Lingua, Cultura e Istituzioni dei Paesi di Lingua Inglese

Lingua, Cultura e Istituzioni dei Paesi di Lingua Inglese

Corso di Laurea Triennale a.a. 2015-2016Studenti A-L

Prof. TANIA [email protected]

Tutte le informazioni sul corso:

www.uniroma3.itScienze Politiche

www.scienzepolitiche.uniroma3.it

DocenteMateriali Didattici

PROGRAMMA 2015-2016 FAQ 2015-2016

http://www.scienzepolitiche.uniroma3.it/

Lingua, Cultura e Istituzioni dei Paesi di Lingua Inglese

FREQUENTANTI Prova di esonero

FINE CORSOTest a scelta multipla di grammatica e domande aperte

di letteratura

NON FREQUENTANTIWritten Exam

Giugno-settembre-febbraioTest a scelta multipla di grammatica e domande aperte

di letteratura

Per verbalizzare l’esame è necessario aver superato:

il test di idoneità del CLA (Centro Linguistico di Ateneo)

http://www.cla.uniroma3.it

http://www.cla.uniroma3.it/

Hints and Tips

L’ISCRIZIONE ALL'ESAME È OBBLIGATORIA

LO SCRITTO PUO’ ESSERE VEBALIZZATO ENTRO 3 SESSIONI INCLUSA QUELLA IN CUI È SOSTENUTO

IL PROGRAMMA D’ESAME SARA’ VALIDO FINO ALLA SESSIONE DI GENNAIO-FEBBRAIO 2017.

“E. M. Forster AND THE CULTURE OF EMPIRE”

• Module I. English Grammar: Learning the Language

• Module II : E. M. Forster

• Module III. A Passage to India

Numero crediti formativi: 8/7

PROGRAMMA STUDENTI FREQUENTANTI 8 CFU

Testi di riferimento:• E. M. Forster, A Passage to India, London, Penguin,

2005 (o anche altra edizione).• T. Zulli, Come leggere A Passage to India, Chieti,

Solfanelli, 2014.

Testo di grammatica• Angela Gallagher, Fausto Galuzzi, Activating Grammar. Digital Edition, Milano-Torino, Pearson

Italia, 2011.

PROGRAMMA STUDENTI NON FREQUENTANTI 8 CFU

Testi di riferimento:• E. M. Forster, A Passage to India, London, Penguin, 2005

(o anche altra edizione).• E. M. Forster Revisited: Epistemic Disconnection,

Otherness and Beyond, ed. by Gloria Lauri-Lucente, Francesco Marroni and Tania Zulli, Merope 61-62 (Gennaio-Luglio 2015)

Testo di grammatica• Angela Gallagher, Fausto Galuzzi, Activating Grammar.

Digital Edition, Milano-Torino, Pearson Italia, 2011.

I testi possono essere acquistati presso

Libreria “LIBROPOLI”Via Giulio Rocco 25, 00154 RomaTel. 06/57133154 (nei pressi della sede del Rettorato in via Ostiense) Libreria “SILVIO D’AMICO”

Via Chiabrera, 00154 Roma

Per le dispense di grammatica:COPISTERIA APPUNTI

via Chiabrera

MODULE IENGLISH GRAMMAR: Learning the

Language

Il primo modulo analizzerà alcune tra le principali strutture grammaticali e morfo-sintattiche della lingua inglese. To Be-To Have-Present Simple-Present Continuous-Simple Past-Present Perfect-Past Perfect-Future Forms-First, Second,

Third Conditional-Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns-Genitive-Comparatives-Modal

Verbs-Duration Form-The Passive-Reported Speech-Some, Any, No-Nouns with Plural Verb-Reflexive Pronouns-Phrasal Verbs.

MODULE IIE. M. ForsterIl secondo modulo sarà incentrato sull’analisi della figura di E. M. Forster, il cui ruolo di intellettuale e romanziere a cavallo tra il diciannovesimo e il ventesimo secolo rivela interessanti aspetti di connessione di mondi antitetici, contrasti storici, sociali e individuali. La missione di collegamento dei poli oppositivi dell’esistenza, al di là dell’aspetto narrativo, è una missione personale, morale, di conoscenza e comprensione del genere umano, compiuta secondo le regole del pensiero liberale. Nel suo dar voce ai molteplici aspetti dell’esistenza, l’opera forsteriana segue, in una linea ideale, le coordinate ideologiche del liberalismo, che ammette perfettibilità ma non perfezione, aspira alla completezza senza mai raggiungerla. Pur tenendo presente una molteplicità di livelli di analisi (letterario, storico, politico, culturale e teorico), l’approccio critico si fonderà sulla lettura ravvicinata di testi letterari e sull’esplorazione di alcuni meccanismi di testualizzazione che mostrano il ruolo della cultura e della letteratura all’interno del periodo storico-politico di riferimento.

MODULE IIIA Passage to IndiaIl terzo modulo si concentrerà sulla lettura di uno dei romanzi di E. M. Forster, A Passage to India, tematicamente basato sulla descrizione del mondo coloniale e sulle dinamiche relazionali tra oriente e occidente. A Passage to India segna il momento di massima creatività della scrittura di E. M. Forster, decretando il punto di arrivo di un lungo processo di esplorazione narrativa, intrapresa dall’autore attraverso opere precedenti. Oltre al merito culturale di rappresentazione delle evoluzioni sociali e razziali, il valore del romanzo è da ricercare nel processo di meditazione sulle forme artistiche e letterarie che esso propone. Nel corso delle lezioni i principali aspetti del romanzo verranno analizzati nel contesto del loro valore storico-sociale e nella prospettiva dei diversi sistemi culturali chiamati in causa.

MODULE I

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Module I. English Grammar: Learning the Language

• TOPICS:• Verb Tenses• Auxiliary verbs• First, Second, Third Conditional• Question Tags• Duration Form - “For”-”Since”• “Some”-”Any”• Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, reflexive, indefinite,

interrogative, relative)• The Passive Voice• Comparatives/Superlatives• Adverbs (of manner, place, time, degree)• Modal Verbs (must, shall, will, should, would, can, could,

may, might)• Short answers• Idioms• Phrasal Verbs

VERB TENSES1. SIMPLE PRESENT 1. SIMPLE PRESENT (habitual action)(habitual action) I go to Uni I go to Uni every day.every day.2. SIMPLE PAST 2. SIMPLE PAST (complete action) (complete action) I went to Uni I went to Uni yesterday.yesterday.3. SIMPLE FUTURE 3. SIMPLE FUTURE (future action) (future action) I will go to Uni I will go to Uni tomorrow.tomorrow.4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS 4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (action in progress while speaking) (action in progress while speaking) I am I am eating now.eating now.5. PAST CONTINUOUS 5. PAST CONTINUOUS (action in progress while speaking in the past) I was eating (action in progress while speaking in the past) I was eating yesterday.yesterday.6. FUTURE CONTINUOUS I will be eating tomorrow at 6. FUTURE CONTINUOUS I will be eating tomorrow at this time.this time.7. PRESENT PERFECT 7. PRESENT PERFECT (undefined or not complete past action) (undefined or not complete past action) I have studied I have studied the lesson.the lesson. 8. PAST PERFECT I had studied the lesson when you 8. PAST PERFECT I had studied the lesson when you called me.called me.9. FUTURE PERFECT 9. FUTURE PERFECT I will have studied the lesson before you call me I will have studied the lesson before you call me tomorrow.tomorrow. 10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been cleaning the house 10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been cleaning the house all day.all day.11. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been cleaning the house for 11. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been cleaning the house for two hours when you arrived.two hours when you arrived.12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS I will have been cleaning the 12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS I will have been cleaning the house for two hours before you arrive tomorrow.house for two hours before you arrive tomorrow.

VERB TENSES (2)

PARADIGMS BERE

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle

To DRINKTo DRINK - - ““BereBere”” - I drink – she drink- I drink – she drinkss - I will drink (+will)- I will drink (+will) - I would drink - I would drink (+would)(+would) - Drinking (+ -ing)- Drinking (+ -ing) I am drinkingI am drinking

DRANKDRANK - - ““BevviBevvi”” (Pass. (Pass. Remoto)Remoto) - - ““BevevoBevevo”” (Imperfetto)(Imperfetto) - - ““BevessiBevessi”” (Congiuntivo) (Congiuntivo)

DRUNKDRUNK --““BevutoBevuto”” (Participio (Participio passato)passato)

Simple present – present continuous – simple past Fill in the correct tense.

Every summer our class (go) on a short trip. Last year we (go) to a zoo. Our teacher (be) very nervous. Teachers (be) often nervous on a school trip. But why? We (not understand) that. I (take) lots of photos of a baby elephant. I (not want) to take photos of other animals. I (want) to take photos of all my friends. They (have) some bananas and (show) them to the gorillas. "What you (do) there? Come here.", our teacher (shout). We (find) a nice place for a picnic. But nobody (eat) a banana. Can it be that the gorillas (have) a nice lunch that day? I still (try) to find out.

Simple present – present progressive – simple past Fill in the correct tense.

Every summer our class goes on a short trip. Last year we went to a zoo. Our teacher was very nervous. Teachers are often nervous on a school trip. But why? We don’t understand that. I took lots of photos of a baby elephant. I didn’t want to take photos of other animals. I wanted to take photos of all my friends. They had some bananas and were showing them to the gorillas. "What are you doing there? Come here.", our teacher shouted. We found a nice place for a picnic. But nobody ate a banana. Can it be that the gorillas had a nice lunch that day? I am still trying to find out.

AUXILIARY VERBS

• TO BE• TO HAVE • TO DO

I amI amYou areYou areHe isHe isShe isShe isIt isIt isWe areWe areYou areYou areThey areThey are

I have I have You haveYou haveHe hasHe hasShe hasShe hasIt hasIt hasWe have We have You haveYou haveThey haveThey have

I doI doYou do You do He doesHe doesShe doesShe doesIt doesIt doesWe do We do You do You do They doThey do

AUXILIARY VERBS (2)• Do you often play guitar?• Does your mother speak English?• Did you go to the swimming-pool yesterday?• Why are you looking at me? • We were watching TV when the phone rang.• A new Prime Minister is being elected these days.• Have you done your homework?• They have never been so busy.• How long have you been listening to this cd?• By this time next month I will have been going to USA for

the fifth time in a year!

AUXILIARY VERBS (3)

• Other Auxiliary Verbs are the MODAL VERBS:

Shall, will, should, would, can, could, must, may, might

AUXILIARY VERBS

Choose the correct auxiliary verb.Choose the correct auxiliary verb.

