supremecourt.gov.np · ljifoj:t'sf ] ;f +/fz k[i7 cWofo — ! ! - !% != kl/ro @ @= cWoogsf] k4lt ( #= of]hgf k |lqmof !@ cWofo — @ !^ - !!$!= j:t'l:yltsf]ljZn]if0f !& - !!$ s= cfly{s

$Page 1: supremecourt.gov.np · ljifoj:t'sf ] ;f +/fz k[i7 cWofo — ! ! - !% != kl/ro @ @= cWoogsf] k4lt ( #= of]hgf k |lqmof !@ cWofo — @ !^ - !!$!= j:t'l:yltsf]ljZn]if0f !& - !!$ s= cfly{s$

gg]]kkffnnssff]] GGooffookkffllnnssff

ssff]]

//00ffggLLllttss ooff]]hhggff

@)^! – @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt g]kfn

ljifoj:t'sf] ;f+/fz k[i7 cWofo — ! ! - !%

!= kl/ro @ @= cWoogsf] k4lt ( #= of]hgf k|lqmof !@

cWofo — @ !^ - !!$

!!== jj::tt''ll::yyllttssff]] lljjZZnn]]iiff00ff !!&& -- !!!!$$

s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf !&

v= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwfx? #)

u= Goflos, k|zf;lgs tyf sfo{ljlwut / If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL

sfg"gdf ;'wf/ $*

3= dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf; ^@ ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ / gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;_ *@

r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf *^

5= Gofo If]q / jfx\o If]qx? jLr ;dGjo **

h= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] lgoGq0f ($

em= ljb|f]x / cbfntx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf !))

`= ;|f]tsf] l;ldttf, kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? !)&

cWofo — # !!% - !!& != kl/nIo !!^ @= kl/b[Zo !!^ #= d"Nox? !!^

cWofo — $ !!* - !@$

!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? !!( @= /0fgLlts pkfox? !@! #= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? !@@ $= sfg"gL ;+/rgf !@# %= lgod / lgb]{lzsfx? !@$

;+u7gfTds :j?k !@% - !@*

!= cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@^ @= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@& #= g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k !@*

cg';"rLx? !@( - @%!

cg';"rL !M kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf

kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod

/ lgb]{lzsf tyf jx'kIfLo -Cross Cutting) glthf

kl/;"rsx? !#)

cg';"rL @M d"nsfo{sf] sfo{of]hgf !#$

cg';"rL #M /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf !%^

cg';"rL $M ah]6sf] ?k/]vf !&%

cg';"rL %M ah]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f !&*

cg';"rL ^M ;xefuLx?sf] ;"rL @#%

GGooffookkffllnnssffssff]] kk~~rrjjlliiff {{oo //00ffggLLllttss ooff]]hhggff

1

cWofo — !

!= kl/ro @= cWoog k4lt #= of]hgf k|lqmof


2

!= kl/ro /fHosf k|fylds sfo{x? dWo] Pp6f sfo{ Gofo k|zf;g klg xf] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] Gofo k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ?kdf Gofokflnsf dfly ;'Dk]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] xfd|f] Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd, :jtGq / hgtfsf clwsf/x? /Iff u/L sfg"gL /fhnfO{ hLjGt lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+:yfut Pj+ sfo{ut :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f ck]lIft e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ GofokflnsfnfO{ lgZro klg ;lhnf] 5}g . of] Pp6f r'gf}ltsf] ljifo xf] . s]xLjif{otf g]kfnL hgtfsf oL rfxgf / ck]Iffx?nfO{ k"lt{ ug{ Gofokflnsfn] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfsf k|of;x?sf] jfjh'b klg ljleGg If]qjf6 o;n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] u'0f / ;]jfsf] kof{Kttfsf] jf/]df rf;f] JoQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfdLn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf] :t/ hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]eGbf sd /xL cfPsf] k6s k6s cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . o; s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut Pj+ jt{dfg kl/k|]IonfO{ ljrf/ u/L g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] cfTdd"Nof+sg ug]{ cle?rL b]vfPsf] 5 . ;'wf/sf pkfox? Jojl:yt ?kdf gePklg cjnDag ug{ yflnPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ck]lIft kl/jt{g eg] x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvb}g . cfGtl/s ;'wf/sf] ;+efjgf xfd|} xftdf ePklg ;'wf/sf ;j} kIfx?nfO{ Ps};fy /fv]/ x]g{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxjf6 cnu /fv]/ Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgs /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ;+ej b]lvb}g . ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu' Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ lbzfdf cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;+zfwg Pj+ ;|f]tsf] cefj 7"nf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;Ifd tl/sfjf6 sfo{ ug{ cfjZos w]/} sfg"gx? cfjZos ePtfklg To:tf sfg"gx? jGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw tyf cfjZos vr{sf] jfF8kmfF8sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfnfO{ pko'Qm tl/sfjf6 Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . Gofo If]q / ;DalGwt jflx/L If]q;+usf] ;';DjGwsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'xfpFbf] jftfj/0f klg tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/0ffd:j?k sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, gful/s ;dfh / ;+rf/ hut;+usf] ;DaGw ck]Iff u/] cg'?k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kmntM Gofokflnsf


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cfkm\g} Joj:yfkg / jfx\o If]qsf ;Dj4 ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;DaGwdf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . clxn] b]ze/Lsf ;j} txsf cbfntdf /x]sf w]/} d'2fx? ;dodf km5\of}{6 x'g g;sL /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf dfq !&(!@ d'2f cf=j= @)%(.)^) df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf 5g\ . @&^# l/6 lgj]bgx? / !!%%& k'g/fj]bg txsf d'2f b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /xg' Pp6f lg/fzfhgs l:ylt xf] . k|To]s jif{ @^=%* k|ltztn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf d'2f km5\of}{6 x'g'sf] dtnj x/]s jif{ lhDd]jf/L ;g]{ d'2fsf] ;+Vof ylkb} hfg' xf] . lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;f]xL cjlwdf qmdzM ##,^!& / (,($! d'2f ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] t'ngfdf lhNnf / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /x]sf] lhDd]jf/L ;/]sf d'2fsf] ;+Vof Tolt w]/} gePklg hgtfdf /x]sf] JoozlQm / l9nfO{sf] sf/0fn] nfUg] a9L vr{sf] lx;fjn] ljrf/ ubf{ To;tkm{ klg t'?Gt Wofg glbO{ gx'g] l:ylt 5 . ;Ifd cbfnt Joj:yfkg / dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf pkfox?sf] cjnDag ug{ z'?jft ug'{ Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg Pj+ eljiosf k|fylds sfo{;"rLsf ljifo x'g\ . @$* hgf GofofwLzx? ;lxt hDdf $&^* hgf hgzlQm ;lDdlnt Gofokflnsfdf b}lgs d'2fsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/fsf ;fy} Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug]{ pQ/bfloTj klg /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^).^! sf] cf+s8f cg';f/ Gofokflnsfsf] hDdf ah]6 ?=%(,)#,!%,))). /x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ s"n /fli6«o ah]6sf] )=%* k|ltzt eGbf sd ah]6 Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ljlgof]lht ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ljlgof]lht Go"g c+zsf] ah]6jf6 Gofokflnsfn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ nufot cGo ;]jfx?sf] cfk"lt{ vr{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] sNkgf ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf d'2f dldnfx?df vr{ x'g] dfgjLo ;|f]tnfO{ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx?df :yfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] gLlt /x]tfklg hj;Dd Goflos lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf j9fpg ;lsb}g tj;Dd clwsf+z ;|f]t / ;fwgx? cgfjZos ?kdf d'2f dfldnfdf Joo x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Ifd jgfpgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ uxg cWoog /


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ljrf/ u/]/ GofokflnsfnfO{ cfw'lglss/0f ug{sf] nflu gofF of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oxL jf:tljstfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L xfd|f] Gofo k|zf;gsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|ltj4tf :j?k k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tljs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] j}1flgs of]hgf Gofokflnsfsf] nflu j}b]lzs cg's/0f xf] eGg] dfGotf jt{dfg ;do;Dd /lx cfPsf] kfOG5 . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd Gofo eGg] ljifo d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ljifo xf] / o;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg ;lsb}g eGg] ;f]rfO{ /x]sf] lyof] . cem}klg xfdLx? dWo] w]/} jLr of] ljrf/ sfod} 5 ls Gofokflnsfjf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf c? ;]jf eGbf leGb} lsl;dsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ug{ ;lsb}g . Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg o:tf] wf/0ffn] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|>o kfpg uPsf]n] bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%( —@)^$_ eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] jf/]df d'n'ssf] of]hgfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . bzf}+ of]hgfdf klg o;nfO{ ;Gbe{j; dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cfh cfP/ o; k|sf/sf] k'/ftg ljrf/wf/fdf kl/jt{g x'g' v'l;sf] s'/f xf] . k|:t't of]hgf tof/ kfbf{ Gofo k|0ffnL;+u ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j} kIfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ Psf+sL -Isolated_ ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg ;lsb}g . of] Pp6f Plss[t k|lqmof xf] eGg]df xfdL jLr b[9 ljZjf; 5 . o;df cleof]hg kIf, jf/ / cbfnt ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL dWo] s'g} Pssf] c;kmntfn] klg Gofo dg{ ;S5 . dfly g} pNn]v u/L ;lsPsf] 5 ls bzf}+ of]hgf ;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg /fli6«o of]hgfsf] d"n k|jfxdf Gofokflnsf ;dfj]z x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . GofokflnsfnfO{ o;sf lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfngfy{ of]hgf jgfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . ;do;+u} cfPsf] kl/jt{g cg'?k Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] bfloTj jf]w u/L k|:t't of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{ z'?jft u/]sf] xf] . o; sfo{of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fdf 8]gdfs{ ;/sf/ / 8]lg; dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u ;x|fgLo 5 . of] of]hgf k|lqmof z'?jft ug{sf] nflu Pp6f sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L ljBdfg kl/l:yltsf] cWoogåf/f of]hgfut cg'dfgnfO{ jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t jgfpg] sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{


5

Gofokflnsf leq ljBdfg ;jn / sdhf]/ kIfx? Pj+ cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f -Strength, weakness opportunities threats (SWOT) Analysis_ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ljZn]if0fjf6 ;++j}wflgs ?kdf :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgfy{ ;jn hgfb]z Pj+ :jtGq Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ?k/]vf x'Fbf x'b} klg cfwf/e"t ljwflosL, dfgjLo / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;]jf Pj+ ;'ljwfx?sf] sdLsf] sf/0fjf6 ;+j}wflgs hgfb]znfO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ g;lsPsf] :ki6 b]lvg cfof] . o;jf6 ;'wf/fTds sfo{sf] dfWodjf6 cj;/x? k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPklg r'gf}ltljxLg eg] x'g ;Sg] b]lvPg . o; ;Gbe{df sfo{6f]nLåf/f ;j} kIfsf] ;ldIff u/L tkl;n jdf]lhdsf !) cf]6f ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] klxrfg ul/of] .

dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf;, Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlw / clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL P]g, lgod cflbsf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/,

cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,

ef}lts ;]jf / ;'ljwf, ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, k|x/L, jf/, sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno nufot ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?, cfd ;+rf/, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf / bft[ ;+:yfx? h:tf GofoIf]q eGbf jflx/sf ;+:yfx? ;d]t;+usf] cfk;L ;xof]u,

clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf, sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfly{s ;'ljwf / ;|f]tx?sf] l;ldttf, cfGtl/s åGå / cbfnt leqsf] ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt .


6

pko'{Qm j'Fbfx?df ;j{;Ddlt sfod e};s]kl5 GofoIf]q;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmx?;+u ljleGg ;dodf cfof]lht k/fdz{ j}7sdf lj:t[t 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . GofoIf]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+usf] 5nkmnsf] qmddf /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{ 6f]nLn] ljleGg sf]0fjf6 cfjZos hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf] nflu To; k|sf/sf k/fdz{ j}7s cToGt pkof]uL e} /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{df ;xof]uL l;4 ePsf] cg'ej ul/of] . ljifout cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] / If]]qLo:t/df ePsf k/fdz{ j}7ssf] ;'emfjx?sf] cfwf/df klxrfg ul/Psf ;dli6ut ljifonfO{ o; k':tssf] cWofo b'O{df lbOPsf] 5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] cWofo b'On] Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Gofokflnsfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ ljljw kIfx? stflt/ nlIft x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/ftkm{ klg cWofo b'O{n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of]hgf th'{dfsf] l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;dodf ;+rflnt k/fdz{ e]nfsf j}7sx?df 5nkmnsf] qmddf sfo{bnnfO{ k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ x/;+ej ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L cWofo # df Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo, kl/b[li6, d"No / dfGotfsf] emns kfpg ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ dfu{bz{g k|bfg xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] o;sf] k|:t'lts/0f ;xh / ;/n ?kdf cleJoQm ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't of]hgfn] ;+ljwfg, Gofo / sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ :jR5 / lgZkIf Gofo k|bfg ug'{ g} Gofokflnsfn] kl/nIo -Mission_ xf] egL klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . nIosf] cleJolQm ;+j}wflgs hgfb]z Pj+ Joj:yfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

To;}u/L kl/b[Zo -Vision_ nfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] clenfiffsf] ?kdf lnO{ "b]lvPsf] t/ gk'luPsf]" cj:yfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 h'g b]xfo jdf]lhd 5M

"Pp6f o:tf] Gofo k|0ffnL h'g :jtGq, ;Ifd, ldtJooL, zL3|, kx'Frof]Uo / hgljZjf; k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] xf]; h;n] sfg"gsf] zf;g / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ lhjGttf k|bfg u/L ;j} hgtfdf Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt u/f];" .


7

jf:tjdf b[li6sf]0f eGg] ljifo Gofokflnsfsf] eljiosf] k|If]k0f xf], hf] Ps o:tf] ;kgf xf] h;nfO{ k|:t't of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cGTodf Gofokflnsf s:tf] ?ksf] x'g]5 eGg] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

To;}u/L "d"No" -Value_ o:tf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx? x'g h;n] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5g\ . sfo{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ tkl;n jdf]lhd d"No / dfGotfåf/f pTk|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5M

;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts GofonfO{ ;fsf/ ?k k|bfg ug]{ k|ltj4tf,

b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg / ;]jf k|jfxdf :jfoQtfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy ljgf cj/f]w Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf sfod /fVg],

jfx\o If]qx?;+u ;xof]u / ;dGjo sfod /fvL sfg"gsf] bfo/f leq /xL ;fdflhs lxtsf] bfloTj k'/f ug]{,

;dfhsf sdhf]/ / c;xfo ju{sf] ;d]t Gofosf] kxF'rdf j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] ;xeflutf j9fpg],

k"0f{ / Joj;flos 9+udf hgtfnfO{ u'0ffTds ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu Goflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{,

Gofokflnsfdf hgcf:yf j[l4 ug{sf] nflu Goflos k|lqmofdf g}ltstf, ;+j4tf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / OdfGbfl/tf sfod /fVg],

d"No / dfGotfdf s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+emf}tf gu/L cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;dfhsf ;j} ju{sf] lgikIf k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug]{ . jf:tjdf pko'{Qm dfGotfx? ;+ljwfgk|ltsf] cf:yf, :jfoQtf, Gofo /

;dfh;+usf] ;DaGw, Gofo pk/ kx'Fr, ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ tyf pRrtd g}lts d"No / dfGotf sfod /fVgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljifo x'g\ .

