>


7/30

Je`s i`z ii`z) i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{o{{`nf{ `f lfwoi t`wz ?7 ofz& Io qw`mnw` mofnd`z{o{nhfqe~znp` k` iokhi`zj`fj` `z{ eogn{pìi`m`f{ i`ktìhqq`m`f{ k` io qhn{wnf`) pn zpwtn`f{ q`p oqwzi` kgp{ k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj` ojjiw`) zpntnk` ioqqown{nhf k`z qhniz qpgn`fz& Io mfowje`) hpioqqown{nhf k`z qw`mnw`z wli`z) z` qwhkpn{ pf q`poqwz io{{`nf{` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf`&

I` mhm`f{ h j`z ktìhqq`m`f{z zpwtn`ff`f{ q`p{qwjk`w hp zpntw` il` mh~`f k` k`pu ofz hp qipz& Whzz $ Mowdìi-Chf`z) ?>>?.

Je`s i`z lowhfz) i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf``z{ qipz qwhfhfj p` je`s i`z ii`z `{ z` qwhkpn{eogn{pìi`m`f{ k`pu ofz qipz {owk& Iojjwhnzz`m`f{k`z {`z{njpi`z) k`z qhniz qpgn`fz `{ kp qfnz `z{ in` opqwhj`zzpz k` mo{pwo{nhf& I` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` znlfnjo{nt`k` io dhwj` zpwtn`f{ `ftnwhf pf of `{ qipz oqwz io{{`nf{`kp zhmm`{ k` io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj` k` io {onii`& Onfzn)i`z o{ei{`z mozjpinfz qwz`f{`f{ k`z jowoj{wnz{np`z

kmhf{wof{ pf nmqhw{of{ lonf {owknd `f dhwj`& Jhmm`qhpw i`z ii`z) i` ktìhqq`m`f{ je`s i`z o{ei{`zmozjpinfz q`p{ qwjk`w hp zpntw` il` mh~`f k` k`puofz hp qipz& I`z lowhfz khf{ io mo{pwo{nhf `z{ qwjhj`q`pt`f{ khfj gfjn`w kpf otof{ol` qe~znhihlnp`qhptof{ oii`w cpzp po{w` ofz qow woqqhw{ opu lowhfzkhf{ io mo{pwo{nhf `z{ {owknt`& J`z k`wfn`wz w`chnfkwhf{t`f{pìi`m`f{ i`z op{w`z ihwzpniz tntwhf{ i`pw qhpzz`k` jwhnzzofj` ojjiw`& Whzz $ Mowdìi-Chf`z) ?>>?.&

Dnlpw` :& I`z mofnd`z{o{nhfz k` mo{pwo{nhf je`s i`zii`z %Mhkn k` Whzz $ Mowdìi-Chf`z) ?>>?.

Dnlpw` ;& I`z mofnd`z{o{nhfz k` mo{pwo{nhf je`s i`zlowhfz %Mhkn k` Whzz $ Mowdìi-Chf`z) ?>>?.

[whnz l~mfoz{`z) i` mm` l` jewhfhihlnp`/


8/305

Joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{

I` khjpm`f{ Op Jofoko) i` zqhw{ j`z{ qhpw io tn`kjwn{ opzzn i`z knddw`f{z z{ok`z kp KI[Q(O `{ nfknpì`z mhm`f{z hqqhw{pfz h io joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{`z{ hq{nmoi` jhmq{` {`fp k`z qwnhk`z jwpjnoi`z hpz`fzngi`z kp qwhj`zzpz k` mo{pwo{nhf& Onfzn) i`z qiol`zqwhqnj`z pf ktìhqq`m`f{ ojjiw w`fthn`f{ opuqwnhk`z z`fzngi`z qw-qpgw`) qpgw` `{ qhz{-qpgw`&Io qiol` `z{ {h{oi`m`f{ qwhqnj` q`fkof{ i`z qwnhk`zz`fzngi`z kokoq{o{nhf ojjiw` i`f{wof`m`f{`{ qow{nìi`m`f{ qwhqnj` `f kèhwz k` j`z qwnhk`zz`fzngi`z& I`zqoj `z{ {hpchpwz hpt`w{) comonzjhmqi{`m`f{ d`wm i`z jhmqhzof{`z qe~znp`z zhf{{hpchpwz `f{wofogi`.&

O qow{nw k`z jnf im`f{z k` goz` k` i`f{wof`m`f{`{ k` io q`wdhwmofj` `fkpwofj`) dhwj`) tn{`zz`)eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z `{ ùngnin{.) fhpz oiihfznk`f{n`w i`z qwnhk`z qwhqnj`z pf ktìhqq`m`f{ojjiw k` j`z jhmqhzof{`z& Qhpw i` ktìhqq`m`f{k` io tn{`zz`) k`z eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z `{ k` iozhpqi`zz`)il` jewhfhihlnp` q`p{ z`wtnw knfknjo{`pw&Monz qhpw i` ktìhqq`m`f{ k` io dhwj` `{ kì`fkpwofj`) j`z{ qip{{ il` k` ktìhqq`m`f{ pnnmqhw{` `f {`fof{ jhmq{` k`z townof{`z nfkntnkpìi`zkp w~{em` k` mo{pwo{nhf.& I` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`j`z im`f{z nmqhw{of{z w`pn`w{ k`z qwhlwomm`z

k`f{wof`m`f{ knddw`f{z) zìhf pniz zhf{ k`z{nfz k`z zpc`{z pn jhffonzz`f{ pf` jwhnzzofj` woqnk``{ zhpkonf` qwjhj`) fhwmoi` hp {owknt`& J`zqwhlwomm`z k`twon`f{ zojjhwk`w op w~{em`nfkntnkpì k` mo{pwo{nhf thnw oqq`fknj` 7.& @fk{`wmnfof{ i` w~{em` k` io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj` ionk` k` m`zpw`z m{wnp`z) hf q`p{ okoq{`w i`zqwhlwomm`z k`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k`wjpqwo{nhf opu g`zhnfz nfkntnkpìz& Hf k`twon{jhmm`fj`w nfznz{`w zpw i`f{wof`m`f{ owhgn` iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonfì`z ùnl`fj`z kp zqhw{ k{`wmnf`whf{ inmqhw{ofj`moc`pw` hp mnf`pw` k` i`fkpwofj` owhgn`.& @f j`pn jhfj`wf` i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj` mounmoi`)ìi` `z{ nf{whkpn{` poqwz io{{`nf{` kp qnj k`jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` Whzz `{ Mowdìi Chf`z)?>>?2 G`pf`f `{ Ehmnz) 71112 Goi~n `{ Whzz) 711>o2Goi~n `{ Whzz) 711>g.& @f jhfzp`fj`) io {`jefnp`p{ninz` qhpw m`zpw`w io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` w`t{ pf` lwofk` nmqhw{ofj` `{ k`twon{ {w`kfn` jionw`m`f{ ionk` kpf qwh{hjhi` znmqi` `{ogi` of konk`w i`z `f{wof`pwz `{ i`z qow`f{z ozzpw`w i` zpntn&

I`z `f{wof`pwz `{ i`z qow`f{z q`pt`f{ p{ninz`w i`z m`zpw`z kìo z{o{pw` {onii`. otof{) q`fkof{ { oqwz io mo{pwo{nhf jhmm`lpnk` qhpw zpntw` i` z{ok` il`. k` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z`fdof{z& I` zpntn q`wm`{ opu `f{wof`pwz k` lw`w i`z qwnhk`zjwpjnoi`z hp z`fzngi`z kp ktìhqq`m`f{ qe~znp` `fkpwofj`)dhwj`) tn{`zz` `{ zhpqi`zz`. `{ kp ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z eogni`{zzqhw{nt`z& Il` kpf o{ei{` q`p{ {w` ùomnf zìhf znu qhnf{zk` tp` knddw`f{z 3

Jhmm`f{ m`zpw w io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj` QJ.Io q`wzhff` z` {n`f{ kwhn{ jhf{w` pf mpw) zofz jeopzzpw`z) i`z{oihfz {hpjeof{ i` mpw&M`zpw`w qow{nw kp zhi cpzpop k`zzpz k` io {{`&I`z m`zpw`z khnt`f{ {w` qwnz`z io mm` e`pw` k` io chpwf`)kofz iotof{-mnkn hp ioqwz-mnkn thnw io qwhjkpw` k{oniiòpu qol`z ?: `{ ?;.&

Qeoz` ? 3 k` io fonzzofj` 4 ofzJwhnzzofj` {wz woqnk`&M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{ `{ qw`fkw` i` qhnkz io ko{`koffnt`wzonw` k` fonzzofj`&

Qeoz` 7 3 k` 4 ofz cpzpop kgp{ k` io QJ

Jwhnzzofj` wlpinw` cpzpop kgp{ k` io QJ&M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{ { qw`fkw` i` qhnkz {hpz i`z {whnz mhnz&Zn io qwnz` k`z m`zpw`z o in`p iù{wn pw kp khmnjni`)w`mqioj`w io ko{` koffnt`wzonw` k` fonzzofj` qow io ko{` k`kgp{ kp j~ji` offpì k`f{wof`m`f{ `{ k` jhmq{n{nhf&