Q1 - We ____ done it yet.Q1 - We ____ done it yet.don't don't didn't didn't hasn't hasn't haven't haven't

Q2 - ____ you think they are coming tonight?Q2 - ____ you think they are coming tonight?Do Do Does Does Did Did Have Have Has Has

Q3 - ____ you see them yesterday?Q3 - ____ you see them yesterday?Do Do Did Did Have Have Has Has

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q1 - We ____ done it yet.Q1 - We ____ done it yet.don't don't didn't didn't hasn't hasn't haven'thaven't

Q2 - ____ you think they are coming tonight?Q2 - ____ you think they are coming tonight?Do Do Does Does Did Did Have Have Has Has

Q3 - ____ you see them yesterday?Q3 - ____ you see them yesterday?Do Do DidDid Have Have Has Has

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q4 - ____ you going this evening?Q4 - ____ you going this evening?Are Are Have Have Do Do

Q5 - How long ____ it take you to get home? Q5 - How long ____ it take you to get home? do do does does

Q6 - What ____ you reading at the moment?Q6 - What ____ you reading at the moment?are are do do have have

Q7 - It was horrible. I really ____ like it.Q7 - It was horrible. I really ____ like it.did did didn't didn't

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q4 - ____ you going this evening?Q4 - ____ you going this evening?AreAre Have Have Do Do

Q5 - How long ____ it take you to get home?Q5 - How long ____ it take you to get home? do do doesdoes

Q6 - What ____ you reading at the moment?Q6 - What ____ you reading at the moment?areare do do have have

Q7 - It was horrible. I really ____ like it.Q7 - It was horrible. I really ____ like it.did did didn'tdidn't

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q8 - They ____ rung back yet.Q8 - They ____ rung back yet.have have has has haven't haven't hasn't hasn't

Q9 - ____ you learn it when you were at school?Q9 - ____ you learn it when you were at school?Do Do Does Does Did Did Have Have Has Has

Q10 - ____ you enjoying your meal?Q10 - ____ you enjoying your meal?Do Do Is Is Are Are Have Have Has Has

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q8 - They ____ rung back yet.Q8 - They ____ rung back yet.have have has has haven't haven't hasn't hasn't

Q9 - ____ you learn it when you were at school?Q9 - ____ you learn it when you were at school?Do Do Does Does DidDid Have Have Has Has

Q10 - ____ you enjoying your meal?Q10 - ____ you enjoying your meal?Do Do Is Is AreAre Have Have Has Has

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q11 - ____ you decided yet?Q11 - ____ you decided yet?HaveHaveHasHasDoDoDidDidDoesDoes

Q12 - ____ everybody going to be there?Q12 - ____ everybody going to be there?IsIsAreAreDoDo

Q13 - ____ they live near you?Q13 - ____ they live near you?DoesDoesDoDoHaveHaveAreAre

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q11 - ____ you decided yet?Q11 - ____ you decided yet?HaveHaveHasHasDoDoDidDidDoesDoes

Q12 - ____ everybody going to be there?Q12 - ____ everybody going to be there?IsIsAreAreDoDo

Q13 - ____ they live near you?Q13 - ____ they live near you?DoesDoesDoDoHaveHaveAreAre

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q14 - I _____ finished it.Q14 - I _____ finished it.didn'tdidn'thaven'thaven'thasn'thasn't

Q15 - I ____ had time to do it yet.Q15 - I ____ had time to do it yet.didn'tdidn'thaven'thaven'thasn'thasn't

AUXILIARY VERBS


Q14 - I _____ finished it.Q14 - I _____ finished it.didn'tdidn'thaven'thaven'thasn'thasn't

Q15 - I ____ had time to do it yet.Q15 - I ____ had time to do it yet.didn'tdidn'thaven'thaven'thasn'thasn't

CONDITIONAL TENSES Ist CONDITIONAL

If you come to my party, you will see Mary SIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PRESENT FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE

IInd CONDITIONALIf you came to my party, you would see MarySIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST PRESENT CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL

IIIrd CONDITIONALIf you had come to my party, you would have seen Mary

PAST PERFECTPAST PERFECT PAST CONDITIONAL PAST CONDITIONAL

CONDITIONAL TENSES: I• 1. If I (to study), I (to pass) the exams.

• 2. We (not/to swim) if the weather (to be) bad.

• 3. If he (to have) a temperature, he (to see) the doctor.

• 4. I (to be) very happy if my friends (to come).

• 5. If I (to earn) a lot of money, I (to fly) to New York.

• 6. If we (not/to come) home in time, we (to miss) the film.

• 7. The teacher (not/to be) happy if I (to forget) my homework again.

• 8. If our class (to go) to England, I (to visit) the Tower of London.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: I• 1. If I 1. If I study,, I I will pass the exams. the exams.

• 2. We 2. We won’t swim if the weather if the weather is bad. bad.

• 3. If he 3. If he has a temperature, he a temperature, he will see the doctor. the doctor.

• 4. I 4. I will be very happy if my friends very happy if my friends come..

• 5. If I 5. If I earn a lot of money, I a lot of money, I will fly to New York. to New York.

• 6. If we 6. If we don’t come home in time, we home in time, we will miss the film. the film.

• 7. The teacher 7. The teacher won’t be happy if I happy if I forget my homework again.my homework again.

• 8. If our class 8. If our class goes to England, I to England, I will visit the Tower of London. the Tower of London.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: II

1. If they (to have) enough money, they (to buy) a new car.

2. If he (to be) my friend, I (to invite) him.

3. The Smiths (to go) on holiday if they (to have) time.

4. If Susan (to study) harder, she (to be) better at school.

5. We (to call) the police if we (to see) a burglar.

6. If the pupils (to have) no school, they (to play) football.

7. If I (to come) home early, my father (not/to be) angry.

8. If I (to be) you, I (not/to go) to the party.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: II

1.1. If they If they had enough money, they enough money, they would buy a new car. a new car.

2.2. If he If he was my friend, I my friend, I would invite him. him.

3.3. The Smiths The Smiths would go on holiday if they on holiday if they had time. time.

4.4. If Susan If Susan studied harder, she harder, she would be better at school. better at school.

5.5. We We would call the police if we the police if we saw a burglar. a burglar.

6.6. If the pupils If the pupils had no school, they no school, they would play football. football.

7. If I came home early, my father home early, my father wouldn’t be angry.angry.

8.8. If I If I were you, I you, I wouldn’t go to the party to the party.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: III

• 1. If the weather (to be) nice, we (to play) football.2. The car (not/to break down) if you (to check) it.3. If we (to go) to McDonald's we (to have) more to eat.4. You (to understand) the film if you (to read) the book.5. The water in the pool (to be) warmer if the sun (to shine).6. If John (to learn) more words, he (to write) a good report.7. My parents (to buy) the house if the man (not/to sell) it to someone else.8. If the police (not/to stop) me, I (to reach) you in time.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: III

1. If the weather 1. If the weather had been nice, we nice, we would have played football. football.2. The car 2. The car wouldn’t have broken down if you if you had checked it. it.3. If we 3. If we had gone to McDonald's we to McDonald's we would have had more to eat. more to eat.4. You 4. You would have understood the film if you the film if you had read the book. the book.5. The water in the pool 5. The water in the pool would have been warmer if the sun warmer if the sun had shone..6. If John 6. If John had learnt more words, he more words, he would have written a good a good report.report.7. My parents 7. My parents would have bought the house if the man the house if the man had not sold it to someone else.it to someone else.8. If the police 8. If the police had not stopped me, I me, I would have reached you you in time. in time.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: I,II,III

11. If they (to have) enough money, they would buy a new car.2. If it rains, I (not/to play) football. 3. I (to phone) you if I hadn't seen you today. 4. We would pass the exam if we (to study) harder.5. I (to go) to the party if you come with me. 6. If they (to buy) the cat, their children would have been happy.7. You'll catch a cold if you (not/to wear) a pullover.8. If I (to see) the film, I wouldn't have bought the video. 9. If you (to wait) a minute, I'll come with you.10. If I went anywhere, it (to be) Australia. 11. We (to watch) TV tonight if Peter hadn't bought the theatre tickets.12. Would you go out more often if you (not/to have) to do so much in the house?13. If he hadn't missed the train, he (to arrive) here in time. 14. I will miss the school bus if I (not/to get up) early.15. We could have helped John if we (to know) about his problems.16. If we (to cycle) to Dresden, it will be a fantastic trip.

CONDITIONAL TENSES: I,II,III

1. If they 1. If they had enough money, they would buy a new car. enough money, they would buy a new car.2. If it rains, I 2. If it rains, I will not play football. football. 3. I 3. I would have phoned you if I hadn't seen you today. you if I hadn't seen you today. 4. We would pass the exam if we 4. We would pass the exam if we studied harder. harder.5. I 5. I will go to the party if you come with me. to the party if you come with me. 6. If they 6. If they had bought the cat, their children would have been happy. the cat, their children would have been happy.7. You'll catch a cold if you 7. You'll catch a cold if you don’t wear a pullover. a pullover.8. If I 8. If I had seen the film, I wouldn't have bought the video. the film, I wouldn't have bought the video. 9. If you 9. If you wait a minute, I'll come with you. a minute, I'll come with you.10. If I went anywhere, it 10. If I went anywhere, it would be Australia. Australia. 11. We 11. We would have watched TV tonight if Peter hadn't bought the TV tonight if Peter hadn't bought the theatre tickets.theatre tickets.12. Would you go out more often if you 12. Would you go out more often if you didn’t have to do so much in to do so much in the house?the house?13. If he hadn't missed the train, he 13. If he hadn't missed the train, he would have arrived here in here in time. time. 14. I will miss the school bus if I 14. I will miss the school bus if I don’t get up early. early.15. We could have helped John if we 15. We could have helped John if we had known about his problems. about his problems.16. If we 16. If we cycle to Dresden, it will be a fantastic trip. to Dresden, it will be a fantastic trip.

Put the following sentences at the CONDITIONAL form (I, II, and III)

1. If Sandra (NOT BE) sick, we (TO SPEND) the whole evening with her.

2. We (TO CHOOSE) another computer, if this (NOT WORK).

3. He (NOT TO TRAVEL) by car, if (TO REALIZE) there is so much traffic on Monday.

4. If you (TO BELIEVE) what he says, you (NOT HAVE) any problems.

QUESTION TAGS

They correspond to the Italian:They correspond to the Italian: vero? Non è vero? È vero?

• He is French, isn’t he?• She isn’t here, is she?• It is a lovely day, isn’t it?• They work hard, don’t they?• Sue came with you, didn’t she?• We didn’t tell you to phone, did we?• I am included in the list, aren’t I?

QUESTION TAGS

It’s a lovely day, ______?

He loves her, ______?

She loved him, ______?

They didn’t go home, ______?

I’m coming with you, _______?

QUESTION TAGS

It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?

He loves her, doesn’t he?

She loved him, didn’t she?

They didn’t go home, did they?

I’m coming with you, aren’t I?

DURATION FORM“For” – “Since”

• “For” and “Since” correspond to the Italian “DA” and they are used in expressions of time for actions that have started in the past and continue into the present.

ForForis used when specifying is used when specifying

the amount of timethe amount of time For 3 minutes, for one For 3 minutes, for one

day, for six years, for the day, for six years, for the whole morning, for a whole morning, for a

long time, for all my life, long time, for all my life, for ages.for ages.

