Lecture 7 RMT

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BBA 04

Bahria University


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Hypotheses Development Definition of Hypotheses: Is a logical relationship

between two or more variables expressed in the form

of a testable statement.

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Statement of Hypotheses: Formats If-Then Statements

Can be used to test whether there are differences

between two groups. It takes two forms: Employees who are more healthy will take sick

leave less frequently.

Ifemployees are more healthy, then they will takesick leave less frequently.

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Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses

Directional hypotheses: the direction of the

relationship between the variables (positive/negative)

is indicated.

The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lowerthe job satisfaction of employees.

Or

Women are more motivated than men are.

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Nondirectional hypotheses Non directional hypotheses: there are no indication of

the direction of the relationships between variables.

There is a relationship between age and Job

satisfaction.

Or There is a difference between the work ethic values of

American and Arabian employees.

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Null and Alternate Hypotheses The null hypotheses is a proposition that states a

definitive, exact relationship between two variables.

It states that the population correlation between two

variables is equal to zero (or some definite number).

In general, the null statement is expressed as no

(significant) difference between two groups.

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The Alternate Hypotheses The alternate hypotheses is the opposite of the null

hypotheses, is a statement expressing a relationship

between two variables or indicating differences

between groups.

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Examples The null hypotheses:

Women are more motivated than men are. Then,

H0: M = w

Or H0: M - w = 0

Where H0 represents the null hypotheses,

M is the mean motivational level of the men,

w is the mean motivational level of women.

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The alternate hypotheses for the above example:

HA: M < w

Which is the same asHA: M > w

Where HArepresents the alternate hypotheses.

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Examples for the nondirectional

relationship There is a difference between the work ethic of

American and Arabian employees.

The null hypotheses would be:

Ho: AM = AR

Or

Ho: AM - AR= 0

Where AM is the mean work ethic value ofAmericans and ARis the mean work ethic value ofArabs.

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relationship The alternate hypotheses for the above example

would statistically be set as:

HA: AM

ARwhere HArepresents the alternate hypotheses.

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relationship For the example: The greater the stress experienced in the

job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees. The null hypotheses would be:

Ho: There is no relationship between stress experiencedon the job and the job satisfaction of employees.This would be statistically expressed by:

Ho: P = 0where P represents the correlation between

stress and job satisfaction, which in this case is equal to nocorrelation

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relationship The alternate hypotheses for the above null, can be

stated as:

HA: P


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relationship For the example: There is a relationship between age and

job satisfaction.

For this nondirectional statement, the null hypotheses

would be statistically expressed as:H0: p=0

The alternate hypotheses would be expressed as:

H0: P 0

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After formulating the null and alternate hypotheses,the appropriatestatistical tests (t tests, F tests) canbe applied, which would indicate whether or notsupport has been found for these hypotheses.

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Exercise

A production manager is concerned about the low output levels of

his employees. The articles that were read of job performance

mentioned four variables as important to job performance:

skill required for the job,

rewards,

motivation,

and satisfaction.

In several articles it was also indicated that only if the rewards were

(attractive) did motivation, satisfaction, and job performance increase,

not otherwise.

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Exercise Given the above situation, do the following:

1. Define the problem.

2. Evolve a theoretical framework.3. Develop at least six hypotheses.

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Exercise (cont.) Problem Statement

How can the job performance (output) of the

employees be increased through enriched jobs andrewards?

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Schematic Diagram for the Theoretical

Framework

SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 5.13Copyright2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

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Hypotheses HA1: If the job is enriched and utilizes all the skills

possessed by the employee, then employee satisfactionwill be high.

HA2: If the job is enriched and utilizes all the skillspossessed by the employee, then employee motivationwill be high.

HA3: There will be a positive correlation between

satisfaction and motivation.

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Hypotheses HA4: Greater rewards will influence motivation and

satisfaction only for those employees who find the

rewards attractive, not for the others. HA5: Satisfaction and motivation will positively

influence performance.

HA6: The more enriched the job and the greater the

skills utilized by the job, the higher the level ofemployee performance.

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Exercises on Theoretical Framework (Cont.)Theoretical Framework

Since the administrators main concern is about the

strike, teachers strike is the dependent variable. Pay

and the physical environment of the classroom are the

two independent variables, which influence the strikesituation.

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Exercises on Theoretical Framework (Cont.) The greater the pay demands made by the teachers, the

greater the possibility of a strike, since the school

administration refuse the idea of higher wages.