Qeoz` : 3 Kp kgp{ k` io QJ cpzp iomhwj` kp qnj k`jwhnzzofj` woqnk`-zhpkonf`Jwhnzzofj` woqnk` cpzp iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`-zhpkonf`&M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz{hpz i`z {whnz mhnz&

Qeoz` ; 3 Qnj k` jwhnzzofj` zhpkonf`-woqnk` cpzp io i`f{`kjiwo{nhfKjiwo{nhf woqnk`&M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz{hpz i`z {whnz mhnz&

Qeoz` 0 3 K` io i`f{` kjiwo{nhf cpzp io f k` io jwhnzzofjÌ`f{` kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj` cpzp zo f&M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{ {hpz i`z {whnz mhnz&

Qeoz` 4 3 Dnf k` io jwhnzzofj`Dnf k` io jwhnzzofj`&M`zpw`w io {onii` { qw`fkw` i` qhnkz io ko{` koffnt`wzonw` k`fonzzofj`&

Jhffonzzofj`z otofj`z Jhmm`f{ m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`

il` jewhfhihlnp 2il` k` ktìhqq`m`f{2il` zpì`{{np`2il` k`f{wof`m`f{ zqhw{nd lfwoi2il` k`f{wof`m`f{ zqjnp` op zqhw{2il` wìo{nd&


9/30

Dnlpw` 0& Mhm`f{z hqqhw{pfz qhpw hg{`fnw pf` okoq{o{nhf ojjiw` k` j`w{onf`z jhmqhzof{`z qowi`f{wof`m`f{ Goi~n `{ \o~) 7110.

I` lwoqenp` pn zpn{ niipz{w` i`z mhm`f{z hqqhw{pfz k` qwnhk`z z`fzngi`z dothwnzof{ i` ktìhqq`m`f{ ojjiwk` j`w{onf`z jhmqhzof{`z je`s i`z ii`z `{ i`z lowhfz& I` mhm`f{ oqqwhqwn `z{ wìn io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj`nfkntnkpìi`& I`z gh{`z `fjokw`z kpf` inlf` qi`nf` wdw`f{ k`z jhmqhzof{`z qhptof{ {w` `f{wof`z `f dhfj{nhfk` il` jewhfhihlnp`& I`z gh{`z inlf` qhnf{nii`) w`qwz`f{`f{ k`z qwnhk`z z`fzngi`z `{ zhf{ wìn`z il` k`ktìhqq`m`f{ kp c`pf` `{ qipz qow{njpinw`m`f{ iomhwj` k` io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`(zhpkonf`) zhfzhmm`{ `{ io kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj` Goi~n `{ oi) 7110.&

Eogni`{zzqhw{nt`z

Tn{`zz`

Ol` jewhfhihlnp`

Eogni`{zmh{wnj`z

Tn{`zz` ?

Tn{`zz` 7

Dhwj`

Ehmm`z

Tn{`zz` 7

Ktìhqq`m`f{ jhlfn{nd) mh{nhffì - qe~znp`) m`f{oi

D`mm`z

pfk`w

Fntòp k mo{pwo{nhf %Ol gnhihlnp`.

0 4 < 5 > ?1 ?? ?7 ?: ?; ?0 ?4 ?< ?5 ?> 71"

Qnj k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk`-zhpkonf`

W~{em` k` jwhnzzofj`

W~{em` k` jwhnzzofj`

Qnj k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk`-zhpkonf`

Diùngnin{

Diùngnin{

owhgn`@fkpwofj`

Dhwj`? $ 7

@fkpwofj` owhgn`


10/30?1

I`z znu qeoz`z k` io jwhnzzofj`

Of kozzpw`w pf zpntn k` io jwhnzzofj`) fhpz k`thfz`f{w`qw`fkw` pf` pf` w`je`wje` ihfln{pknfoi` jowoj{wnz`qow pf` jp`nii`{{`z k` khff`z `{ pf` ofoi~z` k`zmhki`z `{ k`z lwoqenp`z Goi~n $ Whzz) 711>o2 Goi~n $Whzz) 711>g.& Io jwhnzzofj` woqnk`(zhpkonf` z` {wokpn{qow pf` eopzz` gwpzp` kp w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj` iokhi`zj`fj`& J`z khff`z q`pt`f{ z`wtnw k` lpnk` zpwio jwhnzzofj` `{ io mo{pwn{ qe~znp`& @ii`z nfknp`f{loi`m`f{ i` w~{em` mounmoi k` jwhnzzofj` k`z `fdof{z&Io jwhnzzofj` zhmo{np` mpzjpih zbì`{{np`. z` kwhpi``f znu qeoz`z3

Qeoz` ? 3 K` io fonzzofj` 4 ofzJ`{{` qeoz` `z{ jowoj{wnz` qow pf` jwhnzzofj` {wz

woqnk` je`s i`z fhpwwnzzhfz `{ pf` kjiwo{nhf {wz woqnkòqwz il` k` 7 ofz& Hf w`jhmmofk` k` m`zpw`w io {onii`k`ghp{ `{ i` qhnkz jeop` offnt`wzonw`&

Qeoz` 7 3 K` 4 ofz iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk` zhpkonf`J`{{` qeoz` z` jowoj{wnz` qow pf` jwhnzzofj` wlpinw`k` 0 4 jm qow off` `f mh~`ff`.& Ni `z{ w`jhmmofkk` m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw`k`z gwoz jeop` offnt`wzonw`& Zn i`z m`zpw`z zhf{qwnz`z kofz pf jipg zqhw{nd) hf khn{ qw`fkw` i`z qw`mnw`zkhff`z op kgp{ k` io fhptìi` off` k`f{wof`m`f{(jhmq{n{nhf& Kz phf jhfz{o{` p` i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj`

woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{ omhwj) hf khn{ m`zpw`w io {onii`k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz pf` dhnzqow {wnm`z{w` opu {whnz mhnz.& Q`fkof{ j`{{` qeoz`k` jwhnzzofj`) fhpz jwhnzhfz k`z qwnhk`z z`fzngi`z)dothwogi`z op ktìhqq`m`f{ k` io tn{`zz`) k` io ùngnin{`{ k`z eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z& Il` jewhfhihlnp` q`p{ z`wtnwknfknjo{`pw qhpw nk`f{n`w i` mhm`f{ oqqwqwn&

Qeoz` : 3 K` iomhwj` k` io qwnhk` k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk` zhpkonf` cpzp zhf zhmm`{J`{{` qeoz` z` jowoj{wnz` qow pf` jwhnzzofj` gwpzp` `{dpilpwof{`& Op jhpwz k` io qw`mnw` `{ k` io k`punmòff` k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj`) hf hgz`wt` pf lonf

mh~`f k` < `{ k` > jm `ftnwhf je`s i`z lowhfz) `{ k`4 `{ 5 jm `ftnwhf je`s i`z ii`z %[off`w) ?>5>.& Ni `z{w`jhmmofk k` m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz jeop` {wnm`z{w` of k` k{`wmnf`wpìi` qow{n` kp jhwqz lwofkn{ i` qipz woqnk`m`f{& I`zjeofl`m`f{z fh{z kofz i` j`f{w` k` lwotn{) io ihflp`pwk`z comg`z `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz onk`whf{ i`f{wof`pw mn`pu jhmqw`fkw` i` qwhj`zzpz) qow ù`mqi` zoq`wj`thnwppf o{ei{`(chp`pw mofp` k` jhhwknfo{nhf `{ k`tn{`zz` qowj` pni `z{ `f qi`nf` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`) `{j&Q`fkof{ j`{{` qeoz`) iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj`

woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{ i` mhm`f{ qwhqnj` qhpw ktìhqq`w iojoqojn{ owhgn` `{) `f zoqqp~of{ zpw il` jewhfhihlnp`fhpz jwhnzhfz io k`punm` qwnhk` z`fzngi` qhpwktìhqq`w io tn{`zz`) Goi~n `{ Whzz) 711>o2 Goi~n `{ Whzz)711>g2 Z{oddhwk) 7110.&

Qeoz` ; 3 Kp zhmm`{ k` io qwnhk` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` pf` jwhnzzofj` woi`f{n`J`{{` qeoz` z` jowoj{wnz` qow pf` kjiwo{nhf woqnk`2io jwhnzzofj` `z{ k`ftnwhf < jm je`s i`z lowhfz `{ k` 4jm je`s i`z ii`z op jhpwz k` io qw`mnw` off` pn zpn{i` qnj) `{ k` : jm op jhpwz k` ioff` zpntof{` [off`w)?>5>.& Ni `z{ w`jhmmofk k` m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io{onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz jeop` {wnm`z{w` qhpwzpntw` i` qwhj`zzpz k` kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj`&

Q`fkof{ io qeoz` k` kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj`) hfq`p{ k{`wmnf`w io qwnhk` z`fzngi` qhpw ktìhqq`w iodhwj` `{ io qpnzzofj` owhgn` %thnw lpw` 0.& @f kop{w`z{`wm`z) hf khn{ `f{wof`w io qpnzzofj` owhgn` oqwz i`qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`(zhpkonf`& Je`s i`z ii`z) hf q`p{ojj`f{p`w i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj` {hp{ k` zpn{` oqwz i`zhmm`{ k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` hp pofk zpwtn`f{io mfowje`& Je`s i`z lowhfz) hf k`twon{ o{{`fkw``f{w` ?7 `{ ?5 mhnz oqwz i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` otof{ kojjhwk`w pf` nmqhw{ofj` qwnhwn{onw` i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj` Whzz `{ Mowdìi-Chf`z) ?>>?2G`pf`f `{ [ehmnz) 71112 Ofk`wzhf `{ G`wfeowk{) ?>>5.&

