Lecture 1 RM

8/2/2019 Lecture 1 RM

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1

CommunicationCommunication


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TypesTypes of Communicationof Communication

On the basis of organization relationship and rules

Formal

Informal

On the basis of Flow Vertical

Crosswise/Diagonal

Horizontal

On the basis of Expression

Oral

Written

Gesture


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Types of CommunicationTypes of Communication


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Formal CommunicationFormal Communication

Workers

Workers

President

Managers Managers

Workers Workers Workers

Efforts at coordination

Information

Instru

ctions

anddirec

tives


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Formal CommunicationFormal Communication

the processofsharingofficialinformationwiththe processofsharingofficialinformationwith

otherswhoneed to knowit,otherswhoneed to knowit,

accordingtothe prescribed patterns depictedaccordingtothe prescribed patterns depictedinanorganizationchartinanorganizationchart

FlowsthroughformalchannelFlowsthroughformalchannel

Also knownasline ofcommandAlso knownasline ofcommand


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TypesTypes

downward communicationdownward communication

upward communicationupward communication

horizontalcommunicationhorizontalcommunication

DiagonalcommunicationDiagonalcommunication


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Informal CommunicationInformal Communication

Base ofinformalrelationbetweentwoorBase ofinformalrelationbetweentwoor

more individualsmore individuals

also knownasgrapevine.also knownasgrapevine. Not planned and organized.Not planned and organized.

Maybe bothofficialor personal.Maybe bothofficialor personal.

Based onfriendship oracquaintance.Based onfriendship oracquaintance.


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AdvantagesAdvantages

FasterspeedFasterspeed

ReactsquicklyReactsquickly

Multi dimensionalMulti dimensional Positive group makingPositive group making

Free expressionofideasFree expressionofideas

Supplement toformalchannelSupplement toformalchannel


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DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Halftruth,rumorsHalftruth,rumors

No documental proofNo documental proof

Noactioncanbe takenNoactioncanbe taken Maylead tointernal disputeMaylead tointernal dispute

Noauthorityline ismaintainedNoauthorityline ismaintained


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Informal channelsInformal channelsY

D

C

B

A

Chain

A

JB

D H I

K

F

GE

C

Gossip

A

F B D

J

H

CE

K

G I

X

Probability

A

C

D

F

J

IB

Cluster


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Formal vsInformal CommunicationFormal vsInformal Communication

???


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DifferenceDifference

Formal communicationFormal communication

Followsthe formalchannelFollowsthe formalchannel

Executivesare informedExecutivesare informed

aboutthe senderaboutthe sender

Quick reactionmaynotbeQuick reactionmaynotbe

therethere

RelationbetweentheRelationbetweenthe

senderand receiverisfarsenderand receiverisfarremoteremote

Informal communicationInformal communication

DoesntfollowanyformalDoesntfollowanyformal

channelchannel

The senderwillbe unknownThe senderwillbe unknown

Quick reactionwillbeQuick reactionwillbe

expectedexpected

Relationismore likeRelationismore like

friendlyfriendly


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Written or Oral ???

People oftensay itwasgood tohearfromyouwhentheyreceive an e-mailoraletter,wheninfacttheydidnt hear the message,they read it. Still,ifthey knowyouwell,theymaymentally hearyourvoice inyourwritten

words. Writingamessage tofriendsorcolleaguescanbe asnaturalastalkingtothem. Yetwhenwe are asked towritesomething,we oftenfeelanxiousand viewwritingasamore effortful, exacting processthantalkingwould be.


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Oraland writtenformsofcommunicationare

similarinmanyways. Theybothrelyonthe

basiccommunication process,whichconsists

ofeight essential elements:source,receiver,

message,channel,receiver,feedback,

environment,context,and interference.


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Element of

Communication Definition Oral Application Written Application

1. Source

A source creates and

communicates a

message.

Shyam makes a

telephone call

to Ram.

Shyam writes an e-

mail to Ram.

2. Receiver

A receiver receives

the message from

the source.

Ram listens to

Shyam.

Ram reads Shyams e-

mail.

3. Message

The message is the

stimulus or

meaning produced

by the source for

the receiver.

Shyam asks Ram

to participate in

a conference

call at 3:15.

Shyams e-mail asks

Ram to participate

in a conference call

at 3:15.


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Element of

Communication Definition

Oral

Application

Written

Application

4. Channel

A channel is the way

a message travels

between source

and receiver.

The channel is

the

telephone.

The channel is e-

mail.