;dli6ut ?kdf eGg'kbf{ cjnlDjt nIo, b[li6sf]0f Pj+ d"No / dfGotfsf] dfWodåf/f k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogn] hLjGttf k|fKt ug]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

o; ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ hgfb]z / sfg"gL k|fjwfgx? g} k"0f{tof of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIodf k'Ug] cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; lbzfdf


8

Gofokflnsfn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? cWofo rf/df klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . Gofokflnsfsf k|d'v sfo{x?nfO{ Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL, k/fdz{bfoL, ;'k/Lj]If0f / Joj:yfksLo u/L rf/ ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/sf Gofokflnsfsf sfo{x? 7Ls lbzfdf uO/x]sf 5g\ 5}gg eGg] kQf nufpg kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df glthf ;"rsx? ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L nIo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu ljleGg !^ cf]6f /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] tkm{ k|To]s sfo{ of]hgfsf] nflu k|d'v glthf ;"rsx? lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx? dfkg ug]{ Joj:yfsf] ;d]t ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .

sfof{Tds of]hgf cGtu{t k|d'v sfo{x? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+rflnt lqmofsnfkx?, To;jf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn / sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L k|To]s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu :ki6 ?kdf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;d]t ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu lglZrt ;do tflnsf ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlts sfo{x?sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL @ / # df lbOPsf] 5 .

sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf dfgjLo ;|f]t / ljQLo k"+hLsf] cfjZostf kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf clxn] 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] b]fJj/ dfqfdf vr{sf] Joj:yf gul/P;Dd Joj:yfksLo bIftfsf] ;fy ;fy} sfo{k|lt ;dlk{t / k|ltj4 dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd tyf ;xof]ufTds sfo{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf gul/P;Dd k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] cj:yf eg] b]lvb}g .

ljutsf] cg'ejjf6 ;/sf/n] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6jf6 o;sf] cfjZostf k'/f x'g] b]lvb}g . of] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] /sd s]xL dxTjsf+IfL klg nfUg ;S5 .;/n / k|efjsf/L Gofo k|bfg ug{sf] lgldQ Gofokflnsfsf] nufgLdf j[l4 ug{' kb{5 eGg] /0fgLlts of]hgf sfo{ ;d"xsf] ljrf/ /x]sf] 5 . hg rfxgf cg'?k Gofo ;DaGwL ;'wf/sf k|of;x? / jt{dfg ;dodf Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu ;j} If]qsf] ;xof]usf ;fy


9

;fy} cfjZostf k'/f x'g] u/L ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ah]6 ;DaGwL emnssf] ljj/0f cg';"rL $ df lbOPsf] 5 .

;do / kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf kl/jt{g / k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o; /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf gNofOPdf jf cf+lzs jf k'/} sfd k/ ;fl/Pdf o;sf] s'g} cy{ g/xg] dfq ge} ;j} kl/>d / d]xgt ;d]t ;dli6ut ?kdf g} Joy{ x'ghfG5 . To;}n] k|:t't of]hgf oyfzSo rfF8f] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu k|f/DeLs ?kdf g} of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lgldQ Gofokflnsfsf] k|ltj4tf / sfof{Gjog Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;kl5 Gofo If]q;+u ;DalGwt jfx\o / cfGtl/s ;xofqLx?sf] klg ck]lIft dfqfdf ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; ljifonfO{ k'g/fj[lQ ul//xg' kb}{g ls k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg l9nfO{ ul/Pdf To;jf6 pTkGg kl/0ffdn] ;du| of]hgfsf] u|GynfO{ c;fGble{s dfq jgfpg] geO{ hg cfsf+Iff ;d]tdf t'iff/fkft kg{ ;Sb5 .

@= cWoogsf] k4ltM ;+ljwfgdf cGt/lglxt hgfb]z cg';f/ GofokflnsfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;Ifd / ;fdy{jfg agfpg] clek|fon] of]hgfsf] ;jf{lª0f cWoog k4lt lgb]{lzt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu k|yd kfOnfsf] ?kdf Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{df k|efj kfg]{ ;d:t cfGtl/s / jfx\o sf/stTjx?sf] Jofks ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] o; qmddf xfn Gofokflnsf s] s:tf] cj:yfjf6 u'lh|/x]s]f 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f u/L To;jf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos tTjx? klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; cl3 g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf bz cf]6f k|d'v ljifo pk/ ljZn]if0f ug]{tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo -Mission_ h:tf] p2]Zo / cjl:yltsf] sf/0f klxrfg ul/of] . ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgåf/f g} k|ToIf?kdf kQf nufpg ;lsPjf6 of] ljifo ;xh x'g uof] . To;kl5 Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo -Vision_ klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ ul/of] . b[li6sf]0f Pp6f ;kgf


10

jf clenfiff xf] . ;fdfGo ?kdf eGg' kbf{ kl/b[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ kx'Fr eGbf w]/} 6f9f 5 / o;df kl/jt{gsf] k|ltljDj kfpg ;lsG5 / hxfF xfdL s]xL jif{ kl5 hfg rfxfG5f} eGg] cy{df klg b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] klg eGg ;lsG5 ls nIon] b}lgs sfo{sf] k|ltlglwTj =-h:tf] lg/Gt/ sfo{x?_ ub{5 eg] b[li6sf]0fn] xfdLn] b]Vg rfx]sf] kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] clGtd t/ dxTjk"0f{ tTj d"No / dfGotfx?sf] klxrfg ug'{ xf] . o;jf6 g} cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L To;nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] xfdL h] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5f}+ ltg} d"No x'g h;n] ;dosf] rqm cg';f/ sfo{ ug{df ;'/Iff / k|j4{g ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] nIo, b[li6sf]0f, d"No / dfGotf h:tf ljifox? efjfTds ljifoj:t' x'g\ . To;}n] sfof{Gjog txdf ;/ntf pTkGg xf]; eGg] clek|fon] logLx?nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . Gofokflnsf cfkm\gf] nIo k|flKt ug{df ;fdy{ x'g ;sf]; eg] clek|fon] g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] nIonfO{ k|d'v sfo{x?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL k|d'v sfo{x?nfO{ Gofokflnsf eGbf jflx/sf ;+3 ;+:yf / JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cy{df jfx\o s]lGb|t u/fOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt cGo sfo{x? -h:tf] cbfnt Joj:yfkg_ cfGtl/s ;]jfdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf 5g\ / jfx\o ;]jf k|bfgsf] nflu ltgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v sfo{x?nfO{ jfx\o s]lGb|t u/L s}of}+ k|sf/sf k|d'v glthf ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;jf6 lgwf{l/t ;do leq xfl;n ug'{kg]{ glthfsf] dfkg ug]{ / cfheGbf % jif{ kl5 xfdL s:tf] l:yltdf k'Ug rfxG5f} eGg] s'/fsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{df dxTj /fVb5g\ . h;jf6 xfdLn] cfjZos tYof+s ;+sng u/L klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v glthf ;"rsx?sf] k|ult dfkg ug{ ;Sb5f} . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] /fv]sf] b[i6sf]0f k'/f ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] clek|fon] ck]lIft b[li6sf]0fnfO{ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf ?kdf 6'qm\ofP/ /flvPsf] 5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f / ;"rL kl/l:ylt ljZn]if0fdf klg kfpg ;lsG5 . /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfn] ;do l;dfsf] cfwf/df kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . Psk6s ;kmntf k"j{s sfof{Gjogdf


11

cfO;s]kl5 /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf :jtM b}lgs sfo{sf] ?kdf /xG5 . o;sf cnfjf ltgLx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|d'v sfo{df ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k|d'v sfo{x? / /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfjf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|d'v glthf ;"rsx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;jf6 xfdLn] ;doj4 ?kdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] dfkg ug{ ;Sg]5f} . ljleGg P]g lgodx?åf/f kl/nlIft d"Nox?n] sfg"gL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Totfsf] glhs Nofpg ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 . k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfdf ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+/rgfnfO{ ;"lrs[t ul/Psf] 5 / o; sfo{jf6 of] kQf nfu]sf] 5 ls jt{dfg cj:yfdf sfg"gL jGbf]j:tjf6 cfzfltt d"No / dfGotfsf] k"0f{tof hu]gf{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] tL If]qx?df ;dofg's"n sfg"gL Pj+ gLltut ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kg{ uPsf] s'/f klxrfg ePsf] x'Fbf To;nfO{ /0fgLlts of]hgf cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf k|To]s k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlt sfo{of]hgfnfO{ lqmofsnfk, k|ltkmn, sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf h:tf zLif{sx?df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;jf6 ah]6 Joj:yf / sfo{ k|Tofof]hg ;DaGwL emns klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lglZrt ;do l;dfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . cGtdf xfdLn] dgg ug'{kg]{ ljifo of] 5 ls k|:t't /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ljsf;åf/f xfd|f] sfdsf] cGTo ePsf] ge} ;'wf/fTds lqmofsnfkx?sf] ofqfsf] z'?jft x'g nfu]sf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd sfof{Gjog kZrft dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L of] klg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 ls k|:t't sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ Pp6f ckl/jt{gLo b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf lng' x'b}g h'g o;sf] Dofb;Dd dfq dfGo /xf]; . cfGtl/s / jfx\o jftfj/0f cg';f/ g} s'g} klg k|0ffnL ;+rfng eO{ To;jf6 kl/jt{g b]vf kg]{ xf], To;}n] of] :d/0fLo 5 ls /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ jgfP/ gofF kl/l:ylt / jftfj/0f cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . ;do ;dodf b]vf k/]sf jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gn] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] d'Vo ljifoj:t'df c;/


12

gk/];Dd of]hgf dfGo g} /lx/xG5 / jblnbf] kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf k/]df gljg jf:tljstfsf] cfwf/df xfdLx?n] ;dfof]hg ub}{ hfg]5f} .

kl/nIo kl/b[Zo d"Nox? d'Vo glthf ;"rs ;lxtsf

k|d'v sfo{x? /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? sfg"gL ;+/rgf

cGo If]q;+u ;DjlGwt d'Vo glthf ;"rs lqmofsnfk, k|ltkmn, sfo{;Dkfbg, dfkg,

pQ/bfloTj, ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf

lqmofsnfkx?, k|ltkmn sfo{;Dkfbg, ;do l;df,

pQ/bfloTj, ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf

lgod / lgb]{zg

#= of]hgf k|lqmofM tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L s]bf/gfy pkfWofoåf/f ;g\ @))# sf] cS6'j/ !$ sf lbg sfo{bn / Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] u7g eP kZrft Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] cf/De x'g uPsf] xf] . sfo{bn / Joj:yfkg ;d"xdf /xg' ePsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLzn] lg0f{o ug'{ eP cg';f/ dfggLo GofofwLz sNof0f >]i7åf/f Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] tkm{jf6 sfo{bnnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg / ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf pk—/lhi6«f/ >L cgGt 8'd|]nfO{ sfo{ ;DkGg geP;Dd k"0f{sfnLg ?kdf sfo{bndf /xL sfd ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L 8]lg; k/fdz{bftf >L Oefg g]N;g tyf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf ;]nf8{jf6 >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfåf/f of]hgfsf] ;+/rgf tof/ kfg'{sf ;fy} sfo{ ;d"xåf/f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/bf;Dd cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . 8]lg8f x'uf] -HUGOU_ sf] tkm{jf6 >L ;lGbk lji6 / ;'>L d]6] 8duf8{ of]hgf ;DaGwL k|fo ;j}h;f] 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] . Joj:yfkg ;d"x dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf]ljGbjxfb'/ >]i7, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+of]hs dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;b:o


13

dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7, GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;b:o dfggLo >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo, GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;b:o >L >Lk|;fb kl08t, /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;b:o ;lrj sfo{ ;d"x

>L >Lk|;fb kl08t, /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+of]hs dfggLo 8f= xl/j+z lqkf7L, GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ;b:o dfggLo 8f= cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{, GofofwLz , lhNnf cbfnt ;b:o 8f= /fds[i0f ltdN;]gf, ;x—/lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;b:o ;lrj

lj=;+= @* c;f]h @)^) -!% cS6"j/, @))#_ df sf7df8f}+df sfo{ ;d"xsf] k|yd j}7s j;]sf] lyof] . h;df /lhi6«f/ >L >Lk|;fb kl08tn] ;d"xsf ;b:o / k/fdz{bftfsf] jLrdf g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] cfjZostf bzf{pg' ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @( c;f]h b]lv # sflt{s @)^) -;g\ @))# sf] cS6"j/ !^ b]lv @)_ ;Dd j;]sf] sfo{ ;d"xsf] j}7sn] of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo vfsf lgwf{/0f, Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{{ ;'wf/sf pkfox?sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;jn / sdhf]/ kIf Pj+ cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f - Strength, weakness opportunities threats (SWOT) Analysis_ åf/f d'Vo bzcf]6f j'bfx?sf] ljsf; u/L If]qLo:t/df k/fdz{ j}7sx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . % b]lv ^ sflt{s -cS6'j/ @@ — @#_ ;Dd ;+rflnt k|yd r/0fsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf GofofwLz, cbfntsf clws[tx?, ;/sf/L jlsn, k|x/L / sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;d]t u/L @% hgf ;xefuLx?sf jLrdf sfo{ ;d"xåf/f klxrfg ul/Psf j'bf+x?df 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf jxfFx?n] Gofokflnsfdf lgs6 eljiodf b]Vg ;lsg] u/L ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfdf cf—cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .


14

sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg k/fdz{ j}7s kZrft !( b]lv @) sflt{s @)^) -gf]e]Dj/ %—^_ df lrtjgdf k/fdz{ j}7s ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; j}7sdf dWodfGrn / klZrdfGrn If]qsf #! hgf GofofwLzx?, ;/sf/L jlsnx?, sfg"g Joj;foLx? / gful/s ;dfhsf cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf lyof] . o;}u/L # b]lv @ d+l;/ -!& — !* gf]e]Dj/_ df lj/f6gu/df ;+rflnt k/fdz{ j}7sdf k"jf{Grn If]qsf #$ hgf ;xeflux?sf] ;xeflutf e} Gofokflsnfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox? / sfo{ ;d"xåf/f klxrfg ul/Psf k|d'v j'bf+x?df ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . # dfu{ -!( gf]e]Dj/_ df ;'b'/ klZrdfGrn If]qsf ;xefuLx?sf] o:t} k|sf/sf k/fdz{ j}7sdf @& hgf GofofwLz, clws[t Pj+ sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]s]f lyof] . ;f]xL lbg sfo{ ;d"x / k/fdz{bftfx?n] Joj:yfkg ;d"x;+u e]63f6 u/L sfo{ cufl8 j9fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pko'{Qm 5nkmn, lgb]{zg / cWoog ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cWoogdf cfwfl/t /x]/ sfo{ ;d"xåf/f kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;kl5 /0fgLlts of]hgfsf ^ k|d'v tTjx?sf] cfwf/df d:of}bf k|ltj]bg ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . hj b[li6sf]0f, nIo, d"No, dfGotf, k|d'v sfo{x?, /0fgLlts lqmofsnfk Pj+ k|d'v glthf ;"rs ;DaGwL sfo{ ;DkGg eP . tTkZrft @$ d+l;/ @)%( -!) l8;]Dj/ @))#_ df sfo{ ;d"xn] Joj:yfkg ;d"x;+u e]6 u/L ;DalGwt ljifodf cfjZos lgb]{zg dfu u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L @& dfu{ @)%( -!# l8;]Dj/ @))#_ df sf7df8f}{df Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 ;+:yfsf JolQmx?;+u k/fdz{ j}7s u/L ljleGg ;xefuL ljz]if1x?jf6 cfjZos /fo ;'emfj ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o >L ze' z/0fk|;fb sfo:y, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf ;b:o >L uf}/L z+s/ nfn bfz, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf cWoIf >LdtL b'u{f kf]v/]n, /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf ;b:o >L b]zjxfb'/ ;fsL{, sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf k"j{ sf=d'= ;lrj >L xl/ Gof}kfg], Gofo kl/ifbsf ;lrj >L sfzL/fh bfxfn ;d]tsf ljleGg ljlzi7 ;xefuLx? / cGo jl/i7 k|x/L clws[tx?, sfg"g Joj;foLx? Pj+ dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx? ;d]t ;xefuL e} jxfFx?åf/f dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP .


15

Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 JolQmx?;+u cfjZos 5nkmn / k/fdz{ kZrft @* dfu{ @)%( -!$ l8;]Dj/ @))#_ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ;dIf k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f -Feed back_ k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 sfo{ ;d"xåf/f k|d'v sfo{ / /0fgLlts lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfngfy{ sfof{Tds of]hgf -Operational Plan_ tof/ kf/\of] . # b]lv !) df3 @)^) -!& — @$ hgj/L @))$_ ;Dd sfo{/t ljz]if1 ;d"xn] sfof{Tds of]hgfdf pNn]lvt lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ cg'dflgt ah]6 tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . pQm cg'dflgt ah]6 / sfof{Tds of]hgf, sfo{ ;d"x / k/fdz{bftfx?jf6 k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePkl5 @) df3 @)^)_ km]j|'c/L #, @))$ sf lbg To;nfO{ clGtd ?k k|bfg ug{sf] nflu sf7df8f}+df GofofwLz / Gofo If]q;+u ;Dj4 cGo JolQmx? ;lxtsf] k/fdz{ j}7ssf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm j}7sdf ^& hgf GofofwLz, ljleGg dGqfno / of]hgf cfof]usf ljz]if1 / k|ltlglwx? ;d]t ;xefuL e} dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg' ePs]f lyof] . pQm k/fdz{ j}7ssf ;xefuLx? dWo] /fli6«o ;efsf dfggLo ;b:o >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pQm k|ltj]bg @# df3 @)^) -^ km]j|'c/L @))$_ sf lbg j;]sf] Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] clGtd j}7sdf k]z u/L k|ltj]bg pk/ dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? k|fKt u/L ;f] k|ltj]bg ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't sfo{ ;DkGg ug{df Gofokflnsf jflx/sf / Gofo If]q;+u ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] oy]i6 e"ldsf /x+bf /x+b} klg sfo{ ;d"xsf] lbg/ftsf] kl/>d, /ut / kl;gfsf] pkhsf] ?kdf of] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ o; cj:yfdf Nofpgdf Gofo If]q;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;j} ;+:yf Pj+ JolQmx?sf] l6sf l6Kk0fL / ;'emfj cToGt} nfebfos ePsf] 5 .


16

cWofo — @

jj::tt''ll::yyllttssff]] lljjZZnn]]iiff00ff

s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;gsf If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, v= cfwf/e"t ef}lts ;+/rgf / ;'ljwf, u= Goflos, k|zf;lgs tyf sfo{ljlwut / If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;'wf/, 3= dfgjLo ;+zfwg / j[lQljsf;, ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ / gofF

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;_ r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yf, 5= Gofo If]q / jfx\o If]qx? jLr ;dGjo, h= e|i6frf/ / clgldottfsf] lgoGq0f, em= cfGtl/s åGbsf] cj:yf / cbfntx?df ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf, `= ;|f]t / ;fwg Pj+ tnj eQf / ;'ljwf .


17

s= cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs If]qdf :jfoQtf / :jtGqtfM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] GofokflnsfnfO{ sfg"gL /fHosf] dfWodåf/f dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ Ps :jtGq / ;Ifd c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePtfklg of] sfo{ tj dfq ;Totfdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 hj Gofokflnsf s'g} k|sf/sf] cg'lrt k|efjdf gk/L cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fVb} ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k Goflos ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne ;]jf k|bfg ug{ k"0f{?kn] ;Ifd jGb5 . s'g}klg jfx\o k|efj / cg'lrt bjfjdf gk/L :jtGq ?kn] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotfsf] ?kdf :jtGqtfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eg] k"0f{tof ;Ifdtf / :jtGqtfk"j{s ;]jf k|jfxsf] lgldQ :jfoQtfsf] cfjZos kb{5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;DaGwL ;j} clwsf/ GofokflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfgn] lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt u/L tLg txsf] cbfntL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} vf; d'2f x]g{sf] nflu s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;+ljwfgn] g} lgif]w u/L cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePtfklg ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2f dfldnf ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ljz]if cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0f u7g ug{ eg] ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf cIf'00f /fVg cfjZos kg]{ w]/} k|sf/sf k|fjwfgx? ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;}lgs cbfnt jfx]s cGo ;j} cbfntx? ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ clen]v cbfntsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf ;'ljwf / zt{x? ;+j}wflgs ?kd} lglZrt ul/Psf5g\ . Gofokl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/zdf >L % jf6 GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . plgx?sf] ;]jfsf] cjlw sfg"gåf/f ;'/lIft x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ z'? clwsf/ If]q, k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]q Pj+ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] dfWodjf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg / l/6 If]qflwsf/ ;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 .


18

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *( n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/zdf >L % jf6 k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . k|wfg GofofwLz, sfg"g dGqL ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf b'O hgf jl/i7td GofofwLzx? / >L % jf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf ljlzi7 sfg"gljb\ ;dfj]z u/L Gofokl/ifbsf] /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxL jvf{:tL / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo ljifodf l;kmfl/z r9fpg] u/L Gofo kl/ifbsf sfo{x? tf]lsPsf 5g\ . o;jf6 Goflos lgo'lQmnfO{ jfx\o jf /fhg}lts x:tIf]kjf6 d'Qm /fVg] k|of; ePsf] 5 .:jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ :jLsfo{ dfkb08 ;+ljwfgåf/f cbfntx?sf] cf}krfl/s ;+/rgf / lgo'lQm ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lglZrt ubf{ ub{} klg ljutsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;f] tkm{ s]xL g/fd|f kIfx? / sdL sdhf]/L b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . Goflos lgo'lQmdf kf/blz{tfsf] sdL, oyf ;dod} l/Qm :yfgdf kbk"lt{ x'g g;Sg', hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj, GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm / jvf{:tL, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutfsf] cj;/sf] sdL h:tf sf/0fx?n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf{lË0f hgcf:yfdf k|efj kf/]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm ;DjGwdf lnOPsf cfwf/ jf lng'kg]{ cfwf/sf ;DjGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ OR5's JolQmx?n] cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg kfpg' kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ldnfOg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?sf] tnj, eQf, ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x?sf jf/]df plgx?nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L km]/jbn ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]tfklg tL s'/fx? P]g jdf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]jf6 P]gdf g} lge{/ x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 oL ;j} s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{df ;+;bsf] v'nf xft /x]sf] 5 . t/ ljutsf] cg'ej x]bf{ sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf GofofwLzx?sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ;DjGwdf Tolt ;fx|f] u+eL/ ePsf] kfOPg . h;n] ubf{ dGqLx? / ;+;bsf ;b:ox?sf] t'ngfdf GofofwLzx?sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ / ;'ljwf a[l4 ug{df sd Wofg lbOPsf] kfOG5 . s]xL cj:yfdf t GofofwLzx?sf] ;'ljwf g} xf:of:kb / s]xLdf cfkm" eGbf tNnf] txsf sd{rf/L eGbf klg sd ;'ljwf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;dsfnLg ;fdflhs dof{bf cg';f/ GofofwLzx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] u/L


19

;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljwflosL / sfo{kflnsfsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ub}{ hfFbf klg GofofwLzx?nfO{ pk]Iff ul/Psf] s'/f jf/Djf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|j[lQn] ubf{ ljutdf ePsf] GofofwLz / dGqL Pj+ ;lrj jLrsf] tnj / ;'ljwfdf ePsf] lje]b nf]k e};s]sf 5 . To;}u/L Ps gsf/fTds s/ k|0ffnL GofofwLz lj?4 nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . h;df plgx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tnj, ;'ljwf, eQf, 8«fOe/, cb{nL, cfjf; ;'ljwf ;d]tsf] cfo u0fgf u/L s/ s6[f ul/Pjf6 k"j{ cj:yf eGbf klg sd ;'ljwfsf] l:yltdf k'/\ofOPsf] 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf tby{ tl/sfn] k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ePjf6 Goflos :jtGqtfdf g} c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . l;ldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf jfjh'b klg sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kdf k|bfg gu/]sf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwf GofofwLzx?n] lng' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f klg k/fdz{ j}7sdf p7fOPsf] lyof] . lsgsL lglZrt l;4fGt, cfwf/ / lgoGq0f ljgf ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf g} lIf0f x'g hfG5 . ;+ljwfgdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf, ;+rfng / clwsf/If]qsf af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v gu/L sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP jdf]lhd x'g] elgPsf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* cg';f/ Gofo kl/ifb jf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;+u 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{df 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ljgf g} cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/ / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g uPsf] 5 . h;jf6 ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / Go"gtd d'2f gePsf :yfgx?df klg k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf x'g uPaf6 /fi6«sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cgfjZos k|of]u x'g uPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfddf ljj]s / Jojxf/ eGbf klg /fhgLlts/0fn] k|>o kfPsf] / o;jf6 c;fGble{s If]qdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL, dfgjLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ckJoo x'g'sf ;fy} cfnf]Ro kl/0ffd dfq l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 . xfnsf] cfGtl/s czflGtsf] sf/0fjf6 s]xL cbfntx? ;+rfng ug{df sl7gfO{ pTkGg ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf k|:t't of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ ;DaGwdf :jtGq Goflos lhNnfsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg plrt x'g] xf] ls xf]Og / Gofokflnsf;+u k/fdz{ u/]/ dfq gofF cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ jfWofTds kfg'{kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ljifodf klg k/fdz{ j}7ssf s]xL ;xefuLx?n] ts{ /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .


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;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?nfO{ Goflos jfx]s cGo sfddf v6fOg] jf nufOg] 5}g eGg] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] jfjh'b klg ;+ljwfgn] g} km]/L o;f] ePtfklg k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?nfO{ lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfddf nufpg ;lsg] u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|foMh;f] cj:yfdf /fhg}lts ljjfbsf sf/0f GofofwLzx?nfO{ lgjf{rg clws[tsf] ?kdf v6fOg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;jf6 GofofwLzx?df /fhg}lts k|efj kg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . To;}n] k/fdz{ j}7ssf] ;dodf pQm ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg' kg]{ ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] k|ToIf ?kdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngfy{ sfg"g jgfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g, h'g clwsf/ cGo b]zsf cbfntnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L dftxtsf cbfntx? ;+rfngfy{ klg sfg"g jgfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n] Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;'rf?kn] ;Dkfbg ug{ Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL sfg"g jgfpg] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf g} lglxt x'g'k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf Gofokflnsfn] o:tf] clVtof/L k|Tofof]lht ljwfg cg';f/ ;+;bjf6 k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g jgfpg] clwsf/ :jo+df x'g' jf ;f] sf] clwsf/ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf k|Tofe"t x'g' / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+;bjf6 k|fKt ug'{df cy{k"0f{ km/s x'g hfG5 . kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf k|fKt clwsf/ t s]jn ;+;bn] ;do ;dodf jgfPsf sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;+;bLo lgb]{zgdf sfo{ljlwut lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ dfq xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf slxn]sf+xL t /fhg}lts jf cGo sf/0fx?n] ubf+{ o;tkm{sf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{sf] nflu nfdf] ;do;Dd k|ltIff ug'{kg]{ cj:yf klg cfOkg]{ u/]sf] 5 . k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t /x]sf] csf]{ ;d:of k|Tofof]lht l;df / efjgf leq jfFlwg' kg]{ jfWotf xf] . To;n] ubf{ hlt;'s} c;'ljwfhgs jf cK7\of/f] cj:yf cfP tfklg k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] l;df gf3]/ lgod lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x+b}g . To;}n] sfo{sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ pko'Qm sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ GofokflnsfnfO{ x'g' kb{5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* åf/f k|Tofof]lht ljwfogsf] l;df leq /xL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf


21

cbfntsf] nflu tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g cGtu{t /xL ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] nflu lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf k|z:t dfqfdf sfo{ljlwut lj;+ult / ck|rlnt k|fjwfgx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;/n / l56f] tj/n] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu GofokflnsfnfO{ :ki6 / k"0f{ ?kn] lgod jgfpg] clwsf/ ;'Dkg' kb{5 . s'g} vf; d'2f x]g{sf] nflu ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf ;+ljwfgn] ubf{ ub}{ klg Tof] cy{nfO{ a+UofP/ ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2f x]g{ ;lsg] cg'dfg u/L ljz]if cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cg'ejn] of] jtfPsf] 5 ls hgtfsf] kx'Fr / cbfntdf ;DalGwt lj1x?sf] cefj x'Fbf x'Fb} klg slxn] sf+xL lglZrt lsl;dsf d'2fx? ljz]if cbfntn] x]g]{ u/L ;'lDkPsf 5g\ . Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] wf/0ff ljk/Lt ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+df dfq :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;jf6 g]kfn clw/fHoe/ l5Gg jfFsL /x]sf o; k|sf/sf d'2fx? pQm cbfntdf k7fO+bf d'2fsf kIf / ;fIfL ;d]t /fhwfgL zx/ cfpg' k/L plgx?nfO{ cgfjZos cfly{s ef/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . cg'ejåf/f cJojxfl/s / c:jLsfo{ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o;nfO{ TofUg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] eljiodf o; k|sf/sf ljj]sk"0f{ gePsf ljsNkx?sf] 5gf}6 gxf];, Gofokflnsfdf a9L ;] a9L hjfkmb]lxtfsf] efjgf sfod /xf]; / o:tf lg0f{o lnOg' k"j{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Jofks ;xeflutf h'6fOof]; eGg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . If]qut k/fdz{sf] qmddf ;xefuLx?åf/f o; k|sf/sf ljz]if cbfnt / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfox? ;b}j :jfutof]Uo x'g] ePtfklg cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/ xgg x'g] u/L o;sf] k|of]u ug{ gx'g] wf/0ff JoQm ePsf lyP . o; k|sf/sf c8\8f Pj+ 9f+rfut k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug'{ k"j{ Jofks u[xsfo{ / 5nkmn ul/g' kb{5 . :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;+u ;DalGwt Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf cfly{s :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf klg xf] . k/fdz{ j}7ssf ;xefuLx? jLr ;/sf/ / ;+;bsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cfjZostf k'/f ug'{kg]{ tkm{ nlIft x'g'kg]{ / To;df l;df ug{ g;lsg] tyf Gofokflnsfsfn] klg /fli6«o ;|f]t / l;dfsf] cj1f ug{ gx'g] eGg] s'/fdf dt}So /x]sf] lyof] . o;f] ePtfklg Gofokflnsfsf] nflu