Qeoz` 0 3 K` io i`f{` kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj`cpzqp zo dfPf` i`f{` kjiwo{nhf zomhwj` pf hp k`pu ofz oqwzothnw o{{`nf{ i` zhmm`{ kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` `{ qw`fk f ihwzp` io jwhnzzofj` `z{ owwnt` zhf {`wm` [off`w) ?>5>.& Ni `z{ w`jhmmofk k`qw`zjwnw` k`z jeowl`z k`f{wof`m`f{ qwhlw`zznt` `{qow{njpinw`m`f{ k` inf{`fzn{) io zpn{` k` knolfhz{njz&Kofz j`{{` qeoz`) {hpz i`z z~z{m`z q`pt`f{ {w``f{wofz& Itoipo{nhf k` i{o{ k`f{wof`m`f{ z`wtnwo nk`f{n`w i`z g`zhnfz k` io{ei{` `{ k` ipnq`&

Qeoz` 4 3 Dnf k` io jwhnzzofj`Q`fkof{ j`{{` qeoz`) ni `z{ w`jhmmofk k` k{`wmnf`w i`zjeowl`z k`f{wof`m`f{ `{ qow{njpinw`m`f{ k` inf{`fzn{`f dhfj{nhf k`z dhwj`z `{ k`z dongi`zz`z knolfhz{np`zje`s io{ei{` ( pnq`& Onfzn) infdhwmo{nhf w`jp`niin`zpw iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf`) i`zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ `{ ioqqown{nhf k`z qw`mnw`z wli`z)lwj` opu m`zpw`z qwjhfnz`z) k`twon{ q`wm`{{w` i`f{wof`pw khq{nmnz`w i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io{ei{`qpgw`& I`f{wof`pw k`twon{ {nw`w qwh{ k`z qhzzngnin{zphddw`f{ i`z qwnhk`z z`fzngi`z kokoq{o{nhf ojjiw` i`f{wof`m`f{&


11/30

pnq`m`f{ ojj`q{ogi` 3Pf of{ewhqhm{w` hp pf wpgof k` m`zpw`w{woj{ogi` `f ojn`wPf` p`ww` jhpinzzof{`Pf qiofje`w inzz` dhwmof{ pf ofli` k` >1 k`lwzot`j pf mpw kwhn{

pnq`m`f{ nfojj`q{ogi` 3Pf wpgof m`zpw`w `f {nzzpKp mo{wnì ùngi`Pf qiofje`w w`jhpt`w{ k` {oqnzPf qiofje`w nfloiPf knzqhzn{nd fhf kh{ kpf` p`ww` jhpinzzof{`

Dnlpw` 4& Z{oknhm{w`

Jhmm`f{ m`zpw`w i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` \niinomz) 711>o2 \niinomz) 711>g.

Hp{niz `{ pnq`m`f{ k` m`zpw` 3

Otof{ k` k{`wmnf`w ipnq`m`f{ k` m`zpw` fj`zzonw`)hf khn{ z` k`mofk`w pìi` nmqhw{ofj` w`t{ iom`zpw` of{ewhqhm{wnp`& Zn i`z khff`z zpw io z{o{pw`hjjpq`f{ pf` qioj` joqn{oi` kofz iioghwo{nhf k`zqiofz k`f{wof`m`f{) hf khn{ zozzpw`w p` i`z khff`zw`jp`niin`z zhf{ ùoj{`z) j` pn t`p{ knw` phf khn{knzqhz`w kpf pnq`m`f{ qipz jh{`pu&

pnq`m`f{ nkoi 3Pf z{oknhm{w` qhw{ogi` hp mpwoi %thnw lpw` 4.

J` z{oknhm{w` k`twon{ {w` kh{ kpf` p`ww` jhpinzzof{` `{ kpf jokwof hp kpf` d`f{w` odjeol` fpmwnp` dojnin{of{ io i`j{pw`


12/30?7

Qhpwphn `z{ j` nmqhw{of{ p` i`z m`zpw`z zhn`f{ùoj{`z8

Jhmm` kc m`f{nhff) ni `z{ ù{wm`m`f{ nmqhw{of{) pofkhf khn{ m`zpw`w pf hp pf` o{ei{`) kp{ninz`w pf` {`jefnpòqqwhqwn`) qhpw tn{`w i`z `ww`pwz ojjnk`f{ìi`z `{ k` m`zpw`)pn zhf{ mhffon` jhpwof{`& Ni w`tn`f{ io q`wzhff` pn qw`fki`z m`zpw`z k` wkpnw` op mnfnmpm i`z wnzp`z k`ww`pw) jowqipz ni ~ o k`ww`pwz `{ qipz ni `z{ kndjni` knf{`wqw{`w i`zwzpi{o{z& Qowoiii`m`f{) qipz ni ~ o k`ww`pwz) `{ mhnfz i`zwzpi{o{z zhf{ toiogi`z& Qhpw wkpnw` i`z wnzp`z k`ww`pw) hfkhn{ zozzpw`w 3

p` i`ftnwhff`m`f{ `z{ jhfz{of{ `{ jhf{wi2p` io {`fp` t`z{nm`f{onw` `z{ jhfz{of{` `{ fhf`fjhmgwof{`2p` i`z o{ei{`z zhf{ qw{z jhiioghw`w2

p` i`z qwhjkpw`z p{ninz`z zhf{ pfndhwmnz`z&

_p` dop{-ni m`zpw`w8

Qhpw k{`wmnf`w i` w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`) hf khn{ knzqhz`wk` m`zpw`z ùoj{`z2 ni dop{ khfj qw`fkw` i`z m`zpw`z opmpi{nqi` i` qipz qwhje` k` 1)? jm& Hf k`twon{ m`zpw`w jeopò{ei{` k`pu dhnz `f t`niiof{ j` p` ijow{ `f{w` i`z k`pum`zpw`z f` kqozz` qoz 1); jm& I` joz jeof{) hf don{`fzpn{` io mh~`ff` k`z k`pu m`zpw`z& @f w`tofje`) zn ijow{`z{ zpqwn`pw 1); jm) hf qw`fk oihwz pf` {whnznm` m`zpw`)qhpw `fzpn{` joijpi`w io mh~`ff` k`z {whnz m`zpw`z qwnz`z\niinomz) 7115o.&

Jhmm`f{ m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`8

_pofk hf m`zpw` io {onii` kpf `fdof{ `{ phf t`p{hg{`fnw k`z khff`z qwjnz`z `{ p{ni`z) hf khn{ oqqinp`wwnlhpw`pz`m`f{ io {`jefnp` oqqwhqwn`& Nkoi`m`f{) hf don{j` {wotoni `f pnq` k` k`pu 3 pf` q`wzhff` qioj` io{ei{`kofz io qhzn{nhf pn jhftn`f{) `{ pf` op{w` fh{` i`z wzpi{o{z&Zn hf `z{ z`pi qhpw ùjp{`w i` {wotoni) hf q`p{ pofk mm`hg{`fnw k`z wzpi{o{z toiogi`z) monz hf khn{ oihwz ojjhwk`w pfò{{`f{nhf zhp{`fp` io {`jefnp` p{ninz`&

Pf` ghff` {`jefnp` k` m`zpw` = pf` ghff` m`zpw` k` io{onii`

I` qhnf{ hwgn{onw` H. `z{ i` w`ghwk nfdwn`pw k` ihwgn{` kìni& I` {wolnhf [. `z{ iù{wmn{ zpqwn`pw` kp {wolpz)i`pì `z{ io zoniin` oqio{n` `{ {wnoflpionw` zn{p` iotof{k` ihwnj` kp jhfkpn{ ù{`wf` k` ihw`nii`) io ghwkpw`zpqwn`pw` k` iowjok` s~lhmo{np`& J`{{` qhzn{nhf jhww`zqhfkqw`zp` ùoj{`m`f{ iou` tnzpì pofk i` zpc`{ w`lowk` kwhn{k`tof{ ipn&

Dnlpw` jm[whnunm` m`zpw` k` io z{o{pw` ?47)4 jm

I`z k`pu qw`mnw`z m`zpw`z jn k`zzpz qwz`f{`f{pf jow{ zpqwn`pw 1); jm2 ni dop{ khfj qw`fkw`pf` {whnznm` m`zpw` `{ p{ninz`w jhmm` wzpi{o{io mh~`ff` k`z {whnz) zhn{ ?47)4 jm


13/30

Dnlpw` >& M`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{Dnlpw` 5& M`zpw`w io {onii` ozznz

Qwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{ Znmmhfz)7111.