5. Feedback

Feedback is themessage the

receiver sends in

response to the

source. Ram says yes.

Ram replies with

an e-mail

saying yes.

6. Environment

The environment is

the physical

atmosphere

where the

communicationoccurs.

Ram is

travelling by

train on a

business trip

when he

receives

Shyamshone call.

Ram is at his desk

when he

receivesShyams e-mail.


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Element of

Communication Definition Oral Application Written Application

7. Context

The context involves

the psychological

expectations of

the source and

receiver.

Ram expects

Shyam to sendan e-mail with

the call-in

information

for the call.

Shyam

expects to do

so, and does.

Ram expects Shyam

to dial andconnect the call.

Shyam expects

Ram to check his

e-mail for the call-

in information so

that he can join

the call.

8. Interference

Also known as

noise,

interference is

anything that

blocks or distorts

the

communication

process.

Ram calls in at

3:15, but he

has missed the

call because

he forgot that

he is in a

different time

zone from

Shyam.

Ram waits for a

phone call from

Shyam at 3:15,

but he doesnt

call.


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What isOral Communication?

OralCommunication describesanytype of

interactionthatmakesuse ofspokenwords.


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Forms ofOral Communication

There are 2formsoforalcommunication.

Face toface Communication

Usingmechanical devicesfororal

communication


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Face to Face Communication

Face toface communicationmeansthe

exchange ofinformation,thoughtsand

feelings,whenthe participantsare inthe

same physicalcontact.


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Why face to face communication is

still the best!

Because humanbeingsare visualand aural

creatures. Itis essentialforcreating

connection,trustand loyalty.


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People canbe emotionally engaged.

Ourbrainsstillrelyonourinstincttoassess

danger,trustand honesty.

There isalsoan exchange ofpalpable

physical energythattakes place when

people are inthe same roomwith eachother.


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WRITTEN

COMMUNICATION

1 2 3


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Types of written communication

REPORTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

MEMOS

TELEGRAMS

FACSIMILES (FAX)

E-MAILS

TENDERS

OTHERS


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NONVERBAL

COMMUNICATION

1 2 3


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Non VerbalCommunication

THE WAY AN INDIVIDUAL

POSITIONS HIMSELF, HOLDS

HIS HANDS, TILTS HIS HEAD,

ALL TRANSMIT VOLUMESABOUT THE INDIVIDUAL

REFERS TO NON- VERBAL

COMMUNICATION.


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Types of non-verbalcommunication

BODY LANGUAGE

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

TERRITORY/ZONE

OBJECT LANGUAGE


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NonverbalCommunicationI

Isit possible tocommunicate withoutwords?

Studiesshowthatoverhalfofyourmessage

iscarried throughnonverbal elements: Yourappearance

Yourbodylanguage

The tone and

the pace ofyourvoice.


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NonverbalCommunicationII

We knowthe importance offirstimpression

Butfirstimpressionshappen everytime we

initiate the communication.

Before someone processesourverbalmessages,

She hastakeninourappearance,

Registered our enthusiasmand sincerety Noted ourtone ofvoice and processed allinto

nonverbalmessage.


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NonverbalCommunicationIII

Ifthismessage reinforce the contentofverbalone,itmeanswe send a powerfulmessage.

Ifthe twomessages donotmatch,theymay

cancel eachotherand thatmeansnomessages delivered.

Nonverbalcommunication partofthis

trainingisforlearninghowtocreate apowerfullnonverbalmessage thatwillsupportyourverbalcontent.


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ProjectingaPowerfulImage I

Howwould youlike tosound?

Howwould youlike tolook?

How did youlook &sound ?

The name ofthe difference isthe image gap

Projectinganimage thatisconsistentwiththe

personyouwanttobe significantlyimproves

yourabilityto develop trust &rapport


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ProjectingaPowerfulImage II

Image canbe criticaltoyoursuccess.

Itis definitelya key elementofcommunication.

Politicians,singers,anchormans,top managersItisirrationalbut people mostlyjudge the book

bythe cover. They expectatotaly different

image froman executive and arock musician.

Businessworld expectneat,clean, energetic

look whichreflectsthatshe isreadytowork.


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ProjectingaPowerfulImage III

Totalimage consistsof:

The firstimpressionsyou project

The depthofyour knowledge The breadthofyour knowledge

Your enthusiasm.


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FirstImpression

First impression includes:

Dress & grooming

Voice Handshake

Eye contact

Body posture


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FirstImpressionII

Positive firstimpressionmake communications

much easierand more comfortable.