22

5'6\ofOPsf] ljBdfg ah]6 ck]Iffs[t ?kdf w]/} Go"g /x]s]f / o;jf6 :jtGq / k|efjsf/L Gofokflnsfsf] nflu sfd ug{ g;lsg] eGg] s'/fdf eg] cfd ;xdlt kfOof] . To;}u/L GofokflnsfnfO{ /fHosf lqmofsnfksf] Pp6f cg'Tkfbs If]qsf] ?kdf lrq0f ug]{ dgf]j}1flgs efjgf sfo{kflnsf / of]hgf cfof]udf /x]sf] eGg] ljifonfO{ 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx?åf/f jf/Djf/ JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] . Gofokflnsfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf tof/ kfl/Psf ljutsf k|ltj]bgx?n] klg o:tf dgf]lj1fgsf] ;DjGwdf l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP / To;sf] cfnf]rgf klg . t/ :d/0fLo s] 5 eg] ljsf; Psf+sL ?kdf ug{ ;lsb}g / hg cf+sfIff ljk/Ltsf sfg"gåf/f ul/Psf ljsf;sf k|of;x? hg cj/f]ws} sf/0f clttdf c;kmn klg ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] sfg"g / ljsf;nfO{ Ps};fy cufl8 j9fpg] k|of; ul/g' kb{5 h;jf6 Ps csf{ kl/k"/s / dhj't x'g ;s'g\ . ulx/f] gsf/fTds dgf]lj1fgjf6 k|efljt eP/ xf]nf /fHosf]if / of]hgf cfof]un] cem};Dd klg Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ ljsf;sf] sfo{;"rLsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . kl/0ffdtM Gofokflnsfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf s]xL dfusf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ;d'lrt Wofg lbPsf] 5}g . ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefjn] ubf{ Gofokflnsfn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] Ifdtfdf c;/ kf/L hgcf:yfg} w'ldn x'g uPsf] 5 . To;}n] hg ;]jfdf ;Dj4 ;j}n] j'em\g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 ls Gofokflnsf h:tf] ;+u7gn] hgljZjf; kfpg ;s]g / ;dsfnLg ;dfhdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf /fVg ;s]g eg] /fHo Joj:yfsf] l;+uf] ;+oGq g} c;kmn x'g ;S5 . jt{dfg ljZjJofkLs/0f k|lqmofn] ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ;d'Ggltsf] nflu ;+rfng ul/g] /fhsLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;'wf/df GofokflnsfnfO{ cnu ug{ g;lsg] jf:tljstfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L Pp6f :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jtGqtf cfwf/e"t zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ o;;+u ;Dj4 ;j} kfqx?n] :jLsf/ ug}{ k5{ . ljlQo If]qdf Goflos :jfoQtfsf kIfw/x?n] lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] nflu o:tf] :jfoQtf k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf /xg] ts{ cufl8 ;fg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] :jfoQtf tj dfq k|fKt x'g ;S5 hj ljBdfg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 / ;|f]tx?sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos :jfoQtf /xG5 . of] cfkm}df g} ;'wf/ k|lqmofx?nfO{ ltj|tf k|bfg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sbd xf] .


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cfly{s :jfoQtf ;DaGwL ljifodf / ut jif{ ljlgof]lht ah]6 eGbf sd gx'g] u/L lgoldt ?kdf :jtM lgsf;f x'g] ;'lglZrttf cGo s]xL b]zx?df ;+ljwfgn] g} u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ xfd|f ;+ljwfgdf To:tf jGbf]j:t 5}g . s"n /fli6«o ah]6sf] sDtLdf ! k|ltzt ah]6 Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ;dfj]z xf]cf];\ egL jiff}{ b]lv s'/f p7fOb} cfPsf] 5 t/ sfo{kflnsfåf/f o;nfO{ xfn;Dd :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . 5nkmnsf ;xeflux?n] o;tkm{ ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ egL ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ . hxfF;Dd ;fwf/0f ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf dftxtsf cbfntx?n] cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 cg'dfg u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k7fp+5g\ / ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfu cg';f/ s"n cg'dfg tof/ kf/L cy{ dGqfno ;dIf cg'/f]w ub{5 . t/ cbfntx?nfO{ s] slt ah]6 5'6\ofpg] xf] eGg] clGtd lg0f{o eg] cy{ dGqfnon] ub{5 . s]xL ;do cufl8;Dd GofokflnsfnfO{ ljsf; ah]6 cfjZos gkg]{ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lng] ul/GYof] . xfn cfP/ eg] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;DaGwL cfjZosLo s'/fx?sf] nflu ;/sf/åf/f GofokflnsfnfO{ klg ljsf; ah]6df :yfg lbg yflnPsf] 5 . t/ of] s'/f] lxpFsf] kxf8sf] Pp6f 6'qmf h:tf] ePsf] 5 . lsgsL o:tf] ah]6 cToGt ck'u x'g'sf ;fy} Ps} k6sdf lgsf;f klg lbOb}g . Gofokflnsfn] cg'/f]w u/] cg';f/ lsg ah]6 lgsf;f ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPg eg]/ cy{ dGqfnojf6 s'g} sf/0f ;d]t hgfOb}g . ah]6 ;b}j cNk ?kdf /xg] ub{5 . jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] ah]6 klg dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no / cy{ dGqfnon] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ls:tfjGbL cg';f/ sf/f]jf/ jf rf}dfl;s cfwf/df lgsf;f lbOg] ul/G5 . slxn]sfFxL s7f]/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ljlgof]lht ah]6 klg s6[f ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf cg]sf}+ sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ljlQo :jfoQtfdf lk8f pTkGg x'g uPsf] 5 . ;dofGt/sf] cfjZostf ljZn]if0f u/L k'gk|f{yldlss/0f / k'gjf{8kmfF8 -/sdfGt/_ ug]{ :jtGqtf ;d]t GofokflnsfnfO{ lbOPs]f 5}g . cy{ dGqfnon] jflif{s ah]6 ;DaGwL l;df lgwf{/0f, lgsf;f, k'g;{dfof]hg ;d]tsf ah]6 zLif{sdf ;dfj]z gePsf] /sd cfjZos k/L dfu ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfn] k6s k6s cg'/f]w ul//xg' kb{5 . ljutdf Psk6s t k|wfg GofofwLzn] ;/sf/n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLx?sf] jflif{s ;Dd]ngsf] nflu /sd lgsf;f lbb}g eg] ;+;bsf] clwj]zg jf]nfP/ ah]6 k]z u/L :jLs[lt


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k|fKt ul/g]5 eGg] ;Ddsf] wlDsk"0f{ cleJolQm lbg' ePsf] lyof] . o;jf6 /fHosf]ifdf sfd ug]{x?n] c;xof]usf] efjgf b]vfpg] u/]sf] jf:tljstf bzf{p+5 . s'g} ljjfbsf] lgD6f/f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljz]if1x?nfO{ sfddf nufO{ cg';Gwfg ug]{, ;f] sf] ;xof]ujf6 hfFrj'em, k|ltj]bg cflb tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . o:t]f cj:yfdf ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos vr{ lgsf;f x'G5 jf x'b}+g eGg] GofofwLzx?nfO{ ljZjf; x'b}g . o;} ;Gbe{df Ps hgf ;xefuLn] s8f zJbdf cbfntjf6 ePsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDdf cbfntjf6 /fHo ;+oGqdf lbg'kg]{ ;'emfj ;d]t lbPsf lyP . o;df u}/sfg"gL ?kdf jg]sf] 3/nfO{ eTsfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg] ah]6 Gofokflnsfdf gx'Fbf km};nf sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf] ts{ lbOPsf] lyof] . of] Pp6f dfq pbfx/0f xf] . oxfF o:tf cg]sf} pbfx/0f 5g\ h;nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 5}g . ah]6sf] of]hgf :jLs[lt, lgsf;f jf ;dfof]hg nufotsf g]kfndf cjnlDjt ah]6 ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{ k|s[lt, :jtGqtf / cfjZostfsf] nflu ;xof]uL b]lvPsf 5}gg . k/fdz{ j}7ssf] qmddf o; ;Gbe{df km/s wf/0ff ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . Pshgf ;xefuLn] t Gofokflnsfsf] ah]6 ;+;bsf] 5'6[} ;ldltåf/f tof/ kf/L kf; u/fpg' kg]{ ;'emfj ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] . o;df kxn ug{sf] nflu Pp6f 5'6[} cfly{s ;|f]t ;ldlt x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj klg k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . k|ltlglw ;efsf] xsdf cy{ dGqLn] ah]6 jfF8kmfF8 ug'{k"j{ ;efd'v ;dIf k/fdz{ ug]{ u/]h:t} k|lqmof Gofokflnsfsf] xsdf klg ul/g' kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPs]f lyof] . o; ;Gbe{df cy{dGqLn] k|wfg GofofwLz ;+u e]63f6 u/L jflif{s ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 ;DaGwdf ;/;Nnfx lng'kg]{ x'G5 . n]vf ;DaGwL P]g sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /xL sfo{ of]hgf tof/ kfg]{, Sofn]G8/ ;lxtsf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tof/ kfg]{, jflif{s ah]6, th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ nufotsf] :jfoQtf GofokflnsfnfO{ lbOg' kb{5 . Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6sf] l;ldttfnfO{ x[bo+ud ubf{ s/Lj b'O{ bzs klxn] th'{df e} nfu' e}g;s]sf] Goflos sf]if P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fOg' kg]{ wf/0ff klg xfn} cfP/ Goflos ;d'bfon] cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . xfn cbfntjf6 nfvf}++sf] /fh:j ;+sng ul/G5, h'g /sd d'2fsf qmddf w/f}l6df /xg uPsf] 5 .


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;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cf=j= @)%&.%* sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ lhNnf cbfntx?jf6 dfq} s/f]8f} ?k}of -!!,@!,%#,)^*._ /fh:jdf / lj; s/f]8 eGbf a9L -@!,((,((,)*)._ ?k}of w/f}6Ldf hDdf ePsf] lyof] . Goflos sf]if P]g nfu' ePkl5 o; k|sf/sf] /sd Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\g} nflu k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . cfh;Dd pQm /sd ;/sf/L sf]ifdf g} /x]sf] 5 . ;|f]tsf] cefjn] ubf{ ;do ;dodf Gofokflnsf j}slNks ;|f]tx?sf] vf]hL ug{ jfWo x'g] u/]sf] 5 . bft[ ;d'bfojf6 cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf] nflu Gofokflnsfn] ljrf/fy{ k|:tfj k]z ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/ k|foh;f] cy{ dGqfno g} Gofokflnsf / bft[ ;d'bfo jLr pkl:yt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] bft[ ;d'bfo / Gofokflnsfn] cfjZos jftf{nfk u/]/ ;xof]usf] jGbf]j:t ug{ GofokflnsfnfO{ :jtGqtf lbg'k5{ / o; jLrdf cy{ dGqfnosf] pkl:ylt cfjZos kb}{g eGg] wf/0ff JoQm x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . Gofokflnsfn] ;|f]t l;h{gf ug{sf] nflu z'Ns ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, cGo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ljlQo / cGo ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf ;|f]tx? h'6fpg]\ pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . GofokflnsfnfO{ ljlQo :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/Pdf slDtdf klg e'QmfgL n]vf+sg ;DaGwL ljifodf dfu{ v'nf x'g] lyof] . t/ of] s'/f eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og ls Gofokflnsf k|lt ;/sf/sf] s]xL lhDd]jf/L 5}g / Gofokflnsf g} o;sf ;j} cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Ifd 5 . Goflos :jfoQtfn] GofokflnsfnfO{ s]xL dfqfdf cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPtfklg cf+lzs ?kdf ;/sf/;+u g} e/ kg'{kg]{ cj:yf eg] /xL /x]s} 5 . j}7ssf] bf}/fgdf tNnf] txsf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n] hf]8bf/ ?kdf l;wf :jfoQtf -Vertical autonomy_ sf] dfu ug'{ ePs]f 5 . xfn;Dd ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] nflu 5'6[} ah]6sf] Joj:yf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?sf] nflu eg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6«f/åf/f /sd jfF8kmfF8 u/L lgsf;f k7fOG5 . cy{ dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf] cfwf/df /sdfGt/ jf gofF lgsf;f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfOk/]df klg ;f] ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?df ;jf]{Rr cbfnts} /lhi6«f/jf6 sf/jfxL rnfpg' kb{5 . g]kfndf o:tf ;xfos ;]jf / ;'ljwf x]/ ljrf/ ug{sf] nflu cbfnt k|zf;ssf] 5'6[} sfof{nosf] Joj:yf 5}g . t/


26

k/fdz{ j}7ssf] qmddf lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] l;w} cbfntx?sf] vftfdf /sd lgsf;f x'g'kg]{ dfu ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ljleGg cbfntx?nfO{ ljt/0f ul/g'kg]{ ah]6 ;d'lrt ?kn] jfF8kmfF8 x'g g;s]sf] tYo b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ah]6 ljt/0f ubf{ cbfntsf] sfo{jf]em, sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof, cbfnt /x]s]f :yfgsf] b'/L ;d]tnfO{ larf/ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfjx? cfPsf lyP . hxfF;Dd cbfntx?sf] Plss/0fsf] ;d:of 5 To;nfO{ ;du|?kdf larf/ ug'{kg]{ / s'g} cbfnt ljz]ifnfO{ a9L Wofg lbg] / s'g}nfO{ Wofg glbg] h:tf] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/g' x'b}g . cbfntsf] Plss/0f k|lqmofsf] ;jfn ;jf{lª0f Goflos k|0ffnL leqjf6 cfjZos clVtof/L / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg u/L ;du|?kdf lgD6f/f ul/g'kb{5 . ljBdfg n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf / Goflos :jtGqtfsf] ;DaGwsf jf/]df b[li6uf]r/ ug]{ xf] eg] jt{dfg ;dodf of] Pp6f ;d:ofsf] ljifo jg]sf] kfOG5 . Gofokflnsfsfn] ug]{ vr{ Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl/lw leq cfpg ;Qm}g . To;f] t n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{ P]g lgodsf] sfo+{ljlw / sfo{ k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ ug'{k5{ . t/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] GofokflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] j]Un} ul/dfdo :yfg / Goflos :jtGqtfsf] k[i7e"lddf o;nfO{ x]l/g' kb{5 . To;df klg gf]s/zfxLsf] tkm{jf6 Gofokflnsf k|lt x'g] u/]sf] c;xof]u tyf vr{sf] c:jLs[lt Pj+ v8f ul/g] grflx+bf cj/f]w klg plQs} b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfox? / ;+j}wflgs c+ux? jLrdf b]vf k/]sf] c;xof]u / c;xdltsf] efjgf dx;'; ul/Psf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf logLx? jLr :jR5 ;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df w]/} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cfb]zsf] ?kdf kl/kq hf/L u/]/ ;f] ;DaGwdf GofofwLz / cbfntn] s] s:tf sfg"gL / gLltut s'/fx? ug'{kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf n]vf ;DaGwL sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]/ eGbf a9L ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . n]vf k/LIf0fsf] dfWodåf/f vr{sf] hfFrj'em u/L lgoldt / clgoldt /sdsf] lgwf{/0f If]qut ?kd} u/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ;f] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg]{ df}sf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . t/ ;fdfGotof To:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . k|foh;f] n]vf ;DaGwL ;/sf/L sfof{non] vr{ lgoldt ePsf] k|dfl0ft ub{5 eg] ToxL vr{ pk/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nojf6 j]?h' p7fOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ sfo{n] ubf{ k|z:t e|d pTkGg u/fpg'sf ;fy} vr{sf] j}wtfdf ;d]t z+sf pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .


27

To;}u/L s'g} s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] vr{sf] /sd lgoldt u/fpg] sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu GofofwLzx?n] P]g jdf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lg0f{o >L % sf] ;/sf/åf/f /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePdf To:tf] vr{ ?h' x'g]df ;f] gePjf6 j]?h' sfod ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L cbfntjf6 ePsf km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf s]xL o:tf j'bf+x? kfOG5g\ h;nfO{ n]vf k/LIfsx?n] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ eGbf jflx/ u} hj/h:tL JofVof ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oL s]xL pbfx/0fx? x'g h;jf6 Goflos :jtGqtfdf k|ToIf x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 . n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0f ljefujf6 eP ul/Psf o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkx?jf6 hg ;d'bfo jLr Gofokflnsfsf] 5jL w'ldn ug]{ l;jfo s]xL u/]sf] 5}g . xfn}sf jif{x?df cfP/ cGt/s[of / j}7ssf] dfWodåf/f o; k|sf/sf ljjfb / c;dembf/Lsf ljifo ;dfwfg ug]{ sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL jif{ cufl8 v/fj sfd ug]{ GofofwLzx? lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] ;jfndf Gofokflnsf / cfof]u jLr ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwdf cfof]u;+u e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL h'g;'s} ljjfbdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljz]if1x? ePsf / Gofo kl/ifb;+u To:tf ljz]if1 gePsf] eGg] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] d'Vo ts{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if1 :jo+ cfof]u;+u ge} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfo;+u g} e/ kg'{ kg]{ sf/0fjf6 of] ts{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/of]= . To;}n] pNn]lvt cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf] nflu To:tf k|sf/sf ljz]if1x?nfO{ Gofokflnsfn] g} lemsfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . o;f] ePsf] v08df lgsfo g} kl/jt{g gu/Lsg klg Gofokflnsfdf ljBdfg e|i6frf/ / clgoldtf, lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . olt dfq xf] ls ;f] sf] nflu b[9 OR5fzlQmsf] cfjZostf eg] kb{5 . o;eGbf klg dxTjk"0f{ ljifo of] 5 ls clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f Gofokflnsfdf klg x]g{ kfpg] u/L clwsf/If]qsf] lj:tf/ x'Fbf k"0f{ ?kdf Goflos :jtGqtfsf] ljk/Lt Gofokflnsfsf] ckdfg x'gsf ;fy} ;+j}wflgs ;+oGqsf] pNn3+g Pj+ ;/sf/L x:tIf]k x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .


28

To;}u/L /fhgLlt1 / kqsfl/tf hutn] ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg lt/ n}hfg] s]zL; gu/L emg} j9fP/ nfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] s'/f :d/0fLo 5 ls Goflos 5ljnfO{ unt 9+un] k|:t't ul/Pdf unt ljrf/wf/f ePsfx?nfO{ dfq kmfObf k'uL cGo s;}nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ub}g . xfdLx?n] sfg jGb u/]/ j:bf klg oxfF ;fdfGo wDsLsf] k|bz{g dfq ul/Pg lj:kmf]6s ;+oGqsf] cj:yf g} pTkGg ul/of] . xfdLn] o:tf ljjfb k|lt s'g} Wofg glbO{ ;xL 9+un] sfd ub}{ hf+bf klg wlDs cfpg] qmd aGb ePg / To;jf6 hf]lug xfdL c;kmn eof} . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf jsfnt ug]{ o:tf] Pp6f sfo{qmd Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 h;jf6 ljwfos, gf]s/zfxL Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+3 ;+:yf / k|]; ;d]tn] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu ljlQo / k|zf;lgs :jfoQtfsf] jf/]df /fd|f];+u j'em\g]5g\ . Goflos :jtGqtfdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg Gofokflnsf :jo+n] gug'{ xf] . 5nkmnsf] qmddf k|foM ;j} ;xefuLx?n] Gofokflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL k|zf;g ug{sf] nflu 5'6[} Gofo ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}Nofpg' ePsf] lyof] . xfn Gofokflnsfdf sfd ug]{ GofofwLz jfx]s c? ;j} sd{rf/Lx? >L % sf] ;/sf/jf6 Gofokflnsfdf v6fOg] u/]sf 5g\ . plgx?sf] ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL s'g} klg gLltut lg0f{o Gofokflnsfjf6 ge} sfo{kflnsfjf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f, tL kbx?sf] k"lt{ / ltgLx? pk/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxLsf] nflu :jtGq clwsf/ lbOg' k5{ eGg] ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf lyP . Gofokflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] lgo'lQm / ;f];+u ;DalGwt kIfx?df k|zf;g ug]{ Gofokflnsfs} cGt/lglxt clwsf/ x'gfn] jt{dfg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L o; ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ cljnDj cbfntnfO{ g} ;zQm jgfpg' kg]{ ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu 5'6[} P]gsf] th'{df x'g'kg]{ / Goflos hgzlQm of]hgf th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog tyf jt{dfg k|0ffnL pk/ ;jf{lª0f hfFrj'em u/L cfjZosLo dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] jf:tljs cg'dfg ug{ lj:t[t ;j]{If0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . tTkZrft ;d'lrt tl/sfn] sfo{ juL{s/0f u/L Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq?kn] dfgjLo


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;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . Gofokflnsfdf ;Dj4 hgzlQmnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ :jfoQtf gx'g' csf]{ v8\s]sf] ljifo xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf GofofwLzx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ tflnd s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf 5}g . lj=;+= @)#* df :yfkgf ul/Psf] Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf ;+rflnt 5 . ah]6sf] lgoGq0f / :jfoQtfsf] cefjn] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] tflnd cfjZostf k'/f ug{ Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfof{Gjogdf cfpg nfu]sf] /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] Goflos ;d'bfosf] tflnd ;DaGwL OlR5t cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ 5 eGg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] k|zf;g ug]{ ;jfndf cfGtl/s :jfoQtf x'g'kg]{ ljifo ;xefuLx?n] hf]8bf/ ?kdf p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . olb l;wf :jfoQtf kof{Kt ?kdf ;'lglZrt gx'g] xf] eg] ljleGg txdf sfo{/t cbfnt k|zf;sx? jLr k|z:t c;Gt'li6 pTkGg x'g ;S5 . cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf tyf cGo ljifodf lnOPsf lg0f{ox?sf] jf/]df cfkm"x? cgle1 x'g] u/]sf] egL lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] jf/Djf/ l;sfot ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . oL ljifox?nfO{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg dfkm{t Jojl:yt u/L ;lhn} Plss[t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s ljKnjsf sf/0fn] ubf{ jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfndf ulx/f] ;+s6 pTkGg ePsf] 5 . o;n] cGo If]qx?sf] cltl/Qm Goflos lqmofsnfkx?df c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . w]/} h;f] cbfntx? cfkm\gf] sfo{ /fd|f];+u ;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf u'lh|Psf 5g\ . ltgLx?n] d'2fsf ;DalGwt kIfx?sf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{;Dd klg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cbfntsf km};nfx? /fd|f];+u sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf k|z:t wDsL cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . ljKnjsf/Lx?n] Goflos ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu ;dfgfGt/ cbfntsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] s'/f klg hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsfn] o;sf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfsf] nflu u+le/ r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s åGbsf] ;d:of /fhg}lts txjf6 ;dfwfg ePtfklg Gofokflnsfn] klg ;+:yfut ?kdf cbfnt ejg Pj+ kl/;/ tyf ToxfF /x]sf clen]v tyf ;|f]tx?sf] s;/L ;'/Iff ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] jf/]df eg] ;f]Rg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . of] eGbf


30

klg a9L xfd|f] /0fgLlt of] x'g' k/\of] ls o:tf] jftfj/0fdf d'2fsf kIfx? Gofosf] nflu cbfnt ;Dd k'Ug c;+ej ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ plgx?nfO{ gf]S;fgL jxg ug{ gk/f]; . d'2fsf] kIfx?df kg]{ o:tf] dsf{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu s'g} j}slNks pkfosf] vf]hL ug]{ jf xbDofb / xsb}ofnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] jt{dfg ;dodf Gofokflnsfn] cfly{s / k|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;lxt k|z:t r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]s]f 5 . k|:t't /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgfn] k|z:t sfo{qmd / /0fgLltx?sf] dfWodåf/f o; k|sf/sf r'gf}lt ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g' k/]s]f 5 . Psk6s o:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;xL 9+un] ;dfwfg ul/Pdf Gofokflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf j9\g u} ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 j9fpg ;3fp k'Ug]5 . v= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwfx?M ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|fo g]kfnsf ;j} cbfntx? bolgo cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf k|lt tTsfn} ;DalGwt ;j}sf] Wofg hfg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . To;f] t g]kfnsf] cbfnt k|0ffnL w]/} g} k'/fgf] dflgG5 . w]/} nfdf] cjlw;Dd cbfntx? ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ejgdf ;+rfng ePsf lyP . lj=;+= @)#& -;g\ !(*!_ b]lv cbfnt ejgx? lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfj4 9f+rf ;fj{hlgs ul/P kZrft dfq cbfnt ejgx?sf] ;xh klxrfg x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o; of]hgf cg';f/ s]xL gofF ejgx? lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Onfd, h'Dnf, /fhlj/fh / sf:sLdf c~rn / lhNnf cbfntx? Pp6} ejgdf ;+rflnt lyP . o;f] ePtfklg b'j} cbfntx? Pp6} ejgdf /xbf b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngdf Tolt ;'ljwf gePjf6 o:tf] of]hgfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . To;}n] lj=;+= @)$( -;g\ !((#_ kZrft k|To]s cbfntsf] nflu 5'6[f5'6[} ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljrf/wf/fsf] cjnDag ul/of] . cJojl:yt ?kd} ePtfklg lj=;+= @)$& -;g\ !((!_ ;Dd o; k|lqmofn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] . o; cj:yf;Dd cbfntx?sf] k"jf{wf/ ;DjGwL cfjZostfsf] x]/ljrf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . t/ k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yf{kgf kl5 eg] cbfnt ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;/sf/åf/f l;w} ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ah]6 ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{sf]


31

yfngL ul/of] . kmntM ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf Pp6f 5'6[} ef}lts k|zf;g zfvf :yfkgf ul/of] h;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td\ GofofwLzn] cWoIftf ug]{ lgdf{0f ;ldltåf/f cfjZos gLlt lgb]{zg pknAw u/fOg] k|lqmofsf] cf/De ul/of] . o; ef}lts k|zf;gåf/f ;j} cbfntx?jf6 ljBdfg k"jf{wf/ ;]jf / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng u/L cfjZos hUuf hldg, cbfnt ejg / c? cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ ug{ yflnof] . o; k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ ;do ;dodf cBfjlws ub}{ u} To;kl5sf lbgx?df ul7t ljleGg ;ldltx?, h:t]f cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt ;d]tsf] k|ltj]bgx? sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|of]udf NofOof] . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf ef}uf]lns cj:yf / d'2fsf] rfksf] cfwf/df k"jf{wf/ ;]jf / cGo cfjZostfx?sf] juL{s/0f ul/lbPs]f 5 . tTkZrft cJojl:yt tl/sfn] ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cGTo u/L jt{dfg / efjL cfjZostfsf] klxrfgåf/f d'2f k|jfxsf] cg'kftdf Jojl:yt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . tbg';f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . o:tf cbfntx?sf] ;"rL tflnsf g+= @ df lbOPsf] 5 . cbfntx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yfM xfn g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cltl/Qm !^ cf]6f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / &% j6f lhNnf cbfntx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL jfx]s k|zf;sLo cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt -e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fx? x]g]{_, $ cf]6f /fhZj Gofoflws/0fx? -sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/ / g]kfnu+hdf_, >d cbfnt, C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / C0f c;'nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f h:tf ljz]if cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx? ;d]t ;+rfng e}/x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf sfof{nox? ;d]t ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] kl/;/leq /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L Gofokflnsf / ;f];+u ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?sf] s"n ;+Vof !)@ /x]sf] 5 . cbfntx?sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf cGtu{t cbfnt kl/;/sf] nflu hUuf, b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfngfy{ cbfnt ejgx?, GofofwLz tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf;, df]6/ Uof/]h, ;'/Iff uf8{sf] nflu Sjf6{/, kfn] kx/fsf] nflu cfjf;, sfof{nosf]


32

nflu cfjZolso kmlg{r/, d]l;g/L / ljB'tLo pks/0fx? tyf d;nGb Pj+ cGo ;xfos ;fdfu|Lx? ;dfj]z x'g] b]lvG5g\ . o;sf cnfjf ljB't cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo Pj+ ;/;kmfO{ h:tf cGo ;xfos ;]jf ;'ljwfx? klg o;df ;dfj]z x'g] ub{5g\ . cbfntsf] nflu hUufM ef}lts ;+/rgf ljsf;sf] nflu kof{Kt hUuf hldgsf] ljBdfgtf k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf /xG5 . cbfntsf] cfkm\g} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUufdf lgld{t ejgx?n] Gofokflnsfsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug{df 7"nf] ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5g\ . ef8fdf lnOPsf ejgx?n] cbfntsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtfn] :jR5 Gofo k|jfxdf g} cj/f]w pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] hUuf hldgnfO{ cbfntsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . clxn];Dd slDtdf # j6f lhNnf cbfntsf] nflu cfkm\g} hUuf hldg 5}g . To;}u/L ;j} Gofoflws/0fx? ef8fsf] ejgdf /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] nflu klg ejg lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu cfkm\gf] hldg 5}g . oBkL s]xL cbfntx?sf] cfkm\gf] hUuf eP klg To:tf hUuf ls t ejg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ hlt If]qkmn g/x]s]f jf ejg lgdf{0f ug{ x'g] pko'Qm :yfgdf hUuf hldg g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn;Dd cbfntx?df pknAw hUufsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= ! df lbOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|To]s txsf cbfntx?sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hUufsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @ df lbOPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ &% j6f lhNnf cbfntx?dWo] @* j6f lhNnf cbfntdf dfq cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd hUuf hldg /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . c? $$ j6f lhNnf cbfntx?sf] cfkm\gf] hldg ePtfklg tL hUuf 5l/Psf jf ckfos :yfgdf 5g . To;/L g} !^ j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? dWo] !# j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] Go"gtd kl/df0fdf cfkm\g} hUuf 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt h'Dnfsf] cfkm\gf] hUuf 5}g . g]kfnu+h / /fhlj/fhsf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] hUuf cbfnt /fd|/L ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu ckof{Kt 5g\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnts} xsdf klg o;sf] sfd ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu hUuf ckof{Kt ePsf] 5 . k|fKt ;"rgfn] s]jn $! j6f


33

cbfntx?df dfq kof{Kt hldg pknJw x'g ;s]sf] / jfFsL ^! j6f cbfntx? / cGo Goflos ;+u7gx?sf] nflu gofF hUuf vl/b ug'{kg]{ jf ljBdfg hldg ckof{Kt ePsf]df cltl/Qm If]q yk ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cbfnt ejgx?

