PREFATA

Acest curs este destinat studentilor de anul II, specialitatea navigatie, frecventa redusa. Avind in vedere particularitatile acestei forme de invatamint, cursul a fost elaborat pentru studiul individual. Cursul este alcatuit din 10 (zece) unitati cu urmatoarea structura: tema unitatii; vocabularul de specialitate aferent unitatii; vaocbular in context; gramatica-teorie; exercitii de gramatica cu raspunsuri; test de progres(gramatica) cu cheie. Obiectivele cuesului sunt: dezvoltarea si perfectionarea capacitatilor de intelegere si exprimare orala, citire si scriere in limba engleza; dezvoltarea si perfectionarea priceperilor si deprinderilor de folosire corecta, oral si in scris, a limbii engleze de specialitate; extinderea vocabularului, insusirea si aplicarea normelor gramaticale in exprimarea situativa conform tematicii prezentate in unitatea de studiu. Manualul a fost elaborat in conformitate cu cerintele si recomandarile conventiei STCW ’98 pentru traficul maritim.

CUPRINS Chapter 1. Anchoring. Future Chapter 2. Mooring.Modal Verbs Chapter 3. Towing. –ing form and Infinitive(I) Chapter 4. Taking a Pilot Aboard. –ing form and Infinitive (II) Chapter 5. Medical inspection of the ship. Negatives, Questions and Answers Chapter 6. Examining the Ship by the Customs. Reported Speech. Chapter 7. Reception of Cargo.(Loading).Passive Voice. Chapter 8. Delivery of Cargo. (Discharging)If-Clauses Chapter 9. Buying Provisions. Prepositions(I) Chapter 10.Passing Through Narrows and Canals. Prepositions (II)

Chapter 1. Anchoring.Future Tense

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar, the students should be able to: identify and use correctly the words and expressions related to anchoring; create and role-play a situation involving going to/leaving anchorage or riding at anchor; translate a text on anchorahe accurately (e.g. excerpts from the Pilot Book)

1. Ships may anchor either in the open roadstead or in the inner harbour. To bring the ship to anchor, it is necessary to slacken speed and stop the engine at the proper time. Both anchors must be ready to let go. The ship may ride to one or two anchors. If there is a strong wind, it is necessary to bring her head up into the wind. In case there is a strong tidal stream or current the ship should be stem on to the current. When the ship is near her intended place, she is given a little sternway with the engine (if there is no wind or current) and one anchor is dropped, then the anchor chain is paid out, and, if necessary, the other anchor is let go. When the chain is “brought up”, that is when the vessel has come to rest in water, the brake is set as tight as possible. The scope of chain to be paid out depends on many factors, such as the size of the ship, the weather and tide conditions, the quality of the holding ground. It is the captain or the officer of the watch (OOW) who must determine how much of chain is to be paid out in each case. Usually, a length of chain equal to about five times the depth of water is sufficient. When the ship has been anchored, the watch officer takes the anchorage bearings. He also sees that the soundings are taken at the anchorage and enters into the log book both the bearings and soundings. Then he marks the ship’s position on the chart. When the vessel is at anchor at night one or more men are posted on anchor watch. It is their duty under the officer of the watch to see to the security of the ship, to see that there is sufficient room for the vessel to swing, with the tide without striking another vessel. Dialogue 1. P: In an hour’s time we will approach the port. As it’s ebb time now we shall have to wait for the tide in the outer roadstead. The depths in the entrance to port are not sufficient for our draft. C: How long shall we wait for the tide? P: We will have to wait until sunset. C: Shall we have to anchor or may we make fast to the mooring buoys there? P: There are no mooring buoys there; we’ll have to anchor half a mile off-shore. C: What landmarks will we have there for the anchorage? P: There is a conspicuous water tower on the coast, which should be kept on bearing 36º and the lighthouse at the port entrance, which should bear 78º. C. What are the depths at the anchorage? P: The bottom is quite even; there are no rocks or shoals. C: What is the nature of the ground there? P: There is good holding ground; soft mud with few patches of sand. C: Is there enough room at the anchorage for swinging? P: Oh, there is plenty of room for several ships.

Dialogue 2. P: In half an hour we shall be at the anchorage, It’s time to notify the engine room and to get the anchors ready. C: That’s right. Which anchor are we going to use? P: We’ll use the starboard anchor. C: How much chain shall we need? P: I think four shackles will do. C: All right. I’ve ordered a deck-hand to start taking soundings. P: That’s very good. You see that red tower over there? We must steer for that tower till the port lighthouse opens to southward. C: Well, what then? P: Then we must alter the course 40 to starboard and steer for the lighthouse till we are a mile off-shore. That is our berth. C: Oh. I see. The depths are beginning to decrease. Dialogue 3. P: Soon we’ll be underway and proceed into port. C: Fine! I have already given orders to stand by to weigh anchor. We have just got a radiogram from our agent. He has arranged to berth the ship at Berth No.7. P: Very good, Sir. This is a very convenient berth. C: How shall we proceed from here? P: We shall steer for the port lighthouse, keeping in the green sector of the light till we come to the entrance. Then we shall keep two red leading lights in line till we pass through the entrance. After that we shall keep the bright light ashore in line with the molehead light. This will bring us straight to the wharf. C: All right, that’s clear. Shall we heave the anchor up? 2. VOCABULARY Words and expressions Road/roadstead = rada Berth = dana To pay out = a fila (parama, lant) Tidal stream = curent de maree Current = curent To let go = a mola, a fundarisi Ebb = reflux To approach = a se apropia Off-shore = la larg de coasta Landmark = reper costier Anchorage = ancoraj Bearing = relevment Entrance = intrare To shelter = a adaposti High land = mal, coasta inalta Bottom = fund Ground = fund

Good-holding = care tine bine Deck-hand = marinar de punte To steer for = a guverna pe To heave up = a vira, a recupera To bring the ship to anchor = a aduce nava la ancoraj To slacken speed = a reduce viteza To ride at anchor = a sta la ancora The ship rides to one anchor = nava are o singura ancora fundarisita To bring the ship’s head up into the wind = a aduce prova in vint To bring up = a ancora To drop anchor = a fundarisi ancora To be stem on to the current = a sta cu prova in vint To give a ship the sternway with the engine = a deplasa nava inapoi folosind masina To swing at anchor = a gira la ancora To weigh anchor = a vira, a ridica ancora To keep in line = a mentine un aliniament To alter the course = a schimba de drum To take bearings on = a lua relevmente la To make fast = a volta, a se lega la Mooring buoy = baliza de amarare Landmark = reper costier Conspicuous – vizibil Even bottom = fund nivelat, fara asperitati Shoals = banc de nisip Soft mud = mil moale Patches of sand = intinsura, portiuni de nisip 3.Standard Marine Communication Phrases 3.1. Going to anchor Is/are the anchor(s) ready for dropping? = este/sunt ancorele gata pentru fundarisire? We are going to an anchorage = ne indreptam spre un loc de ancoraj Have (port/starboard/both) anchor(s) ready. = pregatiti ancors/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele. We will drop ( port/starboard/both) anchor(s) = Vom lasa(fundarisi) ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele Put…shackles in the water = lasati ..chei de lant in apa Put …shackles in the pipe. = lasati …chei de lant in nara Put …shackles on deck = lasati…chei de lant pe punte. Walk back (port/starboard/both) anchor(s) one/one and a half shackle(s) = Filati ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele o cheie/ o cheie de lant si jumatate. We will let go ( port/starboard/both) anchor(s)…shackle(s) and dredge it/them = Vom mola (fundarisi) ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele/cu..chei(e) de lant si o/le vom grapa. Drop port/starboard/both) anchor(s) = Funda ancora/ancorele/ din babord/tribord ambele. Pay out the cable(s) = Fila lantul/lanturile de ancora.

Check the cable (s) = Controleaza lantul/lanturile de ancora Hold on (port/starboard/both cable(s) = Tine lantul/lanturile de ancora/din babord/tribord/ambele. How is the cable leading? = Cum intinde lantul o nava? The cable (s) is/are leading (ahead/astern/to port/to starboard/round the bow up and down) = Lantul/lanturile de ancora intind(e)/inainte/inapoi/spre stinga/dreapta/ dublind prova/ la pic. Is/are the anchor(s) holding? = Tin(e) ancora/ancorele? Are you brought up? = esti ancorat/oprit prin ancorare? Switch on anchor light(s) = Aprindeti lumina/luminile de ancoraj Switch off anchor light(s) = Stingeti lumina/luminile de ancoraj Hoist anchor ball = Arborati bula neagra Lower anchor ball = Coboriti bula neagra Check the anchor position by bearings = Verificati pozitia de ancoraj cu relevmente 3.2. Leaving the anchorage How much cable is out? = Cit lant de ancora este deasupra ancorei? Stand by to heave up = Pregatiti-va pentru virat Put the windlass in gear = Cuplati vinciul de ancora. Heave up the ( port/starboard/both) cable(s) = Vitati lantul/lanturile din babord/tribord/ambele How much weight is on the cable? = Cit este de solicitat/virat lantul de ancora? Much weight is on the cable= lantul de ancora este solicitat (virat) mult Too much weight is on the cable = Lantul de ancora este solicitat (virat0 prea mult. No weight is on the cable = Lantul de ancora nu este solicitat (virat). Stop heaving = opriti virarea How many shackles are left to come in ? = Cite chei de lant mai sunt de adus la post? There is a turn in the cable(s) = Lantul/lanturile prezinta o rasucire Anchor(s) aweigh/clear of the bottom = Ancora/ancorele s-a/s-au desprins de fund Anchor(s) is/are clear of the water = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt libera/libere/a/au iesit din apa Anchor(s) is/are home = ancora/ancorele este/sunt la post Anchor(s) is/are foul = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt/agatate/prinsa/prinse Anchor(s) secured = S-a/s-au asigurat ancora/ancorele la post 4. Read and study the following excerpts from the Pilot Book related to anchoring. Notice how the vocabulary is used and then discuss the information you can derive from these excerpts. Use a Maritime Dictionary, if necessary. 4.1.

There is an anchorage about 2 miles S of the harbour entrance in depths from 5.5m to 7.3m, stiff blue clay. This anchorage is considerably sheltered and the sea is kept down by The Owers (50º40'N, 0º40'W), which acts as a natural breakwater during W and WSW winds.

4.2. There is anchotage off Shoreham harbour in any convenient depth from 4m, sand over clay and chalk, about 3 cables off the entrance to 9m, sand and shingle with patches of chalk, 2 miles offshore.The pilots consider the best holding ground, sand and gravel over chalk and clay, is 1 ¼ miles off the entrance, in a depth of 7m, with High Lighthouse bearing 000º.

4.3. Anchorage off Folkstone harbour is much exposed and is only used by vessels waiting for the tide to enter harbour. The best holding ground is in depth from 12m to 18m, clay and sand. A good berth is with Copt Point in line with Folkstone Breakwater Light, bearing 025º, the latter distant 2 cables. Vessels anchored 7 cables S of the breakwater have reported dragging their anchors over apparently rocky bottom.

4.4. Good anchorage, in offshore or # winds, can be found in a depth of 7.5m in Seaford Road, 1 ¼ miles ESE of the breakwater head, with Beachy Head Old Lighthouse in line with the foot of Seaford Cliff, bearing 109º, and seaford church, bearing 055º. This anchorage is clear of the track of cross-channel ferries to and from Newhaven, and provides good shelter with winds from E by S, through N, to WNW.

4.5. No vessel shall anchor in the approach to the E or W entrance to the harbour in such a position as to obstruct the free passage of any other vessel through either of these entrances. No vessels without the permission of the Harbour Master are allowed to anchor in the fairway. Vessels shall moor or anchor in accordance with the direction of the Harbour Master, and when any such vessels have been moored or anchored, they shall not be moved therefrom without the permission of the Harbour Master except in case of emergency.

5. GRAMMAR : FUTURE 5.1. Will 5.1.1. Form will + infinitive without to contractions : ‘ll= will ; won’t = will not We use will with all persons. We can also use shall instead of will with I and We eg. I/We shall work ( but in every day speech, we normally use contractions I’ll and We’ll.)

5.1.2. Use 5.1.2.1. We can use will to predict the future e.g.. Tomorrow will be another cold day in all parts of the country. In the future, machines will do many of the jobs that people do today.

Who do you think will win the football match on Sunday? We won’t arrive home before midnight tonight.

When we predict the future, we often use will with the following verbs and expressions: Think expect believe be sure be afraid hope

e.g. I expect they’ll be here at around 10 o’clock tomorrow morning. I’m sure you’ll enjoy the filmif you go and see it.

We also se will in this way with adverbs of probability, e.g. probably, perhaps, certainly

e.g. Martin will probably phone us this evening. Perhaps I’ll see you tomorrow.

5.1.2.2. We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.

e.g. “Would you like something to drink?” “ Oh., thank you. I’ll have some orange juice.” “There’s somone at the door.” “ Is there? Oh, I’ll see who it is.” “I’m going out shopping.” “Oh, are you? I’ll come with you, then. I need to get some things myself. ”

5.2. Going to 5.2.1. Form be+going to+infinitive e.g. I am going to work Are you going to work? I am not going to work. 5.2.2. Use Sentences with going to connect the future and the present 5.2.2.1. We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of something in the present.

e.g. Look at those black clouds in the sky. It’s going to rain. Those people are going to get wet. Hurry up! It’s getting late. You’re going to miss your train. Look out! That ladder is going to fall!

For this reason, sentences with going to are often about the near future. 5.2.2.2. We also use going to to talk about what we intend to do in the future. We use going to when we have already decided to do something.

e.g. “Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room?” “I’m going to clean the carpet” “Lynne has just sold her car.” “ Is she going to buy a new one?

5.3. Will and Going to 5.3.1.We use both will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference: We use will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future. e.g. That boat doesn’t look very safe. It’ll sink in that heavy sea. Don’t climb that tree. You’ll fall and hurt yourself. We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see as a result of

something in the present. e.g. Look at that boat! It’s going to sink. Look out! You’re going to fall! 5.3.2. We use both will and going to to talk about what we intend to do, but there is a

difference here: We use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking. e.g. ‘Oh dear! I’ve spilt some wine on my jacket”. “Don’t worry. I’ll clean it for you.’ What shall I do tomorrow? I know! I’ll paint the kitchen. We use going to when we have already decided to do something.

e.g. ‘Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room?’ I’m going to clean the carpet.’

‘Why are you putting on those old clothes?’ ‘I’m going to paint the kitchen.’

5.4. Present continuous for the future

We use the present continuous to talk about something that we have already arranged or planned to do in the future.

e.g. ‘What are you doing on Saturday evening?’ ‘I’m meeting Sarah’ ‘Sarah is taking an exam on Monday.’ ‘We’re visiting some friends in Scotland next weekend.’

When we use the present continuous in this way, we often give the future time (e.g. on Saturday evening, on Monday, this afternoon, next weekend)

5.4.1. Present continuous and going to 5.4.1.1. When we talk about things we have already arranged to do or planned to do in the future, we can use the present continuous or going to. e.g. I’m having lunch with Lynne tomorrow. I’m going to have lunch with Lynne tomorrow. 5.4.1.2. When we make predictions about the future, we can use going to (or will), but not the present continuous. e.g. It’s going to rain tomorrow. (It’s raining tomorrow is not possible) 5.5. Present simple for the future We use the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme.

e.g. ‘What time does the tennis start tomorrow? ‘At 6.15’. Next summer the school holidays begin on July 25th and end on September 10th. The film starts at 7.10 and finishes at 9.00. What time does your plane leave tomorrow?

We use the present simple in this way when we think of something in the future as a fact, or as an arrangement or plan which cannot change.

5.5.1. Present simple for the future after when, if, etc. We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time and condition after when while, as soon as, after, before, until, if, unless, as/so long as and provided/providing (that). Will/won’t present simple I’ll buy a newspaper when I go out. We won’t go out until it stops raining. We’ll go to the beach if the weather is nice. I’ll go to the party provided you go too. 5.6. Future continuous: will be+…-ing 5.6.1. Form will be+…ing I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will be working (affirmative) I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not be working(negative) Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they be working ?(interrogative) This form is sometimes called the ‘future progressive’ CONTRACTIONS: ‘ll =will ; won’t = will not We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I/We shall be working(but , in every day speech , we normally use the contractions I’ll and We’ll). The negative of shall is shall not (contraction: shan’t). 5.6.2. Use 5.6.2.1. We use will be+…-ing to talk about something which will be in progress at a time in the future. e.g. I’ll be having dinner at 7.00. Don’t phone me at 8.00. I’ll be doing my homework then. What will you be doing this time next week? 5.6.2.2. We also use will be+…-ing to talk about things in the future which are already planned, or which are part of a regular routine. e.g. I’ll be driving into town later on. Do you want a lift?

‘Would you like me to give peter a message for you?’ ‘Oh, I don’t want to trouble you.’ ‘it’s no trouble, really. I’ll be seeing Peter tomorrow anyway.’

We often use will be+…-ing as a polite way of asking about someone’s plans, especially when we want someone to do something for us.

e.g. ‘Will you be going out this morning?’ ‘Yes, why?’ ‘Oh, could you get me a newspaper?’

Will you be using your camera at the weekend? I wondered if I could borrow it.

When we use will be+…-ing form in this way, it often suggests that we do not want to change the other person’s plans. 5.7. Future perfect: will have+past participle 5.7.1. Form will have + past participle I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will have finished/gone (affirmative) I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not have finished/gone (negative) Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they have finished/gone? (interrogative) CONTRACTIONS: ‘ll = will ; won’t = will not We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I/we shall have finished ( but, in everyday speech, we normally use the contractions I’ll and we’ll). The negative of shall is shall not ( contraction: shan’t), 5.7.2. Use We can use will have + past participle to talk about something that will be completed by (not later than) a certain time in the future. When we use this structure, we think of a future time and look back from that future time to say that something will be completed. e.g. I’ll have finished dinner by 8.00. I’ll have worked here for a year next September. 5.8. Future in the past: was/were going to We can use was/were going to + infinitive to say that something was planned for the future at a past time. e.g. They were going to get married, but in the end they changed their minds.

Note that when we use this structure, it often means that the planned future action did not happen. e.g. I was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out instead.

We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it was full, so we ate somewhere else.

6.Grammar Practice 1. Derek is 18 years old now. What will he be like in 10 years from now? How will his life be different then? Complete what Derek says using will/won’t. Example: I hope I’ll have a job in 10 years’ time. 1. I hope I/have a job in 10 years time. 2. Perhaps I/have a good job. 3. I probably/not/be very rich. 4. I/not/look the same as I do now. 5. I think i/be married. 6. I/probably/have children.

2.Complete the sentences using I’ll or I won’t and the verbs in the box. Go answer not go put on not have lend wait

Example: I am tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight. 1. ‘I haven’t got any money.’ ‘Haven’t you? Oh,---you some if you like.’ 2. The telephone is ringing.’ ‘Oh,---it.’ 3. I’m a bit cold. I think---a sweater. 4. ‘Would you like something to eat?’ ‘---anything at the moment, thank you. I’m not very

hungry.’ 5. ‘I’m going out for a walk.’ ‘It’s raining.’ ‘Oh, is it? Well, ---out now, then,---until it’s

stopped.’ 3. Peter wants to see Sally. He is talking to her on the telephone. Complete the conversation using will/won’t PETER: Will you be at home this evening, Sally? be SALLY: Well, I’m working late. I don’t expect I----after 9.00., finish

so I ---home until quite late. not/be PETER: Oh, I see. What about tomorrow?-----(you) free for lunch? be SALLY: No, I’m afraid I----in a meeting at lunchtime. be PETER: What time do you think ---(the meeting)? end SALLY: I’m not sure, but it probably---before 2.00. Listen, Peter not/finish. Why don’t we meet for a coffee after work tomorrow evening? PETER: What time---(you) finished tomorrow? be SALLY: I---free by 6.00. be PETER: All right. I---you at your office at 6.00, then. meet SALLY: Right. I---you then. see

4. Complete the sentences using going to and the verbs in brackets. Example: ‘I’ve made up my mind I’m going to change (change) my job.’ ‘What are you going to do ( you/do)?’ ‘I’m not sure yet.’ 1. ‘What---(you/wear) at the party on Saturday?’ ‘I haven’t decided yet. What about you?---

(you/wear) your new black dress?’ 2. ‘Why have you bought all that wallpaper? What---(you/do)?’ ‘I---(decorate) the living

room.’ 3. He’s decided that he---(not/leave) school this summer. He---(stay) on for another year. 4. ‘I---(buy) a new motorbike.’ ‘How---(you/pay ) for it? You haven’t got enough money.’ ‘I--

-(ask) my bank to lend me the money.’

5. Complete the sentences using will or going to and the verbs in brackets. Example: ‘What can I do this evening? I know! I’ll go (go) and see Sue.’ 1. ‘Someone told me that you are moving from London.’ ‘That’s right. I---(live) in

Manchester. 2. ‘Would you like to come to my house this evening?’ ‘Yes, all right. I---(come) at 9

o’clock.’ 3. I don’t feel very well. I think---(faint). 4. ‘It’s Simon’s birthday soon. I’ve decided to buy him the new Blues Brothers record.’ ‘Oh,

he doesn’t like the Blues brothers any more.’ ‘Oh, really? Well, I…(get) him something to wear.’

5. Oh, no! Look at those cars! They---(crash)! 6. ‘I could lend you some money if you like.’ ‘Could you? I---) pay) you back on Friday.’ 6. Complete the sentences using the present continuous or going to. Sometimes either

structure is possible. Example: I (see) Sarah this afternoon. I’m seeing Sarah this afternoon/I’m going to see Sarah this afternoon. Hurry up! We (miss) our bus. Hurry up! We’re going to miss our bus. 1. It (snow) later tonight. 2. She (meet) them tomorrow morning. 3. What (you/do) this afternoon? 4. Be careful! You (break0 that glass. 5. He (not/come) next Saturday. 6. Look out! You (hurt) yourself with that knife. 7.Complete the sentences using the present simple of the verbs in brackets. Example: Our boat leaves (leave) Dover at 2.00 on Friday and arrives (arrive) in Calais at 6.00. 1. The conference---(start) on June 3rd , and ---(finish) on June 10th . 2. We’ve got plenty of time. Our plane---(not/take off) until 9 o’clock. 3. Tonight’s concert---(begin) at 8.00 and it---(not/end) until 11.00. 4. When---(the next train/leave) for Bristol?

8. Put one verb in each sentence into the present simple and the other verb into the will/won/t form Example: If I fail (fail) the exam, I’ll take it again. 1. When I---(see) him I---(give) him your message. 2. I---(buy) a new car as soon as I---(have) enough money. 3. If the weather---(be) nice tomorrow, we---(go) sailing. 4. I---(look after) your cat while you---(be) on holiday. 5. He---(not/do) anything until he---(hear) from us. 6. The door (not/open) unless you---(push) it hard. 7. We---(play) tennis this evening as long as it---(not rain). 8. I---(lend) you the money provided you---(pay) me back tomorrow. 9.Complete the sentences in A using the will be + ing form. Find a question in B to go with each sentence. Example:1. I’ll be going past the post office. Shall I post your letter? A. B. 1. I---(go) past the post office. Would you like to borrow it? 2. ---(you/speak) to Robert? Shall we get one for you? 3. I ---(not/use) my car tonight. Can you give her something? 4. We--- (get) some concert tickets. Could I have a lift? 5. When--- (you/visit) Sue again? Shall I post your letter? 6. ---(you/drive) into town today? Can you give him a message? 10. What will life be like in the year 2100? Complete the sentences using the will have + past participle form. Example: By 2100, the world’s population will have increased (increase) to around 30,000 million. 1. Life---(become) more automated by then. 2. Computers---(take over) many of the jobs that people do today, 3. The earth’s supplies of oil, coal and gas---(run out). 4. ---(scientists/find) other sources of energy? 5. How---education---(change)? 6. ---(we/find) a way to feed all the people in the world? 11. Join each idea in A with an idea from B. Make sentences using was/were going to and the verbs in brackets. Example: 1. I was going to take a taxi home last night, but I didn’t have enough money, so I had to walk. A. B. 1. I (take) a taxi home last night but it rained all afternoon, so we stayed at home 2. We (write ) to them when we were on holiday. But my boss offered me more money, so I decided to stay

3. She (drive) to Scotland last weekend. but I didn’t have enough money, so I had to walk. 4.We (play) tennis yesterday afternoon, but she had seen it before, so she went to bed early. 5.She (watch) the film on TV last night, but her car broke down, so she went by train. 6. I (change) my job last year but we changed our minds and phoned them instead. 7. Grammar Pracrice-Answer key 1. 1. I hope I’ll have a job in 10 years’ time, 2. Perhaps I’ll have a good job. 3. I probably won’t be very rich. 4. I won’t look the same as I do now. 5. I think I’ll be married. 6. I’ll probably have children. 2. 1. I’ll lend 2. I’ll answer 3. I’ll put on 4. I won’t have 5. I won’t go. I’ll wait. 3. 1. I’ll finish 2. won’t be 3. Will you be 4. I’ll be 5. The meeting will end 6. Won’t finish 7. Will you be 8. ‘ll be 9. ‘ll meet 10. ‘ll see 4. 1. are you going to wear. Are you going to wear? 2. Are you going to do, ‘m going to decorate 3. Isn’t going to leave, ‘s going to stay 4. ‘m going to buy, are you going to pay,’m going to ask 5. 1. ‘m going to live 2. ‘ll come 3. ‘m going to faint 4. ‘ll get 5. ‘re going to crash 6. I’ll pay

6. 1. It’s going to snow later tonight. 2. She’s going to meet them tomorrow morning./She’s meeting them tomorrow

morning. 3. What are you goin to do this afternoon/What are you doing this afternoon? 4. Be carefu;! Your’re going to break the glass. 5. He isn’t going to come next Saturday/He isn’t coming on Saturday. 6. Look out! You’re going to hurt yourself with that knife. 7. Are they going to drive to Scotland next weekend?/Are they driving to Scotland next

weekend? 7. 1. starts, finishes 2. doesn’t take off 3. begins, doesn’t end 4. does the next train leave 8. 1. see, will give 2. will buy, have 3. is, will go 4. will look after, are 5. won’t do, hears 6. won’t open, push 7. will play, doesn’t rain 8. will lend,pay 9. 1. I’ll be going past the post office. Shall I post your letter? 2. Will you be speaking with Robert? Can you give him a message? 3. I won’t be using my car tonight. Would you like to borrow it? 4. We’ll be getting some concert tickets. Shall we get one for you? 5. When will you be visiting Sue again?Can you give her something? 6. Will you be driving into town today? Could I have a lift? 10. 1. will have become 2. will have taken over 3. will have run out 4. Will scientists have found out 5. Will, have changed 6. Will we have found

11. 1. I was going to take a taxi home last night, but I didn’t have enough money, so I had

to walk. 2. We were going to write to them when we were on holiday. but we changed our

minds and phoned them instead. 3. She was going to drive to Scotland last weekend, but her car broke down, so she

went by train. 4. We were going to play tennis yesterday afternoon, but it rained all afternoon, so we

stayed at home. 5. She was going to watch the film on TV last night, but she had seen it before, so she

went to bed early. 6. I was going to change my job last year, but my boss offered me more money, so I

decided to stay. 7.Grammar Progress Test-Future 1. Will and going to Complete the sentences. Use will or going to and the verbs in the box. Teach lend live bite take look have buy meet rain 1. ‘Would you like to come to the cinema with us?’ ‘All right. I---you at 7.00.’ 2 Look at those black clouds. It---. 3 ‘I can’t find my umbrella.’ ‘Don’t worry. I---you mine.’ 4. Have you ever seen my tennis racket?’ ‘No. I haven’t. Just a minute. I---in the cupboard.’ 5. ‘I can’t play chess.’ ‘I---you if you like.’ 6. ‘Why are you putting on your coat?’ “I---the dog for a walk.’ 7. ‘Why are you selling your house?’ ‘We---in the country.’ 8. ‘Don’t go near that dog! It---you! 9. ‘I’m going to buy Sally a Walkman for her birthday.’ ‘She’s already got one.’ ‘Has she?

Well, I---her a new sweater.’ 10. Have you heard the news? Mrs Green’s pregnant again. She---another baby. 2. Present continuous and going to. There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Which sentences have mistakes in them? 1. We’re going to see a film this evening. 2. The weather forecast says it’s snowing tomorrow. 3. What are you doing next weekend? 4. I thing England are winning the soccer match tonight. 5. I’m staying at home this evening. 6. Do you think Sarah is passing her exams this summer?

3. Present simple and will Choose the correct answer-A or B. 1. We’ll go for a picnic tomorrow if the weather---nice. A will be B is 2. Simon will get a ticket for the U2 concert, providing he---all night. A will queue B queues 3. If you go to Moscow, you---Red Square. A will see B see 4. Sue will give me some money when she ---paid. A will get B gets 5. I’ll phone Mike as soon as I---any news. A will hear B hear 6. Unless you work hard, you---your exams. A will fail B fail 4.Future continuous and future perfect Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow. Here is their timetable for tomorrow morning. 7.30-8.30 Drive to the airport 8.30 Check in at the airport 10.00-11.00 Flight to Paris 11.15-11-45 Taxi to the hotel 1.00. Lunch at the hotel Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate. Put the verbs into the future continuous or future perfect. 1. At 8.00 they---(leave) home and they ---(drive) to the airport. 2. At 8.30 they---(arrive) at the airport and they ---(check-in). 3. At 10.15 they…(fly) to Paris. 4. At 11.30 they…(arrive) in Paris and they…(drive) to their hotel. 5. At 1.00 they---(have) lunch at the hotel. 5. Future in the past: was/were going to Make sentences with was/were going to….but… Example: I/take/the dog for a walk/it/start/to rain I was going to take the dog for a walk, but it started to rain. 1. Robert/watch/the film on TV/he/fall asleep 2. I/visit/you/I/not have /enough time. 3. Sarah/change/some traveller’s cheques/the bank /be/closed 4. We/go/to the concert/it/be/cancelled 5. I/finish/work early/my boss/ask/me to work late. 6. My parents/fly to Scotland/they/decide/to go by train.

8. Progress Test-answer key 1. 1.I’ll meet; 2. Is going to rain; 3.will lend; 4.will look; 5.will teach; am going to take; 7. Are going to live; 8. Will bite; 9. Will buy; 10. Is going to have. 2. 1. correct; 2.wrong; 3.correct; 4. wrong; 5. correct; 6. Wrong 3. 1. B; 2.B; 3.A; 4.B; 5.B; 6.A. 4. 1. will have left, will be driving; 2. Will have arrived, will be checking-in; 3. Will be

flying; 4. Will have arrived, will be driving; 5. Will be having 5. 1. Robert was going to watch the film on TV, but he fell asleep. 2. I was going to visit you but I did not have enough time. 3. Sarah was going to change some traveller’s cheques but the bank was closed. 4. We were going to go to the concert but it was cancelled. 5. I was going to finish work early but my boss asked me to work late. 6. My parents were going to fly to Scotland but they decided to go by train.

Chapter 10 Passing through Narrows and Canals

Prepositions (II) 1. When sailing through narrows or canals a vessel should proceed with great care and reduce her speed. Sometimes it is necessary to take soundings to avoid running aground. The ship has to keep to one side of the channel, in most cases to the starboard side. In narrow places ships are not allowed to overtake one another. To avoid collision with other ships, the captain must strictly adhere to the Regulations for preventing Collision at sea. A vessel is “underway” when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.A vessel at anchor in dependence of her length shall carry one or two white lights visible all round the horizon, one at the foremast stay and the other at the stern A vessel aground shall carry the same white light or lights and two red lights disposed vertically one over the other and visible all round the horizon, at a distance of at least 2 miles. Every vessel shall use sound signals too. In fog, mist, falling snow or heavy rain storms, whether by day or by night, a vessel underway shall sound a prolonged blast at intervals of not more than two minutes. 2. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1. WATCH OFFICER: What side of the canal must we keep to here? PILOT: We must keep to starboard side if there is much shipping. In some places, where the traffic is in one direction only, we must keep in midchannel. WATCH OFFICER: What speed is allowed in the canal? PILOT: The regulation speed allowed here must not exceed 7 ½ knots. WATCH OFFICER: Shall we have to anchor when proceeding through the canal? PILOT: No, we shall have to moor to the buoys or to the canal sides, but still both bow anchors must be ready to let go. WATCH OFFICER: Where shall we have to make fast? PILOT: We’ll have to make fast in the sidings to let other ships pass by. WATCH OFFICER: What ships do you mean? PILOT: I mean the ships coming from the opposite direction. WATCH OFFICER: Oh, I see. Are the ships allowed to overtake one another in this canal? PILOT: Well, if the ships proceed in one direction they are not allowed to do so. WATCH OFFICER: Now I understand. A ship may overtake another ship in the canal only if that ship is moored to the bank or to the buoys. PILOT: Exactly so. Dialogue 2. PILOT: See, beyond that bend there is heavy traffic in this channel; a lot of fishing boats and sailing ships are plying to and fro. WATCH OFFICER: Well, I understand we must reduce the speed. PILOT: Yes, that’s one thing. Besides, it is advisable to keep a lookout at the bow. WATCH OFFICER: All right, I’ll see to that. By the way what is that motor-vessel astern of us signalling to us? PILOT: That motor-vessel asks if we can let her pass ahead of us. WATCH OFFICER: Well, we’ll alter course to starboard so that she may overtake us on port side.

PILOT: What is the lookout reporting? WATCH OFFICER: He is reporting that there is a fishing boat dead ahead of us. PILOT: We’ll have to slow down and sound a prolonged blast. WATCH OFFICER: All right, I’ll do that. By the way, pay attention to the sailing vessel on our starboard bow. Dialogue 3. PILOT: We shall proceed through the canal at night. WATCH OFFICER: Well, what then? PILOT: You must get ready the searchlight and steaming lights, according to the Regulations. WATCH OFFICER: This we have already attended to. What other arrangements should be made? PILOT: The hawsers must be ready to be sent ashore or to the buoys. WATCH OFFICER: What else? PILOT: A boat must be ready to run hawsers to the mooring buoys. WATCH OFFICER: Shall we swing the boat out? PILOT: Yes, swing her out and keep her ready to be lowered without delay. WATCH OFFICER: What about the engines? PILOT: During the stay in the canal, the engine must be kept ready at short notice. Dialogue 4. WATCH OFFICER: What signals must we hoist when the ship is made fast in the canal? PILOT: By day, you should hoist Pendant No.2 under answering pennant close up to the masthead; by night, a red light between two white vertical lights in the same position. WATCH OFFICER: What will these signals mean? PILOT: They will mean that you made fast voluntarily and your ship may be passed or overtaken. I must also warn you about some prohibitions. During the transit and stay in the canal it is prohibited to throw overboard ashes and refuse. You are not allowed to empty oil, scourings and cleansing water into the canal. WATCH OFFICER: Well, these are customary and general regulations. Anyhow, thank you very much for your warning. 3. VOCABULARY and EXPRESSIONS to proceed = a merge, a se deplasa to overtake = a depasi collision = coliziune. abordaj to adhere (to) = a adera (la) sound signal = semnal sonor traffic = trafic, circulatie to anchor = a ancora bow = prova look-out = observator prova ahead = inainte, in prova dead ahead = chiar in prova, drept inainte to slow down = a reduce viteza, a incetini sailing vessel (ship0 = velier steaming lights = lumini de drum hawser= parima, legaturi to swing in (the boat) = a aduce barca la bord to swing out (the boat) = a soate barca in afara bordului to lower = a cobori, a vira, a lasa la apa

pendant, pennant = flamura to warn = a avertiza prohibition= interdictie ashes = cenusa refuse = resturi to empty = a goli to reduce speed = a reduce viteza to take soundings = a face sondaje to run aground = a sepune pe uscat to ride at anchor = a sta la ancora to get moored = a se lega, a acosta all round the horizon = pe intreg orizontul to be underway = a fi in mars to alter course to starboard/port = a schimba de drum la tribord/babord to run the hawser to a buoy = a da parima de legare la baliza Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea = Regulamentul pentru prevenirea abordajelor pe mare. Fairway = senal, pasa de navigatie Narrow channels = cale de acces ingusta To impede = a stinjeni To avoid = a evita To cross = a traversa To be in doubt= a fi in dubiu Bend = cot Obscured = mascat Obstruction = obstacol Particular alertness = vigilenta deosebita Caution = prudenta To sound a signal = a emite un semnal sonor To admit = a permite Scourings = reziduri 4. Steering and Sailing rules (Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea) 4.1. Rule 9. Narrow channels (a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the

outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.