Negative firstimpressionscancutoffa

relationship before itgetsstarted.

Many people give up ratherthantryingto

reverse the other peoplesnegativeimpression.


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FirstImpressionIII

Accent,

Monotone and weak voice, poorvocabulary

Cold,limp handshake Lowerquality,withinappropriate coloures,

messy dressingstyle, dirtyshoes

Seldom eyecontact Poor posture,bad hygiene createsabarrier.


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DepthofKnowledge

Depth of knowledge:inthe areaofexpertise

Thisrefershowwellyou knowyoursubject?

Howwell doyou knowyourcompany?

Doesthe depthofyour knowledge projectcredibilityand command respectfromyour

employeesor dotheysay Icould doherjobaswellasshe can

Asa partofyourimage learnyourjob,company,industry,firms policies, personnel


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BreadthofKnowledge I

Breadth of Knowledge:

Thisarea dealswithyourabilitytoconverse withothersinfieldsofoutside areaofexpertise.

The latest developmentinworld events?

Popularbooksand movies?

Arts?Hobbies? Differentinterestareas?

Touristic experiences?


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BreadthofKnowledge II

Byincreasingthe breadthofyour

knowledge,youwillbe able to develop

rapportwithothers.

Researchhasshownthatthe more people

have incommon,the bettertheylike

eachother.


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BreadthofKnowledge III

Forincreasingbreadthofyour knowledge itisrecommended:

tospend the nonproductive time as driving,doinghome responsibilitieswithlisteningradio,watchingTV plusreadingweeklymagazines,

reading dailynewspapersand min. 4differentbooksyearlyand

interactingwithothers,listeningtothem


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Enthusiasm

Most people like towork withotherswhoareenthusiasticabouttheirwork.

Enthusiastic people seemtowork harder,longer

and more accurately thanthose whoare notenthusiastic.

Enthusiasmisa projected behaviourtoothers

and make the others enthusiastic.Reverse isvalid also.


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ProjectingaPowerfulImage

The response youreceive fromthe world

around youisameasure ofyoursuccessin

interpersonalrelations.

Fromthe beginningtothe end ofevery

transactionwithanother person,youare

onthe stage.

Everyword,gesture, expressionan

dimpressionisbeingseenand evaluated

Therefore be carefuland respectfulgenerally..


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Language ofGestures

Bodylanguage and nonverbalcommunicationare transmitted throughthe eyes,face,

hands,arms,legsand posture (sittingandwalking)

Eachindividual,isolated gesture islike awordinsentence; itis difficultand isolated

dangeroustointerpretinand ofitself.

Therefore considerthe gesture inthe lightofeveryhing else thatisgoingonaround you.


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Eyes

Windowsofthe soul, excellentare indicatorsof

feelings.

Shifty eyes,beady eyesand look ofsteel

demonstrate awareness.

Honest personhasatendencytolook you

straightinthe eye whenspeaking.

Atleastlistenersacceptitlike that.


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EyesII

People avoid eye contactwithother personwhenanuncomfortable questionasked.

Trytoreduce tensionand build trustratherthanincrease tension.

The raisingofone eyebrowshows disbeliefandtwoshowssurprise.

People are classified asrightlookersandleftlookers. Rightlookersare more influencedbylogicand precision,leftlookersare found tobe more emotional,subjective and suggestible.


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The Face

The face isone ofthe mostreliable indicatorsof

a personsattitudes, emotions & feelings

Byanalysingfacial expressions,interpersonal

attitudescanbe discerned and feedback

obtained.

Some people trytohide theirtrue emotions.

The termPokerFace describesthem.


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The Face

Commonfacialgesturesare:

Frowns:unhappiness,anger

Smiles:happinessSneers: dislike, disgust

Clenchedjaws:tension,anger

Poutinglips:sadness.


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The Hands

Tightlyclenched handsusuallyindicate thatthe

personis experiencingundue pressure.

Itmaybe difficulttorelate tothis person

because ofhistensionand disagreement.

Superiorityand authorityare usuallyindicated

whenyouare standingand joiningyourhands

behind yourback.


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The HandsII

Rubinggentlybehind orbeside the earwiththe

index fingerorrubbingthe eye usuallymeans

the other personisuncertainaboutwhatyou

are saying.

Leaningback withbothhandssupportingthe

head usuallyindicatesafeelingofconfidence

orsuperiority.