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;lxt ^& cf]6f cbfntx?sf] cfkm\g} ejg 5 . !^ cf]6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? dWo] jfUn'ª / Onfdsf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? / ToxfFsf lhNnf cbfntx?sf] ejg Pp6} 5 . Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo;]jf cfof]unfO{ klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] :yfg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . jfFsL #$ cf]6f cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] nflu cfkm\gf] ejg 5}g . s]xL cbfntx?n] ef8fsf] ejg / cGo s]xL cbfntx?n] cGo k|of]hgsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf k'/fgf ;/sf/L ejg jf kl/;/sf] ;d]t k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . :ki6 ?kdf eGg' kbf{ o:tf ejgx?åf/f cbfntsf] cfjZostf k'/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] jf+s] lhNnf cbfnt jfx]s cGo cbfnt ejgx? ;d'lrt cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5}gg . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lgdf{0f ;DkGg e};s]sf s]xL cbfntx?df cltl/Qm Ohnf; jgfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . k|foM cbfntx?df k':tsfno tyf ;Dd]ng sIfsf] nflu :yfgsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . w]/} cbfntx?df d'2fsf kIf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu k|ltIffno Pj+ zf}rfno ;'ljwfsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;j} cbfntx?n] c;dy{ kIfsf] nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf k'¥ofpg j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] lgo'lQm u/]tfklg plgx?sf] nflu cbfntn] sfo{sIf pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;j} ljifosf] ;dli6ut cjnf]sg ubf{ jx';+Vos cbfntx?df ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 ., cbfnt ejgx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf # df lbOPsf] 5 . GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; ljBdfg sfg"g cg';f/ ;j} txsf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu ;/sf/L cfjf; pknAw u/fpg' clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . cGo ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t tNnf txsf


34

clws[tx?nfO{ ;d]t ;/sf/sf] tkm{jf6 cfjf; ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . t/ Gofokflnsfdf eg] o;sf] cj:yf Hofb} g/fd|f] 5 . hjsL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf /lhi6«f/x? / lhNnf cbfntx?sf /f=k= låtLo >]0fLsf ->]:t]bf/_ clws[tx?nfO{ ;d]t cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] kf+Ob}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cGo txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . ;j} txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf !$ hgf d'Vo GofofwLzx?, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf !! hgf GofofwLzx? / $) hgf lhNnf GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5 . -tflnsf $ df x]g'{xf];_ t/ k|foM o:tf ejgx? k'gMlgdf{0f / dd{tsf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf 5g\ . logLx? dWo] sltko ejgx? o:tf] lh0f{ cj:yfdf 5g\ ls hf] s'g} klg ;dodf eTsg ;S5g\ . To;}n] o:tf ;/sf/L cfjf;x? k'glg{df{0f / dd{t ;+ef/ u/L GofofwLzx?sf] nflu pko'Qm / ;'ljwfhgs cfjf;sf] k|jGw ug'{ Tolts} cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf @) hgf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf @ hgf d'Vo GofofwLx?sf] nflu, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf *% hgf GofofwLx?sf] nflu tyf lhNnf cbfntsf (% hgf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu ;d]t u/L s"n @$@ hgf GofofwLzx?sf] lgldQ ;/sf/L cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5. o;}u/L ljz]if cbfntsf # hgf GofofwLx?, /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf !@ hgf GofofwLz -cWoIf tyf ;b:o_ x?, >d cbfntsf] ! hgf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L, k|zf;sLo cbfntsf # hgf GofofwL -cWoIf tyf ;b:o_ x? tyf C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0fsf ! hgf cWoIfsf] nflu klg ;/sf/L cfjf; ;'ljwfsf] cjfZostf b]lvG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf s]xL GofofwLzx? dfq cfkm\gf] 3/df j:g] u/]sf / jx';+Vos GofofwLzx? ef8fsf] 3/df /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] GofofwLzx?sf] nflu Go"gtd ;'ljwfx? h:tf] slDtdf @ cf]6f j]8?d, Pp6f efG;f sf]7f, Pp6f vfgf vfg] sf]7f, Pp6f j}7s sIf, Pp6f cWoog sIfsf ;fy} jfy?d / 8«fOe/ Pj+ lkogsf] nflu 5'6[} sf]7f ;lxtsf] cfjf; ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ cToGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?sf] nflu klg qmd};+u o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpb} hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .


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oftfoft ;'ljwfM jt{dfg ;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf cGo s]xL GofofwLzx?n] ;/sf/L df]6/, 8«fOe/, k]6«f]n d]l;g/L t]n / dd{t ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLx?n] klg o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLx?sf] nflu o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /x]sf clwsf+z ;jf/L ;fwgx? dd{t ;+ef/sf] k|ltIffdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL ;jf/L ;fwgx? eg] sfd gnfUg] cj:yfsf e} k|lt:yfkg ug'{kg]{ ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] ;6[fdf gofF ;fwgx? g} pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;8s ;'ljwf k'u]sf s]xL lhNnf cbfntx?df cem};Dd ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw u/fOPsf lhNnfx?df klg Pp6} ;jf/L ;fwg PseGbf a9L GofofwLzx?n] pkef]u u/L cfPsf 5g\ . lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu JolQmut ?kdf 5'6[f 5'6[} ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . h;sf] ljj/0f tflnsf g++= % df lbOPsf] 5 . !#% hgf lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu %% cf]6f ;jf/L ;fwg dfq pknAw 5g\ . ctM lhNnf GofofwLzsf] nflu cem} *) cf]6f ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf ;j} ;jf/L ;fwgx? !) jif{ eGbf k'/fgf ePjf6 ;d'lrt dd{t ;+ef/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L sf7df8f}+df /x]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf jfx]s c?df ;jf/L ;fwgx? 5}gg\ . To;}n] k|To]s Gofoflws/0fdf sfo{/t GofofwLzx?sf] nflu ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . To:t} Goflos sfo{df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu klg xfn;Dd :6fkm j; ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntx?df d]l;g/L dd{t ;+ef/ zfvfsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsPjf6 klg cbfntsf] b}lgs sfd sf/jfxLdf g/fd|f] c;/ kl//x]s]f 5 . sDKo"6/ / cGo ;'ljwfx?M k|foM ;j} cbfntx?df gofF jf k'/fgf 6fOk/fO6/ /x]sf 5g\\ . ltgLx?dWo] clwsf+z k'/fgf x'gfn] lgoldt dd{t ;+ef/ u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . xfn gofF


36

6fOk/fO6/ vl/b ug]{ gLlt 5}g . xfnsf lbgx?df 6fOk/fO6/x? qmlds ?kdf sDKo"6/af6 k|lt:yfkg e}/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] ePtfklg ;j} cbfntx?df sDKo"6/ pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . sDKo"6/ pknAw ePsf :yfgx?df klg k|foMh;f] sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u km};nf / cfb]z 6fOk ug]{ sfddf g} l;ldt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s]jn s]xL cbfntx?n] dfq clen]v /fVg] sfddf sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . d'2f btf{ Pj+ d'2f dfldnfsf] sf/jfxL h:tf dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zodf sDKo"6/sf] pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cbfntx?df sDKo"6/x?sf ;+hfn -Networking_ / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf w]/} 6f9fsf] s'/f x'g uPsf] 5 . hjsL ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;d]t s]jn yf]/} sDKo"6/x?df dfq OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf sDKo"6/ ;+rfng u/L o;sf] k|of]udf lj:tf/ ug]{ bIf hgzlQm ;d]t gePsf] cj:yf 5 . xfn}sf lbgx?df s]xL clwsf/Lx?n] sDKo"6/sf] cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt u/]tfklg of lghx? sDKo"6/ ;DaGwL sfddf kb:yflkt 5}gg, of plgx?nfO{ cbfntsf] cGo sfdsfhdf nufOPsf] 5 . cfhsf] Gofokflnsf cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwjf6 6f9f /xg g;Sg] x'gfn] Gofokflnsfsf x/]s ultljlwx?sf nflu sDKo"6/ k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/g' cToGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;j} cbfntx?df o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' k/]sf] 5 . Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sDKo"6/sf] ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] tflnd k|bfg ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . k|f/Dedf clen]v /fVg] / btf{ k|lqmofdf sDKo"6/sf] k|of]u u/L o;sf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/} cbfntsf cGo ultljlwx?df lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn cfP/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / ;j} k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?df km\ofS; ;'ljwf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5 . tL dWo] s]xL km\ofS; eg] dd{t ;+ef/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf cbfnt / cGo Gofoflws/0fx?df eg] km\ofS; d]l;g pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf cnfjf s]xL lhNnf cbfntdf t cem};Dd klg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] k|of]uåf/f 5fof+k|lt lgsfNg' kg]{ clt cfjZos x'Fbf x'b}klg cbfntx? kmf]6f]skL d]l;g / To;sf] ;'ljwfåf/f jlGrt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]s]f 5 . s]jn ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / s]xL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?df dfq kmf]6f]skL d]l;g ;+rflnt ePsf 5g\ . xfn} dfq gd"gf lhNnf


37

cbfntx?df kmf]6f]skL d]l;gsf] cfk"lt{ x'g ;s]sf] 5 . c? w]/} h;f] lhNnf cbfntx?df cem};Dd o:tf d]l;g pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kmf]6f]skL d]l;g pknAw ePsf cbfntx?df klg ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/sf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . kmf]6f]skL ;'ljwf pknAw x'g g;s]sf s]xL lhNnf cbfntx?df xfn} cfP/ cbfntL lnvtx?sf] 5fof+k|ltsf] nflu lghL If]qjf6 kmf]6f]skL d]l;gx? /flvPsf] 5 . o;f] ePtfklg of] sfd hf]lvdk"0f{ g} 5 . sltko cbfntx?df t cem} ;Dd klg r]s /fO6/ ;d]t pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|foMh;f] cbfntx? ;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] nflu lkmN6/ / PSjfuf8{ ;d]tsf] pknAwtfjf6 jlGrt /x]sf 5g\ . k|foMh;f] ;j} cbfntx? c:j:y jftfj/0fdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . s'g}klg cbfntdf Po/ slG8;gsf] Joj:yf 5}g . lxdfnL lhNnf cbfntx?df lx6/ / ;f]nf/ tyf t/fOsf lhNnf cbfntx?df k++vf h:tf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;Dd pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . olt dfq ge} cbfntx?df kbf{ / sfk]{l6ªsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug{ klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kmlg{r/M cbfntdf k|of]u ePsf kmlg{r/ ls ckof{Kt ls t k'/fgf Pj+ 6'6]km'6]sf 5g\ . obfsbf b'Ohgf sd{rf/Ln] Pp6} :yfg k|of]u u/L b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ kl//x]sf] jfWotf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . clen]v /fVgsf] nflu kof{Kt kmfOn ;]Ne ;d]t pknAw 5}gg\ . k|foh;f] cbfntdf d'2fsf rfn' kmfOn / clen]v ldl;n ;d]t sk8fdf kf]sf] kf/L em'8\ofP/ /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L w]/} cbfntx?df ;f]kmf;]6;Dd klg pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . tflnsf !M ljleGg cbfntx?nfO{ pknAw hUUffx?

;jf]{Rr cbfnt !(–!!–)–# /f]kgL

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?


38

1. Onfd !!–&–)–) /f]kgL 2. lj/f6gu/ !–)–) ljufxf 3. wgs'6f !*–^–!–@ /f]kgL 4. /fhlj/fh )–!!–!% ljufxf 5. hgsk'/ !–)–$ ljufxf 6. x]6f}8f )–!@–!%!÷$ ljufxf 7. kf6g @)–$–@–) /f]kgL 8. kf]v/f @!–^–)–# /f]kgL 9. j'6jn !–!^–) ljufxf 10. jfUn'ª *–)–)–) /f]kgL 11. t'N;Lk'/ !–!#–!@ ljufxf 12. g]kfnu+h tTsflng e]/L c+rn cbfntsf] hUuf 13. ;'v]{t @–$–# ljufxf 14. h'Dnf %–@–)–) /f]kgL 15. lbkfon &–!!–#–) /f]kgL 16. dx]Gb|gu/ !–$–^ ljufxf

lhNnf cbfntx? 1. tfKn]h'ª #–)–)–) /f]kgL 2. kf+ry/ #–&–@–# /f]kgL 3. Onfd )–!$–@–# /f]kgL 4. emfkf !–$–!% ljufxf 5. df]/ª )–!$–) ljufxf 6. ef]hk'/ @–(–@–) /f]kgL 7. ;'g;/L )–!%–) ljufxf 8. wgs'6f $–)–)–) /f]kgL 9. t]x\y'd &–%–!–! /f]kgL 10. ;+v'jf;ef !$–&–#–! /f]kgL 11. ;f]n'v'Dj' @)–@–)–) /f]kgL 12. cf]vn9'+uf %–!!–!–@ /f]kgL 13. vf]6fª $–$–@–! /f]kgL


39

14. pbok'/ )–!@–* ljufxf 15. l;/fxf )–^–!( ljufxf 16. ;Kt/L )–(–!$ ljufxf 17. wg'iff !–&–!# ljufxf 18. dxf]Q/L )–!)–^ ljufxf 19. ;nf{xL )–%–& !÷@ ljufxf 20. l;Gw'nL )–(–# ljufxf 21. /fd]5fk #–!#–@–) /f]kgL 22. bf]nvf )(*%( ju{ ld6/ 23. l;Gw'kfNrf]s ^–!%–)–# /f]kgL 24. sfe|]knf~rf]s (–#–#–! /f]kgL 25. /f}tx6 !–#–& ljufxf 26. jf/f )–!&–! ljufxf 27. k;f{ )–!@–& ljufxf 28. dsjfgk'/ )–!$–!!!÷@ ljufxf 29. lrtjg !–#–& ljufxf 30. sf7df8f}+ hUuf 5}g 31. eQmk'/ k|zf;sLo ejg 32. nlntk'/ !–!@–#–) /f]kgL 33. /;'jf ^–!#–)–# /f]kgL 34. g'jfsf]6 *–&–#–! /f]kgL 35. wflbª $–)–)–) /f]kgL 36. uf]/vf #–)–)–) /f]kgL 37. ndh'ª !–!#–)–! /f]kgL 38. dgfª ^–!$–!–@ /f]kgL 39. sf:sL !%–(–)–! /f]kgL 40. tgx'F #–*–)–) /f]kgL 41. :ofªhf !!–!!–)–@ /f]kgL 42. kfNKff $–*–)–) /f]kgL 43. gjnk/f;L )–!!–!) ljufxf 44. ?kGb]xL )–*–!% ljufxf


