Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach ISSN 2083-8611 Nr 234 · 2015

Krzysztof Węcel

Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu Katedra Informatyki Ekonomicznej krzysztof.wecel@ue.poznan.pl

LINKED GEODATA FOR PROFILING OF TELCO USERS

Summary: There is a growing interest in location-based profiling of users de-fined as com-bining geo-data with anonymous on-line profiles. The profile of an entity usually consists of concepts accompanied by a weight specifying a relative importance of the given concept for making an analysed entity distinct. The proposed profiling method of telco users is a two-step approach. First, profiles of mobile tower stations (BTS) are created based on crowdsourced geographical information. Second, they are used to generalise the behaviour of a calling user, which is determined from Call Detail Records (CRD). The linked data cloud is considered as an additional knowledge source in the user modelling process. Keywords: linked data, user profiling, linked geodata, call detail record, mo-bile user, telco, cdr, bts, lgd, osm. Introduction

There is a growing interest in location-based profiling defined as combining geo-data with anonymous on-line profiles. New methods for capturing informa-tion on where are the users and how their position changes over time are con-stantly developed. This information is becoming increasingly more valuable for a growing number of location-based or location-aware services. Some research-ers try to estimate value of mobile data information utilising proximity-based advertising valuation (Baccelli, Bolot, 2011). Tourists have been identified as the most rewarding target group.

Call Detail Record (CDR) is the most widely used source of mobile loca-tion data in academic research (Song et al., 2010). Presented location is not very precise as it is “rounded” to the co-ordinates of the nearest base transceiver sta-tion (BTS). Various granularities of location impact the value of location infor-

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mation (Baccelli, Bolot, 2011). CDR has been identified to be sufficient for drawing conclusions at the area level (Qu, Zhang, 2013), hence it is also suffi-cient for our purposes.

Linked data cloud is very often considered as additional knowledge source in user modelling process. Concepts defined in various ontologies can be used to characterise entities. Profile of the entity consists then of the concept accompa-nied by a weight specifying relative importance of the given concept for making analyse entity distinct.

In this paper we focus on cell tower granularity of location information and annotate it with geographical ontology derived from OpenStreetMap. The goal of the method is to provide profiles of the users based on profiles of the BTS sta-tions. Therefore, the profiling process has been split into several steps. First, the information about BTS location and its neighbourhood has to be retrieved and analysed. Then, based on this information a summary of BTS profiles is pre-pared. We propose an improvement in profiling process by leveraging TF-IDF ranking to address the issue of uneven distribution of categories describing mo-bile tower locations (skewness). In the last step we can characterise users that log-in into specific BTS stations.

Section 2 presents related research. Section 3 explains our general approach to profiling of entities based on geographical context. Section 4 introduces a method for characterisation of BTS stations, from data collection, through analy-sis, to data aggregation. Section 5 provides a method for profiling of telco users. 1. Related research

In the literature, there are various approaches to profiling of mobile users. Some authors base purely on telco data, i.e. data available for mobile operators. Majority of methods leverage the social media where users manifest their opin-ions, feelings, reveal location etc. The most sophisticated approaches add mining for generalisation of patterns and classification of users. Having access to ano-nymised call data, we base our method on this data.

Most methods base on social data like Twitter, Foursquare, Flickr, or Insta-gram as data is relatively easily retrievable (API available). These services are then widely used and generate large volumes of data. One of the challenges is how to model the use of such social (and mobile) applications by various users. It is essential to understand the semantics of messages posted by them. Two trends are observed here: extraction of meaning and location.

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In many studies in order to enrich and disambiguate information gathered from user, semantic technologies are considered. They are particularly useful for providing context, and geographical context is one of the most important. Abel et al. introduced a user modelling framework that utilises semantic background knowledge and use it for point of interest (POI) specification (Abel et al., 2012). Two knowledge sources of linked data are considered: GeoNames and DBpedia. They demonstrate that user modelling quality improves when LOD-based back-ground knowledge is considered. DBpedia is unfortunately too coarse-grained for our purposes.

Instead of analysing separate check-ins, some approaches build activity-travel profile – a spatial trajectory is built from mobile phone call records only. The tricky part is in classification of trajectories, where data mining methods can be applied (Görnerup, 2012). Not only the sequences have to be derived but in order to make sense they have to be classified into typical activity-travel pat-terns. Their relative frequencies constitute an activity travel profile (Liu et al., 2014). Our method also bases on a number of BTSes visited. However, we do not consider sequences of visits as our experiments have shown that this would not produce meaningful results.

