Upload
pasunu
View
317
Download
7
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
1/76
1
LIMBA ENGLEZA
SUPORT DE CURS
2009
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
2/76
2
CUPRINS
Alfabetul limbii engleze 3
Vocalele limbii engleze 4
Consoanele limbii engleze 5
Substantivul ... 6
Articolul 9
Prepozitia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13
Conjunctia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21
Adverbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23
Adejectivul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30
Numeralul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38
Pronumele ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43
Verbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
3/76
3
Alfabetului Limbii Engleze
Engleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu literele cunoscute si in alte limbi straine de
origine indo-europeana dar cunoaste grupuri de litere care se pronunta diferit. De exemplu, "th"
este grupul cel mai cunoscut.
Ceea ce este mai interesant in alfabetul englez este ca adesea "y" si "w" devin vocale si
astfel intervin schimbarile necesare (articolul nehotarat "a" se transforma in "an" daca
cuvintele incep cu una dintre aceste litere).
Engleza este o limba tonala in care intonatia este importanta. De aceea, adesea, vocea
ajuta sa transmita ironia sau surpriza, afirmatia sau interogatia. Spre exemplu, intrebarea
poate fi formata cu ajutorul inversiunii subiectului cu auxiliarul verbului dar exista si
posibilitatea mentinerii afirmatiei si a schimbarii intonatiei.
Diacriticele apar destul de rar in limba engleza, in special in cuvintele imprmutate
(applique, attache, crepe, elite) si pronuntia lor este identica cu cea din limba din care
provin, in mare parte din franceza.
Vocalele Limbii Engleze
(the voewls)
Litera Transcriere fonetica
a [ei] Limba engleza are 12
b [bi:] vocale, lungi (mai lungi decat
c [si:] in limba romana, pe care le
d [di:] indicam in transcrierea
e [i:] fonemica prin doua puncte
f [ef] [:]), si scurte (mai scurte
g [dji:] decat in limba romana):
h [eitch] a scurt, intre "a" anterior si
i [ai] "o", ex.: nut [nat] nucaj [gei] a: mai lunga decat vocala
k [kei] romaneasca, urmata de obicei
l [el] de "r" (care nu se pronunta,
m [em] doar daca urmatorul cuvant
n [en] incape cu o vocala!), ex.:
o [ou] arm [a:m] brat, car [ca:]
p [pi:] masina
q [kju:]
r [a:]
s [es]
t [ti:]
u [ju:]
v [vi:]
w ['dablju:]
x [eks]
y [wai]
z [zed]
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
4/76
4
[a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.: girl
[ga:l] fata, learn [la:n] a invata
[ae] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann
[aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are
e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.: men [men] barbati, many [meni] multi, multei scurt, intre "i" si "e"
it [it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex: big [big]
mare
i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex: be [bi:] a fi, see [si:] a vedea
o intermediara intre o si a, ex: dog [dog] caine, not [not] nu (adverb)
o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, door [do:] usa
u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex: good [gud] bun
u: lung, ex: you [iu:] tu, voi, do [du:] a face
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
5/76
5
Consoanele Limbii Egleze
Unele consoane englezesti sunt deosebite de cele din limba romana:
a. urmate de aspiratie, de un "h" usor, cand sunt folosite la inceputul cuvintelor
k come [cham] a veni (de regula, "e"-ul din pozitie finala nu se citeste!)
p pen [phen] stilou
t ten [then] zece
b. alveolare; varful limbii se sprijina pe alveolele incisivilor superiori
d did [did] facut
t ten [ten] zece
n not [not] nu
c. interdentale, tine varful limbii intre dinti si rosteste "s" (consoana surda) sau "z"
(consoana sonora)
["s"] thank ["s"aenc] multumesc
["z"] then ["z"en] atunci
d. "l" velar, pozitie finala / "l" clar, apare inainte de vocale
tell [tel] a povesti like [laic] a place
e. "n" velar / "n" clar
sun [san] soare English [inglish] englez
f. "r" fricativ, nu se pronunta in pozitie finala, decat daca urmatorul cuvant incepe cu o
vocala
Henry
g. "s"-ul dintre doua vocale, sau uneori cel aflat la sfarsitul cuvantului se pronunta "z"
please [pli:z] va rog (adu-ti aminte ca "e" final, dupa consoana, nu se citeste!)
his [hiz] al lui
h. "sh" are ca echivalent "sh"-ul romanesc: shogun
English [inglish] englez
i. "ts" indentic cu "ts"-ul romanesc
nuts [nats] nuci
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
6/76
6
Substantivul (the noun)
Felul substantivelor
Substantivele in limba engleza se pot imparti in patru categorii:
substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp
substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary
substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy
substantive colective: crowd, group, team
Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:
Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog
Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:
Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe
Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu
este cunoscut (pronume: it/they):
Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby
Exceptii: tarile, navele,n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule
sunt de genul feminin.Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care
intra in aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:
Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor,
profesoara).
Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:
Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter,
uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king queen
Numarul
Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai
multe obiecte sau fiinte.Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world, storm
Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singular:
Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds
Pluralul substantivelor teminate in ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugand es la singular.
Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes,
potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes
Pluralul neregulat
Substantive terminate in consoana+y fac pluralul in ies:
Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies
Unele substantive terminate in o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s.
Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos
Unele substantive terminate in f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea in ves.
Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf
wolves
Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves
Cateva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne
Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth
Pluralul substantivului child este children.
Unele substantive raman identice la plural
Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
7/76
7
Pluralul substantivelor compuse
In cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvant va trece la plural.
Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents
Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul
pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.
Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants
In cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie /
adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.
Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up
Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s
Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)
Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)
Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte
puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.
Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood
Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news,
beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory, literature
Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather
Substantivele unice sunt intotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:
Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.
Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste:
some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.
Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The
piece
of advice you gave me helped.
Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfeldevenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea
plural).
Sens Unic / Sens Comun
Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)
She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par in lapte.)
Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)
We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic in padure.)
1.5. Forma posesiva
Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina in s:
Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes
Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina in s.
Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence
Numele proprii terminate in s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's
Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems
In cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvant va primi 's
Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives
's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.
Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speechForma posesiva se foloseste in general cand vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de
asemenea in urmatoarele cazuri:
In expresii temporale
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
8/76
8
Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break
In expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth
Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps
In alte expresii uzuale:
Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the
train's departure
In cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului
urmator atunci cand sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's
(office). The kids went to Bobby's (house).
Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta
constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand
acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.
Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house
I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
9/76
9
Articolul (the article)
Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete inteles intr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie
insotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este
articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:
Articolul hotarat - the
Articolul nehotarat - a / an
Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)
Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba in functie de numarul sau genul
substantivului si se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat.
Articolul hotart ( the ) se foloseste:
1. inaintea unui substantiv singular numarabil sau nenumarabil sau a unui substantiv plural
numarabil pentru a face o noua referire la ceva ce a fost deja sau la care s-a facut deja
aluzie:
He wanted to go to the bank to change some money, but all the banks were on strike.
Dave had a nasty accident when he was young. You can still see the scar.
Do you remember the fun we had when we were at school together?
2. pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume:
The American economy is suffering at the moment.
The people I work with are very friendly.
I dont like the president of that company.
3. in fata unui substantiv reprezentand o anume persoana sau un lucru sau un grup de
persoane sau lucruri:
I dont feel well. Can you call the doctor? (= medicul personal)
The kids arent at home. (= proprii tai copii)
Can you pass me the butter, please? (= untul de pe aceasta masa)
Shall I drive the car? (= aceasta masina)Maria Callas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.(=
publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea)
4. cu referire la ceva unic in mod absolut:
The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
The weather at the North Pole is very cold.
The President of the United States visited the Pope last May.
5. in fata adjectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clasa de oameni. In acest
caz NU este nevoie de substantiv:Only the strong survive. (= oamenii puternici in general)
The question of the unemployed came up again.
Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.
6. in fata unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale
sau obiecte:
The Indian elephant is smaller than the African elephant.
The dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.
Henry Ford invented the automobile.
The customer is always right
.7. inaintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mari si rauri,
lanturi muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de tari si deserturi:
the Middle East, the North of England, the Ivory Coast
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
10/76
10
the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the River Thames, the
Straits of Gibraltar
the Himalayas, the Alps, the Carpathians
the Hawaiian Islands, the Falklands
the United States of America, the Netherlands, the Philippines
the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert
NOTA: THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.
THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri.
Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario
8. in fata numelor de instruente muzicale:
Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.
The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.
9. in fata unor adjective nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici se
foloseste un verb la plural:
The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.
The Spanish are doing very well in this years Olympics.
NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.
The Germans were upset about losing the WW II.
The Americans hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.
10. inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale:
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Laura is the most beautiful in my class.
That is the silliest thing I have ever heard.
NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite fara THE atunci cand se face
referire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.
Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.We went to Manhattan first, then on to Brooklyn.
Articolul nehotart ( a / a n).
Se foloseste a inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana si an inaintea substantivelor
care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). Articolul nehotart se foloseste:
1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:
Ive received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US.
After months of searching, my brother found a job.
The Jacksons live in a bungalow.
2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:
My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.
Jenny doesnt eat meat; shes a vegetarian.
There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.
That was a kind thing to say.
3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni
prepozitionala sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sau
ceva:
I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterdays paper.
I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.
John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the Timesyesterday.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
11/76
11
4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnandunusau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei,
raportului si cantitatii:
A hundred guests were invited.
Petrol costs 1.50 a litre in England.
Hes crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.
You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.
There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.
5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:
A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.
A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)
Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.
Id like a nice cool glass of beer.
Articolul a / an si one
1. Atunci cand numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie
a/an fie one pentru singular:
Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds
You can take an/ one hour for lunch.
2. Dar a/an si one nu inseamna intotdeauna acelasi lucru:
Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).
One box is no good, we need two boxes.
Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol in urmatoarele cazuri:
1. in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie
generala (adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):Water quenches thirst on a hot day.
Pollution in big cities is very worrying.
Dogs make good companions.
There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.
Is there any bread in the kitchen?
2. in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear,
hope, knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai
bine specificat:
Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because she
has a knowledge of English.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!3. in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptia
situatiilor cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:
He works for Microsoft.
Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers are
coming to dinner tonight.
4. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc:
He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.
5. inaintea meselor zilei:
Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?
6. inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand
ele reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala. THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se face
o referire speciala la locul respectiv:
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
12/76
12
Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la o
anumita inchisoare, ci la institutie)
His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la acea
inchisoare unde se afla Al Capone)
My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu
religios)
She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).
Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)
Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la o
universitate anume, in cladirea ei)
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
13/76
13
Prepozitia
1. Prepozitia de loc - s e foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.
in in, la, pentru spatii mari Ex: I live in Bucharest.
at in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia.
within in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within
these walls.
against rezemat Ex: The man is against the wall.
impotriva Ex: We are against them.
on pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.
Pentru apropiere:
imediata: next to, close to, beside
apropiere: near, near by, by
Pozitia pe verticala:
over deasupra
under dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix)
above deasupra
below dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water
level
underneath punctul cel mai de jos
on top of punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath. (este cea mai de jos carte)
Pozitia pe orizontala:
in front of in fata
behind in spate (pentru lucruri pentru a indica pozitia) Ex: The tree is in front of the house.
after dupa
before inainte (pentru oameni, pentru a indica ordinea) Ex: Im before you at the queue.
between intre 2
among printre (mai mult de 2)
2. Prepozitia de miscare - se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare
to la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go to school.
towards la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office.
Into in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the bag into the house.