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HandsIII

Cuppingone orboth handsoverthe mouth,especiallywhentalking,maywellindicate thatthe personistryingtohide something

Puttingyourhand toyourcheek orstrokingyourchingenerally portraysthinking,interestorconsideration.

Fingersbentacrossthe chinorbelowthe mouthmostoftenshowscritical evaluation.


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The Armsand Legs

Crossed armstend tosignal defensiveness. They

seeminglyactasa protective guard againstan

anticipated attack orafixed positionwhich

the other personwould rathernotmove.

Conversely,armsopenand extended toward you

generallyindicate opennessand acceptance.


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The Armsand LegsII

Crossed legstend toseem disagreement.

People whotightlycrosstheirlegsseemtobe

sayingthatthey disagree withwhatyouare

sayingor doing. Ifthe people have tightly

crossed legsand tightlycrossed arms,their

innerattitude isusuallyone ofextreme

negativitytoward whatisgoingonaroundthem. Itmaybe difficulttogetagreement.


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Posture:Sittingand Walking

Sittingwithyourlegscrossed and elevated

footmovinginaslightcircularmotion

indicatesboredomorimpatience.

Interestand involvementare usually

projected bysittingonthe edge ofthe chair

and leaningslightlyforward.

Generally, people whowalk fastand swing

theirarmsfreelytend to knowwhatthey

wantand togoafterthat.


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Posture:Sittingand WalkingII

People whowalk withtheirshouldershunchedand handsintheir pocketstend tobesecretive and critical. They dontseemtolike

muchofwhatisgoingonaround them.Dejected people usuallyscuffle alongwiththeir

handsin pockets,heads down,and shouldershunched over.

People whoare preoccupied orthinking,usuallywalk withtheirheads down,handsclaspedbehind theirbacksand pace veryslowly.


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InterpretingGesture Clusters

Certaincombinationsofgesturesare especially

reliable indicatorsofa personstrue feelings.

These combinationsare clusters.

Eachgesture is dependenttoothers,soanalysis

ofa personsbodylanguage isbased ona

seriesofsignalsto ensure thatthe bodylanguage clearlyand accuratelyunderstood.


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InterpretingGesture ClustersII

Allthe individual gesturesfittogetherto

projectacommon,unified message.

Whenthey donot,thismeansaincongruity.

For example:Anervouslough.

Alaughgenerally signalofrelaxation. Butif

there are nervoussignalsinbodylanguagethatmeansthe personistryingto escape

fromanunpleasentsituation.


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CommonGesture Clusters

Openness:

Severalgesturesindicate opennessandsincerety

Openhands, unbuttoned coalorcollar,

leaningslightlyforward inthe chair,

removingcoatorjacket, uncrossingarmsand legs,

movingcloser.


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Openness:

When people are proud ofwhattheyhave done,theyusuallyshowtheirhandsquite openly.

Whentheyare notoften puttheirhandsinto

their pockets,orhide backWhen people showsignalsofopennessthat

meanstheyare generallybeginningverycomfortable inyour presence whichisgood.


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Defensiveness:

People whoare defensive usuallyhave

arigid body,

armsorlegstightlycrossed,

eyesglancingsidewaysor dartingoccasionaly.

minimal eye contact

lips pursed,fistsclenched and downcasthead


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Evaluation:

Evaluationgesturessaythatthe other personis

beingthoughtfulorisconsideringwhatyou

are saying. Sometimesinafriendlyway

sometimesinanunfriendlyway.

Typical evaluationgesturesinclude

tilted head,

hand tocheek,

leaningforward and

chinstroking


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Evaluation:

Sometimes evaluationgesturestake onacriticalaspect.

The bodyismore drawnback

The hand istothe face butthe chinisinthepalmofthe hand withone fingergoingup thecheek and the otherfingers positioned belowthe mouth.

Thisisgenerallyanunfavorable gesture.


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Evaluation:

Togaintime for evaluatingthe situation

people use cigarette or pipe smoking

habits,removing eyeglasses.

Afinalnegative evaluationgesture is

droppinghis eyeglassestothe lowerbridge

ofnoise and peeringoverthem.Thisgesture usuallycausesanegative

emotionaloverreactioninother people.


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Suspicion, Secrecy, Rejection, and

Doubt:

These negative emotionsare communicated

typicallyby:

Sidewaysglances

Minimalorno eye contact

Shiftingthe bodyawayfromthe speaker

Touchingorrubbingthe nose.


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Suspicion, Secrecy, Rejection, and

Doubt II

Whena person donotwanttolook atyouit

could meanhe isbeingsecretive,has private

feelingsinoppositiontowhatyouare sayingorhidingsomething.