SinceSinceis used when specifying is used when specifying

the starting pointthe starting pointSince 1945, since 3 Since 1945, since 3 oo ’’clock, since last clock, since last

Tuesday, since last Tuesday, since last week/Christmas/March, week/Christmas/March, since I was born, since since I was born, since

they left, since I first saw they left, since I first saw her, since they mether, since they met

DURATION FORM (2)

• With FOR and SINCE we do not use the With FOR and SINCE we do not use the Simple Present but the Present Perfect:Simple Present but the Present Perfect:

I know her for three yearsI have known her for three years

They are together since 1983They have been together since 1983

F O R / S I N C E

QUIZ: FOR or SINCE?QUIZ: FOR or SINCE?I've been looking for my keys ..... the last 15 I've been looking for my keys ..... the last 15 minutes. Can you help me?minutes. Can you help me?

Our family has lived in this house ..... just after the Our family has lived in this house ..... just after the war.war.

Why are you so late? Why are you so late? I've been standing here ..... I've been standing here ..... 5.30.5.30.

It's ok. I've only been waiting ..... a few minutes.It's ok. I've only been waiting ..... a few minutes.

F O R / S I N C E

QUIZ: QUIZ: FOR or SINCE?FOR or SINCE?

I've been looking for my keys I've been looking for my keys FORFOR the last 15 the last 15 minutes. Can you help me?minutes. Can you help me?

Our family has lived in this house Our family has lived in this house SINCESINCE just just after the war.after the war.

Why are you so late? Why are you so late? I've been standing here I've been standing here SINCESINCE 5.30. 5.30.

It's ok. I've only been waiting It's ok. I've only been waiting FORFOR a few a few minutes.minutes.

F O R / S I N C E

QUIZ: FOR or SINCE?QUIZ: FOR or SINCE?I haven't played tennis ..... I came to London.I haven't played tennis ..... I came to London.

I haven't seen her ..... ages.I haven't seen her ..... ages.

I've had my guitar ..... more than five years.I've had my guitar ..... more than five years.

.... when have you been wearing contact lenses?.... when have you been wearing contact lenses?

She has spoken 3 languages ..... she was a child.She has spoken 3 languages ..... she was a child.

I haven't played tennis SINCE I came to London.

I haven't seen her FOR ages.

I've had my guitar FOR more than five years.

SINCE when have you been wearing contact lenses?

The last time I ate out was on my The last time I ate out was on my birthday. I haven't been to a restaurant birthday. I haven't been to a restaurant ..... then...... then.

He hasn't used his car ..... he had the He hasn't used his car ..... he had the accident.accident.

Our cat has been missing ..... six weeks Our cat has been missing ..... six weeks now. now.

I‘ve been working in the garden ..... I‘ve been working in the garden ..... two hours.two hours.

The last time I ate out was on my birthday. I haven't The last time I ate out was on my birthday. I haven't been to a restaurant been to a restaurant SINCESINCE then. then.

He hasn't used his car He hasn't used his car SINCESINCE he had the accident. he had the accident.

Our cat has been missing Our cat has been missing FORFOR six weeks now. six weeks now.

I‘ve been working in the garden I‘ve been working in the garden FORFOR two hours. two hours.

She has spoken 3 languages She has spoken 3 languages SINCESINCE she was she was a child.a child.

SOME/ANYThey translate the Italian: “alcuni, degli, qualche,

un po’ di” SOME is used in affirmative sentences

There were some nice flowers in her gardenThis operation is going to take some timeIf you are hungry, there are some biscuits in the cupboardI will meet him some day

Note: Some is used in interrogative sentences when offering somethingEs. Es. Would you like some tea?

ANY is used in interrogative or negative sentences

• There weren’t any good shoes in that shop

• Have you got any sugar for my cake?• They don’t have any friends• Is there any postcard I can buy?

NO

NO can also be used in negative NO can also be used in negative sentences with a positive verbsentences with a positive verb

• There aren’t any students in the class

oror

• There are no students in the class

QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?

Q1 - Are there ....... people at all at the bus stop?Q1 - Are there ....... people at all at the bus stop?some some none none anyany

Q2 - There's ...... reason to be rude all the time.Q2 - There's ...... reason to be rude all the time.some some no no any any

Q3 - I'd like ...... time off next week.Q3 - I'd like ...... time off next week.no no any any some some

Q1 - Are there ....... people at all at the bus stop?Q1 - Are there ....... people at all at the bus stop?some some none none anyany

Q2 - There's ...... reason to be rude all the time.Q2 - There's ...... reason to be rude all the time.some some nono anyany

Q3 - I'd like ...... time off next week.Q3 - I'd like ...... time off next week.no no any any somesome


QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?Q4 - There's ..... coffee left; could you get some while Q4 - There's ..... coffee left; could you get some while you're out?you're out?no no some some anyany

Q5 - I must get to the bank because I haven't got ...... Q5 - I must get to the bank because I haven't got ...... money for the weekend.money for the weekend.some some no no any any

Q6 - Could I have ....... more tea, please?Q6 - Could I have ....... more tea, please?no no some some anyany

QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?Q4 - There's ..... coffee left; could you get some while Q4 - There's ..... coffee left; could you get some while you're out?you're out?nono somesome anyany

Q5 - I must get to the bank because I haven't got ...... Q5 - I must get to the bank because I haven't got ...... money for the weekend.money for the weekend.some some no no anyany

Q6 - Could I have ....... more tea, please?Q6 - Could I have ....... more tea, please?no no somesome anyany

QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?Q7 - When we got to the cinema, there weren't ....... tickets Q7 - When we got to the cinema, there weren't ....... tickets left.left.some some no no anyany

Q8 - My car stopped because there was ...... petrol left.Q8 - My car stopped because there was ...... petrol left.any any no no some some

Q9 - The shop had ....... milk so we'll have to drink our coffee Q9 - The shop had ....... milk so we'll have to drink our coffee black.black.some some no no any any

QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?Q7 - When we got to the cinema, there Q7 - When we got to the cinema, there weren't ....... tickets left.weren't ....... tickets left.some some no no anyany Q8 - My car stopped because there was ...... petrol Q8 - My car stopped because there was ...... petrol left.left.any any nono some some Q9 - The shop had ....... milk so we'll have to drink Q9 - The shop had ....... milk so we'll have to drink our coffee black.our coffee black.some some nono anyany

QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?QUIZ: SOME, ANY or NO?Q10 - There must be ....... job for me; I really need the work.Q10 - There must be ....... job for me; I really need the work.somesomenonoanyany

Q11 - She's worried because she has got ....... interviews next Q11 - She's worried because she has got ....... interviews next week and they always make her nervous.week and they always make her nervous.some some no no any any

Q12 - ....... newspapers support the Government, but most Q12 - ....... newspapers support the Government, but most don't.don't.No No Any Any SomeSome


Q10 - There must be ....... job for me; I really need the work.Q10 - There must be ....... job for me; I really need the work.somesomenonoanyany

Q11 - She's worried because she has got ....... interviews Q11 - She's worried because she has got ....... interviews next week and they always make her nervous.next week and they always make her nervous.somesome no no any any

Q12 - ....... newspapers support the Government, but most Q12 - ....... newspapers support the Government, but most don't.don't.No No Any Any SomeSome


Q13 - You shouldn't take ....... medicine without reading the Q13 - You shouldn't take ....... medicine without reading the information first.information first.some some any any nono

Q14 - I'll have to get my TV fixed as I've been having ....... Q14 - I'll have to get my TV fixed as I've been having ....... problems with it.problems with it.any any no no some some

Q15 - ....... smoke without a fire.Q15 - ....... smoke without a fire.Some Some No No Any Any


Q13 - You shouldn't take ....... medicine without reading the Q13 - You shouldn't take ....... medicine without reading the information first.information first.somesome anyany nono

Q14 - I'll have to get my TV fixed as I've been having ....... Q14 - I'll have to get my TV fixed as I've been having ....... problems with it.problems with it.any any nono somesome

Q15 - ....... smoke without a fire.Q15 - ....... smoke without a fire.SomeSome NoNo AnyAny


Q16 - I couldn't get into the concert because there Q16 - I couldn't get into the concert because there were ...... tickets left.were ...... tickets left.nonoanyanysomesome

Q17 - I'd like a sandwich and ....... sparkling mineral Q17 - I'd like a sandwich and ....... sparkling mineral water.water.nonoanyanysomesome

Q18 - ....... shops don't accept credit cards.Q18 - ....... shops don't accept credit cards.SomeSomeNoNoAnyAny


Q16 - I couldn't get into the concert because there were ...... Q16 - I couldn't get into the concert because there were ...... tickets left.tickets left.nonoanyanysomesome

Q17 - I'd like a sandwich and ....... sparkling mineral waterQ17 - I'd like a sandwich and ....... sparkling mineral water..nonoanyanysomesome

Q18 - ....... shops don't accept credit cards.Q18 - ....... shops don't accept credit cards.SomeSomeNoNoAnyAny

SOME/ANY+body-one/thing/where

Somebody/anybody-Someone/anyoneThere is somebody in the kitchenHave you seen anybody in the house last night?

Something/anythingI have got something for youIs there anything you want to tell me?

Somewhere/anywhereHe lives somewhere in TurkeyIs there anywhere to go?


1) She said …….. but I didn't understand anything.2) Has ……..found my blue pencil? No, I'm sorry.3) Would ……. help me, please? Yes, I can help you.4) Have you got ……. to eat? No, I haven't.5) Tom, can you give me ……… to drink, please?6) Is there ………. in the house? No, it's deserted.7) Do you know ………..about London transport? No, I don't.8) What's wrong? "There's ……….. in my eye."


1) She said something but I didn't understand anything.2) Has anyone found my blue pencil? No, I'm sorry.3) Would anybody help me, please? Yes, I can help you.4) Have you got anything to eat? No, I haven't.5) Tom, can you give me somethingto drink, please?6) Is there anyone in the house? No, it's deserted.7) Do you know anything about London transport? No, I don't.8) What's wrong? "There's something in my eye."

9) Would you like ………… to drink? Yes, 9) Would you like ………… to drink? Yes, please.please.10) …………… has broken the window. I don't 10) …………… has broken the window. I don't know who. know who. 11) He didn't say ………… .11) He didn't say ………… .12) I'm looking for my keys. Has ………… seen 12) I'm looking for my keys. Has ………… seen them? No, I'm sorry.them? No, I'm sorry.13) Teach me …………. exciting.13) Teach me …………. exciting.14) I didn't eat ………… because I wasn't 14) I didn't eat ………… because I wasn't hungry. hungry. 15) Dad, can we go ……….. on Sunday? Yes, 15) Dad, can we go ……….. on Sunday? Yes, what about going to the zoo? what about going to the zoo? 16) She is ill, therefore she is not going 16) She is ill, therefore she is not going ………….………….

9) Would you like anything to drink? Yes, please.10) Someone has broken the window. I don't know who. 11) He didn't say anything.12) I'm looking for my keys. Has anyone seen them? No, I'm sorry.13) Teach me something exciting.14) I didn't eat anything because I wasn't hungry. 15) Dad, can we go somewhere on Sunday? Yes, what about going to the zoo? 16) She is ill, therefore she is not going anywhere.