Onto pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se puneondaca sta)The cat is running onto the floor.
along de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: Im walking along the beech.
through prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park.
across traversare (nu si patrundere) Ex: I run across the street.
about prin (arata o miscare nedefinita) Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel precis)
around in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) Ex: I dance around the fire.
out of pp iesirea dintr-un volum Ex: Get out of my house.
off pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: The plane takes off.
up-and-down
in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the stairs.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
14/76
14
from de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.
past langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare) Ex: I drive past the university (si nu
near the university!, pt ca sunt in miscare)
3. Prepozitia de timp
in pentru ani, lunile anului, anotimpuri, perioade ale vietii (in my childhood),
in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening)
at pentru ora (at 10 oclock), in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, at
midnight, at dusk), pentru varsta (at the age of 15), mesele zilei (at lunch time), cu weekend
(at the week-end) si in sarbatori (at Christmas)
on cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) si
sarbatorile (on Christmas day cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada)
before si after inainte si dupa, cu raportare la un punct fix
by nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten.
during in timpul
over in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end.
throughout / althrough de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough theyears.
4. Diferentiere intre prepozitii
in time on time
cu ceva timp inainte la fix
in the end at the end
finally, in cele din urma la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv)
in with
pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat pentru o trasatura fizica
Ex: A woman in trousers. A woman with long hair.as like
pentru rol, functie, pozitie pentru comparatie
Ex: I work as a teacher. Ex: I talk like a teacher.
(I am a teacher) (I am an engineer)
on about
in legatura cu, folosit academic despre
Ex: Give me a book on Economics. Ex: Lets talk about sex.
due to owing to
datorita (doar dupato be) datorita (restul inafara deto be)
Ex: My success is due to her. Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded.over across
pp traversarea peste un obstacol traversare pe jos
Ex: Im over the ocean. (cu avionul) Ex: Im across the ocean. (cu barca)
despite in spite of
dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) dupa urmeaza genitiv
Ex: Despite the bad weather I left. Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.
made of recunosc materialul Ex: made of gold
made from deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoa
made with recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu este
elementul de baza)
in in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
at at dawn, at midnight
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
15/76
15
on pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atribut
Ex: In the morning dar On a fine day
At night dar On a starry night
5. Pentru mijloace de locomotie
by cu orice mijloc de transport, daca nu este determinat
Ex: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot!)
in pentru autovehicule, daca sunt determinate
Ex: in my fathers car, in the car that you bought meon pentru toate celelalte in afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate
Ex: on my fathers plane, on the tube/subway/underground
6. Expresii cu Prepoziii
Prepozitia Expresii
About (despre) About the town-prin ora
About six oclock-in jurul orei ase
A journey about the world-o cltorie prin lume
About my head-deasupra capului meu
About all-mai presus de orice,in primul rand
Across (de-a curmeziul sau de-a To walk across the street-a traversa stradalatul) Across the road-peste drum
After (dup) After dark-duplsarea intunericului
After breakfast-dupmicul dejun
After five oclock-dupora cinci
Day after day-zi de zi,zi dupzi
Time after time-deseori,foarte adesea
After theat-dupaceea
The day after tomorrow-poimaine
Against-impotriv,contra Against the laws-impotriva legilorA race against time-o curscontra cronometru
To lean against a wall-a se sprijini de un perete
Along-de-a lungul Along a valley-de.a lungul unei vi
Along the sea shore-de-a lungul rmului
Among-intre Among us-intre noi(cand este vorba de 3 sau mai multe persoane)
Among his friends-printre(intre) prietenii lui
Among the most important reasons-printre cele m.imp.cauze(motive)
Around-imprejur A trip around the contry-o cltorie prin arTo sit around the table-a edea in jurul mesei
I will come around ten-o svin pe la zece (in jur de ora zece)
At la At noon-la pranz
At day break-la revrsatul zorilor
At sunset-la apusul soarelui,la asfinit
At rondom-la intamplare
At work-la lucru
At the door-la u
At the beginning-la inceput
At the end-la sfarit
At the same time-in acelai timpAt the age of-la varsta de
At first-la inceput
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
16/76
16
At last-la sfarit,in cele din urm
At full speed-la vitezmaxim,cu toatviteza
At first sight-la prima vedere
At what time?-la ce or?
At once-imediat
At least-cel puin
At my disposal-la dispoziia mea
Byfore-inainte Byfore my eyes-inaintea ochilor mei
Byfore one a
clock-inainte de ora unuTo sail byfore the wind-a naviga cu vantul in spate
Behind(bihaind)-in spate Behind the clouds-in spatele norilor
To hide behind the door-a se ascunde in spatele uii
Below(bilou)-sub To strike below the belt-a lovi sub centur
Below sea level-sub nivelul mrii
Below the ground-sub pmant
Below the average-sub nivelul mediu
Beneath-sub,mai jos de Beneath ones dignity-sub demnitatea cuiva
Besides-in afarde He has two cars besides this-el are doumaini in afarde aceasta
Between-intre, se folosete cand este Between the two world wars-intre cele dourzboaie mondiale
vorba de douelemente sau doupersoane An understanding between us-o inelegere intre noi
Beyond-dincolo de Beyond doubt(deaut)-frindoial
Beyond the sea-dincolo de mare
Beyond limits-peste limit
By-de,de ctre,prin To open by force-a deschide cu fora
To travel by train-a cltori cu trenul
To go by car-a merge cu maina
Day by day-zi de zi
Step by step-pas cu pas
Drop by drop-strop cu strop
Piece by piece-bucatcu bucat
One by one-unul cate unul
Two by two-doi cate doi
To learn by heart-a inva pe de rost
To go by the post-office-a trece pe langpotBy force of circunstances-prin fora imprejurrilor
To sleep side by side-a dormi unul langaltul
For-pentru Good for food-comestibil
To leave for school-a pleca la coal
To look for help-a cuta ajutor
To cry for help-a striga dupajutor
For a time-un timp,pentru un timp
To go for a walk-a merge la plimbare
To read for pleasure-a citi de plcere
What is this good for?-la ce este bun sta?