(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34 (d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

(e) ( I ) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 ( c) ( I ). The vessel to be overtaken shall, If in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 ( c ) (ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34 (d).

(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.

(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (e)

(g) Any vessel shall, if circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel. 5.Grammar: Prepositions (II) 5.1.Adjective + preposition After many adjectives we use particular prepositions. For example, we say afraid of, interested in and bored with. Excited about; worried about; nervous about; angry about; annoyed about; furious about

I’m excited about having my birthday party tomorrow. Are you worried about your exam? I’m angry about all the mess you’ve made. Good at; bad at; clever at; hopeless at

I’m not very good at mathematics. You’re not bad at chess. Surprised at/by; shocked at/by; astonished at/by; amazed at/by

We were surprised at/by the size of the house. Famous for; well known for; responsible for

Brazil is famous for its coffee. Who is responsible for breaking this window? Different from/to

He’s very different from/to his sister. Interested in

I’m quite interested in photography. Afraid of; frightened of; scared of; proud of; full of; ashamed of; jealous of; envious of;

suspicious of; short of; aware of; conscious of; capable of; fond of; tired of. Are you afraid of spiders? I’m very proud of you. Are you jealous of his success? Nice/kind/good/friendly/rude/stupid of someone

It was very nice of Simon to lend you the money. Keen on

She’s not very keen on tennis, Engaged to; married to; similar to

Marianne is engaged to Alan. Your camera is similar to mine. Nice/kind/good/friendly/polite/rude to someone

A shop assistant should be polite to customers. Pleased with; bored with; disappointed with; happy with

You look very pleased with yourself. I became bored with the book and stopped reading it. Angry/annoyed/furious with someone for (doing) something

Are you angry with me for being late? 5.2.Noun + preposition After many nouns we use particular prepositions. For example, we say (a) reason for, (an) example of, (an) increase in.

Difference between There are a lot of differences between living in the country and living in a city. Reason for; demand for, need for

What was the reason for the accident? There is a need for more houses in this area. Increase/decrease in; rise/fall in

There has been an increase in the price of petrol. Difficulty in doing something.

Does he have much difficulty in doing his schoolwork? But note: difficulty with something Does he have much difficulty with his schoolwork? Example of; cause of; picture/photograph of

This building is an example of good modern architecture. What was the cause of the accident? Have you got a photograph of your family? Answer to; solution to; reply to; invitation to; reaction to

Have you had an answer to your letter? Where are the answers to the exercise? I got an invitation to dinner yesterday. Attitude to/towards

What’s your attitude to/towards this idea? Relationship with

Our company has a very good relationship with the bank. But note: relationship between The relationship between our company and the bank is very good. 5.3. Preposition + noun We use particular prepositions before many nouns. For example, we say on television and by mistake. Here are some common examples of these preposition + noun combinations: By mistake; by accident; by chance

I put salt in my coffee by mistake. We say: (to pay) by cheque/by credit card, but (to pay) but (to pay) in cash or (to pay) cash.

I’d like to pay by credit card. (a book/film/painting etc) by someone.

I’m reading a book by James Joyce, (=written by James Joyce) (to go/come) for a drink/a meal/a walk/a swim

Would you like to go for a drink? (to have something ) for breakfast/lunch/dinner

We had spaghetti for lunch. (to be/fall) in love with someone/something

Jimmy is in love with Angela. In someone’s opinion

In my opinion you should phone the police. (to be/go/come) on holiday/a journey/a trip/business

I’m going on holiday in April. But note: (to go/come0 for a holiday I’d like to go to Jamaica for a holiday. On television/the radio

What’s on television this evening? 5.4. Verb + preposition

After many verbs we use particular prepositions. For example, we say believe in and concentrate on. Here are some common examples of these verb + preposition combinations: Apologize to someone for (doing) something

I apologized to her for being late. Apply for

Are you going to apply for the job? Believe in

Do you believe in life after death? Belong to

Does this book belong to you? Care about (=think someone/something is important)

I don’t care about money. Money can’t buy happiness. But: care for (=look after; nurse) She’s very good at caring for sick animals. Take care of (=look after)

Could you take care of the baby while I go out shopping? Complain to (someone) about (something)

The workers complained to the manager about the working conditions. Concentrate on

Concentrate on the road when you’re driving. Crash into; run into; drive into; bump into

When I was driving home I almost crashed into a bus. Depend on

‘Are you going to the beach tomorrow?’ ‘It depends on the weather.’ Die of

A lot of people are dying of AIDS. Dream about (while asleep)

I was dreaming about Sue when I suddenly woke up. But: dream of (=imagine) When I was younger I dreamt of being a famous pop-singer. Also: dream of (=consider) I wouldn’t dream of changing my job. Hear about (=be told about)

Have you heard about Jimmy? He broke his leg in a skiing accident. But: hear from (=receive news from) We haven’t heard from Mike since he wrote to us last May. Also: hear of (= know that someone/something exists) Have you heard of a disco called The Dance Factory? Laugh at; smile at

Who’s that girl smiling at you? Listen to

Would you like to listen to some music? Look at

Look at this photograph. But: look for (=try to find) Can you help me please? I’m looking for West Street. Also: look after (=take care of) Could you look after the baby while I go out shopping? Rely on

You can’t rely on the post. It’s always late.

Search for I’ve been searching for my keys. Shout at

Don’t shout at me! I can hear you. Speak to; talk to

I spoke to Sue this morning. Suffer from

He suffers from asthma. Think about (=use the mind)

You look sad. What are you thinking about? But: think of/about (=consider) I’m thinking of/about changing my job. Also: think of (=have an opinion about) ‘What do you think of Sue?’ “She’s very nice.’ Also: think of ( = bring to the mind) I can’t think of any reason why the accident happened. Wait for

How long have you been waiting for the bus? Write to

I’ll write to you soon. 5.5. Verb + object + preposition After some verbs we use an object followed by a particular preposition. For example we say borrow something from someone. Here are some common examples of these verb+object+preposition combinations: Accuse someone of (doing) something.

The police accused the man of murder. Blame someone/something for something

Don’t blame me for what happened. It wasn’t my fault. But: blame something on someone/something Don’t blame what happened on me. It wasn’t my fault. Congratulate someone on doing something

We congratulated them on getting married. Explain something to someone

I explained the problem to the police. Invite someone to something

Mike has invited me to the cinema this evening. Remind someone about something (=tell someone not to forget)

Simon reminded me about Sarah’s birthday, so I bought a card. But: remind someone of something/someone (=cause someone to remember) This song reminds me of the first time we met. Tell someone about something

Did they tell you about their holiday? Warn someone about something/someone

His boss has warned him about being late for work. 6.Grammar practice 1. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Sometimes two answers are possible. Example: I’m getting bored with my present job. Of by with on about in from for at to

1. They’re very proud----their children. 2. My sister has just got engaged-----her boyfreind 3. Are you worried-----your driving test? 4. You’re very good-----explaining things. 5. Sydney in Australia is famous-----its Opera House. 6. She’s quite capable-----doing the job. 7. We’re getting really excited-----our holiday. 8. Are you interested-----playing tennis tomorrow? 9. He’s not very keen-----football, 10. It was very kind-----them to give us a lift to the station. 11. We were very disappointed-----the film. 12. Are you afraid-----flying? 13. I was shocked-----the news of the accident. 14. The garden is full-----roses. 15. We’re a bit short-----petrol. We’d better stop at the next petrol station. 16. I’m not very good-----drawing. 17. My grandparents are very fond-----their old cat. 18. Cricket is quite different-----baseball. 19. Your hairstyle is quite similar-----mine. 20. She was very angry-----me-----losing her key 2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. In one sentence two answers are possible. Example: I’ve had an invitation to a wedding next month. Towards of between for in with to 1. I have a good relationship---my boss 2. He refused to give me an answer---my question. 3. What are the main differences---the two countries? 4. We need a solution---the world’s population problem, 5. Smoking is one of the causes---heart disease. 6. Has there been an increase---unemployment recently? 7. The government want to improve the relationship---the police and the general public. 8. He is very shy and has great difficulty---making friends. 9. I thought her attitude---you was rather unpleasant. 10. There is no need---you to shout. I can hear you. 11. Nobody knows the reason---his decision. 12. The artist drew a picture---my mother. 3. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Example: In my opinion you’re wrong. By with in on for 1. We’re going to Italy ---a short holiday in May. 2. Robert has gone away…holiday for two weeks. 3. The book, Gone With the Wind, was written---Margaret Mitchell. 4. I didn’t mean to do that; I did it---mistake. 5. I could pay you---cheque or---cash. Which would you prefer? 6. I heard an interesting programme---the radio last night. 7. ---chance, I happened to have his address with me.

8. Lynne and Bruno are very much---love---each other. 4. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Example: I was worried and found it difficult to concentrate on my work. For from after to of on at about in into 1. When he gets angry he always starts shouting---everyone. 2. This car isn’t mine. It belongs---Mike. 3. Selfish people only care---themselves. 4. He complained---the children---the mess they’d made. 5. I won’t tell anyone what happened. You can rely---me. 6. She apologized---me---losing her temper. 7. I’ve written---the company and applied---the job. 8. Mrs Woods suffers---bronchitis. 9. My grandfather died---old age. 10. We’re thinking---going to the cinema. 11. Have you ever thought---moving to another country? 12. I remember his face, but I can’t think---his name. 13. ‘We went to the concert.’ ‘What did you think---it?’ 14. ‘Do you know a disco called The Zap Club?’ “No, I’ve never heard---it.’ 15. Excuse me. We’re looking---the sports centre. Could you tell us how to get there? 16. Thank you for looking---my mother while she was ill. 17. I don’t believe---horoscopes 18. She dreams---being an actress one day. 19. I dreamt---my grandmother last night. 20. She searched through her bag---a pen. 21. We’re depending---you to help us. 22. The car went out of control and crashed ---the back of a bus. 5.Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Example: They blamed the accident on the driver of the lorry From on to about of for 1. Don’t blame other people---your own mistakes. 2. This town reminds me---the place where I was born. 3. Will you remind Peter---the party next Saturday? 4. I congratulated Mary---getting the new job. 5. I borrowed the umbrella---a friend of mine. 6. The woman accused me---trying to steal her bag. 7. They’ve invited us---their house for dinner. 8. We’ve warned him---swimming in that part of the river. 6. Grammar Practice Answer key 1. (possible answers) 1. Of 2. To 3. About 4. At

5. For 6. Of 7. About 8. In 9. On 10. Of 11. With 12. Of 13. With 14. Of 15. At/by 16. Of 17. Of 18. From/to 19. To 20. With,for 2. 1. With 2. To 3. Between 4. To 5. Of 6. In 7. Between 8. In 9. To/towards 10. For 11. For 12. Of 3. 1. For 2. On 3. By 4.by 5. By, in 6. On 7. By 8. In, with 4. 1.at 2.to 3.about 4.to,about 5.on 6. To,for 7. To, for 8,from 9.of; 10.of/about; 11.of/about; 12. Of; 13. Of; 14.of; 15.for; 16.after; 17. In; 18. Of; 19. About; 20. For; 21.on; 22.into 5. 1.for; 2.of; 3.about; 4.on; 5.from; 6.of; 7. To; 8. About. 7. Grammar Progress Test 1. Choose the correct preposition-A,B or C. 1. I’m feeling rather nervous---my interview tomorrow. A of B to C about 2.I used to be quite good---dancing. A in B at C on 3.Are you afraid---snakes? A by B to C of 4.Pisa in Italy is famous---its “Leaning Tower’

A about B from C for 5.I’m not really interested---stamp collecting. A in B on C of 6.There’s no need---you to worry. A to B for c of 7. Who’s responsible---these children? A of B for C in 8.There has been a rise---the number of homeless people. A in B of C with 9.I’ve had some difficulty---my new computer. A with B of C in 10.Sally met an old friend in town quite---chance. A on B by C with 11. Ken and Kate will be---holiday soon. A on B in C at 12.The film The Birds was made---Alfred Hitchcock. A with B of C by 13. My mother is thinking---selling her car.

A to B of C by 14. I can’t concentrate---anything at the moment. A on B to C about 15. They apologized---losing my letter. A to B in C for 16. When Robert was younger, he dreamt---being a famous footballer one day. A to B of C in 17. They’re taking very good care---your son in hospital, A about B for C of 18. I congratulated them---getting engaged. A on B of C in 19. I’ve warned you---taking my things without asking me. A for B of C about 20. That smell always reminds me---hospitals. A on B of C about Grammar Progress Test- Answer key 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.bB 8.A 9.A 10.B 11A 12.C 13. 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.B

Chapter 2. Mooring. Modal Verbs

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recognise and use correctly the words and expressions related to mooring; translate a text on mooring giving the correct Romanian equivalents to the words and expressions related to the topic in question; construct a dialogue between the master of the ship and the pilot about the conditions of mooring. 1. Ships make fast to a wharf either alongside or stern to. When approaching a berth ships must proceed at slow speed. On deck, heaving lines and mooring ropes, as well we fenders, should be ready for use. The anchors must be ready to let go.

At an appropriate distance from the berth the engine is stopped and the ship’s headway is used to bring her alongside the wharf. This headway should be just enough to keep the ship moving ahead without losing steerage way.

If a ship has too much headway, it should be stopped by backing the ship with the engine or by letting the anchor go. As a matter of fact, only the off-shore anchor is dropped and then a heaving line is passed ashore. A head-rope, a bow spring and two breast lines are run out from the ship and secured to bollards ashore.

Working on these lines, as well as on the stern rope and stern spring which are also run out in due time, the ship is hove into her berth and made fast.

After the ship is secured in her berth, rat-guards should be placed on all the lines. For permanent moorings wire ropes are preferred to ordinary fiber ropes.

All the mooring lines should be constantly watched, as the change of weather or rise and fall of tide can make the lines either too taut or too slack and this will necessitate from time to time veering them in or out. In stormy weather the ships secured in their berths usually have to double up fore and aft. Dialogue 1 C: Is taking a tug compulsory here? P: No, it is not compulsory, but it is advisable, and I shall tell you why. There are several strong currents in the harbour and as there is a lot of traffic now, it is pretty difficult to manoeuvre in congested waters. C: Will the tug take us only into the port or will she bring the ship alongside the wharf? P: Yes, the tug will work the ship into her berth. C: At what berth shall we moor? P: We shall moor at berth No. 17 C: We will need a 15 ton crane to discharge heavy-lifts. P: Your agent must have been informed about it as there is a 15ton crane at the berth. C: That’s good. Which side shall we make a landing? P: We will make a starboard side landing. Dialogue 2 C: So, where are we going to berth? P: Do you see. Sir, a vacant place between the two big tankers tied up stern to? C: Do you mean those two big tankers over there with streamlined funnels?

P: Yes, that’s what I mean, and that’s where we should now steer for. C: There isn’t too much space there anyhow, but still enough to get the ship moored alongside. What is the depth alongside the berth? P: The depth is five fathoms, Sir. C: Is the bottom even there? P: No, there must be a little hump some 30 yards from the wharf, as the bottom was recently dredged. C: Which side shall we go alongside? P: We will go along starboard side. C: Shall we drop an anchor? P: Yes, Sir. We shall drop the port anchor. Dialogue 3 P: The ship has too much headway. Sir, I think it’s time to back her. C: Slow astern! Helm a-port! You Know, she swings her bow to starboard on backing. P: I see, Now, Sir, give her a little swing to port. Steady so! Is your port anchor ready? C: The port anchor is ready. Stand by the port anchor. P: Let go the port anchor, Sir. C: Let go the port anchor! Veer out the cable handsomly! Send on shore the bow spring P: That’s right, Sir. We must get the bow in first. C: Yes, now we can heave the ship alongside. P: I think, Sir, you must now steer the stern a little off the pier. C: Good. I think I’ll start heaving the bow alongside with the bow lines. 2. Vocabulary Words and expressions To make fast = a se laga la cheu To moor = a se lega, a acosta, a amara, a afurca Wharf = cheu, debarcader Fender = aparatoare, tranchet To let go = a mola, a fundarisi (ancora) Steerage way = viteza de guvernare, capacitate de a mai mentine drumul Head rope/line = parama de legare prova Bow spring/backspring forward = spring prova Breast line = traversa To heave, hove, hove = a aduce nava intr-o pozitie, a trage Taut = intins Slack = slabit To veer in/out = a vira To make fast alongside = a acosta/lega cu bordul To make fast stern to = a acosta/lega cu pupa To get moored = a acosta, a se lega To get berthed/tied up = a aduce nava la cheu To bring the ship alongside the quay/to work the ship into her berth = a aduce nava la cheu To make a starboard/port landing/to get alongside starboard/port side to = a acosta (a se lega) cu tribordul/babordul To run out a line = a da o legatura It is advisable = este recomandabil

To swing the bow to starboard/port = a gira, a aduce prova la dreapta/stinga To sheer the stern from the quay = a abate pupa de la cheu To double up fore and aft = a da dublin la prova si pupa. 3. Standard Marine Communication Phrases 3.1. Berthing We will berth port/starboard side alongside = Vom acosta cu bordul babord/tribord We will moor to (a ) buoy(s) ahead and astern = Ne vom lega la (o) geamandura/geamanduri in prova si in pupa. We will moor alongside = Vom acosta cu bordul We will moor to dolphins = Ne vom lega la piloti Send out…(head/stern/breast) lines = Dati parime…prova/pupa/traversa Send out…spring(s) forward/aft = Dati…spring(uri) prova/pupa We will use…shore (head/stern/breast) lines/wires = Vom folosi… parime/sirme/prova/pupa/traverse de la mol (cheu) Do you have tension winches? = Aveti vinciuri de intindere? Have heaving lines ready forward and aft = Pregatiti bandule la prova si pupa Send a (heaving/head/stern/breast) line ashore = Dati o parima/bandula/prova/pupa/tracersa la cheu Have a messenger line ready = Pregatiti o parima intermediara Use the centre/panama lead forward/aft = Folositi nara centrala/panama din prova/pupa Use the bow lead = Folositi nara din centru Use the port/starboard quarter lead = Folositi nara din pupa babord./tribord. Heave on…line(s)/spring(s) = Virati parima/parimele/springul/springurile Pick up the slack on the…line(s)/spring(s) = Luati din banda parimei/parimelor/springului/springurilor Heave away = virati Stop heaving = Stop virarea Slack away…line(s)/spring(s) = Filati parima/parimele/springul/springurile Stop slacking…line(s)/spring(s) = Stop filarea parimei/parimelor/springului/springurilor Hold on… line(s)/spring(s)= Tine parima/parimele/springul/springurile Heave in easy = Vira usor Heave alongside = Trageti pe parime de-a lungul cheiului Keep lines tight = Tine parimele intinse Do not break the lines = Nu rupe parimele Report the forward/aft distance to… = Raporteaza distantaprova/pupa la… We have to move…metres ahead/astern = Trebuie sa ne deplasam…metri in prova/pupa We are in position = Suntem in pozitie 3.2. Unberthing Is/are the engine(s) ready? = Este/sunt motorul/motoarele gata? How long does it take to have the engine(s) ready? = Cit dureaza pregatirea motorului/motoarelor? It takes…minutes (to have the engine9s) ready) = Dureaza…minute pentru pregatirea motorului/motoarelor Are you ready to get underway? = Sunteti gata de mars? Prepare to let go. Pregatiti de molat

Single up…line(s) and…springs forward and aft = Reduceti parime/parimele…si springul/springurile…prova si pupa. Slack away (head/stern/breast) line = Filati parima/prova/pupa/traversa Slack away (forward/aft) spring = Fila springul prova/pupa Heave on (head/stern) line = Vira parima prova/pupa Heave on (head/stern) spring = Vira springul prova/pupa Let go everything forward/aft = Mola toate parimele la prova/pupa Let go (head/stern) line = Mola parima.prova/pupa Let go towing line = Mola parima de remorcaj Let go spring = Mola springul Keep someone forward to stand by the anchor = Tineti pe cineva in prova sa pregateasca ancora 3.3.Vocabulary in context The “Pastoria” is coming up the river on the flood tide. Her berth is on her starboard side, and six cables ahead. The Chief officer is on the forecastle and is giving the boatswain orders. CO: Anchors are clear; got the heaving lines, fenders and mooring ropes ready, boatswain? B : Yes, Sir. CO: The Captain is going to take her round, now. The next thing, after seeing that the equipment is ready, is to turn the ship round and stem the tide. We are now a little way past our berth and Captain Jones is doing this. C: Hard-a-starboard.Stop her.Full ahead. H: Hard-a-starboard,Sir. 3rd O:Full ahead, Sir. C:Midship. Stop her.Full astern. H:Midship 3rd O:Full astern, Sir. C: Stop her.Port a bit. 3rd O: Stop her,Sir. H:Port a bit. The “Pastoria” was turned around by this manoeuvre. Now she is stemming the tide. C: Slow ahead. Steady as you go. 3rd O: Slow ahead, Sir. H: Steady as you go, Sir. The ship is now approaching the berth against the tide, and Captain Jones has given us a slight cant towards it. On the forecastle, the chief officer says: CO: Heaving line ready? Bend on the head rope. Now pay her out. The shore party makes her head rope fast. C: Stop her. 3rd O: Stop her, Sir.

Now the weight comes on the head rope and the ship is dropping alongside. On the stern of the “Pastoria” the Second officer is in charge.He says: C: Make fast your stern rope. Stern rope, breast ropes and spring are now led ashore and made fast. On the bridge, the captain says: C: Ring “Finished with the engine”, Third. 3rd O: Finished with the engines, Sir. C: Very good. Helmsman, finished with the wheel. H: Finished with the wheel, Sir. 3.3.1.Vocabulary and expressions To come up the river = a naviga in amonte Flood tide = perioada de flux Berth = dana To stem the tide = a naviga contra mareei To give a slight cant = a aduce usor Heaving line = bandula To bend on = a lega To pay out = a fila Shore party = echipa de la cheu Now the weight comes on the head rope = acum parama prova fiind solicitata… The ship is dropping alongside = nava vine prea repede la cheu Make fast your stern rope = voltati parama pupa Let ashore = date (paramele) la cheu 4. Grammar : Modal verbs-General The ‘modal auxiliary verbs’ or ‘modal verbs’ are can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need and dare. 4.1.Use We use modal verbs to talk about, for example, possibility, willingness, ability, obligation, certainty and permission. e.g. It might rain. (possibility) Will you help me? (willingness) Can she swim? (ability) You must be home by 11 o’clock. (obligation) You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry. (certainty) May I borrow your car? (permission) 4.1.2.Form 4.1.2.1.We form the affirmative by putting the modal verb between the subject and the full verb. I can swim

We should go now. Modal verbs take the same form in all persons. There is no-s ending in the third person singular. She can swim. He should go now. After all modal verbs (except ought) we use the infinitive without to e.g. swim, go etc. After ought we use to + infinitive e.g. to swim, to go etc. 4.1.2.2.We form the negative by putting n’t/not after the modal verb. e.g. She can’t swim We should’t go. It might not rain. We form questions by inverting the subject and the modal verb. Compare: e.g. She can swim.- Can she swim? We should go – Should we go? Note that we do not use do in questions and negatives. 4.1.2.3.We can use the structure modal verb+be+…-ing e.g. It’s getting late. We really must be going now. 4.1.2.4.We sometimes use expressions such as be able to, be allowed to and have to instead of

modal verbs. These expressions give us certain meanings and forms which are not possible with modal verbs.

e.g. I’d like to be able to play the piano.(Can has no infinitive) She had to go to the doctor’s yesterday. (Must is not used to talk about the past) 4.1.2.5.When we talk about the past, we can use modal verb + have = past participle. We use this

structure to talk about things that possibly happened or things that did not happen. e.g. ‘Peter is late.’ ‘He may have missed his train’( Perhaps he missed/has missed his train) ‘I feel really tired today. I should have gone to bed earlier last night.( But I did not go to

bed very early last night.) 4.2. Ability:can. Could, be able to 4.2.1. Can We use can to talk about ability. The negative of can is cannot(can’t) e.g. Can you swim? He can play the guitar I can’t open this bottle. Can you meet me tomorrow evening?

We can use be able to instead of can e.g. Are you able to swim? (but can is more common) 4.2.2. Could and was/were able to 4.2.2.1.We can use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something in the past.

e.g. I could swim when I was 4 years old. My sister could talk when she was 15 months old.

We also use was/were able to with this meaning. e.g. I was able to swim when I was 4 years old.

4.2.2.2.But when we want to say that someone had the ability to do something, and that they did it in a particular situation, we must use was/were able to (could is not possible)

e.g. Even though I’d hurt my led, I was able to swim back to the boat. The manager wasn’t in the office for very long, but we were able to speak to him for a few minutes.

We can use managed to (+ infinitive) or succeeded in (+ -ing form) instead of was/were able to in this meaning.

e.g. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the boat/ I succeeded in swimming back to the boat. We normally use managed to or succeeded in when the action was difficult to do.

4.2.2.3.There is an exception with the verbs of perception see, hear, smell, taste, feel, and some verbs of thinking e.g. understand, remember. We use could with these verbs when we actually did these things in particular situations.

e.g. We could see a man in the garden. I could hear a noise outside my bedroom door

4.2.2.4.We use could not (couldn’t) for both general ability and particular situations.

e.g. My grandmother couldn’t dance. He tried very hard, but he couldn’t swim back to the boat.

4.2.3. Could have…

We use could have + past participle to say that someone had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past but did not do it.

e.g.You could have helped me. Why didn’t you? I could have gone to China on holiday last year, but I decided not to. 4.2.4. Expressing ability in other forms:be able to Can has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So, when necessary. we make these forms with be able to.

e.g. I’d like to be able to play the piano. In the future, people will be able to live on other planets. She enjoys being able to speak foreign languages. I’ve been able to drive since I was 18.

4.3. Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to 4.3.1. Asking for permission e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question? May I make a suggestion? Could is less direct and more polite than can hare. May is more formal than can and could, but can and could are more common. We can also use might to ask for permission in a less direct, more formal style. Might I make a suggestion? 4.3.2. Giving permission When we give permission, we use can or may 9but not could or might) e.g. ‘Can I use your pen for a moment?’ ‘Yes, of course you can.’ You can borrow my camera if you want to. ‘Could I make a suggestion?’ ‘Of course you may.’ 4.3..3. Talking about permission When we talk about things that are already permitted or not permitted (e.g. when there is a law or a rule), we use can(‘t) or be (not) allowed.

e.g.You can’t smoke/aren’t allowed to smoke in this room. You can/are allowed to get married in Britain when you are 16.(That’s the law)

The children normally go to bed at 9 o’clock, but they can stay up/are allowed to stay up later on Saturdays. (Their parents have decided this.)

4.3.4. Could and was/were allowed to 4.3.4.1.We use could to say that we had general permission to do something in the past.

e.g. When I was 18, I could borrow my parents’ car whenever I wanted to. When I was 18, I was allowed to borrow my parents’ car whenever I wanted to.

4.3.4.2.But when we want to say that someone had permission to do something and they did it in a particular past situation, we must use was/were allowed to (could is not possible)

e.g. I was allowed to borrow my parents’ car last night.( Not: I could borrow…)

4.4. Obligation and necessity (1); must, have to, have got to 4.4.1. Must and have to 4.4.1.1.We use both must and have to to express obligation or necessity, but there is sometimes a difference between them:

We normally use must when the authority comes from the speaker. You must be home by 10 o’clock. (I insist). I’ve got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor. (I think it is necessary). You must drive carefully. (I insist). We normally use have to when the authority comes from outside the speaker. I have to be home by 10 o’clock.(My parents insist) I have to go and see the doctor at 9.00 tomorrow morning. (I have got an appointment.) you have to drive on the left in Britain.(That is the law) 4.4.1.2.We only use must (+infinitive) to talk about the present and the future. When we talk about past obligation or necessity, we use had to.

e.g. I had to work late yesterday.

4.4.1.3.Must has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So, when necessary, we make these forms with have to.

e.g. I’ll have to work late tomorrow. He hates having to get up early. She’s had to work hard all her life. Note that in questions and negatives with have to we use do/does in the present simple and did in the past simple. e.g. What time do you have to start work? We don’t have to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. Did you have to walk home last night?

4.4.2.Have got to We often use have got to instead of have to to talk about obligation and necessity. Have got to is more informal. e.g. I have to hurry. I’ve got to hurry. Do you have to go? Have you got to go? We normally use have to, not have got to, for things that happen repeatedly, especially when we use one-word adverbs of frequency e.g. always, often. Compare: e.g. I always have to work late on Wednesday evenings I’ve got to work late this

evening. Do you often have to get up early? Have you got to get up early

tomorrow? We use got mostly in the present. To talk about the past, we normally use had to, not had got to. e.g. I had to work late last night. 4.5. Obligation and necessity (2): mustn’t, don’t have to, don’t need to, haven’t got to,

needn’t 4.5.1.Compare mustn’t and don’t have to Annie has got a bad cold.” You mustn’t get up today.” Sally is on holiday. “I don’t have to get up today.” We use mustn’t when there is an obligation not to do something.

e.g. You mustn’t get up today.(=Do not get up.) You mustn’t wash that sweater. It has to be dry-cleaned(=Do not wash it.) We use don’t have to when it is not necessary to do something. e.g. I don’t have to get up today. (=It is not necessary to get up) You don’t have to wash that shirt. It isn’t dirty.(=It is not necessary to wash it.) 4.5.2.We can also use don’t need to, haven’t got to or needn’t to to say that it is not necessary to

do something. e.g. I don’t need to get up today. I haven’t got to get up today. I needn’t get up today Note that we often use needn’t when the speaker gives someone permission not to do something. e.g. You needn’t pay me back the money until next week. (= I give you permission not to pay

me back the money until then.)

4.6. Needn’t have and didn’t need to 4.6.1.Needn’t have + past participle says that someone did something, but it was not necessary- it was a waste of time.

e.g. I needn’t have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry. (= it was not necessary to make so much food, but I did,) I needn’t have told Kate what happened. She already knew. (=It was not necessary to tell Kate, but I did)

4.6.2.Didn’t need to + infinitive says that something was not necessary (but it does not say if someone did it or not).

e.g. She needn’t have waited. (=It was not necessary to wait, but she did.) She didn’t need to wait.(=It was not necessary to wait: we don’t know if she did or not.) They needn’t have worried. (=It was not necessary to worry, but they did.)

They didn’t need to worry.(=It was not necessary to worry; we don’t know if they did or not)

4.6.3.When we use didn’t need to, it often means that someone did not do something (because it was not necessary).

e.g. I didn’t need to unlock the door because it was already unlocked. I didn’t need to write to you so I phoned you instead. But we can also use didn’t need to (with stress on need) when something was not necessary, but someone did it. e.g. I didn’t need to write to you, but I wrote to you anyway.

4.7. Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall 4.7.1.Should and ought to 4.7.1.1.We can use both Should and ought to talk about obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice, and , in general, to say what is right or good.

e.g. You should learn to swim/You ought to learn to swim. You shouldn’t tell lies./You oughtn’t to tell lies. What do you think I should do?/What do you think I ought to do? Should and ought to are very similar in meaning, but we often prefer ought to to talk about authority which comes from outside the speaker e.g. from laws or rules Note that after should, we use the infinitive without to e.g. learn, tell, but after ought we use to+infinitive e.g. to learn, to tell.

4.7.1.2.We use should have/ought to have + past participle to say that someone did the wrong thing in the past.

e.g. I should have posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot. (I did not post it) I am really tired this morning. I should’t have stayed up so late last night.(I stayed up late) Haven’t you finished your homework yet? You ought to have done it last night. (You did not do it)

4.7.2Had better

Had better+ infinitive without to expresses a strong recommendation in a particular situation. e.g. I’m going to an interview tomorrow. I’d better iron my shirt. It’s going to be cold tonight. We’d better turn on the heating. We always use had not have with better in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not past We form the negative with had better not. e.g. Wed better not be late. Had better often suggests a kind of threat or warning, and is stronger than should or ought to.

4.7.3.Be + supposed to

We can use supposed to to talk about what people are expected to do because of an arrangement, a rule, or a duty. e.g. You’re supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon. We use not supposed to to express prohibitions.

e.g. You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom.

There is often a difference between what is supposed to happen and what really happens. e.g. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon, but I’m not going to have enough time. Put those sweets away! You know you’re not supposed to eat in the classroom. He was supposed to phone me yesterday, but he didn’t. 4.7.4.Shall

We can use shall I? When we want to know someone’s opinion, or when we want advice or instructions. e.g. I’ve missed my last bus. What shall I do ? I’m not sure what to do. Shall I apply for the job or not? How long shall I cook this spaghetti?

4.8.. Possibility: may, might, could 4.8.1. Present and future possibility 4.8.1.1.We use may, might and could to talk about present or future possibility.

e.g. “There’s someone at the door.” ‘It may be Sarah.” (=perhaps it is Sarah) We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.(=Perhaps we will go to the beach.) “Where’s Simon?” “He could be in the living room.” (=Perhaps he is in the living room.) Might is normally a little less sure than may. Could is normally less sure than may or might. + + + may + + might + could

4.8.1.2.We use the negatives may not and might not (mightn’t) with this meaning, but not could not.

e.g. Simon may not be in the living room(=Perhaps he is not in the living room.) We might not go to the beach. (=Perhaps we will not go to the beach.)

4.8.1.3.Note the form: may/might/could + be + …-ing

E.g. They may be having dinner at the moment. (Perhaps they are having dinner.)

4.8.2. Possibility in the past 4.8.2.1.We can use may/might/could + have+past participle to talk about possibility in the past

e.g. “Where was sally last night?” “I think she may have been at the cinema.”(=I think perhaps she was at the cinema.) “Peter is late.” “He might have missed his train.”(=Perhaps he missed/has missed his train.) “I can’t find my wallet anywhere.” “You could have left it at home.” (Perhaps you left/have left it at home.) “She walked straight past me without saying hello.” “She might not have seen you.”(=perhaps she didn’t see you.)

4.8.2.2.We also use could and might (but not may) with have + past participle to say that something was possible in the past but did not happen

e.g. “I forgot to lock my car last night.” “ You were very lucky. Someone could have stolen it” “You were stupid to try to climb that tree. You might have killed yourself.”

4.9.Deduction: must, can’t 4.9.1.Must, can’t 4.9.1.1.We use must in deductions to say that we are sure about something.

E.g. It’s not very warm and you’re not wearing a coat. You must be cold. (= I am sure that you are cold.) Mrs Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life. (=I am sure that she knows London very well.)