40

45. slknj:t' )–!&–!$ ljufxf 46. c3f{vf+rL @–(–#–@ /f]kgL 47. u'NdL $–#–)–# /f]kgL 48. jfUn'ª &–!%–)–# /f]kgL 49. DofUbL @–!@–)–) /f]kgL 50. kj{t *–)–)–) /f]kgL 51. d':tfª !)–(–)–! /f]kgL 52. 8f]Nkf hUUff 5}g 53. d'u' $–)–)–) /f]kgL 54. x'Dnf $–%–)–) 55. h'Dnf hUUff 5}g 56. sflnsf]6 )=#@%* x]S6/ 57. b}n]v ^–!–)–) /f]kgL 58. ;'v]{t )–!&–!) !÷@ ljufxf 59. hfh/sf]6 @–(–@–) /f]kgL 60. ?s'd !!–*–!–) /f]kgL 61. /f]Nkf ))&%) ju{ ld= 62. Ko'7fg (–!%–)–) /f]kgL 63. ;Nofg #–!–@–@ /f]kgL 64. bfª )–!%–) ljufxf 65. jf+s] )–(–# ljufxf 66. jlb{of )–!#–% ljufxf 67. jemfª $–)–#–! /f]kgL 68. jfh'/f )@!#) ju{ ld= 69. c5fd @–!)–)–% /f]kgL 70. 8f]6L @–!#–@–) /f]kgL 71. s}nfnL !–)–) ljufxf 72. bfr'{nf @–!)–@–% /f]kgL 73. j}t8L @–&–@–@ /f]kgL 74. 88]nw'/f !%–)–)–) /f]kgL 75. sGrgk'/ !–!%–!# ljufxf


41

;|f]t M ef}lts of]hgf zfvf, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

tflnsf @M ljleGg cbfntx?sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd hUufsf] If]qkmn

l;=g

+

cbfnt OsfO{

!= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt @% /f]kgL

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?

ju{ æsÆ ^ /f]kgL

ju{ ævÆ & /f]kgL

ju{ æuÆ !$ s¶f -( /f]kgL_

@=

ju{ æ3Æ !) /f]kgL

lhNNff cbfntx?

ju{ æsÆ % /f]kgL

#=

ju{ ævÆ % /f]kgL

ju{ æuÆ ^ /f]kgL -!) s¶f_

ju{ æ3Æ * /f]kgL -!@ s¶._

ju{ æªÆ !) /f]kgL

$= k|zf;sLo cbfnt & /f]kgL

%= >d cbfnt & /f]kgL

^= ljz]if cbfnt & /f]kgL

&= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f -$_ ^ /f]kgL -k|To]ssf] nflu

tflnsf # M ejgx?sf] ljj/0f

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

s_ ef8fdf /x]sf cbfntx?

!= lj/f6gu/ @= h'Dnf

v_ ejg ckof{Kt ePsf cbfntx?


42

!= Onfd @= x]6f}+8f #= afUn'ª

$= hgsk'/ %= kf6g ^= g]kfnu+h

&= dx]Gb|gu/

u_ ejg kof{Kt ePsf cbfntx?

!= wgs'6f @= /fhlj/fh #= lbkfon

$= ;'v]{t %= kf]v/f ^= j'6jn

&= t'N;Lk'/

lhNNff cbfntx?

s_ ef8fdf /x]sf cbfntx?

!= /fd]5fk @= 8f]NKff #= d'u'

$= ?s'd %= Ko'7fg ^= af+s]

&= aemfª *= c5fd (= h'Dnf

!)= /f]NKff

v_ k|zf;sLo ejgdf /x]sf cbfntx?

!= t]x\y'd @= vf]6fª #= kj{t

$= eQmk'/

u_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;+u} /x]sf cbfntx?

!=Onfd @= afUn'ª

3_ cGo k|zf;sLo ejgdf /x]sf cbfntx?

!= sf7df8f}+ @= ?kGb]xL #= hfh/sf]6

ª_ hL0f{ ejg ePsf cbfntx?

!= tfKn]h'ª @= DofUbL #= /;'jf

$= l;Gw'nL %= 8f]6L ^= b}n]v

&= ;+v'jf;ef *= l;Gw'kfNrf]s

r_ ejg ckof{KTf ePsf cbfntx?

!= jfh'/f @= u'NdL #= jf/f

$= ;'v]{t %= ef]hk'/ ^= pbok'/


43

&= wflbª *= sflnsf]6 (= ;'g;/L

!)= emfkf !!= k;f{ !@= l;/xf

!#= dxf]Q/L !$= ;nf{xL !%= ndh'ª

!^= c3f{vfFrL !&= wg'iff

5_ cfkm\g} ejg ePsf cbfntx?

!= wgs'6f @= ;Kt/L #= bf]nvf

$= df]/ª %= tgx'F ^= j}t8L

&= dgfª *= sf:sL (= :ofªhf

!)= d':tfª !!= x'Dnf !@= bfr'{nf

!#= s}nfnL !$= ;Nofg !%= nlntk'/

!^= bfª !&= lrtjg !*= jlb{of

!(= /f}tx6 @)= uf]/vf @!= slknj:t'

@@= kfNkf @#= kfFry/ @$= sfe|]knfGrf]s

@%= g'jfsf]6 @^= cf]vn9'+uf @&= ;f]n'v'Da'

@*= 88]nw'/f @(= sGrgk'/ #)= dsjfgk'/

#!= gjnk/f;L

tflnsf $ M GofofwLz cfjf; ePsf cbfntx?

s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?

!= Onfd – # @= lj/f6gu/–) #= wgs'6f–@

$= /fhlj/fh–@ %= hgsk'/–@ ^= x]6f}+8f–!

&= kf6g –) *= kf]v/f– # (= jfUn'ª–!

!)= j'6jn –$ !!= t'N;Lk'/–! !@= h'Dnf –)

!#= ;'v]{t– # !$= g]kfnu+h–! !%= lbkfon –@

!^= dx]Gb|gu/–@

v_ lhNNff cbfntx?

!= Onfd @= emfkf #= ;+v'jf;ef


44

$= df]/ª %= wgs'6f ^= t]x\y'd

&= vf]6fª *= ;Kt/L (= bf]nvf

!)= ;nf{xL !!= dxf]Q/L !@= wg'iff

!#= /f}tx6 !$= af/f !%= k;f{

!^= kfNKff !&= lrtjg !*= l;Gw'kfNRff]s

!(= sf:sL @)= jfUn'ª @!= dsjfgk'/

@@= ef]hk'/ @#= u'NdL @$= gjnk/f;L

@%= ;Nofg @^= jlb{of @&= slknj:t'

@*= Ko'7fg @(= afFs] #)= ?kGb]xL

#!= ;'v]{t #@= b}n]v ##= jfh'/f

#$= s}nfnL #%= bfr'{nf #^= sGrgk'/

#&= uf]/vf #*= j}t8L #(= 88]nw'/f

$)= /;'jf

tflnsf % M ;jf/L ;fwg, sDKo"6/, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, ˆofS; cflbsf] l:ylt

l;=g

++

cbfnt df]6/÷sf/

sDKo"6/ kmf]6f]skL ˆofS;

;jf]{Rr cbfnt !$ %^ % $ k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?

1. Onfd ! !

2. lj/f6gu/ @ !

3. wgs'6f ! !

4. /fhlj/fh @ ! !

5. hgsk'/ # ! !

6. x]6f}+8f # !

7. kf6g # !

8. kf]v/f @ ! !


45

9. j'6jn # !

10. jfUn'ª ! !

11. t'N;Lk'/ ! ! ! !

12. g]kfnu+h @ ! !

13. ;'v]{t ) !

14. h'Dnf ) ! # ! #

15. lbkfon @ !

16. dx]Gb|gu/ @ ! # åGbsf] cj:yfdf Wj:t ePsf

17. k|zf;sLo cbfnt !

18. ljz]if cbfnt

19. >d cbfnt

20. /fhZj Gofoflws/0f $_

21. C0fc;"nL Gofoflws/0f

lhNNff cbfntx?

1. tfKn]h'ª )

2. kfFry/ !

3. Onfd !

4. emfkf !

5. df]/ª !

6. ef]hk'/ )

7. ;'g;/L !

8. wgs'6f !

9. t]x\y'd !

10. ;+v'jf;ef )

11. ;f]n'v'Dj' )

12. cf]vn9'+uf )


46

13. vf]6fª )

14. pbok'/ ! !

15. l;/fxf !

16. ;Kt/L !

17. wg'iff !

18. dxf]Q/L !

19. ;nf{xL !

20. l;Gw'nL !

21. /fd]5fk !

22. bf]nvf !

23. l;Gw'kfNrf]s !

24. sfe|]knf~rf]s !

25. /f}tx6 !

26. jf/f !

27. k;f{ !

28. dsjfgk'/ !

29. lrtjg !

30. sf7df8f}+ @ !

31. eQmk'/ !

32. nlntk'/ !

33. /;'jf !

34. g'jfsf]6 !

35. wflbª !

36. uf]/vf !

37. ndh'ª !

38. dgfª )

39. sf:sL !


47

40. tgx'F !

41. :ofªhf !

42. kfNKff !

43. gjnk/f;L !

44. ?kGb]xL !

45. slknj:t' !

46. c3f{vf+rL !

47. u'NdL !

48. jfUn'ª )

49. DofUbL )

50. kj{t !

51. d':tfª )

52. 8f]Nkf )

53. d'u' )

54. x'Dnf )

55. h'Dnf )

56. sflnsf]6 )

57. b}n]v )

58. ;'v]{t !

59. hfh/sf]6 )

60. ?s'd )

61. /f]Nkf !

62. Ko'7fg !

63. ;Nofg !

64. bfª !

65. jf+s] !

66. jlb{of !


48

67. jemfª )

68. jfh'/f )

69. c5fd )

70. 8f]6L !

71. s}nfnL !

72. bfr'{nf )

73. j}t8L !

74. 88]nw'/f !

75. sGrgk'/ !

u= Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlw / If]qflwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df sfg"gdf ;'wf/ lbuf] / ultlzn k|hftGqsf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Gofo ljgf ;dfhdf zflGt x'g ;Sb}g, To;/L g} zflGtsf] cefjdf ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g . /fHosf k|d'v tLg c+ux? dWo]sf] ;jeGbf lgxTyf / ef}lts ?kdf sdhf]/ c+u Gofokflnsf;+u g t sfo{kflnsf ;+u eP h:tf] xltof/ 5, g t ;+;bnfO{ eP h:tf] cfly{s clwsf/ g} . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] Gofokflnsfsf] ;jeGbf 7"nf] zlQm eGg' g} ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / hgtfsf :jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf hgtfn] of] ;+:yfk|lt b]vfpg] ljZjf; / cf:yf xf] . t/ hgtfsf cglulGt cfsf+Iffx? k'/f ug'{ eg]sf] n/t/f] sfd xf]Og . hgtfsf] ljZjf;, e/f];f / cf:yf lhTgnfO{ Gofo ;+kfbg lzw|, ;j{;'ne / ;dof]lrt x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .

@))& df k|hftGqsf] cfudg kZrft g]kfndf cfw'lgs / :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft eof] / Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ Ifdtf / sfo{ s'zntf j[l4 ug{ y'k|} k|of; / k|of]ux? eP . o; qmddf w]/} cl3 pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@* -!(&!_ / zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#( -!(*#_ sf cltl/Qm k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] aif]{gL x'g] If]qLo Pj+ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t y'k|} l;kmfl/zx? o; lbzfsf :jfut of]Uo sbdx? x'g .


49

o;sf cltl/Qm, xfd|f] c:j:y / sdhf]/ Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ xf]lzof/Lk"j{s hfFr ug{ s]xL 7f]; l;kmfl/zx? u/]/ s]xL cuf8L dfq cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg,@)%^ / cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg ,@)%* n] klg o; lbzfdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\\ .

t/ ;'wf/ eg]sf] Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf], h;sf] nflu lg/Gt/ cWoog,cg';Gwfg, pko'Qm / cg's"n l;kmfl/zx?, k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / ;fjwfgLk"0f{ cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljutdf o; ljifodf y'k|} l;kmfl/zx? ul/Psf ePklg cBflk ;/n Goflos k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}sNkLs pkfox? -Alternative Dispute Resolution) cg';/0f ug]{, d'2fsf] k'k{If / d'2f Joj:yfkgdfly k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf] cEof; ug{ ;kmn x'gsf lgldt cbfntnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] / If]qflwsf/nfO{ k'gM kl/eflift ul/ k'/fgf d'2fx?sf] nut -backlog) 36fpg] h:tf If]qx?df cem} y'k|} sfdx? ug{ cfjZos 5 . tyfkL sfof{Gjogdf OdfGbf/Ltf / ulDe/tfsf] cefj 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, sfo{kflnsfsf] Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf -slxn]sf+xL c;xof]uL_ klg Gofokflnsfsf] ;zlQms/0f / k|efjsf/Ltfdf cem csf]{ 7"nf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] ;Ifdtf

g]kfnL Gofokflnsf y'k|} ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut / sfo{ut sld sdhf]/L / ;d:ofx?df h]lnPsf] ePtf klg xfd|f] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ lg/fzfjfbL jf ;+sf]rk"0f{ kl/b[Zosf] ?kdf lrlqt ug'{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;xL eg] x'g] 5}g . o;sf s]xL ;sf/fTds kIfx? klg 5g\\, h;nfO{ xfd|f] Gofokflnsfsf] ;jn u'0fx?sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu jlnof] hu k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs clVtof/Laf6 zlQm kfP/ g} cfh y'k|} sfg"gx? h:t}– Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*Ù ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$*Ù ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLx?Ù ;/sf/L d'4f ;+alGw P]g, @)$(Ù d'n'sL P]g cflbsf] cfwf/df Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] Gofo k|zf;g ;~rfng ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm GofofwLzx?sf ;]jf, zt{x? lgoldt ug{ Gofo kl/ifb P]g, @)$& klg 5


50

. w]/} cbfntx?sf If]qflwsf/x? :ki6 ?kdf tf]lsPsf klg 5g\\, t/ ltgLx?df cem ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|fKt k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] / dftxt cbfntx?sf] Joj:yfkg tyf sfo{ljlwx?sf] ?k/]vf cfkm} sf]g{ ;Ifd 5 . o; ;Gbe{df csf]{ Pp6f dt klg 5, h;cg';f/ ;+ljwfgadf]lhd Gofokflnsfn] Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df Gofo k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf Gofokflnsfsf] cGtlglx{t zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] To:tf lgodx?nfO{ :j?k lbg ;fdYo{ /fVb5 . ev{/} b]jfgL sfo{ljlw ;+lxtf / kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfsf d:of}bf tof/ ePsf 5g\ . olb lo d;f}bfx?nfO{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPdf ltgLx?n] s]xL xb;Dd sfg"gL k|lqmofnfO{ lbzf lgb]{z ug{]5g\\ . ;fy} Gofo tyf sfg"gsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+j}wflgs tj/af6 clen]v cbfnt / ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;d'lrt JofVof u/L sfg"g ;/xsf Goflos l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ug]{ k'0f{ clwsf/ 5 . g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf ;Ldfx? M ljwfogsf ;Gbe{df tTsfn rf;f]sf s]xL If]qx?

dfly pNn]v eP h:t} g]kfnL Gofokflnsf y'k|} ;d:ofx?n] h]lnPsf] 5, h;n] o;sf] ;Ifdtf / k|efjsf/L ;~rfngdf c;/ kfb{5 . h] ePklg oxfF ljZn]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] If]q Gofo k|zf;g, sfo{ljlwx? / clwsf+z ;+jlGwt sfg"g / o;sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;'wf/df l;ldt 5g\\ . lglZrt ?kdf of] ljzfn If]q, hxfF Gofo ;+kfbg k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] j}wflgs ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{df cfO kg]{ sl7gfOsf] h8 7Dofpgsf] nflu Jofks cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f cfjZos kb{5 . j}wflgs ;'wf/ / sfof{Gjogsf nflu tTsfn Wofgfs[i6 x'g' kg]{ s]xL k|d'v If]qx?df dfq o; cWoogdf Wofg s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] Oltxf; blIf0f Pl;ofsf cGo k|hftflGqs d'n'sx?sf] bf+hf]df Tolt nfdf] 5}g . h] xf]; g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] >]0fLa4 ;+/rgf;+u ul/Psf] k6s k6ssf k|of]ux?n] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfloTjsf] cfef;nfO{ ;d]t w]/} k5fl8 ws]nL lbPsf] 5 . egfOsf] tfTko{ xf], cbfntx?sf] ;+/rgfdf x'g] k6s k6ssf kl/jt{gn] ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug]{ Gofosf] u'0f:t/nfO{ cGof]ndf


51

kfl/lbPsf 5g\\ . klxnf], Goflos k|0ffnLnfO{ cem ;'b[9 / ;zQm agfpg] gfddf ;fljsdf tLg txsf] Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ul/of] . Gofo ;+kfbgsf] If]qdf a9\bf] ljnDjnfO{ /f]Sg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]]5 eGg] ts{ lbb}+ klxn]sf] tLg tx cbfntsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ s]xL ;dokl5 rf/ tx cbfntdf kl/jt{g ul/of] . Gofo ;fWo / ;+/rgf ;fwg dfq xf], / ;fwgn] ;fWosf] u'0fnfO{ lj/n} dfq kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 eGg] tYonfO{ slxNo} cfTd;ft ul/Pg .

