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Lich Su Nhan Ban

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  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 11

    BBii gigingng

    LLCH SCH S NHNHT BT BNNPGS.TS. PGS.TS. NGUYNGUYN TIN TIN LN LCC

  • TTii liliuu hhcc ttpp

    Nguyn Quc Hng (Ch bin), Lch s NhtBn, NXB Th gii, HN, 2007

    Vnh Snh, Nht Bn cn i, NXB TP H ChMinh, 1991

    Phan Ngc Lin (Ch bin), Lch s Nht Bn, NXB Vn ha-Thng tin, 2002

    L Vn Quang, Lch s Nht Bn, Trng HKHXH&NV, TP H Ch Minh, 1998

    G.Sansom, Lch s Nht Bn, NXB KHXH, 1994-1995

    2010/8/192010/8/19 22

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 33

    TTi lii liu tham khu tham khoo

    Nguyn Tin Lc, 2010, Minh Tr Duy tn vVit Nam, NXB Gio dc, H Ni

    Ng Xun Bnh (Ch bin), 2000, Chnh sch i ngoi ca Nht Bn sau chin tranh lnh, NXB Khoa hc X hi, H Ni

    Nguyn Vn Kim, 2003, Nht Bn vi chu -Nhng mi lin h lch s v chuyn bin kinh t-X hi, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni

    V Dng Ninh (Ch bin), 2002, Mt s chuyn lch s th gii, NXB i hc Quc gia HNi

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 44

    Nishio Kanji, 2001, Atarashii Rekishi Kyokasho (Sch gio khoa lch s mi), Fuso-sha, Tokyo

    Nhiu tc gi,1988, Nihon no Rekishi(Lch s Nht Bn), Tokyo Daigaku (13 cun)

    Nhiu tc gi, 1978, Nihon no Rekishi (Lch s Nht Bn), Iwanami Shoten (24cun)

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 55

    Japan in AsiaJapan in Asia

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 66

    PhPhnn MM uuNHNHT BT BN N T NT NC VC V CON NG CON NGII

    I. t nc Ngi Nht gi nc ca h l Nihon hay

    Nippon (Nht Bn), tc l x Mt tri mc.

    Nc Nht l mt qun o hnh cnh cungchy di theo hng B-TN t Hokkaidoxung qun o Ryukyu di khong 3000 km. Bn o chnh ca Nht Bn theo th t tBc n Nam l Hokkaido, Honshu (Bn-Chu), Shikoku (T-Quc ) v Kyushu(Cu-Chu).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 77

    Din tch ca nc Nht l 377.212 km2.Nu khng tnh Hokkaido th tng ng vi VitNam (329.465 km2); bng 1/27 din tch caTrung Quc hoc 1/25 din tch ca M.

    V qun o Nht Bn chy di t Bc xungNam, nn kh hu ca hai min Bc-Nam rtkhc nhau, nhit trung bnh hng nm Wakkanai (cc Bc ca Hokkaido) l 6,5 trong khi Kagoshima (cc Nam ca Kyushu) l 17 .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 88

    Phn ln Nht Bn nm trong vng khhu n ho. V pha Thi Bnh Dng c hai dng hi lu ln chy ngang: dng Oyashio lnh, chy t Bc xung Nam v dng Kuroshio m chy t Nam ln Bc.

    Pha bin Nht Bn c thm hi lu Tsushima m v Liman lnh. Cc hi lu ny c tc dng lm kh hu Nht Bn c n ho, thch hp cho thin nhin v con ngi, em li nhiu loi c tm ngon.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 99

    Ni non chim n hai phn ba din tch ca nc Nht, cc trin ni thng c dc cao, v c bao bc bi cy ci um tm. Nhiu rng ni chy thng ra n bin, to nn nhng phong cnh ngon mc hu tnh. Ngn ni cao nht l Fuji-san (Ph s, cao 3776m), vi hnh nn hng v v trang trng l ngun cm hng v tn cho th vn ca ngi Nht t xa n nay.

    Qun o Nht Bn nm trong vng Thi Bnh Dng c ni la v ng t. Hin cn cnhng ni la ang hot ng nh ni Aso (Kuyshu) v ni Asama (Honshu). ng t xy ra kh thng xuyn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1010

    V trong vng ai ni la nn nc Nht cnhiu sui nc nng, ni quyn r khch du lch quanh nm.

    Sng ngi Nht thng khng di lm v chy xit, phn ln thng bt ngun t cc rng ni nm gia cc o ri chy ra Thi Bnh Dng hoc bin Nht Bn.

    Nht Bn c nhiu h p nhng ln nht vp nht l Biwako (H Biwa)

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1111

    Tc gi cnh ni la Aso

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1212

    Nc Nht c nhiu ma, nht l vo thng 6 v u thng 7, ngui Nht gi ma ma ny l Bai-u hay Tsuyu.

    t ai trng trt ch chim vo khong 15% din tch. La l nng sn ch yu, chim khong 33 % lng thc.

    Cc nng sn khc l la i mch (barley), la mch (oats), la m (wheat), u nnh, khoai ty, cc loi rau, tr vdu nui tm.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1313

    Nc Nht c rt t ti nguyn khong cht. Nht tuy c m than Hokkaido v Kuyshu nhng cht lng khng tt lm v ch cung cp c 15% s lng tiu th.

    99% du ha tiu th Nht l nhp t nc ngoi, c bit t cc nc Trung ng.

    Nc Nht cng c cc m st, ng, vng, bc, ch,.v.v..., nhng s lng rt t i.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1414

    Mt trong nhng iu kin a l c nh hng quan trng n s hnh thnh v pht trin vn ho Nht Bn l nc Nht nm cch ri i lc Trung Hoa bi mt eo bin kh rng (khong 700 km) v c nhiu sng ln. Khong cch tKuyshu n Triu Tin, gn Nht nht, cng vo khong 180 km.

    Khong cch gia Nht v i lc li cng cnhiu ngha trong s hnh thnh, pht trin vn ho Nht. Nht Bn l mt nc trong vng ng , chunh hng ca Trung Quc nhngkhng trc tip v c tm mc su rng nh Vit Nam hoc Triu Tin.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1515

    II. CII. Con ngon ngii

    V nhn chng ngi Nht trn cn bn thuc ging Mng C (Mongoloid), cng gn ging nh cc dn tc ng khc.

    T tin ca ngi Nht, ch yu n tmin Bc ca i lc chu v ng Nam , Nam Trung Hoa.

    C ngi sinh sng Nht ngay tthi i c. S ngi ny dn dn ho ln vi cc nhm n sau trthnh ngi Nht ngy nay.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1616

    Trong s nhng ngi sinh sng u tin Nht Bn c ngi Ainu, thuc ging ngi da trng Caucasia. H dn dn b y v phng Bc, v hin nay ch cn khong 16.000 ngi Ainu sinh sng Hokkaido.

    Ngoi ra cn c khong 70 vn ngi Triu Tinsinh sng Nht. H l nhng ngui nNht trong chin tranh th gii ln II v con chuh.

    Dn s Nht Bn theo thng k nm 2005 l127 triu dn, mt dn s ng vo hng th 6 trn th gii (khong gp hai dn s cc nc ln Ty u nh Anh, Php v ).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1717

    Ngi Nht c nhng c tnh sau y:Tnh hiu k v nhy cm i vi vn ho nc ngoi:

    C th ni rng khng c dn tc no nhy bn v vn ho ca nc ngoi cho bng ngi Nht. H theo di bn ngoi, nh gi v cn nhc nh hng ca nhng tro lu v xu hng chnh i vi Nht Bn.

    Mt iu ng ch khc l khi h bit tro lu no ang thng th th h c khuynh hng chp nhn, hc hi, nghin cu bt kp tro lu , khng mt thi c.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1818

    Vo th k th VII v VIII, khi thy Ty-ng ltrung tm ca vn ho v hc thut ng (v c th c th gii) ,Nht gi nhiu on hc gi v s tng qua Trung Quc hc tp tchnh tr, vn hc, tn gio n nng nghip, giao thng, v.v..

    Vo na sau th k XIX, khi nhn thy Ty phng l trung tm ca vn minh khoa hc tin tin, Nht va gi du hc sinh sang u-M va mi cc chuyn gia nc ngoi sang Nht gip h duy tn t nc.

    Tinh thn thc dng, tnh hiu k, c cu tin ca ngi Nht l nhng ng lc thc y hbt kp cc nc tin tin.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 1919

    Ngi Nht rt thc v ti sn vn ho ca h, mt nn vn ho c trang trng bi dng v tch ly qua cc triu i.

    T liu lch s vn ho, s tch, cung in, n i, cha chin, v.v.. i b phn vn c bo tn cho n ngy nay. Cc ngh ni ting t xa, chng hn nh ngh gm, ngh an, nghdt, ngh nhum, ngh chm tr, ngh lm giy Nht (washi),v.v.. u c ngi tip tc tha kbi vy cho n ngy nay khng b mt mt m k thut li cn pht trin hn xa na.

    Va nhy cm v tip thu vn ho nc ngoi, va c gng bo h vn ho truyn thng ca dn tc, hai iu ny mi nghe qua c v nh mu thun vi nhau, nhng chnh l hai dng ch lu trong vn ho Nht Bn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2020

    Suy ngh v lm vic tp th v lm vic c mc tiu nht nh

    Tp th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong i sng ca ngi Nht. Tp th c th l cng ty, trng hc hay hi on, v.v..

    Mt biu tng r rng nht l cch xng h watashitachi hoc wareware (chng ti) thay vwatasshi (ti) khi h tip xc vi ngi l.

    Ngi Nht thng trnh danh thip gii thiu vi ngi l c quan mnh trc thuc vtn h ca mnh.

    V tp th mang mt ngha quan trng trong i sng ca ngi Nht nn mt trong nhng vic cm k nht ca ngi Nht l lm mt danh d ca tp th.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2121

    Trong cng vic ngi Nht thng gt i ci ti cao ci chung, tm s hohp gia mnh v nhng thnh vin khc trong mt tp th.

    Trong cc bui hp hnh ngi Nht thng t ci c c th lm mt lng ngi khc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2222

    Tn trng th bc (hierarchy) v a v thc tn trng th bc c l c t lu trong i

    sng ca ngi Nht. Thi nhn mnh trc ngi c a v, quyn chc

    cng c cc nc khc, c iu l Nht cho n nay vn cn mang m nt.

    Vo thi Tokugawa Bakufu, x hi ny c chia lm bn giai cp: s, nng , cng, thng, da trn quan nim x hi ca Khng gio.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2323

    Ngy nay, thc tn trng th bc vn c th hin trong i sng hng ngy. V d trong phng hp, ngi c chc v thp nht s ngi gn ca ra vo, ngi c chc v cng cao thngi cng gn pha bn trong. Trong cc ba tic nh hng, v.v...du khng ai bo i na, tt c u bit ch no mnh c th ngi m khng i ngc lai trt t th bc.

    Trong cch n ni cng vy, i vi ngi ln tui hay ngi c a v th phi dng ngn ngknh trng (keigo); khi ni v mnh (v nhng ngi trong gia nh mnh ) th dng ngn ngkhim tn (kensongo). Ngi no ni khng ng cch th c th xem nh l ngi thiu hc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2424

    Quan nim th bc cng th hin trong li nhn ca ngi Nht v cc nc trn th gii: v dquc gia no ang dn u v tng sn lng x hi, v sn xut xe hi, v my tnh in t, v b mn ny mn n.

    Mt kt qu ng nhin ca thc thang bc ny l h tm cch hc nhng nc hay nhng ngi ang dn u mt mai h c th i ln hng u.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2525

    c thm m Ain thm Nht Bn cng ngc nhin v thn

    phc v c thm m ca ngi Nht: t cch by bin n thc ung, nh ca,

    trang hong sch v bo ch, hng qun, cho n cc n cha, gian phng sado (tr o) nh nhn, n s phng pht khng kh Thin m ni thi gian nh ngng li,

    hay nhng khu vc lt la tha m khch bc qua c cm tng nh mnh ang ri ci tc i vo chn su lng ca tm hn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2626

    Nhng c thm m ca Nht khng chbiu hin qua cc s vt bn ngoi mcn qua li suy ngh v cung cch lm vic ca h hng ngy.

    Khi lm vic, ngoi kha cnh li tc, ngi Nht cn mun t mc tiu khc l i tm ci m (bi) trong cng vic.

    Ngi Nht ni ting lm vic cn mn, xem xt vic ca cng ty nh vic nh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2727

    Chng MChng Mtt

    NHT BN THI C I

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2828

    I. BNH MINH CI. BNH MINH CA LA LCH SCH S NHNHT BT BNN

    1. Vn ha Jomon v vn ha Yayoi

    Nn vn ho xa nht. Jomon (thng-vn: hnh dy thng), 7-8000 nm TCN, tng ng vi bui u ca thi i mi-v ko di cho n nm 250 TCN.

    Ch nhn ca vn ho Jomon sn bt v hilm. H sng trong cc nh hang (anatate) theo tng gia nh nh c khong 6-7 ngi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 2929

    ggmm ththii JomonJomon

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3030

    NhNh ngngii NhNhtt ththii JomonJomon

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3131

    Vo khong th k th 3 trc cng nguyn mt nn vn ho mi i t TQ, Triu Tin sang min Bc Kyushu gi l vn ho Yayoi (t 250 TCN n 250 sau CN; gi theo tn ca mt di tchkho c Tokyo).

    Ngi Yayoi bit lm gm bng bnh xe quay v bit cch trng la. Bt ngun t min Nam Trung Hoa v ng Nam .

    Truyn sang Nht Bn em li nhng bin i su sc n cch sinh hot ca ngi Nht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3232

    ggmm ththii YayoiYayoi

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3333

    2. Cc quc gia u tin Nht Bn

    S liu u tin c ghi chp v Nht Bn l sliu Trung Quc. Hn th ca TQ: th k I TCN NB c n khong 100 tiu quc ca Oa nhn (wajin: ngi ln).