Iit` z` {n`f{ k`ghp{) qn`kz fpz) `{ ni lowk` i`z{oihfz) i`z d`zz`z `{ i`z qopi`z qw`zzz jhf{w` i`z{oknhm{w`&I`z {oihfz zhf{ jhiiz `{ i`z gwoz q`fk`f{ ingw`m`f{ k`jeop` j{ kp jhwqz qopm`z jhf{w` i`z jpnzz`z.&Io q`wzhff` pn qw`fk io m`zpw` oqqinp` pf` ilw`{woj{nhf t`wz i` eop{ zpw i` jwf`) k`wwnw` i`z hw`nii`z&Iit` w`lowk` kwhn{ k`tof{ ipn) qw`fk pf` lwofk`nfzqnwo{nhf `{ z` {n`f{ kwhn{ `f oiihflòf{ i` jhwqz i`qipz qhzzngi`&Io q`wzhff` w`zqhfzogi` ogonzz` ip`ww` zpw io {{`k` iit` `{ fh{` io {onii` k`ghp{) op 1)? jm qwz&

Qwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w io {onii` ozznz Znmmhfz)7111.

Iit` `z{ ozznz zpw io goz` kp z{oknhm{w`) i`zl`fhpu ilw`m`f{ jenz& I`z monfz zhf{ kqhz`zzpw i`z l`fhpu&I`z d`zz`z `{ i`z qopi`z w`qhz`f{ ilw`m`f{ jhf{wì` z{oknhm{w`) pn `z{ qioj io t`w{njoi` k`wwnwìit`& Ni f` khn{ ~ othnw opjpf `zqoj` ingw` `f{w` i`zd`zz`z k` iit` `{ i` z{oknhm{w`&Io q`wzhff` pn qw`fk io m`zpw` oqqinp` pf` ilw`{woj{nhf t`wz i` eop{ zpw i` jwf`) k`wwnw` i`z hw`nii`z)qhpw zozzpw`w p` i` {whfj `z{ jhmqi{`m`f{ oiihfl&Io q`wzhff` w`zqhfzogi` ogonzz` ip`ww` zpw io {{`k` iit` `{ fh{` io {onii` ozznz) op 1)? jm qwz&

Pf` dhnz io {onii` ozznz m`zpw`) hf q`p{ zhpz{wonw` i` wzpi{o{ hg{`fp k` io m`zpw` k` io {onii` k`ghp{) qhpwk{`wmnf`w io ihflp`pw k`z comg`z&


14/30?;

Qwh{hjhi` qhpw m`zpw`w i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwozZnmmhfz) 7111.

Hf {`fk pf wpgof m`zpw`w zpw i` mpw)oqqwhunmo{nt`m`f{ io eop{`pw k`z qopi`z kìit`& Hf zozzpw` p` i` qhnf{ k` kqow{ kp wpgof m`zpw`w `z{ u kofz i` jhnf kpf mpw& J`z{ i pìit` khn{ qioj`w z`z khnl{z&Iit` z` {n`f{ k`ghp{) i` t`f{w` `{ i`z hw{`niz dojòp mpw) i`z qn`kz jhiiz `{ io {{` {hpwf` t`wz iokwhn{`&I`z gwoz zhf{ {`fkpz io{woi`m`f{ iehwnshf{oi`. io eop{`pw k`z qopi`z) qopm`z {hpwf`z t`wz iotof{&I`z khnl{z zhf{ oiihflz&I` ghp{ kp moc`pw `z{ qioj zpw i` wpgof m`zpw`w

op jhnf kp mpw. `{ i`z gwoz zhf{ {`fkpz i` ihfl kpwpgof& ionk` kpf` wli` {`fp` t`w{njoi`m`f{ zpw i` wpgof m`zpw`w) k{`wmnf`w i`ft`wlpw` {h{oi` k`z gwoz op1)? jm qwz&

_p`z{nhfz {enp`z `{ z`fzngi`z \niinomz) 7115o2\niinomz) 7115g.

Qhpw m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`) hf khn{ {w` gn`f op don{k`z p`z{nhfz wìn`z i{enp`z `{ io z`fzngnin{pn `f{hpw`f{ io qwnz` k` m`zpw`z `{ i` zpntn kpktìhqq`m`f{ kpf `fdof{&

I`z `f{wof`pwz khnt`f{ jhmqw`fkw` fhf z`pi`m`f{ i`zjeofl`m`f{z qe~znp`z pn zpwtn`ff`f{ kofz ioqqow`fj``{ io {onii` kpf `fdof{) monz opzzn infjnk`fj` k` j`zjeofl`m`f{z qe~znp`z zpw io q`wzhffoin{ k` i`fdof{`{ io q`wj`q{nhf pni o k` zhf qwhqw` jhwqz) onfzn p`zpw io q`wj`q{nhf p` i`z op{w`z hf{ k` zhf jhwqz& I`z`f{wof`pwz hjjpq`f{ pf` qioj` pfnp` kp don{ pniz

q`pt`f{ hddwnw k`z jhfz`niz cpknjn`pu `{ pf` nfdhwmo{nhfz`fzngi` `{ oqqwhqwn`&

Thnw `f oqq`fknj` kp khjpm`f{ Op Jofoko) i` zqhw{j`z{ qhpw io tn` ) e{{q3((|||&zqhw{qhpwiotn`&jo(.)i`z jowoj{wnz{np`z kp ktìhqq`m`f{ qe~znp`) m`f{oi)jhlfn{nd `{ mh{nhffì je`s i`fdof{ `{ iokhi`zj`f{&

Dnlpw` ?1& M`zpw`w i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz

Dnlpw` ??& Oj{ntn{ qe~znp` `{ zqhw{nt` qhpw io tn`

@fdofj`

:m`l`

Zotnhw-onw`qe~znp`

@ujìi`fj`

Tn` oj{nt`

?11% k` io qhqpio{nhf

Qow{njnqo{nhfop zqhw{ k`jhmq{n{nhf

Ihnznwz (Oj{ntn{

qe~znp`


15/30

O pì mhm`f{ khn{ hf m`zpw`w io jwhnzzofj`8

Ni nmqhw{` p` i`z `f{wof`pwz hp i` q`wzhffì k`fjokw`m`f{ f` k`tn`ff`f{ qoz hgzkz qow i` fhmgw` k` dhnz h nidop{ m`zpw`w io {onii`) `{ j`) qhpw {whnz wonzhfz 3

I`z zofj`z k` qwnz` k` m`zpw`z q`pt`f{ iozz`w i`z o{ei{`z&?&I`z m`zpw`z q`pt`f{ k`t`fnw pf zpc`{ k` qwhjjpqo{nhf qhpw i`z o{ei{`z) zpw{hp{ zniz hf{ i` z`f{nm`f{ k` f` qoz7&lwofknw op mm` w~{em` p` i`pwz qonwz&I`z nf{`wtoii`z `f{w` i`z zofj`z k` jp`nii`{{` k` khff`z khnt`f{ {w` ozz`s ihflz k` mofnw` j` p` i`z o{ei{`z:&on`f{ qp lwofknw zpdzomm`f{ `{ p` io jwhnzzofj` hgz`wt` zhn{ f`{{`m`f{ zpqwn`pw` {hp{ jow{ qhptof{ {w` k pf` `ww`pw k` m`zpw` \niinomz) 7115o.&

W`jhmmofko{nhfz_p` i`z m`zpw`z zhn`f{ qwnz`z pf` dhnz qow {wnm`z{w`&_p` kofz io m`zpw` kp qhzzngi`) io qwnz` k` khff`z zhn{ `dd`j{p` io mm` ko{` op jhpwz kp mhnz `{ opzzn io

mm` e`pw` kp chpw&_ppf` qwnhk` op jhpwz k` io zofj` k`f{wof`m`f{ zhn{ wz`wt` io qwnz` k` m`zpw`z&Qw`fkw` i`z m`zpw`z oqwz pf` chpwf` k` w`qhz jhmqi`{ qhpw tn{`w p` i`dd`{ k`f{wof`m`f{ k` io t`nii` on{pf` nfjnk`fj` zpw i`z wzpi{o{z.&Qw`fkw` i`z m`zpw`z op kgp{ k` io zofj` k`f{wof`m`f{ pofk io{ei{` `z{ dwonz `{ knzqhz tn{of{ onfzn pì`f{wof`m`f{ fon{ pf` nfjnk`fj` zpw i`z wzpi{o{z z{nw`w) zop{nii`w) zop{`w `f qwhdhfk`pw) `{j& zhf{ op{of{ k`mhpt`m`f{z pn q`pt`f{ othnw pf `dd`{ zpw io {onii`. \niinomz) 711>o.&Mm` zn i`f{wof`pw q`fz` ppf `fdof{ o kc jhmm`fj zo qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj` qpg`w{onw`) i`z m`zpw`zqwnz`z wlpinw`m`f{) q`fkof{ pf` off`) k{`wmnf`whf{ zn io{ei{` o qozz i` z{ok` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf`& Qipz i`z khff`z zhf{ qwnz`z {{) otof{ iomhwj` k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj`) m`nii`pw`z zhf{ i`zhqqhw{pfn{z qhpw i`f{wof`pw kokoq{`w i` qwhlwomm` k`f{wof`m`f{ `f dhfj{nhf kp w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`&Jhmm` i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` zpwtn`f{ fhwmoi`m`f{ ?7 ofz je`s i`z ii`z) `{ ?; ofz je`s i`zlowhfz) ni `z{ otof{ol`pu k` knzqhz`w kp qipz lwofk fhmgw` qhzzngi` k` m`zpw`z qwnz`z otof{ j`{ l`&

l` 4 < 5 > ?1 ?? ?7 ?: ?; ?0 ?4 ?< ?5 ?> 71

[onii` jm. 0&1 ;&5 0&1 ;&5 0&1 ;&5 5&4 ?7&1 ?&: 1&> 1&0

Jhmm`f{ {woj`w pf` jhpwg` kp w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`