PRONOUNStake the place of a nountake the place of a noun

Lee is very handsomeHe is very handsome

The cake is very goodThis is very good

There are six types of pronouns:There are six types of pronouns:

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNSPERSONAL PRONOUNSREFLEXIVE PRONOUNS INDEFINITE PRONOUNS INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSRELATIVE PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS (2)Demonstrative pronouns

• This → singular-near the speakerTHIS IS MY PEN

• These → plural-near the speakerTHESE ARE MY BOOKS

• That → singular-far from the speakerTHAT RESTAURANT IS VERY GOOD

• Those → plural-far from the speakerTHOSE PEOPLE ARE MARY’S RELATIVES

Demonstrative pronounsComplete the sentences using this, that, these or

those. Example: I like this picture. (this, these)

1. …………shirt looks great.(That, Those)

2. Look at ……………man over there.(this, that)

3. ………… is a beautiful day today.(That, This)

4. Do you like ……….. flowers?(that, those)

1. That shirt looks great.(That, Those)

2. Look at that man over there.(this, that)

3. This is a beautiful day today.(That, This)

4. Do you like those flowers?(that, those)

5.5. What are the answers to ………….. What are the answers to ………….. questions?questions?(this, these)(this, these)

6.6. I love ……………. shoes but I don't like I love ……………. shoes but I don't like ………….. shirt.………….. shirt.(these, that), (those, that)(these, that), (those, that)7.7. Let's watch a movie. ………….. a good idea. Let's watch a movie. ………….. a good idea.(This is, That's)(This is, That's)

8.8. Whose house is ……………. ? Whose house is ……………. ?(those, that)(those, that)

9.9. This book isn't very good , but ………… This book isn't very good , but …………book's great. book's great. (that, this)(that, this)

5. What are the answers to these questions?(this, these)

6. I love these shoes but I don't like that shirt.(these, that), (those, that)

7. Let's watch a movie. This is a good idea.(This is, That's)

8. Whose house is that?(those, that)

9. This book isn't very good , but that book's great. (that, this)

PRONOUNS (3)Personal pronouns

They substitute a person in a sentence. Depending on their position in the sentence, they can be:

SUBJECT P. OBJECT P.

IIYOUYOUHEHESHESHEITITWEWEYOUYOUTHEYTHEY

MEMEYOU YOU HIMHIMHERHERITITUSUSYOUYOUTHEMTHEM

Examples:• He is a man• She works very hard• Mark and I are from London but we live

in Brighton• I am going to the theatre tonight, are

you coming with me?• They are late and we will not wait for

them• I can’t stand him!

Personal pronounsSUBJECT

1. …………is reading a book. (Willy)2. …………is green. (The blackboard)3. ………….are on the wall (The posters)4. …………..is running. (The dog)5. …………..are watching TV. (My mother and I) 6. ………….are in the garden. (The flowers) 7. ………….is riding his bike. (Tom)8. …………..are dirty. (Robin's shoes) 9. ……………has got a brother. (Diana)10. …………….Have got a computer, Mandy?

Personal pronounsOBJECT

• 1. The teacher always gives the pupils homework. methemyou2. I read the book to my little sister.herushim3. The boys are riding their bikes.itthemher4. My father is writing a letter to John. himherme5. I don't know the answer.sheher it

• 6. Open the window, please.itthemus7. Sally is going to Anne.

• herhimme

• 8. Can you tell the people the way to the cinema, please?you us them

• 9. The books are for Peter.herhimyou

• 10. Can you help my sister and me?hermeus

PRONOUNS (4)Possessive Adjectives and

Possessive Pronouns

• MY• YOUR• HIS• HER• ITS• OUR• YOUR• THEIR

MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS YOURS THEIRS

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESPOSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

Examples:

• Is this your umbrella? No, it is not mine, it is hers.

• We are going to New York with our friends

• Those are their sandwiches• Where is Mary? This ticket is hers• Mr Smith is here with his son• These cds aren’t Peter’s, they are ours.

PRONOUNS (5)Personal Adjectives and Pronouns

SUMMARYSUBJECTSUBJECTPRONOUNSPRONOUNS

IIYOUYOUHEHESHESHEITITWEWEYOUYOUTHEYTHEY

OBJECTOBJECTPRONOUNSPRONOUNS

MEMEYOU YOU HIMHIMHERHERITITUSUSYOUYOUTHEMTHEM

POSSESSIVPOSSESSIVE E ADJECTIVEADJECTIVESS

MYMYYOURYOURHISHISHERHERITSITSOUROURYOURYOURTHEIRTHEIR

POSSESSIVPOSSESSIVE E PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

MINEMINEYOURSYOURSHISHISHERSHERSITSITSOURSOURSYOURSYOURSTHEIRSTHEIRS

PRONOUNS (6)Reflexive Pronouns and

Indefinite Pronouns

REFLEXIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSPRONOUNSMyselfMyselfYourselfYourselfHimself Himself HerselfHerselfItselfItselfOurselvesOurselvesYourselvesYourselvesThemselvesThemselves

INDEFINITE INDEFINITE PRONOUNSPRONOUNSSomebody/AnybodySomebody/AnybodySomeone/AnyoneSomeone/AnyoneSomething/AnythingSomething/AnythingSomewhere/Somewhere/AnywhereAnywhereNo one/NobodyNo one/NobodyNothingNothingNowhereNowhere

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSThey are used when the subject and the complement in a sentence are the same

I looked at myself in the mirrorShe hurt herself when she fell off the chairThey made themselves a cup of tea

They can also be used to emphasize the fact that the subject has made the action

Peter built the house himselfWe made the cake ourselvesHe typed the letter himself

Other Examples:• I will buy myself a new car next year• If you don’t want to come to the party, I’ll

go by myself• Think for yourself!• This exam is not difficult in itself

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS• Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person,

thing or place. If an indefinite pronoun is used as a thing or place. If an indefinite pronoun is used as a subject, the verb must agree with the pronoun. subject, the verb must agree with the pronoun.

• Indefinite pronouns can be divided into three Indefinite pronouns can be divided into three categories:categories:

SINGULAROne, someone, anyone, none, everyone, each, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, (n)either, something, anything, nothing, everything

PLURALBoth, few, several,

SINGULAR OR PLURALSome, any, none, all, most

Examples:Somebody is watching the film with FridaSomething is happening outsideNeither of us is coming to your partyBoth are having dinner with TomFew have his same skillsSome of the heat dispersed in the room (uncountable)

Some of the cars were sliding on the ice (countable)

All of the people were screamingAll of the room was dirty

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Exercise

• I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ……………..

• The girl looked at ………….in the mirror. • Freddy, you'll have to do your homework

……. • You don't need to help them. They can do it

… • I introduced …………to my new neighbour. • Boys, can you make your beds …………… ? • She made a pullover ………………. • What happens when a fighting fish sees

………in the mirror? • The father decided to repair the car……….. . • We can move the table ……………..

PRONOUNS Exercise

Little Red Riding HoodFill the gaps with the correct pronouns.

Once upon a time there was a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. Together with ……. mum, …… lived in a big forest.

One fine day, Little Red Riding Hood’s mother said, “ ……. grandma is ill. Please go and take this cake and a bottle of wine to …… . Grandma’s house is not too far from ……. house, but always keep to the path and don’t stop!”

So, Little Red Riding Hood made …….. way to Grandma’s house.

In the forest …….. met the big bad wolf. Little Red Riding Hood greeted …… and the wolf

asked: “Where are ………. going, Little Red Riding Hood?”

“To …….. grandma’s house.” answered Little Red Riding Hood.

“Can you tell …….. where grandma lives?” “ ……… lives in a little cottage at the edge of

the forest.” “Why don’t …….. pick some nice flowers for

…….?” asked the wolf. “That’s a good idea.” said Little Red Riding Hood

and began looking for flowers. Meanwhile, the wolf was on ………way to grandma’s house.

The house was quite small but nice and ……. roof was made out of straw.

The wolf went inside and …….. swallowed poor old Grandma. After that ……. put Grandma’s clothes on and lay down in ……bed. ……………….

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSInterrogative pronouns are used to ask Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions and require more than a questions and require more than a ““yesyes”” or or ““nnoo”” answer. answer.

WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHAT, WHOSE

Who said that? Whom did you call?

Which is yours? What do you want?

Whose gloves are these?

Interrogative pronouns may take the Interrogative pronouns may take the suffixes suffixes -ever and and –soever.

They can also be used as relative They can also be used as relative pronouns, but while a relative pronoun pronouns, but while a relative pronoun maymay be found in a question, an be found in a question, an interrogative pronoun is found interrogative pronoun is found onlyonly in in a question.a question.

RELATIVE PRONOUNSRelative pronouns link two clauses and introduce a relative clause. Who, whom, and whose refer to people. That and which refer to things.

This is a book. I read it last weekThis is the book that I read last week

That is the boy who kissed SamanthaThat is the boy whom Samantha kissesThese are the people who will come with usThese are the people whom I have seen with

MartaThis is the car which I am going to buyLiam is the person whose friend is a singerHe is the man to whom I was talking/He is the

man I was talking to

THE PASSIVE VOICEThe Passive Voice is used to focus on the person or thing affected by the action (object)

He painted the house

The house was painted by him

Changes: 1. The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent performing the action in the passive sentence2. The active verb becomes a passive verb3. The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

PASSIVE TENSES CHART (1)SIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PRESENT

activeactive passivepassiveThe movie bores meThe movie bores me II am bored by the movieam bored by the movie

PRESENT CONTINUOUSPRESENT CONTINUOUSactiveactive passivepassive

Sheila is cleaning the Sheila is cleaning the househouse

The house is being cleaned The house is being cleaned by Sheilaby Sheila

SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PASTactiveactive passivepassive

The news surprised themThe news surprised them They were surprised by the They were surprised by the newsnews

PAST CONTINUOUSPAST CONTINUOUSactiveactive passivepassive

The teacher was helping The teacher was helping the studentsthe students

The students were being The students were being helped by the teacherhelped by the teacher

PASSIVE TENSES CHART (2)PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT

activeactive passivepassiveI have sent the giftI have sent the gift The gift has been sent by The gift has been sent by

memePAST PERFECTPAST PERFECT

activeactive passivepassiveThe engineer had directed The engineer had directed the worksthe works

The works had been The works had been directed by the engineerdirected by the engineer

FUTUREFUTUREactiveactive passivepassive

I will tell the truthI will tell the truthI am going to make a I am going to make a cakecake

The truth will be told by The truth will be told by memeA cake is going to be A cake is going to be made by memade by me

PASSIVE TENSES CHART (2)FUTURE PERFECTFUTURE PERFECT

activeactive passivepassiveTom will have finished the Tom will have finished the project next monthproject next month

The project will have been The project will have been finished by Tom next monthfinished by Tom next month

MODALSMODALSactiveactive passivepassive

He can foretell the futureHe can foretell the futureThey must/may/might give They must/may/might give Katia a new officeKatia a new officeStudents should memorize Students should memorize English verbsEnglish verbs

The future can be foretold The future can be foretold by himby himA new office A new office must/may/might be given to must/may/might be given to KatiaKatiaEnglish verbs should be English verbs should be memorized by studentsmemorized by students

PASSIVE TENSES-ExercisesFrom Active to Passive

The sun makes people happySheila took pictures of the elephants

We are reading a bookSue was combing her hair

They bought those CDsYou saw my parentsMary was telling liesI was playing chess

We have heard the news on the radioI have thrown away all my dressesThey had seen Patrick at the park

I had eaten that delicious cake

PASSIVE TENSES-ExercisesFrom Active to Passive

We will read the email tomorrowThey will consult the doctor

We are going to pick Mary upMy father is going to buy me a new house

You can write that essayHelen may understand the problem

We might take that trainYou must call your friends

You should eat that sandwich

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES• Comparatives and superlatives are used to Comparatives and superlatives are used to

compare two or more things. compare two or more things. • Comparatives are formed using Comparatives are formed using -er or or more

and superlatives are formed using and superlatives are formed using –est or or most.