    Trong Hu Hn th ng Di truyn c ni n vua ca nc Wana (Ny N) c c s n TQ v c Hong Hn ban cho n vng ( tm thy vo cui th k XIX Fukuoka, Kyushu).

    Trong Ngy ch Oa nhn truyn bin son trc nm 297 m t cn k l trnh ca phi on Trung Quc n NB.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3434

    Theo sch ny th Nht Bn c quc gia Yamatai hng mnh do N vng Himiko cai tr. B chinh phc 30 tiu quc lp nn quc gia Yamatai.

    Ngy th cng cho bit rng ngi Nht tn trng l nghi, thch ung ru, bit lm rung, gii ngh bt c v ngh dt.

    Yamatai Kyushu nhng cng c kin cho rng n phi nm vng trung tm Nht Bn tc l vng kinai-Kansai ngy nay

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3535

    Vo cui th k th III, Nht hnh thnh mt vng quc hng mnh-Vng quc Yamato .

    Ngi Nht thi Yamato bt u xy m ln bng t chn cc tc trng, nh du bc u ca thi k vn ho Kofun (cphn; m c), ko di cho n u th k thVIII.

    Kofun lc c quy m cc k to ln(m hay lng) ln nht c chiu di l 800 mt. Quanh lng thng c cc hng tng t st (haniwa) mang hnh ngi mc o gip, nh ca, nga hay cc ng vt khc rt c gi tr mthut cng nh kho c.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3636

    DaisenryoDaisenryo KofunKofun SakaiSakai--Osaka(NintokuOsaka(Nintoku?)?)

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3737

    HaniwaHaniwa ((HHngng mm))

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3838

    X hi Nht Bn vo thi k Yamato l x hi thtc (uji : th).

    Trong nc c nhiu th tc, v mi th tc c cai qun bi tc trng (uji no kami) v th mtv thn ring ca th tc , gi l ujigami.

    Dng di ca Thin Hong Nht Bn cng bt ngun t mt trong nhng th tc ny, v sau khi thng nht c lnh th, th tc ca Thin Hong bt u ban chc tc qu tc (kabane) cho nhng th tc ln khc cng c v khng nh quyn uy ca mnh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 3939

    Vi s tp trung quyn lc chnh tr vo th tc ca Thin Hong Amaterasu-no-Mikami (N thn Mt tri hay Thi dng Thn n), v thn ca th tc ny, tr thnh i tng sng bi cho dn chng c nc.

    Theo quan nim ca Shinto (Thn o), kami (thn) khng ch phi l ujigami m c thbt c l ai hay s vt g trong thin nhin lm cho ngi ta knh s.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4040

    Ngi ng vai tr ln nht trong vic tip thu vn ho Trung Quc vo tha ban s l Thi t Shotoku (Thnh c: 574-622), thuc dng h Soga.

    588, Suiko Vi t cch l Nhip chnh ca triu nh, Shotoku tch cc truyn b o Pht, xy ct cha chin, cng c v nng cao uy tn ca chnh quyn trung ng

    Mi hai bc quan vMi by iuHin php .

    V i ngoi, Shotoku gi s thn mang quc th sang Trung Quc t quan h ngoi giao vi nh Tu . Trong thi gian nhip chnh Shotoku gi tt c l 3 phi on sang Trung Quc , mi phi on gm c tng l, hc gi v lch s v vn hc Trung Quc, nhos v.v.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4141

    Sau khi thi t Shotoku mt th dng hSoga ngy cng tr nn c on, cui cng b Nakatomi thuc phi i lp lt nm 645.

    Sau khi nm quyn Nakatomi (c Thin Hong cho i h thnh Fujiwara; bt u thi k con chu dng h ny thay nhau nm quyn bnh trong triu nh qua nhiu th k) thi hnh mt lot ci cch vch chnh tr, kinh t, x hi.

    Nhng ci cch ny thng c gi lci cch Taika (i ho).

  • Ci cch Taika

    6454SadajinUdaijinUchidaijin()

    646(sho, mikotonori)

    4

  • Ni dung ci cch Taika

    .

    //

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4444

    II. NHII. NHT BT BN THN THI NARA (710I NARA (710--794) V794) VHEIAN (794HEIAN (794--1185)1185)

    Thi Nara v Heian cn c gi lthi i qu tc (Kuge).Tng lp qu tc chi phi i sng chnh tr v vn ho ca c nc.

    Thnh phn ca tng lp qu tc l con chu ca nhng th tc c quyn th t nhng i trc.

    l dng h Fujiwara nm quyn bnh lu di, lng on chnh trng Nht Bn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4545

    TodaiTodai--jiji NaraNara

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4646

    M phng theo kinh Trng An ca nh ng; Heijo (Nara) l kinh u tin ca Nht Bn, xy dng vo nm710.

    Thi Nara cng l thi k cc thnh ca vic tipthu vn ho TQ.

    Tuy tch cc tip thu nhiu mt ca vn ho TQ, x hi Nht Bn di thi Nara ni chung khc x hi TQ di thi nh ng.

    NB hc Nho hc nhng khng t chc khoa tuyn chn nhn ti.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4747

    Tuy nhin ngi Nht by gi khng hon ton bt chc, h thay i cho thch hp vi Nht Bn.

    Triu nh Nara c chia lm 8 b, thay v 6 bca nh ng. ng u 8 b l Dajokan (Thi chnh quan), trc thuc 3 v i thn: Dajo Daijin (Thi chnh i thn), Sadaijin (T i thn) v Udaijin (Hu i thn).

    Song song vi Daijokan c Jingikan (Thn k quan, thn k: tri t, gi chung cc vthn) lo vic t l Shinto.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4848

    Vn ha: Hai cun s u tin v Nht Bn do chnh ngi Nht bin son c ra i. lKojiki ( C s k; 712) v Nihon Shoki (Nht Bn th k; 720).

    Da trn nhng thn thoi v truyn thuyt ca Nht Bn v khai thin lp a , hai cun ny cho rng Amaterasu-no-Mikami, con gi cu hai v thn Izanagi v Izanami, l thn sng lp ra Nht Bn v dng h Thin hong.

    Cng theo hai cun ny, Thin hong u tin ca Nht Bn l Jimmu (Thn v), chu nhiu i ca Amaterasu, tr v nc ny tngy 11 thng 2, nm 660 trc cng nguyn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 4949

    Triu nh Nara tip tc thi hnh ch trng gi phi on sang TQ .

    Cc phi on ny tuy c dn u bi cc quan vin chnh thc lo vic ngoi giao, nhng phn ch yu l cc du hc sinh v cc tng lthp tng du hc. Mi phi on, c t 100 n 600 ngi, thng chia ra lm 4 thuyn khc nhau, vt bin sang Trung Quc tm hc vn ho tin tin cu nh ng.

    Nhng du hc sinh v tng l sau khi v nc ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cng vic nng cao trnh vn ho, chnh tr v kinh tca Nht Bn .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5050

    Nm 794, Triu nh Nht thin sang Heian (Kyoto), v l kinh trong hn 1000 nm, cho n thi Minh Tr Duy Tn (1868).

    Trong sut gn 4 th k thi Heian, vn hoNht Bn ch yu l VH ca tng lp trong triu ng thi l cc hnh thc l nghi, trang phc, v cc th tao nh.

    Th waka (Ho ca: Th lm theo li Nht, phn ln l Tanka, tc l on ca, mi bi c 5 hng v 31 ch, t theo th t 5-7-5-7-7) ni ln tnh cm ca mnh i vi cnh p thin nhin, lng sng knh thn thnh, hay t tnh vi ngi yu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5151

    ByodoByodo--in in KyotoKyoto

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5252

    Nhiu tc phm vn hc xut sc phn ln l do phi n (n lu), vit bng chkana c tm mc quc t c sng tc trong thi k ny.

    Hai tc phm ni ting nht trong lGenji monogatari (Truyn k vGenji) ca Murasaki Shikibu (978-1016?) v Makura no shoshi (Cun sch gi u) ca Sei Shonagon (thk th X v XI).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5353

    V tn gio, o Pht trong thi Heian chai phi chnh: phi Tendai do Saicho ( Ti Trng, 762-822) v phi Shingon do Kukai (Khng Hi, 774-835).

    Tuy vy, vo thi Heian o Pht vn cha c truyn b rng ri, phi Tendai thng ch c ph bin trong nhng ngi thuc dng h ca Thin hong vtn ca phi Shingon ch gii hn trong tng lp qu tc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5454

    Mt trong nhng ci cch Taika tip thu tTQ l ch trng ban in v qun in.

    Ch trng ny khng c thc thi trit, t ai ngy cng vo trong tay trangch, qu tc v nh cha. Nhng t t ny gi l Shoen (Trang vin), khng phi ng thu, ngy cng tr thnh c lp vi chnh quyn ca trung ng vkinh t cng nh chnh tr. Thng dn ngy cng phi l thuc vo Shoen, nhShoen che ch, bao bc hn l chnh quyn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5555

    V x hi: Cc Shoen v trang cho con chu trong gia nh v cc ngi phc v, dy h cc mn v ngh, m u s hnh thnh ca tng lp samurai (v s; samurai).

    S hnh thnh tng lp samurai c nh hngrt to ln n s pht trin ca lch s Nht sauny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5656

    Th lc samurai i t a phng, tin dn v kinh thnh (Kyoto) bi l qu tc trong triu nh phi nhsamurai gip bo v quyn li ca h trong cc cuc tranh chp ni b.

    Vo gia th k th XII, tranh chp trong triu v vn k tc ngi thin hong a hai h samurai ln nht l Minamoto (cn gi l Genji, vng ng bng Kanto) v Taira (cn gi l Heike, cth lc vng cn bin Seto) vo th i lp.

    H Taira lc u thng th, Taira Kiyomori (1118-1181) nm quyn bnh trong triu v t phong cho mnh lm Dajo Dajin, chc v cao nht trong triu nh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5757

    Samurai a phng c bit vng Kanto, vn bt mn vi qu tc trong triu, ng hMinamoto Yoritomo chng li Kiyomori.

    Phn tranh gia hai dng h Minamoto v Taira ko di trong 6 nm, cui cng Yorimoto nh h Taira trong trn thu chin Dan-no-ura , gn Shimonoseki ngy nay.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5858

    Chng HaiChng Hai

    NHT BN THI TRUNG I (1192-1867)

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 5959

    I.THI.THI I I KAMAKURAI KAMAKURA

    1.S xc lp Kamakura Bakufu Rt kinh nghim tht bi ca h Taira,

    Minamoto xy dng chnh ph ca mnh Kamakura (1185) thay v Kyoto, thit lp CQca samurai u tin trong lch s Nht Bn.

    Mt khc, Yoritomo nguyn triu nh Thin Hong Kyoto, v trn nguyn tc l Shogun (tng qun), phc v di cho Thin Hong vdo Thin Hong b nhim (1192).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6060

    Tuy nhin, trn thc t Shogun l ngi cnhiu quyn hnh nht trong nc.

    Hnh nh Shogun

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6161

    Trong sut gn 700 nm, t khi Yoritomo thnh lp chnh quyn Kamakura cho n khi chnh quyn Tokugawa b lt nm 1868, nc Nht c hai chnh quyn: chnh quyn ca Thin Hong Kyoto v chnh quyn ca tng lp vs ng u l Shogun, thng c gi l Bakufu (Mc ph).

    Triu nh::::::; :;:;:

  • 2010/8/192010/8/196262

    ChChnhnh quyquynn BakufuBakufu

    Mc tiu ca chnh quyn Minamoto thit lp ti Kamakura l kim sot v iu hnh giai cp vs.

    ng u di , nhng bh ca Yoritomo (kenin l gia nhn: ngi nh, go: l ting l php).

    Yoritomo t chc mt gung my chnh quyn kh n gin gm 3 b phn chnh yu:

    (1) Samurai-dokoro, c quan cai qun Samurai;

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6363

    (2) Man-dokoro, c quan x l tt c cc vn hnh chnh,

    (3) Monchujo, to n nghin cu, iu tra v xt x t tng, tranh chp t ai gia cc samurai.

    a phng, Minamoto b nhim mt shugo (h h) cho mi vng v mt jito (a u) cho mi shoen. Shugo c phn skim sot samurai trong vng ca mnh, v jito c trch nhim ch yu l qun l t ai v trng thu thu.

    Gung my ca chnh quyn Kamakura tuy n gin nhng c hiu sut cao, dn chng dn dn xem chnh quyn ny l chnh quyn trung ng thay v triu nh thin hong Kyoto.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6464

    Sau khi Yoritomo cht, quyn bnh vo trong tay ca Hojo Tokimasa , cha v ca Yoritomo. Hojo Tokimasa ng ln lm Shikken (chp quyn), chnh nh vy nn chnh quyn Kamakura khng cht suy yu.

    Sau khi Tokimasa cht, con chu ca ng ta lYoshitoki, Yasutoki v Yoritoki ln lt k tha chc v Shikken, ngi no cng ni ting l thng minh v qu cm, c dn chng mn phc

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6565

    Hai ln nh thng Nguyn-Mng

    Qun Nguyn Mng xm lc NB, ln u vo nm 1274, v ln th hai vo nm 1281. C hai ln b tht bi.

    Nguyn nhn: 1) qun i hp, 2) s chngtr mnh lit ca Nht Bn v 3) b bo tp (kamikaze: thn phong.

    V sau, ngi Nht tin rng h c Thn phongche ch.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6666

    CuCucc chichinn chchngng NguynNguyn--MngMng

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6767

    V vn ho, s xut hin ca tng lp v s em li mt lung gi mi trn mi mt: tn gio, m thut, vn ngh, v cc sinh hot hng ngy.