Qhpw `zpnzz`w pf` jhpwg` niipz{wof{ i` w~{em` k` jwhnzzofj` k` io {onii`) kpf` qwnz` k` khff`z iop{w`) ni dop{w`{wofje`w io m`zpw` qwjk`f{` kp wzpi{o{ oj{pì& Onfzn) op [ogiòp ?) `f{w` il` k` > ofz `{ il` k` ?1 ofz) i`zpc`{ o lwofkn k` 0 jm&

@f nfzjwntof{ i`z khff`z zpw pf {ogiòp `{ `f wìnof{ i`z qhnf{z zpjj`zznt`m`f{) fhpz owwnthfz {woj`w pf` jhpwg`niipz{wof{ i` w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj`& J`{{` jhpwg` m`{ `f tnk`fj` k`z qhnf{z k` jwhnzzofj` dojni`z w`qw`w jhmm`)qow ù`mqi`) iomhwj` k` io jwhnzzofj` woqnk`-zhpkonf` i` zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ `{ i` kgp{ zo kjiwo{nhf.&

[ogiòp ?& Jwhnzzofj` offpìi` {~qnp` jhmq{`w k` il` k` znu ofz


16/30?4

Jhmm`f{ p{ninz`w infdhwmo{nhf w`jp`niin` zpw iojwhnzzofj`

I`z m`zpw`z qwnz`z q`fkof{ io qeoz` k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk` zhpkonf` q`wm`{{`f{ k` zpntw` ithip{nhfk`z jeofl`m`f{z mhwqehihlnp` je`s i` c`pf`& Ni`z{ `zz`f{nì p` i`z `f{wof`pwz pn `fjokw`f{ k`zokhi`zj`f{z o{ei{`z qwqpgw`z `{ qpgw`z. k{`wmnf`f{m{ehknp`m`f{ i`z jhpwg`z niipz{wof{ i` w~{em` k`jwhnzzofj` `{ i`z mhm`f{z k` qhpzz` zhpkonf` k`zc`pf`z& Ozzpw`w pf zpntn k` io jwhnzzofj` `{ {woj`w i`lwoqenp` kp je`mnf`m`f{ `{ kp w~{em` k` jwhnzzofj` k`jeop` o{ei{`) q`wm`{{`f{ opu `f{wof`pwz koqqhw{`wi`z ocpz{`m`f{z fj`zzonw`z opu qwhlwomm`z nfkntnkpìzk`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhf&Gn`f p` io joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{) `f j` pn jhfj`wfì` ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z eogni`{z mh{wnj`z `{ zqhw{nt`z)k` io tn{`zz` `{ k` io zhpqi`zz`) zhn{ dhfk` zpw il`jewhfhihlnp` Tnwp) ?>>02 Tnwp `{ jhii&) ?>>52 Goi~n `{Whzz) 711>o2 Goi~n `{ Whzz) 711>g2 Wpzeoii) ?>>5.) i`zmowp`pwz gnhihlnp`z q`wm`{{`f{ k` w`qw`w i`z qwnhk`zz`fzngi`z dothwogi`z pf` okoq{o{nhf ojjiw` opktìhqq`m`f{ k` i`fkpwofj` `{ k` io dhwj`& Ni `z{ khfjqhzzngi` knk`f{n`w i` mhm`f{ hqqhw{pf tnzof{ hg{`fnwi`dd`{ k`f{wof`m`f{ hq{nmoi& Iomhwj` kp qnj k`jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{ infknjo{`pw qhpw ojj`f{p`wi`f{wof`m`f{ owhgn` kofz i`z zqhw{z hp i` k{`wmnfof{moc`pw io q`wdhwmofj` `z{ i` z~z{m` owhgn`& @f{w` i`kgp{ kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` `{ i` zhmm`{

k` jìpn jn) ni dop{ qwntniln`w i`f{wof`m`f{ jhf{nfpjhpwz` i`f{` zpw ihflp` knz{ofj` JIIK. `{ Dow{i`b.& Pf`dhnz j` zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ `{ p` io jwhnzzofj` on{ jhmm`fj woi`f{nw. ii dop{ dothwnz`w i`f{wof`m`f{ qow nf{`wtoii`zIo|w`fj`) ?>>>2 Bhgo~ozen `{ jhii&) ?>>52Thwhf{zht) 7117.& @f j` pn jhfj`wf` i`z zqhw{z khf{ i`k{`wmnfof{ moc`pw io q`wdhwmofj` `z{ io tn{`zz` hp ioqpnzzofj`) inmqhw{ofj` ojjhwk`w i`fkpwofj` owhgn`khn{ {w` k{`wmnf` zìhf i`z g`zhnfz `{ i`z fhwm`zzqjnp`z io knzjnqinf` zqhw{nt`) cpzp pì qhnf{dop{-ni ktìhqq`w i`fkpwofj` kofz mhf zqhw{8 thnwioqq`fknj` : zpw i`z ùnl`fj`z k`z inw`z f`wl{np`zqwhqw`z jeop` zqhw{.&

Iokoq{o{nhf ojjiw` i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj` je`si`z ii`z zpwtn`f{) {hp{ k` zpn{` oqwz i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk` zhpkonf` `{(hp ioqqown{nhf k`z qw`mnw`z wli`z&I`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj` o pf `dd`{ zpw i`z joqojn{zmh{wnj`z `{ i` z~z{m` f`wt`pu j`f{woi) zofz othnwknmqoj{ zpw ie~q`w{whqen` otof{ io qi`nf` mo{pwo{nhfehwmhfoi`& Je`s i`z lowhfz) i` mhm`f{ hqqhw{pf z`{whpt` ?7 - ?5 mhnz oqwz i` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`zhpkonf` Whzz `{ Mowdìi Chf`z) ?>>?2 G`pf`f `{ [ehmnz)

71112 Ofk`wzhf `{ G`wfeowk{) ?>>5.& Cpzp pì qhnf{dop{-ni ktìhqq`w io dhwj` kofz i`z zqhw{z k`fkpwofj` `{kofz i`z zqhw{z k` tn{`zz` `{ k` qpnzzofj` w`zq`j{nt`m`f{8I `fjhw`) hf khn{ z`f w`m`{{w` k`z fhwm`z qwhqw`z jeop` knzjnqinf` zqhw{nt` qhpw k{`wmnf`w kofz pìi`m`zpw` ni jhftn`f{ k` qwnhwnz`w i`f{wof`m`f{ k` io dhwj`&

I`fkpwofj` `{ io dhwj` k`twon`f{ {w` ktìhqq`z {hpzi`z z{ok`z kp je`mnf`m`f{ k` io{ei{` monz) inmqhw{ofj`k`f{wof`m`f{ k` j`z k`pu jhmqhzof{`z z`wo k{`wmnf`qow i`z hgc`j{ndz qhpwzpntnz opu knddw`f{z z{ok`z k`ktìhqq`m`f{ ihfl {`wm` k` io{ei{` `{ i` w~{em` k`jwhnzzofj` nfkntnkpì& Thnw Op Jofoko) i` zqhw{ j`z{ qhpwio tn` `{ i`z mhki`z k` KI[Q(O k`z knddw`f{z zqhw{z.

Io qwnz` k` khff`z zpw io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{

i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz {hpz i`z {wnm`z{w`z oqwz iomhwj` kìo jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf`) to q`wm`{{w` k` k{`wmnf`wpìi` qow{n` kp jhwqz lwofkn{ `{ pì w~{em`& Jìojhmm`fj` qow i`z qn`kz `{ i`z monfz) zpntnz k`z comg`z)qpnz k`z gwoz `{) `ff) i` {whfj2 pofk zpwtn`f{ i`qnj kojjwhnzz`m`f{ kp qhnkz) i` jhwqz qwz`f{` k`zknm`fznhfz eowmhfn`pz`z& Onfzn) i`f{wof`pw jhmqw`fkwomn`pu inmqoj{ k` io jwhnzzofj` zpw i`z eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z)io tn{`zz` `{ io zhpqi`zz`&

Onfzn) io qiofnjo{nhf ( qwnhknzo{nhf k`z qwhlwomm`zk`f{wof`m`f{ z` d`wo `f woj{nhf op w~{em` k` io jhpwg`k` jwhnzzofj` nfkntnkpìi` tn{of{ onfzn k`z kjnznhfz

owgn{wonw`z zpw i` zpc`{& @f wzpm) io qiofnjo{nhf`{ iioghwo{nhf k` qwhlwomm`z qhpw k`z o{ei{`z iokhi`zj`fj` khn{ w`qhz`w zpw il` hp i` z{ok` k`ktìhqq`m`f{) `{ fhf il` jewhfhihlnp`&

Dnlpw` ?7& I` w~{em` k` io jwhnzzofj` `{ i` qnj k`jwhnzzofj` woqnk`-zhpkonf` qhpw pf lowhf& I`zkhff`z kp {ogiòp ? zjeìhff`f{ zpw io qwnhk` k` 4 71 ofz&

Ol` 4

?1

??