For all the world-pentru nimic in lume
To have a taste for art-a avea gust artistic
For this reason-pentru(din) acest motiv
For the sake of peace-in numele pcii
Enough(inagh) for the present-suficient deocamdat
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
17/76
17
Im sorry for you-imi pare ru de tine(pentru tine)
From-din,de la From first to last-de la primul la ultimul
From heaven to earth-de la cer la pmant
From bad(bead) to worse-din ce in ce mai ru
From place to place-din cand in cand
From morning to night-de dimineaa panseara
Light from the sun-luminde la soare
A man free from care-un om liber de grijiA man from the country-un om de la ar
To be far from home-a fi departe de cas
From theat point of view-din punctul acela de vedere
From my point of view-din punctul meu de vedere
To be released from prisom-a fi eliberat din inchisoare
Seen from above-vzut de sus
Seen from below(bilou)-vzut de dedesubt
On my way from Piteti to Bucharest-in drumul meu de la P.la B
To tell one thing from another-a deosebi un lucru de cellalt
In-in In the morning-dimineaaIn the shade(eid)-la umbr
In the end-la final
In the garden-in grdin
In heaven-in cer
In spring-primvara
In summer-vara
In fall-toamna
In winter-iarna
To be in danger(deinger)-a fi in pericol
To lie(lai) in bed-a sta intins in pat
To live in the country-a sta la arIn our centuri(aur senturi)-
In all seasons-in toate anotimpurile
In my youth-in tinereea mea
In his memory-in memoria lui
Early in the morning-dimineaa devreme
In the past-in trecut
In the future(fiucir)-in viitor
In come just in time-a veni la timp
To keep(kip)in mind(maind)-a ine minte
Done in haste-fcut in grab
To put in mind-a-i pune in gandTo put in order-a pune in ordine
In general-in general
To work in vain-a munci in zadar
To be in pain-a fi indurerat
To speak in public-a vorbi in public
To take in hand-a lua in man
Into-in,spre To lead into error-a duce in eroare
To get into difficulties-a da de greuti
To fall into the river-a cdea in rau(lac)
To burst into tears-a izbucni in lacrimi
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
18/76
18
To get into trouble-a da de bucluc,belea,necaz
To pour walter into a glass-a turna apin pahar
Inside-inuntru Inside the room-inuntrul camerei
His is inside-el e inuntru
Near-lang Near the sea shore-langrm
Near at hand-la indeman,aproape
Near you-langtineOf-de A crown of gold-o coroande aur
A flock of sheep-o turmde oi
Hard of hearing(hiring)-surd,tare de urechi
A book of proverbs-o carte de proverbe
The force of the wind-fora vantului
A place of honour-in loc de onoare
A man of mark-un om insemnat(important)
A man of no importance-un om oarecare(frimportan)
To wear adress of silk-a purta o rochie de mtase
Love of a mother-iubire de mam
Master of the house-stpanul caseiA piece of paper-o bucatde hartie
A friend of mine-un prieten de-al meu
The events of late-evenimentele din ultimul timp
In days of old-in zilele de mult apuse
Of course-bineaneles,cu siguran,sigur cda
Off-departe de Keep off the grass-nu clcai pe iarb
To be off duty-a fi liber,a nu fi la serviciu
To fall off the horse-a cdea de pe cal
On-pe To be on duty-a fi de serviciuTo sit on the grass-a sta pe iarb
Some goods(gudz)on sale-nite mrfuri de vnzare
Haus on fire-o casin flcri
To go on foot-a merge pe jos
On a beautiful day-intr-o zi frumoas
On such a day-intr-o astfel de zi
On this occasion(ocheijen)-cu aceastocazie
On certain conditions-cu anumite condiii
To stand on tip toe-a sta in varful picioarelor
To be on land-a fi pe uscat
On the whole-in ansamblu,in general,in mare
On an average-in medie
To be on holiday-a fi in vacan
To sit on a chair-a sta pe un scaun
To pay on demand-a plti la cerere
To pay on the spot-a plti pe loc
On the celing-pe tavan
On a desert island(ailnd)-pe o insulpustie
On the point of-a fi pe punctul de a
Over-peste Over the rocks-peste stanci
To be head over heels in love-a fi indrgostit lulea
To stay somewhere(samuer) over night-a sta undeva peste noapte
To be famous all over the world-a fi celebru(cunoscut )in toatara
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
19/76
19
To cook over the fire-a gti la foc
To tremble all over-a tremura din toate mdularele,a tremura tot
Past Past his comprehension-peste puterea lui de a inelege
To be past work-a nu mai putea munci,a nu mai putea smunceasc
To be past danger(deinger)-a fi in afara pericolului
Have past one-unu i jumtate
It is past five oclock-este trecut de ora cinci
Round-in jurul A round table-o masrotundA round peg in a square hole-potrivit ca nuca in perete
Round the world-in jurul lumii
Since-de,de la Since four oclock-de la ora patru
I havent seen him since-nu l-am mai vzut de atunci
Through-prin To go through thick and thin-a trece prin foc i ap
Through the wood-prin pdure
To at through fear-a aciona de fric
All through the night-toatnoaptea,tot timpul nopii
To go through life-a trece prin viaThrough whom?-prin cine Throughout this country-de-a lungul i de-a
latul acestei ri
Throughout our holidays-pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre,tot timpul
vacanei noastre
Till-pan,panla To be up lill late-a se culca tarziu,a nu se culca devreme
Till death do us part-pance moartea ne va despri
To-la,ctre To go to bed-a merge la culcare
To take to wife-a lua de soie(nevast)
From end to end-de la cap la cap
From hand to mouth-de la manpanla gurTo come to an end-a lua sfarit
To finish-a termina,a se termina
To be wet to the skin-a fi ud panla piele
To count up to ten-a numra panla zece
From time to time-din cand in cand,din timp in timp
To dance to the musics-a dansa dupmuzic
I dont want to!-nu vreau
Under-sub Under lock and key-sub cheie,sub paz
Under the tree-sub copac
To swim under water-a inota sub apTo be under arms-a fi sub arme
To be under a vow(veau)-a fi sub un jurmant,a fi legat prin jurmant
To be under sentence of death-a fi condamnat la moarte
Under what conditions?-in ce condiii
Under these conditions-in aceste condiii
In under ten minutes-in mai puin de 10 minute
To be under age-a fi minor
To be under treatement-a fi sub ingrijire medicala fi in tratament
Under my feet-sub tlpile(picioarele) mele
The ball rolled underneath a table-mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas
Up-in susul,ctre The ups and downs of life-urcuurile i coboraurile vieii,geutile
vieii
To run up the hill-a alerga pe deal in sus
To walk up a hill-a urca un deal
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
20/76
20
Wake up!-trezete-te,scoal-te
Until-panla,panin Until the end of life-panla sfaritul vieii
Upon- To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu
Upon the top of the hill-in varful dealului
Upon our word-pe cuvantul nostru
Within-in,inuntrul,nu mai tarziu de To keep within door-s-a ine in cas
Within the law-in limita legiiWithin a week-in mai puin de o sptman
Within our room-in interiorul camerei noastre
Without-fr To be without help-a fi frde ajutor
To come without delay-a veni frintarzaiere
To escape without damage-a scpa nevtmat
To come without fail-a veni sigur(negreit)