Asidewayglancesmeanssuspicionand doubt.

Shiftingyourbodyfromsomeone meansyouwishto end the conversation,meeting etc.

Touchingnose mayindicate doubtorconcealment


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CommonGesture ClustersReadiness

Readinessisrelated tothe goal-oriented highachieverwithaconcernforgettingthings

done.Itcommunicates dedicationtoagoaland is

usuallycommunicated bysittingforward attheedge ofachair.

Thismaynegativelygive the appearence ofbeingoverlyanxiousalso.

C G Cl


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Clearingones

throat,

Chainsmoking.

Coveringthe mouth

withhand,

Tappingfingers

Whistling,

Jingling pocket

change

Fidgeting

Twitchinglipsorface


Nervousness


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Boredom or Impatience

These unproductive feelings are usually

conveyed bythe

Drummingoffingers

Cuppingthe head inthe palmofthe hand,

Footswinging

Brushingor pickingalint

Lookingatyourwatchorthe exit.


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Thisisan emotionhatyoulove tosee inother

people and theyinyou. Itisconveyed by

Asmallupperorinward smile

Handsopenand arms extended outward

Eyeswide analert

Alivelyand bouncywalk Alivelyand well-modulated voice.


Enthusiasm


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Non -VerbalCommunication:AN

OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANCE

TYPESOF NON -VERBALMESSAGESBODYLANGUAGE

INTERPRETINGBODYLANGUAGEARTIFACTUALCOMMUNICATIONAND COLORSPACE ANDDISTANCE

/ PROXEMICSGENDER , DIVERSITYANDTECHNOLOGYTIPSTOIMPROVE N-VCOMMUNICATIONVIEW NEXT PPT. ONBODY SPORT


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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

INTRODUCTION ( 1 of 4 ) Non -Verbal Communication is the message or

response not expressed or sent in words -hints ,suggestions , indications.

Actionsspeak louderthanwords.

Whatyouare speakssoloudlythatIcannothearwhatyousay -RalphWaldoEmerson

There isa distinctionbetweenthe meaningswegiveinwordsand the meaningswe give offinNV signals.


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INTRODUCTION ( 2 of 4 )

Non -Verbalsignalsare unconscious partsof

ourbehavior whichisa deeplyrooted partin

our entire makeup.

Infact,itisthe mostbasic partofour

personality.

Behavior hasnoopposite,i.e. there isno

suchthingasnon-behavior.


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ChristopherTurk putsitverysimply:

one cannotnotbehave. Now,ifitisacceptedthatallbehavior inaninteractionalsituationhasmessage value,i.e.,iscommunication,itfollowsthatnomatterhowone maytry,one cannotnotcommunicate. Activityorinactivity,wordsor

silence,allhave message value:theyinfluenceothersand these others,inturn,cannotnotrespond tothese communications.


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NVCisthe unspokencommunicationthatgoeson

in everyFace-to-Face encounterwithanotherhumanbeing.

Itisrecognized asthe route to discoverwhattheotherside wants,withoutthem eversayingit,likeasecretwayintotheirsoul.

NVCstandsforthe innermost,instinctualformofhumancommunication.


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IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL

COMMUNICATION

Communicationresearcher Mehrabian found thatonly7%

ofamessages effectare carried bywords ; listenersreceive the other93%throughnon -verbalmeans.

Birdwhistell suggested thatspokenwordsaccountfornotmore than30-35%ofalloursocialinteractions.

Over65 percentofthe socialmeaningofthemessageswe send toothersare communicated non-verbally.


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TYPESOF NON-VERBALMESSAGES

A. Body Language or Kinesics

B. ClothingorArtifactual Communication C. Voice orParalanguage

D. Space and Distance,orProxemic factors

E. Color

F. Time,orChronemics; and G. Touch,orHaptics


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A. Body Language

The bodily gestures, postures, and facial

expressions by which a person communicates

nonverballywith others-(Soukhanov

1992:211).KINESICS:POSTUREGESTUREFA

CIAL EXPRESSIONSGAZE / EYE CONTACT


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A. Body Language

Bodylanguage and kinesicsare based on the

behavioral patterns of nonverbal

communication, but kinesics isstillso new as

a science that its authorities can be counted

on the fingers of one hand "

-(Fast1970:9).


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A.Basic Types ofBodyLanguage

postures

1.OPEN / CLOSED

People witharmsfolded

and legscrossed and bodiesturned awayare signallingthattheyare rejectingmessages. People showingopenhands,fullyfacingyouand bothfeet planted on

the ground are acceptingthem.