Comparatives compare two things. The compare two things. The second term of comparison is introduced second term of comparison is introduced by “by “than”, but you can also use a ”, but you can also use a conjunction like ‘conjunction like ‘but’. ’.

Andrea is taller than Gianni. Andrea is tall, but Luigi is taller.

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVESSuperlatives compare more than two compare more than two things. Superlative adjectives are things. Superlative adjectives are preceded by ‘the’. The second term preceded by ‘the’. The second term of comparison is usually introduced of comparison is usually introduced by “by “of”, “”, “in”, “”, “among” etc.” etc.

Filippo is the tallest in the class. Andrea is tall, and Luigi is taller, but

Filippo is the tallest of all.

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES (2)The comparative and superlative forms of The comparative and superlative forms of monosyllabic monosyllabic adjectives and adverbsadjectives and adverbs are made by adding are made by adding -er/est::

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES ADVERBS ADVERBS

tall tall → taller/the → taller/the tallesttallestshort → short → shorter/the shortestshorter/the shortestgreat → great → greater/the greatestgreater/the greatest

fast fast → faster/the → faster/the fastestfastestquick → quicker/the quick → quicker/the quickestquickestsoon → sooner/the soon → sooner/the soonestsoonest

For adjectives and adverbsFor adjectives and adverbs ending in ending in ““–e–e”” only only –r/-st is added: is added:

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES ADVERBS ADVERBS

wide wide → wider/the → wider/the widestwidestlarge → larger/the large → larger/the largestlargest

late → later/the late → later/the latestlatest

In adjectives and adverbs In adjectives and adverbs ending with a consonant precedeed by ending with a consonant precedeed by one single vowelone single vowel the consonant is doubled: the consonant is doubled:

fat→ fatter/the fattest big→ bigger/the biggestfat→ fatter/the fattest big→ bigger/the biggest thin→ thin→ thinner/the thinnestthinner/the thinnest

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES (3)

The comparative and superlative forms of The comparative and superlative forms of monosyllabic monosyllabic and bisillabic adjectives and adverbsand bisillabic adjectives and adverbs ending in ending in -y preceded by a consonant are made by preceded by a consonant are made by changing the y in ichanging the y in i, , and adding and adding -er::

haphapppy y →→ happier/the happiest happier/the happiestearearlly y → → earlier/the earliestearlier/the earliest

The comparative form of The comparative form of adjectives and adverbsadjectives and adverbs of of two or more syllablestwo or more syllables is made with is made with more::

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

careful careful → more → more careful/the most careful/the most carefulcarefulinteresting → more interesting → more interesting/the most interesting/the most interestinginteresting

slowly slowly → more → more slowly/the most slowly/the most slowlyslowlyquickly → more quickly → more quickly/the most quickly/the most quicklyquickly

NoteNote:: the comparative and superlative of the comparative and superlative of minorityminority is made by using is made by using LESSLESS and and THE LEASTTHE LEAST

Examples:The Nile is longer than the PoThe Nile is the longest river in AfricaMy room is larger than yoursMy room is the largest in the houseMy car is faster than yoursPaul’s is the fastest car i have ever drivenMay is thinner than her sisterMary is the thinnest in the familyShe is getting happier and happierShe is the happiest girl I have ever seenHe should be more carefulHe is the most careful dog in the world

COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES (4)Equality

as + adjective + asas + adverb + as

as many + plural noun + asas much + non countable noun + as

Examples:The chair is as expensive as the tableThis hotel isn’t as big as the otehrHe runs as fast as you doJoe has got as many friends as MaryLiam does not earn as much money as me

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES/SUPERLATIVES (5)

GOOD/WELLGOOD/WELL BETTERBETTER THE BESTTHE BEST

BADBAD WORSEWORSE THE WORSTTHE WORST

MUCH/MANYMUCH/MANY MOREMORE THE MOSTTHE MOST

LITTLELITTLE LESSLESS THE LEASTTHE LEAST

FARFAR FURTHER/FARTHERFURTHER/FARTHER THE FURTHEST/THE THE FURTHEST/THE FARTHESTFARTHEST

FartherFarther shows a relation to physical distance. Farther shows a relation to physical distance. If you can replace the word If you can replace the word ‘‘fartherfarther’’ with with ‘‘more more

milesmiles’’ then you have done it correctly. then you have done it correctly. Our car drove farther than I thought. / I wanted

to run farther, but I became too exhausted.

FurtherFurther relates to metaphorical distance or Further relates to metaphorical distance or

depth. It is also another way of saying depth. It is also another way of saying ‘‘additionaladditional’’..

I asked that there be further discussion on the matter. / For further information, please contact Mr Smith.

QUIZ: Choose the correct answerQUIZ: Choose the correct answerQ1 – It’s ....... than mine.Q1 – It’s ....... than mine.smaler smaler more small more small smallersmaller Q2 – Your mobile phone is ……. than hers.Q2 – Your mobile phone is ……. than hers.biger biger biggerbiggermore bigmore big Q3 – It’s ...... than it looks.Q3 – It’s ...... than it looks.bader bader worse worse more bad more bad

COMPARATIVES / SUPERLATIVES

QUIZQUIZ: Choose the correct answer: Choose the correct answer

Q1 – It’s ....... than mine.Q1 – It’s ....... than mine.smaler smaler more small more small smallersmaller

Q2 – Your mobile phone is ……. than hers.Q2 – Your mobile phone is ……. than hers.biger biger biggerbiggermore big more big

Q3 – It’s ...... than it looks.Q3 – It’s ...... than it looks.bader bader worseworse more bad more bad

COMPARATIVES / SUPERRLATIVES

QUIZ: Choose the correct answerQUIZ: Choose the correct answerQ4 – I’d like some ....... information.Q4 – I’d like some ....... information.farther farther further further either could be used here either could be used here Q5 – It was ……. expensive restaurant I’ve ever been to.Q5 – It was ……. expensive restaurant I’ve ever been to.most most the mostthe mostthe more the more Q6 – It’s ...... art collection in Europe.Q6 – It’s ...... art collection in Europe.finer finer finest finest the finest the finest

COMPARATIVES / SUPERRLATIVES


Q4 – I’d like some ....... information.Q4 – I’d like some ....... information.farther farther furtherfurther either could be used here either could be used here

Q5 – It was ……. expensive restaurant I’ve ever been to.Q5 – It was ……. expensive restaurant I’ve ever been to.most most the mostthe mostthe more the more

Q6 – It’s ...... art collection in Europe.Q6 – It’s ...... art collection in Europe.finer finer finest finest the finestthe finest


QUIZ: Choose the correct answerQUIZ: Choose the correct answerQ7 – It was ....... than I expected.Q7 – It was ....... than I expected.cheaper cheaper cheapest cheapest cheapcheap Q8 – It was ……. test I’ve ever done.Q8 – It was ……. test I’ve ever done.the most hard the most hard the harderthe harderthe hardestthe hardest Q9 – It’s better ...... I thought.Q9 – It’s better ...... I thought.as as then then thanthan



Q7 – It was ....... than I expected.Q7 – It was ....... than I expected.cheapercheaper cheapest cheapest cheap cheap

Q8 – It was ……. test I’ve ever done.Q8 – It was ……. test I’ve ever done.the most hard the most hard the harderthe harderthe hardestthe hardest

Q9 – It’s better ...... I thought.Q9 – It’s better ...... I thought.as as then then thanthan


ADVERBS Adverbs are words used to modify verbs or adjectivesAdverbs are words used to modify verbs or adjectives

OF OF FREQUENCYFREQUENCY

OF OF MANNERMANNER

OF OF LOCATIONLOCATION

OF TIMEOF TIME CONNECTING CONNECTING ADV.ADV.

NEGATIVE NEGATIVE ADV.ADV.

HOW OFTEN?HOW OFTEN? HOW?HOW? WHERE?WHERE? WHEN?WHEN?

alwaysalways carefullcarefullyy

herehere nownow alsoalso notnot

oftenoften correctlcorrectlyy

therethere thenthen thusthus nevernever

usuallyusually eagerlyeagerly forwardforward todaytoday consequentconsequentlyly

littlelittle

generallygenerally easilyeasily aheadahead tomorrwtomorrw furthermorfurthermoree

nowhernowheree

frequentlyfrequently fastfast highhigh tonighttonight hencehence barelybarelysometimesometime

ssloudlyloudly lowlow yesterdayesterda

yyhoweverhowever hardlyhardly

rarelyrarely patientlpatientlyy

nearnear againagain moreovermoreover rarelyrarely

seldomseldom quicklyquickly outsideoutside earlyearly nevertheleneverthelessss

scarcelscarcelyy

everever quietlyquietly backback latelate otherwiseotherwise seldomseldomnevernever wellwell somewhersomewher

eesometimsometim

eethereforetherefore

FREQUENCY ADVERBSFrequency adverbsFrequency adverbs occupy a particular position in the occupy a particular position in the

sentence:sentence:

Mary is often lateMary often goes to school late

Running is always goodRunning always tires me

Running has always been my favourite sport

Note:Note: Enough occupies a particular occupies a particular position, too. It follows adjectives, position, too. It follows adjectives,

verbs or adverbs.verbs or adverbs.

The show was not long enoughStrangely enough, she didn’t come

MODAL VERBSModal verbs are different from other verbs:Modal verbs are different from other verbs:1.1. They do not function as main verbs;They do not function as main verbs;2.2. They do not have all the tenses;They do not have all the tenses;3.3. They are never followed by They are never followed by – s (third person singular)(third person singular), ,

– ed (simple past, past participle)(simple past, past participle), , – ing (gerund)(gerund)..4.4. They do not use They do not use do, , does or or did in the in the

interrogative form;interrogative form;5.5. They are never preceded nor followed by They are never preceded nor followed by to (to (to

can; can to go)can; can to go)6.6. If used together with other auxiliaries If used together with other auxiliaries (BE-HAVE-DO)(BE-HAVE-DO)

it it alwaysalways preceeds them preceeds themYou should have gone to IndiaShe could have seen us

MODAL VERBS (2)

PRESENT PASTPRESENT PASTPoterePotere

VolereVolere

DovereDovere

Can CouldCan CouldMay MightMay Might

Will WouldWill Would

Must Must/ShouldMust Must/ShouldShall Should/Ough toShall Should/Ough to

Modal Verbs – CAN and MAY

CAN should be used only to express the should be used only to express the ability to do something and that and that may must be used to express must be used to express permission. .

Es. I can play the piano. May I go to the toilet?