4.9.1.2.We use can’t (not mustn’t) as the negative of must in this meaning. We use can’t in deductions to say that something is impossible.

e.g. Peter was here a moment ago, so he can’t be far away. (=It is impossible that he is far away.) Annie can’t be asleep. There’s a light on in her bedroom. (=It is impossible that she is asleep)

4.9.1.3.Note the form: must/can’t + be + …-ing

e.g. You’ve been working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. ( I am sure that you are feeling tired.) Simon has bought two tickets for the concert, so he can’t be going on his own. (=It is impossible that he is going on his own.)

4.9.1.4.We also use can in questions about possibility.

e.g. The telephone is ringing. Who can that be? Sally is late. Where can she be?

4.9.2. Must have…and can’t have… 4.9.2.1.We use must/can’t + have+ past participle for deductions about the past.

e.g. Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive. (=I am sure that they were expensive.) You can’t /couldn’t have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed all day yesterday! (=It is impossible that you were at the swimming pool!)

4.9.2.2.We use can have… and could have…in questions about past possibility. e.g. Where can they have gone ? Sally is very late. What could have happened to her?

4.10. Requests: can, could, may, will, would 4.101.Asking for something We can ask for things with can, could and may. e.g. Can I have a glass of water, please? Could I have the bill please? May I have some more coffee? Could is less direct and more polite than can here: may is more formal than can/could.

4.10.2.Asking for permission We also use can, could and may to ask for permission. e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question? May I have a look at your newspaper? 4.10.3.Asking someone to do something 4.10.3.1. We often use can you? (=are you able to?) to ask someone to do something for us. e.g. Can you post this letter for me? Can you switch on the light, please? We use could as a less definite, more polite form of can in this meaning. e.g. Could you pass me the newspaper please? Could you give me some advice? 4.10.3.2.We also use will you? (=are you willing to?)to ask someone to do something. e.g. Will you switch on the light, please? We use would as a less definite, more polite form of will in this meaning. e.g. Would you pass this letter for me? ‘The phone is ringing.’ ‘Would you answer it?’ 4.10.3.3. We also use would with the verb mind 9=’object to’ or ‘dislike’) to make polite

requests. e.g. Would you mind switching on the light? 4.10..3.4. We sometimes make requests by using would like as a polite way of saying what we want. e.g. I’d like a glass of water, please. I’d like to ask you a personal question. 4.11. Offers: will, shall, can, could, would 4.11..1. We use will to say that we are willing to do something or to offer to do something. e.g. I’ll help you with your suitcase. I’ll lend you my bicycle if you want. Are you hungry? I’ll make you something to eat. We also use will you? In offers and invitations. e.g. What will you have to drink? Will you have dinner with us? 4.11.2. We use shall I? (=do you want me to?) to offer to do something for someone. e.g. Shall I help you?

Shall I open the door for you? Shall I post this letter for you? 4.11.3. We also use can/could(=’ability’) to offer to do something for someone. e.g. I can post this letter for you. I could lend you some money if you want. Sometimes when we use can or could to ‘ask for permission’, we are really offering to do Something. e.g. Can I make you something to eat? Could I carry that bag for you? In these uses, could is less direct and more polite than can. 4.11.4.We also use would with verbs such as like, prefer and rather to make polite offers and invitations. e.g. Would you like to go to a party on Saturday?

Would you like me to help you? Would you prefer to stay in or go out this evening? 4.12. Suggestions: shall, let’s, why don’t we, how/what about, can, could 4.12.1.We use shall we? To ask for and make suggestions. e.g. Where shall we go? What time shall we leave? Shall we stay at home? Shall we play tennis tomorrow? 4.12.2. We can also make suggestions in these ways: 4.12.2.1. e.g. Let’s watch TV. Let’s go for a swim. 4.12.2.2.Why don’t we(+infinitive without to)? e.g. Why don’t we go for a swim? Why don’t we play tennis? 4.12.2.3. How/What about (+-ing form/noun)? e.g. How about playing tennis/a game of tennis? 4.12.3. We use can and could to suggest possible actions. e.g. We can watch TV if you like. We could go to the cinema tomorrow. In this use, could is less direct and more polite than can. 4.13. Habits: used to, will, would 4.13.1. Used to 4.13.1.1. Use. We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits which are now finished. e.g. Robert used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago.(=Robert played football regularly in the past, but he does not play now.) Kate used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now. When I was a child, I used to suck my thumb.

We also use used to for past states and situations which are no longer true. e.g. Robert used to be very slim when he was younger. I used to live in London, but I moved in 1980. We only use used to to talk about the past. When we talk about present habits or present states, we use the present simple. e.g. Robert never plays football now. Kate goes sailing quite often nowadays. I live in Manchester. Robert is quite fat. We do not use used to to say how long something happened. e.g. I worked in Rome for six months. 4.13.1.2. Form Used to + infinitive takes the same form in all persons. I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They used to play football. live in London. be very slim. The negative of used to is normally didn’t use to (=did not use to) I didn’t use to live in London. You didn’t use to like classical music. We also use never used to e.g. You never used to like classical music. We normally form questions with did…use to…? e.g. Where did you use to live? Did you use to like classical music? 4.13.2. Will and Would 4.13.2.1. we can use will to talk about someone’s typical behaviour or characteristic habits. e.g. Simon loves music. He’ll sit for hours listening to his stereo. Kate is very kind. She’ll always help people if she can. We use would with the same meaning to talk about the past. e.g. When I was a child my father would sometimes take me fishing.

My grandmother was very absent-minded. She would often buy something and then leave the shop without it.

Will and Would are not stressed in this use. 4.13..2.2. If will or would are stressed (‘), it suggests criticism. e.g. He `will slam the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry. ‘She borrowed my camera without asking.’ ‘She `would do a thing like that. She’s always borrowing things without asking.’ 4.13.2.3. Used to and would When we talk about past habits, we can use used to or would. e.g. When we were children, we used to/would play Cowboys and Indians together. When I was a child, my elder brother used to/would take me to the cinema every Saturday morning. When we talk about past states, we can use used to, but not would. e.g. My grandfather used to be a policeman. I used to have a moustache, but I shaved it off.

5. Grammar Practice 1. Complete the sentences using can or could where possible. If can or could is not possible,

use a form of be able to. Examples: He has been living in France for 6 months. He can speak French very well now. I’ll be able to go shopping later today. 1. When Robert was younger he---run quite fast. 2. Look! You---see the mountains from this window. 3. Kate---dance really well when she was a young girl. 4. How long have you---play the guitar? 5. Look! I---lift this chair with one hand! 6. I’m sorry, but I won’t---come to the party on Saturday. 2. Complete the sentences using could or was/were able to .Sometimes either form is

possible. Example: Simon could/was able to read music when he was 7. 1. We---put out the fire before much damage was done. 2. My daughter---walk when she was only 11 months old. 3. I---finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday. 4. ‘---(you) speak French before you went to live in Paris?’ ’I---(not) speak it very well.’ 5. They were talking quite loudly. I---hear everything they said. 3. Robert Wells is 52 years old. Sometimes he feels that he has wasted his life.

Read about Robert. Replace the words in italics with could have…as in the example. Example: When Robert was 26 he had the chance to get married, but he decided not to. When Robert was 26 he could have got married, but he decided not to.

1. Robert had the ability to go to university, but he didn’t want to go. 2. He had the intelligence to pass his final exams at school, but he didn’t take them. 3. A lot of people thought he had the ability to be a professional footballer when he was

younger, but he didn’t try. 4. He had the opportunity to start his own business once, but he didn’t want to 5. He had the chance to emigrate to Australia a few years ago, but he decided not to. 4. Complete the sentences using could or was/were allowed to

Example: I was allowed to see him for a few moments yesterday.

1. Andrew---leave school early yesterday because he wasn’t feeling well. 2. Until the 19th century, people---travel freely between most countries without a passport. 3. Sue’s children---watch the film on TV last night. 4. Her son has to wear a uniform in his new school, but in his old school he---wear whatever he

liked. 5. ( I ) Mrs Woods isn’t very well. The doctor is speaking to her, Complete what the doctor

says using must and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue. Use each verb only once.

Doctor: Well, Mrs Woods, your temperature is a little high, so you----in bed for the next few days. You can eat whatever you like, but you---plenty of liquids. And I’ll give you some medicine. You---it three times a day after meals. And you ---to take it for the next ten days. (ii) Now Mrs Woods is wxplaining the doctor’s instructions to Mr Woods. Complete what Mrs Woods says using have to and the verbs drink, take, stay and continue.Use each verb only once. Mrs Woods: The doctor gave me some medicine. I---it three times a day after meals. And I---to take it for the next ten days. I’m not allowed to get up at the moment. I---in bed for the next few days. Oh, and I’m allowed to eat whatever I like, but I---plenty of liquids. 6. Complete the sentences using must or a form of have to. Sometimes two answers are

possible. Example: I couldn’t go to the party last night because I had to babysit for my sister. I have to/must get up early tomorrow morning. 1. You---get a visa to visit the United states. 2. Annie will---do her homework tomorrow. 3. It’s getting very late. We---go now. 4. I---stay in bed yesterday because I wasn’t very well, 5. Mr Mason---wear glasses since he was a child. 6. I don’t like---work at weekends. 7.Choose the correct form. Example: You’ve been late for work twice this week. You mustn’t/needn’t be late again.

(The right choice here is mustn’t)

1. You mustn’t/ don’t have to open the door before the train stops. You could fall out. 2. We mustn’t/ don’t have to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. 3. We mustn’t/ haven’t got to make any noise going into the house. It’s very late and

everybody is asleep. 4. You mustn’t/needn’t tell Nicki about the party. I’ve already told her. 5. You mustn’t/don’t need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I’ve got a

timetable. 6. I mustn’t/haven’t got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me to. 8.Complete these sentences using the modal verbs in the box. Sometimes two answers are possible. Must mustn’t can can’t needn’t Examples: You needn’t go any longer. You can go now. We mustn’t make a noise. We must be quiet. You must move your car. You can’t/mustn’t park here. 1. You mustn’t leave the door unlocked. You—lock it. 2. You can only smoke in the canteen. You---smoke in this room. 3. We needn’t do the washing up now. We---do it tomorrow. 4. We can stay a bit longer. We---go now. 5. You can’t keep on using my tennis shoes. You---buy your own.

6. You can keep those magazines. You---give them back to me. 9. Complete the sentences using needn’t have where possible. If needn’t have is not possible, use didn’t need to. Examples: ‘Did you water the garden?’ ‘Yes, but I needn’t have done (do) it. Just after I’d finished it started to rain! I didn’t need to wake (wake) her up because she was awake before me. 1. She ---(get up) early last Saturday, so she stayed in bed until 10 o’clock. 2. I didn’t wear my coat when I went out. I---(wear) it. It wasn’t cold. 3. He was very anxious before the exam, but he---(worry). It wasn’t as difficult as he’d

expected. 4. She---(pay) the man, but she gave him some money anyway. 5. She---(pay) the man, so she didn’t give him any money. 6. Thank you very much for the flowers, but you really---(buy) them for me. 10. Complete the advice using should or ought to; find the advice for the problems Example: 1. ‘I’ve lost my credit card.’ ‘You should report it to the credit card company immediately.’ ‘You ought to report it to the credit card company immediately.’ PROBLEMS ADVICE 1. ‘I’ve lost my credit card.’ ‘I think you/sell it’ 2. ‘I can’t wake up in the mornings.’ ‘ Perhaps you/look for another job.’ 3.’I,m bored with my job.’ ‘ Don’t you think you/apologize to them?’ 4. ‘I’ve got a terrible headache.’ ‘Perhaps you/buy a new alarm clock!’ 5. ‘I was very rude to my parents.’ ‘ You/report it to the credit card company

immediately.’ 6. ‘My car keeps on breaking down.’ ‘ Perhaps you/take some aspirin.’ 11. Make sentences using shoul(dn’t)…should(n’t) have…or ought(n’t) to have…and the words in brackets. Example: My car is always dirty. (I/clean/it more often.) I should clean it more often./I ought to clean it more often. 1. You think your friend works too hard. You tell him/her:

(You/not work/so hard) (You/relax/more) 2. Your friend overslept this morning and was late for work. His boss said to him.

(You/buy/an alarm clock!) 3. Kate didn’t feel well yesterday, but she went to work and now she feels really terrible.

( She/not go/to work yesterday). (She/stay/in bed). 4. Mr Woods walked straight out into the road without looking. He was nearly killed by a

bus. ( He/not walk/into the road without looking.) (He/look/first.)

12. Complete the sentences using had better and the verbs in the box. Example: The phone is ringing. You’d better answer it.

Park stay hurry answer put out be not leave 1. This knife is very sharp. You ---careful when you use it. 2. Oh no! Look! There’s a ‘No Parking’Sign here. We---somewhere else.

3. You’re not very well. I think you---in bed today. 4. We’re late.We--- 5. There’s a lot of crime in this area. We---any doors or windows unlocked. 6. The plane is just going to take off. You---that cigarette. 13. Complete the sentences using the correct form of be + supposed to and the verbs in the box. Example: I’m on diet, so I’m not supposed to eat cream cakes.

Arrive not eat go not open not park have 1. What are you doing with your birthday presents? You---them until your birthday! 2. I---to work yesterday, but I couldn’t because I was ill in bed. 3. You---your car here at any time. 4. We---in Manchester at 6 o’clock this morning, but our plane was delayed. 5. Peter---a one-hour lunch break, but he sometimes takes a bit longer. 14. Complete each question using shall I and the most suitable verb in the box. Example: How much money shall I get from the bank? Paint invite get tell put 1. Who---to my prty, do you think? 2. Where---all these dirty plates and glasses? 3. What do you think?---my parents what has happened? 4. What colour---my bedroom? Have you got any ideas? 15. Rephrase these sentences using the modal verbs in brackets. Examples: Perhaps she is ill (may). She may be ill. Perhaps they went out. (might)They might have gone out. 1. Perhaps you’re right. (could) 2. Perhaps she’ll win the race. (might) 3. Perhaps she forgot about the meeting. (may) 4. Perhaps they were asleep. (might) 5. Perhaps he doesn’t know the address.(may) 6. Perhaps they left early. (could) 7. Perhaps he isn’t coming now.(might) 8. Perhaps I’ll see you tomorrow. (may) 9. Perhaps they’re going on holiday. (could) 10. Perhaps she didn’t catch the bus.(may) 16. Complete the sentences using can or could and the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

Grow be make reach live survive cross Example: Tigers can be dangerous. 1. Elephants---for up to 70 years.

2. Temperatures near the South Pole---minus 43 degrees centigrade. 3. A hundred years ago ships---the Atlantic in 10 days. 4. Camels---for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water. 5. Dinosaurs---up to 5 metres long. 6. Anyone---mistakes. 17.Complete the sentences using should or ought to and the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

pass be win not take sell arrive receive

Example: I’ve only got &15, but that should/ought to be enough. We won’t need to buy very much. 1. You---my letter first thing in the morning. I posted it earlier today. 2. I was surprised Liverpool lost the football match. They ---easily. 3. I---my car easily. I only want & 950 for it and it’s in very good condition. 4. Andrew---the exams last week. He worked very hard for them. 5. ‘How long will it take to drive to the park?’ ‘Well, it---long. It isn’t very far.’ 6. I’m still waiting for the 7 o’clock bus. It---half an hour ago. 18. Answer the questions in A using must or can’t, give a reason from B Example: 1. They can’t be Greek. They’re speaking Italian. A B 1. Are they Greek? It’s very cold in here. 2. Is he ill? He’s too young. 3. Is the heating on? She’s just passed her driving test. 4. Are they asleep? They’re speaking Italian. 5. Is she happy? Their bedroom lights are off. 6. Is he a doctor? He’s got a high temperature. 19. Rephrase the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. Examples: I’m sure she is in bed. (must) She must be in bed.

We’ll probably arrive before 11 o’clock. (should) We should arrive before 11 o’clock.

Perhaps he was ill.(may) He may have been ill. It’s impossible that they missed the plane. (can’t) They can’t have missed the plane.

1. Perhaps she’ll phone later, (might) 2. I’ll probably be at home. (could) 3. Perhaps they went home.(could) 4. It’s impossible that he’s telling the truth. (can’t) 5. I’m sure you’ve heard the news. (must) 6. Perhaps I won’t go out this evening. (may) 7. It’s impossible that she saw us. (can’t) 8. I’m sure the bus has left. (must) 9. Perhaps he didn’t apply for the job. (might)

10. She’ll probably be here soon. (ought to) 20. Peter and Sally are trying to decide what to do this evening. Complete the conversation using the words in the box. Use some words more than once.

Why don’t we Let’s shall we How about could PETER: So, what shall we do this evening? SALLY: Well, we haven’t got much money.---staying in and watching TV? PETER: Oh, no! I’m fed up with watching TV. SALLY: ---go out for a drink, then. We can afford one drink each. PETER: All right. Where---go? SALLY: ---go to The Tropical Bar? They have really good music there. PETER: Yes, but the drinks are very expensive. SALLY: That’s true. Well, we---go to the pub on the corner. PETER: Yes. They have very good videos.---go there. SALLY: I thought you said you were fed up with watching TV! 21. Put one verb in each sentence into the used to form and the other verb into the present simple. Examples: When Margot first became a doctor, she used to work (work) in a small hospital in Brighton, but now she works (work) in a large hospital in London. 1. Robert---(be) interested in football, but he (not/be) very interested in it any more. 2. Nowadays Kate---(never/go) dancing, but she---(go) a lot before she was married. 3. That shop---(be) a grocer’s when I was a child. Now it---(be) a supermarket. 4. Britain---(have) military service, but it---(not/have)it any more. 5. France---(be) a republic now, but it---(be) a monarchy. 6. ‘---(you/like) history when you were at school?’ ‘ No, I didn’t, but now I---(find) it quite

interesting. 22. Complete the sentences using will or would and one of the verbs in the box. Example: Robert has got a very bad memory. He’ll often forget (often) where he’s parked his car.

Carry on spend lend go throw forget 1. Kate is very generous. She---(always) you money if you need it. 2. Ken’s grandfather was very mean. He---(never) anything away if he could use it again. 3. Mr Woods is a real chatterbox! He---talking fir hours and hours if you give him a chance. 4. When Simon was a child, he---(often) hours just looking out of the window. 5. ‘I’m always tired these days.’ ‘Well. You---to bed so late every night, it isn’t surprising!’ 23. Which of these sentences can be completed with either used to or would? Which of them can only be completed with used to? Examples: When Robert was younger, he used to/would go running every morning. 1. When Andrew was a small baby he---cry a lot. 2. When I was little, I---be afraid of the dark. 3. When we were children, we---visit my grandmother every Sunday afternoon.

4. When Mrs Woods was younger, she---play tennis every weekend. 5. Years ago I---have a motorbike. 6. There---be quite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren’t any. 6.Grammar Practice -Answer key

1. 1. could; 2. Can; 3. Could; 4. Been able to; 5. Can; 6. Be able to. 2. 1. were able to; 2.could/was able to; 3. Was able to; 4. Could/Were you able to,

couldn’t/wasn’t able to; 5. Could/was able to 3. 1. Robert could have gone; 2.He could have passed; 3. He could have been; 4.He could

have started; 5. He could have emigrated. 4. 1. was allowed to; 2. Could/were allowed to; 3. Were allowed to; 4. Could/was allowed

to 5. (i) 1. Must stay; 2. Must drink; 3.must take; 4. Must continue (ii) 1. Have to take; 2. Have to continue; 3. Have to stay; 4. Have to drink 6. 1. must/have to; 2. Have to; 3. Must/have to; 4. Had to; 5. Has had to; 6. Having to 7. 1. mustn’t; 2. Don’t have to; 3. Mustn’t; 4. Needn’t; 5. Don’t need to; 6. Haven’t got to 8. 1.must; 2.can’t/mustn’t;3. Can; 4.needn’t; 5.must; 6. Needn’t 9. 1. didn’t need to get up; 2. Didn’t need to wear; 3. Needn’t have worried; 4. Needn’t

have paid; 5 didn’t need to pay; 6. I think you should/ought to sell it. 10. 1.You should/ought to report it to the credit card company;2.Perhaps you should/ought to buy a new alarm clock!; 3.Perhaps you should/ought to look for another job; 4. Don’t you think you should/ought apologize to them?; 6. I think you should/ought to sell it 11. 1.You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to work so hard; 2. You should/ought to have bought/buy an alarm clock; 3. She shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have gone to work yesterday. She should/ought to have stayed in bed.;4.He shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have walked into the road without looking. He should/ought have looked first.

12. 1.had better be;2. Had better park; 3. Had better stay; 4. Had better hurry; 5. Had better not leave;6. Had better put out. 13. 1.are not supposed to open; 2.was supposed to go; 3. Are not supposed to park; 4. Were supposed to arrive; 5. Is supposed to have. 14. 1.shall I invite?; 2. Shall I put?; 3. Shall I tell?; 4. Shall I paint? 15. 1.You could be right; 2.she might win the race; 3.she may have forgotten about the meeting;4. They might have been asleep; 5. He may not know the address;6. They could have left early.7. He might not be coming; 8. I may see you tomorrow; 9.They could be going on holiday; 10.She may not have caught the bus. 16. 1. can live; 2.can reach;3. Could cross; 4. Can survive; 5. Could grow; 6. Can make. 17. 1.should receive; 2.should have won; 3,should sell; 4. Should have passed; 5.shouldn’t take; 6. Should have arrived. Note: In all sentences should can be replaced by ought to 18. 1.They can’t be Greek. They speak Italian; 2. He must be ill. He’s got a high temperature; 3. The heating can’t be on. It’s very cold in here; 4. They must be asleep. Their bedroom lights are off. 5. She must be happy. She’s just pass her driving test. 6. He can’t be a doctor. He’s too young. 19. 1.She might phone later; 2.I should be at home by 6 o’clock; 3. They could have gone home; 4. He can’t be telling the truth. 5. You must have heard the news; 6. I may not go out this evening; 7. She can’t have seen us; 8. The bus must have left; 9.He might not have applied for the job; 10. She ought to be here soon

20. 1.How about; 2. Let’s; 3. Shall we; 4.Why don’t we; 5. Could; 6. Let’s 21. 1.used to be, is not; 2.never goes, used to go; 3. Used to be, is; 4. Used to have, doesn’t have; 5. Is, used to be; 6. Did you use to like, find. 22. 1.will always lend; 2.would never throw; 3. Will carry on; 4.would often spend; 5.will go

23. 1.used to/would; 2.used to; 3. Used to/would. 4. Used to/would; 5. Used to; 6. Used to

7. Progress Test-Modal verbs 1. Review of permission and obligation Choose the most suitable answer-A,B or C 1. It isn’t cold outside. You…wear a coat. A mustn’t B can C needn’t 2. You …keep out of that room. It’s private. A don’t have to B mustn’t C must 3. You… fall asleep when you drive a car. A mustn’t B needn’t C must 4.I’m going to retire soon. Then I won’t…work any more. A must B have to C can 5.You …vote in Britain until you are 18. A have to B can C aren’t allowed to 6. You…wear a uniform in the army.

A can B have to C mustn’t 7.Tomorrow is a holiday. We…go to work. A don’t have to B aren’t allowed to C have to 8. You …ride a bicycle on a motorway in Britain. A must B don’t have to C can’t 2.Review of possibility, probability and deduction

Choose the correct answer-A, B or C. 1. It…a lovely day tomorrow. A can be B could b C must be 2. I’m getting fat, I think I…eating the wrong kind of food. A must be B can’t be C can be 3. I’m not sure, but I…Sue in town last night. A can see B must have seen C may have seen 4. Mike…driving to London tomorrow. He can’t drive! A might be B can’t be C must be 5. My letter…yesterday, but it didn’t. A must have arrived B may arrive C should have arrived 6. I can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so there …someone there. A must be B might be C can’t be 7. We’re very busy tomorrow so we…time to visit you. We aren’t sure. A could not have B might not have C ought to have 8. That girl…20 years old. She looks about 12! A may be B must be C can’t be

3. Refusals, offers and suggestions Write what you could say in these situations using the words in brackets. Example: You offer to make someone a cup of coffee. (Shall?) Shall I make you a cup of coffee?

1. You ask to use the phone in a friend’s house. (Can?) 2. You ask the waiter for the menu in a restaurant. (Could?) 3. You ask your teacher to explain something to you. (Could?) 4. You ask a friend to lend you some money. (Would?) 5. You are carrying a cot of bags. You ask a stranger to open the door for you.

(Would/mind?) 6. You offer to give a friend a lift home in your car. (I’ll) 7. You offer to show a friend how to use a photocopier. (Shall?) 8. You suggest to a friend that you have a walk in the park. (How about?) 9. You invite someone to the cinema this evening. (you like?) 10. You ask a friend to suggest where you can meet tomorrow. (Shall we?) 11. You suggest to a friend that you go swimming this weekend. (Let’s) 12. You suggest to a friend that you watch a video this evening. (Why don’t)

4. Habits: used to, will, would There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. I use to go swimming a lot nowadays. 2. When I was a child I used to suck my thumb. 3. I don’t use to get up early these days. 4. My uncle would live in San Francisco when he was younger. 5. Mike used to live in Paris for a year. 6. Sarah uses to like Madonna, but she doesn’t any more. 7. When I was younger I would go running two or three times a week. 8. When I was a student I would have a beard. 9. Where did you used to live? 10. Our neighbours will keep playing loud music. It’s really annoying.

8. Progress Test-Answer Key 1. 1.C; 2. C; 3. A; 4. B; 5. C; 6. B; 7. A; 8. C 2. 1.B; 2. A; 3. C; 4. B; 5. C; 6. A; 7.B; 8. C 3. 1. Can I use your phone, please?; 2. Could I have the menu, please?; 3. Could you explain something to me, please?; 4. Would you lend me some money?; 5. Would you mind opening the door?; 6. I’ll give you a lift home in my car; 7. Shall I show you how to use the photocopier?; 8. How about a walk in the park?; 9. Would you like to go to the cinema this evening?; 10. Where shall we meet tomorrow?; 11. Let’s go swimming this weekend; 12. Why don’t we watch a video this evening? 4. 1. I go swimming a lot nowadays; 2. Right; 3. I don’t get up early these days; 4. My uncle used to live in San Francisco when he was younger; 5. Mike lived in Paris for a year; 6. Sarah used to like Madonna, but she doesn’t any more; 7. Right; 8. When I was a student I used to have a beard; 9. Where did you use to live?; 10. Right.

Chapter 3. Towing.-ing form and infinitive(I)

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recognise and use correctly the words and expressions related to towing; identify the use of the infinitive and gerund after certain verbs and constructions; translate a text on towing giving the correct Romanian equivalents of the words and expressions related to towing; construct a dialogue between the master of the ship and the agent about tug arrengements.

1. Ships may need towing in a number of cases. When in port, tugs may be required to take ships to or from their berths. Sometimes it may be necessary to shift the ship from one berth to another and the port tug is usually ordered to do this job. It may also happen that the ship will need dry docking for cleaning the bottom and repairs to the hull. A tug-boat will then be required to manoeuvre the ship into the dock. A ship may become disabled at sea and in this case she will need some other vessel or a tug to tow her to the nearest port. Big ships require big tow-lines. Most modern vessels are provided with steel wire tow-lines of sufficient length. It is advisable to use wire hawsers connected with a good length of manila rope, as this will afford the necessary elasticity to tow-line. The towing and towed vessels communicate with each other to coordinate their actions. Usually they signal with the International Code, using single letter signals. It should be added here that ships communicate with each other and with shore in a number of ways: by radio, by flags, by light and sound signals and by semaphore. The International Convention adopted a uniform system of International Code Signals, which is widely used by all the countries. In this system a single letter or combination of letters signifies a whole sentence. When the ship receives these signals the watch officer translates them into letters (or their combination) and find their meaning in the code book, where they are grouped in a certain order. Single-letter signals are used to denote urgent or very common messages. For instance, signal “G” means:”I require a pilot”. As it was mentioned above, they also have a special meaning when used between towing and towed vessels. For example, the same signal “G” in this case means: “ Cast off the towing hawser”; the signal “A” signifies: “The towing hawser is fast,”etc. Dialogue 1. C: I shall require a tug tomorrow to take my ship to another berth. A: At what time are you going to shift? C: We’ll be ready to start at about 5 p.m. A: Shall I order the tug for 5 p.m.? C: Yes, that’s what I was going to ask of you. So, please order the tug to be here by 5 p.m. tomorrow. A: Well, the time is set then. Shall I also order the tug beforehand to take you out of port? C: Yes, kindly make preliminary arrangements with the tug company for Friday this week. I am leaving your port on this day. A: What time shall I order the tug for you? C: I cannot tell you the exact time as yet, I think I’ll let you know the exact time on Wednesday.

A: Good, that’s settled then. I would advise you to take two tugs, because there is a strong current in the entrance and the port tugs are not very powerful. C: How much do they charge for towage? A: They charge 15 pounds for each tug to take the ship out of port. C: All right. I’ll take your advice. Thank you. So, please order two tugs for Friday. Dialogue 2. C: Look over there. What's the matter with that ship? They have hoisted the Code Flag. Obviously they are going to signal something to us. Hoist the answering pendant. P: Oh, it's rather far away. I can't see so far as that. Let me take my binoculars. Well, now I see the ship quite clearly. Yes, you are right, they have hoisted the International Code flag. If i am not mistaken, that's a Norwegian ship, and the ship is obviously aground. C: How do you know that the ship is aground? P: There is a small shoal in that vicinity and they must have run aground. Yes, that's it. Do you see three black balls one over the other? C: Oh, yes, now I see the balls too. you are right. But how on earth could they have run against that shoal! So far as I remember the chart, there's but one shoal in that area, and it is well off the usual track. P: I think we'll soon learn about it. See, they hoisted two other flags below the Code Flag. C: I can see the flags but I can't distinguish them, I am afraid. I must take my binoculars too. P: To my mind, that's a two letter signal "CB2" C: Yes, there is no doubt about that any moor. I can clearly see the flags now. These are the flags "CB" and pennant 2. Let me see the code book. This group means "I am aground. I require immediate assistance." P: So they ask you to help them. What are you going to do about that? C: We'll hoist now the group "DN" meaning "I am coming to your assistance." P: Shall we alter the course right away? C: Yes, certainly. (To the helmsman). Port 5! Steer for that ship on our port bow. 2. Vocabulary and expressions to tow = a remorca to shift = a schimba (dana) bottom = fund, opera vie tow-line = parama de remorcaj, remorca to settle = a stabili, a aranja, a rezolva to charge = a percepe o taxa to shorten = a scurta spare = de schimb, de rezerva the ship is disabled = nava este avariata to make arrangements= a face aranjamente, demersuri to take in tow = a lua la remorca to rig the bridle = a pregati un dispozitiv de remorcaj 3. Standard Marine Communication Phrases We will use…tug(s) = Noi vom folosi…remorcher(e) Stand by to make fast tud(s) = Pregatiti-va sa voltati remorca/remorcile

Make…tug(s) fast forward/on the port bow/on the starboard bow/aft/on the port quarter/on the starboard quarter = Voltati…remorca/remorcile in prove/prove babord/prova tribord/pupa/pupa babord/pupa tribord. The forward tug will make fast alongside on the port side/starboard side= remorcherul din prove se va lega in bordul babord/tribord The aft tug(s) will make fast alongside on the port side/starboard side = Remorcherul/remorcherele pupa se va/se vor lega in bordul babord/tribord. Make tug(s) fast on each bow/quarter = Voltati remorca/remorcile in fiecare prova/pupa The tug(s) will pull/push = Remorcherul/remorcherele va/vor trage/impinge Use the towing line of the vessel/tug (s) = Folositi paramele de remorcaj ale navei./remorcherului/remorcherelor. Use the center/panama lead = Folositi nara centrala /panama Use the fairlead on the port side/starboard side/amidships/the port boe/starboard bow/the port quarter/the starboard quarter = Folositi turnichetul din babord/tribord/de la cuplul maistru/ din prova babord/prova tribord/pupa babord/pupa tribord. Send two towing lines to the tug = Dati doua parame de remorcaj la remorcher Send a heaving line to the tug. = Dati o bandula la remorcher Lower the towing line to the tug = Coborati parama de remorcaj la remorcher Lower the towing line…metres from the water = coborati parama de remorcaj …metri deasupra apei Slack away the twoing line = Filati remorca. Make fast the towing line = voltati remorca Put the eye of the towing line on the bitts = Puneti gasa paramei se remorcaj pe binte. Keep well clear of the towing line (s) = pastrati distanta mare de parama/paramele de remrcaj. Stand by to let go tug(s) = Fiti pregatiti sa molati remorca/remorcile Let go the tug(s) = Molati remorca/remorcile. The towing line has broken = Remorca s-a rupt 4.Grammar: Verb + ing form or infinitive:introduction 4.1. We often use one verb after another verb. e.g. I enjoy running. I hope to run in the marathon next month. After some verbs e.g. enjoy, the second verb is the –ing form e.g. running. After other verbs e.g. hope, the second verb is to infinitive e.g. to run. 4.1.2. After some verbs e.g. start we can use the –ing form or the to infinitive, without much difference of meaning. e.g. Look. It’s started raining/to rain again. But after some other verbs e.g. stop, we can use the –ing form or the to infinitive with a big difference of meaning. e.g. I’m a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat 5 years ago.(=I ate meat up to 5 years ago, then I stopped.) After I’d been working for 3 hours, I stopped to eat lunch.) 4.1.3. After modal verbs such as can, must, should and some other verbs, we use the infinitive without to e.g. play, eat. e.g. I can play the guitar. You must eat something. 4.2. Verb + ing form

4.2.1. If these verbs are followed by another verb, the second verb is normally the –ing form. admit enjoy imagine practise avoid fancy involve put off consider Feel like(=want) keep on(=continue) risk delay finish mind stand(=bear) deny give up(=stop) miss suggest dislike can’t help (=can’t

avoid) pastpone

e.g. He admitted breaking the window. I enjoy getting up early in the summer. Have you finished doing your homework? They suggested meeting at two o’clock. Note the negative: not + ing form e.g. He admitted not paying for the ticket. After mind we can also use an if-clause e,g, Would you mind if I closed the window? After some of the above verbs, we can also use a that-clause. e.g. He admitted (that) he’d broken the window. They suggested (that) we met at two o’clock. 4.2.2. We use do + the/some/etc + ing form to talk , for example, about jobs. e.g. You do the cooking. I’ll do the washing up. We’re going to do some shopping this afternoon. (Note that the –ing form here is used as a noun, and like any other noun can have the, some, etc. in front of it.) 4.2.3. We can use go and come with the –ing form, especially to talk about sports and free time activities. e.g. I’d like to go swimming tomorrow. 4.3. Verb + to infinitive If these verbs are followed by another verb, the second verb is normally the to infinitive. afford fail pretend agree help promise appear hope refuse arrange Learn(how) seem ask manage threaten attempt Mean (=intend) want decide offer wish expect prepare e.g. I can’t afford to go on holiday this summer. The policeman asked to see my driving licence. She decided to stay at home last night. My brother expects to find a job soon. He’s going to learn to drive. Note the negative:not to + infinitive.

e.g. You promised not to tell anyone. She seemed not to notice me. After help we can use the infinitive with or without to. e.g. I’ll help(to) carry your bags. Note also that after can’t help (=’can’t avoid’) we use an-ing form e.g. I can’t help thinking we’ve made a mistake. After some of the above verbs, we can also use a that-clause. e.g. She decided (that) she would stay at home last night. My brother expects (that) he’ll find a job soon. After some of the above verbs we can use an object+to infinitive, e.g. He asked me to help him. 4.4. Verb + question word + to infinitive 4.4.1. After some verbs we can use a question word eg. What, how, where (but not why) + to infinitive e.g. I don’t know what to say. Do you know how to play chess? We can’t decide what to buy Sue for her birthday. I’ll explain what to do later on. 4.4.2. We often use this structure with an object + question word + to infinitive. e.g. I’ll show you how to play chess. Somebody told me where to buy a ticket. 4.5. Verb + object + to infinitive 4.5.1. After the verbs below, we normally use an object (e.g. Sue, me, you) before the to infinitive. Force get(=persuade) invite order persuade remind teach (how) tell warn e.g. We invited Sue to have dinner with us. She persuaded me to go to the party. He warned you not to be late again. Note that after these verbs in the passive, we can use the to infinitive without an object e.g. Sue was invited to have dinner with us. 4.5.2. We can also use an object + to infinitive after these verbs: Ask expect help mean(intend) want e.g. He asked me to help him. I didn’t expect Maria to write to me. I don’t want you to go. After help we can use an object + the infinitive with or without to. e.g. I’ll help you (to) carry your bags. After these verbs, we can also use the to infinitive without an object e.g. I expect to see Simon tomorrow. Note that after want, we cannot use a that-clause. For example, we cannot say I don’t want that you go. 4.5.3. After the verbs advise, allow, encourage, permit and recommend, we can use an-ing form, or an object + to infinitive. Compare: verb + -ing form verb + object + to infinitive

I wouldn’t advise going there. I wouldn’t advise you to go there. They don’t allow fishing here. They don’t allow people to fish here. 4.6. Verb + ing form or to infinitive (1) 4.6.1. After the verbs below, we can use the –ing form or the to infinitive normally without much difference of meaning. begin continue can’t bear hate like love prefer start e.g. He began looking/to look for a job 6 months ago. I like swimming/to swim in the sea. She prefers working/to work at night. 4.6.2. Like 4.6.2.1. In British English, we often use like +-ing form to say that we ‘enjoy’ something. e.g. I like going to the cinema. (= I enjoy it.) We use like + to infinitive to say that we choose to do something because we think it is a good idea. e.g. I like to go to the dentist’s for a check-up every 6 months. (=I think it is a good thing to do, although I may not enjoy it.) 4.6.2.2. After would like, would love, would hate and would prefer, we use the to infinitive. ‘Would you like to go out this evening?’ ‘I’d prefer to stay at home.’ ‘We’d love to see you at the weekend. 4.6.2.3. Compare like and would like: e.g. Do you like cooking? (= Do you enjoy cooking, generally?) Would you like to cook the dinner this evening? (= Do you want to cook the dinner this evening?) 4.6.2.3. Prefer Note these structures: Prefer + =ing form + to + -ing form e.g. I prefer playing football to watching it. would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + infinitive without to e.g. I would prefer to drive home tonight rather than wait until tomorrow. 4.7. Verb + ing form or to infinitive (2) After the verbs below we can use the –ing form or the to infinitive with a different meaning. Remember forget try stop go on regret 4.7.1. Remember/forget doing and remember/forget to do We use remember/forget + ing form when we remember or forget something after we do it. e.g. I remember going to the 1972 Olympics. ( I went there and now I remember this) We use remember/forget + to infinitive when we remember or forget something before we have to do it. e.g. I remembered to go to the chemist’s for you. Here’s your medicine. ( I remembered, then I went there.) Don’t forget to give me the money. 6.7.2. Try doing and try to do We use try + -ing form to mean ‘make an experiment’- do something and see what happens. e.g. ‘The car won’t start.’ ‘Why don’t we try pushing it?