?7

?:

?;

?0

?4

?

711

0

?1

?0

l` 4 < 5 > ?1 ?? ?7 ?: ?; ?0 ?4 ?< ?5 ?> 71

?0

0

?1

1

Jm(off`


17/30

Jw`kn{z

Fhpz w`jhffonzzhfz ioqqpn fofjn`w kplhpt`wf`m`f{ kp Jofoko qow i` gnonz k`Zqhw{ Jofoko) pf` knw`j{nhf lfwoi` kpmnfnz{w` kp Qo{wnmhnf` jofokn`f&

[hpz kwhn{z wz`wtz& J`{ hptwol` f` q`p{ {w`w`qwhkpn{ `f {h{oin{ hp `f qow{n` k`z fzjhmm`wjnoi`z zofz iop{hwnzo{nhf jwn{` k`z op{`pwzhp kp J`f{w` jofokn`f mpi{nzqhw{z Tofjhpt`w&J`{{` wz`wt` `flihg` {hp{ mh~`f mjofnp`hp i`j{whfnp`) {hp{` qeh{hjhqn` `{ {hp{`fw`lnz{w`m`f{) hp {hp{ ojjz pf z~z{m` k`z{hjbol` knfdhwmo{nhf&

Qpgin qow i`z J`f{w`z jofokn`fz mpi{nzqhw{z

kn{nhf `{ jhfj`q{nhf lwoqenp`

Kofnìi` Gìi) Jn{npz Q`wdhwmofj`

Fhpz w`m`wjnhfz zqjnoi`m`f{ Lwoeom Whzz `{Jwonl \niinomz k` fhpz othnw q`wmnz k` w`qwhkpnwì`pwz jeoqn{w`z `f nmqw`zznhf je`s zjPB) onfznp` Qo{nfol` k` tn{`zz` Jofoko `{ Fo{o{nhfJofoko&

NZGF3 >5?75?;-?-;

Jhfjipznhf

Ni `z{ {wz nmqhw{of{ p` i`z `f{wof`pwz ozzpw`f{ pf zpntn k` io jwhnzzofj` otof{) q`fkof{ `{ oqwz io qhpzz` k`jwhnzzofj` qpg`w{onw` q`wm`{{of{ kioghw`w k`z qiofz nfkntnkpoinzz dothwnzof{ i` ktìhqq`m`f{ hq{nmoi k`z o{ei{`z&Zpn{ pf wzpm k`z im`f{z knfdhwmo{nhf z`wtof{ k` lpnk` opu `f{wof`pwz kofz iioghwo{nhf k`z qwhlwomm`zk`f{wof`m`f{) k` jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhf tnzof{ i` ktìhqq`m`f{ ihfl {`wm` k`z o{ei{`z&

K`z m`zpw`z zpw io jwhnzzofj` zhf{ fj`zzonw`z qhpw ozzpw`w i` zpntn kp ktìhqq`m`f{ k`z `fdof{z `{ okhi`zj`f{z&Iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf`) i` zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ `{ ioqqown{nhf k`z qw`mnw`z wli`z khnt`f{{w` jionw`m`f{ nk`f{nz of k` q`wm`{{w` i`z ocpz{`m`f{z fj`zzonw`z opu qwhlwomm`z k`f{wof`m`f{) k`jhmq{n{nhf `{ k` wjpqwo{nhf zìhf i` w~{em` k` io jhpwg` k` jwhnzzofj`&@f qow{of{ k`z khff`z w`jp`niin`z) i` {woj q`wm`{{wo knk`f{n`w i`z mhm`f{z k` iomhwj` kp qnj k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk` zhpkonf`) kp zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ pn `z{ zpntn qow pf` kjiwo{nhf k` io jwhnzzofj`&Wli` lfwoi`) ioqqown{nhf k`z qw`mnw`z wli`z zpwtn`f{ `ftnwhf pf of oqwz p`jwhnzzofj` o jhmm`fj woi`f{nw) i`f{wof`pw q`p{ onfzn `z{nm`w oqqwhunmo{nt`m`f{ i` mhm`f{&

Otof{ i` kgp{ k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj`) hf k`twon{ m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{ {hpz i`z offnt`wzonw`z hp op kgp{ kp fhptòp j~ji` offpì k`f{wof`m`f{ kofz i`z jipgz zqhw{ndz&Hf k`twon{ m`zpw`w io {onii` k`ghp{) io {onii` ozznz `{ i`ft`wlpw` k`z gwoz jeop` {wnm`z{w`) kz p` io qhpzz`zpgn{` k` jwhnzzofj` `z{ `f{om`&I`f{wof`m`f{ k`z eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z) k` io tn{`zz` `{ k` io zhpqi`zz` w`qhz` zpw il` jewhfhihlnp`) {ofknz pì`f{wof`m`f{ k` i`fkpwofj` `{ k` io dhwj` `z{ dhfj{nhf k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`-zhpkonf`&


18/30


19/30

\NIINOMZ) J& Of Ht`wtn`| hd Lwh|{e ofk K`tìhqm`f{3Qòb E`nle{ Tìhjn{~ QET. ) kofz N& Goi~n `{ J& \niinomzk&.) Jhojenfl {e` ^hpfl K`tìhqm`f{oi Q`wdhwm`w)I``kz) Jhoje|nz`) 711>&

TNWP) O& Okoq{o{nhf nf Zqhw{z [wonfnfl) Ghjo Wo{hfDihwnk`.) JWJ Qw`zz) ?>>0&

TNWP) O&) C& IHBH) O& THIT@W) I& IOOF@H[Z) B& BOWI@ZHM`{ M& TNWP& Ol` Q`wnhkz hd Ojjì`wo{`k Nmqwht`m`f{zhd Mpzji` Z{w`fl{e) Qh|`w) Zq``k ofk @fkpwofj` nf Ol`Nf{`wtoi 4-?5 ^ owz ) Gnhihl~ hd Zqhw{) thi& ?0) fh ;?>>5.) q& 7?? 77>>.)q& &

I`j{pw`z jhmqim`f{onw`z

OWMZ[WHFL) F&) `{ C& \@IZEMOF& Jenikw`f nf Zqhw{ ofk@u`wjnz` ) Gwn{nze Chpwfoi h Qe~znjoi @kpjo{nhf) thi& 75) fh 7?>>>:) q& 4; 40&

OWMZ[WHFL) F&) `{ C& \@IZEMOF& [wonfnfl ^hpfl O{ei`{`z )kofz M& I`` k&.) Jhojenfl Jenikw`f nf Zqhw{) Ihfkw`z) ZqhfQw`zz) ?>>:) q& ?>? ?>:&

GOI^N) N& Zqhw{ Z~z{`m Gpniknfl ofk Ihfl-[`wm O{ei`{`K`tìhqm`f{ nf Jofoko3 [e` Zn{po{nhf ofk Zhip{nhfz ) Jhoje`zW`qhw{) thi& 5) fh ? 711?.) q& 70 75&

GOWFZI@ ) W& E&) { O&E& [EHMQZHF& Gnw{eko{` ofk Zpjj`zznf Mnfhw Ehjb`~3 [e` B`~ {h {e` F&E&I& ) Jofoknof Chpwfoi h

Gèotnhwoi Zjn`fj`) thi& 71 ?>55.) q& ?4< ?7.) q& 5:&

GOW-HW) H& [e` Jenik ofk {e` Okhi`zj`f{ O{ei`{`) Huhwk W& P&.)Giojb|ìi Zjn`f{nj Qpginjo{nhfz) ?>>4&

GOW-HW) H& K`tìhqnfl {e` Qw`qpg`w{oi O{ei`{`3 Qe~znhihlnjoiQwnfjnqi`z ) kofz C&Q& [whpq) O&Q& Ehiiofk`w) K& Z{wozz`) Z&\&[woqq ) C&M& Joqqo`w{ { [&O& [woqq` k&.) Gnhm`jeofnjz ofkM`knjnf` nf Z|nmmnfl TNN) Ihfkw`z) Zqhf Qw`zz) ?>>4) q& ?:0?:>&

GOW-HW) H& Fp{wn{nhfoi Jhfznk`wo{nhfz hw {e` Jenik O{ei`{` )Jofoknof Chpwfoi h Oqqin`k Qe~znhihl~) thi& 74 zpqqi&. 711?.)q& ?54 ?>?&

GOW-HW) H) { [& WH\IOFK& Q`kno{wnj @u`wjnz` M`knjnf`)Jeomqonlf Niinfhnz.) Epmof Bnf`{njz) 711;&

GOU[@W-CHF@Z) O& K& Lwh|{e ofk K`tìhqm`f{ h ^hpflQ`whwm`wz ) Zqhw{ M`knjnf`) thi& 71 ?>>0.) q& 0> 4;&

G@PF@F) L&) { W&M& MOINFO& Lwh|{e ofk GnhihlnjoiMo{pwo{nhf3 Wì`tofj` {h O{ei`{nj Q`whwmofj` ) kofz H& GowHw k&.) [e` Jenik ofk Okhi`zj`f{ O{ei`{ ) Ihfkw`z) Giojb|ìiZjn`f{nj Qpginjo{nhfz) ?>>4) q& : 70&