    So vi nn vn ho ca giai cp qu tc trc th nn vn ho ca giai cp v s c v th thin, thiu trang nh, nhng li rt mi m, y sc sng, v hp dn.

    Mt trong nhng im ni bt ca vn hoKamakura l s ph bin ca Pht gio trong qun chng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6868

    Sau nhiu nm lon lc, thin tai cui thi Heian, con ngi cm thy th cuc qu nhiu vt i sao di v s v thngca cuc sng nn c khuynh hng tm cch gii thot voPht gio.

    l bi cnh cho s xut hin ca nhiu phi Shin Bukkyo (tn Pht gio) trong thi Kamakura nh Jodo (Tnh ), Jodo Shinshu (Tnh chn tng), v Hokke (Php hoa). So vi hai phi Tendai vShingon, vic ging dy kinh k v cch thc tu hnh ca cc phi ny rt gin n.

    Bt u t thi Kamakura, Pht gio thot ly khi giai cp qu tc, v i su vo qung i qun chng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 6969

    Ngoi cc phi trn cn c Zen (Thin), c bit ph bin trong tng lp v s mc du Zen c truyn sang Nht Bn t my th k trc, vo thi Kamakura hai nh s Eisai (Vinh Ty 1141-1214) v Dogen (o Nguyn; 1200-1253) du hc Trung Quc v vln lt thnh lp hai phi Thin Rinzai (Lm t 1194) v Soto ( To ng; 1227) .

    Phi Soto ch trng v zazen (to Thin: ngi thin), phi Rinzai c bit xem koan ( cng n: lnh hi bn cht s vt trc tip bng trc gic) l phng thc t satori (ng: th nghim ban u ca c Pht).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7070

    Zen (Thin) c sc thuyt phc ln i vi giai cp v sbi l:Zen xem nh tr thc v kinh sch,ch ch trng n trc gic, cch luyn tp n gin ch cn c ch quyt tm, ph hp vi bn cht mc mc, thin vhnh ng ca con ngi v s.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7171

    II. MUROMACHI BAKUFUII. MUROMACHI BAKUFU

    Nm 1331, Thin hong Godaigo khi binh chng chnh quyn Kamakura ginh li quyn bnh. Kamakura c Ashikaga Takauji a qun i nh Thin Hong. Tuynhin, i c na ng, Ashikaga Takaujiquay tr li tiu git Kamakura Bakufu (1333), t mnh nm quyn lc t nc.

    Sau khi Kamakura Bakufu b tiu dit, ThinHong Godaigo chuyn quyn, khng quan tmn li ch ca tng lp v s nn Ashikaga btmn, a qun v chim Kyoto,ui Godaigo ra khi kinh thnh ri a mt hong thn khc ln ngi thin hong.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7272

    Trong khong thi gian 57 nm, nc Nht chai triu nh thin hong: triu nh Kyotov triu nh Yoshino.

    Thi k ny gi l Nambokucho (Nam Bc Triu). Ni chin gia Nam Triu v BcTriu din ra gn 60 nm m bt phn thngbi.

    Nm 1392, hai triu nh ny gii ho v hp nht, ha hn vi nhau l hai nhnh Nam Bc s thay nhau ln ngi.

    Tuy nhin li ha ny khng bao gi c thc hin, v Bc triu tc l nhnh Kyoto gi ngi cho n ngy nay.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7373

    MUROMACHIMUROMACHI BAKUFU BAKUFU

    Sau khi c phong lm shogun nm 1338, Ashikaga Takauji thit lp chnh quyn bakufu ca mnh ngay ti Kyoto.

    V bn doanh ca shogun Ashikaga ng ti Muromachi, mt khu vc Kyoto , nn Ashikaga bakufu cn c gi l Muromachi.

    Chnh quyn ny tuy ko di cho n nm 1573, nhng quyn lc ca cc shogun Ashikaga khng cn tp trung nh thi Kamakura bakufu. Nhiep quan

    Vien Chinh

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7474

    CuCucc chichinn KawanakajimaKawanakajima

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7575

    Thm vo qua thi Nam Bc triu, mt sshugo ngy cng tr nn hng mnh, cai qun t ai ca c my vng. Nhng shugo ny c gi l Daimyo (i danh; trn thc cht c quyn hnh nh lnh cha, hng c mt vng t ai rng ln, samurai vng phi tuyt i trung thnh vi Daimyo ca mnh).

    Nhng daimyo dng mi mu m tranh ginh quyn lc vi nhau, chim ot t ai ca nhng daimyo khc. Thi k lon ly ko di hn mt th k ny thng c gi lSengoku jidai (thi i chin quc).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7676

    Tuy chinh chin lin min, kinh t v vn ho di thi Ashikaga c nhiu khi sc.

    Nng nghip pht trin, nng dn t ng kt thnh tng nhm bo v xm lng nhm khi b chin tranh tn ph.

    Tin ng nhp khu t Trung Quc (nh Minh), lu hnh rng ri, cc th bun bn vph ch mc ln khp ni trong nc. Chng hn nh thnh ph Sakai - gn Osaka, mt thnh ph bun bn ni ting t thi ny - c cgung my chnh tr v qun s c lp.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7777

    Trao i mu dch vi Trung Quc khng nhng ng gp vo s pht trin kinh t m cn mang li sinh kh cho vn ho Nht Bn trong thi kny.

    Nhiu Shogun thi k Ashikaga ni ting lnhng ngi hm m v bo tr ngh thut hn l nhng nh lnh o qun s v chnh tr.

    V d Yoshimitsu (1358-1408) cho xy Kinkaku (kim cc: lu vng) cao ba tng lng ly vng Kitayama, Yoshimasa cho ct Ginkaku (Ngn cc: lu bc) trng l vng Higashiyama.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7878

    KinkakuKinkaku--jiji ((ChChaa VVngng))

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 7979

    Ni chung th cc thin s l ngi ng vai tr vn ho ch yu, tng hp nhng yu t ca vn ho i lc vi vn ho Nht Bn.

    V vn hc ni ting nht l cc tc phm ca nhm Gozan bungaku (Ng sn vn hc).

    V hi ho th c Sesshu (Tuyt Chu; 1420-1506), sau khi c du hc Trung Quc v a li v tranh thu mc (suibokuga) ln mc hon ho, tng chng nh mun vt qua ngh thut ca nhng ha s Trung Quc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 8080

    Cc nh s cng ng vai tr khng km quan trng trong s hnh thnh li ht tung c o ca Nht Bn: tung N. Bt u t nhng iu ma t l thn thnh, mt trong nhng mc tiu ch yu ca N lc ban u l truyn t t tng Pht gio.

    Gii bnh dn c bit a chung tung ht a v chm bim kyogen (cung ngn), v li lm th renga (lin ca).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 8181

    Ni n vn ho Nht Bn thi Ashikaga thkhng th b qua ngh thut cm hoa ikebana, sado (tr o), v teien ( nh vin: ngh thut lm vn cnh).

    i tm s hi ho gia con ngi v thin nhin yu chung n gin v ch trng bn cht hn b ngoi, cc ngh thut ny ph hp vi phong cch tn trng k lut t gic v khc kh ca giai cp v s.

    Mc d tip thu t Trung Quc cc ngh thut ny ngy cng tr thnh nhng ngh thut in hnh ca Nht Bn.

  • Bt u t khi cuc chin ca Onin kt thcn khi nh Ashikaga suy yu. Cc Daimyo (lnh cha) khng cn chu s kim sot cachnh quyn trung ng, ni ln nh nhngth lc ct c, gy chin tranh thn tnh lnnhau.

    Cc th lc ng ch :

  • o Kyushu

  • Nh Shimazu Satsuma

  • Nh Otomo Bungo

  • Nh Ryuroji Hizen

  • o Shikoku

  • Nh Chosokabe na ngTosa

  • Nh Sogo Awa

  • Nh Miyoshi Sanuki

  • Nh Kono Iyo

  • Nh Amiko Izumo

  • Nh Ouchi Suo

  • Nh Mori Aki

  • Tnh Kii Tnh Ise

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 9797

    HimejiHimeji--jojo

  • ng Honshu

  • Nh Saito - Mino

  • Nh Asai - Omi

  • - Nh Asakura - Echizen

  • Nh Oda - tnh Owari

  • Nh Matsudaira - tnh Mikawa

  • Nh Imagawa - Suruga

  • ng bng Kanto

  • Nh Hojo - Izu

  • Nh Uesugi - Musashi

  • Nh Nagao - Echigo

  • Nh Takeda - Kai

  • Na sau thi chin quc

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 112112

    Cc daimyo mua sng ca phng Ty tin hnh nichin. Sng ng bt u vo Nht Bn t o Tanegashima, nn ngi Nht sau thng gi sng l sng Tanegashima.

    S xut hin ca sng bin i cc din chin trng, nhng daimyo giu c sc mua nhiu sng ng li cng c th ln p cc daimyo nh, rt ngn thi gian phn tranh bi th c ngi cho rng s xut hin ca sng c l rt ngn thi gian thng nht nc Nht khong 50 nm.

    Ngoi ra, sau khi sng ng bt u c ph bin, cc daimyo phi xy dng thnh lu ng u vi sng ng ca i phng, v nhng thnh lu cn lai ykhp nc Nht ngy nay c xy ct vo thi kny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 113113

    III. NHIII. NHT BT BN DN DI THI THI TOKUGAWAI TOKUGAWA(1603(1603--1868)1868)

    1. CH CHNH TR V X HI

    Nm 1600, Ieyasu nh tan lin minh ca nhng daimyo pha Ty Sekigahara () gia Nagoya v Kyoto by gi. hp thc ha uy quyn ca mnh, Ieyasu nh triu nh thin hong ban chc Shogun (1603), bt u thi kTokugawa bakufu ko di cho n nm 1868.

    V Tokugawa Ieyasu sinh ra cng thi vi OdaNobunaga v Toyotomi Hideyoshi nhng c thahng nhng thnh qu ca hai ngi ny li nn c kinxem Tokugawa Ieyasu l ngi may mn c n cibnh do Nobugana nhi bt v Hideyoshi hp chn. Ieyasuc may mn tht, nhng ni nh vy th cha nh gi ngmc nhn vt lch s m u chnh quyn Tokugawa bakufu ko di trong hn 250 nm.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 114114

    Trc khi ni n c ch chnh tr v x hi m Ieyasu thit lp ti Edo (Giang h, tc Tokyo by gi; v vy Tokugawa bakufu cn c gi l Edo bakufu), thit tng nn nhn qua con ngi Ieyasu .V c tnh ca ba nhn vt lch s Nobugana, Hideyoshi, v Ieyasu rt khc nhau nn ngi i c cu v nh sau: Gi th c con chim cu khng ku, nu a cho Nobunaga th ng ta sgit con chim , nu vo tay Hideyoshi th ng ta s lm cho con chim ku, nhng nu giao cho Ieyasu th ng ta s i cho n lc con chim ku.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 115115

    Cu ny ni ln mt phn no l do : Ieyasu l ngui chin thng cui cng trong

    cuc tranh hng tranh b gia bao nhiu v tng a ti a tr khc,

    ng thi cng cho thy c tnh th hin nh th no qua nhng chnh sch o lng cn k,

    c k hoch lu di ca nh qun s kim chnh tr c mt khng hai trong lch s Nht Bn ny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 116116

    Rt kinh nghim t Nobunaga v Hideyoshi (con chu ca hai ngi ny u khng c tha k), Ieyasu mun xy dng mt th ch c thtn ti lu di sau khi mnh cht.

    Thm vo trc khi Ieyasu ln nm chnh quyn nc Nht tri qua mt cuc ni chin lu di hn mt th k, bi l mc tiu chnh yu ca Ieyasu l:ti thit lp ho bnh v an ninh, i ni cng nh i ngoi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 117117

    Trn thc t ch Tokugawa bakufu ko di hn 250 nm, v trong sut thi gian ny ni lon hu nh khng c, nc Nht hng mt thi thanh bnh c l lu di nht trong lch s cc dn tc th gii. Nhng ta cng phi nhn thc rng ho bnh ny ch thc hin c do chnh quyn Tokugawa i vi bn ngoi ththi hnh chnh sch sakoku (to quc:b quan to cng), v i vi dn chng trong nc thp dng nhng bin php c khi qu kht khe v cng rn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 118118

    Ieyasu t chc mt th ch chnh tr da trn s hin din song song ca hai gung my bakufu ng u l shogun Tokugawa trung ng (Edo) v cc daimyo cai tr khong 265 han (phin: lnh a) a phng.

    T chc chnh tr ny do thng c gi lch bakuhan ( mc phin).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 119119

    Da trn tiu chun l ai ng v pha mnh trc khi trn Sekigahara (1600) kt thc, Tokugawa chia cc daimyo ra nh sau: shimpan (thn phin: gm cc daimyo c lin h vi h Tokugawa), fudai daimyo (fudai: ph i; nhng daimyo l ng minh ca Tokugawa trc 1600), v tozama daimyo (tozama: ngoi dng; nhng daimyo chng li Ieyasu trc 1600, v ch u hng sau khi thua trn).

    Nhng daimyo ca shimpan (khong 23) vfudai (khong 145) c Tokugawa tin cy, cn nhng tozama daimyo (khong 97) th tuy c Tokugawa i i ng nghi l nhng khng c tin cy. Nhng tozama daimyo ny- c bit Chosu v Satsuma- do bt mn vi chnh quyn bakufu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 120120

    Cng cn ni thn rng dn u cc shimpan l3 han: Mito, Owari, v Kii (thng c gi l gosanke: ng tam gia: tc lba nh ln) do con trai ca Ieyasu cai qun.