We use try + to infinitive to mean ‘make an effort’-see if you can do something. I tried to push the car up the hill, but I couldn’t move it. 6.7.3. Stop doing and stop to do. We use stop + ing form to say what we do before we stop. I’m a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat 5 years ago. (= I ate meat up to 5 years ago, then I stopped.) We use stop + to infinitive to say why we stop. e.g. After I’d been working for three hours, I stopped to eat lunch. (=I stopped in order to eat lunch.) 6.7.4. Go on doing and go on to do We use go on +ing form to talk about something that continues. e.g. She went on talking about her holiday all evening.(= She continued talking…) We use go on + to infinitive to talk about a change to something different. e.g. She spoke about her son, then she went on to talk about her daughter. 6.7.5. Regret doing and regret to do We use regret + - ing form to say we regret something that we have already done. e.g. I regret saying that he was an idiot. (I said that he was an idiot) We use regret + to infinitive to say we regret something that we have to do now. e.g. I regret to say that I won’t be able to come to the meeting on Monday. Note that regret + to infinitive is rather formal. 5. Grammar Practice 1. Complete the sentences using the –ing form of the verbs in the box. Do have listen play be read go not make borrow swim rob Example: I enjoy listening to the radio in the mornings. 1. I’ll lend you the book when I’ve finished---it. 2. Do you ever go---in the sea? 3. They suggested…dinner in an Indian restaurant. 4. Robert gave up---football years ago. 5. The men admitted---the bank. 6. I really don’t mind---the housework. 7. I didn’t feel like---out last night, so I stayed at home. 8. Would you mind---so much noise? I’m trying to study. 9. I normally try to avoid---money. 10. Since she moved from London, she misses---able to see all her friends there, 2. Robert is talking about the day he bought a second-hand car.

Complete Robert’s story using the to infinitive form of the verbs in the boxes.

Buy be not like have test-drive ‘When I got to the garage, I managed to have a quick look at the car before the salesman came out of the office. It seemed ---in very good condition and was worth about 1000 pounds, although the garage was asking 1400 pounds for it. When the salesman came out, I arranged---the car straight away. The salesman and I got in and we drove off. I liked the car immediately and I decided that I wanted---it. but. Of course, I didn’t say this to the salesman. Instead, I pretended---the car very much.’

Try get accept pay ‘When we have finished the test-drive and had pulled up outside the garage, I told the salesman that I couldn’t afford---more than 750 pounds. The salesman, of course, refused---such a miserable little offer. He told me that he expected ---at least 1200 pounds for the car. I tried offering 800 pounds, 850 pounds, 875 pounds, but he wouldn’t change his mind. Then I decoded---something different.’ Give be sell accept ‘I thanked the salesman politely, said goodbye, got out of the car and started to walk away. It worked! The salesman got out of the car too and hurried after me. He told me that he wanted---fair and was prepared---a reasonable offer for the car. In the end, he agreed---it to me for 1000 pounds. He even agreed---me 200 pounds for my old car!’

3. Complete the sentences using the most suitable words in the box. What/do how/make what/wear how/get whether/stay how/spell Example: ‘Could you tell me how to get to Western Road, please?’ ‘Yes. Go down this road and it’s second on the left.’ 1. ‘Have you decided---to the interview?’ ‘Yes. I’m going to wear my new blue suit.’ 2. Could you tell me---your name please? 3. ‘What are you going to do this evening?’ ‘I can’t decide---at home ot go out.’ 4. Do you know---a Spanish omelette? 5. I felt very embarrassed when she started shouting. I didn’t know---so I just stood there. 4. Complete the sentences. Example: I couldn’t do the job on my own, so I/ask/Simon/help me. I couldn’t do the job on my own, so I asked Simon to help me. 1. I was surprised that my brother failed his driving test. I/expect/him/pass/easily 2. Annie wanted to stay up late, but her parents/tell/her/go to bed at 9 o’clock. 3. Simon phoned Sarah yesterday. He /invite/her/go to the party on Saturday. 4. I was going to buy the car, but a friend of mine/persuade/me/change my mind. 5. Don’t tell Sue what I’ve done. I/not/want/her/know. 6. One of the plane’s engines caught fire, which /force/the pilot/land. 7. When I was a child, my mother/warn/me/not/talk to strangers. 8. If you hadn’t/remind/me/lock the door, I would have forgotten. 5. Put the verbs into the correct for: the –ing form or the to infinitive. Example: She doesn’t allow anyone to drive (drive) her car. 1. They don’t allow---(talk) in the examination. 2. He’s always encouraged me---(have) confidence in myself. 3. I’d recommend you---(see) the film. It’s very good. 4. I wouldn’t recommend---(drive) through the city centre now. The traffic is terrible at this

time of the day.

5. What would you advise me ---(do)? 6. I wouldn’t advise---(tell) anyone what’s happened. 6. Put the verbs into the correct form. Sometimes two answers are possible. Examples: I quite enjoy driving (drive) at night. Do you like getting up/to get up (get up) early? 1. Would you like---(listen) to some music? 2. Simon and sally have started---(cook) the dinner. 3. I prefer---(windsurf) to---(sail). 4. I’d prefer---(walk) home rather than---(go) by taxi. 5. My sister loves---(go) shopping. 6. I’d love---(visit) Australia one day. 7. My brother hates---(have to) work at weekends. 8. Do you like---(play) chess? 9. I try to look after my car. I like---(take)it to the garage to be serviced regularly. 10. Shh! The orchestra is starting---(play). 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the –ing form or the to infinitive. Example: ‘I introduced you to Sue last month.’ ‘Really? I don’t remember meeting (meet) her.’ 1. ‘ You said Ken was stupid.’ ‘I don’t remember---(say) that.’ 2. I’ll never forget---(visit) Istanbul in 1983. 3. When I go shopping I must remember---(buy) some bread. 4. Please remember---(turn off) the radio before you go out. 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the –ing form or the to infinitive. Example:’I need to borrow some money.’ ‘Why don’t you try asking (ask) your parents to lend you some? 1.I’ll try---(come) to the meeting, but I’m not sure if I’ll be able to. 2. If you get hiccups, you should try---(drink) a glass of water. If that doesn’t work, try---(hold) your breath. 3. You can borrow my camera, but please try---(be) careful with it. 4.‘This soup doesn’t taste very good.’ ‘Try---(put) in some more salt.’ 9. Complete the sentences using the –ing form or the to infinitive of the verbs in the box.

Use each verb only once. Example: could you stop working for a moment? I’d like to speak to you. ask not learn tell work make 1. He went on---a noise even though I’d asked him to stop. 2. She started by talking about her job. Then she went on---me about her family. 3. He stopped reading---me a question. 4. I regret---to play a musical instrument when I was younger. 6.Grammar Practice-Answer-key

1. 1.reading; 2. Swimming; 3. Having; 4.playing; 5. Robbing; 6. Doing; 7. Going; 8. Not making; 9. Borrowing; 10. Being 2. 1.to be; 2. To test-drive; 3. To buy; 4. Not to like; 5. To pay; 6. To accept; 7. To get; 8. To try; 9. To be; 10. To accept; 11. To sell; 12. To give. 3. 1.what to wear; 2. How to spell; 3. Whether to stay; 4. How to make; 5. What to do 4. 1.…I expected him to pass easily; 2….but her parents told her to go to bed at 9 o’clock; 3…He invited her to go to a party on Saturday; 4….but a friend of mine persuaded me to change my mind; 5…I don’t want her to know; 6. …which forced the pilot to land; 7….my mother warned me not to talk to strangers. 8. If you hadn’t reminded me to lock the door… 5. 1.talking; 2. To have; 3. To see; 4. Driving; 5. To do; 6. Telling 6. 1.to listen; 2. Cooking/to cook; 3. Windsurfing, sailing; 4. To walk, go; 6. To visit; 7. Having to/ to have to; 8. Playing/ to play; 9. To take; 10 to play 7. 1.saying; 2. Visiting; 3. To buy; 4. To turn off. 8. 1.to come; 2. drinking, holding; 3. to be; 4. putting. 9. 1.making; 2. to tell; 3. to ask; 4. not learning 6.Progress Test –ing form or infinitive Choose the correct answer-A, B or C. 1. Do you like…money? A borrow B to borrow C borrowing 2. My girlfriend persuaded me…my hair cut. A have B to have C having 3. I used…running every morning, but I never go now. A go B to go C going 4. I’ve decided…for a new job. A look B to look C looking 5. You needn’t…me back that magazine. I’ve finished with it. A give B to give C giving

6. You must always remember…your car locked. A keep B to keep C. keeping 7. It’s very late. We really must…going. A be B to be C being 8. How about…tennis at the weekend? A play B to play C playing 9. You shouldn’t encourage anyone… A smoke B to smoke C smoking 10. I’m not very good at…speeches. A make B to make C making 11. Going to the dentist always makes me… A feel B to feel C feeling 12.I stopped writing…the telephone. A answer B to answer C answering 13. I don’t particularly enjoy … A cook B to cook C cooking 14. Janet promised…anyone what I’d said. A not tell B not to tell C to not tell 15. It’s a lovely morning. Why don’t we…for a walk? A go B to go C going 16. We haven’t decided what…this evening. A do B to do C doing 17. we didn’t expect England…the football match. A win B to win C winning 18. The police warned the man… A to not move B not to move C not move 19. …a lot of sugar is supposed to be bad for you. A eat B to eat C eating 20. I can’t afford…a new stereo. A buy B to buy C buying 21. Ken switched on the radio…the news. A hear B to hear C hearing 22. all the hotels are full and we’ve got nowhere. A stay B to stay C staying 9. Progress Test-Answer-Key 1. C; 2. B; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A; 6. B; 7. A; 8. C; 9. B; 10. C; 11. A; 12. B; 13. C; 14. B; 15. A; 16. B; 17. B; 18. B; 19. C; 20. B; 21. B; 22. B

Chapter 4

Taking a pilot aboard. –ing and Infinitive(II)

1. To call for a pilot, the ship either sends a radiogram beforehand or hoists the signal when she approaches the pilot-station. A pilot may board the ship either near the pilot station or in the offing. When the pilot launch is nearing the ship the pilot is asked which side he wants the ladder to be rigged. If the wind is fresh or strong, the pilot is usually taken aboard from the lee side. To hold the launch against the sea, a boat rope is put over and fenders are shipped on the side where the launch makes fast. The WOO meets the pilot and shows him to the bridge. Then the pilot manoeuvres the ship into the harbour to her berthing place. Sometimes the pilot takes the ship only into the harbour and the port pilot boards the ship to manoeuvre her to the berth. He also sees to the mooring of the vessel. Although the pilot is consulted as to what course should be steered and practically it is he who conns the ship to her place, yet the responsibility for the safety of the vessel lies with the captain. 2.VOCABULARY Words and Phrases to call for = a cere, a necesita, a reclama to board = a urca la bord, a (se) ambarca in the offing = la, in larg, la dapartare de coasta launch = salupa, barca cu motor pilot ladder = scara pilotului lee side = bordul de sub vint to manoeuvre = a manevra berthing place = loc de acostare mooring = legare la cheu, acostare to conn = a dirija, a pilota boat rope = barbeta OOW (Oficer of the watch) = ofiter de cart to hoist = a ridica tug (boat) = remorcher compulsory = obligatoriu single-screw ship = nava cu o singura elice twin-screw ship = nava cu doua elice draft (draught) = pescaj fore = in fara, la prova aft = in spate, la pupa to sheer = a devia de la drum, a ambarda searchlight = proiector compulsory = obligatoriu sunken rock = stinca scufundata leading lights = lumini de aliniament echo sounder = sonda ultrason abreast of = la travers de to take aboard = a lua la bord, a ambarca the responsibility lies with = responsabilitatea ramine asupre to make fast = a se lega, a lua volta to get underway = a porni in mars

to put over the rope = a da barbeta to steer the course = a guverna pe un drum to make a landing = a veni pe, a ateriza we are now running 15 knots = facem 15 noduri to hold launch against the sea = a mentine salupa acostata contracarind efectul valurilor 3.VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1 WO: Motor-boat, ahoy! come alongside from starboard. P: Put over the boat rope! Rig the pilot ladder! WO: The ladder is fast. You may climb up. Shall we take your launch in tow? P: No, you needn’t. Please hoist aboard the searchlight equipment. WO: All right, Sir. Will you kindly come along to the bridge? C: How far will you pilot the ship? P: I will take her only up to the port entrance. C: Who will take the ship further on? P: At the entrance to the port, another pilot will board the ship. He will relieve me and manoeuvre her into the port. He will take the ship to her berth. C: Shell we take a tug to enter the port and to make a landing? P: Yes, taking a tug is compulsory for such big ships as yours. C: Thank you. Are you ready to take her up? P: Yes, I am ready. Dialogue 2 P: How many propellers has your ship? CM: She is a single-screw ship. P: What is her maximum speed? CM: Her maximum speed is 20 knots. P: How many knots are we running now? CM: We are running about 17 knots. P: What is the draft of your ship? CM: Her draft is 5.95 metres fore and 6.00 metres aft. P: How is her head now? CM: Her head is 158ºnow. P: How does she answer the helm? CM: She answers the helm all right. P: Does the ship sheer too much? CM: No, she sheers a little when there is a heavy swell or a strong wind. P: What propulsion machinery have you got on your ship? WO: We have a 2000 h.p. Diesel. P: How many revolutions does she do? WO: She does 118 r.p.m. P: How long will it take to get the engine ready? WO: It will take one and a half hours to get the engine ready. P: That’s good. We must get underway in two hours. Dialogue 3 P: We are approaching the entrance point. Will you give me the chart for this channel? WO: Yes, sir. Here you are. P: Thank you. I wanted to show you how we can get into port. Do you see that sunken rock the one nearer to the coast?

WO: But the rock is hardly a cable from the sea buoy you were searching for? P: That’s right. You see the depths are very irregular around that rock. So, we must keep at least half a cable southward of that buoy. Do you follow me? WO: Yes, I do. P: Now, do you see those two lights on the chart? Well, as soon as we are past that buoy, we must keep these lights in line till we cross the other leading line. do you follow me? WO: Yes, certainly, I do. The first leading line will take us through this passage and the depths here are pretty irregular. P: That’s what I was going to tell you. So switch on the echo sounder and keep it working continuously till we are out of this passage. WO: Very well, I’ll switch it on as soon as we approach the passage. We have still about half an hour before we reach there. Can you show me our berthing place on the plan? P: Get the port plan ready. We must enter the port through this channel, leaving this molehead to starboard. Then we must proceed to the right-hand corner of the inner harbour. Our berthing place will be exactly abreast of that point. WO: Thank you very much. Now we are just nearing that passage. 4. Grammar.Infinitive and Gerund (II) 4.1.Be used to + -ing form and used to + infinitive 4.1.1.Compare: We use be used to + ing form to mean ‘be accustomed to’. I’m used to driving my new car now, but I found it very strange at first.(= I’m accustomed to driving the car now, it is no longer strange to me.) We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits which are now finished. I used to drive a Mercedes, but now I drive a Citroen. (=I drove a Mercedes regularly in the past, but I do not drive a Mercedes now.) 4.1.2. We can use get (= become) used to + = ing form, e.g. I’ve got used to driving my new car. 4.1.3.After be/get used to we can also use a noun phrase e.g .English food, my new computer He isn’t used to English food. I haven’t got used to my new computer yet. 4.2. Need + ing form or to infinitive 4.2.1. After the full verb need we can use the to infinitive. I’m tired. I need to get some sleep. We’ve got plenty of time. We don’t need to hurry. 4.2.2. After the full verb need, we can also use the –ing form in a passive meaning. My car needs servicing. These trousers need cleaning. After need, we can also use to be+past participle in the same passive meaning. My car needs to be serviced. These trousers need to be cleaned. 4.3. Infinitive without to 4.3.1. We use the infinitive without to after modal verbs e.g. can, must, should I can speak Italian. We must go now. Exception: after the modal verb ought, we use the to infinitive, e.g. You ought to be careful. 4.3.2. We use the infinitive without to after let’s (=let us) and why don’t we/you…? to make suggestions. ‘What shall we do this afternoon?’ ‘Let’s go to the cinema.’ Why don’t we have a party next Saturday?

Why don’t we apply for the job? We also use the infinitive without to after would rather and had better. ‘Would you like to go out this evening?’ ‘I’d rather stay at home.’ I think it’s going to rain. You’d better take an umbrella with you when you go out. 4.3.3. After the verbs let (=allow) and make (=force or cause), we use an object e.g. their children, me, us + infinitive without to They let their children stay up late at weekends. (=allow their children to stay up) Will you let me use your camera? (=allow me to use) You can’t make us go if we don’t want to. (=force us to go0 The film made me cry.(=caused me to cry) 4.4. Preposition + ing form 4.4.1. When there is a verb after a preposition (e.g. in, of, about, before, after), it is always in the –ing form. Are you interested in playing tennis tomorrow? I’m thinking of changing my job. How about going to the cinema this evening? 4.4.2. To Sometimes to is part of the infinitive verb form. We’ve decided to go on holiday next month. Would you like to eat now or later? Sometimes to is a preposition. She’s traveling to Greece tomorrow. We’re looking forward to the party. Carlos isn’t used to English food. If you can put a noun after to, it is a preposition. If to is a preposition, we use the –ing form of verbs after it. I’m looking forward to going to the party. Carlos isn’t used to eating English food. 4.5. Person + -ing form 4.5.1. In informal English, we normally use an object form e.g. me, you, Simon + -ing form. Do you mind me asking you a question? They were angry about Simon arriving late. In formal English, we can use a possessive e.g. my, your, Simon’s+-ing form instead. Do you mind my asking you a question? They were angry about Simon’s arriving late. 4.5.2. After verbs such as see, hear and feel, we normally use the object form (not the possessive) + -ing. You saw me arriving. 4.6. –ing form and to infinitive as subjects 4.6.1. We can use the –ing form as a subject Smoking is a terrible habit. Knowing how to drive is useful. Playing tennis in England isn’t expensive. 4.6.2. We can also use the to infinitive as subject (e.g To know how to drive is useful) but this is unusual. When we use the to infinitive as a subject, it is more usual to begin the sentence with it (as a ‘preparatory subject’) It is useful to know how to drive. It isn’t expensive to play tennis in England.

4.7. To infinitive of purpose 4.7.1. We can use a to infinitive to talk about a person’s purpose-why someone does something I’m going out to do some shopping. She’s saving up to buy a motor bike. I went to a restaurant to have some lunch. In a more formal style, we use in order to or so as to. I went to Paris in order to learn French. We left early so as to have plenty of time. 4.7.2. In negative sentences, we normally use in order not to or so as not to . We left early so as not to be late/We left early in order not to be late. 4.8.Noun/pronoun/adjective+to infinitive 4.8.1.Noun/pronoun+to infinitive We can use the to infinitive after some nouns and pronouns (often to say what is to be done with them) I’ve got some letters to write. We need some scissors to cut the paper. Would you like something to read? We can also use this structure with adjective + noun +to infinitive. That’s an impossible question to answer. 4.8.2. Adjective + to infinitive 4.8.2.1. We can use the to infinitive after a number of adjectives. I’m very pleased to see you. I was disappointed to hear that you didn’t pass the exam. He’ll be surprised to get your letter. It isn’t easy to learn a foreign language. 4.8.2.2.We can use the structure of (someone) + to infinitive after adjectives such as these: Nice silly

Kind careless

Generous clever

Polite wrong

Good stupid

mean

It’s kind of you to help me. It was stupid of me to say that. 4.8.2.3. We can use the structure for + object + to infinitive after adjectives such as these: Easy common

Important normal

Essential rare

(un)usual (un) necessary

It won’t be easy for us to get tickets for the concert now. It’s important for everyone to be here on time. We can also use this structure after some nouns and verbs. It was a mistake for me to come here. We can also use this structure after some nouns and verbs. It was a mistake for me to come here. I’m waiting for my sister to phone me. 4.9. See someone doing and see someone do After the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen and notice we can use an object + …-ing or the infinitive without to. We saw Peter leaving. We saw Peter leave. I heard them going out. I heard them go out. There is always a difference in meaning. We use the..-ing form when we se, hear, etc only part of an action in progress.

As I drove past the park, I saw some people playing football.(=They were in the middle of playing) We use the infinitive without to when we see, hear etc. the whole action from beginning to end. Last week, I went to London and saw England play Brazil in the big football match. (=I saw the whole game) 5.Grammar Practice 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: to + ing form or to + infinitive. Example: When I was younger, I used to play (play) a lot of football. Now I never play 1. It won’t take you long to get used---(work) with your new word processor. 2. My parents ---(live) in London, but now they live in Bristol. 3. Bruno is Italian, but he has lived in London for over 5 years. He has got used---(eat)

English food now, but when he first arrived in England he didn’t like it very much. 4. Mike found Africa strange at first. He wasn’t used---(live) in such a hot climate. 5. I normally go to bed at about 10 o’clock. I’m not used---(stay) up late. 6. I used---(work) on a farm once and had to get up at 5 o’clock every morning. It was

difficult at first because I wasn’t used---(get up) so early. 2. Complete each sentence using the correct form of the most suitable verb in the box.

Sometimes two forms are possible. Examples: There is a hole in my sock. It needs mending/to be mended. Tomorrow is a holiday, so I don’t need to get up early in the morning. buy adjust get up ask renew practise mend 1. Your passport is out of date. It needs--- 2. You need---the piano every day if you want to improve. 3. The brakes on my car aren’t working very well. I think they need--- 4. The cat is hungry. It needs--- 5. We’ve got plenty of milk. We don’t need---any more. 6. I went to see her because I needed---her some questions. 3. Complete each sentence using the most suitable verb in the box. Use each verb only

once. Example: ‘Would you like a cup of tea?’ ‘I’d rather have coffee.’

Eat hurry tell type wear lend sit promise cry wait use have

1. It’s very cold today. You’d better---a coat when you go out. 2. ‘I haven’t got any money.’ ‘Let me---you some.’ 3. Chopping onions makes me--- 4. ‘I’m tired of walking.’ ‘Let’s---down for a while then.’ 5. I can’t---you what sally said. She made me---that I wouldn’t tell anyone. 6. ‘Why don’t we---dinner now? ‘I think I’d rather---until later.’ 7. It’s getting late. We’d better--- 8. I couldn’t---the letter because my brother wouldn’t let me---his typewriter. 4. Complete the sentences. Use a preposition from the box and the –ing fprm of the

verbs in brackets. Use some prepositions more than once. For at about in to of after

Example: ‘What shall we do this evening?’ ‘How about going (go) to the cinema?’ 1. There is a good film on TV tonight. I’m really looking forward---(see) it. 2. Are you interested---(learn) to play the guitar? 3. ---(have) breakfast. I did the washing up. 4. I’m not used--- (eat) such spicy food. 5. Did she apologise---(be) late? 6. I’m tired---(hear) her complain. 7. We thanked her---(give) us a lift in her car. 8. She’s very good---(paint) and (draw) 5. Complete the sentences using (i) the object form + -ing, and (ii) the possessive + -ing

form. Example: Do you mind---(I/open) the window? (i)Do you mind me opening the window? (ii) Do you mind my opening the window? 1. I don’t mind---(you/borrow) my car. 2. Do you mind---(I/switch on) the TV? 3. They insisted on---(we/stay) for dinner with them. 4. How do you feel about---(they/get) married? 5. Annie’s parents don’t like---(she/go) to bed late. 6. I was surprised about---(Sue/forget) to come to the meeting. 6.What does it mean in each of these sentences? Use the –ing form of words in the box in your answers. Example: It can be dangerous, especially at midday. Sunbathing can be dangerous, especially at midday. Live on your own babysit sunbathe smoke read English swim watch late night horror films 1. It is a big responsibility, especially with very young children. 2. It is a very good way of keeping fit. 3. It can give you nightmares. 4. It is difficult if you are used to being with a lot of people. 5. It is much easier than speaking it. 6. It can cause lung cancer. 7. Join each idea in A with an idea in B. Make sentences using (I) in order (not) to, and

(ii) so as (not) to. Example: (I) He drank lots of black coffee in order to keep awake. (ii) He drank lots of black coffee so as to keep awake. A B 1. He drank lots of black coffee disturb the neighbours 2. I often write things down save time 3. She took an umbrella get a better job 4. We’ll use the computer forget them 5. I want to pass the exams keep awake 6. We turned down the music get wet 8.Complete the sentences using the to infinitive form of the verbs in the box. Example: Are you hungry? Would you like something to eat?

Say unlock catch wear eat write tell 1. Have you got a key---this door? 2. Can we meet today? I’ve got something important---you. 3. I’m staying at home this evening. I’ve got some letters--- 4. ‘Why are you so quiet?’ ‘I haven’t got anything---‘ 5. I need some new clothes---to the party. 6. I really must go now. I’ve got a train--- 9.Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in the box. Example: Goodbye. It was very nice to meet you. Impossible/finish please/hear safe/go nice/meet easy/use interesting/plan 1.My new video recorder looks complicated, but it’s actually very--- 2‘That is a very dangerous part of the city. It isn’t---out there at night. 3. I was---that you had passed your exam. 4.I don’t like package holidays. I think it’s much more---your own holiday. 5.It’s---all that work today. There just isn’t enough time. 10.Put the verbs in brackets into the-ing form or the infinitive without to. Example: I saw Sue drop (drop) the bag and pick it up again. 1.As I walked past the room, I heard two people---(argue0. 2.We stopped for a moment and watched them---(build) the new hospital. 3. Did you see someone---(break) the window? 4. We watched them---(climb) up to the top of the hill and then come down again. 5.We saw the man---(post) a letter and walk down the street. 6.As I looked out of the window I noticed the woman---(repair) her car. 11. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the –ing form, the to infinitive, or the infinitive without to. Sometimes two answers are possible. Examples: You really should try(try) to stop smoking (smoke). 1. I hate---(work) at weekends. 2. Would you like---(come) to a disco this evening? 3. Can I help you---(move) your things? 4. I had hoped---(see0 the musical Rainbow, but I couldn’t---(get) any tickets. 5. Stop---(make) so much noise. People are trying---(sleep) 6. Would you like something---(drink)? 7. You should ---(try) to avoid---(drive) through the city centre at the rush hour. 8. I want a few days---(think) about their offer before---(make) a decision. 9. What time do you need---(leave)---(catch) your bus? 10. It’s unusual for him---(be) ill. 11. It was horrible to work as an au pair. My family expected me---(work0 seven days a

week. 12. Do you prefer---(ski) to---(ice-skate)? 13. I am very fond of---(walk0 by the sea. 14. I rang the doorbell, but no one seemed---(be) at home. 15. It was good of you---(explain) everything to me. 16. I’d advise you---(not/walk) alone in that part of the city. It can be very dangerous there at

night. 17. I remember---(meet) her once, but I can’t remember her name. 18. I’d like---(make) a copy of a letter.Could you ---(show) me how ---(use)the photocopier?

I’ve never used it before.

19. I feel like---(not/do) anything at all this evening. 20. We’re very much looking forward to---(see) you next week. 21. I mustn’t ---(forget)---(phone) the doctor tomorrow morning. 22. The customs officer made me---(empty) my suitcase. 23. ---(eat) too many sweets is very bad for your teeth. 24. Sarah has decided---(not/go) away on holiday this summer. 25. They stopped---(work) at one o’clock ---(have) something---(eat). 6. Grammar Practice-answer key 1. 1. to working; 2. to live; 3. to eating; 4. to living; 5.to staying; 6. to work, to getting up. 2. 1. renewing/to be renewed; 2. to practise; 3. adjusting/to be adjusted; 4. feeding/to be

fed; 5. to buy; 6. to ask. 3. 1. wear; 2. lend; 3. cry; 4. sit; 5. tell, promise; 6. eat, wait; 7. hurry; 8. type, use 4. 1. to seeing; 2. in learning; 3. After having; 4. to eating; 5. for being; 6. of hearing; 7.

for giving; 8. at painting, drawing 5. 1. you borrowing, your borrowing; 2. me switching on, my switching on; 3 us staying,

our staying; 4 them getting, their getting; 5 her going, her going; 6 Sue forgetting, Sue’s forgetting

6. 1. Babysitting is a big responsibility, especially for very young children; 2 Swimming is

a very good way of keeping fit; 3. Watching late night horror films can give you nightmares; 4. Living on your own is quite difficult if you are used to being with a lot of people; 5 Reading English is much easier than speaking it; 6 Smoking can cause lung cancer.

7. 1. He drank lots of black coffee in order to keep awake, He drank lots of black coffee

so as to keep awake; 2. I often write things down in order not to forget them, I often write things down so as not to forget them; 3. She took an umbrella in order not to get wet, She took an umbrella so as not to get wet; 4.We’ll use the computer in order to save time, We’ll use the computer so as to save time; 5. I want to pass the exam in order to get a better job, I want to pass the exam so as to get a better job; 6. We turned down the music in order not to disturb the neighbours, We turned down the music so as not to disturb the neighbours.

8. 1. to unlock; 2. to tell; 3. to write; 4. to say; 5. to wear; 6. to catch 9. 1. easy to use; 2. safe to go; 3. pleased to hear 4. interesting to plan; 5. impossible to

finish 10 1. arguing; 2. building; 3. break; 4. climb; 5. post; 6. repairing.

11. 1.working/to work; 2. To come. 3. Move/to move; 4. Tosee, get; 5. Making, to sleep; 6. To drink; 7. Try, driving; 8. To think, making; 9. To leave, to catch, 10. To be; 11. To work; 12. skiing, ice-skating; 13. walking; 14. to be; 15. to explain; 16. not to walk; 17. meeting; 18. to make, show, to use; 19. not doing; 20. seeing; 21. forget, to phone; 22. empty; 23. eating; 24 not to go; 25. working, to have, to eat 7. Progress Test: -ing form or to infinitive (II) There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. I stopped to play football 20 years ago. 2. When will the car need servicing again? 3. Thanks for letting me to borrow your car. 4. Would you like to having a coffee now? 5. To walk can be very relaxing. 6. It isn’t easy learn to play the piano. 7. I went to the station for get my train. 8. They wanted that I go out with them. 9. Everyone refused helping the old man. 10. I usually avoid driving at night if I can. 11. How about to play tennis at the weekend? 12. As I walked past the house I saw some men build a swimming pool. 13. Have you finished to eat your breakfast? 14. I’m used to work at night now, but I found it difficult at first. 15. Do you like to take regular exercise? 16. We’re thinking of to go to a disco tonight. 17. Can you to come to my party on Saturday? 18. I’m looking forward to see you tonight. 19. We hope to have a holiday soon. 20. Do you feel like to listen to some music. 21. Annie’s mother made her to eat her lunch. 22. Do you want that someone helps you for move the table? 8. Progress Test-Answer Key 1. I stopped playing 2. Right 3. Thanks for letting me borrow 4. Would you like to have 5. Walking can be… 6. It isn’t easy to learn… 7. I went to the station to get my train 8. They wanted me to go out with them 9. Everyone refused to help the old man. 10. Right 11. How about playing tennis…. 12. …I saw some men building… 13. Have you finished eating… 14. I’m used to working… 15. Right 16. We’re thinking of going… 17. Can you come… 18. I’m looking forward to seeing… 19. Right 20. Do you feel like listening…

21. Annie’s mother made her eat her lunch. 22. Do you want someone to help you move/someone to help you to move the table?

Chapter 5.