Trajectories, or sequences of visited locations, are not very useful unless they are confronted with activities of the users. Lie et al. investigated to what ex-tent the behavioural routines could reveal the activities being performed at mo-bile phone call locations (Liu et al., 2013). The real value is in annotating loca-tions with activity purposes but for this additional information is required. Although they have devised mathematical models to quantitatively characterize travel patterns, the motivating activities “were still in a less-explored stage” (Liu et al., 2013). Our method provides just another context for reasoning about pos-sible activities of the users, e.g. shopping, playing tennis.

According to (Cano et al., 2013) little has been done in modelling location entities. Therefore, they proposed to profile geographical areas by providing topical categorisation. Cano et al. used additional source – linked data to inter-link information from social stream with geographical objects (Cano et al., 2013). They have introduced LinkedPOI ontology, which uses DBpedia catego-ries to profile geographic space and proposed geo-lattice Awareness Stream model as one of the ways to represent location. The process consisted of filter-ing, enriching, structuring and interlinking microposts from Twitter, Facebook, and TripAdvisor. Our method in fact models location entities but as we do not analyse microposts we do not have to guess the correct location – it is provided in CDR.

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Qu proposed a framework and corresponding analytic methods to use User Generated Mobile Location Data (UGMLD) for Trade Area Analysis (Qu, Zhang, 2013). They have defined three key processes: “identifying the activity centre of a mobile user, profiling users based on their location history, and mod-elling users’ preference probability.” Application of the method is meant for analysis of customers’ visits to business venues. However, they rejected CDR as the data source in their research as it was too coarse. Our method is able to util-ise CDR in order to provide profiles of certain locations although we cannot provide profiles of certain venues belonging to bigger chains.

When specific locations are considered, Chen et al. also presented a method for profiling businesses at specific locations that was based on mining informa-tion from social media (Chen et al., 2014). They matched geo-tagged tweets against locations from Foursquare to build a profile of mentioned businesses.

Going back to the user, Ostuni et al. presented Cinemappy – a location-based application that computes film recommendations by exploiting contextual information related to current location of the user, leveraging information from DBpedia (Ostuni et al., 2013). Similarly, DBpedia was used by (Cano et al., 2013) who proposed a semantic travel mash-up as possible application. Ap-proach for museums was presented in (Ruotsalo et al., 2013).

One of the obstacles by user modelling is uneven distribution of categories of business, e.g. there are much more visits to a cinema than to second-hand and there are much more shops than theatres. It was first noted by Qu who explained this by social motivation, not necessarily by the differences in the number of various categories (Qu, Zhang, 2013). In their work the categories were very fine grained, for example Foursquare has a hierarchical category structure with 9 top categories and ca. 400 sub-categories. For the clarity of interpretation the catego-ries have been later collapsed to 6 groups. Our methods addresses this issue by applying specific methods from information retrieval domain. 2. Approach to geographical linked data-based profiling

This section describes user profiling based on BTS characteristics derived from the geographical linked data. We follow the idea of location-based user profiling – one of the approaches is geoprofiling, a commonly used method to approximate user characteristics based on neighbourhood demographic data.

In most approaches, there is a venue or a place given and authors are look-ing for coordinates. This is particularly important when text is analysed, espe-cially in social media, e.g. Twitter. In order to simplify disambiguation, some

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portals allow the so called check-ins where users select precise location, e.g. Foursquare, Facebook. We take the reverse process: starting from coordinates we are interested in the objects nearby, thus describing the geographical context, further referred to as location profile.

Our experiments have been carried out on anonymised data, where the only reasonable data for linking was location of BTS towers. There was just one type of information that was widely used and could supplement our records – geo-graphical information. There are several open data sources concerning geo-graphical information that we could use, DBpedia and OpenStreetMap being the most prominent. Taking into account the granularity of available data and the re-quirement to display results on the map we made a decision to base our method on OpenStreetMap and its triplified counterpart – LinkedGeoData (Auer, Leh-mann, Hellmann, 2009). As a crowdsourced data, it is kept relatively up to date and but without breaking fluctuations.