    Ba han ny n ng nhng a th chin lc phng v Edo, ng thi cng l ni chn ngi ni di lm shogun trong trng hp trung ng khng c ngi k tha.

    n thi Tokugawa Iemitsu ( c xuyn Gia quang; 1604-1651), shogun th 3, th c schnh quyn Tokugawa xem nh hon tt.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 121121

    Nm 1615 chnh quyn Tokugawa ban hnh blut Buke shohatto ( V gia ch php c sa i nm 1635) kim sot cc daimyo.

    B lut ny c cc khon chnh nh sau: cm cc daimyo xy thm thnh quch, nu cn tu sa th phi c s ng ca bakufu; cm cc daimyo tr thnh thng gia (g con cho nhau) hay kt ngha ng minh; lut l ho ch sankin kotai (tham cn giao i), bt buc cc daimyo phi v con Edo lm con tin, v cc daimyo c sau mi nm han ca mnh phi ln Edo tc trc mt nm; cm ng tu ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 122122

    EdoEdo--jojo

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 123123

    Ch sankin kotai trn thc cht i hi cc daimyo phi xy hai t dinh, mt qu nh ca mnh v mt Edo, ng thi cc daimyo v gia nhn ca h c mi nm li phi i ln v Edo lin tc.

    Theo c lng th chi ph p dng ch sankin kotai chim khong mt phn t cho n mt phn na ngn sch hng nm ca mi daimyo, lm cc daimyo du mun cng khng cn sc chng li bakufu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 124124

    Mt khc ch sankin kotai cng c nhng kt qu tch cc: mun c tin mt i ln v Edo, cc daimyo phi khuyn khch tng gia sn xut nng sn v cc mt hng c thu hoch cao, do nng nghip c pht trin; v vi s i vca cc daimyo v gia nhn (c khi mi on c n 1000 ngi), mng li giao thng, chba, hng qun, ngn hng,v.v... ngy cng c m mang.

    D nhin cng nh m tnh cht ng nht v vn ho tr thc ca nc Nht cng c gia tng rt cao so vi cc nc khc cng thi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 125125

    i vi triu nh thin hong Kyoto, chnh quyn Tokugawa tip tc thi hnh chnh sch ca nhng i shogun trc, mt mt nng cao uy tn ca thin hong, mt mt tm cch kim sot v tch ri thin hong vi cc daimyo nhm phng nga cc daimyo c th nh thlc thin hong chng li mnh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 126126

    n nh chnh tr, chnh quyn Tokugawa da trn quan nim x hi ca Khng gio chia cc giai tng x hi ra bn thnh phn: s, nng, cng, thng (shi, no, ko, sho).

    S y l v s, tc l samurai, khc vi Trung Quc (v Vit Nam), s c ngha l s phu, tc l nhng ngi tr thc, ch c tng lp v smi c c quyn dng tn c h (myoji: miu t) v eo kim (taito: i ao), hai thanh: mt di mt ngn. Hai thanh kim ny dn tr thnh biu tng ca linh hn ngi v s. tng lp vs chim t 6% n 10% ca ton dn s ( thi Tokugawa) , c quyn chm ti ch thng dn no v l.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 127127

    ng thi c cu Hana wa sakura no ki hito wa bushi tc l Hoa thc hoa anh o, ngi th c ngi v s, ni ln c quyn ca tng lp v s trong x hi Tokugawa. V s c chia lm nhiu bc cao nht ng nhin l Tokugawa shogun, gia thn ca shogun c daimyo (i danh), haamoto (k bn), gokenin ( ng gia nhn). Di daimyo v hanamoto th c baishin (bi thn), thp nht l kachi ( s) v ashigaru(tc khinh). V s no mt ch, hay ni nm na l tht nghip, gi l ronin (lng nhn).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 128128

    Nng dn, giai cp th hai, chim vo khong 80% dn s.

    Tuy c coi trng hn cng v thng nhng trn thc t nng dn chu s phn hm hiu hn c. Nng dn phi cung cp thc go v nhng nng sn khc cho tng lp v s. Thu mnng n trung bnh t 40% n 50% lng thu hoch.

    Tnh cnh khn kh ca nng dn c th hin qua li ni sau y, tng truyn i t ming ca mt quan chc hu trch ng thi: Nng dn cng ging nh ht m, cng p cng ra nc. Ngoi ra nng dn cn b trng dng i lm lao dch khi c yu cu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 129129

    Tng lp thng c a v thp nht trong x hi, thp hn c cng, bi l quan nim Khng gio khinh th ngi lm tin, v theo chnh sch trng nng tng lp ny ch mua qua bn li chkhng sn xut.

    Trn thc t s phn bit gia cng v thng khng r lm, hai tng lp ny thng c gi chung l chonin (inh nhn: tc l k ch). Chonin chim khong t 6% n 7% dn s, sinh sng cc th dn dn tr nn giu cv c th lc; ngy cng c nh hng n i sng kinh t v vn ho ca c nc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 130130

    Mc du khinh th ngi bun bn, giai cp vs phi da vo h trong cc nghip v kinh t: chuyn ch go v cc nng sn khc ra thtrn, lm ngi mi gii v i tin bn cc sn phm a phng, v.v... Bi vy mt s thng gia tr thnh triu ph, t nn mng cho nhng hng bun ln sau ny. Th d in hnh l nh bun Mitsui (Tam tnh). Lc u nh bun ny lm ru sake (ru Nht) tnh Ise, sau chuyn sang ngh cm v cho vay tin. Nm 1673, Mitsui m tim hng ho Edo, lp chi nhnh Kyoto v Osaka, v chnh thc phtrch ngn hng cho shogun (1691).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 131131

    Ngoi bn tng lp chnh thc cn c mt s ngi, khong 38 vn vo cui i Tokugawa, b xem nh semmin (tin dn: ngi thp hn, ti tin, cn c gi l eta: u tp, cngha l d bn, hay hinin: phi nhn, khng phi l ngi.

    Danh t mi ch nhng ngi ny by gi lburakumin, tc l b lc dn ). T tin ca h cl l nhng ngi tht trn trc khi Tokugawa ln nm chnh quyn, hoc ginhng ngi lm cc ngh khng c knh trng nh bun bn tht hay da.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 132132

    22.. CHCHNH SNH SCH NGOCH NGOI GIAOI GIAO--NGONGOI THNGI THNG

    Chnh quyn Tokugawa bakufu khuyn khch bun bn vi nc ngoi. Nm 1600 , Shogun Ieyasu cho mi hai thu th Willam Adam (ngi Anh) v Jan Joosten (ngi H Lan) lm c vn ngoi giao. Sau ngi H Lan bt u n Nht thng xuyn h m thng qun Hirado v ly lm cn c mu dch vi Nht Bn.

    Khuych trng bun bn vi N, thi imu dch Chu n thuyn(Shuinsen), hongkim trong quan h thng mi vi N; HiAn, Ph Hin, Bangkok, Manila, Phnong Penh

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    NG CNG CA (A (SAKOKU)SAKOKU)

    Khi bun bn vi nc ngoi, chnh quynBakufu mun cc thng nhn nc ngoi nbun bn Edo nhng cc thng nhn ncngoi ch yu bun bn vi cc cng Ty Nam Nht Bn, ni tp trung nhiu Tozama Daimyo, th ch vi Bakufu nn Bakufu lo lng.

    Cng bun bn th thng nhn cng giu c vh thng ra nc ngoi lu ngy khin choBakufu lo lng l khng kim sot c h.

    Cui nhng nm 1630, sakoku.

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    NikkoNikko ToshoguToshogu

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    Chng BaChng Ba

    NHNHT BT BN THN THI CI CN N II

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    I.MeijiI.Meiji DuyDuy tntn

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    1) M u

    Sau khi lt chnh quyn Tokugawa, vo thng 3 nm 1868, Thin hong Meiji cng b Nm li th nguyn lm cng lnh cho vic xy dng nc Nht Bn mi.

    Ni dung ca cng lnh ny l: Mt l, thit lpquc hi, ly kin rng ri ca nhn dn; Hail, tt c mi ngi phi ng lng hot ng vli ch quc gia; Ba l, tt c mi ngi uc php th hin nguyn vng v pht huy tinng; Bn l, bi b nhng tp qun xu, mivic u lm theo ng php lut; Nm l, phithu lm nhng kin thc ca th gii phttrin t nc.

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    Da trn tinh thn ca cng lnh ny, chnhph Meiji tin hnh hng lot ci cch nhmxo b ch phong kin v nhng tn tch can, xy dng mt nc Nht Bn mi, TBCN, pht trin v hin i.

    Nhng cuc ci cch c tin hnh trongsut mt thi gian di cui th k XIX nn thik gi l thi Meiji Duy tn

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    SaigoSaigo TakamoriTakamori

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 140140

    Okubo Okubo ToshimichiToshimichi

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 141141

    Kido Takayoshi (Kido Takayoshi (KoinKoin))

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 142142

    2) Nhng cuc ci ccha) Ci cch chnh tr-hnh chnh Xo b chnh quyn Bakufu, thit lp chnh

    quyn mi theo kiu Thi chnh quan. Thc chtquyn lnh o chnh quyn mi thuc vnhng ngi ca cc Han: Satsuma, Choshu, Hizen v Tosa, v th m cn gi chnh quynHanbatsu.

    Xo b Han, lp Ken: xo 260 Han lp nn ccn v hnh chnh mi gm 3 fu v 72 ken. Thc cht ca bin php ny nhm xo b tnhtrng ct c, tng cng quyn lc ca chnhquyn TW.

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    b) Ci cch x hi

    Xo b ng cp S Nng Cng Thng, xob c quyn ca tng lp v s, tuyn b tdn bnh ng.

    Phn chia cc tng lp trong x hi thnh Hoatc, S tc v Bnh dn. Hoa tc vs tc khng c mang kim, bnh dn ctham gia hot ng trong cc lnh vc kinh t. Bnh dn cng c kt hn vi cc tng lpkhc trong x hi.

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    c) Ci cch qun i

    Nm 1872 thnh lp hai b: B Lc qun v B Hi qun. Hc tp cch t chcqun i ca Php, c, t chc qun i NhtBn hin i.

    Nm 1873, ban hnh ch trng binh. Theo , tt c con trai t 20 tui tr ln bt ks tc hay bnh dn u phi thc hin ngha vqun s 3 nm v d b qun s 4 nm. Tngcng sc mnh qun i, chng li c quynca tng lp v s c.

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    d) Ci cch gio dc

    Nm 1871 thnh lp B Gio dc qun l v pht trin gio dc trong c nc. Nm 1872 ban hnh Hc ch Gakusei. Hctp h thng gio dc ca Php lp nhiu khui hc, Trung hc v Tiu hc khp c nc. C nc c 8 khu i hc, mi khu i hc c 32 khu trung hc, mi khutrung hc c 210 khu tiu hc.

    Ci cch cn bn ni dung v phng php, chuyn t H hc sang Thc hc . a cc b mn khoa hc t nhin vo giodc. Cho php mi chuyn gia phng Ty ging dy v qun l gio dc.

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    Thc hin khuyn hc rng ri, m rng hthng trng t, thnh lp cc trng i hcu tin Nht Bn theo kiu i hc phngTy o to nhn ti cho t nc.

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    e) Ci cch kinh t v ti chnh

    Ci cch rung t: th tiu s hurung t c tnh cht phong kin ca tng lpv s. Nm 1873, chnh ph ra sc lnh thanhn ch quyn thc t v rung t, c quynmua bn rung t, thng nht thu thu trong cnc, quy nh ng thu bng tin.

    Pht trin cng nghip, ch trng ngnh si ttm xut khu. Khuyn khch Hoa tc v S tctham gia vo vic pht trin cng nghip. Tptrung xy dng ngnh ng tu v h thnggiao thng cn i. Sm pht trin ngnh buchnh, thng tin.

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    Ci cch ti chnh - tin t: tng thu thu bngtin. c v pht hnh ng yn chnh thc.

    Thit lp Ngn hng, khuyn khch cc tng lpcao trong x hi tham gia vo hot ng ny. Sm hnh thnh cc tp on kinh t ln nhMitsubishi v Mitsui

    y mnh hot ng ngoi thng vi chu v phng T.

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    f) Vn minh khai ho

    Vn minh khai ho l tng hp cc ci cch vvn ho-x hi nhm vn minh ho hin i hoNht Bn theo m hnh phng Ty.

    Gio dc thc vn minh ho cho cc tng lpnhn dn, khuyn khch hc tp phng Ty, ui kp phng Ty v vt qua phng Ty.

    Ci cch n mc, , sinh hot, dng lch theo liphng Ty.

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    3) ngha lch s

    Ci cch, duy tn l phng thc bo vc c lp v thng nht t nc trc plc ca phng Ty. y l thnh tu to ln mrt t nc phng ng lm c.

    a Nht Bn t mt nc phong kin sang mt nc TBCN tin tin, ph quc cngbinh. y l s chuyn bin c tnhcch mng, tuy cng cn nhiu hn ch do nhng c im ca x hi v truyn thngNht Bn.

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    L mu hnh cho phong tro ci cch duy tnca cc nc chu , c tc ng to ln tiphong tro c lp, t cng chu (TrungQuc, Vit Nam, Philippines).

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    II. II. NhNhtt BBnn titinn lnln giaigiai oonn ququcc chch nghnghaa

    1. S pht trin kinh t Nh nhng cuc ci cch ca thi Meiji duy tn

    m t nhng nm 80 tr i Nht Bn pht trinht sc nhanh chng. Nhanh hn so vi Anh, Php t 3-4 ln, nhanh hn so vi Nga 10 ln, ch yu l cc ngnh cng nghip dt, nhum, se si.

    Nht Bn nhp my mc ca u v M pht trin ngnh cng nghip dt (y l ngnhcng nghip mi nhn chim 40% s lnghng ha xut khu).