EXCEPTIONSEXCEPTIONSIf you finish your spaghetti, you can have dessert. After you clean your room, you can go outside and

play.

In these and similar spoken uses, can is perfectly In these and similar spoken uses, can is perfectly acceptable. This is especially true for negative acceptable. This is especially true for negative questions such as questions such as Can’t I have the car tonight? probably because probably because using mayn’t instead of can’t sounds unnaturalusing mayn’t instead of can’t sounds unnatural

Modal Verbs – HAVE TOHave to andand Have got to expressexpress necessity andand obligation. They differ subtly in meaning from the They differ subtly in meaning from the auxiliary verb must.auxiliary verb must.While all of these verbs can be used to express a While all of these verbs can be used to express a command or warning (command or warning (You have got to leave now. You must not shout), ), have to and and have got to are are somewhat somewhat more forceful than must in expressing than must in expressing necessity; they also express an obligation coming necessity; they also express an obligation coming from outside (from outside (Students have to wear a uniform))There has (or has got) to be some mistake conveys a conveys a bit more emphasis than bit more emphasis than There must be some mistake.

Modal Verbs – MAY and MIGHTIt may rain. It might rain. What’s the difference? What’s the difference? Just as could is the past tense of can, Just as could is the past tense of can, might is is

the the past tensepast tense of of may: : We thought we might win the tournament. Might can also be used as a substitute for can also be used as a substitute for

may to show may to show diminished possibility. Thus, . Thus, saying saying We might go to the movies means that means that the likelihood of going is somewhat less than if the likelihood of going is somewhat less than if you say you say We may go to the movies.

When used to express When used to express permission, might has , might has a a higher degree of politenesshigher degree of politeness than may. Thus, than may. Thus, Might I express my opinion conveys less conveys less insistence than insistence than May I express my opinion.

Modal Verbs – MUST

Must is used to express is used to express necessity, , obligation, and , and probability::

1. Plants must have water in order to live. (necessity) (necessity)2. Swimmers must take a shower before entering the

pool. (obligation) (obligation) 3. You must be joking. (probability) (probability)

Unlike other auxiliaries, must has Unlike other auxiliaries, must has no past formno past form::

They insisted we must wait until tomorrow.

Modal Verbs – SHALL and WILL

The traditional rules state that you The traditional rules state that you use use Shall to show what happens in to show what happens in the future only when ‘I’ or ‘we’ is the future only when ‘I’ or ‘we’ is the subject: the subject: I shall (not will) call you tomorrow. Will, on the other hand, is used with , on the other hand, is used with subjects in the second and third subjects in the second and third persons: persons: The comet will (not shall) return in 87 years.

However, you can use However, you can use will with a subject in with a subject in the first person and the first person and shall with a subject in with a subject in the second or third the second or third person to express:person to express:

determination, , promise, , obligation, , permission. I will leave tomorrow indicates that the indicates that the speaker is determined to leave. speaker is determined to leave. You shall leave tomorrow has the has the ring of a command. ring of a command. The sentence The sentence You shall have your money expresses a promise (“I will see that you expresses a promise (“I will see that you get your money”), whereas get your money”), whereas You will have your money makes a simple prediction. makes a simple prediction.

Modal Verbs – SHOULD and WOULDShould mustmust be used: be used:

to express to express duty or or obligation, you use ‘should’ as the , you use ‘should’ as the equivalent of ought to: equivalent of ought to: I (or you or he) should go.

Would mustmust be used: be used:

to express to express willingness or or promise: : I agreed that I would do it;to express to express habitual actions in the past: : We would walk along the canal at night.

Would is also a polite substitute for ‘will’ in requests: is also a polite substitute for ‘will’ in requests: Would you lend me a fiver?

Modal Verbs – Summary

Just as ‘would’ can be used as the past of ‘will’; Just as ‘would’ can be used as the past of ‘will’; ‘could’ can be used as the past of ‘can’; ‘might’ can ‘could’ can be used as the past of ‘can’; ‘might’ can be used as the past of ‘may’; and ‘should’ can be be used as the past of ‘may’; and ‘should’ can be used as the past of ‘shall’. used as the past of ‘shall’. The auxiliary ‘must’ can refer either to the present or The auxiliary ‘must’ can refer either to the present or to the past. to the past. These relationships among the modal auxiliaries can These relationships among the modal auxiliaries can be summarized as follows:be summarized as follows:PresentPresent PastPast

cancan couldcouldmaymay mightmightmustmust mustmustshallshall shouldshouldwillwill wouldwould

Modal Verbs – SummaryTense of Verb in Main Tense of Verb in Main ClauseClause Complete Sentence Complete Sentence

Simple PresentSimple Present I think I can do it. I think I can do it. Simple PastSimple Past I thought I could do it. I thought I could do it. Simple PresentSimple Present He predicts it may rain. He predicts it may rain. Simple PastSimple Past He predicted it might rain.He predicted it might rain.Simple PresentSimple Present She knows she must be there. She knows she must be there. Simple PastSimple Past She knew she must be there. She knew she must be there.

Simple PresentSimple Present I wonder what we shall do I wonder what we shall do tomorrow. tomorrow.

Simple PastSimple Past I wondered what we should do the I wondered what we should do the next day.next day.

Simple PresentSimple Present I think he will go there. I think he will go there. Simple PastSimple Past I thought I would go there.I thought I would go there.

Fill in the blanks in each sentence using a modal verb, such as can, could, would, should, might, may, must, or have to, based on the situational hints shown in italics. Select the modal that seems most appropriate for the situation described, and be prepared to explain your choice.

1. I ......... not know what to say to him if he showed up.(I'm unprepared to speak to him.)

2. She ......... look at things differently once the facts are in.(A change in opinion is possible after all the information becomes available.)

3. It's company policy; you ......... do it this way or your expenses won't be reimbursed.(The company requires that this procedure be followed for expense reimbursements.)

M O D A L V E R B S

Fill in the blanks in each sentence using a modal verb, such as can, could, would, should, might, may, must, or have to, based on the situational hints shown in italics. Select the modal that seems most appropriate for the situation described, and be prepared to explain your choice.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. I would not know what to say to him if he showed up.(I'm unprepared to speak to him.)

2. She may/might look at things differently once the facts are in.(A change in opinion is possible after all the information becomes available.)

3. It's company policy; you have to do it this way or your expenses won't be reimbursed.(The company requires that this procedure be followed for expense reimbursements.)

M O D A L V E R B S

4. I'm in terrible shape! I ......... exercise more!(I've decided that more exercise is an absolute necessity for me.)5. ......... you get this report done for us by tomorrow morning?(Are you willing and able to prepare this report by tomorrow if we ask you?)

6. ......... you handle this much work on a regular basis?(Do you have the capacity to handle this much work regularly?)

7. We were worried about you. You ......... have called us as soon as you knew you'd be late.(Calling someone when you will be late is a good idea, in my opinion.)

M O D A L V E R B S

Fill in the blanks in each sentence using a modal verb, such as can, could, would, should, might, may, must, or have to, based on the situational hints shown in italics. Select the modal that seems most appropriate for the situation described, and be prepared to explain your choice.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. I'm in terrible shape! I must exercise more!(I've decided that more exercise is an absolute necessity for me.)

5. Could you get this report done for us by tomorrow morning?(Are you willing and able to prepare this report by tomorrow if we ask you?)

6. Can you handle this much work on a regular basis?(Do you have the capacity to handle this much work regularly?)

7. We were worried about you. You should have called us as soon as you knew you'd be late.(Calling someone when you will be late is a good idea, in my opinion.)

M O D A L V E R B S

8. You ......... want to think a little more carefully about that before trying it next time. (I think you were stupid not to think more carefully about it.)

9. This computer's not working. It ......... have been damaged by the thunderstorm. (The damage is a logical deduction based on the information available.)

10. Ellen ......... be sent to London this summer, if the board decides that the situation there warrants it. (The trip is certainly possible, but whether or not she goes depends on the board's preference.)

M O D A L V E R B S

Fill in the blanks in each sentence using a modal verb, such as can, could, would, should, might, may, must, or have to, based on the situational hints shown in italics. Select the modal that seems most appropriate for the situation described, and be prepared to explain your choice.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. You might want to think a little more carefully about that before trying it next time. (I think you were stupid not to think more carefully about it.)

9. This computer's not working. It must have been damaged by the thunderstorm. (The damage is a logical deduction based on the information available.)

10. Ellen may be sent to London this summer, if the board decides that the situation there warrants it. (The trip is certainly possible, but whether or not she goes depends on the board's preference.)

M O D A L V E R B S

11. My trainer says I'm in terrible shape. According to him I ......... exercise more.(My trainer is trying to compel me to exercise more.)

12. You ......... always try reinstalling Windows, that might work if the disk is corrupt.(This is one possible course of action, and there's a possibility of it working under certain conditions.)

13. I......... not do that if I were you!(I don't think your behaviour is prudent, and my own normal behaviour is different.)

M O D A L V E R B S


11. My trainer says I'm in terrible shape. According to him I have to exercise more.(My trainer is trying to compel me to exercise more.)

12. You could always try reinstalling Windows, that might work if the disk is corrupt.(This is one possible course of action, and there's a possibility of it working under certain conditions.)

13. I would not do that if I were you!(I don't think your behavior is prudent, and my own normal behavior is different.)

M O D A L V E R B S

14. When she was young, she ......... play tennis every single day, rain or shine. (She did this habitually when she was young, although she doesn’t necessarily do it now.)

15. .........I suggest this dark blue jacket? (You're a customer in my upscale store, and I'm trying to be very polite.)

16. I ......... admit, it's a very nice-looking car. (I have no choice but to admit that the car looks nice.)

17. She ......... admit that it was a very nice-looking car.(She had no choice but to admit that the car looked nice.)

M O D A L V E R B S


14. When she was young, she would play tennis every single day, rain or shine. (She did this habitually when she was young, although she doesn’t necessarily do it now.)

15. Might/May/Could/Can I suggest this dark blue jacket? (You're a customer in my upscale store, and I'm trying to be very polite.)

16. I must admit, it's a very nice-looking car. (I have no choice but to admit that the car looks nice.)

17. She had to admit that it was a very nice-looking car.(She had no choice but to admit that the car looked nice.)

M O D A L V E R B S

18. I ......... think not!(I find that absolutely impossible to believe.)

19. ......... we be required to ditch the aircraft, there are flotation devices under your seats.(There are live-saving devices under your seats for use if we ditch in water.)

20. You ......... say that.(That's another correct way of summarizing the situation.)

M O D A L V E R B S


18. I should think not!(I find that absolutely impossible to believe.)

19. Should we be required to ditch the aircraft, there are flotation devices under your seats.(There are live-saving devices under your seats for use if we ditch in water.)

20. You could say that.(That's another correct way of summarizing the situation.)

M O D A L V E R B S

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using would, could, should, might, or will. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. Can you play the trumpet?

1. The weather forecast is not very good. It ________ rain this evening.

2. My grandfather _________ speak five languages.

3. Whenever I was nervous, I _________ just go for a walk to relax.

4. Don’t worry. I __________ do it straight away.

5. I don’t think you __________ work so hard.

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using would, could, should, might, or will. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. Can you play the trumpet?