To come without doubt-a veni frindoial
It goes withaut sayng(seing)-se inelege de la sine
I will leave withaut him-o splec frel
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
21/76
21
Conjunctia
A. Dupa aspect1. Simple: but, if, and.
2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise.
3. De legatura:asas, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror
.4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, thats why, so long
as (atata timp cat).
B. Dupa functie1. De coordonare
a)and- care leaga - propozitii intre ele
- parti de vorbire de acelasi fel
Ex: I go and stay there for a week
b)as well as
Ex: I work in a school as well as at home.
c)neithernor
Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom.
d)not onlybut also
Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty.
e)as well
Ex: He is calm and good as well.
f)eitheror
Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife.
g)furthermore(cu atat mai mult)
Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England.h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de)
contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.
Ex: I am tall but fat.
I am talking while you are righting.
k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel).
Ex: Would you prefer coffee or tea?
Please put your coat else you get whet.
Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.
i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de
ce),therefore
(de aceea).Ex: I havent slept therefore/that is why I am tired.
j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.
Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela.
I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing,
2. De subordonare acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt
specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.
Ex: pt. concesive: through, although (desi)
pt. conditionale: if
pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though
pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive
Subordonate predicative introduse prin:
a)what- Ex: The question is what I must read.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
22/76
22
b)who- Ex: The question is who is he.
c)where- Ex: The question is were I go.
d)when- Ex: The question is when I can come.
e) whatever, whoever, that, why
Subordonate subiective introduse prin:
a)that- Ex: It is necessary that you should understand this rule.
b)whatEx: It doesnt matter what you believe.
c)whoEx: It hasnt be decided who is the leader of the team.
d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether.
Subordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement): if, that, whether,
whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever.
Ex: She sad that she was tired.
I dont know if you leave Romania.
I dont know whoever wants my dog.
I do whatever you want me to do.I may take whatever book you want.
Subordonate indirecte introduse prin: to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever.
Ex: I may give the flowers to whom you want.
You interpret whatever she says.
Subordonate prepozitionale introduse prin: who, whom, whoever, whichever, how daca
sunt precedate de o prepoziitie.
Ex: You depend on what I say.
You must approved of whatever she says.
Subordonate atributive introduse prin: whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that.
Ex: This is the woman who loves me.
This is the man whose wife is pretty.
This is the boy whom I greeted.
Subordonate adverbiale introduse prin: as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as
though, just.
Ex: No one speaks like you do.
They acted much as I told them. (respectand majoritatea celor spuse demine)
Subordonate conditionale introduse prin: if, on condition that, only if.
Ex: I shall come soon if/on condition that I find my passport.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
23/76
23
Adverbul
Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cand, cat de frecvent
sau in ce msura are loc o actiune.
Functia adverbelor
Astfel, adverbele determina in general verbe:
Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?)
I am going home tomorrow. (cand?)
Adverbele pot determina:
adjective: You look absolutely fabulous!
adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly.
propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.
In general adverbul este terminat inly, dar nu tot ce arelyeste adverb. De regula se
formeaza din adjectiv + ly.
Modificari ortografice:
1. daca adjectivul se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza ely
Ex: nice nicely
Exceptii: due duly (datorat)
true truly
whole wholly
2. daca adjectivul se termina in le, se transformaeiny/ ly
Ex: capable capably
3. daca adjectivul se termina in ll, se adauga doar lly
Ex: full fully
4. daca adjectivul se termina in ic, se adauga ally
Ex: automatic automatically
5. daca adjectivul se termina in y, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de
consoana, se transforma inisi se adauga ily
Ex: pretty prettily
gay gaily
Exceptii: shy shyly
wry wryly
coy coyly (sfios)
6. adjectivul
good
face adverbul
well
NOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex: usually = usual + ly
bitterly = bitter + ly
awfully = awful + ly
Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
1. bright = brightly
2. sound = soundly
3. fair = fairly
4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)
5. dear = dearly
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
24/76
24
6. dead = deadly
7. cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.
NOTA: forma inlyse va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv
Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nuhe is dead tired).
Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati
comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)
Ex: She bought it cheap.dar
We traveled cheaply.
Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite
clean = complet
cleanly = intr-o maniera curata
clear = exact
clearly = intr-o maniera clara
close = apropiatclosely = indeaproape
deep = adanc
deeply = profund
direct = direct
directly = imediat
due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South.
duly = punctual
easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!
easily = intr-o maniera lejera
free = gratis
freely = pe sleau, deschis
full = complet
fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa
hard = greu
hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc
high = sus
highly = foarte
just = tocmai
justly = asa cum se cuvine
late = tarziu
lately = in ultima vreme
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
25/76
25
large = extins
largely = pe scara larga
most = majoritatea
mostly = cu precadere
near = langa
nearly = aproape ca
pretty = foarte
prettily = intr-o maniera draguta
right = exact
rightly = cu precizie, clar
sharp = fix
sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa
short = brusc
shortly = imediat
Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles
Fast solo
Far straight
Early next
Alike little
Alone outside
Past
NOTA:daca
adjectivul se termina inly,
el devineadverb
prin contructiain a + adj + manner
Ex: He is a friendly person.
adj
He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
adv
coward = las (substantiv)
cowardly = las (adjectiv)
in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)
Gradele de comparatie - se construiesc astfel:
daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se
fac cu ersi est)
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast
daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung
(cumoresithe most)
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
26/76
26
Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most
quickly of all / very quickly
Comparatia regulata
well better the best
badly worse the worst
much more the most
far farther the farthest
further the furthest
near nearer the next
little less the least
late later the last
Clasificarea adverbelor
1. Adverbe de mod
2. Adverbe de loc si directie
3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
4. Adverbe de probabilitate
5. Adverbe de grad
Adverbe de mod
Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie
dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.
fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul
la gradul pozitiv.
Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere
favorabila.
Ex: This car is quite cheap.
NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,
quitecapata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.
rather se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =
foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fi
precedat si urmat de articolul a
Ex: This car is rather expensive.
Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
Ex: Im pretty tired.
very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau
superlativ)
Ex: I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.
much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativulEx: He is much faster than I am.
by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul
Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
27/76
27
too se cupleaza cu pozitivul
Ex: He is too fast.
enough se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el
Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.
so se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv
- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv
Ex: It is so difficult.
I have so many friends / so much money.There is so little time left.
such urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de a
- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl
Ex: He is such a man.
They are such interesting persons.
Adverbe de loc si directie
Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau
complementul sau.
Ex: Dupa verb:
I looked everywhere.
John looked ...away, up, down, around...
I'm going ...home, out, back...
Dupa complement:
They built a house nearby.
She took the child outside.
A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de inspre/ cu / impreuna cu
vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului:
Ex.: Come here (= spre mine)
It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)Put it there (= departe de mine)
It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)
Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under
there, up here, up there.
B. Adverbele de loc terminaten -wards - exprima ideea de miscare intr-o anumita
directie:
Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards,
eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
Cats don't usually walk backwards.
The ship sailed westwards.
De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfelnct va fintotdeauna urmat
de un substantiv sau pronume:
Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.
C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,
downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.
Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.Cand: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
Durata, pentru cat timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
28/76
28
Cat de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la inceputul ei:
Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday.
Later the boy understood the story.
Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:
Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.
My mother lived in France for a year.
Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata
verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must):
I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal)
You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)
I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului
principal forgotten)
Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la
sfarsitul prepozitiei:
This magazine is published monthly.
He visits his mother once a week.
Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,
sometimes, usually.
De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.
Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.
They haven't met him yet.
Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sauinterogative.
I am still hungry.
Do you still work for the BBC?
Adverbe de timp usuale:
ago se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent
Ex: I saw her one hour ago.
NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.
for arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al
actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
Ex: I havent met her for two years.
NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student).
NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)
ATENTIE! nu se pune fordupa verbele:
to last
to take
to wait
to spend
to stay
Ex: Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).
since arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specificprezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
29/76
29
Ex: I havent met her since Monday.
Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate
Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il
relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps,
possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal.
Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza in debutul frazei:
Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este
convins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a
bicycle?
Adverbe de grad
Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau
adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie
in fata verbului principal:
Ex.: The water was extremely cold.He was just leaving.
She has almost finished.
Enough, very, too
Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau
adverb:
Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv)
He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)
Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului:
This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
He works too hard. (adverb)Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:
The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv)
He worked very quickly. (adverb)
De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: Hespeaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me tounderstand).
Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite,
fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.
Locutiuni adverbiale
subst + after + subst
day after day
year after year
month after month
during urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care
presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cuindaca se refera la perioade de
timp
Ex: during my life = in my life
from to poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune
cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii
Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
30/76
30
I get up at 8 oclock and work till 10 oclock.
NOTA! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from to in loc de to
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
31/76
31
Adjectivul (the adjective)
Forma adjectivului
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu isi schimba forma in functie de gen sau numar.
Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes.
Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really:
Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.
Pozitia adjectivului
De obicei adjectivul se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat:
Ex.: A good movie.
Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to
keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:
Ex.: The movie is good.
You seem upset.
This cheese tastes different.
Dupa substantiv in expresii fixe:Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial
Cateva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai in fata
substantivului determinat:
Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.
That poor woman was living in a garage.
Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,
alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry
Ex.: He's asleep.
I'm alone.
Unele adjective isi schimba sensul in functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele
involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate in fata substantivului sau
dupa acesta.
Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have
something to do with the matter)
They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex)
I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious)
The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were
there)
The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)
Functiile adjectivului
Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Pot exprima:
Sentimente sau calitati:
Ex.: They make an original couple.
She is a single mother.
Nationalitatea sau originea:
Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian.
I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas.
Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:
Ex.: The table is long.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
32/76
32
The steel tray was a gift.
Varsta:
Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.
He is still very young, almost a boy.
Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:
Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film.
That boy is too tall.
Culoarea:
Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt.
Materie / material:
Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt.
It was a silver tray, not a steel tray.
Forma:
Ex.: A rectangular envelope.
A round table.
Judecati, pareri sau opinii:
Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.The show was entertaining.
Ordinea adjectivelor
Atunci cand se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv,
ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine
este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material
Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming
Size small, huge, tiny
Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little
Shape round, square, rectangularColour red, blonde, black
Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese
Material plastic, wooden, silver
Ex: a green round plastic bucket
an elegant little French clock
a small round wooden table
Gradele de comparatie
1. pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba
2. comparative:
a. de inferioritate
b. de egalitate
c. de superioritate
3. superlative:
a. relative
b. absolut
Comparativ de inferioritate
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
33/76
33
adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din: not so/not as + adj + as
Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom.
This room is not as big as the bedroom.
adj lungi se formeaza: less + adj + than
Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed.
Comparativ de egalitate
Atat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi: as + adj + as.Ex: The bed is as good as the chair.
Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia: the same + subst + as
NOTA! as si nu like !!!
Ex: This room is the same size as the other one.
Schimbare de valoare gramaticala
Adjectiv Substantiv
big, small size (masura)
long, short length (lungime)
broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)
high, low height (inaltime)
deep, shallow depth (adancime)
heavy, light weight (greutate)
strong, weak s trength (putere)..etc.
Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:
as brave as a lion
as blind as a bat
as black as coal
as busy as a beeas cool as a cucumber
as clear as daylight
as dry as a bone
as easy as ABC
as fresh as a daisy
as hairy as a gorilla
as mad as a hatter (palarier)
as poor as a church-mouse
as silent as a grave
as wise as Solomon
as soft as silkas smooth as grass
as gentle as a lamb.etc.
Comparativul de superioritate
adj scurte: adj + er + than. Modificari ortografice:
daca adj se termina ine, se adauga doarrEx: nice nicer
daca adj se termina inyprecedat de consoana, se transformayinierEx: pretty
prettier
Exceptii: shy shyer
sly slyer
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
34/76
34
wry wryer (stramb)
daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big
bigger
pt adj lungi: more + adj + than
Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.
Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate detosi nu dethan
Ex: He is superior to me.
Superlativul relativ
adj scurte: the + adj +est
Ex: large the largest
silly the silliest
adj lungi: the most+ adj
Ex: This is the most expensive thing.
ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile ofsau inEx: He is the best of all/the best in my group.
ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica
superlativul: the + comparativ
Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.
Superlativul absolut
very + adj
very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely
exceptionally
tremendouslyawfully
ATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,
complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:
extra large
over crowded
super fine
ultra short
priceless
Comparatia neregulatagood better the best
bad worse the worst
ill worse the worst
many more the most
much more the most
little less the least
near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)
far farther the farthest (in spatiu)
far further the furthest (in timp)
late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este the
former, nuthe first.
up upper the upmost
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
35/76
35
in inner the inmost
out outer the outmost
fore former the foremost
old older the oldest
old elder the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)
Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)
Constructii adjectivale
1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ
Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ
Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.
3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp
Ex: It is warmer and warmer
ATENTIE! pt adj lungi se repeta doar more
Ex: It is more and more interesting.
4) cu cat mai,cu atat mai(the + comparativthe + comparativ)
ATENTIE! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul to belipseste:
Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)
ATENTIE! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin
virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este
adverb.
ATENTIE! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele
subiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).
ATENTIE! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu to be
sau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu to be.
Ex: I am intelligent
He looks happy sau He is happy.
Adjectivul demonstrativ
anuleza articolul substantivului
invariabil ca forma (M/F)
se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina
daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ
Ex: thisaceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)
theseacestea, acestia (plural apropiere)
ambele merg cuhere.
thatacela, aceea (singular departare)
thoseacelea, aceia (plural departare)
ambele merg cuthere.
NOTA! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci that sithose se vor cupla cu trecutul.
Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)
This is a good book. (this = pronume)
Adjectivul posesiv
invariabil ca forma si numar
anuleaza articolul substantivului
se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina
forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
36/76
36
Ex: My book.
Adjectivul interogativ
pozitie initiala in propozitie
invariabil ca forma
anuleaza articolul
determina un substantiv
forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.
Diferenta: what./which
Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.
Ex: Which boy is your best friend?
What nu presupune selectie.
Ex: What days of the week do you know?
Diferenta how much / how many
How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile.
Ex: How much money do you want?
How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.
Ex: How many books do you want?
Adjectivul relativ
pozitie mediana
introduce o propozitie secundara
invariabil
determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul
forme:
whatever (fara selectie),whichever (selectie din numar limitat),
whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).
Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.
Adjectivul nehotarat
SOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:
1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: I have some money / friends.
2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.
Ex: Would you like some coffee?3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.
Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?
4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera lasome.
Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?
5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.
Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.
6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul luicertain.
Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.
ANY - este inlocuitorul luisomein:
1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.
Ex: Is there any milk left?
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
37/76
37
2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.
Ex: Any book is good for you.
3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu
greu, deloc).
Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)
4. In propozitia care contineif. (if = incertitudine)
Ex: If you find any books, buy them.
5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.
Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.
Ex: I havent any friends here.
NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.
Ex: I have no friends here.
EVERY (fara particularizare)
Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)
EACH (cu particularizare)
Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)
EITHER (fiecare din doi)
NEITHER
(nici unul din doi)ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil lasingular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.
Expresii cu every si each
Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)
Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica
Every right = tot dreptul
Every now and than = din cand in cand
Every other day = alternativ
Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.
SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: I have such friends/information.
SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: This is such a man of honor.
ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: All books/information must be used.
WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: I like the whole book.
NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi siwholesiall
Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai
puternic)
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
38/76
38
THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.
Ex: The other child/children can swim.
ExpresiaThe other day= some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.
Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)
OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: Give me other examples.
+ Daca e precedat denopoate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.Ex: No other man is as good as you are.
ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition)
Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul
(diferit)?
BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)
Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural
Both are intelligent.
SEVERAL (mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: We spent several days there.
MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.
ENOUGH
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie
mobila.
Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.
Ex: He is man enough to understand me.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
39/76
39
Numeralul
1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitateaNumeralul zero
1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii
Ex: Its ten degrees above zero.
2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)
3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal
4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar
5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon
De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte
De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu +teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix sii-ul este
lung.De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal +ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.
Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!)
Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima
Ex: 42 = forty-two
One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv
cand:
a) este urmat deof:
Ex: hundreds of pages
b) nu determina alt substantiv:
Ex: hundreds are here
Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitiaandla englezi si fara la americani.
Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten
One thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.
One million = 1,000,000 - Farasla TOEFL, dar este corect si cus(2 millions) in
engleza.
One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zic milliard.
Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:
1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbulto be)
2) pentru calcule matematice:
Addition (to add = a aduna)
2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)
5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)
2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Division (to divide = a imparti)
6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
reminder= rest
Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3
- square root = radical de ordinul 2
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
40/76
40
Power = putere
More than = >
Less than = 1, numitorul va fi in pluralEx: 2/3 = two thirds
Intregul = the whole
Fractia pe 100 = per cent
Procentaj = percentage
Numeralul distributiv - Arata distributia lucrurilor:
One by one = unul cate unul
Two at a time = 2 odata
By twos / in twos = cate 2
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
43/76
43
Numeralul adverbial - Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune:
once = o data
twice = de 2 ori
3 times
4 times, etc.