The more uncomfortable the classroom physical

environment, the more difficult it will be for teachers todo an effective job in the classroom, and hence the

greater the possibility of teachers going on strike.

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Exercises on Theoretical Framework (Cont.)However, this relationship between the independent

variables and the dependent variable will be true only for

those teachers who are not dedicated to teaching. Thetruly dedicated teachers would be more concerned about

doing a good job despite the hardships faced by them,

and hence the pay demands and the classroomenvironment will not be factors influencing their

decision to join the strike.

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Schematic Diagram 5A

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ANSWERS TO EXERCISES (PAGES 113-120 OF MANUAL) 5ACopyright2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

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Hypothesis: H01: Dedication to teaching will not alter the

relationship between the independent variables of payand classroom environment and the dependent

variable of teachers decision to go on strike.

HA1: Only for those teachers who are not truly

dedicated to teaching, will pay considerations andclassroom environment be factors that wouldinfluence their decision to go on strike.

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Secondary data Reanalyzing the already collected data for some other

purpose

Raw vs. Compiled data


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Types of secondary data Documentary data are often used in research projects

that also use primary data collection methods. However,

you can also use them on their own or with other

sources of secondary data

Survey based data refers to data collected using a survey

strategy, usually by questionnaires, that have been

already analysed for their original purpose


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Multiple-source secondary data can be based entirely on

documentary or on survey or can be amalgam of the two.

The key factors is that different data sets have been

combined to form another data set prior to your accessing

the data.

Types of secondary data


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Types of secondary data

Source: Saunders et al. (2006)Figure 8.1 Types of secondary data


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Locating secondary data

Establishing that the required secondary data isavailable

Locating the precise data required


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Availability of secondary data

References in publications (books, journal articles)

Within organisations (unpublished sources)

Tertiary literature (indexes and catalogues inarchives or online)


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Availability of secondary data

References in published guides

Data held by organisations

Data on the Internet


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Evaluating secondary data

Fewer resource requirements

Unobtrusive

Longitudinal studies may be feasible

Provision of comparative and contextual data

Unforeseen discoveries may occur

Generally permanent and available


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Purpose of data collection may not match theresearch needs

Access may be difficult or costly

Aggregations and definitions may be unsuitable

No real control over data quality

Initial purpose may affect data presentation


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Enable the research question(s) to be answered

Enable research objectives to be met

Have greater benefits than their associated costs

Allow access for research


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Source: Saunders et al. (2009)

Figure 8.2 Evaluating potential secondary data sources


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Sources of Secondary Data Federal Bureau of Statistics

World Bank

IMF

State Bank

Ministry of Commerce

Karachi Stock Exchange

Business Recorder

International sources


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Federal Bureau of Statistics

Pakistan demographic survey

Labour force survey

Business registerWeekly sensitive price indices

Foreign trade statistics

Monthly price indices (CPI, WPI, SPI)

National accounts

Gross national product
http://t15.pdf/http://cpi_annexure_july_2011.pdf/http://table3.pdf/http://newtable2-1.pdf/http://newtable2-1.pdf/http://table3.pdf/http://cpi_annexure_july_2011.pdf/http://t15.pdf/http://t15.pdf/http://t15.pdf/


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Federal Bureau of Statistics Census of manufacturing industries (Industry)

Employment and employment cost (all employees)

Employment and employment cost (production workers)

Employment and employment cost (non-production workers)

Fixed assets

Industrial cost

Non-industrial cost

Value of production

Trade margin

Census value added Contribution to GDP

Indirect taxes

Stocks statistics

Value of fuel and electricity consumed
http://3.0_a.pdf/http://3.0_a.pdf/


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World Bank Online data catalogs

World bank finances

World development indicators Global development finances

World development report

Social economic databases

Education and gender statistics


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IMFWorld Economic Outlook

Data are available from 1980 to the present, andprojections are given for the next two years

National accounts

Inflation

Unemployment rates

Balance of payments Fiscal indicators

Trade for countries and country groups

Commodity prices


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IMF eLibrary


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IMF - International Financial

Statistics


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International SourcesWERS Work Place Employment Relations Survey

Projects:

Causality Of Demand For Money In Selected AsianEconomies: Short Term and Long Term Analysis

TOL Projects Trust, OCB and Leadership

PTCL: Making one time customer a life time partner

through competitive customer service

Documents

Lecture 7 RMT