1. The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this evening.

2. My grandfather could speak five languages.

3. Whenever I was nervous, I would (= used to) just go for a walk to relax.

4. Don’t worry. I will do it straight away.

5. I don’t think you should work so hard.

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using shall, must, will, couldn’t, or mustn’t. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. Ian's flight from London took more than 11 hours. He must be exhausted after such a long flight.1. Sue ________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.2. You ________ be kidding! That can’t be true.

3. ________ we move into the living room? It’s more comfortable in there.

4. You ________ forget to pay your rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

5. I am confident that she __________ never leave her job.

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using shall, must, will, couldn’t, or mustn’t. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. Ian's flight from London took more than 11 hours. He must be exhausted after such a long flight.

1. Sue couldn’t hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

2. You must be kidding! That can’t be true.

3. Shall we move into the living room? It’s more comfortable in there.

4. You mustn’t forget to pay your rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

5. I am confident that she will never leave her job.

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using have to, shall, will, can, or may. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. I must say that the conference was really interesting.

1. Tomorrow Barbara and I ________ go to the hospital.

2. You ________ hand in this document by the end of the week.

3. On Tuesday afternoon, I _______ play tennis after my lesson.

4. ______ I go out?

5. ______ you play the guitar?

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using have to, shall, will, can, or may. Each verb can be used only once. e.g. I must say that the conference was really interesting.

1. Tomorrow Barbara and I shall go to the hospital.

2. You have to hand in this document by the end of the week.

3. On Tuesday afternoon, I will play tennis after my lesson.

4. May I go out?

5. Can you play the guitar?

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using would, could, should, might, or will. Each verb can be used only once.e.g. May I go out?

1. If I won the lottery, I _________ afford to quit my job and travel the world.2. Where _________ you go if you won the lottery?

3. Well, I _________ choose to spend a year in New York.

4. But if I want to win the lottery, I guess I _________ try buying some tickets.

5. That would help. Tomorrow I __________ get some tickets.

M O D A L V E R B S

Complete each sentence using would, could, should, might, or will. Each verb can be used only once.e.g. May I go out?

1. If I won the lottery, I could afford to quit my job and travel the world.

2. Where would you go if you won the lottery?

3. Well, I might choose to spend a year in New York.

4. But if I want to win the lottery, I guess I should try buying some tickets.

5. That would help. Tomorrow I will get some tickets.

M O D A L V E R B S

Choose the correct modal verb to form the sentence.Choose the correct modal verb to form the sentence.Note: In some questions more than one of the answer choices may Note: In some questions more than one of the answer choices may be heard in current English. The answer shown as correct is the one be heard in current English. The answer shown as correct is the one that is expected in traditional grammar.that is expected in traditional grammar.

1.1. I didnI didn’’t feel very well yesterday. I ..... eat anything. t feel very well yesterday. I ..... eat anything.

cannot / couldncannot / couldn’’t / mustnt / mustn’’tt

2. You ..... look at me when I am talking to you. 2. You ..... look at me when I am talking to you.

could / should / wouldcould / should / would

3. I was using my pencil a minute ago. It ..... be here somewhere! 3. I was using my pencil a minute ago. It ..... be here somewhere!

should / must / would / couldshould / must / would / could

4. You really ..... be late again. 4. You really ..... be late again.

must not / donmust not / don’’t have to bet have to be

M O D A L V E R B S

Choose the correct modal verb to form the sentence.Choose the correct modal verb to form the sentence.Note: In some questions more than one of the answer Note: In some questions more than one of the answer choices may be heard in current English. The answer choices may be heard in current English. The answer

shown as correct is the one that is expected in traditional shown as correct is the one that is expected in traditional grammar.grammar.

1.1. I didnI didn’’t feel very well yesterday. I ..... eat anything. t feel very well yesterday. I ..... eat anything.

cannot / cannot / couldncouldn’’tt / mustn / mustn’’tt

2. You ..... look at me when I am talking to you. 2. You ..... look at me when I am talking to you.

could / could / shouldshould / would / would

3. I was using my pencil a minute ago. It ..... be here somewhere! 3. I was using my pencil a minute ago. It ..... be here somewhere!

should / should / mustmust / would / could / would / could

4. You really ..... be late again. 4. You really ..... be late again.

must notmust not / don / don’’t have to bet have to be

M O D A L V E R B S

5. If you don5. If you don’’t start working harder, you ..... repeat the t start working harder, you ..... repeat the course next year. course next year.

will have to / have to / mustwill have to / have to / must

6. Already as a child Mozart ..... play the piano 6. Already as a child Mozart ..... play the piano beautifully . beautifully .

could / should / would / cancould / should / would / can

7. I really ..... try to get fit. 7. I really ..... try to get fit.

may / must / wouldmay / must / would

8. I ..... move the table. It was too heavy. 8. I ..... move the table. It was too heavy.

couldncouldn’’t / mustnt / mustn’’t / shouldnt / shouldn’’t / wouldnt / wouldn’’tt

M O D A L V E R B S



5. 5. If you donIf you don’’t start working harder, you ..... repeat the course next year. t start working harder, you ..... repeat the course next year.

will have towill have to / have to / must / have to / must

6. Already as a child Mozart ..... play the piano beautifully . 6. Already as a child Mozart ..... play the piano beautifully .

couldcould / should / would / can / should / would / can

7. I really ..... try to get fit. 7. I really ..... try to get fit.

may / may / mustmust / would / would

8. I ..... move the table. It was too heavy. 8. I ..... move the table. It was too heavy.

couldncouldn’’tt / mustn / mustn’’t / shouldnt / shouldn’’t / wouldnt / wouldn’’tt

M O D A L V E R B S

9. You ..... eat so much chocolate. It9. You ..... eat so much chocolate. It’’s not good for you. s not good for you.

dondon’’t have to / shouldnt have to / shouldn’’t / wouldnt / wouldn’’tt

10. The test starts at 10.30. You ..... be late. 10. The test starts at 10.30. You ..... be late.

dondon’’t have to / mustnt have to / mustn’’t / should / wouldt / should / would

11. Why didn11. Why didn’’t you tell me? I ..... you! t you tell me? I ..... you!

could help / could have helped / would help / will helpcould help / could have helped / would help / will help

12. How did you do in the test? - Ok. It ..... worse! 12. How did you do in the test? - Ok. It ..... worse!

could have been / could be / would be / would have beencould have been / could be / would be / would have been

M O D A L V E R B S



9. You ..... eat so much chocolate. It9. You ..... eat so much chocolate. It’’s not good for you.s not good for you.

dondon’’t have to / t have to / shouldnshouldn’’tt / wouldn / wouldn’’tt

10. The test starts at 10.30. You ..... be late. 10. The test starts at 10.30. You ..... be late.

dondon’’t have to / t have to / mustnmustn’’tt / should / would / should / would

11. Why didn11. Why didn’’t you tell me? I ..... you! t you tell me? I ..... you!

could help / could help / could have helpedcould have helped / would help / will help / would help / will help

12. How did you do in the test? - Ok. It ..... worse! 12. How did you do in the test? - Ok. It ..... worse!

could have beencould have been / could be / would be / would have been / could be / would be / would have been

SHORT ANSWERSQuestionQuestion Affirmative Affirmative

Short AnswerShort AnswerNegative Negative

Short AnswerShort AnswerIs he ready?Is he ready? Yes, he is.Yes, he is. No, he isnNo, he isn’’t.t.Were you Were you happy?happy?

Yes, I was.Yes, I was. No, I wasnNo, I wasn’’t.t.

Do you konw Do you konw them?them?

Yes, we do.Yes, we do. No, we donNo, we don’’t.t.

Did we win?Did we win? Yes, we did.Yes, we did. No, we didnNo, we didn’’t.t.Has he left?Has he left? Yes, he has.Yes, he has. No, he hasnNo, he hasn’’t.t.Will they need Will they need help?help?

Yes, they will.Yes, they will. No, they wonNo, they won’’t.t.

Could you help Could you help me?me?

Yes, I could.Yes, I could. No, I couldnNo, I couldn’’t.t.

QuestionQuestion Affirmative Short Affirmative Short AnswerAnswer Negative Short AnswerNegative Short Answer

IsIs he ready? he ready? WereWere you you finished?finished? DoDo you you knowknow them?them? DidDid we we winwin?? HasHas he he leftleft?? WillWill they they needneed help?help? CouldCould you you helphelp me?me?

SHORT ANSWERSSHORT ANSWERS

IDIOMSAn An idiom is a group of words with a meaning that is different from the is a group of words with a meaning that is different from the

individual words, and often difficult to guess from the individual individual words, and often difficult to guess from the individual words. words.

Here are some common idioms:Here are some common idioms:

-The teacher told us -The teacher told us to get a move onto get a move on. . -My wife and I -My wife and I take it in turnstake it in turns to cook. to cook. -I don’t know the answer-I don’t know the answer off-hand off-hand. . -It’s not far. We can -It’s not far. We can take a short cuttake a short cut through through the park. the park. -I’m not very -I’m not very good atgood at small talksmall talk. . -I’m sorry -I’m sorry I can’t make itI can’t make it on Friday. on Friday. -I asked her -I asked her to keep an eyeto keep an eye on my suitcase on my suitcase while I went to the toilet. while I went to the toilet.

Pete: Are you coming? Pete: Are you coming? Jane: Yes, Jane: Yes, hang onhang on. . Jack: Jack: What’s upWhat’s up? ? Juliet: Nothing. Juliet: Nothing. Brian: I’m really sorry but I’ve forgotten to bring Brian: I’m really sorry but I’ve forgotten to bring the book you lent me. the book you lent me. Philippa: That’s OK. Philippa: That’s OK. Never mindNever mind. . Phil: Can I borrow your dictionary? Phil: Can I borrow your dictionary? Lana: Sure, Lana: Sure, go aheadgo ahead. . Maria: I don’t know which one to choose. Maria: I don’t know which one to choose. James: Well, James: Well, make up your mindmake up your mind..

1. I 1. I feel likefeel like a drink. a drink. 2. They’ve 2. They’ve gone for goodgone for good. . 3. I’m 3. I’m tied-uptied-up all afternoon. all afternoon. 4. She was 4. She was pulling my legpulling my leg when she said when she said that. that. 5. I can probably 5. I can probably make domake do with a smaller with a smaller flat.flat.

Jack: - Hello?

Bobby: - Hello. This is Bobby here. Can I speak to Nicola, please?

Jack: Hi, Bobby! Sorry, I’m afraid she’s not in at the moment. She said she would come

back by 6. You might ring her up on her mobile.

Bobby: - That’s alright, I’ll give her a ring straightaway. Thanks a lot, Jack.

Jack: No worries, Bobby. Speak to you later. Bye.

IDIOMS (2)ON THE PHONE• Jack: - Hello?• Andrew: - Hello. This is Andrew

here. Can I speak to Nicola, please?• Jack: Sure! Hold on a sec.• -------- • Jack: Hello?• Sharon: Hi, it’s Sharon here. Is

Nicola there? • Jack: Yes, she is. Please hold on.