Medical Inspection of the Ship. Negatives, Questions and Answers

1. On the arrival of a ship in a foreign port the first person who comes aboard is the medical officer of the port. His duty is to examine the members of the crew for infectious diseases. He also examines the bill of health which the ship got in her last port of call. If the bill of health is “clean” and there are no infectious diseases on board the medical officer issues the certificate of pratique. This certificate allows the vessel to enter the port and to discharge her cargo. It also allows the ship’s crew and passengers to land. If the ship has arrived from a port suffering from infectious diseases or if there have been some cases of infections aboard the ship during her voyage, the ship is put in quarantine. The medical officer is also under duty to examine whether the ship has proper certificates of deratization and disinfection. In case of some casualty or if there are some sick people on board, the medical officer renders assistance in placing the injured or sick persons for hospital treatment. Sometimes customs officers and pilots are authorised to give ships free pratique provided the ships have “clean” bills of health. 2.VOCABULARY Words and phrases. Medical officer = inspector sanitar, doctor Duty = datoria, indatorire To examine = a examina, a verifica Crew = echipaj Infectious disease = boala infectioasa Bill of health = patenta de sanatate To issue = a emite, a elibera Free pratique = libera practica, permisiune de a opera Port of call = port de escala To land = a acosta Quarantine = carantina Casualty = eveniment nefericit, accident Sick = bolnav To injure = a deteriora, a avaria, a rani Injury = deteriorare, avarie, ranire Authorize = a autoriza To fumigate = a dezinfecta, a deratiza To carry out = a executa To hand over = a inmina, a preda To suffer from = a suferi de To be under duty = a avea indatorirea/datoria To render assistance = a acorda asistenta To get medical treatment = a primi tratament medical To be X-rayed = a face radiografie To muster and line up = a se aduna in formatie A keep the ship in quarantine = a tine nava in carantina

3.VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1 MO: I’ve come to examine your ship. I am the medical officer. Have you any sick people on board? CM: Yes, two men were badly injured during the storm. MO: What injuries did they get? CM: One of them has broken his leg, the other one has sprained his arm. MO: Do they get medical treatment? CM: Yes, certainly they do, but still they need hospital treatment. They both must be X-rayed. MO: I’ll see to that later when we have finished with the examination. CM: Shall I have all hands mustered and lined up for doctor’s inspection? MO: No, that’s not necessary. Do you have any infectious disease on board? CM: No, everybody is in good health. MO: Have you had unusual mortality among the rats on board your ship? CM: No, we haven’t. We maintain the ship practically ratfree, as we often do fumigation. MO: What was your last port of call? CM: Our last port of call was Naples, Italy. MO: Show me the latest copy of your bill of health. CM: Here it is. It was issued in Naples. MO: Thank you. Will you kindly present your deratization and disinfection certificates. CM: Here they are. The vessel was fumigated a month ago. MO: So, everything is OK and I’ll give you free pratique. Dialogue 2 MO: I am sorry, but we have to keep your ship in quarantine. C : What’ the reason for that? MO: We are informed about an epidemic of cholera in Hong Kong where you were five days ago. C : How long shall we be kept in quarantine? MO: According to regulations you’ll be kept in quarantine for a week. We’ll have to carry out disinfection. C : How long will it take you to carry out disinfection? MO: It won’t take much time, a couple of hours, perhaps. C : All right; you may start then. What other regulations should we carry out? MO: All the requirments are stated in this declaration which you must sign and hand over to me.You may retain a copy of this declaration. C : That’s clear. Anything else? MO: Fruit, vegetables, flowers are not allowed to be landed. Besides you must sign a declaration that you won’t land any animals ashore. C : We have no animals, except a dog. MO: It is just the same. You must confine your dog and not let it out on deck.

4. Read and study the following MARITIME DECLARATION OF HEALTH

DECLARATIE MARITIMA SANITARA MARITIME DECLARATION OF HEALTH

(Se prezinta de comandantii navelor sosite din porturi straine) (To be rendered by the masters of ships arriving from ports outside the territory)

INTEROGATORIU SANITAR

HEALTH QUESTIONS

A existat la bord in timpul calatoriei vreun caz de ciuma, holera, febra galbena, variola, tifos, febra recurenta, sau vreun caz suspect de asemenea boli? Dati amanunte in tablou. Has there been on board during the voyage any case or suspect case of plague, cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, typhus, or relapsing fever? Give particulars in the Schedule. No S-a constatat sau au fost cazuri suspecte de de ciuma printre sobolanii sau soarecii de la bord in timpul calatoriei sau s-a constatat vreo mortalitate neobisnuita printre ei? Has plague occurred or been suspected among the rats or mice on board during the voyage or has there been an abnormal mortality among them? No A murit vreo persoana la bord in timpul calatoriei altfel decit ca rezultat al unui accident? Dati amanunte in tablou. Has any person died on board during the voyage otherwise than as a result of accident? Give particulars in Schedule. No Exista la bord sau a existat in timpul calatoriei vreun caz de maladie pe care o suspectati de a fi de natura infectioasa? Dati amanunte in tablou. Is there on board or has there been during the voyage any case of disease which you suspect to be of an infectious nature? Give particulars in Schedule. No Exista acum vreo persoana bolnava la bord? Dati amanunte in tablou. Nota: In absenta unui medic Comandantul trebuie sa considere urmatoarele simptome pentru a suspecta existenta unei maladii de natura infectioasa: febra insotita de slabire fizica persistind mai multe zile sau insotita de inflamatii glandulare; orice patare sau eruptie acuta a pielii cu sau fara febra, diaree puternica cu simptome de slabiciune fizica generala; icter insotit de febra. Is there any sick person on board now? Give particulars in Schedule. Note: In the absence of a surgeon, the Master should regard the following symptoms as ground of suspecting the existence of disease of an infectious nature: fever accompanied by prostration or persisting for several days or attended with glandular swelling; or any acute skin rash or eruption with or without fever; severe diarrhoea with symptoms of collapse; jaundice accompanied by fever. No Aveti cunostinta de vreo conditie la bord care poate duce la infectie sau la raspindirea maladiei?

Are you aware of any other condition on board which may lead to infection or the spread of disease? NoPrin prezenta declar ca datele si raspunsurile la intrebarile solicitate in aceasta declaratie sanitara sunt adevarate si corecte conform cunostintelor si parerilor mele. I hereby declare that the particulars and answers to the questions given in this Declaration of Health are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Medicul navei Comandant Ship’s Surgeon Master Data Date 5.Grammar: Negatives, Questions and Answers 5.1. Negative statements We form negative statements by putting not (contraction n’t) after an auxiliary verb (e.g. be, have, can) We’re leaving We aren’t leaving They’ve finished. They haven’t finished. He can swim. He can’t swim. I may go to the party. I may not go to the party. We also form negative statements by putting not/n’t after the full verb be, and after have and have got. I’m hungry. I’m not hungry. She’s got a car. She hasn’t got a car. In the present simple and past simple there is no auxiliary verb, so we use do/does (in the present simple) and did ( in the past simple ) before not/n’t. I smoke. I don’t smoke. She lives in London. She doesn’t live in London. We went out last night. We didn’t go out last night. Note that after do/does and did, the verb is always the infinitive without to e.g. smoke, live, go. If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, not/n’t goes after the first auxiliary. He’s been working. He hasn’t been working. 5.2. Yes/No questions 5.2.1. A Yes/No question is a question which can be answered with Yes or No. ‘Is Susan coming?’ ‘Yes.’/’No.’ 5.2.2. We form questions by changing the position of the subject (e.g. Sue, they, he) and the auxiliary verb (e.g. be, have, can) Sue is coming. Is Sue coming? They have finished. Have they finished? You can cook. Can you cook? We form questions with the full verb be in the same way. They are English. Are they English? We form questions with have got by changing the position of the subject and have. He has got a car. Has he got a car?

If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, we change the position of the subject and the first auxiliary. He has been waiting. Has he been waiting? In the present simple and past simple there is no auxiliary verb, so we use do/does in present simple questions and did in past simple questions. They live here. Do they live here? She likes tennis. Does she like tennis? He enjoyed the film. Did he enjoy the film? Note that after do/does and did, the verb is always the infinitive without to e.g. live, like, enjoy. 5.2.3. Wh-questions 5.2.3.1. A Wh-question begins with a question word: what, where, who, whose, when, why, which, how. What is she reading? Where do they live? 5.2.3.2. We form questions by changing the position of the subject (e.g. she, they, we) and the auxiliary verb (e.g. be, have, can) She is reading. What is she reading? They have gone. Where have they gone? We can start. What can we start? We form questions with the full verb be in the same way. He is here. Why is he here? We form questions with have got by changing the position of the subject and have. He has got your key. Why has he got your key? If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, we change the position of the subject and the first auxiliary. He has been reading. What has he been reading? In the present simple and past simple there is no auxiliary verb, so we use do/does in present simple questions and did in past simple questions. They start work. When do they start work? She goes to school. Where does she go to school? He arrived. When did he arrive? Note that after do/does and did the verb is always the infinitive without to e.g. start, go, arrive. 5.2.4. Subject and object question 5.2.4.1. Who can ask about the subject or the object. Compare: Asking about the object Asking about the subject Frank loves someone. Someone loves Frank. Who does Frank love? Who loves Frank? Tina phoned someone. Someone phoned Tina. Who did Tina phone? Who phoned Tina? Ken is helping someone. Someone is helping Ken. Who is Ken helping? Who is helping Ken? When who asks about the subject, the verb has the same form as a statement e.g. loves, phoned, is helping, and we do not use do/does in the present or did in the past simple. 5.2.4.2.We can also use what, which and how many to ask about the subject. ‘What made that noise?’ ‘It was the cat’ ‘Which car goes the fastest?’ ‘The Mercedes.’ ‘How many people went to the party?’ ‘About fifty.’

5.3. Question words 5.3.1. What, who and which 5.3.1.1. We use what with a noun (e.g. what colour, what nationality) or without a noun to ask mostly about things. What colour is your car? What nationality is Maria? What is Ken doing? What would you like to drink? We can sometimes use what to ask about people. What actors do you like? 5.3.1.2. We use who without a noun to ask about people. Who is your favourite actor? Who told you the news? 5.3.1.3.We use which with or without a noun to ask about things or people when there is a restricted choice. Which colour do you like best-red, blue or yellow? Which actor do you prefer-Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman? Which would you like-wine or beer? But we often use who when there is a restricted choice. Who do you prefer-Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman? We often use which one instead of who or what when there is a restricted choice. Which one do you prefer?- Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman? Which one do you want?-the red one or the blue one? 5.3.2. Whose We use whose with or without a noun to ask about possession. ‘Whose book is this?’ ‘It’s Maria’s’. 5.3.3. Where, when, why and how. 5.3.3.1.We use where to ask about place. ‘Where are you going on holiday’ ‘To Greece’. ‘Where does Sue live?’ ‘In London.’ 5.3.3.2. We use when to ask about time. ‘When were you born?’ ‘In 1970.’ ‘When is she leaving?’ ‘At 2 o’clock.’ 5.3.3.3.We use why to ask about reason or purpose. ‘Why are you late?’ ‘Because my car broke down’ ‘Why did you go out?’ ‘To do some shopping.’ 5.3.3.4. We use how to ask ‘in what way?’ ‘How did you get here?’ ‘I came by bus.’ ‘How do you spell your name?’ ‘D-A-V-I-S.’ We use how in greetings and introductions, and to ask about state of health. ‘How are you? ‘I’m fine, thanks. And you?’ ‘How do you do?’ ‘How do you do? I’m pleased to meet you’ How is your mother now? Is she feeling any better? We use how with adjectives (e.g. old, tall) and adverbs (e.g. often, well), and with much and many. ‘How old are you?’ ‘I’m 18.’ ‘How often do you go to the cinema?’ ‘About once a week.’ How much money have you got with you? How many brothers and sisters have you got?

. 5.4. Negative questions 5.4.1. We normally form negative questions with the contraction n’t. We put n’t after an auxiliary verb (e.g. be, have, can). Aren’t you watching TV? Haven’t they finished yet? Can’t he swim? We also form negative questions by putting n’t after the full verb be and have in have got. Aren’t you Simon Robinson? Haven’t they got any money? If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, n’t goes after the first auxiliary. Haven’t you been listening? In the present simple and past simple there is no auxiliary verb, so we use do/does (in the present simple) and did (in the past simple) before n’t Don’t you smoke? Doesn’t she live here any more? Didn’t they go to the cinema? 5.4.2. The word order is different when we use the full form not instead of n’t. Compare: Are you not watching TV? Aren’t you watching TV? Does she not live here any more? Doesn’t she live hare any more? 5.4.3. We often use negative questions to express surprise, disappointment or annoyance. Don’t you smoke? I thought you did. Hasn’t she finished the letter yet? She’s been typing it all morning. Negative questions are common in exclamations. Isn’t it a terrible day! We also use negative questions when we think we know something and we are asking for confirmation. ‘Aren’t you Simon Robinson?’ ‘Yes, that’s right.’ ‘I thought you were.’ 5.4.4.Notice the meanings of yes and no in answers to negative questions. ‘Didn’t they see the film?’ ‘Yes.’(=Yes, they saw the film,)/’No’(=No, they didn’t see the film) 5.5. Question tags 5.5.1. Study the examples. It’s cold today, isn’t it? You haven’t seen my keys, have you? A question tag is an expression like isn’t it? and have you? put at the end of the statement. 5.5.2. We form question tags with an auxiliary verb (e.g. be, have, can) + personal pronoun (e.g. it, you): You aren’t listening to me, are you? You haven’t seen my keys, have you? He can swim, can’t he? A question tag has the same auxiliary verb that is in the main clause. If the main clause has the full verb be, we use be in the question tag. It’s cold today, isn’t it? If the main clause has have got, we use have in the question tag. You haven’t got a stamp, have you? If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, we use the first auxiliary in the question tag. He hasn’t been waiting long, has he?

We use do/does in present simple question tags and did in past simple question tags. You don’t like football, do you? Simon lives in London, doesn’t he? You saw the film, didn’t you? 5.5.3. We normally put a negative question tag with a positive statement, and a positive question tag with a negative statement. Compare: It isn’t cold today, is it? It’s cold today, isn’t it? You don’t like football, do you? You like football, don’t you? He can’t swim, can he? He can swim ,can’t he? 5.5.4. The meaning of a question tag depends on the intonation: 5.5.4.1. If we are asking a real question, we use a rising intonation (the voice goes up) You haven’t seen my keys, have you? ?)∨ (=Have you seen my keys?) 5.4.4.2.But if we are sure of the answer and we are only asking the other person to agree with us, we use a falling intonation (the voice goes down) It’s cold today, isn’t it?¬(= It’s cold. Don’t you agree?) 5.4.4.3. We often use a negative statement + positive question tag to ask people for things or to ask for help or information. You couldn’t lend me some money, could you? You don’t know where Peter lives, do you? 5.4.5. Note: 5.4.5.1. The question tag for I am is aren’t I? I’m right, aren’t I? 5.4.5.2. After imperatives, we can use the question tags will/would you? and can/can’t/could you? when we want people to do things. Switch on the light, will you? Help me with these bags, could you? After a negative imperative, we use will you? Don’t forget to post my letter, will you? 5.4.5.3. After let’s we use shall we? To make suggestions. Let’s listen to some music, shall we? 5.4.5.4. We use they in question tags after somebody/someone, everybody/everyone and nobody/no one. Somebody told you, didn’t they? No one phoned for me, did they? 5.4.5.5. We use it in question tags after nothing. Nothing is wrong, is it? 5.4.5.6. We can use there as a subject in question tags. There won’t be any problems, will there? 5.5. Reply questions 5.5.1. Study the examples. ‘I’m going to bed now.’ ‘Are you? Oh, good night then.’ ‘He can’t swim’ ‘Can’t he? I thought he could.’ We often answer people with ‘reply questions’-short questions formed with an auxiliary verb + personal pronoun e.g. Are you? and Can’t he? These reply questions are not real questions: they often just show that we are listening. They can also express interest, sympathy, surprise, or anger, depending on the intonation. 5.5.2. In reply questions we use the same auxiliary verb that is in the sentence we are answering. ‘I’m going to bed now.’ ‘Are you? Oh, good night then.’ “We’ve finished.’ ‘Have you? If the sentence has the full verb be, we use be in the reply question. ‘I’m hungry.’ ‘Are you? I’ll make you something to eat.’

If the sentence has have got, we use have in the reply question. ‘I’ve got a headache.’ ‘Oh, have you? Do you want some aspirine?’ If the sentence has tow or more auxiliary verbs, we use the first auxiliary in the reply question. ‘I’ve been waiting for an hour.’ ‘Have you?’ We use do/does in present simple reply questions and did in past simple reply questions. ‘I like football.’ ‘Do you?’ ‘She lives in Brighton.’ ‘Does she?’ ‘We saw the film.’ ‘Did you?’ 5.5.3. We use positive reply questions to answer positive statements, and negative reply questions to answer negative statements. Compare: ‘He can’t swim.’ ‘Can’t he?’ ‘He can swim.’ ‘Can he?’ ‘I don’t like football.’ ‘Don’t you?’ ‘I like football.’ ‘Do you?’ We can also answer an affirmative sentence using a negative reply question with a falling intonation. This expresses emphatic agreement. ‘It was a fantastic film.’ ‘Yes, wasn’t it?¬I really enjoyed it.’ 5.6. Indirect questions. 5.6.1.When we ask people for information, we sometimes use ‘indirect’ questions beginning with a phrase like Could you tell me…? Do you know…? Or Can you remember…? Compare: QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is ? When will they finish the job? Do you know when they will finish the job? In indirect questions, the word order is the same as in statements e.g. the station is, they will finish. 5.6.2. Notice what happens in present simple and past simple indirect questions. What time does the shop close?Can you tell me what time the shop closes? What did she say? Can you remember what she said? In indirect questions, we do not use the auxiliary verb do/does and did. 5.6.3. When there is no question word e.g. what, where, who we can use if or whether to introduce an indirect question. Is she at home now? Do you know if she is at home now? Can he speak Italian? I wonder whether he can speak Italian. 5.7. Short answers 5.7.1. We often answer Yes/No questions using ‘short answers’- answers made with a subject (e.g. you, he, she) + auxiliary verb (e,g,be, have,can). ‘Are you going out?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ (=Yes, I am going out) ‘Has he seen the film?’ ‘No, he hasn’t.’(=No, he hasn’t seen the film) ‘Can she speak French?’ ‘Yes, she can.’ (=Yes, she can speak French) If the question has the full verb be, we use be in the short answer. ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, I’m not.’ If the question has have got, we use have in the short answer. ‘Have you got a car?’ ‘No, I haven’t.’ If there are two or three auxiliary verbs, we use the first auxiliary in the short answer. ‘Have you been working?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ We use do/does in the present simple short answers, and did in past simple short answers. ‘Do you know Kate?’ ‘Yes, I do.’ ‘Does Simon smoke?’ ‘No, he doesn’t.’ ‘Did they see the film?’ ‘Yes, they did.’ 5.7.2. We can also use short answers in replies to statements. ‘I’m not angry.’ ‘Yes, you are.’ ‘Sue lives in Western Road.’ ‘No, she doesn’t’. ‘Simon is very helpful.’ ‘Yes, he is.’

5.8. So/neither am I, so/neither do I, so/neither can I, etc. 5.8.1. Study these examples. ‘I’m going out later’ ‘So am I’. (=I, also ,am going out later.) He can play the guitar, and so can I.(=…I,also, can play the guitar.) ‘I’m not feeling very well.’ ‘Neither am I.’ (=I,also, am not feeling very well.) She can’t drive, and neither can I.’(=…I,also,can’t drive.) We can also use so (=also) and neither(=also not) before an auxiliary verb (e.g. be, can) + subject (e.g. I, he) We also use the full verb be and have in have got , in this structure. ‘I’m thirsty.’ ‘So am I.’ You haven’t got any money and neither have I. If there are two or more auxiliary verbs, we use the first auxiliary after so and neither. ‘I’ve been studying.’ ‘So have I. We use do/does in the present simple and did in the past simple after so and neither. ‘I like tennis.’ ‘So do I’ I don’t want anything to eat, and neither does Sue. ‘I went to the concert last week.’ ‘So did I.’ 5.8.2. We can use nor instead of neither. ‘I haven’t got a car.’ ‘Nor/neither have I.’ 5.8.3. We can use not…either instead of neither or nor. ‘I’m not cold.’ ‘Neither am I./Nor am I./I’m not either. I can’t swim, and neither can you./and nor can you./and you can’t either. 5.9. I think so, I hope so, I expect so, etc. 5.9.1. Study the examples. ‘Is she ill?’ ‘I think so.’ (=I think she is ill.) ‘Do you think the weather will be nice tomorrow?’ ‘I hope so.’ (=I hope the weather will be nice.) ‘Do you think you’ll come to the party?’ ‘I expect so.’(=I expect I will come to the party.) We use so after verbs such as think, hope, expect, imagine, and suppose to avoid repeating something said before. We also use so in this way with the expression be afraid. ‘Is she seriously ill?’ ‘I’m afraid so.’ 5.9.2. With the verbs suppose and expect we can make negative forms in two ways: subject+verb+not subject+do not+verb+so I suppose not. I don’t suppose so, I imagine not. I don’t imagine so. I expect not. I don’t expect so. We always use hope and be afraid with…not. ‘Do you think you will be late tonight?’ ‘I hope not.’ (=I hope I won’t be late.) ‘Did you pass the exam?’ ‘I’m afraid not.’(=I’m afraid I didn’t pass the exam) We normally use think with do not…so. ‘Is she ill?’ ‘I don’t think so.’ (=I don’t think she is ill.)

6. Grammar practice 1. Make these statements into negatives.

Examples: I’m going to apply for the job. I’m not going to apply for the job. She got up very early this morning. She didn’t get up early this morning. 1. I like travelling by train. 2. He was late for the appointment. 3. We’ve got a lot of time. 4. I’m enjoying myself very much. 5. Robert works for the company in Manchester. 6. The weather is very nice today. 7. She can come to the party on Saturday. 8. I’ve been working too hard recently. 9. She’s got a very interesting job. 10. They may have gone home. 11. We saw you at school yesterday. 12. The bank opens on Saturday afternoon. 13. My sister is going to work tomorrow. 14. The telephone has been repaired. 15. We play tennis every weekend. 16. I’ll be seeing martin tomorrow.

2. Make Yes/No questions from these statements. Examples: She lives in London. Does she live in London? You’d like a cup of coffee. Would you like a cup of coffee? 1. They played tennis yesterday. 2. He’s doing his homework. 3. She’s got a lot to do today. 4. They’ve bought a new car. 5. You know Simon Robinson. 6. He can play the piano and the guitar. 7. The shop closes at 6 o’clock. 8. You’d like to go swimming. 9. The job will be finished soon.

3. Complete the questions, as in the examples. Examples: ‘They went to the station.’ ‘ What time did they go there?’ ‘I’ve got some money.’ ‘ How much have you got?’ 1. ‘We’re going’. ‘Where---?’ 2. ‘I’m worried.’ ‘Why---worried?’ 3. ‘I was reading.’ ‘What---?’ 4. ‘He visits his grandparents.’ ‘How often---them?’ 5. ‘They’ll do it.’ ‘When---it?’ 6. ‘She’s been waiting outside.’ ‘How long---there? 7. ‘I come from Australia.’ ‘ Which part of Australia---from?’

8. ‘I’ve got a car.’ ‘What kind of car---?’ 9. ‘We bought some wine.’ ‘How much wine---?’ 10. ‘She likes pop music.’ ‘What kind of pop music---?’ 11. ‘We saw a film.’ ‘Which film---?’ 12. ‘She was talking to someone.’ ‘Who---to?’

4. Ask questions with who or what. Examples: She wants to see someone. Who does she want to see? Someone wants to see her. Who wants to see her? Someone told me. Who told you? 1 I told someone. 2. Someone wrote to me. 3. I wrote to someone. 4. Something is making that noise. 5. He’s making something. 6. Someone makes the decisions. 7. They helped someone. 8. Someone helped them. 9. She was looking for someone. 10. Someone was looking for her. 11. Something moved. 12. Someone gave me the book.

5. Look at the answers and complete the questions using the question words in the box. Example: ‘How old are you?’ ‘I’m 20’

What who which whose where when why how how often how much how many how old how long

1. ‘….do you do?’ ‘I’m a student.’ 2. ‘…do you live?’ ‘In London.’ 3. ‘…have you lived there?’ ‘For two years.’ 4. ‘…brothers and sisters have you got?’ ‘ Two brothers and two sisters.’ 5. ‘…is your favourite pop singer?’ ‘ Michael Jackson.’ 6. ‘…is your birthday?’ ‘November the 3rd .’ 7. ‘,,,do you play tennis?’ ‘About once a week.’ 8. ‘…does it cost to play tennis in Britain?’ ‘It’s not very expensive.’ 9. ‘…bag is this?’ ‘ I think it’s Simon’s.’ 10. ‘…do you usually get to work?’ ‘By car.’ 11. ‘…of those girls is your sister?’ ‘She’s the one in the black skirt.’ 12. ‘…are you smiling?’ ‘ Oh, I’ve just thought of something funny.’

6. Make negative questions using the contraction n’t and the words in brackets. Example: I posted the letter to you over a week ago! Haven’t you received ( you/have/received/it yet?) 1. Why aren’t you eating your dinner? (you/do/like it?) 2. ‘Look!…(that/is/your brother over there?)’ ‘Oh, yes.’ 3. ‘I really must go now.’ ‘But it’s only half past nine….(you/can/stay a little longer?) 4. ‘…(she/is/a pretty child!)’ ‘Yes, lovely.’

5. …(I/have/met you somewhere before?) I’m sure I know your face. 6. ‘Sally is still in bed.’ ‘…(she/is/going to work today?) 7. (…you/do/want to come to the concert tonight?) I thought you said you did.

7. Put a question tag at the end of each sentence. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Example: It’s a good restaurant.

It’s a good restaurant, isn’t it? 1.You don’t like this music. 2.Robert isn’t at work today. 3.I’m too late. 4.You haven’t seen the newspaper. 5.Lynne speaks French and German. 6.They didn’t go to the concert. 7.You’d like to have something to eat. 8.We’re leaving tomorrow. 9.You couldn’t do me a favour. 10.You don’t know where Sarah is. 11.Switch on the light for me. 12.Don’t forget to lock the door. 13.Nobody was watching the TV. 14.Everyone will be here soon. 15.Nothing terrible has happened. 16.There’s plenty of time. 17.Pass me that magazine. 18.Let’s have a cup of tea.

8.You are sitting on a park bench when a tramp comes up to you and starts a conversation. React to what the tramp says using reply questions. Tramp: It’s a lovely day.

You : Yes, isn’t it? Tramp: This is my bench, you know. You : Oh, is it? I’m sorry. I didn’t know. Tramp: It’s all right. You can sit here. You may not believe this, but I was very rich once. I was almost a millionaire. You : ….? That’s amazing. Tramp: Yes, but a gave all my money away. You :…? What, all of it? Tramp: Yes, every penny. I gave it away to my friends, to my relatives. But they didn’t thank me. You : …? Tramp: No. Still, I’m much happier now. You : ….? Tramp: Yes, I like the simple life. I like sleeping in the park under the stars. You :… Don’t you get cold? Tramp: No. I don’t feel the cold. I’m used to it You : …? Really? Even in winter? Tramp: Yes. I’ve been sleeping on this bench for over twenty years. You : …? Really? That’s a long time.

Tramp: Yes, the only problem is my health, I.ve got a bad heart condition. You : Oh,…? Tramp: I haven’t got long to live. You : …? Tramp: No, but I’m going to enjoy my last few weeks. I’m going to eat and drink well…But food and drink are so expensive nowadays. You : Yes, they are, aren’t they? Tramp: Yes, if I had some money, I’d go and have a good meal. You :…..? Tramp: Yes…You couldn’t let me have a few pounds, could you?

9. Make these questions into indirect questions, beginning with the words in brackets, Example: Where is the Tourist Information Office? (Could you tell me) Could you tell me where the Tourist Information Office is? 1. When does the last bus leave? (Can you tell me) 2. Is he over 18? (Do you know) 3. Can she speak French? (Do you know) 4. How does this machine work? (Can you explain) 5. Where are you going on holiday? (Have you decided) 6. What did he tell you? (Do you remember exactly) 7. Will you be here tomorrow?(Do you know) 8. Does she like horse riding? (Have you got any idea) 9. Did you switch off all the lights? (Can you remember) 10. Has anyone gone home? (Do you know)

10.Complete the short answers to these questions, as in the examples. Examples: ’Have you ever been to the USA?’ ‘No. I haven’t.

1. ‘Can you play the guitar?’ ‘No, ….’ 2. ‘Are you over 21?’ ‘Yes,…’ 3. ‘Did Andrew go to school yesterday?’ ‘Yes,…’ 4. ‘Do you smoke?’ ‘ No,…’ 5. ‘Does Sarah like tennis?’ ‘Yes,…’ 6. ‘Have you got time for a coffee?’ ‘No,…’ 7. ‘Is Ken working today?’ ‘No,…’ 8. ‘Were you at home last night?’ ‘Yes…’ 9. ‘Will you be seeing Martin tonight?’ ‘Yes…’ 10. ‘Have they been living here very long?’ No,…’ 11. ‘Has Lynne got any brothers and sisters?’ ‘No,…’ 12. ‘Does Simon want to go to university?’ ‘Yes,….’

11.Agree with these statements using ’So…I’ or’Neither…I’ Examples: ‘I don’t like noisy people.’ ‘Neither do I.’ ‘I am a very tidy person.’ ‘ So am I. 1. ‘I’m not very interested in football.’ 2. ‘I enjoy travelling.’ 3. ‘I’ve never been to Australia. 4. ‘I’d like to get there one day’ 5. ‘I haven’t got a very good memory.’ 6. ‘I haven’t been working very hard recently.’

7. ‘I often forget things.’ 8. ‘I went to bed quite late last night.’ 9. ‘I should go to bed earlier.’ 10. ‘I always tell the truth.’ 11. ‘I’d rather die than tell a lie.’ 12. ‘I didn’t tell lies even when I was a child.’ 12.Give short answers using the words in brackets. Sometimes two answers are possible.

Examples: ‘Do you think it will be a good concert?’ ‘Yes, I hope so.’ (Yes/hope) ‘ Do you think we’ll be late?’ ‘No, I hope not. (No/hope) 1. ‘Are you going to sell your car? (Yes/think) 2. ‘Will you give him the money?’ (Yes/suppose) 3. ‘Have your parents heard the news?’(No/think) 4. ‘ Will you be able to help us?’ (No/afraid) 5. ‘Is she going to apply for the job? (Yes/imagine) 6. ‘Do you think they will come with us?’ (No/expect) 7. ‘Will he have to go into hospital?’ (Yes/afraid) 8. ‘Will you have time to go shopping this afternoon?’ (No/suppose0 9. ‘Do you think everything will be all right?’ (Yes/expect) 10. ‘Does he know about the accident yet/’ (Yes/imagine)

6. Grammar Practice-answer-key 1.

1.I don’t like travelling by train; 2. He wasn’t late for the appointment; 3. We haven’t got a lot of time; 4. I’m not enjoying myself very much; 5. Robert doesn’t work for a company in Manchester; 6. The weather isn’t very nice today; 7. She can’t come to the party on Saturday; 8. I haven’t been working too hard recently; 9. She hasn’t got a very interesting job; 10. They may not have gone home; 11. We didn’t see you at school yesterday; 12. The bank doesn’t open on Saturday afternoon; 13. My sister isn’t going to work tomorrow; 14. The telephone hasn’t been repaired; 15. We don’t play tennis every weekend; 16. I won’t be seeing Martin tomorrow. 2. 1.Did they play tennis yesterday?; 2. Is he doing his homework?; 3. Has she got a lot to do today?; 4. Have they bought a new car?; 5. Do you know Simon Robinson?; 6. Can he play the piano and the guitar?; 7. Does the shop close at 6 o’clock?; 8. Would you like to go swimming?; 9. Will the job be finished? 3. 1 are you going; 2 are you; 3 were you reading; 4 does he visit; 5 will they do; 6 has she been waiting 7 do you come; 8 have you got; 9 did you buy; 10 does she like; 11 did you see; 12 was she talking

4.

1.Who did you tell?; 2. Who wrote to you?; 3. Who did you write to?; 4. What is making that noise?; 5. What is he making?; 6. Who makes the decisions?; 7. Who

did they help?; 8. Who helped them?; 9 Who was she looking for? 10. Who was looking for her?; 11. What moved?; 12. Who gave you the book? 5. 1.what; 2. Where; 3. How long; 4. How many; 5.who; 6.when; 7. How often; 8. How much; 9. Whose; 10. How; 11. Which; 12. Why. 6 1. Don’t you like it?; 2. Isn’t that your brother over there?; 3. Can’t you stay a little longer?; 4. Isn’t she a pretty child?; 5. Haven’t I met you somewhere before? 6. Isn’t she going to work today?; 7. Don’t you want to come to the concert tonight? 7. 1.You don’t like this music, do yo?; 2. Robert isn’t at work today, is he?; 3. I’m too late, aren’t I?; 4. You haven’t seen the newspaper, have you?; 5. Lynne speaks French and German, doesn’t she?; 6. They didn’t go to the concert, did they?; 7. You’d love to have something to eat, wouldn’t you?; 8. We’re leaving tomorrow, aren’t we?; 9. You couldn’t do me a favour, could you?;10. You don’t know where Sarah is, do you?;11. Switch on the light for me, will/would/can/could you?; 12. Don’t forget to lock the door, will you?; 13.Nobody was watching the TV, were they?; 14. Everyone will be here soon, won’t they?; 15. Nothing terrible has happened, has it?; 16. There’s plenty of time, isn’t there?; 17. Pass me that magazine, will/would/can/could you?; 18. Let’s have a cup of tea, shall we? 8. 1.Were you?; 2. Did you?; 3. Didn’t they?;4. Are you?; 5. Do you/; 6. Are you?;7. Have you?; 8. Have you?; 9. Haven’t you?; 10. Would you?

9. 1.Can you tell me when the last bus leaves?; 2. Do you know if he is over 18?; 3.Do you know if she can speak French?; 4. Can you explain how this machine works?;5. Have you decided where you are going on holiday?; 6. Do you remember exactly what he told you?; 7. Do you know if you will be here tomorrow?; 8. Have you got any idea if she likes horse riding?; 9. Can you remember if you switched off all the lights?; 10. Do you know if everyone has gone home?

10.

1.can’t; 2. I am; 3. he did; 4. I don’t; 5. she does; 6. I haven’t; 7. he isn’t; 8. I was; 9. I will; 10. they haven’t; 11. she hasn’t; 12. he does.

11. 1.Neither am I; 2. So do I; 3. Neither have I; 4. So would I; 5. Neither have I; 6.Neither have I; 7. So do I; 8. So did I; 9. So should I; 10. So do I; 11. So would I; 12. Neither did I.

12. 1. Yes, I think so; 2. Yes, I suppose so; 3. No, I don’t think so; 4. No, I’m afraid not; 5. Yes, I imagine so; 6. No, I don’t expect so; 7. Yes, I’m afraid so; 8. No, I don’t suppose so; 9. Yes, I expect so; 10. Yes, I imagine so.