GNO[EIHF JOFOKO& Qwhlwomm` k` KI[O k` Gno{eihf Jofoko)H{{o|o Hf{ownh.) Gno{eihf Jofoko) 7114&

GINMBN@) J&C&W&) { H& GOW-HW& [wonfognin{~ h Mpzji` Z{w`fl{e)

Qh| w ofk @fkpwofj` kpwnfl Jenikehhk ) kofz H& Gow Hw k&.)[e` Jenik ofk Okhi`zj`f{ O{ei`{`) Ihfkw`z) Giojb|ìi Zjn`f{njQpginjo{nhfz) ?>>4) q& ??: ?:1&

GINMBN@) J&C&W&) { O& MOWNHF& W`znz{ofj` [wonfnfl kpwnflQwòkhi`zj`fj`3 Nzzp`z) Jhf{wht wzn`z ofk W`jhmm`fko{nhfz )Jhoje`z W`qhw{) thi& ?) fh ; ?>>;.) q& ?1 ?;&

KNJB) D&\& Zqhw{ [wonfnfl Qwnfjnqi`z) Ihfkw`z) I`qpz Ghhbz) ?>50

DKWO[NHF NF[@WFO[NHFOI@ K@ L^MFOZ[N_P@) Ol` LwhpqK`tìhqm`f{ Qwhlwom JK(KTK.&

LIOK\@II) M& Hp{in`wz3 [e` Z{hw~ h Zpjj`zz) F`| hwb) In{{i`)Gwh|f $ Jhmqof~) 7115&

MOINFO) W&M&) { J& GHPJEOWK& Lwh|{e) Mo{pwo{nhf ofkQe~znjoi Oj{ntn{~) Jeomqonlf Niinfhnz.) Epmof Bnf`{njz) ?>>?&

M@WH) O& Qh|`w ofk Zq``k [wonfnfl kpwnfl Jenikehhk )kofz @& Tof Qwoole k&.) Q`kno{wnj Ofo`whgnj Q`whwmofj`)


20/3071

Jeomqonlf Niinfhnz.) Epmof Bnf`{njz) ?>>5) q& 7;? 74>&

FOKHWN) I& Os `ks`z ìmì`{` `z mhkzs`w{ofo) Gpkoq`z{) Zqhw{)?>54&

FHWWNZ) Z&W&) { K&C& ZMN[E& Qioffnfl) Q`wnhknso{nhf ofkZ`p`fjnfl h [wonfnfl ofk Jhmq`{n{nhf3 [e` Wo{nhfoi hwo Jhmq`{`f{i~ Qioff`k) Hq{nmoii~ @u`jp{`k [wonfnfl ofkJhmq`{n{nhf Qwhlwom) Zpqqhw{`k g~ o Mpi{nknzjnqinfow~ [òm) kofz M& Bìimoff k&.) @feofjnfl W`jht`w~3 Qw`t`f{nflPfk`wq`whwmofj` nf Q`whwm`wz) Jeomqonlf Niinfhnz.) EpmofBnf`{njz) 7111) q& ?7? ?;:&

[OFF@W) C&M& Lwh|nfl Pq ) Zjn`f{nj Om`wnjof) thi& > ?>>1&

[N[[@I) B& Jhhwknfo{nhf ofk Goiofj` ) kofz O& Knwnu) E&L&Bfp{{l`f { B& [n{{ì k&.) [e` Hi~mqnj Ghhb h Zqhw{ M`knjnf`)Huhwk) Giojb|ìi Zjn`f{nj Qpginjo{nhfz) ?>>7) q& ?>; 7?7&

[EPMM) E&-Q& [e` Nmqhw{ofj` h {e` Goznj [wonfnfl hw {e`K`tìhqm`f{ h Q`whwmofj` ) F`| Z{pkn`z nf O{ei`{njz) thi& ??>5>5&

\NIMHW@) C&E&) { K&I& JHZ[NII& Qe~znhihl~ h Zqhw{ ofk@u`wjnz`) Jeomqonlf Niinfhnz.) Epmof Bnf`{njz) ?>>;&


21/30

I l` k`f{wof`m`f{ zqhw{nd lfwoi w`fthn` opfhmgw` koff`z k`f{wof`m`f{ kofz knddw`f{zzqhw{z&I l` k`f{wof`m`f{ zqjnp` pf zqhw{ w`fthnòp fhmgw` koff`z k` zqjnoinzo{nhf kofz pf zqhw{`f qow{njpin`w&

I`z oj{ntn{z opuninonw`z zhf{ i`z jhffonzzofj`z`{ iùqwn`fj` po io{ei{` k`z {`jefnp`zkjeopdd`m`f{ `{ k` wjpqwo{nhf) k`z {nw`m`f{z) k` iofp{wn{nhf) k` ie~kwo{o{nhf) kp w`qhz) k` io w`z{opwo{nhf)k` io wlfwo{nhf) k` io qwqowo{nhf m`f{oi`) kìodd{ol` `{ k` io qwqowo{nhf knw`j{` pf zhmm`{ k`q`wdhwmofj`&

Qipz i`z o{ei{`z hf{ ktìhqq j`z oj{ntn{zjhmqim`f{onw`z) qipz niz zhf{ `f m`zpw` kominhw`w i`pw`f{wof`m`f{ `{ i`pw q`wdhwmofj`& Ihwzp` i`z o{ei{`zhf{ o{{`nf{ i`pw qi`nf qh{`f{nì lf{np` `{ pniz f`q`pt`f{ zominhw`w kotof{ol` qe~znhihlnp`m`f{) i`pwq`wdhwmofj` q`p{ {hp{ k` mm` {w` ojjwp` lwj` opuoj{ntn{z opuninonw`z&

I`z nfknjo{`pwz gnhihlnp`z zhf{ iomhwj` k` jwhnzzofj`woqnk`-zhpkonf`) i` zhmm`{ o{{`nf{ `{ ioqqown{nhf k`zqw`mnw`z wli`z&

I`fdofj` z{`fk lfwoi`m`f{ kp qw`mn`w

offnt`wzonw` %f k` io q`{n{` `fdofj`. cpzpop kgp{ kìokhi`zj`fj`& @ii` `z{ jowoj{wnz` qow io qwhlw`zznhfwlpinw` k` io jwhnzzofj` `{ k` io mo{pwo{nhf `{ ioqwhlw`zznhf woqnk` kp ktìhqq`m`f{ f`pwhmpzjpionw` `{mh{`pw& @ii` `z{ eogn{pìi`m`f{ kntnz` `f k`pu qeoz`z 3io qw`mnw` `fdofj` l` qwzjhionw`) `fdof{z k` pf jnfofz. `{ io z`jhfk` `fdofj` l` zjhionw`) k` znu ofz opkgp{ k` iokhi`zj`fj`.&

I` ktìhqq`m`f{ w`qwz`f{` inf{`wwìo{nhf `f{wìo jwhnzzofj` `{ io mo{pwo{nhf qow woqqhw{ op {`mqz& I`jhfj`q{ kp ktìhqq`m`f{ zoqqinp` loi`m`f{ opueogni`{z zhjnoi`z) mh{nhffìi`z) nf{ìi`j{pìi`z `{

mh{wnj`z k` i`fdof{ &

I`z {`wm`z jwhnzzofj` `{ mo{pwo{nhf zhf{zhpt`f{ `mqih~z k` dohf nf{`wjeoflògi`& [hp{`dhnz)niz zoqqinp`f{ k`z oj{ntn{z gnhihlnp`z knz{nfj{`z&Io jwhnzzofj` kznlf` i`z jeofl`m`f{z hgz`wtogi`z)m`zpwogi`z `{ qwhlw`zzndz {ìz i`z jeofl`m`f{z k`knm`fznhfz kp jhwqz 3 {onii`) qhnkz `{ qhpwj`f{ol` k`

Lihzzonw`

Iokoq{o{nhf `z{ io wqhfz` pf z{nmpipz hp pf` zwn`k` z{nmpin `f{wofof{ k`z jeofl`m`f{z dhfj{nhffìz hpmhwqehihlnp`z kofz ihwlofnzm`& I` fntòp hp i` k`lwkokoq{o{nhf q`p{ town`w zìhf i` qh{`f{nì lf{np`k` infkntnkp& [hp{`dhnz) k`z w`je`wje`z `f qe~znhihln`hf{ q`wmnz k` klol`w i`z {`fkofj`z lfwoi`z kìokoq{o{nhf& Onfzn) i`z qwnfjnq`z knw`j{`pwz k` j`w{onfzqwhj`zzpz kokoq{o{nhf {ìz iokoq{o{nhf i`fkpwofj`mpzjpionw` `{ iokoq{o{nhf io dhwj` mounmoi` hf{ {jionw`m`f{ kfnz&