NOTA! nu exista twice more, ci twice as much as= de 2 ori mai mult
Numeralul multiplicativ - Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate:
double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori)
tenfold = inzecit
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
44/76
44
Pronumele
Functia pronumelui
Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeaza
nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau
actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
Ex.: John did all the work.
He did all the work.Who did all the work?
Forma pronumelui
Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:
Numar: singular - this; plural these
Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ her
Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it
Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).
Clasificarea pronumelor
1. Personale
2. Reflexive
3. Nehotarate
4. Demonstrative
5. Relative
6. De intarire
7. Interogative
8. Reciproce
Pronumele personale
Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ
Singular
I mine (to) me me
you yours (to) you you
he his (to) him him
she hers (to) her her
it its (to) it it
Plural
we ours (to) us us
you yours (to) you you
they theirs (to) them them
ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vinede la it is sau it has!
Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee
You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre
oameni in general.
Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.
They say she's very clever.
It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:
It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau
in contructii pasive)
Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
45/76
45
It was spring.
Is it Monday?
How hot it is!
How far is it to the station?
It demostrativ
Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman.
It's the children.
Pronumele reflexive
Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si
complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.
Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.
he fell off the ladder and injured herself.
Pronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.
No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.
NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate
anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vederegramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.
Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,
all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.
De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.
Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)
This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those
sugereaza ideea de departare.
Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes
that I
had yesterday morning) were even better.
This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over
there, on the table) is trash.
Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:
Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)
Can you belive I would have bought that?
Pronumele relative
Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat incontextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai
multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.
Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
46/76
46
Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best.
Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale
studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au
natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba
intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule.
Din contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se
vor pune intre virgule.
Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face
referire la ambele.Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba
The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.
The team that won the championship received a great reception.
This is the program which won the prize.
We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.
Pronumele de intarire
Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu
pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I myself don't know the answer.
Mary did all this herself.
Mary herself did all this.
Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself.
Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?
Ex.: Who said that?Whose are those books?
I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.
What happened?
What's the weather like?
Pronumele reciproce
Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre
fiinte, idei, lucruri.
Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for
Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books.My mother and I give each other a hard time.
They borrowed each other's ideas.
De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire lamai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.
Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.
Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.
Pronumele ITfunctii:
1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru folosit pentru obiecte i noiuniabstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate i crora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt
luate in sens generic.
Ex: Here is a book. It is very interesting.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
47/76
47
How ould is your baby? It is five months ould.
3. Pronume personal-folosit pentru a indica:a. Timpul dupcalendar sau ceas : It is six oclock on the 4th of February.b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting lake se face tarziu
cloudy mai degrabe inorat
d. Fenomene meteorologice i naturale: It is raining cats and dogs ploucugleata(torenial); It thunders tun; It lightens fulger; It is ten degrees above
zero sunt +10o
f. Distanele: Itsnearly ten kilometres to Albota-sunt aproape 10 km panla Albota.
g. Starea lucrurilor in general: Its ok sau its all right!
3. Pronume demonstrativ (echivalent cu That sau Which rsferindu-se la ceva vzut sau
menionat inainte)
Ex : He expressed his sympathies i-a prezentat condoleanele
It was nice of him (to do that) drgudin partea lui (sfacasta)
4. Pronume introductiv
a. Introductiv anticipativ - are rolul de a introduce propoyiia printr-un subiect formal
deoarece subiectul real este deplasat dupnumele predicativ pentru a-l scoate in eviden.
Ex: Its nice to see /seeing such a garden este o plcere svezi o asmenea
Grdin
Subiectul real se poate exprima prin:
Infinitivul lung to see
Construcii gerumviale
O propoziie subiectiv,de obicei introdusprin conjuncia That.
b. Introductiv de intrire sau subliniere avand rolul de a sublinia foarte puternic sau de a
scoate in evidenoricare parte a propoziiei cu excepia predicatului.
Ex: Its Peter who/that solved all the problems.- Peter este cel care a rezolvat
toate problemele.
5. Pronume nesemnificativ folosit ca, complement direct formal mai ales al unor verbe
intranzitive. Acest tip de pronume apare frecvent in engleza vorbit.
Ex: Shall we cab it to the station ? Slum taxiul panla staie.
No,Iwould rather foot it. Nu,prefer smerg pe jos.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
48/76
48
Verbul (the verb)
A. Verbele auxiliare ( to be, to do , to have )
Sunt verbe deosebit de puternice
Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut
Intra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale:
to be la toate formele de continuu
to have la toate timpurile perfecte
Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma ining) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbulto
havepierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have a
bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch).
Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectul
Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatieinot
Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt
Ex: He has a car. Hasnt he? Yes, he has.
Trecutul verbelor auxiliare
Pt. to be was la pers I si a II-a singular, were pt. toate celelalte
Pt. to have had
VERBUL BEBE WAS BEEN
Utilizare:
1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:
The old man is taking an afternoon nap.
The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana
sau un lucru:
Dr. Johnson is a dentist. He is calm and patient.
3. pentru a exprima varsta:
The baby is two months old. How old are you?
4. BE TO + INFINITIV: pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:
You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish)
The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give)
5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: pentru a indica viitorul imediat:
Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)
6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV: pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:
There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.
There is aperson outside the door.
VERBUL DODO DID DONE
Utilizare: DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.
A. DO ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:
The kitten doesnt play with strangers.
Did they go to the opera yesterday?2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:
My company made a profit last year but IBM did not.
8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa
49/76
49
Mary typed that letter very badly. She certainly did!
3. pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:
Do eat your vegetables!
Youre wrong: I did pay you!
B. DO ca verb propriu-zis are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, a
administra, a pune in practica:
Students should do the exercises at the end of each unit.He always does the job well.
The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.
NOTA: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, a
produce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Comparati:
to do someone a favour to make a friend
to do ones best to make the bed
to do good to make money
to do the dishes to make a rule
to do the shopping to make a mistake