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    Cc ngnh cng nghip nng thng gn viqun s, cc xng sn xut v kh gn Tokyo v Osaka. Nn ng tu Kobe, Nagasaki v Yokosuka.

    Nht Bn khai thc c nhiu vng ch yu Sado. Cc ngnh cng nghip nng nypht trin rt nhanh. pht trin cc ngnhcng nghip Nht Bn phi huy ng mt qurt ln, tn dng lao ng ph n v tr em.

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    Thm ch trong thi k ny Nht Bn cho rtnhiu ngi ra nc ngoi hc tp v laong. s ngi ny tch ly c rt nhiu tinbc v lm giu cho t nc.

    T thi Meiji duy tn th Nht Bn bt u bnhtrng cc th lc dang ng . c bit sauny cc cuc chin tranh gia Trung Quc, Nga, Nht Bn th Nht Bn c mt phn tin bithng nn phn bi thng cng gp phnpht trin Nht Bn.

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    T nhng nm 90 ca th k 19, ngnh cngnghip luyn kim Nht Bn pht trin mnh. Trong khong 10 nm cui th k 19 u th k20 sn lng gang ca Nht Bn tng 10 ln, sn lng thp tng 20 ln.

    Nht Bn hnh thnh khu cng nghip gang thp Iwata. Ngnh cng nghip luyn kim phttrin thc y ngnh cng nghip ng tu, chto v kh.

    Cng vi ngnh cng nghip th ngnh ngoithng ca Nht Bn pht trin nhanh chng. 1913 Nht Bn xut c 632 triu yn.

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    C th ni cui th k 19 u th k 20 l thi kpht trin kinh t nhy vt ca Nht Bn. cngvi s pht trin kinh t th cc t chc cquyn, lng on ra i.

    c bit cc cng ty c quyn ca Nht Bnpht trin theo chiu ngang v c chiu dc vc tnh cht ti phit , in hnh l cng ty: Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Yasuda .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 157157

    Tnh tp trung cao ca kinh t Nht Bn biuhin r rt trong ngn hng. Ngi ta tnh nm1901 c 8 ngn hng ln chim 51% tng kimngch Nht Bn.

    Nht Bn bnh trng th lc ra ng thng thi cc cng ty, ngn hng ln NhtBn tranh th khai thc trit cc nc nhTriu Tin, Trung Quc lm giu cho NhtBn. Nh i sng ca nhn dn Nht tnggp 3 ln.

    Cui th k 19, thu nhp quc dn tng gp 4 ln. u th k 20, i sng dn Nht vt xai sng nhn dn cc nc khc.

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    2/ V chnh tr im ni bt ca tnh hnh chnh tr Nht Bn lc

    by gi l phong tro t do dn quyn. Phong tro ny bt ngun t cc tr thcv 1 s s tc pht ng. Cc nh tr thc phtng phong tro nhn quyn, t do. Ph phnmnh m ch phong kin c quyn, tuyntruyn t tng t do bnh ng Chu u.

    Trong phong tro ny th cng lao ca bo chNht Bn rt to ln, bo ch dng ti nhiu bibo ca tr thc ni ting ku gi nhn quyn vt do. Sau l mt lot cc t chc chnh trnh nhng hi i Quc. nhng hi ny hotng u tranh dnh cho c quyn t do v u tranh co quyn li ca ngi dn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 159159

    Trong mt trong nhng phng hng cah l u tranh i ban hnh Hin php.

    Phong tro ny pht trin mnh li ko nhiunh chnh tr tham gia.

    Hai nh lnh o (thi duy tn) c vai tr ln l: Okuma v Itagaki cng tham gia vo phong trony. H thnh lp ng lp hin, h trnh lnthin hong nhng yu cu l ban hnh hinphp triu tp quc hi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 160160

    Cng cn ni thm rng Okuma kin ngh vithin hong ly hin php nc Anh lm kiumu xy dng hin php Nht Bn (hinphp Anh l hin php dn ch nht thi bygi).

    Nhng xut ca Okuma l nhng xutthit thc nhng khng c Thin Hong vcc nh lnh o khc chp nhn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 161161

    Mt nh chnh tr khc i nghch vi Okuma lIto c mt nhn vt ln trong chnh ph ngh l Iwakura (ngi cm u phi on i chuu). Iwakura c Ito sang c hc hin php cac, hc th ch chnh tr ca c. khi Ito vnc th giao cho Ito ng u son tho hinphp.

    Xung quanh vic son tho hin php th c rtnhiu cuc u tranh ca cc phe phi khcnhau.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 162162

    Cui cng ngy 11/2/1889 hin php u tinc cng b. Tn chnh thc l Nht Bn quc hin php hay hin phpMeiji.

    y l mt hin php m phng theo hin phpca quc c. Trong , hin php Meiji xcnh rt r ch quyn ca t nc, ngi dnnm trong tay thin hong v thin hong l btkh xm phm v ch c mt dng thin hongtr v. Thin hong c mt quyn lc ln l triutp v gii tn quc hi, quyt nh chin tranhhay ha bnh, b nhim hay bi nhim cc btrng ca chnh ph Nht chu trch nhim caThin Hong.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 163163

    Hin php quy nh r, Nht Bn c hai b: Lcqun v hi qun. Hai b ny c quyn lc htsc to ln. nu mt trong hai b trng nykhng tn thnh th ngh quyt ca chnh phkhng c quyn lc.

    Nht Bn c hai vin: Qu tc vin (do thin hong ch nh)

    gm 368 ngi trong phn ln l hong thnqu tc Nht Bn v nhng ngi c cng laoc bit vi t nc.

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    Chng ngh vin (vin ca dn) c 300 i biu do nhn dn bu ra. Nhn dn cquyn c tri phi l n ng t 25 tui tr ln vphi ng thu 15 sen.

    1890 Nht Bn tin hnh cuc tng tuyn cu tin, nhng i a s ngh s quc hi Nhtl nhng ngi c th lc, xut thn t hai thlc Satsuma v Choshu.

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    Hin php 1889 quy nh thn dn Nht Bn cngha v ng thu, thc hin ngha v qun s, nhng hin php a ra nhiu quyn t do dnch ca con ngi.

    Tuy nhin bn hin php ny bn hin php cao thn thnh ha, thin hong cao nhngk c quyn lc trong x hi. Hu nh khngch n hai giai cp ch yu trong Nht Bn lcng nhn v nng dn, nn theo nh gichung th bn hin php ny khng dn ch, nhng d sao c hin php l mt c s php l nhng ngi u tranh dnh t do, bnhng, nhn quyn, u tranh dnh quyn li.

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    3. Chnh sch i ngoi

    Nh vo s pht trin mnh m v kinh t, NhtBn tr thnh mt nc hng mnh cngbinh. Nhim v quan trng nht ca b ngoigiao Nht Bn lc by gi l i hi sa li hipc bt bnh ng.

    1871, Nht Bn c phi on do Iwakura ngu i thm mt lot nc u, M vi mc tius mt l i sa i hip c nhng lc bygi Nht Bn l mt nc yu nn khng mtnc no ng sa i hip c.

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    1886, Nht Bn t chc mt hi ngh c s thamgia ca i din cc nc u, M a ra mt schnh sch sa i hip c. Cc nc ng giao li quyn t ch thu quan, ngc li NhtBn phi m rng quyn t do i li ca ngingoi quc.

    Tuy nhin, trong hi ngh ln ny, hai bn tranhci gay gt v quyn lnh s ti phn. Cuicng vn ny nh gc li.

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    1894 nc Anh i u trong vic sa i hipc vi Nht Bn. Cng nhn quyn lnh s tiphn ca Nht Bn. y l thng li v ngoigiao rt quan trng trong vic i sa i hipc lc .

    Tip theo nhng nm sau th cc cngquc u, M nhn sa i hip c cng nhnquyn lnh s ti phn ca Nht Bn. n lc th Nht Bn mi tht s t do, bnh ng vtr thnh mt cng quc khng ph thuc vocc nc phng Ty.

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    BBnhnh trtrngng sang sang cccc nncc ngng

    * Chin tranh Nht -Thanh (1894-1895) Trong vic bnh trng th lc sang chu th

    Triu Tin l ni u tin Nht Bn c nh xm chim.

    Nht l nc m ca Triu Tin vo bun bnvi Nht. trong lc Triu Tin ph thuc voThanh Quc. Triu Tin l mt nc Triu cngcho nh Thanh. Sut mt thi gian di tronglch s th Triu Tin ph thuc vo Trung Quc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 170170

    Lin quan n vn Triu Tin m mu thungia Nht v nh Thanh ngy cng gay gt. Trc p lc ngy cng ln gia Nht v Thanhtrong hong tc nh L chia lm hai phi: mtphi thn Nht cn mt phi thn Mn Thanh.

    Phi thn Nht l phi ch trng ci cch TriuTin nh Nht Bn. ch trng ri b nhhng Thanh Quc v tng cng nh hngvi Nht Bn.

    Phi thn Thanh l phi bo th, ch trngda vo nh Thanh chng li hot ng bnhtrng ca Nht Bn.

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    1882 cc lc lng thn Thanh bao vy squn ca Nht Seoul th ca Triu Tin.

    1884 phi thn Nht tin hnh cuc o chnhnhng khng thnh, trong lc tnh hnh caTriu Tin ht sc cng thng th qun i nhThanh tht bi trong cuc chin tranh viPhp, c lin quan n Vit Nam, nn kch thchch trng gy ra mt cuc chin tranh vi nhThanh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 172172

    7/1894, Nht Bn khng tuyn b tn cngvo hm i nh Thanh v chin tranh Nht Thanh bng n. Qun Nht trang b qun i tt, v kh hin i nhanh chng nh bi qunThanh. Chim Triu Tin, tn cng cc bn oSn ng ca Trung Quc ri tin ln uy hipth Bc Kinh. Qun Thanh tht bi nhanhchng, nng n v nhanh chng xin cu ha.

    4/1895, ti hi cngShimonoseki hip c Nht Thanh c k kt xc nhn s thng li caNht Bn trong cuc chin tranh vi nh Thanh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 173173

    *Hip c Nht Thanh. Trung Quc tha nhn Triu Tin l mt nc

    c lp, thc cht l Trung Quc t b quynli Triu Tin v tha nhn quyn li caNht Bn.

    Chnh thc tha nhn vic ct nhng o iLoan, o Bnh H v bn o Liu ng choNht Bn.

    Bi thng chin tranh cho Nht Bn khong200 triu lng bc, khong 30 triu yn.

    K hip c thng thng v hip c hng hiNht Bn nh l cc nc. M cc hi cng: Trng Khnh, T Chu, Hn Chu tu bNht Bn c i li t do bun bn trn sngDng T.

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    S thng li ca Nht Bn i vi nh Thanh ls thng li ca t bn i vi lc lng phongkin suy tn. S thng li ca lc lng cicch duy tn vi lc lng bo th ng .

    Thng li ny l s i ngi Chu t tayTrung Quc sang Nht Bn. iu ny c ngha to ln i vi Nht v cc nc phngty phi coi Nht Bn l nc quc, nganghng vi mnh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 175175

    Tuy nhin, trong lc Nht Bn cn ngy ngt vthng li th cc cng quc phng ty khngmun nhn thy mt nc Nht ot c qunhiu quyn li sau chin thng nh Thanh. Vvy ngay sau Nga, c, Php ra mt bnkhuyn ngh bt Nht Bn phi tr o Liung ca Trung Quc (dn u l Nga). NhtBn thy sc khng th i li 3 cng qucnn nh ngm ngi chp nhn. i li NhtBn nhn thm 45 triu yn.

    Sai khi cay ng tr li bn o Liu ng thNht Bn hiu ra rng chim c bn oTriu Tin, thu tm Trung Quc th phi i mtvi mt k th ln l Nga.

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    Chin tranh Nht Nga (1904-1905)

    Nc Nga u th k 19 bnh trng th lcmt cch thng li v Siberia. Nga ht sc ctham vng n vng ng . Dc bit l MnChu Trung Quc v Triu Tin.

    Trc s bnh trng mnh m ca Nga vNht l mu thun ht sc gay gt gia Nga vNht v vic Nga v hai nc na bt Nht trli bn o Liu ng cho Trung Quc nn Nhttch cc chun b cuc chin tranh. Nht bitrng trong cuc chin tranh trc Nht khng cng minh v th c gng ca Nht l nm 1902 Nht k hip c lin minh vi Anh.

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    Nc Anh ng h Nht Bn v Anh ang bnrn Chu Phi nn mun nh bn tay ca Nhtchn bt tin cng ca Nga v Trung ngv bo v quyn li ca Anh.

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    Trc chin tranh cng c mt s cuc hi mgia Nht Nga. Nht bt tay vi Nga vi chia s quyn li, cui cng cc cuc hi mgia Nht v Nga khng i n mt kt qu nov tham vng ca hai bn i vi Trung Quc vTriu Tin qua ln v khng chn ch cna. 2/1904 Nht tng ng vin tuyn b chintranh vi Nga.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 179179

    8/2/1904 hm i ca Nht bt thnh lnh tncng hm i ca Nga hi cng L Thun

    19/2 qun Nht Bn b ln cng NhnXuyn.

    Qun Nht tip tc dnh thng li nhanh chngtrn bn o Triu Tin v Mn Chu TrungQuc. v ng mt cch thng li viNga bin gii Nga Triu.

    8/1904 qun Nht v Nga gp nhau trong mttrn y mu v xc cht Liu ng, mc dhai bn chu tn tht v cng nng n nhngqun Nht dnh thng li.