I` kgp{ `{ io f k` iokhi`zj`fj` f` zhf{ qozjionw`m`f{ kinmn{z& J`z{ kpwof{ iokhi`zj`fj` p` io

qipqow{ k`z z~z{m`z jhwqhwìz o{{`nlf`f{ i`pw mo{pwn{z{wpj{pwìi` `{ dhfj{nhffìi`& J`{{` qwnhk` zomhwj`qow iojjiwo{nhf k` io tn{`zz` k` jwhnzzofj`) pnmowp` i` kgp{ k` io qhpzz` k` jwhnzzofj`& I` w~{em`k` jwhnzzofj` o{{`nf{ pf zhmm`{ qhpw `fzpn{` woi`f{nwcpzp j` p` io {onii` okpi{` zhn{ o{{`nf{`& Zpw i` qiofdhfj{nhffì) iokhi`zj`fj` `z{ eogn{pìi`m`f{ kfn` qowio mo{pwo{nhf zùpìi`) pn kgp{` qow k`z jeofl`m`f{zop fntòp kp z~z{m` f`pwh`fkhjwnfn`f) zpntnz k`jeofl`m`f{z qe~znp`z ù{`wf`z `{ jhmqi{z qow iomo{pwn{ k`z dhfj{nhfz w`qwhkpj{wnj`z&

Ol`

I l` jewhfhihlnp` `z{ i` fhmgw` k` chpwz `{koff`z jhpiz k`qpnz io fonzzofj`& I` fntòpk` mo{pwn{ gnhihlnp` k`fdof{z kp mm` l`jewhfhihlnp` q`p{ knddw`w k` pìp`z off`z&I l` zpì`{{np` kznlf` io mo{pwn{ kp zpì`{{`{ìi` p` k{`wmnf` qow i` k`lw khzznjo{nhfqwhj`zzpz k` dhwmo{nhf k`z hz. kp z~z{m` hzz`pu&J`{{` m`zpw` k` il` {n`f{ jhmq{` kp k`lw k`mo{pwo{nhf k`z hz) fhf qoz qow woqqhw{ i`pw {onii`monz qow woqqhw{ i`pw dhwm` `{ i`pw qhzn{nhf i`zpfz qow woqqhw{ opu op{w`z&I l` wìo{nddon{ w`d`w`fj` io kndd`w`fj` kl``f{w` k`pu c`pf`z fz io mm` off`& Gowfzi`~ ofk[ehmqzhf) ?>50.&I l` hp i` z{ok`. k` ktìhqq`m`f{ z` woqqhw{òp k`lw k` mo{pwn{ qe~znp`) m`f{oi`) jhlfn{nt` `{mh{nhffìi`& I` z{ok` k` ktìhqq`m`f{ qe~znp``z{ {ogin `f dhfj{nhf k` io mo{pwo{nhf zpì`{{np`)pn qwjk` eogn{pìi`m`f{ io mo{pwn{ m`f{oi`)jhlfn{nt` `{ mh{nhffìi`&


22/3077

{nzzpz oknq`pu & Io mo{pwo{nhf) pof{ ìi`) kznlf` i`z jeofl`m`f{z z{wpj{pwopu `{ dhfj{nhffìz kp z~z{m`poin{o{nd) pn z` qwhkpnz`f{ ihwzp` ihwlofnzm` qwhlw`zz`t`wz io mo{pwn{) qow ù`mqi`) ihwzp` i` jow{niol` kpzpì`{{` z` {wofzdhwm` `f hz &

I` mh{ zpkhnz Dow{i`b) c`p k` tn{`zz` in{{woi`m`f{)kznlf` pf ù`wjnj` pn jhfznz{` oi{`wf`w k`z qeoz`z k`jhpwz` woqnk` `{ k` jhpwz` i`f{`&

Iogwtno{nhf JIIK jhww`zqhfk pf` jhpwz` i`f{` zpw pfìhfl` knz{ofj`&

I` qnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk` zhpkonf` `z{ io qhpzz`gwpzp` k` io {onii` io qpg`w{& Il` h io jhpwg` k`

jwhnzzofj` o{{`nf{ zhf w~{em` hq{nmoi `z{ oqqì il` kpqnj k` jwhnzzofj` woqnk`(zhpkonf`&

I` zothnw-donw` qe~znp` don{ wdw`fj` io jhmgnfonzhfeowmhfn`pz` `{ jhmqiù` k`z dhfk`m`f{z kp mhpt`m`f{)k`z eogni`{z mh{wnj`z) oiinz opu eogni`{z zqhw{nt`z&

Io qpg`w{ `z{ i` mhm`f{ h pf nfkntnkp `z{ mo{pw` zpwi` qiof zùpì `{ `z{ joqogi` k` z` w`qwhkpnw`&

I`z qwnhk`z z`fzngi`z kokoq{o{nhf ojjiw` i`f{wof`m`f{ kznlf`f{ i`z qeoz`z qwhqnj`z i`f{wof`m`f{) pofk ni ~ o pf` qhzzngnin{ qe~znhihlnp`kokoq{o{nhf ojjiw` i`f{wof`m`f{&I` {`wm` zhmo{np` w`fthn` op z~z{m` mpzjpih-zpì`{{np`&

Io joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{ w`fthn` op qh{`f{nìlf{np` k`z o{ei{`z ihwzpniz wolnzz`f{q`wzhffìi`m`f{ k`z z{nmpin k`f{wof`m`f{ zqjnp`z`{ z~ okoq{`f{& Moinfo `{ Ghpjeowk %?>>?. kfnzz`f{io joqojn{ k`f{wof`m`f{ jhmm` R[WOKPJ[NHF] io

wj`q{ntn{ hq{nmoi` k`z nfkntnkpz ilowk k`z z{nmpink`f{wof`m`f{) knddw`f{z z{ok`z k` jwhnzzofj` `{ k`mo{pwo{nhf &


23/30

Cof& Dt& Mowz Otwni Mon Cpnf Cpni& Oh{ Z`q{& Hj{& Fht& Kj&

Qhpwj`f{ol

`

k`

chp`pwzw`qjez

Oqq`fknj` ?& [ fnw jhmq{` kp mhm`f{ k` ioff` h `z{ f i`fdof{

Ni zotw` qowdhnz {wz otof{ol`pu hp kzotof{ol`pu qhpw pf o{ei{` k` qw`fkw` qow{ k`z jhmq{n{nhfz {hp{` ioff` opz`nf kpf mm` lwhpq` kl` dhfk zpw io ko{` k` fonzzofj`2 zìhf i` mhm`f{ k` ioff` h ni `z{ f) ni qhpwwon{ gn`f{w` {hpchpwz i` qipz tn`pu hp i` qipz c`pf`&

I`z `fdof{z i`z qipz lz k` i`pw lwhpq` hf{ {`fkofj` {w` qipz lwofkz) qipz dhw{z `{ qipz okwhn{z p` i`pwz jhpnqn`wzqipz c`pf`z2 qhpw j`z wonzhfz) i`z `f{wof`pwz jwhn`f{ zhpt`f{ pniz dhwm`f{ k` m`nii`pwz chp`pwz kofz i`fz`mgi`& Nizi`pw khff`f{ qow jhfzp`f{ qipz ko{{`f{nhf `{ k` {`mqz k` c`p) j` pn jhf{wngp` wìi`m`f{ donw` k`pu k` m`nii`pwzchp`pwz op ghp{ kp jhmq{` `{ i`pw qwhjpw` kotof{ol` khjjoznhfz k` qozz`w pf fntòp qipz otofj& J`z m{ehk`z{`fkofjn`pz`z q`wznz{`f{ k`qpnz qipz k` k`pu kj`ffn`z %thnw io lpw` ?: jn-k`zzhpz.&

Qow ù`mqi`) `f 71150.


24/307;

Dnlpw` ?;& Qw`pt` k` infjnk`fj` k` io knddw`fj` kl` w`io{nt` 3 Dnfoinz{`z mozjpinfz P?0 - @flinze ZjehhiO{ei`{njz %f=??:. %Okoq{ `{ mhkn k` Mhwwnz `{ F`tnii) 7114.

Zhpwj`3 e{{q3|||&`zoo&f`{2 \en{{nfleom $ Mo{{e`|z@kz&. Gwn{nze O{ei`{njz Z{o{nz{njoi W`tn`| ?>>>-7110

Dnlpw` ?0& Qw`pt` k` infjnk`fj` k` io knddw`fj` kl` w`io{nt` 3 Fol`pwz k` iOZO Moi` Ol` Jeomqnhfzenq `f711; %f=?54. %Okoq{ `{ mhkn k` Mhwwnz `{ F`tnii) 7114.

Zhpwj`z Omo{`pw Z|nmmnfl Ozzhjno{nhf

1%

?1%

71%

:1%

;1%

01%

41%

Z`q-Fht Kj-Dt Mow-Mon Cpnf-Oh{

1%

0%

?1%

?0%

71%

70%

:1%

:0%

;1%

Oh{-Hj{ Fht-Cof Dt-Otw Mon-Cpnf


25/30

Dnlpw` ?4& Qw`pt` k` infjnk`fj` k` io knddw`fj` kl` w`io{nt` 3 Chp`pwz k` zhjj`w k` i@flinze Ojok`m~ `f 7117711; %f=?


26/3074

Oqq`fknj` 7& @f{wof`m`f{ hq{nmoiGoi~n) K`tinf) Iopsnw`) Mhhw` `{ \o~) 7114.

l`jewhfhihlnp`

Mhnfzk`

0

?1

l`k`

k`t`ihqq`m`f{"(-

?;

??

?:

?7

l`k`f{wof`m`f{l`k`f{wof`m

`f{qwhqw`pfzqhw{"(-

l`k`f{wof`m`f{lfwoi"(-

?0

?>

?4

?5

?

Documents

Le Suivi de La Croissance