LinkedGeoData (LGD) provides an ontology for classification of locations. There are ca. 1200 categories grouped into ca. 45 top-level categories. Compar-ing LGD to Foursquare, the latter has ten top-level, 436 second-level, and 266 third-level categories1. Foursquare’s maps in fact use OpenStreetMap2. In our approach more general categories are advantageous as they can make interpreta-tion of generalisation results easier. Sub-categories could be more valuable as they can distinguish users better but the solution is then less stable from the sta-tistical point of view. This is a well-known trade-off of specificity vs. sensitivity (Fawcett, 2006). In order to best characterise the BTS stations, we have re-stricted our further analysis to some predefined objects (see Fig. 3).

The reasoning behind our profiling approach is presented in the following user story. A user often visits sport amenities. They are in the scope of some BTS stations. Profiles of such stations contain sport amenities with higher frequency than an average station. This is further reflected in a user profile where sport amenities gain higher weight when user trajectory is aggregated. Some visited venues are additionally annotated with a kind of sport, for example tennis3. Looking into calendars of sport events we can even reason further in which kind of sport user is interested or whom the user is supporting (whether team or indi-vidual).

1 https://developer.foursquare.com/categorytree. 2 https://foursquare.com/about/osm. 3 This depends on data availability in OpenStreetMap.

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3. Characteristics of BTS 3.1. Retrieval

In our experiments we have used BTS towers located in Poland, with ca. 8000 unique locations, stored in MySQL. At the beginning the information about BTS locations has been retrieved. Using a Python script, for each location a SPARQL query was prepared to retrieve list of objects in the neighbourhood along with their categories. As a source of data for our queries we have used LinkedGeoData which is a derivative of OpenStreetMap. Two main categories of objects are distinguished therein: nodes (just a point according to GIS termi-nology) and ways (lines or polygons). Separate queries for nodes and ways had to be prepared because the Virtuoso’s built-in distance function has different be-haviour for nodes and ways. As there were ca. 8000 locations, two kinds of ob-jects, two means for object capturing (bounding box and circle) and 3 various distances, we had to post ca. 80 thousand queries.

Below sample SPARQL query is presented:

PREFIX lgdm:<http://linkedgeodata.org/meta/> PREFIX geom:<http://geovocab.org/geometry#> PREFIX ogc:<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#> SELECT distinct ?class ?way WHERE { ?way a lgdm:Way . ?way a ?class . ?way geom:geometry [ogc:asWKT ?geo ] . filter(bif:st_within( ?geo,bif:st_point(%f,%f),%f )) }

Listing 1. Sample SPARQL query using geospatial functions

We have decided to use LGD’s endpoint instead of OSM’s API as it was possible to use Virtuoso built-in SPARQL functions for spatial queries. For the retrieval of nodes, it was possible to provide detailed query and the radius was in fact expressed in kilometres. For example, Figure 1a presents various venues lo-cated in a circle of 1 km diameter.

Retrieval of ways was more complicated. Function bif:st_within was not returning what it was expected for Way objects when the other parameter was a point. Several methods to get satisfactory results have been tested, includ-ing generation of boxes to simulate containment (see Fig. 1b and 1c). Finally, the circle overlap after toleration parameter tuning to 0.01 has been chosen as a method to query for neighbouring ways (Fig. 1d).

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Linked geodata for profiling of telco users

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POWIĄZANE GEODANE DLA PROFILOWANIA UŻYTKOWNIKÓW TELCO

Streszczenie: Obserwuje się rosnące zainteresowanie geograficznym profilowaniem użytkowników, rozumianym jako łączenie danych geograficznych z anonimowymi pro-filami użytkowników. Profil jednostki zazwyczaj składa się z pojęć geograficznych oznaczonych wagami, odzwierciedlającymi względną ważność poszczególnych pojęć dla odróżniania użytkowników. Proponowana metoda profilowania użytkowników sieci komórkowych jest dwuetapowa. W pierwszej kolejności tworzone są profile stacji prze-kaźnikowych (BTS) na podstawie społecznie dostarczonych informacji geograficznych. Następnie te profile są wykorzystywane do uogólnienia zachowania użytkownika, wyni-kającego z analizy logów jego połączeń (CDR). Chmura danych powiązanych (linked data) jest wykorzystywana jako dodatkowe źródło wiedzy w procesie modelowania użytkownika. Słowa kluczowe: dane powiązane, profilowanie użytkownika, powiązane geodane, logi połączeń, użytkownik mobilny, telco, cdr, bts, lgd, osm.