2.FORWARD/ BACK

When people are leaning

forward and pointingtowardsyoutheyareactivelyacceptingorrejectingthe message.Whentheyare leaningback,lookingup atthe

ceiling, doodlingona pad,cleaningtheirglassestheyare either passivelyabsorbingorignoringit.


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A.BodyLanguage

1.Facial expression(s)

2.Eyes

3

.Lips4.Arms

5.Hands

6.Fingers


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A1.1The Face

The face isanimportantsource ofinformation.

Since the face cannotbe easilyhidden,itisanimportantsource ofnonverbalinformation

and communicatesavarietyofemotions.

Inaddition, eye contact, pupilsize,and the

smile provide additionalcuestoinformed

observers.


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A1.1. FacialExpression(s)


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Whatisthe impressionyouwishtoconvey?

Doyousmile atothers?

Alwayssmiling,neversmile,sometimes.


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A2. Eyes


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A3. Lips


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A4. Arms


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A5. Hands


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A6. Fingers


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InterpretingBody Language


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1.1. Responsive

ENGAGED leaningforward

OpenBody

OpenArms

OpenHands


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1.2. Responsive

EAGER (sprint position)

Open Legs

FeetunderChair

OnToes

LeaningForward


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1.3. Responsive

READY TOAGREEcloses papers

Pen Down

HandsFlatonTable


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2.1. ReflectiveLISTENINGwithhead tilted

LotsofEye Contact

Nodding

HighBlink Rate


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2.2. Reflective

EVALUATING:suckingglasses / pencil

StrokingChin

LookingUp and Right

Legscrossed in4 pos

Ankle on Knee


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2.3. Reflective

ATTENTIVE (standing)

Armsbehind Back

Smile

OpenFeet


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3.1. Fugitive

BORED staringintospace

Slumped Posture

Doodling

FootTapping


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3.2. Fugitive

LET MEGOfeettowards door

LookingAround

ButtoningJacket


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3.3. Fugitive

REJECTION sitting/movingback

ArmsFolded

LegsCrossed in11 pos

Thighon Knee

Head Down

Frown


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4.1. Combative

LET MESPEAK fingertapping

FootTapping

Staring


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4.2. Combative

AGGRESSIVEleaningforwards

FingerPointing

FistsClenched


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4.3. Combative

DEFIANT (standing)

HandsonHips

Frown


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B. Artifactual Communication

and ColorArtifactual communication,isanintegral partofthe

nonverbal package.

Itincludesthe use ofpersonaladornmentssuchasclothing,jewellery,makeup,hairstyles,andbeards.

People are apttomake inferencesaboutusbasedonthe waywe dress.


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D. Space and Distance,or

ProxemicfactorsProxemic cues, including the treatment ofspace and territory influence interaction andhelp define the communication experience.

Edward Hallsays there are four differentdistances that we keep between ourselvesand other people:intimate distance-0 to 18inches;personal distance-18 inches to 4 feet;

social distance-4 to 12 feet; and publicdistance-12 feet to thelimit ofsight.

d


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D. Space and Distance,orProxemic

factors

Researchersdivide environmentalspaces into threecategories:informal, semifixed-feature, and fixed-featurebased on theperceived permanence of thephysicalspace.

Territorialityis an important concept in communication:typically, human beingsstake out space or territory.

Territoriality describes the need to demonstrate apossessive or ownership relationship to space.Markersare used to reservespace and set boundaries that helpidentify thespace as belonging to someone.

G d Di i d T h l


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Gender, Diversity,and Technology

The use ofnonverbalcuesisaffected byvariablessuchasgender,culture,and technology.

The waysmenand womenuse nonverbalcues

reflectssocietal practices.Toalarge degree, people modifytheiruseof

nonverbalcues dependingonthe culturetheybelongtooridentifywith.

Non-verbalcommunicationisalsoaffectedbywhethercommunicationisoccurringon-oroff-line.

i i b l


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Tipstoimprove Non-Verbal

CommunicationPositive NV behavior improvesyournon-verbal

communication effectiveness.

Youcanimprove your effectivenessasanon-verbalcommunicatorbyobservingand analyzingboththephysical environmentofinteractionsand the bodylanguage,appearance,gestures,vocalcues, eyecontact,and touchingbehaviorof the participants.

Inculcate positive BodySport.


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THANK YOU

Documents

Lecture 1 RM