SHOPPINGSHOPPING

1. AT THE NEWSAGENT’S1. AT THE NEWSAGENT’S

Margaret: - Good morning. Can I have the Guardian, please?

Newsagent: - Sure! Hang on a second, I’ll get it for you… There you go.

Margaret: Cheers. Have a nice day!

Newsagent: And you! See you later.

PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs are idiomatic phrases consisting are idiomatic phrases consisting of a verb and another element, typically of a verb and another element, typically either an adverb (as in either an adverb (as in break down), or a ), or a preposition (for example preposition (for example see to), or a ), or a combination of both (such as combination of both (such as book down on).).

Eventually John found the courage to ask Jane out.

ask out = ask someone to go on a date

The terrorists tried to blow up the hotel reception.

blow up = explode

Last night my car broke down. I had to take a cab back home.

break down = stop functioning

I was talking to Teresa when Chris broke in on our conversation.

break in on = interrupt (a conversation)

Financial crisis has brought about an increase in unemployment.

bring about = cause

My brother brought up the matter of going on holiday together.

Cindy was brought up by her aunt.

bring up = mention (a topic) / raise children

Hello? Hi Ian. Can I call you back in five minutes? Do you mind?

call back = return a phone call

The President decided to call off the meeting.call off = cancel

I’ll call on you this afternoon at 5.call on = visit

.

That way of dressing has caught on among Italian youngsters.

catch on = become popular

After our trip, it was time to catch up with the news around town.

catch up with = keep abreast

Sunny weather always cheers me up.

cheer up = make someone feel happier

.

I look forward to coming back here as soon as possible.

come back = return to a place

The burglar tried to come in through the back door.

come in = enter

Will you come over tomorrow for lunch?

come over = visit

.

Derek is so wise! He always comes up with good advice.

come up with = contribute (suggestion, money)

That’s a mistake! You’ve got to cross it out.

cross out = draw a line through

From now on we’d better cut down on telephone expenses.

cut down on = curtail expenses

.

The essay I wrote was poor, so I had to do it over again.

do over = repeat a job

The other day Jenny dropped by. It was a real pleasure.

drop by = visit without appointment

Fred dropped off the parcel at the fish and chips shop.

drop off = leave something/someone somewhere

.

- Any plans for this evening? - Well, I’d like to eat out.

eat out = dine in a restaurant

Bob couldn't quite figure out why she was so depressed.

figure out = find the answer by logic

If you want to apply for that job, you’ve got to fill out this form.

fill out = complete a form

.

George found out that his wife was having an affair.

find out = discover information

I get along quite well with Brian. He’s a laugh.

get along with = have a good relationship with

If you don’t work hard, you’ll never get away with this exam.

get away with = escape blame

.

Yesterday I got back from school later than I expected.

get back (from) = return from somewhere

Although Jim is broke, he seems to get by without borrowing money.

get by = survive

I’d better get down to some serious work now.

get down to = start doing seriously

.

Get offGet off the train at Euston tube station. the train at Euston tube station.

Jim Jim got ongot on the coach without even saying goodbye. the coach without even saying goodbye.

After four days of antibiotics, Joe After four days of antibiotics, Joe got overgot over his flu. his flu.

We’ve got to We’ve got to get rid ofget rid of this rubbish. this rubbish.

She knows how toShe knows how to get round get round her father. her father.

Last night I woke up at 4, but didn’t Last night I woke up at 4, but didn’t get upget up until 5. until 5.

Many people Many people give awaygive away their clothes. their clothes.

I asked Bob to I asked Bob to give me backgive me back my book. He’d had it for a year. my book. He’d had it for a year.

The teacher The teacher gave outgave out the examination papers. the examination papers.

Don’t Don’t give upgive up! You can make it!! You can make it!

It's hard to imagine that I'll ever go back to Lappenranta.

Let's go on to discuss the next point. / What's going on here?

The student should have gone over her essay twice.

I’ve just handed in my written paper. Let’s hope for the best.

You'd better keep away from him. He's a crook!

These days, it’s hard to keep up with the Joneses.

I will never let you down.

My sister loves to look after her cat.

I look forward to seeing you at the weekend.

I may look in at the party on my way home.

The police looked into her disappearance.

Look out! You're gonna spill your drink.

- What does ‘awry’ mean? - No idea. Look it up in the dictionary.

We were making for the exit when we met Alan.

What do you make of it?

Make sure that the lights are switched off before you leave.

She enjoys making up lies just for the sake of it.

Winston Churchill passed away in 1965.

- Where are you off to? - I've got to pick up some food.

I’d like to point out that his performance was really poor.

Due to a flight delay, the gig was first put off, and then called off.

When I was in London, a Scottish friend of mine put me up.

I had to put up with a great deal of nonsense.

The other day I ran across my ex girlfriend.

Our water supplies are running low.

Suddenly Bill went out because he had run out of cigarettes.

When he sat down at the piano, we knew he was going to show off.

He was supposed to take an exam, but he didn't show up.

.

“Stand up for your rights”, said the activist.

That kid takes after his dad.

- Will you take care of the kid? - Of course I will.

- I won the lottery! - Are you taking me in?

It’s hot in here. I’ll take off my sweater.

I should take up swimming for the sake of my health.

You shouldn’t talk back to your teacher.

We have serious problems here. Let’s talk them over.

- How about a trip this weekend? - Sounds OK. I’ll think it over.

That woman is crazy. She loves throwing away £5 notes.

- What a nice sweater! - Why don’t you try it on, then?

Will you turn down the radio? / Bob's application was turned down.

Turn off the washing machine. Everybody is asleep.

It’s dark in here. Turn on the lights.

My grandpa can’t hear, so he’s always turning up his hearing aid.

She woke up as the alarm clock went off.

Watch out! There’s a fast car coming.

.

Out of… danger / condition / touch / reach / sorts / the question

to get on one’s nerves

to be on good terms with sb.

to be in two minds (about sth.)

to make one’s mind up (about sth.)

to be splitting one’s sides

to be blowing one’s own trumpet

to change one’s tune

- I’ll be right back. - At the end of the day. - I see. / I’ll see to it.- To be in a mess / in deep water.- If you’re getting cold feet, don’t do that!- Please don’t mention this to her.- Have you got any change?- Have you got a fag to spare?- Let’s call it a day.- To sort something out.- Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?- To have a word with someone.- To take for granted.- It took me a while to do that.- I had to do it all again from scratch.- To be ill at ease.

COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH - GUESSING

- Give my love to her!- Italian TV is not my cup of tea!- To feel unwanted.- As far as I’m concerned, …- On the other hand, … - Where are you off to?- Thank you so much!- You’re welcome! / Not at all! - What’s the name of that bloke? - It’s not that easy / simple!- I got it right / wrong.- I like it but something is missing!- Oh, that was brilliant / great / excellent!- Come again?- I’d love to come, but I’m afraid I’m already going out that night.- I’m terribly sorry, but I won’t be able to go out tonight.- Calm down / Cool down / Take it easy, Nick!


- To breathe the sigh of relief- I (don’t) fancy you- Are you two back together? - How was your day?- a quid- to stand on ceremony- once in a while- to have a word with someone- to tell off- time is up- serves you right!- to call names - between you and me- I would like to live in London for good.- This is on me!- To speak one’s mind


- I’m trying my best to …- I think it’s stunning! - Do you?- Jane is still in two minds about that matter.- To relieve one’s pain (stress)- Sounds good to me, let’s do it!- These days / Nowadays- Have we met before?- Will you be alright? - I’ll be fine!- Be safe!- Do you always sleep this late?- It’s not fair on her. - Why not? - Have you seen Ian around? - Yes, I have just seen him. He’s gone for an eye test.- What’s wrong? You look miserable!



GET… - confused / dressed / fat / ill / lost / married / old / warm

- I’m totally stunned / amazed / astonished / bewildered- Living in London costs an arm and a leg.- Good morning everybody / everyone!- Juliet’s got mixed feelings about that. - I like that sweater. - Why don’t you try it on, then?- To say hello / hi / bye to sb for me- Green fingers / green-fingered- Did you sleep well? – Yes, that noise didn’t keep me awake.- How was your day?- She needed a small loan to tide her over. - You’ll never get away with this exam.- Let’s get down to business. - In the end, all the hard work I had done over the summer paid off.- Green fingers / green-fingered


- Did you sleep well? - Yes, that noise didn’t keep me awake.- How was your day?- She needed a small loan to tide her over. - You’ll never get away with this exam.- Let’s get down to business. - In the end, all the hard work I had done over the summer paid off.- I don’t really like this job. How about you?- Well, to me it’s just the other way round.- After I’d cooled off, I realized I was being irrational.- The noise they made was driving me crazy.- It’s no use crying over spilt milk.- Come round when you can!- Thanks for popping in! - It’s alright.- Fancy some juice? Yes, please! That’ll do.- Right then! I’d better go / get going now.- You’re overreacting! Don’t be so emotional!


- It’s up to you!- Don’t even think about it!- I’ll catch up with you later.- She had a row with Mr O’Donnel.- I could have helped.- What did you wanna say?- I have told you what I feel.- The phone is ringing! – I’ll get it!- Please make your choice.- the haves and the havenots.- at random- to rest on one’s laurels- Please make your choice.

- Life is so complicated! Why do we keep struggling?- Jim reckons we should enjoy it to the full.- So does Bob.- Brian instead totally disagrees.


- the haves and the havenots- at random- to rest on one’s laurels- to draw lots- a matter-of-fact person- by all means- by no means- to paint the town red- now and then- to be nuts on sb / sth- odds and ends

Can you match each abbreviation with the relevant explanation?Can you match each abbreviation with the relevant explanation?e.g.:e.g.: MUSM Miss you so much MUSM Miss you so much1. T2GO a. Are you coming?2. BY U A DRNK b. See you at 11 pm3. RUOK? c. In any case 4. AFAIK d. Are you OK?5. MYOB e. Before6. B4 f. Buy you a drink7. RU CMNG? g. Wish you were here8. LOL h. As far as I know9. CU@11pm i. Mind your own business 10.PCM j. Please call me 11. IAC k. Lots of luck (love) / Laughing out loud12. WYWH l. Time to go13. TIC m. Tongue in cheek (not serious, ironic)14. UR GR8 n. In my humble opinion15. RINGL8 o. You’re great16. HAND p. I mean it17. CYL8R q. Running late18. BTW r. Have a nice day 19. IC s. See you later20. SC t. I see (I understand)21. IMI u. Just kidding22. IMO v. By the way23. JK w. Stay cool24. IMHO x. In my opinion

MAIN REFERENCES

Murphy R., English Grammar in Use, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Ambrosini R., Rutt A., Elia A., The UK: Learning the Language, Studying the Culture, Roma, Carocci, 2005.

WEBSITES

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/esl/esltensverb.html http://wwwnew.towson.edu/ows/ http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/index.htm http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/ http://www.usingenglish.com/ http://www.eslbee.com http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramtoc.html http://www.atkielski.com/inlink.php?/ESLPublic/ http://www.bartleby.com http://www.wikipedia.org

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Lingua, Cultura e Istituzioni dei Paesi di Lingua Inglese