7.Progress Test: Negatives and Questions 1. Ask questions using the words in brackets, as in the examples. Examples: I’m cooking. (What?) What are you cooking? Judy likes pop music. (Madonna?) Does she like Madonna? I’ve got a brother. (not/any sisters?) Haven’t you got any sisters? 1. Sarah is going to Paris. (by car?) 2. I go swimming. (How often?) 3. We stayed at a hotel. (Which hotel?) 4. I’m thirsty (Not/hungry) 5. We can stay until 8.00. (not/any longer) 6. I’ve eaten Chinese food. (Indian food?) 7. Sue has been having piano lessons. (How long?) 8. Mike wants to stay at home. (not/to come out with us?) 9. I asked someone. (Who?) 10. Someone asked me. (Who?) 2. Add question tags to these sentences. Example: You haven’t got a car, have you? 1. Sally went to the concert…. 2. You aren’t angry…. 3. Our train leaves at 7.30… 4. Ken will be here tomorrow… 5. Let’s play tennis,… 6. You don’t know my father, … 7. Close the door,… 8. You’d like a coffee,… 3.There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. Can you tell me where is the nearest bank? 2. What time you usually finish work? 3. Do you know whether Derek has got a car? 4. Can you remember where did you put my pen? 5. Have you decided what colour are you going to paint the flat? 6. Do you know if has the bridge been repaired yet? 7. When you started to study English? 4.Rewrite the sentences using so/neither… Example: I like tennis and you like tennis. I like tennis and so do you. 1. You aren’t hungry and Jim isn’t hungry. 2. Peter can drive and Sally can drive. 3. I’m in a hurry and you’re in a hurry. 4. I haven’t seen the film and you haven’t seen the film. 5. You saw what happened and we saw what happened.

8. Progress Test-Answer-key 1. 1.Is she going by car?;2. How often do you go swimming?; 3. Which hotel did you stay at?; 4. Aren’t you hungry?; 5. Can’t you stay any longer?; 6. Have you eaten Indian food?; 7. How long has she been having piano lessons?; 8. Doesn’t he want to come out with us?; 9. Who did you ask? 10. Who asked you? 2. 1.didn’t she?; 2. Are you? 3. Doesn’t it?; 4. Won’t he?; 5. Shall we?; 6. Do you; 7. Will/would/can/could you?; 8. Wouldn’t you? 3. 1.Can you tell me where the nearest bank is?; 2. What time do you usually finish work?; 3. Right; 4. Can you remember where you put my pen?; 5. Have you decided what colour you are going to paint the flat?; 6. Do you know if the bridge has been repaired yet ?; 7. When did you start to study English? 4. 1. You aren’t hungry and neither is Jim. 2. Peter can drive and so can Sally. 3. I’m in a hurry and so are you. 4. I haven’t seen the film and neither have you. 5. You saw what happened and so did we.

Chapter 6. Examining the Ship by the Customs

Reported Speech

1. It is required that the Master of the ship shall report his vessel to the Customs House within 24 hours of arrival in a foreign port. That means that the captain is to fill up the blank form of the captain’s declaration or report list and to hand it over to the customs together with certain ship papers. Usually the following papers are required for entering inwards: ship register, certificate of pratique, bill of health, manifest of cargo, list of stores, search note and others.

As a matter of fact, all the formalities connected with clearing in and clearing out are fulfilled by the ship’s agent.

The customs officers come aboard the ship to search or “rummage” the vessel for unentered goods and to see if there are any prohibited goods or goods liable to duty

It is well known that each country imposes import duties on certain goods brought into the country.

To prevent smuggling such goods as spirits, wines, cigarettes, tobacco, perfumes, cameras and others, the customs officers request the captain to give the ship’s store bond on dutiable goods kept aboard for the use of the ship’s crew and passengers.

The customs officers sometime leave for the crew only a certain quota and place under seal the surplus stores.

Before any cargo is allowed to be shipped the vessel must be entered outwards. This is done by the master who signs the “Entry outward” form which is delivered to the customs.

Leaving the port the ship must have: the clearance label with seal , the victualling bill, the port clearance and the bill of health.

2. VOCABULARY Words and phrases To fill up = a completa Blank form = formular Report list = declaratie de sosire Ship’s papers = documentele navei Ship register = certificatul de registru Manifest of cargo = manifestul incarcaturii List of stores = lista de provizii si materiale din cambuza Search note = nota de perchezitie To search = a cauta, a verifica To rummage = a perchezitiona Unentered goods = marfuri nedeclarate To smuggle = a face contrabanda Entry outward = declaratie la plecare Victualling bill = lista de provizii Port clearance = permis de plecare Particulars = detalii. Amanunte Block capitals = litere de tipar Victuals = provizii, alimente Goods liable to duty/dutiable goods = marfuri supuse taxelor vamale To impose import/export duty on = a impune taxe vamale de import/export To place the stores under seal = a pune bunuri sub sigiliu

The ship’s store bond = bunuri scutite de vama, folosite in exclusivitate de echipaj To clear in(wards) = a trece prin vama la sosire To clear out(wards) = a trece prin vama la plecare To enter the vessel inwards = a indeplini formalitatile vamale la sosire To enter the vessel outwards = a indeplini formalitatile vamale la plecare To make up a list = a intocmi o lista 3. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1. CO: We are under duty to search your vessel. Have you got any prohibited goods aboard? C : What do you mean by prohibited goods? CO: Here is a list of prohibited goods. Will you be kind enough to look it through? C : So far as I can see, all the items have been accounted for in my report list, except , perhaps , the cameras.

CO: I have your list of stores. These you may keep for your crew’s needs. I’ll only ask you to sign the ship’s store bond. We’ll have also to place some of your store-rooms under seal.

C : All right. What about the cameras? They are property of the ship’s crew; they do not belong to the ship.

CO: it doesn’t matter. You know, it is prohibited to sell cameras here without paying the import duty. So, please, make up a list of all the cameras which you have on board. Here is the blank form.

C : What particulars must I fill in? CO: Fill in please the name of your ship, the date of her arrival, and then in these columns the name of the persons who have cameras. Use block capitals, please.

Dialogue 2. CO: I’ll ask you kindly, Sir, to let us seal up the radio room. C : Well, sit down please. I’ll send somebody for the radio officer to show you up to the radio room. Is there anything else I can do for you?

CO: You see, tobacco, cigarettes and spirits above the quota must be stored under seal in a separate place. C : I’ll call our chief steward presently. He will attend to this business 4. Reported speech 4.1. Introduction When we want to report what someone said, we can use ‘direct speech’ or ‘reported speech’. In direct speech, we give the exact words that the person said, and we use quotation marks (‘…’or”…”) Direct speech: Annie said, ‘I’m hungry.’ In reported speech, we change some of the words that the person said and we do not use quotation marks. Reported speech: Annie said (that) she was hungry. Annie says (that) she’s hungry. When we use a past reporting verb (e.g. Annie said), the tense in the reported speech normally changes (e.g. I’m changes to the past: she was).

But when we use a present reporting verb (e.g. Annie says), the tense does not change (e.g. I’m stays in the present: she’s)

4.2. Say and tell 4.2.1. After tell we normally use a personal object (e.g. Sarah, me, us) to say who is told. We normally use say without a personal object. Compare:

I said I was going home. I told Sarah I was going home.

He says he can speak French. He tells me he can speak French. 4.2.2. If we want to put a personal object with say, we use to. I said to Sarah that I was going home. 4.2.3. in a few expressions we can use tell without a personal object e.g. tell a story, tell the time, tell the truth, tell a lie.

4.3. Reported statements 4.3.1. Tense 4.3.1.1.when the reporting verb is in the past (e.g. he said, you told me), the tense in reported speech normally ‘moves back’: Verbs in the present change into the past.

SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘I’m going home.’ He said he was going home. ‘I want to stop.’ You told me you wanted to stop. ‘I don’t like tea.’ She said she didn’t like tea. ‘Sally has finished.’ You said that Sally had finished. Verbs already in the past, change into the past perfect or they do not change.

‘I spoke to them.’ I said I had spoken to them./I said I spoke to them. ‘We arrived late.’ They said they had arrived late./They said they arrived late. Verbs already in the past perfect, do not change.

I had seen the film before.’ I told you I had seen the film before. Modal verbs Note the past forms of these modal verbs: can-could; will-would; shall-should; may-might. SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘I can swim.’ He said he could swim. ‘I will be at home.’ He said that he would be at home. ‘We may go by train.’ They told me they might go by train. The past modals of could, would, should and might do not change in reported speech. ‘You could be right.’ I said you could be right. ‘You should see the film.’ They told me I should see the film. Must either does not change or takes the past form (of have to) had to. ‘I must go.’ He said he must go .He said he had to go. 4.3.1.2. We do not always change tenses in reported speech when we use a past reporting verb. If we report something that is still true now, we sometimes use the same tense as the speaker. SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘The population of London is around He said that the population of London is around 9 million. 9 million. ‘I live in Brighton.’ She told me that she lives in Brighton. But even when something is still true, we often change the tense in reported speech. He said that the population of London was around 9 million. We always change the tense when there is a difference between what was said and what is really true. She said that she was 18 years old, but in fact she’s only 16. 4.3.2. Pronouns, adjectives,adverbs, etc. 4.3.2.1. Pronouns (e.g. I, me) and possessive adjectives (e.g. my, your) often change in reported speech. Compare: Direct speech: Sue said:’I’m on holiday with my friend.’ Reported speech: Sue said she was on holiday with her friend. When we talk about Sue, we say she, not I, and when we talk about Sue’s friend, we say her friend, not my friend.

4.3.2.2. People use words like here, now, today to talk about the place where they are speaking and the time they are speaking. If we report these words in a different place or at a different time, they often change, For example: SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH Here there This that/the Now then Today that day Tonight that night Tomorrow the next day/the following day Yesterday the day before/the previous day Next Monday the following Monday Last Monday the previous Monday Compare: ‘I’m here on holiday.’ She said she was there on holiday. ‘I’ll see you tomorrow,’ He said he would see me the next day. The way these words change depends on the situation. For example, if someone was speaking yesterday and they said ‘I’ll see you tomorrow.’, we could now say : He said he would see me today. 4.3.3. That We often use that to join a reported speech clause to the rest of the sentence. I said that I was feeling tired. You told me that you would be careful. After say and tell (+person), we often leave out that, especially in an informal style I said I was feeling tired. You told me you would be careful. 4.4.Reported questions 4.4.1. Tenses, adjectives, pronouns, etc. in reported questions change in the same way as in reported

statements. . SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘What are you doing?’ The policeman asked the men what they were doing. ‘How is your brother?’ She asked how my brother was. 4.4.2. In reported questions, the word order is the same as in statements (e.g. they were doing, my brother was), and we do not use a question mark.. We do not use the auxiliary verb do/does or did either. ‘What do you want?’ I asked what she wanted. ‘Where does she live?’ They asked where she lived. ‘Why did you say that?’ He asked why I’d said that. 4.4.3. When there is no question word (e.g. what, where, why), we can use if or whether to introduce a reported question. ‘Are you cold?’ I asked if he was cold. ‘Do you want a drink?’ She asked if I wanted a drink. ‘Can you speak German?’ They wanted to know whether I could speak German. 4.4.4. After ask, we often use an object (e/g/ Ken, me0 to say who was asked. I asked Ken if he was cold. He asked me why I’d said that. 4.5.Using the to infinitive in reported speech 4.5.1. We often report orders, requests, warnings, advice and invitations using the structure verb+object+to infinitive. . SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH

‘Get out of my room’ She told the man to get out of her room. ‘Could you carry some bags, Mike?’ I asked Mike to carry some bags. ‘Stay away from me.’ He warned them to stay away from him. ‘You should phone the police.’ She advised him to phone the police. ‘Would you like to have dinner with us?’ They invited me to have dinner with them. 4.5.2. We often report offers, promises and threats using the structure verb+to infinitive. . SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘Can I help you?’ The woman offered to help me. ‘I’ll be careful.’ You promised to be careful. ‘I’ll hit you’ She threatened to hit me. 4.5.3. In negative orders, promises etc. we use not to+infinitive. . SPEAKER’S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH ‘Don’t touch my camera.’ He told me not to touch his camera. ‘I won’t be late.’ You promised not to be late. 5. Grammar practice. 1.Complete the sentences using the correct form of say or tell. Example: I’ll tell you all about my holiday when I see you. 1. Could you…me how to get to Paris? 2. Do you think she’s…us the truth? 3. Have you…goodbye to everyone? 4. They…the plane was going to be late. 5. Did he…you that he could play chess? 6. Why didn’t you…what you wanted? 2. Put these statements into reported speech, as in the examples. Examples: ‘I’m tired,’ she said. She said (that) she was tired.

‘I need to borrow some money,’ my brother told me. My brother told me (that0 he needed to borrow some money.

1. ‘I can’t swim very well,’ I told her. 2. ‘Mr Mason has gone out,’ the secretary told me. 3. ‘I don’t want to go swimming.’ Andrew said. 4. ‘We’re leaving on Friday,’ we said. 5. ‘We had lunch in Luigi’s restaurant,’ they said. 6. ‘I’ll phone you later,’ Sarah told Simon. 3. Which questions would you ask to which people? 1. ‘Will it take long to repair the car? A hotel receptionist 2. ‘Can I park my car in West Street?’ a doctor 3. ‘What time does the film finish?’ a policeman 4. ‘Have you got a double room?’ a mechanic 5. ‘How many times a day should I take the medicine? A waiter 6. ‘What’s the soup of the day?’ a cinema attendant

Report the questions. Begin: I asked the… Example: 1. I asked the mechanic if it would take long to repair the car. 4. Report these sentences using the to infinitive form. Examples: ‘I’ll pay back the money.’ (she promised) She promised to pay back the money. ‘Hurry up.’ (he told me) He told me to hurry up. 1. ‘Can I do the washing up?’ (I offered) 2. ‘I’ll phone the police.’ (she threatened) 3. ‘You should stop smoking’ (the doctor advised my brother) 4. ‘Could you change the light bulb for me?’ (he asked me) 5. ‘Don’t be stupid.’((she told me) 6. ‘Would you like to come to my party?’ 7. ‘I won’t forget the shopping.’ (I promised) 8. ‘Don’t leave the door unlocked.’ (she warned them) 5.Report these sentences. Sometimes two answers are possible. Examples: ‘I’m tired,’ he said. He said he was tired. ‘Did you enjoy the film?’ I asked her. I asked her if she (had) enjoyed the film. ‘Switch off the TV,’ she told me. She told me to switch off the TV.

‘Can you lend me some money?’ he asked me. He asked me if I could lend him some money .He asked me to lend him some money.

1. ‘I can’t type, ’I told them. 2. ‘Are you English?’ they asked me. 3. ‘Where are you going? ’I asked her. 4. ‘We’re going into town.,’ they said 5. ‘I haven’t got any money, ’he told me. 6. ‘Could you speak more slowly?’ he asked her. 7. ‘Don’t touch the wire,’ he warned me. 8. ‘I was on holiday in July,’ he told her. 9. ‘What time did you get home? They asked him. 10. ‘Can you do me a favour? She asked me. 11. ‘We won’t be home late,’ we told them. 12. ‘I’ve posted the letters,’ I said 13. ‘My sister doesn’t know,’ he said. 14. ‘My parents had gone to bed,’ she said. 15. ‘You should go to the doctor,’ she told him. 16. ‘We’ll do the dishes,’ they promised. 17. ‘Where do you work?’ I asked her. 18. ‘Can you phone the doctor for me?’ she asked him. 19. ‘I passed my driving test in 1986,’ he told his boss. 20. ‘ I don’t know what to do,’ I said. 6. Grammar Practice-Answer-key 1. 1. tell;2.telling; 3.said; 4.said; 5.tell; 6.say.

2. 1.I told her (that) I couldn’t swim very well; 2. The secretary told me (that) Mr Mason had gone out; 3. Andrew said (that) he didn’t want to go swimming; 4. We said (that)we were leaving o Friday.;5. They said (that) they had had lunch in Luigi’s restaurant; 6. Sarah told Simon(that)she would phone him later. 3. 1.I asked the mechanic if it would take long to repair the car; 2. I asked the policeman if I could park my car in West Street; 3. I asked the cinema attendant what time the film finished; 4. I asked the hotel receptionist if he/she/they had a double room; 5. I asked the doctor how many times a day I should take the medicine; 6. I asked the waiter

4. 1.I offered to do the washing up; 2. She threatened to phone the police; 3. The doctor advised my brother to stop smoking; 4. He asked me to change the light bulb for him; 5. She told me not to be stupid; 6. He invited her to come to his party; 7. I promised not to tell anyone; 8. She warned them not to leave the door unlocked 5. 1.I told them I couldn’t type; 2.They asked me if I was English; 3. I asked her where she was going; 4.They said they were going into town; 5. He told me he didn’t have any money/He told me he hadn’t got any money; 6. He asked her if she could speak more slowly/he asked her to speak more slowly; 7. He warned me not to touch the wire; 8. He told her he had been on holiday in July;9. They asked him what time he had got home/They asked him what time he got home; 10. She asked me if I could do her a favour/She asked me to do her a favour; 11. We told them we wouldn’t be home late; 12. I said I had posted the letters; 13. He said his sister didn’t know; 14. She said her parents had gone to bed; 15. She told him he should go to the doctor/She told him to go to the doctor; 16. They promised they would do the dishes; 17. I asked her where she worked; 18. She asked him if he could phone the doctor for her/She asked him to phone the doctor for her; 19. He told his boss he had passed his driving test in 1986.He told his boss he passed his driving test in 1986; 20. I said I didn’t know what to do. 7. Progress Test: Reported Speech. 1 Here are some things that Paul told Kirsty last month. How can you report these things now? Example: ‘ I work for an export company’ he told her that he worked for an export company. 1. ‘I’ve been working there for a year.’ He said… 2. ‘I’m looking for a better job.’ He told… 3. ‘I like travelling’ He said… 4. ‘I’ve been to the United States.’ He said… 5. ‘I went to New York last summer.’ He told… 6. ‘I’d like to go to Australia one day.’ He said.. 7. ‘I’ve got one sister.’ He told… 8. ‘Her name is Judy.’ He said… 9. ‘My sister doesn’t live in England.’ He told… 10. ‘She lives in Spain.’ He said…

2. You went to England last month. When you were there, you met an English couple who asked you a lot of questions. Report the questions beginning They asked me…

Example: ‘Where are you from?’ They asked me where I was from. 1. ‘Where do you work?’ 2. ‘ How long have you been working there?’ 3. ‘Are you on holiday here?’ 4. ‘When did you arrive here?’ 5. ‘Have you been to Britain before?’ 6. ‘How long are you going to stay here?’ 7. ‘Do you like English food?’ 8. ‘Have you got ant brothers and sisters?’ 9. ‘How long have you been studying English?’ 10. ‘Can you speak any other languages?

3. Report the sentences using the words in the box and the to infinitive form. Example: ‘Can I get you a drink?’ he said to us. He offered to get us a drink. Promised invited offered advised 1. ‘Would you like to go to the cinema?’ she asked her friend. 2. ‘I could post the letter for you.’ he said to her. 3. ‘You should take more exercise,’ the doctor said to me. 4. ‘I won’t drive too fast,’ I said. 4.Frank was driving home last night when a police car stopped him. Read what Frank says happened. What do you think were the actual words that the policeman and Frank said? First of all, the policeman told me….1 to switch off my engine. Then he asked me…2 where I was going. When I told him…3 I was going home, he asked me …4 where I lived. So I gave him my address. Then he asked me…5 where I had just come from. I said…6 I had been at a friend’s house all evening. Then he asked…7 to see my driving licence. When I gave him my licence, he told me…8 to get out of the car. Then he wanted to know…9 if it was my car. I told him…10 I had bought it last year. After that he went back to his car and spoke on the radio for a short time. Then he told me…11 I could go home. 8. Progress Test-Answer Key 1. 1. he had been working there for a year;2. Her (that) he was looking for a better job; 3. (that) he liked travelling; 4. (that) he had been to the United States; 5. Her (that) he had been/went to New York last summer; 6. (that) he would like to go Australia;7. Her (that) he had/had got one sister; 8. (that) her name was Judy; 9. Her(that) his sister didn’t live in England; 10. (that) she lived in Spain. 2. 1.They asked me where I worked; 2. They asked me how long I had been working there; 3. They asked me if I was on holiday in England; 4. They asked me when I had arrived there; 5. They asked me if I had been to Britain before; 6.They asked me how long I was going to stay there; 7. They asked me if I liked English food. 8. They asked me if I had got any brothers or sisters; 9. They asked me how long I had been studying English; 10. They asked me if I could speak any other languages.

3. 1.She invited her friend to go to the cinema; 2. He offered to post the letter for her; 3. The doctor advised me to take more exercise; 4. I promised not to drive too fast. 4. 1.Switch off your engine, please; 2. Where are you going?;3. I’m going home; 4. Where do you live?;5. Where have you just come from?; 6. I’ve been at a friend’s house all evening; 7. Can I see your driving licence, please? 8. Get out of the car, please; 9. Is it your car?; 10. I bought it last year; 11. You can go home.

Chapter 7. Reception of Cargo (Loading)

Passive Voice Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recognize and use correctly the words and expressions related to the reception of cargo; translate a text about the reception of cargo giving the correct Romanian equivalents of the words and phrases related to the reception of cargo; construct and act out a dialogue between the First Mate and the Agent about the reception of cargo.

1. The cargo is taken on board the ship in accordance with the cargo plan. This plan is drawn up beforehand and must be carefully considered by the captain. In planning the stowage of the goods, the captain gives the first consideration to the safety of the ship. That means he must see that the stowage of goods is planned in such a way that the ship will maintain her stability and seaworthiness after the cargo has been loaded. This entails another problem: the ship must be duly trimmed and the extraweights, if any, must be properly lashed or secured so that they will not shift when the ship encounters bad weather. There are other considerations which should be taken into account, too. First of all, different kinds of cargo should be stowed in such a manner that they would not damage or affect one another by contact or proximity. Then, the cargo is shipped to several ports, each consignment must be arranged so that it might be easily and conveniently discharged in the appropriate port. In other words, it must be readily accessible and not “over-stowed” with other goods. Thus, after the cargo plan has been approved and due notices of readiness to load have been handed over, the Chief Officer is first of all to get the holds ready. Then he is to look after the loading and stowage of the cargo. The agent sends him a shipping note or a shipping order with each separate lot of goods. The Second officer arranges a careful tally of goods which are taken aboard. When the Chief Officer ascertains the exact quantity and condition of the goods received, he makes out the mate’s receipts. These are delivered to the shippers, to the stevedoring companies or direct to the agent, as the case may be. On the basis of these receipts, the agent makes out bills of lading in which he is to insert all the remarks contained in the mate’s receipts. Then the agent presents the issued bills of lading to the master for signature. The master calls for his second mate, verifies with him the accuracy of all the data, and then signs the bills of lading. As a rule, the second mate retains a copy of each bill for reference. On no account should the master sign a post-dated or ante-dated bill of lading, for. By so doing, he may get into serious trouble as this may leave an opening for fraud; besides, contracts between shippers and receivers often depend on the date of shipment. A bill of lading should therefore be signed under date of shipment of goods. A master is sometimes pressed by a shipper to sign a bill of lading, which is known to be false, in return for a letter of indemnity. The master should never accept such a letter, but should insist on qualifying the bills of lading so that they contain statements which are true in substance and in fact. After loading has been completed, a stowage plan and manifest of cargo are compiled. These are rather important and useful documents. They are usually sent ahead of the ship to the port of discharge so that preliminary arrangements may be made as to the type of discharging gear required and as to the number of gangs to handle the cargo. After that a proper method of

disposal is arranged. A copy of the cargo manifest is also kept on the ship to be presented to the customs house when required. 2.VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1. FIRST MATE: I’ve been informed that there are two boxes of nonstandard size in that lot under your Shipping Order No.27. The numbers and the marks are the same. You’d better go and see them in Hold No. 2. We stowed them aside. CHIEF STEVEDORE: No, that’s all right with those boxes. They belong to the next lot of bigger-sized boxes. With the next draft we’ll send up the two missing boxes and you may close up Shipping Order No. 27. Don’t forget only to tally those two boxes with the lot under Shipping Order No, 28 which will cover a separate bill of lading. FIRST MATE: Never mind that. As to Shipping Order Nos. 25 and 26, our tallies agree and you may have my mate’s receipts. CHIEF STEVEDORE: Well, if you don’t mind I’ll have them right now. FIRST MATE: Here you are. Please have them. CHIEF STEVEDORE:Thank you. Dialogue 2. MASTER: How many copies of the B/L am I to sign Mr Agent? AGENT: For B/L no.3782 you are to sign four copies; as to the rest, three copies will do. MASTER: All right, here you are. Please have all the papers; they are duly and properly signed. When will you issue the rest of the bills of lading? AGENT: What B’s/L do you mean Captain? MASTER: Oh, I mean B’s/L for the rails and cotton. We are just completing loading and I think we may put to sea by tomorrow night. AGENT: Oh, that’s what you mean. Well, tomorrow by 3 p.m. I hope I’ll bring you the last B/L and the remaining shipping documents. MASTER: That’s very good indeed. How many copies of the cargo manifest are you going to give us? AGENT: I think three copies will suffice. MASTER: Oh, no, they won’t. I would kindly ask you to give us five copies of the manifest and four copies of the stowage plan. You know we had some trouble with those copies last time. The Gibraltar Customs House asked us to present two copies of the cargo manifest and we had to type them ourselves. It took us a lot of time and put us to much inconvenience. AGENT: Oh. I see. Well, don’t bother about that. I’ll do as you ask. Dialogue 3. MASTER: Are you the representative of the Oil Company, Sir? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: I am Cargo Superindendent of the Kuweit Oil Co., Ltd. Where do you come from? MASTER: We come from Haipheng. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Have you prepared notices of readiness? MASTER: Yes, we have. Here they are. We are ready to start loading the cargo from 1.00 p.m. today. Will you sign your acceptance and state in its copy the time when the notice is served? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Yes, of course I will. And now we have to settle several points with regard to handling the cargo.

MASTER: Good. Shall we start with examining the tanks and signing the certificate of inspection? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: I suppose we may do it right away. Have you already made connections to the submarine hoses? MASTER: No, not yet. We are just picking up floating buoys and hoses from the submarine pipeline. Your mooring master is superintending the job. Wait a moment. I’ll call for my second mate to show you the tanks. Dialogue 4. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: I’ve examined all the tanks; they are dry and clean. Here is the certificate of inspection which I’ve already signed. Here are some more papers which you are to sign too. MASTER: What papers do you mean? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: First of all the declaration that your water ballast intended for discharging here is free of oil or other harmful contamination. MASTER: That’s clear. Let me sign it. What else? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Here is another declaration that all the fire and safety regulations have been complied with. MASTER: That’s also clear. Anything else? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Yes, there are two more papers. One is the declaration to the effect that all the necessary valves are open and that the vessel is in a proper condition to receive cargo. The other one is to the effect that ship’s seacocks are closed except those which are necessary for the normal running of the ship. MASTER: Very well. Here you are. I’ve signed everything. Now, how can we arrange for the signals? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: The signals are as follows: six short blasts on your whistle when you are ready to load. One long blast when you want to slow down the loading rate. Two short blasts when you want it at full speed, and three long blasts meaning “stop’. MASTER: That’s settled. Besides, we’ll station a deck hand to relay orders by voice to your man at the shore terminal valve. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: That’s very good. I’ll instruct my man accordingly. Will your deck hands relay commands in English? MASTER: Yes, they will, but very briefly, like: “start”, “slow speed”, “full speed”, “stand by to slow down” and “stop”. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: That’ll do, Sir. MASTER: When loading is completed send someone to take the soundings and the samples. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Certainly , Sir., you needn’t worry about that. 3. VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS seaworthiness = navigabilitate shortage = lipsa to make out = a intocmi, a redacta to insert = a insera, a introduce to retain = a retine fraud = frauda, inselaciune a letter of guarantee = scrisoare de garantie a letter of indemnity = scrisoare de garantie gang = echipa to substitute = a substitui

mate’s receipt = ordin de imbarcare burst = desfacut, plesnit {despre saci) shed = spatiu de depozitare descoperit entry = insemnare to pertain = a se referi la, a fi de resortul to superintend = a supraveghea, a controla to comply with = a se conforma cu to station = a plasa, a indica postul cuiva power of attorney = imputernicire, procura with regard to = considerind, avind in vedere. To take into account = a lua in consideratie, a tine cont As the case may be = in functie de caz/situatie To get into serious trouble = a avea probleme mari Our tallies don’t agree = pontajul nostru nu corespunde The casks proved to be leaky = butoaiele prezinta scurgeri To the effect that = in sensul ca To relay orders = a transmite ordine/dispozitii The notice is served = notisul a fost prezentat 4. Grammar.The passive:general 4.1. Form 4.1.1. We form passive verbs with the different tenses of be (e,g, is,was,is being,have been) + past participle. Present simple Am/are/is+past participle

The office is locked every evening. Present continuous Am/are/is + being + past participle

The house is being painted at the moment. Past simple Was/were + past participle

My car was stolen last night. Past continuous Was/were + being + past participle

The bridge was being repaired last week. Present perfect simple Have/has + been + past participle

Sarah has been invited to the party. Past perfect simple Had + been + past participle

I thought that you had been told the news Perfect continuous passives (have/has/had + been being + past participle) are very uncommon. The past participle of regular verbs ends in –ed e.g. locked, painted. Irregular verbs have different past participle forms e.g. steal-stolen, tell-told 4.1.2. Compare these active and passive sentences: Active: Someone locks the office every evening. Passive: The office is locked every evening. Active: Someone has invited Sarah to the party. Passive: Sarah has been invited to the party. Note that the object of an active verb 9e.g. the office, Sarah) becomes the subject of a passive verb.

4.1.3. The rules for choosing tenses in the passive are the same as in the active. For example, to talk about something that is in progress now, we use the present continuous. The house is being painted at the moment. 4.2. Use 4.2.1. We often use the passive when we do not know who or what does something. My car was stolen last night. (I do not know who stole the car.) 4.2.2. We also use the passive when we are not interested in who or what does something. The factory was painted during the war. Sarah has been invited to the party. In these sentences we are interested in the factory and Sarah, not who painted the factory, or who invited Sarah. 4.2.3. We also use the passive when we do not want to say who or what does something. Compare: Active: I made a mistake. Passive: A mistake was made. 4.3. The passive: infinitive and –ing forms 4.3.1. There is a passive infinitive form: be + past participle. We use this form after modal verbs (must, can , will, etc.) and after a number of other structures (e.g. going to, have to, want to and would like to). This door must be kept locked. The job can’t be done. He is going to be interviewed next summer. The new motorway will be opened next summer. I don’t want to be disturbed. 4.3.2. There is a passive perfect infinitive form: have been + past participle. We can use the form to talk about the past. The newspaper may have been thrown away last night. We should have been told about the dangers. 4.3.3. There is also a passive-ing form: being + past participle. I don’t like being cheated. He remembers being given the book. 4.4. Using get instead of be in the passive We sometimes use get (+ past participle) instead of be ( + past participle) to make passive verbs. We do this, for example, when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. My flat got burgled when I was on holiday. I was surprised that I didn’t get invited to the party. My parents’ fence got blown down in the storm. We use get mostly in an informal style. 4.5. Verbs with two objects in the passive Some verbs e.g. give can have two objects. Someone gave Jimmy the money. ( The two objects are Jimmy and the money) In cases like this we can make two different passive sentences. Jimmy was given the money. The money was given to Jimmy. In general, it is more usual for passive sentences to begin with the person. Other verbs which can have two objects include send, offer, show, pay, teach, promise and tell. I was sent a telegram.

She will be told the news. 4.6. The passive with by and with 4.6.1. By + agent Compare: Active: Marconi invented the radio. Passive: The radio was invented by Marconi. Active: The strong winds blew down a number of trees. Passive: A number of trees were blown down by the strong winds. We sometimes use the subject of an active sentence (e.g. Marconi, the strong winds)as ‘the agent’ in a passive sentence, When this happens, we use by to introduce the agent in the passive. We only use by + agent when it is important to say who or what is responsible for something. 4.6.2.With + instrument We use with to talk about an instrument which is used by the agent to do something.Compare: I was hit with an umbrella. I was hit by an old lady. 4.6.3. With + material We also use with to talk about materials or ingredients. The room was filled with smoke. Irish coffee is made with whiskey. 4.7. It is said that he…/He is said to…etc. 4.7.1. When we talk about what other people say, believe, etc we can use two possible passive forms. Compare: Active: People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive (1) : It + passive + that-clause It is said that Mr Ross is a millionaire. Passive (2): Subject + passive + to infinitive Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire. We often use these passive forms in a formal style and with verbs such as: say report

think expect

believe allege

consider claim

understand acknowledge

know

It is believed that they own a lot of land in the north. They are believed to own a lot of land in the north. It is reported that the president is seriously ill. The president is reported to be seriously ill. It is expected that a new law will be introduced next year. A new law is expected to be introduced next year. When the belief, etc refers to an earlier action, we use the ‘perfect infinitive’ ( to have + past participle). Compare: It is believed that the fire started late last night. The fire is believed to have started late last night. It was thought that two prisoners had escaped. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped. 4.7.2. Be supposed to

We can use supposed to mean ‘said to’. I’d like to read that book.It’s supposed to be very good.(= It is said to be very good) He’s supposed to have been married before. (=He is said to have been married before.) Supposed to sometimes suggests some doubt about whether something is true or not. Note that we also use supposed to to say what people are expected to do because of an arrangement, a rule, or a duty e.g. I’m supposed to see Maria this afternoon. 4.8. Have something done 4.8.1. Form

have+object + past participle

I am having a garage built at the moment How often do you have your hair cut ?

We had our computer serviced Simon has just had a suit made You should have your eyes tested

Are you going to have new carpets fitted in your flat? 4.8.2.Use 4.8.2.1. We use the structure have something done to talk about something which we arrange for someone else to do for us. I’m having a garage built at the moment. Compare: I’m building a garage at the moment. (I am building the garage myself.) I’m having a garage built at the moment. ( I arranged for someone else to do this for me) More examples: We had the carpet cleaned by a professional carpet cleaner. We didn’t do it ourselves. I usually have my car serviced at a garage in East Street. 4.8.2.2. We can also use have something done when we do not arrange for someone else to do something for us. I had my leg broken in a football match. We had our fence blown down in a storm last week. We often use have something done in this way when something unpleasant or unexpected happens to someone. Note that we can often use get something done instead of have something done, especially in an informal style e.g. I must get this jacket cleaned. 5. Grammar Practice 1. Complete the sentences. ( I) Use the present simple passive of the verbs in the box. Use play destroy speak export make Example: Bread is made from wheat.

1. Football…all over the world. 2. Millions of cars…from Japan every year. 3. A compass…for showing direction. 4. How many languages…in Switzerland? 5. Millions of trees…by pollution every year. ( ii )Use the past simple passive of the verbs in the box. Discover invent play assassinate paint build Example: President John F.Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963. 1. The 1990 World Cup for soccer…in Italy. 2. When---television…? 3. The first pyramids of Egypt…around 3000 BC. 4. Penicillin…by Alexander Fleming in 1928. 5. The Mona Lisa (La Giocanda)…by Leonardo da Vinci. ( iii ) Use the past continuous or past perfect passive of the verbs in the box. Not invite clean sell repair interview steal Example: I couldn’t wear my suit last Saturday. It was being cleaned. 1. When I got back to the car park, my car wasn’t there. It……. 2. We couldn’t use the photocopier this morning. It…….. 3. By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They…… 4. We didn’t go to the party on Saturday because we…. 5. The man admitted stealing the money while he…by the police. 2. Choose the correct form:active or passive. Example: A valuable painting stole/was stolen from the Central Art Gallery late last night. The thieves entered/were entered the gallery through a small upstairs window. 1. Walt Disney created/was created the cartoon character Mickey Mouse. 2. This problem discussed/was discussed at the last meeting. 3. In 1964 Martin Luther King won/was won the Nobel Prize. In 1968 he assassinated/was

assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. 4. The president arrived/was arrived in Rome yesterday afternoon. Later he interviewed/was

interviewed on Italian TV. 5. Teachers have given/have been given a new pay rise by the government. The news

announced/was announced earlier today. 3. Put these sentences into the passive (leaving out someone, they, we) Example: Someone might steal the car. The car might be stolen. 1. Someone will clean the room. 2. They had to cut down that tree. 3. Someone should tell Sally what happened. 4. They’re going to build a new hospital.