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    3/1905 trong mt trn nh khc din ra Phng Thin, qun Nga b tht bi nng n. trong trn ny c khong 7 vn lnh Nht cht vb thng, pha Nga cht v b thng khong 9 vn. tuy qun Nht dnh thng li nhng sautrn ny th Nht Bn dng nh kit qu vbinh lc (v kh v v s). Trn chnh trng vc bn th Nht dnh thng li nhng Nga vncha chu tht bi v Nga trng ch vo hm iBaltic n cu vin.

    5/1905, chin hm Baltic b nh tan tc eobin Tsushima, 38 tu chin ca Nga b tiudit, sau trn ny v c bn th qun Nga b thtbi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 181181

    8/1905, qua s trung gian ca M th Nga chu ngi vo bn m phn vi Nht thanhph nh Postmouth ca M.

    9/1905, Nga k hip c ha bnh vi Nht vinhng iu khon sau:

    Nga cng nhn c quyn v chnh tr v kinh tca Nht Bn i Hn (Triu Tin). V thanhn quyn bo h ca Nht i Hn t nay v sau.

    Nga giao li hai nhng a quan trong l haicng L Thun v i Lin.

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    Nga giao li cho Nht tuyn xe la Trng Xunni t Trng Xun i M Thun (v sau Nhtgi l Nam Mn Chu).

    Nga cng nhn t v 50 tr v pha nam cao Sakhalin l thuc lnh th ca Nht.

    Nga cng nhn quyn nh c ca Nht BcBng Dng.

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    C th ni vi nhng hip nh th Nht Bn gt hi c nhiu quyn li ht sc to lntrong cuc chin tranh Nht Nga. c bit lNht c Nga tha nhn quyn thng tr Triu Tin v Nam Mn Chu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 184184

    III.NhIII.Nhtt BBnn tt sausau chichinn tranhtranh NgaNga--NhNhttnn hhtt CTTG CTTG llnn I (1918)I (1918)

    1. S pht trin kinh t ca NB

    Trong thi k ny ngnh cng nghip quc phng phattrin ht sc mnh m. Cc ngnh cng nghip linquan nh ng tu, ha cht pht trin nhanh nht. Sn lng ng tu NB tng gp 2 ln (1905-1907).

    Nht khai thc li th ca mnh TT v Mn ChuTQ.

    Ngnh luyn kim pht trin mnh. T chin tranh NgaNht n chin tranh th gii th I sn lng luynkim tng 10 ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 185185

    Cng nghip nh ca Nht vn t trng tmvo ngnh dt. Sau chin tranh Nga Nht thNht xut khu vng sang Triu Tin v TrungQuc.

    Cc tp on ti chnh ca Nht Ngy cngbnh trng th lc ca mnh lm lng on thtrng, ni ting nh: Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Shibuzawa, Okura

    Tm li, nn kinh t Nht Bn vn gi tc pht trin nhanh chng. Nht tr nn giu c vc tim lc qun s ng n Chu .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 186186

    2. i ngai Sau chin tranh Nht Nga th Nht Bn xc nh

    quyn lc ca mnh i viTriu Tin. C thni trn thc t Triu Tin tr thnh thuc aca Nht.

    Cui 1905 th Nht b nhim 1 vin quan gi lThng gim thit lp cai tr Triu Tin. VinThng gim ny l ngi iu hnh cng vici ni v i ngoi, l Ito Hirobumi.

    Nhn dn Triu Tin ht sc cm th nhnghot ng thng tr chn p ca Nht. H tiptc ni dy chng li ch h ca Nht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 187187

    1909, 1 chin s Triu Tin l An Trng Cn m st Ito ga xe la Cp Nh Tn.

    Nhn nm 1910 Nht buc vua L TriuTin tuyn b t b ch quyn v nhngquyn li cho Thin Hong ca Nht. V kt th trn thc t hay php l th Nht Bnthn tnh Triu Tin hon ton.

    Trong qu trnh thn tnh Triu Tin, Nht pdng ch Nht Hong mt cch quyt litnn gy ra s phn ng ht sc mnh mca nhn dn Triu Tin.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 188188

    Sau chin tranh Nht Nga, Nht tip tc bnhtrng th lc ca mnh ra bn ngoi. 1907, Nht k hip c vi Nga phn chia quynlc ca mnh Trung Quc. Phng nga xungt vi Anh v M Trung Quc.

    Sau chin tranh Nht Nga, Anh v M c vcnh gic vi Nht Bn. 1898, Anh, M m ca, ch trng t do cnh tranh, t do bun bn Trung Quc, iu nh hng n Nht Bn, nc chim gi nhng nh hng quantrng Trung Quc. Mu thun ca Nht, M, Anh tip tc ko di cho n chin tranh th giiln th I.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 189189

    IV.Nht Bn trong chin tranhth gii ln th I

    Khi chin tranh th gii ln th I bng n thNht Bn li dng tnh hnh tng cngth lc ca mnh ng . 8-19, Nht tuynb tham gia chin tranh v pha cc Hiep uoc. Nht ht sc thm mun bn o Sn ng, hin ang thuc quyn chim hu ca c. Vth Nht tuyn chin vi c.

    Nhn lc c b sa ly chin trng ngu, Nht ln lt ht cng c cc o Nam Thi Bnh Dng v m rng nh hng caNht khu vc Thi Bnh Dng rng ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 190190

    Cng nhn lc cc nc Chu u ang bn buvi chin tranh th Nht Bn mun ginh nhiuquyn li hn i vi th trng Trung Quc, nn b mt a chnh ph Vin Th Khi vi nhng yu sch ht sc ngang ngc nh:

    i tha nhn quyn li ca Nht bn oSn ng, vng Nam Mn Chu, mt phnMng C, gy sc p buc phi mi c vn vti chnh qun s ca Nht Bn; Thnh lp cclc lng an ninh hn hp Nht Trung, xydng cc nh my lin hp Nht Trung do Nhtiu hnh.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 191191

    Trong tnh th b o p th chnh quyn Vin ThKhi nh chp nhn nhng i hi ca NhtBn sau khi xin ct mt s im. Sau khi tin tc v 21 iu yu sch ny b lt ra ngoi gy ra s phn ng gay gt ca Anh v M.

    Tuy nhin do ang bn bu v chin tranh, ccnc ny vn cha thc thi bin php no trng tr Nht Bn. Ngoi ra chin tranh th giith I mang n cho Nht nhng li ch to ln, l do gp phi chin tranh nn hng ha cacc chin quc khng th vn chuyn n ccnc Chu .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 192192

    Nhn dp Nht Bn nhanh chng sn xutcc mt hng tng ng v gia tc vic xutkhu hng phn Chu . V t tr i hngha ca Nht c cc nc Chu achung.

    Ngi ta tnh trong thi k chin tranh th thunhp ca cc i thng thuyn Nht Bn tnggp 10 ln.

    Sau khi chin tranh kt thc, Nht Bn nghimnhin ngi vo gh ca k thng trn. Trong hingh Vesaille Php nm 1919 v hi nghWashinton 192 Nht Bn tip tc ginh cnhiu quyn li do v tr ngy cng to ln trongcc cng quc trn th gii.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 193193

    V. V. NhNhtt BBnn tt sausau chichinn tranhtranh thth gigiii thth I I nn khkhngng hohongng kinhkinh tt thth gigiii (1929)(1929)

    1.Tnh hnh kinh t Nht Bn ra khi chin tranh vi t cch l 1 ngi

    thng trn v l 1 trong s t cc nc khng b thit hido chin tranh. Cc ha c xc nhn quyn li to ln ca Nht Bn sau chin tranh. bn o Sn ngnay c quc t xc nhn l ca Nht Bn. NhtBn thc s l 1 cng quc duy nht Chu .

    Cuc chin tranh th gii ln th I kch thch kinh tNht Bn pht trin. Hng ha Nht sau chin tranh tiptc trn vo th trng Chu . Nht Bn tr nn giuc, t 1 nc l con n tr thnh ch n.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 194194

    Sau chin tranh th s tp trung ca cc cng tyc quyn tng nhanh. V d: tp on Mitsui chn 200 cng ty v c s vn 7 t yn. Mitsubishi cng c 50 cng ty con v ti sn lnn 4 t yn.

    Cng vi s pht trin ca cc th lc ti phitth cc th lc qun phit cng bnh trng ccth lc chnh tr. B trng lc qun v hi qunlun lun lng on ni cc.

    T tng sng bi thin hong, t tng Svanca Nht Bn ny n. cc t chc x hi enxut hin nhiu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 195195

    InukaiInukai TsuyoshiTsuyoshi--ThTh ttngng nmnm 19321932

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 196196

    2. X hi Cng vi s pht trin kinh t th x hi Nht

    Bn c nhng bin i mnh m. S lngcng nhn tng rt nhiu.

    Cng nhn Nht Bn tham gia cc Hi i Huv pht trin rt nhanh.

    cc thanh ph cng nghip ln nh Osaka, Nagoya v Kobe. Cng nhn cng t chccc cuc u tranh, nhiu khi xy ra cc cuc xst ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 197197

    Trong giai on ny c s kin ng ghi nhtrong lch s Nht Bn l v ng t ln vngKanto (1923) gy ra mt tn tht ln nht choth Tokyo, v ph hoi phn ln nn cngnghip ng tu thnh ph Yokohama. NhtBn thiu thn ngun ti chnh khi phc nnng t ny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 198198

    c ngun ti chnh th Nht Bn tng cngkhai thc quyn li ca Nht nc ngoi cbit l Triu Tin. Chnh s pht trin kinh tbn ngoi to ra ngun ti chnh nhanh chngkhc phc nn ng t v vn ln mt cchmnh m.

    Trong nhng nm 20 Nht Bn cnh tranhmt cch quyt lit vi M v Anh cc thtrng ng v ng Nam .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 199199

    3. Chnh tr Trong giai on ny mt thnh tu quan trng

    ca Nht Bn l ban hnh lut bu c phthng cho tt c nam gii t 25 tui tr ln (ma khng quan trng l h ng bao nhiu thu). N gii vn cha c tham gia bu c. tronggiai on ny cc t chc cng on c phphot ng mt cch rng ri hn, cc t tngXHCN c truyn b rng ri.

    Cc t chc cng on hot ng c hiu qutrong vic gip cng nhn u tranh ginhquyn li..

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 200200

    4. Chnh sch i ngoi Chnh quyn Nht Bn thi th tng Kato

    (1924-1926) ch trng ng li ngoi giaotng i mm do cng tc vi cc cngquc.

    Nm 1925, chnh quyn Kato cng nhn Lin Xv t mi quan h ngoi giao vi Lin X v k vi Lin X hip nh v bin gii. i viTrung Quc chnh quyn Kato thi hnh chnhsch thn thin. lc by gii Nht Bn tch ccxy dng c s v kinh t, chnh tr TrungQuc chun b cho nhng to ln sauny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 201201

    Showa Showa ThinThin hohongng

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 202202

    Ngc li, 1927 mt nhn vt c t tng qunphit l Tanaka ln lm th tng, chnh quynTanaka tip tc dng th lc bnh trngra bn ngoi. 1927, Tanaka cho qun b lnbn o Sn ng v chim gi cc v tr quantrng trn p cc lc lng u tranh canhn dn Trung Quc ra Nht Bn.

    4/1928, chnh quyn Tanaka tin hnh dng vlc trn p cc phong tro u tranh ca nhndn Trung Quc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 203203

    1929, Nht Bn ri vo cuc khng hongkinh t th gii. Cuc khng hong ny ging mt n rt mnh ln nn kinh tNht Bn. Sn lng gang thp gim stt 30-40%. Cc sn phm cng nghipxut khu (t, la) gim 80%. Gi c nngsn, sn phm gim mt na. nn snxut b nh n nghim trng.

    Cuc khng hong gy mt hu qunghim trng v ht sc tai hi. Hu qunghim trng nht l lm cho t tngqun phit pht trin.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 204204

    Trong ni b Nht Bn din ra mu thunkch lit gia hai phi.

    Phi ch trng pht trin lc lng trongnc ri dn dn bnh trng mt cchvng chc th lc ra bn ngoi.

    Nhm Tn Hng (t bn mi) ch trngnhanh chng m rng vic thn tnh ccphn t cn li ca Trung Quc, m rngthuc a Nht ng Nam .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 205205

    Do hu qu ca nn kinh t, ch nghapht xt ni dy khp ni trn th gii, trc ht l , c, Ty Ban Nha. Tuynhin, th lc pht xt c l mnh nhtv sau ny nm quyn lnh o phe phtxt trn th gii.

    Nht, sau cuc khng hong kinh t thphi qun i cng lng on t qun s, chnh tr, ri n ngoi giao Nht. Nmc quyn qun s, ngoi giao

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 206206

    1931, i qun l i qun mnh nht, hiu chin ca Nht Bn, dng v lc tchM Chu ra khi Trung Quc.

    Qun Nht gy ra mt s kin tuynng st Nam Mn Chu v ly c mcuc tn cng trn ton tuyn dc ng xe laNam Mn Chu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 207207

    Trung Quc lo s v tuyn b s gii quyt cngvic ny v yu cu qun Nht ngng tn cng.

    Tuy nhin, i qun Quan ng bt chp clnh ca chnh ph Nht Bn m cn m rngcuc chin tranh vi Trung Quc.

    iu ny chng t rng chnh ph khng kimsot c hot ng ca qun i.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 208208

    Chnh s kin ny m u cho cuc chin tranhxm lc ca Nht Bn vi Trung Quc ko din cui chin tranh th gii ln th II.

    u 1932, Nht nh bi Trung Quc MnChu v m cuc tn cng thnh ph ThngHi. Thng Hi khng mnh m.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 209209

    3/1932, Nht tuyn b thnh lp Mn ChuQuc, a hong Ph Nghi ln lmnguyn th quc gia, v tuyn b Mn Chu lmt quc gia c lp.

    Trn thc t th Nht lng on vng Mn Chuny.