5. We can solve the problem. 6. Someone has to finish the job. 7. They may send the man to prison. 8. We must do something now. 4. Complete the sentences using the passive perfect infinitive. Example:Why doesn’t Kate know about the meeting?She should have been told (tell) ages ago. 1.‘Sally is late this evening.’ ‘She might ….(delay) at work 2.Why is all this rubbish still here? It ought to…(throw away) yesterday. 3.The sweater I wanted to buy isn’t in the shop window any more.It must….(sell). 4.It was lucky that you didn’t fall off the ladder. You might…(kill) 5.You shouldn’t have left all that money in your hotel room. It could…(steal) 5. Put these sentences into the passive, as in the example. Example: I don’t like people shouting at ma. I don’t like being shouted at. 1.I don’t like people staring at me. 2.I can’t stand people telling me what to do. 3.I don’t like people interrupting me. 4.I dislike people making jokes about me. 5.I enjoy people praising me. 6. Billy Palmer was a burglar once. He is speaking about a night some years ago when

everything went wrong for him. Complete Palmer’s story using the past simple passive with get. ‘It was terrible. First of all, my jeans got ripped (rip) as I was climbing over the garden wall. Then I…(stick) climbing through the bathroom window, Then I…(bit) by a dog inside the house. The dog made so much noise that everyone in the house woke up and I…(hit) over the head with an umbrella. Then, when I finally got out of the house, there was a police car waiting there. But, to my surprise, I…(not/caught) last night. Although it wouldn’t really have mattered if I had. Two weeks later, I…(arrest) burgling another house and I…(sentence) to three years in prison.

7.Put these sentences into the passive, beginning with the words given. Example: They promised Robert an interview for the job. Robert was promised an interview for the job. 1. They showed Sarah the photographs.Sarah…. 2. Normally, they pay me my salary every month. Normally, I…. 3. I think that they have sent us the wrong ticket. I think that we….. 4. I hope that someone will give Sally the message. I hope that Sally…… 5. They didn’t ask me for my address. I….. 6. I thought that someone had told you about the meeting. I thought that you…

8. Complete the sentences using the past simple passive of the verbs in the box and by.

Paint write compose and sing invent discover direct

Example: The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hamingway. 1. Radium ….Pierre and Marie Cirie. 2. The Goldrush…Charlie Chaplin. 3. Imagine …..John Lennon. 4. The safety razor…King Camp Gillette. 5. The Chair…..Vincent van Gogh.

9. Complete the sentences with by or with.

Example: My desk was covered with papers. 1. These photos were taken…a very cheap camera. 2. These photos were taken…..my sister. 3. The cake was made…dried fruit. 4. The cake was made ….my aunt. 5. The garage was painted…a new kind of paint. 6. The garage was painted…a friend of mine. 7. The safe was blown open….the robbers. 8. The safe was blown open…dynamite.

10.Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the passive., beginning with the words in brackets. Example: People expect that taxes will be reduced soon.(It) (Taxes) It is expected that taxes will be reduced soon. Taxes are expected to be reduced soon.

1. People say that the monument is over 2000 years old. (It) (The monument) 2. People expect that the president will resign. (It) (The president) 3. People think the fire started at about 8 0’clock. (It) (the fire) 4. Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire. (It) (Seven people)

11.Complete the sentences using the correct form of have something done. Example: I haven’t had my control heating serviced ( my central heating/service) since last autumn.

1. Are you going to…(these shoes/repair) or shall I throw them away? 2. My neighbours are…(an extension/build) onto their house at the moment. 3. I must….(glasses/mend). They keep falling off. 4. Where do you…(your hair/do)? It always looks very nice. 5. I…(four new tyres/fit) on my car last month. 6. I’ve just…(my suit/dry-clean).

12.Something unpleasant happened to each of these people last week. Make sentences using have something done.

Example: Kate had her wallet stolen (her wallet/steal) from her bag while she was out shopping. 1. Peter…(his flat/burgle) while he was out at work. 2. Mr and Mrs Woods…(the roof of their house/damage) in a storm. 3. Lynne…(the radio/steal) from her car. 4. My brother…(his nose/break) in a football match.

5. Grammar Practice-Answer key

1. (i) 1. Is played; 2. Are exposed; 3. Is used; 4. Are spoken; 5. Are destroyed (ii) 1. Was played; 2. Was, invented; 3. Were built; 4. Was discovered; 5. Was

painted (iii) 1. Had been stolen; 2. Was being repaired; 3. Had been sold; 4. Hadn’t been

invited; 5. Was being interviewed 2. 1.created; 2. Was discussed; 3. Won, was assassinated; 4. Arrived, was interviewed; 5. Have been given, was announced.

3. 1.The room will be cleaned; 2. The tree had to be cut down; 3. Sally should be told what happened; 4. A new hospital is going to be built; 5. The problem can be solved; 6. The job has to be finished; 7. The man may be sent to prison; 8. Something must be done now.

4. 1.have been delayed; 2. Have been thrown away; 3. Have been sold; 4. Have been killed; 5. Have been stolen

5.

1.I don’t like being stared at; 2. I can’t stand being told what to do; 3. I don’t like being interrupted; 4. I dislike being joked about; 5. I enjoyed being praised.

6. 1.got stuck; 2. Got bitten; 3. Got hit; 4. Didn’t get caught; 5. Got arrested; 6. Got sentenced.

7. 1.Sarah was shown the photographs; 2. Normally, I am paid my salary every month; 3. I think that we have been sent the wrong tickets; 4. I hope that Sally will be given the message; 5. I wasn’t asked for my address; 6. I thought that you had been told about the meeting.

8. 1.was discovered by; 2. Was directed by; 3. Was composed and sung by; 4. Was invented by; 5. Was painted by.

9. 1. with; 2. by; 3. with; 4. by; 5. with; 6. by; 7. by.; 8. with

10. 1.It is said that the monument is over 2000 years old/The monument is said to be over 2000 years old; 2. It is expected that the president will resign/The president is expected to resign; 3. It is thought that the fire started at about 8 o’clock/The fire is thought to have

started at about 8 o’clock; 4.It was reported that seven people had been injured in the fire/Seven people were reported to have been injured in the fire.

11. 1.have these shoes repaired; 2. Having an extension built; 3. Have my glasses mended 4. Have your hair done; 5. Had new tyres fitted; 6. Had my suit dry-cleaned.

12. 1.had his flat burgled; 2. Had the roof of their house damaged; 3. Had the radio stolen; 4. Had his nose broke.

6.Grammar Practice Progress Test 1. (I) Rewrite the sentences in the active, beginning with the words given. Example: The phone is being repaired now. They are repairing the phone now. 1. A new motorway has been built. They…. 2. The information is kept on our computer. We… 3. A man was arrested late last night. The police…. 4. The medicine should be taken after meals. You… 5. The hotel will have to be sold. We… 6. Mike doesn’t like being criticized. Mike doesn’t like people….. 7. When I returned to town, my old school had been pulled down. When I returned to the

town, they… 8. As I was walking home, I thought I was being followed. As I was walking home, I

thought someone…

(ii) Rewrite these sentences in the passive, leaving out they or someone. Example: They have sold the company. The company has been sold. 1. They are interviewing the president on TV at the moment. 2. They deliver the post twice a day. 3. They took the old man to hospital. 4. They were repairing the traffic lights yesterday. 5. Someone has opened this letter. 6. I remember someone telling me the news. 7. They should reduce taxes. 8. Someone must have told Ann about the accident. 9. They had cancelled the 9.15 train, so I took a later train. 10. They are going to change the law soon.

(iii)Choose the correct answer. The National Security Bank in downtown San Antonio…1.(robbed/was robbed) last night. A safe 2.… (blew open/was blown open) and around $ 800,000…3.(stole/was stolen). The robbery 4…(took/was taken) place between midnight and 1.00am. The police 5…(are looking/are being looked) for two men who 6…(saw/were seen) getting into a black car near the bank at about 1 o’clock last night. They 7…(also want/are also wanted) to hear from Mr Joe Newman, 52, who 8…(worked/was worked) as a security guard at the bank. Mr Newman 9…(disappeared/was disappeared) just before the robbery and he 10…(has not seen/has not been seen) since then.

2. Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words given. 1. Someone will give you the information later.You… 2. Someone sent me a letter. A letter… 3. Someone knocked me over in the street. I… 4. The president is expected to visit Moscow. It… 5. It is said that golf was invented in China. Golf… 6. The Queen of England is thought to be one of the richest women in the world. It… 7. It is claimed that beings from outer space have visited the earth. Beings from outer

space… 8. People say that sunbathing causes skin cancer. Sunbathing is supposed… 3. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given Example: They serviced Ken’s car yesterday. Ken had his car serviced yesterday. 1. They’re repairing our roof at the moment. We… 2. They’re going to fit a stereo in my car. I… 3. Someone cleans Sue’s flat once a week. Sue… 4. Has anyone tested your eyes recently? Have you….? 5. Someone stole John’s briefcase last week. John… 7. Grammar Progress test –answer key 1. (I) 1. have built a new motorway; 2. keep the information on our computer; 3. arrested a man late last night; 4. should take the medicine after meals; 5. will have to sell the hotel; 6. criticizing him; 7. had pulled down my old school; 8. was following me

(ii) 1.The president is being interviewed on TV at the moment; 2. The post is delivered twice a day; 3. The old man was taken to hospital; 4. The traffic lights were being repaired yesterday; 5. This letter has been opened; 6. I remember being told the news; 7. Taxes should be reduced; 8. Ann must have been told the news; 9. The 9.15 train had been cancelled, so I took a later train; 10. The law is going to be changed soon

(iii) 1.was robbed; 2.was blow open; 3. Was stolen; 4. Took; 5. Are looking; 6. Were seen; 7. Also want; 8. Worked; 9. Disappeared; 10. Has not been seen.

2. 1.will be given the information later; 2. Was sent to me; 3. Was knocked over in the street; 4. Is expected that the president will visit Moscow; 5. Is said to have been invented in China; 6.is thought that the Queen of England is one of the richest women in the world; 7. Are claimed to have visited the earth; 8. To cause skin cancer 3. 1. are having our roof repaired at the moment; 2. Am having a stereo fitted in my car; 3. Has her flat cleaned once a week;4. Had her eyes tested recently; 5. Had his briefcase stolen last week

Chapter 8 Delivery of Cargo (Discharging)

If-clauses

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recagnise and use correctly the words and phrases related to the delivery of cargo; translate a text on delivery of cargo giving correct Romanian equivalents; construct and act out a dialogue between the First Mate and the Agent about the delivery of cargo. 1. On arrival in the port of discharge necessary arrangements are made for discharging the cargo. In the majority of cases, the agent entrusts the discharging of goods to some stevedoring company or wharfingers. This company usually undertakes to discharge the cargo into their own warehouses and then to deliver this cargo to the respective consignees. In other cases, the agent arranges with the consignees a direct delivery of goods alongside the ship. In both cases the Chief Mate is under duty to make out notices of readiness and to hand them over to the agent. The agent, in his turn, hands in these notices to the consignees. As a rule the cargo is delivered against original bills of lading and on payment of freight. The receiver of the goods is to sign his name on the bill of lading to the effect that full cargo under the bill has been received to his entire satisfaction. Such an endorsement is called “clean receipt”. A bill of lading is a negotiable document and it is often sold and resold before it is presented to the master at the port of discharge. So, when a bill of lading is presented to the master he must see that it has been properly endorsed by the consignee and by each of the holders, if the bill of lading has changed hands. Usually the ship’s agent is charged with the legal formalities. He negotiates with the consignees or the holders of the B/L and introduces to the master the right and legitimate person who must take the delivery of goods. The agent also secures clean receipts for the goods delivered. Sometimes the goods are delivered in small separate lots against the consignees’ receipts. With the final lot all these receipt are exchanged for a duly signed and endorsed bill of lading. Very often the agent places his signature and seal on the bill of lading, which serves as a proof that the goods have been delivered to the right persons. According to the contract the agent is bound to collect from the receivers of goods the freight and other charges due to the shipowners. The amount of freight is usually in the bill of lading. Besides, the agent usually gets direct instructions from the shipping company as to what amount of money he should collect in connection with a definite shipment. The master of the ship may deliver the goods only after he has ascertained that the freight and other charges, if any, have been paid. The fact that the money has been paid must be efficiently confirmed by the agent. He usually does this by giving the captain either a formal written notice or by arranging with the captain that he will visa each B/L the money under which has been duly collected. In case of non-payment of freight and of other charges due to the ship the master may exrecise a lien upon the goods and the agent renders him assistance in this connection. In case of shartage of goods or any claims or disputes on the part of consignees the agent is to arrange immediate checking of the cargo in order to protect the interests of the vessel. If the shortage or defects of goods are found on discharging, an appropriate statement of facts should be drawn up. This statement is usually signed by the master, by the agent and sometimes by the customs house officer or a surveyor.

2. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1 FIRST MATE: We are ready to start discharging Hold No.1. We’ll begin with the consignment of 2000 bales of cotton under B/L 3782.The cargo is consigned to Messrs. Dijon & Co., Textiles Manufacturers. Who will take delivery for this cargo? AGENT: We’ve arranged with the stevedoring company that they’ll take delivery of the goods. The boss stevedore will arrange the tally of goods. When the goods are tallied and received he will give you clean receipts. Later on I will exchange these receipts for a duly signed B/L. FIRST MATE: Have you collected freight under this B/L? AGENT: Certainly, I have. Here is an official notice to this effect. FIRST MATE: Good. Let me have that notice. In the same hold there is a consignment of 500 cases of electric refrigerators under B/L No, 3784. These refrigerators are consigned to the Lebanese Trading Corporation via your port. To whom shall we deliver this lot? AGENT: This lot is to be delivered to the local Transport Company who have a legal power of attorney from the Lebanese Trading Corporation. They have already paid the freight and other charges due under this B/L. I’ll bring their representative tomorrow morning and he is to give you clean receipts for the goods received. When discharging has been completed I’ll deliver you a duly endorsed and accomplished B/L. FIRST MATE: I want their representative to make out clean receipts for each draft because this is rather a valuable cargo. Can you arrange that? AGENT: Of course, I shall arrange that. Dialogue 2. AGENT: This last consignment of gas tube fittings was two cases short. FIRST MATE: What’s the number of that B/L? AGENT: No.8673 for 300 cases of gas tube fittings. As a matter of fact, we got ashore only 298 cases. Our tallies agree. What’s the matter with that B/L? FIRST MATE: I suppose you didn’t pay attention to the remark on the B/L that two cases were in dispute. AGENT: Why, I did, but I thought they meant two extra cases over 300. They ought to have stated:”298 cases plus 2 cases in dispute” FIRST MATE: Yes, that’s what they ought to have done, but overlooked it. Anyhow, we have to draw up a statement of shortage. State that two cases are short-landed. AGENT: Yes, that’s what we have to do. Dialogue 3. AGENT: I’m sorry, but we cannot give you clean receipts for these steel billets. FIRST MATE: Why, what’s the matter? Have you any claims as to the shortage of these goods? AGENT: No, we have no claims whatsoever as to the quantity. But we object to the state of the goods. Many billets have become rusty. FIRST MATE: but we have nothing to do with this. There is a clause inserted in the B/L :”Weight, quantity & condition unknown. Shipper’s responsibility.” This clause relieves us of any liability. AGENT: Then we’ll give you clean receipts, but we must call in experts and draw a special statement of facts.

FIRST MATE: That’s your legal right. We cannot object to that. But we firstly refuse to bear any responsibility as we have delivered you the goods in the same conditions as shipped and, as I have said, the state of goods was stipulated as unknown to us. Dialogue 4. CAPTAIN: Do you represent Messrs. White & CO? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Yes, Sir. I am Cargo Superintendent of the firm. My name is Peterson. Here is my power of attorney. Did you get my radiogram to heat the cargo? CAPTAIN: Yes, we got it in time and by now the mean temperature is about 80°F. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Oh, that’s very good. It will greatly expedite discharging. What’s your ship’s draft? CAPTAIN: She draws 8.6 m aft and 8.3m fore. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Have you prepared notices of readiness? CAPTAIN: Yes, we have, Here they are. Please sign your name and state the time they are accepted. We are ready to discharge from 17.00 hours today. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: it’s eleven now. So the lay hours will count exactly from 17.00 hours. Can you hand me over the shipping documents sent to us by ship’s mail? CAPTAIN: Certainly, here they are. Please sign this receipt. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Can we start taking measurements and samples? CAPTAIN: Yes, of course. I’ve already arranged everything with our ship’s agent, Mr.Johnson. He is on deck now, We are only waiting for the inspector from the customs house. He will be here soon. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Have the hatch covers and ullage holds been opened? CAPTAIN: yes, everything is made ready to take measurements. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Have you got standard gauging equipment aboard? CAPTAIN: Yes, we have normal taps and thermometers. I think you may now go on deck. I am informed that the customs house officers have just come and they are waiting for you. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: All right, thank you. See you later. Dialogue 5. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Excuse me, captain. Soon you’ll complete pumping out centre tanks Nos.7 and 8. I would like to ask you not to drain them and leave about a metre layer of oil below. CAPTAIN: What do you need that for? CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: You see, after we pump out the bulk of the cargo into shore tanks we’ll bring a barge alongside to collect drains. CAPTAIN: All right. I’ll tell second mate to see to that. Only keep in mind, we won’t take into account any additional samples which you take from the barge. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: No, certainly not. The samples which we had taken jointly with you before discharging will serve as characteristics of the whole lot. If you like I can confirm that by an official letter. CAPTAIN: Yes, will you kindly do that for sake of order? Dialogue 6. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: As soon as stripping of the tanks is completed, we’ll inspect the tanks and make out a certificate of tank inspection. CAPTAIN: Very well. Do you want any other arrangements to be made?

CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: Yes, certainly. First of all I would kindly ask you, captain, to have the pipelines pressed with the ship’s pumps as soon as discharging is completed. CAPTAIN: That we can easily do, of course, but to avoid any claims for water contamination of the cargo in the shore tanks I should like you to give us a written order to that effect. CARGO SUPERINTENDENT: O.K. I’ll give you such a notice if you like. So, it’s settled then. Now we must have 1200 tins of cargo discharged into a barge. Tomorrow morning we’ll bring a barge alongside and I would ask you to make arrangements for discharging all into that barge. 3.VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS to entrust = a incredinta negotiable = negociabil to be satisfied with = a fi satisfacut de to endorse = a andosa, a gira (ec) holder = detinator to negotiate = a nogocia, a duce tratative to exchange = a schimba, a face schimb seal = sigiliu proof = dovada, proba to be bound = a fi obligat to collect = a stringe amount = suma, cantitate to state = a declara, a stabili to ascertain = a constata, a stabili, a preciza charges = taxe, sume datorate to confirm = a confirma claim = reclamatie, pretentie statement of facts = raport oficial to draw up = a intocmi to consign = a expedia according to = conform cu, potrivit cu to overlook = a emite, a trece cu vederea to resume = a relua to suppose = a presupune rusty = ruginit to refuse = a refuza to stipulate = a stipula unknown = necunoscut mean = mediu lay days (hours) = stalii ullage = ulaj ullage tables = table de ulaj to compute = a calcula to drain (tanks) = a evacua tape = banda, rulata (de masurat) certificate of quality = certificat de calitate certificate of inspection= certificat de inspectie the bill of lading has changed hands = conosamentul a trecut din mina in mina to exercise a lien upon the cargo = a exercita dreptul de gaj asupra marfii to take delivery of the cargo = a receptiona marfa

two bags were short = lipsa de doi saci to relieve of liability = a fi eliberat de raspundere to bear responsibility = a purta raspunderea to thieve the tank = a lua probe de apa de la fundul mari to strip the tank = a evacua tancul complet outage measurements = masuratoare, sondaje la nivelul stratului de lichid.

4. Grammar. Conditionals: Introduction 4.1. We can use if with many different structures. Here are the most common: 4.1.1.Open present or future conditionals

If + present simple + will + infinitive If he asks me, I’ll help him.(Perhaps he will ask me)

4.1.2. Unreal present or future conditionals If + past simple + would + infinitive If he asked me I would help him.( but he won’t ask me, or he probably won’t)

4.1.3. Unreal past conditionals If + past perfect + would have + past participle If he had asked me, I would have helped him. (But he didn’t ask me)

4.1.4. General conditionals If + present simple + present simple If he asks me, I always help him.(=Whenever he asks me…)

4.2. An if-clause can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. If it rains, I’ll stay at home. I’ll stay at home if it rains. We often write a comma (,) after the if-clause when we begin with this clause. 4.3. We can use conditional clauses without if. Unless we hurry, we’ll be late. Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do?

4.4. Open present or future conditionals 4.4.1. Basic form

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If I go out I’ll buy a newspaper. If you don’t study you won’t pass your exam. If they offer you the job, what will you do?

4.4.2. Use We use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause will happen in the future. If I go out, I’ll buy a newspaper. (Perhaps I will buy a newspaper, perhaps I won’t) If we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert. (Perhaps we will have enough time, perhaps we won’t) We also use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause is true in the present. If you’re hungry, I’ll make you something to eat. (Perhaps you are hungry, perhaps you aren’t).

4.4.3. Other forms 4.4.3.1. We can also use shall instead of will with I and we in the main clause.

If I fail the exam, I shall take it again.

4.4.3.2. In this structure, we can use a modal verb e.g. can, may instead of will in the main clause. 4.4.3.3. We can also use the imperative in the main clause. If you see Maria, give her a message for me, please. 4.4.3.4. We can use the present perfect or present continuous instead of the present simple in the if-clause. If you have finished the letter, I’ll post it for you. I’ll come back later if you’re working now. 4.4.3.5. We can also use should after if when we are less sure about a possibility.Compare: If I see Maria, I’ll give her your message. (Perhaps I will see Maria) If I should see Maria, I’ll give her your message.( I am less sure that I will see Maria.) We can also begin with should when we are less sure. Should I see Maria, I’ll give her your message, 4.5. Unreal present or future conditionals 4.5.1. Basic form IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

If I had a lot of money, I’d travel round the world If he got up earlier he wouldn’t be late for work. If you didn’t pass the exam, would you take it again?

4.5.2. Use We use this structure to talk about unreal present or future situations. If I had a lot of money, I’d travel round the world. (But I don’t have a lot of money) If I didn’t feel so tired, I’d come out with you. (But I feel very tired) If the weather was nice, I’d go to the beach. ( But the weather is not nice.) We also use sentences like these to talk about unlikely present or future situations. If she really loved you, she wouldn’t be so horrible to you. If I won a lot of money, I’d take a long holiday. The past form e.g. had, loved does not have a past meaning in sentences like these: it has a hypothetical present or future meaning.

4.5.3. Other forms 4.5.3.1. We often use were instead of was after if, especially in a more formal style. If the weather were nice, I’d go to the beach. I’d come out for a walk with you if I weren’t so busy. We often use if I were you to give advice. If I were you, I’d apply for a job. 4.5.3.2. We can use the modal verbs might or could instead of would in the main clause. If I won a lot of money, I might stop working. (=…I would perhaps stop working.) I could repair the car, if I had the right tools. (= I would be able to repair the car…) 4.6. Unreal past conditionals 4.6.1. Basic form IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If the weather had been nice yesterday I would have gone to the beach

If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. If you hadn’t missed your bus, you wouldn’t have been late for school. If I hadn’t helped you what would you have done? 4.6.2. Use We use this structure to talk about unreal past situations. If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach. (But the weather was not nice.)

If I’d studied hard, I would have passed the exam.(But I did not study hard) If you hadn’t missed your bus, you wouldn’t have been late for school.(But you missed your bus.) 4.6.3.Other forms We can use the modal verbs might and could instead of would in the main clause. If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.(=..you would perhaps have passed it.) I could have repaired the car, if I’d had the right tools. (=…I would have been able to repair the car…) 4.7. Conditional clauses without if 4.7.1. Unless We can use unless to mean ‘If…not.’ Unless you put on some suncream, you’ll get sunburnt. (= If you do not put on some suncream…) I won’t go to the party unless you go too. (=…if you do not go too.) We often use unless in threats e.g. Unless you stop making that noise, I’ll scream! And warnings e.g. You’ll be hungry later unless you eat now. Compare if and unless If you eat now, you won’t be hungry later. Unless you eat now, you’ll be hungry later. I’ll go to the party if you go too. I won’t go to the party unless you go too. 4.7.2. As/So long as, provided/providing (that) We use As/So long as, provided/providing (that) to mean ‘if but only if’. You can borrow my camera as long as you’re careful with it. (=…if but only if you’re careful with it.) I’ll go to the party provided you go too. (=…if but only if you go too.) 4.7.3. And and or(else) 4.7.3.1. We sometimes use and to join two ideas instead of using an if-clause. Stay in bed for a few days and you’ll be fine.( =If you stay in bed for a few days, you’ll be fine.) 4.7.3.2.We can use or (else) to mean ‘if not’ or ‘otherwise’. Don’t try to lift that box or (else) you’ll hurt yourself.(=If you try to lift that box, you’ll hurt yourself.) 4.7.4. Should We can use should instead of if when we are less sure about a possibility. Compare:

If we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert.(Perhaps we will have enough time.) Should we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert.( I am less sure that we will have enough time.) We can also use should after if with this meaning e.g. If we should have enough time, we’ll visit Robert. 4.7..5. Suppose/Supposing We can also use suppose or supposing instead of if, especially in unreal conditions. Suppose/Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do? 5. Grammar Practice 1. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won’t or the present simple. Are these things

true? Example: If we keep on (keep on) using more and more cars, we’ll run out (run out) of oil. 1. If we…(run out) of oil, we…(need) other kinds of energy. 2. Pollution…(increase) if we…(use) more oil and coal. 3. If pollution…(increase), more and more trees…(die) 4. The climate…(change) if more trees…(die) 5. If we…(try) to control pollution, it…(be) very expensive. 6. If we…(not control) pollution soon, it…(be) too late!

2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Example: If I don’t leave now, I might be late.

Have finished can lane might be should need are feeling may go should phone 1. If you need any more money I…you some. 2. You can go now if you…. 3. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we…for a picnic. 4. Just ask me if you….any help. 5. If anyone…for me while I am out, tell them I’ll be back at 4 o’clock. 6. Go to bed now if you…tired.

3. Complete the sentences Example: What would this woman do if she knew the boy was there? Do,know 1. If she…he was there, she…him to go away. Know,tell 2. She…her purse and perhaps she…police. Move, call 3. What…the boy…if he…the two policemen were nearby? Do, know

4. If he…, he…to take the woman’s purse. Know, not/try 5. Perhaps he…away if he…them. Run, see 4. Find the endings. Put the verbs into the correct form. Example: 1. I’d give up work if I were a millionaire. 1. I’d give up work if it…(be) a nice day tomorrow. 2. We’ll go for a picnic if I…(not/have) such a big nose.

3. If I took more exercise the world…(be) a better place. 4. I’ll watch TV tonight. I…(go) to the concert next week, 5. I’d be better looking if I…(be) a millionaire. 6. If people weren’t so greedy, if I…(not/go)out. 7. If I can get a ticket I…(not/be) so unfit. 5. Put the verbs into the correct form: the past perfect, or would(n’t) have + past participle.

Example: She would have spoken to you if she had seen (see) you.

1. If I…(not/be) so busy yesterday, I would have visited you. 2. If you had seen the film, you…(enjoy) it. 3. She would have gone to university if she…(have) the opportunity. 4. If he had been more careful, he…(not/have) an accident.

6. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Example: 1. If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin. A B 1. If I get a headache, they die 2. I feel terrible, it makes me feel nervous 3. If I drink too much coffee, if you don’t get enough exercise 4. If flowers don’t get any water, I usually take some aspirin 5. You put on weight if I don’t get 8 hours’ sleep a night 7. Rephrase the sentences using unless. Example: If we don’t leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film. Unless we leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film. 1. If you don’t wear your coat, you’ll be cold. 2. I’ll phone you, if you don’t phone me first. 3. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow if you don’t post it before 1 o’clock today. 4. I won’t go to school tomorrow if I don’t feel better. 5. I can’t write to you if you don’t give me your address. 6. Your cough won’t get better if you don’t stop smoking. 8. Choose the correct word or expression. Example: We’ll have a picnic tomorrow unless/provided it rains. 1. Unless/Provided you tell me the truth, everything will be all right. 2. In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen unless/provided you have your parents’

permission. 3. He won’t forgive you unless/as long as you say you’re sorry. 4. Unless/providing you land me the money, I won’t be able to go on holiday. 5. I’ll buy the car unless/as long as it’s not too expensive. 9. Read the sentences. Make a new sentence with the same meaning using the word(s) in brackets. Example: If you don’t lend me your map, I’ll get lost. (or) Lend me your map or I’ll get lost.

If you do as I say, everything will be all right. (and) Do as I say and everything will be all right. 1. If you don’t stop making that noise, I’ll hit you. (or) 2. If you take this umbrella, you won’t get wet. (and) 3. If you don’t drive more carefully, you’ll have an accident. (or else) 4. If you help me, I’ll help you. (and) 10. Complete the sentences using should I/he/she and the verb in the box. Example: I think I’ll arrive at the meeting on time, but should I be late, please start without me.

Miss change be need fail 1. I think I’ve got enough money, but…any more, I’ll borrow some. 2. I’m sure he’ll pass the exam, but…he can always take it again. 3. I don’t think I’ll go to the party, but…my mind I’ll let you know. 4. She expects to catch the last bus, but…it, she’ll tale a taxi. 11. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Make sentences beginning Suppose/Supposing…. Example: 1. Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me? A B 1. I moved to Scotland would you have taken it? 2. someone finds my wallet what would the prize have been? 3. they had stayed at our house do you think they will take it to the police? 4. they had offered you the job would you come and visit me/ 5. you had won the competition where would they have slept? 12. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets: the present simple, past simple, past perfect, will/won’t…would(n’t)…or would(n’t) have….. Examples: My father would have died if the doctors hadn’t operated (not/operate) on him straight away. Don’t worry about getting home. If you miss (miss) the last bus, I’ll give you a lift in my car. My friend would get (get) better marks at school if she did more homework. If she doesn’t have much time, she normally has (have) a sandwich for lunch. 1. I…(wear) some warm clothes today, if I were you. It’s quite cold outside. 2. You…(not/have) the accident if you’d been more careful. 3. If I…(have) enough money, I’d buy a new one. 4. If you…(wait) for a few minutes, I’ll come into town with you. 5. I would have told you if I…(know). 6. People…(like) Robert more if he didn’t always talk about himself. 7. I…(speak) to my boss about my holidays today if I get the chance. 8. If he…(make) a promise, he always keeps it. 9. I’d go to the cinema more often if it…(not/be) so expensive. 10. I…(not/leave) my last job if the wages had been better. 11. He always…(get) angry if you talk to him about politics. 12. If you go out without a coat, you…(catch) a cold. 13. If you…(ask0 me, I would have helped you.

14. What…(you/do) if you saw someone drowning in the sea? 15. I’ll go out this evening if I…(not/be) too busy.

6.Grammar Practice-Answer-key 1. 1.run out, ‘ll need; 2. Will increase, use; 3. Increases, will die; 4. Will change, die; 5. Try, will be; 6. Don’t control, will be

2. 1. can lend; 2. Have finished; 3. May go; 4. Should need; 5. Should phone; 6. Are feeling

3. 1. knew, would tell; 2. Would move, would call; 3. Would, do, knew; 4. Knew, wouldn’t

try; 5. Would run, saw. 4. 1.I’d give up work if I were a millionaire; 2. We’ll go for a picnic if it’s a nice day; 3. If I took more exercise, I wouldn’t be so unfit; 4. I’ll watch TV tonight if I don’t go out; 5. I’d be better-looking if I didn’t have such a big nose; 6. If people weren’t so greedy, the world would be a better place; 7.If I can get a ticket, I’ll go the concert next week. 5. 1.hadn’t been; 2. Would have enjoyed; 3. Had had; 4. Wouldn’t have had.

6. 1.If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin; 2. I feel terrible if I don’t get 8 hours’ sleep a night; 3. If I drink too much coffee, it makes me feel nervous; 4. If flowers don’t get any water, they die; 5. You put on weight if you don’t get enough exercise. 7. 1.Unless you wear your coat, you’ll be cold; 2. I’ll phone you unless you phone me first; 3. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow unless you post it before 1 o’clock today; 4. I won’t go to school tomorrow unless I feel better; 5. I can’t write to you unless you give me your address; 6. Your cough won’t get better unless you stop smoking. 8. 1. provided; 2. providing; 3. unless; 4. Unless; 5. As long as

9. 1. Stop making that noise or I’ll hit you; 2. Take this umbrella and you won’t get wet; 3. Drive more carefully or else you’ll have an accident; 4. Help me and I’ll help you. 10. 1. should I need; 2. should he fail; 3. should I change; 4. should she miss 11. 1.Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me?; 2. Suppose/Supposing someone finds my wallet, do you think they will take it to the police?3. Suppose/Supposing they had stayed at our house, where would they have slept?;

4.Suppose/Supposing they had offered you the job, would you have taken it?; 5. Suppose/Supposing you had won the competition, what would the prize have been?

12. 1. would wear; 2. Wouldn’t have had; 3. Had; 4. Wait; 5. Had known; 6. Would like; 7. ‘ll speak; 8. Makes; 9. Weren’t/wasn’t; 10. Wouldn’t have left; 11. Gets; 12. ‘ll catch; 13. Had asked; 14. Would you do; 15. ‘m not. 7.Grammar Practice Progress Test 1. (I) Choose the correct answer-A,B or C 1. I may go to the USA next year…., I’ll visit a friend in New York.

A When I go B If I go C If I’ll go 2. I’ll see you…back from my holidays.

A when I’ll come B when I come C if I come 3. …too busy tomorrow. I’ll visit you.

A When I’m not B If I’m not c If I won’t be 4. …more money, I’d buy a new car.

A When I have B If I have C If I had 5. If I knew Alan’s address, …to him.

A. I’d write B I’ll write C I wrote (ii) Out the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. We’ll go out later if it…(stop) raining. 2. If I…(be) you, I’d go to the doctor. 3. Do you want to watch TV? I…(switch) it on if you do. 4. Simon doesn’t want to come to the concert,. I…(buy) hum a ticket if he did. 5. If we leave now, we…(not/be) late. 6. If I were you , I…(not/buy)that car. 7. If I…(lie) in the sun, I always get sunburnt. 8. If John…(not/apologize) to me, I won’t speak to him any more. 9. …(you/stop) working if you were a millionaire? 10. …(you/phone) me tomorrow if you have time? 2. Rewrite the sentences without If, using the words in brackets. Example: If you don’t take a taxi, we’ll be ;ate. (unless) Unless we take a taxi, we’ll be late. 1. If you don’t go now, I’ll be very angry. (or) 2. If you help me now, I’ll help you later. (provided) 3. If you give me your address, I’ll write to you. (and) 4. If they don’t offer me a better job, I’ll leave the company. (unless) 5. I’ll stay up and watch the film if it isn’t on too late. (as long as) 6. If you were in my place, what would you do? (supposing) 7. If I win the lottery, I’ll give you half the money. (should)

3. (I) There are mistakes in some of these sentences.

Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. Janet will be disappointed if she’ll fail the exam. 2. If Peter had been more careful, he wouldn’t break the camera. 3. You can use my car tomorrow if I don’t need it. 4. If I won’t have much time, I usually have a sandwich for lunch. 5. If I were you, I won’t lend John any money. 6. If the bus doesn’t come soon, I’ll walk home. 7. I’d be happier if I don’t have to work so hard.

(ii) Make if sentences about these situations. Example: Mike never takes any exercise. He’s so unfit. If Mike took some exercise, he wouldn’t be so unfit. I didn’t know your address. I didn’t write to you. If I’d known your address, I would have written to you. 1. We didn’t know the film was on TV. We didn’t record it on our video. 2. I go to bed late every night. I’m always tired. 3. Janet wasn’t in a hurry. She walked home. 4. I haven’t got enough money. I can’t go skiing next week. 5. We didn’t have an umbrella. We got wet.. 8. Grammar Progress Test –Answer key 1. (i) 1.B; 2.B; 3. B; 4. C; 5. A; 6.C (ii) 1. Stops; 2. Were; 3. Will switch; 4. Would buy; 5. Won’t be; 6. Wouldn’t buy; 7.

Lie; 8. Doesn’t apologize; 9. Would you stop; 10. Will you phone. 2. 1.Go now or I’ll be very angry; 2. Provided you help me now I’ll help you later; 3. Give me your address and I’ll write to you;4. Unless they offer me a better job, I’ll leave the company; 5. I’ll stay up and watch the film as long as it isn’t on too long; 6. Supposing you were in my place, what would you do?7. Should I win the lottery, I’ll give you half the money. 3. (i)1….if she fails…;2…he wouldn’t have broken…3. Right; 4. If I don’t have; 5. …I wouldn’t lend…6. Right. 7…if I didn’t have to work… (ii)1. If we’d known the film was on TV, we would have recorded it on our video; 2. If I didn’t go to bed late every night, I wouldn’t always be tired; 3. If Janet had been in a hurry, she wouldn’t have walked home; 4. If I had enough money, I could go skiing next week.5. if we’d had an umbrella, we wouldn’t have got wet.

Chapter 9. Buying Provisions

Prepositions (I)

1. Although our ships are well provided with everything they need for normal run, sometimes they have to buy some things in foreign ports.This may happen especially when the ships are out of their home ports for a long time and when they may run out of some stores. The ships sailing on a long-term voyage may need fuel oil, technical supplies and fresh provisions. In foreign ports, fresh provisions are usually bought either through shipchandlers or direct from dealers. Shipchandlers are either owners or employees of trading companies which specialize in supplying ships with different kinds of foodstuffs and other commodities.They have either own stores or they act as brokers for other firms engaged in wholsale trade. As a rule, they are well connected with local suppliers, enterprises and official establishments. They have ample information about the market demands and bids and the current prices and they greatly facilitate buying the victuals required by the ships. In compliance with the terms of contract the ship’s agent is bound to recommend reliable and trustworthy firms which will supply the ship with goods of proper quality and reasonable prices, The agent is also under duty to check all accounts for the goods supplied and services rendered to the ship. He is to verify the accounts and confirm that prices charged are not beyond current market prices and that the calculations are correct. Very often it is of some advantage to buy bonded goods. These are the dutiable goods which are stored in bonded warehouses under the control of customs and excise officers. These goods cannot be removed from the warehouse until the import duty is paid. However, no duty is imposed on these goods when they are delivered to a ship for the use of the ship’s crew or the passengers, because they are thus, so to say, re-exported. These bonded goods comprise mostly spirits, wines, perfumes, cigarettes, tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa, fruit, sugar and so on. To obtain these goods, the stores Authority form is filled up and signed in the presence of the customs and excise officers. Then this signed document is delivered to the shipchandler who supplies the ship with the goods. A victualling bill is required to get these goods aboard the ship. To make the buying of provisions easier the third mate, who is usually in charge of this business, compiles a provision list beforehand and when the ship arrives at the port he hands it over to the shipchandler. Fresh provisions may be ordered by telegraph or by radio either from the last port of call or when the ship is on her way. Shipchandlers usually undertake to deliver the provisions to the ship, charging additional expenses for delivery of these goods. Captains or their chief mates seldom pay in cash for the provisions bought. As a rule, the captain signs the bill or invoice for the provisions received, and the shipchandler later presents these bills to the ship’s agent who settles the accounts with him on behalf of the ship. The agent than includes the amounts paid in the disbursement account and is, in turn, reimbursed by the steamship line. 2.VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Dialogue 1. THIRD MATE: Well, Mr.Shipchandler, here is the list of provisions we need. Will you kindly look it through and tell me what you can supply us with and what your prices are? SHIPCHANDLER: Let me see. Fresh meat is not available at the market at this season of the year. We have only salted and preserved meat in stock now.

THIRD MATE: You see we are not used to salted meat. Couldn’t you obtain fresh meat from somewhere else? SHIPCHANDLER: Well, we might obtain it if you are willing to pay a higher price and wait till it’s brought here. THIRD MATE: How long will it take you to bring the meat here, I mean aboard our ship. SHIPCHANDLER: I think we can arrange that by tomorrow night or not later than the day after tomorrow, early in the morning. THIRD MATE: Well there is no great urgency about the meat; we can wait till that time. How much will you charge me for the meat? SHIPCHANDLER: We’ll charge you 5d. a pound. The price is f.o.b. THIRD MATE: And what is the regular price for meat? SHIPCHANDLER: The regular price is about 3d. less. THIRD MATE: All right. I am willing to pay that price. Bring me fresh meat by the day after tomorrow. What about other items of the list? SHIPCHANDLER: Potatoes are scarce at the market now, I am afraid, Sir, we can obtain not more than ¾ of the quantity you want. THIRD MATE: ¾ you say? I think it will suffice us till we reach Gibraltar. There we can buy some more. There is always a lot of that stuff there. How much are the potatoes? SHIPCHANDLER: ……a sack, Sir. THIRD MATE: How much does a sack weigh? SHIPCHANDLER: It weighs about 100 lbs on the average. THIRD MATE: That’ll do. Get as much as you can but mind the quality is good. If the potatoes are of inferior quality, we won’t take them. SHIPCHANDLER: You don’t have to worry about the quality. We have been dealing in victuals for over 20 years and so far we had no complaints from our customers. What kind of fruit do you want, Sir? THIRD MATE: I don’t know what fruits are available at the market now, so I leave the choice to your discretion. SHIPCHANDLER: Now is the season for grapes, pineapples and bananas. Besides we have oranges, apples and pears imported from Messina. THIRD MATE: Tell me the prices, please. SHIPCHANDLER: grapes are…., bananas are… and pineapples….a pound. THIRD MATE: Wait a minute. Let me calculate how much will that come to? Well we want 300pounds of bananas, 100 pounds of oranges, 50 pounds of pineapples and 500 pounds of grapes. See that the fruit is ripe and fresh. SHIPCHANDLER: All right, Sir. I am sure you will be quite satisfied. Good-bye. Dialogue 2. THIRD MATE: Sit down. Mr Shipchandler, make yourself comfortable. Now let’s see what you’ve got in stock. SHIPCHANDLER: To make it short, here is our price list. Have a look at it, and if you don’t find what you want in it, I’ll see what I can do for you. THIRD MATE: Oh, we don’t want anything extraordinary. We just want common things. Are the prices in the list quoted for one kilogramme? SHIPCHANDLER: No, Sir, the prices are quoted for one English pound or one ounce. The prices are quoted in local currency. THIRD MATE: An what is the rate of exchange in American dollars or English pounds? SHIPCHANDLER: Two local gulden are equivalent to $1 and four gulden are equivalent to one pound.

THIRD MATE: I must say that your prices are quite high. Take for instance fruits and vegetables; they are by far more expensive than in other ports. You must rebate a little. SHIPCHANDLER: Well, these are local products and we can make a reduction for you if you are going to buy a reasonable quantity. As to meat, butter, flour, sugar and cheese, they are mostly imported goods and the prices are fixed, Sir. THIRD MATE: It’s too bad as we are rather short of fresh meat. SHIPCHANDLER: We may offer you some fresh fish, Sir. It’s very good and cheaper than anywhere else in the world. The price is…a pound. THIRD MATE: What kind of fish do you mean? SHIPCHANDLER: Mackerel, Sir, the most delicious fish in the Mediterranean Sea. I’m sure you’ll like it immediately. THIRD MATE: All right, I’ll take 5 cwt of fish and 3 cwt of fresh meat. Put it down in your notebook, please.I’m going to place some more orders with you. What reduction can you make us on vegetables and fruit? SHIPCHANDLER: What quantities are you going to take? THIRD MATE: About 12-15 cwt altogether. SHIPCHANDLER: I can make you a reduction of 10% as against the prices in the price list. THIRD MATE: That’s settled then. Write down, please: 2 cwt of cabbage, 1 cwt of carrots, 1cwt. of beetroot, 1 cwt. Of green peas, 1 cwt. Of green sweet pepper, 20 lbs. of parsley.I would also like 1 cwt of lettuce, 5 cwt of melons and the same quantity of water-melons. That’sabout all. Have you put everything down? SHIPCHANDLER: Yes, Sir, I have. When do you want all these fudstuffs delivered? THIRD MATE: We want them delivered not later than tomorrow. Can you manage that? SHIPCHANDLER: We’ll do our best. THIRD MATE: That’s good. How shall we pay you, in cash or through our agents here, Messrs. Hutchinson & Co.? SHIPCHANDLER: As you like, Sir. It’s just the same to me. THIRD MATE: If that’s the case, then let’s settle our accounts through our agent; it’s more convenient for us. So make out a proper invoice and a bill for the foodstuffs. And see that the victuals are absolutely fresh. SHIPCHANDLER: Certainly, Sir. You won’t have any cause to complain. See you tomorrow. Good-bye. Dialogue 3. THIRD MATE: I say, Mr. Shipchandler, someone told us that bonded goods are cheaper. Is that true? SHIPCHANDLER: Certainly, Sir. You don’t have to pay import duties on these goods. THIRD MATE: You see we are going to the tropics and we have to provide our crew with wine according to medical regulations. How can it be arranged? SHIPCHANDLER: Oh, it’s simple enough. You just state what bonded goods and what quantities you want. I'll fill up this blank of Stores Authority and then will sign it in the presence of the customs officer. That’s all you have to do, the rest I’ll do myself. THIRD MATE: Yes, you’re right; that’s quite simple. But I must know the prices. How much does wine cost? SHIPCHANDLER: About 2 dollars a gallon. THIRD MATE: Let me see, how much will that make. 1 gallon equals 4.5 litres approximately. We need about 400 litres, that’ll make about 100 gallons. Well, put down in the blank form: 100 gallons of wine and 4 blocks of cigarettes. That’s all. SHIPCHANDLER: Very well Sir. We’ve also brought the foodstuffs you ordered. Will you please detail somebody to take them aboard? There’s a lorry alondside waiting to be discharged.

THIRD MATE: Wait a moment. I’ll send someone to fetch the chief steward who will receive the foodstuffs. You, please, go down with him and give him the invoice to check the products, I’ll detail the deckhands to help him. Dialogue 4. CHIEF STEWARD: Put the sacks here. Let me have the invoice, please. Thank you. What is there in that parcel? Butter? Let me see. Where is that item? Oh, here it is. Item 21:butter 1st grade 110 lbs. Let me put it on the scales. How much is that? 49.4 kilogrammes. The weight is correct. Mind if I taste it? The butter is good. What’s next? Sausage? SHIPCHANDLER: There are three different kinds of sausage here. CHIEF STEWARD: Oh, I see. Items 7,8,and 9. What’s the total weight? SHIPCHANDLER: The total weight must be 80 pounds. CHIEF STEWARD: What do the scales show? 36.3 kilogrammes. Now, let me calculate. Oh, yes, that’s the exact equivalent of 80 English pounds. The sausage looks absolutely fresh. No objection. Well, I think it’s no use re-weighing other victuals. SHIPCHANDLER: You may be quite sure that the weights are exact. CHIEF STEWARD: What comes next? Cheese? Yes, the cheese. Wait a moment. I am afraid it’s rather musty. SHIPCHANDLER: No, you are mistaken, This is a special sort of cheese, It must have some mould on the crust. Just cut it and you will see that it is extremely fine. CHIEF STEWARD: Well, I don’t know. Maybe you are right. I have to consult our doctor about that, he is a great connoisseur of cheese. What comes next? SHIPCHANDLER: Rice, 3 bags of rice, 300 lbs., item 17. CHIEF STEWARD: The rice is O.K. What else have we got here?Oh, meat! Let me see it. Well, I am sorry Mr. Shipchandler but the meat is tainted. I cannot accept it. SHIPCHANDLER: let me smell the meat. Well. I am not sure that you are right. But, still, if you insist on that, I’ll have it substituted. CHIEF STEWARD: Yes, do it please. The rest of the victuals are OK. As soon as you substitute better meat for this, I’ll report to the chief mate and he will sign the invoice and the bill for the goods received. 3. VOCABULARY and EXPRESSIONS stores = provizii. Materiale long-term = de durata mare to supply = a furniza, a asigura cu, a aproviziona foodstuffs = alimente, produse alimentare wholesale trade = comert en-gros suppliers = furnizori price – pret to facilitate = a facilita, a usura reliable = de incredere trustworthy = demn de incredere account = cont warehouse = deopozit, magazie to comprise = a cuprinde cash = bani numerar bill = chitanta, nota de plata invoice = factura disbursement account = decont, nata de decontare

to look through = a parcurge cu privirea available = disponibil scarce = insuficient to weigh = a cintari to deal with a se ocupa cu customer – client to quote = a da un pret rate of exchange = curs valutar de schimb lorry = camion scales = cintar tainted = alterat in compliance with = in conformitate cu we ran out of stores = am terminat proviziile to make up one’s mind = a se hotarito be in charge of something = a avea sarcina de a, a fi responsabil cu to settle accounts = a incheia conturile, a achita How much will that come to? = la cit se ridica ? We can make a reduction of 10% on these goods = putem face o reducere de 10% la aceste bunuri We’ll do our best = vom face tot ce depinde de noi British weights: oz.=ounce=28,35g Lb.= pound=0,45 kg Cwt= hundredweight = 50,8 kg Ton-long ton = 1.016 kg 1 ton = 20 cwts 1 cwts = 112 lbs 1 lb = 16 oz 4.Grammar: Prepositions(I) 4.1. Place: in, at, on 4.1.1. We use in when we think of a place as three-dimensional. Simon is in his room. Do you like swimming in the sea? We also use in when we think of a place as an area. We went for a walk in the park. He’s got a flat in Milan. 4.1.2. We use at when we think of a place as a point. I waited at the bus stop for twenty minutes. I’ll meet you at the station. (a meeting point) 4.1.3. We use on when we think of a place as a surface. What’s that on the floor? I’ll put this picture on the wall. We also use on when we think of a place as a line. Memphis is on the Mississippi River. Brighton is on the south coast of England. 4.1.4. With cities, towns and villages, we use at when we think of a place as a point e.g. a point on a journey. Our train stops at Brighton. But we use in when we think of the place itself e.g. He’s got a flat in Milan. 4.1.5. With buildings, we can often use at or in. We had lunch at/in Luigi’s restaurant. She works at/in the post office.

We normally prefer at when we think of the building quite generally as a place where something happens. ‘Where were you last night?’ “I was at the cinema.’ My brother is at university. But we use in when we think of the building itself. Compare: We stayed at Queens Hotel. There are fifty bedrooms in the Queens Hotel. 4.1.6. With addresses, we use at when we give the house number; in British English, we use in when we just give the name of the street. I live at 42 East Street. I live in East Street. We use on for the number of the floor e.g. I live in a flat on the first floor/second floor etc. 4.2. Place and movement: in, into, out of, on, onto, off, inside, outside 4.2.1. In, into, out of Sally is in her bedroom. I fell into/in the river. He came out of the room and locked the door. 4.2.2.On, onto, off Your keys are on the table. He jumped onto/on the horse.. Take your feet off the table. 4.2.3. Inside, outside She was sitting inside/in the café. There is a telephone box outside the bank. 4.2.4. Note that we use in with cars, but on with public transport eg buses, trains I usually go to work in my car. Did you come to school on the bus? We say get in(to)/out of a car, but get on(to)/off a bus, train, etc. She got into her car and started the engine. Two policemen got on the train at Oxford. 4.3.Place and movement: above, below, over, under, underneath, on top of 4.3.1. Above and over can both mean ‘higher than’; below and under can both mean ‘lower than’: 4.3.1.1.Over and under describe a direct vertical relationship. A is over B B is under A The nurse leaned over the sick child. I pushed the letter under the door. 4.3.1.2. We use above and below when one thing is not directly over or under another thing. A is above B. B is below A. We stayed at a hotel above the lake. From the top of the hill we could see a house below us in the valley. 4.3.1.3.We use over to mean ‘covering’ and under to mean ‘covered by’. He put his hand over his face. What are you wearing under your coat? 4.3.1.4. We use over to mean ‘across’ We walked over the fields to the village. 4.3.2.We can use underneath instead of under. What are you wearing underneath your coat? 4.3.3. We use on top of to mean that one thing is ‘over and touching’ another thing.

The magazine is on top of the fridge. 4.4. Other prepositions of place and movement 4.4.1. In front of, behind I’ll meet you in front of the post office. There is someone hiding behind that tree. 4.4.2. Opposite, between The bank is opposite the cinema. There is a coach service between Sydney and Melbourne. 4.4.3. Near, next to, by, beside They live near the sea. The police station is next to the cinema. By and beside both mean ‘at the side of’ Come and sit by/beside me. 4.4.4. Along, across, through They walked along the street looking in all the shop windows. A small bridge goes across the river. We drove through the city. 4.4.5. Across, over We use both across and over to mean ‘on the other side of’ or ‘to the other side of’. The café is just across/over the road. A small bridge goes across/over the river. We prefer over for movement to the other side of something high. He climbed over the wall. 4.4.6. Up, down She went up the stairs. Then she came down again. 4.4.7. Past, (a)round The policeman just walked past the man. We use round for position or movement in a circle or in a curve. They were all sitting round the table. I live just round the corner. We also use round to mean ‘in all parts of’ or ‘all over (a place). We walked round the town centre. We can use around instead of round e.g. We walked around the town centre. 4.4.8.From, to, towards We flew from Paris to Madrid. Who is that woman walking towards us/ 4.4.9. Get to, arrive at/in We say arrive in/at (a place), but get to (a place) She arrived in/got to Paris last night. We say arrive in a country or town, but arrive at with other places. She arrived in France/Paris last night. She arrived at the hotel just after 10 o’clock. 4.4.10. When we talk about movement, we do not use a preposition before home. I went home after school To talk about position, we say at home. I was at home last night. 4.5. Time: at, in, on 4.5.1. We use at, in and on in these ways: at + a time of the day at 2 o’clock; at 6.30;at midnight; at noon; at lunchtime; at night

in +a part of the day in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening on + a day+a part of the day on Monday morning; on Satruday night; on Wednesday evening on + a day on Monday; on Christmas day; On Sunday on + date on 4th July; on 1st January at + weekends at the weekend; at weekends at + public holiday periods at Christmas; at Easter in + longer periods e.g.months, seasons in July; in the summer; in 1983, in the 19th century 4.5.2. We do not use at, on or in before next, last, this, every, all, each, some and one. We’re leaving next Monday. I’ll see you this evening. They play tennis every weekend. We do not use at, on, or in before tomorrow and yesterday. What are you doing tomorrow evening? 4.5.3. We normally leave out at when we ask (At) what time…? What time are you leaving? 4.5.4. We also use in to talk about a period of time in the future. I’ll be finished in half an hour. (= half an hour from now) We’re meeting in two weeks. (= two weeks from now) We also use in to say how long something takes. I can walk from my house to the town centre in twenty minutes. (= it takes me twenty minutes to do this) 4.6. On time and in time 4.6.1. On time means ‘at exactly the right time.’ The buses are very unreliable. They never arrive on time. (= at exactly the right time) In my school, the classes always start on time. (=at exactly the right time) 4.6.2. In time means ‘early enough’. He discovered the fire in time to stop it spreading. (=early enough to stop it) I hope my leg gets better in time for the football match on Saturday. (= early enough for the match) 4.7. At the end and in the end 4.7.1. At the end means ‘at the point where something stops’ We’re going on holiday at the end of this week. At the end of the film I felt very sad. 4.7.2. In the end means ‘finally’ or ‘after some time’ we couldn’t decide what to do yesterday evening. In the end we decided to stay at home. At first, I didn’t like him, but in the end we became good friends. 4.8. Time: in, during, for, while 4.8.1.In and during 4.8.1.1. We were in Rome during/in the summer. It snowed during/in the night. 4.8.1.2. We prefer during to say that something continues all through a period. We were in Rome during the whole summer. 4.8.1.3. We use during, not in, to refer to an activity e.g. a visit or a meal (rather than a period of time) We visited the Colosseum during our visit to Rome.

During lunch I explained my plans. 4.8.2. During, for, and while 4.8.2.1.During says when something happens; for says how long something continues. Compare: It snowed during the morning. It snowed for four hours. We were in Rome during the summer. We were in Rome for ten days. 4.8.2.2. While has the same meaning as during. We use during +noun; but while + clause. Compare: He broke his arm during the fight. He broke his arm while they were fighting. It started to rain during the picnic. It started to rain while they were having a picnic. 4.9. Time: by, until, from, to/until, before, after 4.9.1. By and until We use until (or till) to mean ‘up to the time when’; we use by to mean ‘not later than’. Compare: I’ll stay until Sunday lunchtime. ( = up to Sunday lunchtime) I’ll have to leave by Sunday lunchtime (= not later than Sunday lunchtime) He’ll be out till 10 o’clock. (= up to 10) He’ll be home by 10 o’clock. ( = not later than 10) 4.9.2. From…to/until The shop opens from 8.30 to 5.30 every day. I’ll be on holiday from Monday until/till Friday next week. 4.9.3. Before and after I’ll be home before 6 o’clock. After dinner we went for a walk. 4.10. For, since, ago and before 4.10.1. We use for with a period of time to say how long something continues in the past, present and future. We were in Rome for 10 days last August. They usually go on holiday for two weeks every summer. I’ll be in Manchester for the next three days. 4.10.2. We often use for and since with the present perfect to talk about things that have continued over a period. Compare: I’ve been watching TV for two hours. I’ve been watching TV since 7 o’clock. I’ve known her for three months. I’ve known her since November. We use for when we mention the length of the period e.g. two hours, six months. We use since when we mention the starting point of the period e.g. 1 o’clock, April. 4.10.3. Ago is an adverb meaning ‘before now’. She left a few minutes ago. Six months ago they moved to Manchester. Note the question How long ago…? E.g. How long ago did she leave? We use ago with a past tense, not the present perfect. 4.10.4. Compare ago and for: I went to New York two weeks ago.( = two weeks before now) I went to New York for two weeks. ( I spent two weeks there) 4.10.5. Compare ago and before: ago = ‘before now’ ; before = ‘before a past time’ John left school three years ago. Jane had already left school three years before.

4.11. means of transport: by, on, in 4.11.1. We use by + noun to say how we travel By car, by bus, by coach, by bicycle, by motorbike, by train, by underground/tube, by tram, by plane, by boat/ship, by road, by rail, by air, by sea I always come to school by bus. They travelled to Paris by rail. But we say on foot (=walking) Does he usually go to school on foot? 4.11.2. When we use my/a/the etc before car/train/bus etc, we cannot use by. We use in with cars and on with bicycles, motorbikes and public transport. I usually go to work in my car. They went for a ride on a motorbike. Did you go to London on the train? 5. Grammar Practice. 1. Complete the sentences using the prepositions at, in or on. Sometimes more than one

answer is possible. Example: What have you got in your pocket? 1. There’s some tea…the shelf…the cupboard. 2. Does your train stop…Lyon? 3. My friend works…a chemist’s…the town centre. 4. Turin is…the north of Italy,…the River Po. 5. Shall we meet…the coach station? 6. ‘It’s Ken…the living room?’ ‘No. he’s…the garden.’ 7. They’re staying…the Metropole Hotel while they are….Brighton. 8. Rio de Janeiro is…the south-east coast of Brazil. 9. There’s a chemist’s …the corner…the end of the street. 10. We had lunch…Mario’s café…Main Road….our way home.

2. Complete each sentence using the most suitable preposition in the box. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Example: There was an envelope lying on the floor.

In into out of on onto off inside outside 1. Ken fell…the ladder when he was changing the light bulb. 2. Andrew normally goes to school…the bus. 3. When I was…my hotel room, I started to take my clothes…my suitcase. 4. There’s a bus stop right…our house. 5. Sally came…the house, got…her motorbike and rode away. 6. My car broke down this morning so I went to work…a taxi. 7. The cat jumped…the roof of the car and looked down at the dog. 8. Annie jumped…the diving board….the swimming pool. 9. Robert came…the telephone box and got…his car.

3. Choose the correct preposition. Example: I found some money on the floor under/below the sofa.

1. The house was on a hill above/over the village. 2. The cat was sitting below/under the kitchen table. 3. On our way to the village we drove above/over a small bridge. 4. There are some old shoes above/on top of the wardrobe. 5. He sat down below/under an apple tree. 6. She was wearing a long dress below/underneath her raincoat.

4. Complete the sentences using the most suitable prepositions in the box. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Through across up down in round between along to opposite in front of next to from at towards behind over past

Example: What’s that you’ve tied round your waist? 1. I was sitting…the driver in the back seat of the car. 2. A tall man was sitting…me at the cinema and I couldn’t see much of the film. 3. There is a shoe shop…the chemist’s and the library. 4. We walked…the stairs to the top floor, then we walked…to the bottom again. 5. What time did you arrive…work yesterday? 6. Who was the first person to swim…the Atlantic? 7. There was a woman sitting…the driver…the front passenger seat of the car. 8. We’re flying…Paris…Amsterdam tomorrow. We arrive…Amsterdam at 6.00. 9. I got…the cinema late and missed the beginning of the film. 10. There’s a post office right…my office. You can see it from my window. 11. The burglars got into the building by climbing…a window. 12. We were driving…the road looking for a petrol station for about half an hour. 13. We walked…the bridge to the other side of the river. 14. The dog jumped…the wall into someone’s garden. 15. When the bus came I put out my hand, but it just went…me without stopping. 16. We couldn’t see the man’s face because he was standing with his back…us.

5. Add at, on or in where necessary. Example: Can you meet me at 2 o’clock - next Saturday morning? 1. Kate doesn’t normally work…weekends, but she had to work….last Saturday. 2. We’re leaving…tomorrow morning, but we’ll be back…three weeks’ time. 3. Did she send you a card…your birthday? 4. …what time does the meeting start…Monday? 5. I can normally get home from work…about half an hour…Friday evenings. 6. They went on holiday to Spain…Easter and then again…the summer. 7. The bridge was built…the 16th century. 8. Do you enjoy driving …night? 9. I’m taking my driving test…4.30…July 3rd . 10. He was born…1900 and died…1972. 11. I’m going to a conference in Egypt…a week.

6. Complete the sentences using on time or in time. Example: I didn’t arrive in time to see her before she left.

1. The bus service is terrible; the buses are never… 2. I hope my car will be repaired…for the weekend. 3. She’s very punctual. She always arrives… 4. She didn’t arrive…to say goodbye to him. 5. I don’t think I’ll be home…to see the film on TV this morning.

7. Complete the sentences using at the end or in the end. Example: We were going to walk home, but in the end we decided to take a taxi. 1. I hated school at first, but….I quite enjoyed it. 2. They’re going to Italy…of next week. 3. At first, he didn’t want to come with us on holiday, but…he changed his mind. 4. I looked everywhere for my wallet and…I found it in my jacket. 5. She’s starting work…of May. 6. We were all exhausted…of the journey.

8. Complete the sentences using during, in, for or while. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Example: Someone broke into their flat while they were away on holiday.

1. Some people were talking in the cinema….the film. 2. We’ve been waiting…almost an hour. 3. Something woke me up…the night. 4. I was on holiday…two weeks…the spring. 5. I saw Sue…my visit to London. 6. They stopped work…half an hour…the afternoon. 7. We visited some interesting places…we were in London. 8. I’ll be in France…the whole of September.

9. Complete the sentences using by, until, from or to. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Example:The film starts at 8.10, so we must be at the cinema by 8.00 at the latest.

1. I waited…half past eight…nine o’clock, but she didn’t come. 2. They hope to finish the job…Thursday next week. 3. He normally works…Monday…Friday. 4. How many more weeks are there…your holiday? 5. If you want a ticket for the concert, let me know…next Wednesday at the latest. 6. We won’t start the meeting…everyone is here.

10. Complete the sentences using for, since,ago and before. Example: Tina moved away from Newcastle five years ago and she hasn’t been back there since then. 1. My grandparents visited Edinburgh…two weeks in 1980. They had been there five

years..., so it wasn’t completely new to them. 2. My brother has been interested in music…quite a long time. He was given his first

guitar 20 years….

3. John worked in a travel agency…six months in 1958. He already had some experience of the tourist industry because he had worked in a Tourist Information office in London two years….

4. Patricia started working as a journalist with a newspaper in Madrid ten years…She’s been working for the same newspaper ever…then.

11. Complete the sentences using by, on or in. Example: I’m not going to Rome on my motorbike. I’ve decided to go by train instead.

1. Annie usually goes to school…her bicycle, but sometimes she goes…bus. 2. The journey takes 10 minutes…bus and about 25 minutes…foot. 3. Robert didn’t come to work…his car yesterday morning. His car had broken down and

he had come …taxi. 4. Did you travel right across London…the Underground? 5. We’ve decided to travel to New York…sea rather than go…air.

6. Grammar Practice-Answer key

1. 1.on, in;2.at; 3.at,in; 4.in,on; 5.at/in; 6. in,in; 7.at/in,in; 8.on; 9.on/at,at; 10. at/in,in,on 2. 1.off; 2.on; 3. In/inside, out of; 4.outside; 5. Out of, on/onto; 6. In; 7. Onto/on; 8. Off, into; 9. Out of, into/in 3. 1. above; 2.under; 3.over; 4. on top of; 5. under; 6. Underneath

4. 1. behind; 2. In front of; 3. between; 4. up, down; 5. at; 6. across; 7. next to, in; 8. from, to, in/at; 9. to; 10. oposite/in front of/behind/next to; 11. through/in; 12. along/down/up; 13. across/over/along; 14. over/from; 15. past; 16. Towards/to

5. 1.at, -; 2.-,in;3. on; 4. -, on;5. In, on; 6. at, in; 7. in; 8. at; 9. At, on; 10. in, in; 11. In 6.

1. on time; 2. in time; 3. on time; 4. in time; 5. in time 7. 1. in the end; 2. at the end; 3. in the end; 4. in the end; 5. at the end; 6. at the end

8. 1. during; 2. for; 3.during; 4. for, during/in; 5. during; 6. for, during/in; 7. while;

8. during/for.

9. 1. from, until/to; 2. by; 3. from, until/to 4.until/to; 5. by; 6. until.

10. 1. for, before; 2. for, ago; 3. for, before; 4. ago, since

11. 1. on, by; 2. by, on; 3. in, by; 4. on; 5. by, by.

7.Grammar Progress Test 1. Complete the sentences by putting the words in brackets in the correct places 1. I got…the crowded train and sat down…a young man. (next to/onto) 2. The boys got…the garden by climbing …the fence. 3. I’ve got a poster of Madonna…my room,…the wall…my bed. (above/in/on) 4. Maria drove…Madrid…Barcelona…her friend’s car yesterday. She arrived…Barcelona

at 8 o’clock. 5. My grandparents live…42 London Road, …a flat…the top floor. A very nice Italian

couple live…the floor…them. (in/on/below/at) 6. We’d been driving…Harbour street for a few minutes when the car…us stopped

suddenly and we crashed…it. (in front of/into/along) 7. The robbers ran…the bank and jumped…the motor bike waiting…Then they drove

off…the corner. (onto/outside/out of/round) 8. When I got back…my hotel bedroom, I locked the door…me, took…my dressing-gown

and got…bed. (behind/off/into/inside) 9. Don’t walk…that ladder. Something may fall… …you.(down/under/on top of) 10. The coach drove…the factory, then it went…the tunnel and started to climb…the hill.

(past/up/through) 11. Sally got…the taxi and sat down…the driver…the back seat. (behind/in/into) 12. London is…the River Thames, which flows…the city…west to east. (from/on/through) 13. Mrs Woods got…the bus and walked…the street…the post office. (towards/off/across) 14. My girlfriend and I often meet…the Espresso Café…East Street. Do you know the

Espresso? It’s…the bank and the school,…the Grand Hotel. (opposite/between/at/in) 2. Correct the mistakes. 1. My interview is on 2 o’clock in Monday. 2. We’ve been waiting here from ten minutes. 3. Are you leaving at Saturday morning? 4. I worked in a bank during five years. 5. Ken and Kate are on holiday on August. 6. I always visit my parents in Christmas. 7. Mike usually plays football the weekend. 8. You’ve known me since ten years. 9. I was born in January 3rd at 1968. 10. Sarah was listening to the radio during she was taking a bath. 11. The doctors operated on the man just on time to save his life. 12. Are you doing anything in the end of next week? 13. I fell asleep in front of the TV in the football match. 14. The builders say they’ll have finished the job until next weekend at the latest. 15. I found my new contact lenses strange at first, but I got used to them at the end.

3.Complete the sentences using the words in the box. (Sometimes two answers are possible.) In as with on like by as if

1.She’s a middle-aged woman…blue eyes and short blonde hair. 2.We went to Athens…my car.

3.Would you rather go home…taxi or…the bus? 4.Who’s that man…the white hat? 5.Sue’s brother is very handsome. He looks…Tom Cruise! 6.I’ve got a summer job in the espresso café working…a waiter. 7.Are you all right? You look…you haven’t slept all night. 8.I don’t want to change my flat. I like it just…it is. 8.Grammar Progress Test-Answer Key 1. 1.onto,next to; 2. into, over; 3. in, on, above; 4. to, from, in, in; 5. at, in, on, on, below; 6. along, in front of, into;7. out of, onto, outside, round; 8. inside, behind, off, into; 9. under, down, on top of; 10. past, through, up; 11. Into, behind, in; 12. on, through, from; 13. off, across, towards; 14. at, in, between, opposite.

2. 1.My interview is at 2 o’clock on Monday; 2. We’ve been waiting here for ten minutes; 3. Are you leaving on Saturday morning?; 4. I worked in a bank for five years; 5. Ken and Kate are on holiday in August; 6. I always visit my parents at Christmas; 7. Mike usually plays football at the weekends; 8. You’ve known me for ten years; 9. I was born on January 3rd in 1968; 10. Sarah was listening to the radio while she was taking a bath; 11. The doctors operated on the man just in time to save his life; 12. Are you doing anything at the end of next week? 13. I fell asleep in front of the TV during the football match; 14. The builders say they’ll have finished the job by next weekend at the latest; 15. I found my new contact lenses strange at first, but I got used to them in the end.

3. 1.with; 2. in;3. by, on; 4. in(with); 5. like; 6. as; 7. as if (like); 8. as (like)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• DIGBY, B. & C. GRANGER. The Heinemann ELT English Grammar-An

Intermediate Reference and Practice Book, Macmillan/Heinemann Publishers Limited, 1998

• English for Nautical Students- Note de curs, Constanta, Institutul de Marina “Mircea cel Batran”.

•