    V nc ny v lc lng quc phng th do Nht nm quyn, hnh chnh kinh t th do cngty ng st Nam Mn Chu nm quyn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 210210

    Sau s kin Mn Chu, cc th lc qun phitmi tin hnh m st v th tng Inukai Tsuyoshi (Khuyn Dng Ngh).

    Vic m st Inukai chm dt thi k m phidn s nm quyn v m ra mt thi k m phequn s lng on chnh trng.

    K t n nm 1945, Nht Bn c 11 lnthay i th tng, trong c 7 ln tng lcqun lm th tng, v 4 ln c hi qunlm th tng. Tuy nhin trong cc tng lnhca Nht Bn c quan im khc nhau. Phi lcqun hiu chin hn, phi hi qun c xu hngmm do hn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 211211

    Cng k t thi k ngay trong cc lc lngca chnh ph cng c nhng cuc m st, canhchng ln nhau, lm cho ni tnh ca Nht rilon.

    Nht Bn cng lao nhanh trn con ng qunphit ha. c bit nm 1936, Nht Bn k ktvi pht xt c Hittler mt hip c chngquc t cng sn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 212212

    Xc lp lin minh v qun s gia pht xt cv qun Nht, lin minh ny l nn tng ca trcpht xit, k gy ra cuc chin tranh th gii thII.

    1937, Nht Bn pht ng cuc chin tranh viquy m to ln nh chim nhiu thnh ph caTrung Quc, trong giai on u th h nhu thng . Qun Nht chim c thnh phThng Hi, Nam Kinh.

    Cui 1938 chim c Qung ng, pha namTrung Quc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 213213

    Tuy nhin khi m rng cuc chin tranh ra khplnh th Trung Quc, qun Nht ri vo mtmu thun chin thut khng th sa i l: nh chim d m khng th gi c.

    Qun Nht b sa ly vo lnh th ln TrungQuc, vp phi cuc khng chin Trung Qucv chu nhiu tn tht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 214214

    u 1939, qun i Nht m rng cuc tncng ra nc Mng C, Tin st n bin giiLin X. Nhng khu vc bin gii Mng C vLin X qun Nht b qun Lin X nh ti bi.

    Ngoi cc yu t khc, th yu t khin Nhttht bi l v Nht khng trang b c xe tngtt, trong khi qun Lin X tc chin bng xetng.

    Sau tht bi ny qun Nht t b gic mngbnh trng v pha ty m tp trung vo thntnh Trung Quc v vng ng Nam .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 215215

    Nh vy, nt ch yu ca lch s Nht Bn trongnhng nm 30 l s ra i, pht trin v lngon ca gii qun phit Nht v vic m rngchin tranh vi Trung Quc.

    Khi chin tranh th gii th II n ra Chu uth Nht Bn bt u cuc chin tranh mi Chu l cuc chin tranh Thi Bnh Dng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 216216

    VI.Nht Bn trong chin tranhth gii th II

    Khi Nht Bn m rng chin tranh Trung Quc th mtmt Nht Bn vp phi s chng i ca nhn dnTrung Quc, v mt khc (v ngoi giao) Nht vp phis chng i mnh m ca M, Anh, Php. Cc ncM, Anh, Php thng qua con ng cc nc ngNam , c bit l Vit Nam vin tr v kh cho quni Tng chng Nht.

    V th thc hin gic m i ng ca mnh thNht Bn ch tm nhiu hn n ng Nam . NhtBn mun s dng ng Nam l bn p thn tnhChu .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 217217

    1936, Nht Bn t chnh sch i vi ngNam ln hng quc sch v dn dn NhtBn nh gi cao tm chin lc ca ngNam .

    1940, di danh ngha l ct t con ngvin tr cho Tng th qun Nht vo chimng min bc Vit Nam.

    1941, Nht m rng a qun i vo nhchim Si Gn, nhng vic chim ng Si Gngy mt s phn ng ca M, Anh, H Lan. Chnh ph M dng cc bin php trng pht vkinh t (cm vn i vi Nht Bn). Chnh phAnh v H Lan cng thc thi nhng chnh schnh vy.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 218218

    Gii chnh tr ngoi giao hiu chin ngh ngayn mt cuc chin tranh vi M.

    Qun i Nht bt thnh lnhtn cng Trn Chu Cng (Pearl Habour) thuco Hawaii. Qun i Nht ginh thng li rt to ln tiu dit 5 trong 8 hm i ca M ng khu vc ny. Lm h hi 3 hm i cn li, phhy 200 my bay M tiu dit v lm b thng350 lnh M. trn thng ny l trn thng lch sca qun i Nht v cng l mt trn nh vcng ngy hm thin hong tuyn b tuynchin vi Anh, H Lan gi l chin tranh ThiBnh Dng. Sau khi tuyn chin th ngay lptc qun Nht m cuc chin tranh voPhillippines, Hng Kng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 219219

    Cho 5/1942 qun Nht ginh c thng lilin tip v gin gi. Qun Nht nhanh chngchim Philippines, Hng Kng, Malaysia, Singapore. Min in qun Nht cng ginhth thng so vi qun i Anh, v cui cngNht chim c Indonesia.

    Nh vy tr Thi Lan th qun Nht chimng hu khp cc nc ng Nam . QunNht cn e da c v c k hoch nh chimtn n . Thi im 1942 nh du thi imhuy hong ca quc mt tri mc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 220220

    Nhng thng li ban u ca Nht phn ln do khng qun v hi qun to ra. Qun Nht ctinh thn v s o, gan l v dng cm man rn. Tuy nhin khi chin tranh pht trin ln th NhtBn ri vo tnh trng bt li.

    Vic c tn cng Lin X v hng mi nhntin cng vo mt trn phia ng khin Anh, Mc th tp trung lc lng tc chin mttrn Thi Bnh Dng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 221221

    6/1942 trong mt trn nh hn o Midways hi qun Anh ginh thng li trc hi qunNht v y l tht bi u tin ca hi qunNht trn mt trn Thi Bnh Dng. Sau trnMidways th qun M, Anh bt u tn cngNht chim li cc o Thi Bnh Dng. Vqun M ginh thng li o Salomon. Qun Anh, M tha thng tin cng ginh licc v tr mt v mc tiu u tin ca qunM l Phillippine.

    1943 mt trn Chu u qun c b tht bi Xtalingrat.

    6/1944 qun ng minh b bi binNormandy (Php) v tin vo gii phng Php, chin tranh din ra.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 222222

    Qun i Nht chin trng Chu u b thtbi. Trn chin trng Trung Quc qun Nhtdi s lnh o ca ng gy cho Nhtnhiu tn tht to ln. chin trng ng Nam qun i ng minh ch yu l Anh, M phn cng mnh lit. u 1945 qun ng minh chim li c Phiippine, ng thi qun Mcng m cuc tn cng vo o Okinawa. Khng qun M ngy m oanh kch vo ccthnh ph ln nh Tokyo, Osaka

    7/1945 cc nc ng minh hp hi ngh Posdam v tuyn b Posdam i Nht u hngv iu kin. Qun M c k hoch nh chimnc Nht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 223223

    6/8/1945 M nm bom u tin vo thnh phHiroshima v 9/8 Nagasaki lm chthng chc vn ngi v li hu qu ln. saukhi b hai qu bom nguyn t th Nht khngchu u hng v kin quyt khng chin v Nhttin tng vo lc lng hng hu v cc chinlc, d tr Mn Chu. Th nhng 8/8, Lin X ra li tuyn chin vi Nht. Lin X nh tan o Quan ng ch da mnhnht v cui cng ca qun phit Nht khincho Nht khng cn con ng no khc l phiu hng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 224224

    10/8, Thin Hong ra li tuyn b chp nhncc iu kin ca ng minh theo Ngh quytPosdam, ku cc qun i chm dt chin u, thc cht l u hng vi cc ng minh.

    15/8, Nht k hip c u hng vi quni ng Minh trn mt chin hm ca M, chm dt cuc chin tranh Thi Bnh Dng vchin tranh th gii th II.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 225225

    Cuc chin tranh Thi Bnh Dng gy ranhiu thm khc cho cc nc v cc oThai Bnh Dng.

    Trung Quc ngi cht v b thng hn 22 triu ngi. Nht Bn cng mt 3 triu binh lnhv hng triu dn thng. ng Nam sngi b cht trong chin tranh ln n 1 triungi. Vit Nam do hu qu ca vic chimng ca Nht v Php gy ra s ngi b chtln n hng triu ngi. Chin tranh tnph nghim trng nn kinh t Nht Bn.

    Nht ra khi chin tranh vi t cch l mt ncbi trn, trong cnh nt hoang tn. R rngcuc chin tranh ny l mt trang s en tinht trong lch s Nht Bn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 226226

    CHNG BCHNG BNNNHNHT BT BNHINHIN N II

    I. Ci cch sau chin tranh (1945-1952)

    1. Hon cnh Nht sau chin tranh Sau chin tranh, Nht Bn ri vo tnh trng

    nt, hoang tn. V cng nghip: 30% x nghip, 80% tu thu, 21% nh cab ph hy. Vnng nghip: thiu ht lng thc trm trng, xy ra nn i. Tng thit hi v vt cht c tnh khong 65 t yn, gp i GDP ca mt nm, y li Nht Bn khong 25 nm.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 227227

    Thit hi v ngi cng v cng to ln. S ngi cht v b thng ln ti 3 triu ngi.

    C khong 4 triu ngi b tht nghip, khong 7 triu lnh Nht b gii ng, v nc, khong 1,5 triu ngi di dn trc chin tranh cng buc phi v nclm tng thm i qun tht nghip.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 228228

    Trong mt thi gian di c gio dc theo tinh thn ch ngha dn tc cc oan, sng bi ch Thin Hong, vic b bi trn, chp nhn u hng v chu s chim ng ca qun i nc ngoi lm cho tinh thn ngi Nht ri vo tnh trng suy sp.

    Tm li: sau chin tranh Nht Bn ri vo tnh trng suy sp v kinh t, khng hong v x hi v suy sp v tinh thn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 229229

    2. Nhng cuc ci cch Sau chin tranh, Qun i ng minh c nhim

    v chim ng v qun l Nht. Ngi ch huy ca B T lnh Ti cao Qun i ng minh chim ng Nht (General Headquarter, gi tt l GHQ) l Mac Arthur (M). GHQ khng phi l c quan trc tip thng tr Nht Bn m l c quan ban hnh mnh lnh, son tho chnh sch. Nht Bn cng c chnh ph ring vchnh ph Nht Bn l b my thc thi mnh lnh v chnh sch ca GHQ.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 230230

    Chnh tr-x hi Mc tiu: tiu dit tn gc ch ngha qun

    phit v dn ch ho Nht Bn. Thc thi: Thnh lp To n qun s quc t

    Vin ng, gi tt l Ta n Tokyo xt xnghim khc cc ti phm chin tranh. 20 vn ngi b kt ti vi nhng mc khc nhau. C 25 ti phm loi A (c bit nguy him) bnhng hnh pht nghim khc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 231231

    Vn gay cn l thi i vi Thin Hong Showa: Thin Hong c phi l ti phm chin tranh hay khng v xt x Thin Hong nh th no? kin khc nhau, nhng cui cng phn quyt theo kin M, duy tr ch Thin Hong nhng ch ng vai tr tng trng cho t nc v nhn dn Nht Bn, khng c quyn can thip vo chnh tr.

    Son tho v ban hnh Hin php mi, thng qua vo thng 11 nm 1946, c hiu lc tthng 5 nm 1947. Hin php Nht Bn xc nh r ch quyn quc gia thuc v nhn dn, Thin Hong ch l tng trng, khng c can thip vo chnh tr.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 232232

    Nht Bn cam kt t b hon ton cc hnh thc chin tranh, vnh vin thc thi ho binh, khng t chc qun i, khng lp B Quc phng.

    Hin php cn quy nh l tn trng cc quyn c bn ca cng dn: Nhn quyn, quyn t do, bnh ng, quyn bu c, ng c.

    Cc ng phi chnh tr c t do hot ng. Ln u tin ng CS Nht Bn ra hot ng cng khai.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 233233

    Hin php quy nh vic thit lp quc hi gm 2 vin: Thng vin (Tham ngh vin) vH vin (Chng ngh vin) v Ni cc chnh ph. Chnh ph do ng hay lin minh cc ng chim a s trong Quc hi nm.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 234234

    Ci cch gio dc Chm dt vai tr Shinto nh l quc gio, tch

    Shinto ra khi chnh tr v gio dc. Xc nht tng ch o ca gio dc l ho bnh, chng chin tranh. Bin son li ton b schgio khoa, loi b t tng dn tc cc oantrong gio dc.

    Ci cch h thng gio dc theo h thng giodc M 6-3-3-4 nm. t mc tiu gio dcph cp bc PTCS (9 nm).

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 235235

    Ci cch kinh t-ti chnh Gii tn cc tp on ti phit, ch yu l 4 tp

    on ln l Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo vYasuda. Chia cc tp on ny thnh hngtrm cng ty nh. Loi b nhng ngi cacc tp on ti phit ny ra khi chc v lnho cng ty. Ban hnh Lut chng c quyn.

    C nhiu chuyn gia ti chnh hng u(Joseph Dodge) sang c vn chng lm pht, xy dng nn ti chnh n nh l lnh mnh. Ban hnh ng yn mi vi t gi 1 USD=360 yn.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 236236

    Ct gim tr cp i vi mt s x nghip, nilng kim sot thng mi.

    Tin hnh ci cch rung t. Quy nh chnhph mua li rung t ca a ch vng mt, bn li cho nng dn vi gi r, cho vay tin vili sut thp, tr trong vng 30 nm. Nh mnhng nng dn mun canh tc u c th crung t sn xut. Ci cch rung t cnh gi l mt ci cch thnh cng.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 237237

    Hip nh ha bnh San Francisco Trong lc nhng cuc ci cch ang tin hnh

    Nht th khu vc ng din ra nhng skin ln c nh hng n tin trnh ci cch: Ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1949, cch mngTrung Quc thnh cng, nc Cng ha Nhndn Trung Hoa c thnh lp. M mt bnng minh ln nht chu l Trung Qucca Tng Gii Thch. Nm sau, 1950, chintranh Triu Tin bng n. M thay i chnhsch i vi Nht: t ch coi Nht l i thcn trit h n ch mun xy dng Nhtthnh ng minh ln nht ca M chu .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 238238

    M hn ch nhng ci cch: cho phc hi tngbc cc tp on ti phit, cho thnh lp i tv v cnh st t v, hn ch quyn t do hihp, biu tnh ca nhn dn Nht Bn, kimduyt bo ch

    Thc gic cc nc k hip c ha bnh viNht. Mc du vp phi s phn i ca mt snc, thng 9 nm 1951, 48 nc k Hipnh ha bnh San Francisco vi Nht. Cngngy Nht-M k Hip c an ninh Nht-M. Sau nhiu ln sa i, Hip c an ninh Nht-M n nay vn l nn tng ca chnh sch ingoi ca Nht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 239239

    Thng 4 nm 1952, c quan GHQ tuyn bchm dt hot ng. Nht Bn c c lp vtp trung vo pht trin kinh t-vn ha ca tnc.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 240240

    3. nghaa. Tch cc

    Tiu dit cc th lc qun phit v dn chho v chnh tr, kinh t v x hi.

    To ra tin quan trng cho Nht buc vothi k pht trin cao trong nhng nm 60-70 ca th k XX.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 241241

    b) Nhng hn ch

    Chin tranh lnh v cc s kin c tnh quc tnh cch mng Trung Quc v chin tranhTriu Tin c nh hng n cng cuc cicch Nht Bn sau chin tranh.

    M hn ch tnh dn ch trong cc ci cch, nhanh chng xy dng Nht Bn thnh ngminh ln nht chu , i ph vi phong trocch mng ang ln khu vc ny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 242242

    II. II. SS phphtt tritrinn ththnn kk ccaa kinhkinh tt trongtrongnhnhngng nmnm 19501950--19701970

    1.Tng sn phm quc dn

    Nm 1955, hon ton khi phc, t mctrc chin tranh.

    Trong nhng nm 1950, tc tng trngbnh qun l 7 %, mc cao nht th gii lcby gi.

    Nm 1959 tng 10% gy sng st cho cc nhkinh t lc by gi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 243243

    Nm 1960 l 15,4 % v sut thp nin 1960 tng bnh qun trn 10%. l s tng trngthn k v kinh t.

    Nm 1960 Nht vt qua Canada, nm 1965 vt qua Php, Anh v nm 1968 vt qua Tyc, tr thnh nn kinh t ln th 2 trong hthng TBCN, sau M.

    Trong nhng nm 1970, mc du gp khnghong du la nhng kinh t Nht vn t mctng trng trung bnh trn 7%, mt t l rt caong thi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 244244

    2. Cng nghip L lnh vc pht trin nhanh nht, tc bnh

    qun hn 20%; t nm 1960 n 1970 tng lnkhong 2,5 ln.

    Cc ngnh cng nghip mi nhn ca Nht lin t gia dng v ng tu. Vo nhng nm1970, cng nghip xe hi ca Nht chim v trng k v ang vn ln chim v tr hng utrong nn cng nghip. Cc sn phm ca Nhtc sc cnh tranh rt mnh nc ngoi v vatt, r, p, t tn nhin liu.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 245245

    3. Nng nghip Nng nghip Nht Bn pht trin theo hngin kh ho, c gii ho, thu li ho, ho hcho v tng nng sut.

    Cui nhng nm 1960 m bo c 75% lng thc. Cht lng lng thc cao.

    Ngnh chn nui pht trin nhanh hn ngnhtrng trt. Chn nui b tht v b sa rt phttrin vng Hokkaido v Kagoshima.

    Ngh nh bt v nui c cng pht trin vobc nht th gii. Ngi Nht dn u th giiv tiu th c tnh theo u ngi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 246246

    Ngoi thng Ngoi thng ng vai tr v cng quan trng

    trong nn kinh t Nht v Nht khng cnguyn liu, phi nhp nguyn liu, ch to vbn sn phm.

    Trong vng 20 nm t 1950 n 1970, ngoithng tng khong 20 ln. Nm 1970, xut19,3 t USD v nhp 18,8 t USD.

    Bn hng ln nht l M. T nm 1965, Nhtlun l nc xut siu trong cn cn thngmi vi M.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 247247

    Nht cng l nc tch cc u t trc tip ranc ngoi. Nm 1970 u t ra gn 100 nc vi tng kim ngch hn 2 t USD.

    Nht Bn tr thnh mt trong nhng trung tmthng mi v tin t th gii.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 248248

    II. Nguyn nhn1.Nguyn nhn quc t Th gii tng i n nh v pht trin sau

    chin tranh. To iu kin thun li cho kinh tNht phc hi v pht trin nhanh.

    Vo nhng nm 60-70, M sa ly vo chintranh Vit Nam, to iu kin cho kinh t Nhtchim lnh nhiu lnh vc quan trong.

    Nhanh chng tip thu thnh tu k thut cao cath gii nhanh chng pht trin k thut caNht.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 249249

    2. Nguyn nhn trong nc Chnh tr n nh lu di. T nm 1955, Nht

    ch c mt ng cm quyn l ng T do-Dnch. iu cho php Nht tp trung pht trinkinh t, k c pht trin nhng k hoch dihn.

    Con ngi Nht Bn: cn c lao ng, c trnh cao, c thc k lut v tinh thn lm victp th, coi trong yu t vn ho trong pht trinkinh t

    Kiu qun tr Nht Bn: Ch thu nhn cngsut i; tr lng theo cng lao, thm nin vvai tr ca nh nc (B cng nghip vthng mi) i vi s pht trin kinh t.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 250250

    III.NHIII.NHT BT BN NGN NGY NAYY NAY

    I. Tnh hnh kinh t: n nhng nm 80 tnh hnh kinh t Nht Bn

    pht trin chm li. Trung bnh tng sn phmquc dn t 3%.

    Trong nhng nm 90 do s sp ca nnkinh t bong bng , kinh t Nht Bn vo tnhtrng suy thoi, tc pht trin hng nm trn1%, c nm pht trin m. Tuy vy, tng snphm quc dn ca Nht Bn c xu hng cngtng.

    Thu nhp tnh theo u ngi ca Nht Bntng nhanh do ng yn ca Nht Bn tng gi.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 251251

    Nm 1989, tng sn phm quc dn Nht Bnt 3300 t USD bng 2/3 tng sn phm qucdn ca M. Vt kh xa cc cng quc khcnh c, Anh, Php. Tng sn phm quc dntnh theo u ngi th nm 1987 Nht Bnvt qua M, tr thnh nc ng th hai trnth gii sau Thy S. Nm 1988 thu nhp bnhqun u ngi l 28000 USD. 1998 l 36000 USD ng th nht th gii. Nh vy, ngidn Nht Bn giu ln, nhng kinh t Nht Bnc xu hng pht trin tr tr.

    Trong cc lnh vc cng nghip then cht, NhtBn ng u th gii nh: ng tu, luynthp, t, tivi mu, ngnh cht bn dn, ngimy. Hm lng khoa hc k thut cao trongsn xut ca Nht Bn chim t l ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 252252

    Hin nay Nht Bn ang tin hnh mt cuc cicch ton din. H t ra mc tiu l dn uth gii v lnh vc kinh t tri thc.

    Mt khc, h ci cch ton din h thng ngnhng. Th tng Nht hin nay ch trng lkin quyt gii quyt vn n cng tri. Thayi phn bt hp l trong cch thc ca NhtBn. M ca cho cc nc tng cng u t, to ra mi trng cnh tranh nga trn tNht. Tnh hnh kinh t ca Nht hin nay chac g sng sut lm nhng h hy vng vonhng cuc ci cch mang n nhng lungsinh kh mi. Ngi ta nhn thy vi du hiucng cuc duy tn ln th hai.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 253253

    II. Chnh tr

    Cho dn 1993, ng T do Dn ch tip tcnm chnh quyn, nhng s thng tr lu di cang ny li nhng cn bnh, c bitbnh bo th v tham nhng.

    Mt lot cc ni cc t Nakasone, Takeshita, Kaifu, Miyazawa. Mc du tin hnh nhng cicch nhng khng lm i mi c chnh tr.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 254254

    8-1993 lin minh i lp thng c v ln nmchnh quyn, ln u tin sau hn 4 thp kng t do dn ch thnh ng i lp.

    Chnh quyn lin lp gm by ng do Hosokawa cm u cng khng p ng cnguyn vng ca dn chng Nht m cn gy ratnh trng bt n nh ko di.

    1994 Hosokawa t chc v a Hata ln.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 255255

    6-1994 mt hnh thc lin lp mi, lin lp giahai k th l ng x hi v ng t do dn ch. a lnh t ca ng x hi l Murayama lnlm Th tng. y l Th tng th hai cang x hi.

    Cui cng s lin lp ny l mt trong nhngnguyn nhn khin cho ng x hi b mt lngtin qun chng, v dn n s suy sp. Bnthn Th tng Murayama, trong nhim k camnh lm rt nhiu vic v quyn li ca tnglp bnh dn trong x hi. ng c thi htsc thnh khn i vi cc nc Chu .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 256256

    Tuy vy, s lin lp gia cc ng t do dnch l mt sai lm ht sc quan trng. khinng x hi hin nay c nguy c teo li thnhmt ng rt nh.Murayama nhng cho nicc mi Hashimoto (lnh t ca ng lin lp). Chnh quyn ca Hashimoto ban u c dnchng ng h, nhng sau khng gii quytc kh khn nn nhng cho Obuchi. ngObuchi khng c nh gi cao, nhng chnhthi k cm quyn ca ng ht sc c hiu qu. ng ci cch t t nhng vng chc, nn kinht Nht Bn c xu hng pht trin. Sau khi ngObuchi b bnh cht th ngi k nhim l Mori.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 257257

    ThTh ttngng ObuchiObuchi KeizoKeizo

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 258258

    Tnh hnh dn ti s tha i gii lnh ong t do dn ch. Mt nhn vt tr c c tnhl Koizumi ln nm chnh quyn.

    ng ny c bit dnh c s ng h ca dnchng Nht Bn (hn 80%). S d dn chngng h Koizumi v ngi ta qua ngn ngm tnhtrng tr tr kinh t, mong mun c mt ngici cch, mnh dn ci cch ln nm chnhquyn. ng Koizumi ha s ci cch nhng vn ln.V hnh chnh: tng cng vai tr cacc a phng, gim ti a quyn lc trong ccb, gim chi tiu ngn sch.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 259259

    Kinh t: mnh dn t hu ha mt s ngnhquan trng trong c bu chnh vin thng. Kin quyt gii quyt n quc tri.

    Mt khc tip tc ng li ci cch ca ccchnh ph trc l u t mt cch trng imvo ngnh kinh t tri thc. Dn chng Nht Bnang hy vng vo ni cc ny.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 260260

    3. V chnh sch i ngoi

    Vo nhng nm 80-90 khi nn kinh t ca ccnc Chu Thi Bnh Dng pht trin mtcch mnh m, th Nht Bn c s thay i cbn trong ng li i ngoi ca mnh l: nu trc y Nht Bn hon ton da vo Mth ngy nay Nht Bn tng cng tnh t chtrong ngoi giao.

    Tuy vn coi quan h vi M l nn tng trongchnh sch i ngoi. Nhng cc Th tng gny ca Nht Bn nhn mnh tm quan trngca Chu , trong thc t th Nht Bn ht sccoi trng cc nc Chu trong vic hochnh chnh sch ngoi giao.

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 261261

    ThTh ttngng Abe Abe ShinzoShinzo

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 262262

    Th t u tin trong chnh sch i ngoi caNht: M, Trung Quc, Triu Tin, Nga, ngNam .

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 263263

    Vn thuyt trnh1. Qu trnh thng nht Nht Bn. Vai tr ca Oda

    Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi v Tokugawa Ieyasu? 2. Nhng chnh sch v chnh tr, x hi, i ngoi ca

    Tokugawa, nhm cng c quyn lc ca dng h mnhv pht trin t nc

    3. Chnh sch m ca ca Nht Bn gia th k XIX (So snh vi Vit Nam)

    4. Nhng ci cch thi Meiji Duy Tn v ngha ca ni vi s pht trin ca Nht Bn.

    5. Chnh sch i ngoi ca Nht Bn cui th k XIX uth k XX.

    6. Nhng ci cch ca Nht Bn di thi cai qun caGHQ(B Ch huy ti cao qun i chim ng), nhgi tc dng ca n i vi vic dn ch ha v phchi kinh t ca Nht Bn. N1G2

  • 2010/8/192010/8/19 264264

    7. Nht Bn trong thi k pht trin cao , nguyn nhndn ti s pht trin (kinh t).

    8. Tnh hnh kinh t v chnh tr Nht Bn trong nhngnm 80-90.

    9. Quan h Vit Nam-Nht Bn (Tng qut)10. Tm hiu v vai tr ca Tokugawa Ieyasu trong s

    nghip thng nht Nht Bn.11. Tm hiu v nhng ci cch gio dc ca Nht Bn

    thi Meiji.12. Tm hiu phong tro vn minh khai ha ca NB thi

    Meiji.13. Tm hiu vic thu chuyn gia nc ngoi thi Meiji.14. Tm hiu chnh sch i ngoi ca Nht Bn ngy nay

    (chnh quyn Hatoyama). 15. Ch trang vin (shoen) Nht?


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