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] :yfg / ;+Vofdf k6s k6s NofOPsf] kl/jt{g csf]{ To:t} ;d:of xf] . g]kfnsf k|To]s lhNNffdf Pp6f Pp6f lhNnf cbfnt 5g\\ / ltgLx? dWo] s]xLdf @% eGbf sd d'2fx? 5g\\ . To:t} u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vofdf k|r'/tf 5 h;dWo] s]xLn] b'O{ lhNNffsf] Goflos If]qflwsf/ dfq}nfO{ klg d'l:sn}n] x]g{ kfp+5g\\ . d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof / hgtfsf] jf:tljs cfjZostf / ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df Gofofnosf] :yfkgf ug{sf lglDt Goflos lhNNffsf] cjwf/0ffsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntx?sf] If]qflwsf/df ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ a9\bf] cfjZostf klg 5b}+5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q

cbfntsf] k+r jlif{o /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f}+, lj/f6gu/ / lrtjgdf cfof]lht If]qLo k/fdz{ e]nfsf clwsf+z ;xefuLx?n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cgfjZos lsl;dsf] pbf/ k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] sf/0f ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf JoQm u/] . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt ePklg w]/} h;f] ;do dftxtsf cbfntx?n] u/]sf lg0f{ox? pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf ?kdf cfPsf ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf d'2fx? x]g{df g} Jo:t /xG5 . s] :ki6 5 eg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clt pbf/ / v'Nnf If]qflwsf/sf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] w]/} h;f] ;do tNnf cbfntsf Goflos k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg nufpg' k/]sfn] ;+j}wflgs ljifo;+u ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ ljjfbx? jf j[xb /fli6«o dxTj cyjf hgrf;f]nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ clt dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]


52

kof{Kt ;do slxNo} kfpFb}g . o; k|lqmofdf al9 ;do / vr{ nfUg] ePsf]n] xfd|f] Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmof klg cln ljnlDjt / dx+uf] x'g uPsf] 5 .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf clwsf/ If]qnfO{ b'O{j6f sf]0faf6 x]g'{ kb{5M -!_ k|fb]lzs clwsf/ If]q / -@_ Goflos clwsf/ If]q . xfnsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof g]kfn h:tf] ;fgf] b]zsf] nflu jf:tljs

cfjZostf eGbf al9 h:tf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf /fhlglt1x?sf]] lg0ff{os e"ldsfnfO{ :yfg lbgfn] o:tf lg0f{ox? ug]{ qmddf /fhlglts OR5f, k"jf{u|x / x:tIf]ksf] u'+hfo; k|;:t x'G5 . sfg"gljb\ / sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jLr ljsl;t ePsf] ;fdfGo ;xdlt s] 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f Gofokl/ifbsf] k/fdz{ / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ a}7ssf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

To:t} u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] Goflos If]qflwsf/ s]xL cj:yfx?df, gt Tolt km/flsnf] b]lvG5, gt lg0ff{os g} . k/dfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/sf] cefjdf slxn]sf+xL cw'/f] / ckf+u aGg k'Ub5. o;sf] cnfjf Goflos / cw{–Goflos lgsfox?sf] lg0f{oaf6 k|efljt kIfsf] /fxtsf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;dIf k'Ug' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotfn] g]kfnsf ;'b'/ s'gf sfKrfdf a:g] ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ slxn]sfFxL k|z:t ef}lts, dfgl;s Pj+ cfly{s sl7gfO Joxf]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf pTkGg ub{5 . o;n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ k|rngdf ;d]t pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp+5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] nlrnf] Joj:yfn] sd dxTjsf jf ;fdfGo d'2fx? klg dflyNNff] cbfntdf bfo/ ug]{ åf/ vf]Ng ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@*Ù e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!, /fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g,


53

@)#!, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cGtu{t kg]{ d'2fx?Ù ?=%,))).– ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg] jf tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg] jf ?=%),))).– ;Dd ljuf] ePsf d'2fx? nufot cGo To:t} k|s[ltsf d'2fx? sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clGtd Pj+ lg0ff{os If]qflwsf/af6 6'+uf] nufpg ;Sg] ug{ ;lsG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u/]sf To:tf lg0f{ox?df sfg"g jf ghL/x?sf] :ki6 / 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df dfq bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfpg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug'{ k5{ . lhNnf cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*Ù d'n'sL P]g,cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] @( g+ nufot cGo sltko sfg"gx?n] lhNNff cbfntnfO{ a[xb If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ePtfklg GofonfO{ ;j{;'ne, k|efjsf/L, r':t / xtf/d'Qm agfpgsf lgldQ ltgLx?sf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ cem lj:t[t / Jofks agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lhNNnf cbfntdf aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg pk/ ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clwsf/sf]] cefjn] ubf{ JolQmut :jtGqtfsf] xgg\ ePsf kLl8t kIfn] k'g/fj]bg jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg bfo/ ug{ nfdf] af6f] wfP/ hfg' kg]{ afWotfn] 7"nf] ;d:of / g}/fZotf pTkGg ul/lbPsf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cjl:yltn] ubf{ of] ;d:of cem lk8fbfoL ag]sf] 5 . o:tf dfgj clwsf/ xgg\sf b[Zox? glhs jf jl/k/L cjl:yt lhNNff cbfntx?n] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ g;Sgfn] kLl8t kIfnfO{ rfF8f] pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{ cfbz{ 9+uaf6 al9 k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng g;s]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . To:t}] ul/ lhNNff cbfntx? lgz]wf1f hf/L ug]{ clwsf/af6 ;d]t al~rt 5g\\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / lgz]wf1f ;DaGwL ph"/Lsf] k|s[ltnfO{ x]bf{ lgif]wf1fsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] v08df tTsfn pkrf/ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf lhNNff cbfntx? klg al9 k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\\ .

o;sf] cnfjf, cw{ Goflos lgsfox?n] k|f/lDes ?kdf lg0f{o u/]sf d'2fx?sf] k'g/fj]bg k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf kb{5g\\, t/ cGTodf clwsf+z To:tf d'2fx? k'g/fj]bg dfkm{t jf bf]xf]–ofO kfp+ eGg] lgj]bg dfkm{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf g} cfO{ k'U5g\ . To:tf d'2fx?sf] k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]q lhNNff cbfntx?nfO{ g}


54

k|Tofof]hg ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfsf ;Gbe{df sfg"gL hutsf ljåt ju{x?sf] alnof] cledt 5 .

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;Ldf jflx/ a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?nfO{ ;"rgf jf Dofbsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljlzi6 sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf Gofo ;+kfbg ug]{ cbfntx? ckf+u ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] #$ g+ n] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] kf/:kl/stfsf] cfwf/df to u/]sf lgodx?sf] cfwf/df To:tf ;"rgfx? tfd]n ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . t/ sfo{kflnsfn] To:tf lgodx?sf] th'{dfsf] h?/L dx;'; gu/];Dd To:tf ;"rgf jf Dofb tfd]n ug]{ sfo{ ljnDjk"0f{ / cw'/} /xG5 . of] lj/f]wfefifsf] l:yltnfO{ ldq /fi6«x? jLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;xdltsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf ;'wf/ jf ;+;f]wg u/L rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] ;dfwfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

d'n'sL P]gsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] ljjflbt hf]8Lsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw ljR5]b ;+u ;+u} kfl/jfl/s ;+klQsf] klg jfF8kmfF8 x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ cf+}NofPsf] 5 . t/ ;DklQ ljefhgsf] k|efjsf/L ljz]if sfg"gL k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] cefjdf cbfntx? cndndf 5g\\ . o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f ;'lglZrt Pj+ 7f]; sfo{ljlw tof/ ul/g' k5{ . h;n] ubf{ d'2fx?sf] km5f}{6df d2t ug]{ dfq geP/ o;n] Gofo ;+kfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ jl9 k|efjsf/L / Ps?ktf k|bfg ug{ klg ;xof]u u5{ . k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/

ev{/} ;DkGg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] P3f/f}+ ;Dd]ngn] cbfnt Jojf:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%^ n] dxTj lbPsf lgDglnlvt a'+bfx?sf cfwf/df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/sf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 . s_ lghfdtL ;]jf, k|x/L, ;+;b, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu, :jf:Yo jf lzIff

;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf, jvf{:tL jf cGo s'g} ljefuLo sfjf{xLx?sf] ljifo ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ k|zf;sLo cbfntåf/f k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g' kb{5 .


55

v_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf ;+:yf jf lgudx?df sfo{/t sd{rf/L lj?4sf ljefuLo sfo{jfxL;+u ;DalGwt, cGo To:t} ljjfbx? klg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qleq kg'{ kb{5 .

If]qut k/fdz{sf] a]nf ;xefuLx?n] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bsLo clwsf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ Goflos, sfg"gL ;'wf/ u/L To; cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf klg ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

ssffgg""ggLL ;;''wwff//ssff ss]]xxLL ccGGoo IIff ]]qqxx??

ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfox? (Alternative Dispute Resolution) cjwf/0ffsf] z'?jftsf] cfjZostfM

u/LjL, clzIff, r]tgfsf] sld, ljleGg k|s[ltsf k5f}6]kg OToflbn] ubf{ jx'dt hgtfn] Gofo;Ddsf] kx'+rdf sl7gfO{ ef]lu/x]sf] lg/fzfhgs kl/b[ionfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf Gofo k|0ffnLdf j}slNks ljjfb ;dfwfg - ADR _ sf] cjwf/0ff z'? ug'{ a9\bf] cfjZostf 5 . of] cjwf/0ff cfh xfd|f gLlt lgdf{tf / of]hgfsf/x?sf] Wofg cfs[i6 ul//x]sf If]qx? ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQtfsf l;4fGtx? ;+u klg d]n vfg hfG5 .

ljjflbt kIfnfO{ jftf{, d]nldnfk, 5nkmn, dWo:ytf OToflbsf] dfWodaf6 cgf}krfl/s Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ c+lusf/ ul/ ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg k|]l/t / k|f]T;flxt ug'{ ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;fwg x'g ;S5 . o:tf] ;fwgsf] k|of]u d'2f cbfntdf k'Ug'eGbf klxn] cyjf cfkm\gf ph"/L jf lkm/fbsf] ?kdf cbfntdf btf{ e} ;s]kl5 klg ug{ ;lsG5 . lhNNff cbfnt lgodx?df xfn} ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] ljjfb/t kIfx?nfO{ jftf{af6 ;d:of ;dfwfg u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] d'2fnfO{ klxn] cbfntn] d]nldnfkstf{sf] ?kdf ;"lrs[t u/]sf] JolQm sxfF k7fpg ;lsg] ;DefJotfx? s]nfpg lhNNff cbfntnfO{ ;s[o e"ldsf ;'Dkg] sfdsf] z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . of] jf:tjdf Pp6f ;sf/fTds kfOnf xf] . t/ of] dfq kof{Kt 5}g . o;nfO{ jl9 k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg


56

To:tf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] JolQmnfO{ lbg'kg]{ tnj, eQf jf ;'ljwfsf] k|s[lt s] s:tf] x'g] / To:tf d'2fx?df ;xdltsf j'+bfx? to ug]{ sfo{ljlw ;DjlGw lj:t[t lgodx? jf lgb]{zLsf agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm, ;xdltaf6 6'+uf] nufpg] k|lqmof / If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] / pbf/ agfpg' cfjZos 5 . s'g} s'g} d'2fx? h;df /fHo g} jfbL x'G5, h:t}M ;jf/L b'3{6gfsf] d'2fnfO{ klg ;/sf/sf] lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ a? kLl8tsf] kIfdf Gofo x'g] eP o:tf] d'2fdf ;xdltaf6 6'+uf]df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

/fHosf] jt{dfg k|lts'n ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ k/fdz{, e]63f6sf s]xL ;xefuLx?n] k|lts"n cj:yfsf sf/0f d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{df sl7gfO{ pTkGg x'g] kl/l:yltdf To:tf] cbfntsf] d'2fnfO{ csf]{ cbfntdf ;?jf ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ b[9 ljrf/ k|:t't u/] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfcf]jfbL åGbn] l;h{gf u/]sf] kl/l:ylt, hxfF GofofwLzsf] ;'/Iff g} Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of aGb5, ;xefuLx?n] GofofwLzx?nfO{ lhDdf lbOg] d'2fx?sf] kmfonsf] jf/]df pgLx?nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L x'g'kg]{ / pgLx?nfO{ k|To]s d'2fsf] 5f]6f] ljj/0f ;d]t lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg nfu" ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf lyP . o;n] pgLx?nfO{ d'2fsf] jf/]df clu|d ?kdf tof/L ug{ d2t k'¥ofp+5, h'g cGttM d'2fsf] lzw| km5\of}{6sf] nflu ;xof]uL aGb5 .

If]lqo k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx? ljh]tf kIfnfO{ sf]6{ lkm c;'Ng] s7f]/ Pj+ cf}krfl/s jt{dfg k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw k|lt klg ulDe/ lyP . cbfntaf6 lkmtf{ kfpg' kg]{ 7x/]sf], sf]6{ lkm, w/f}6L nufotsf /sd tTsfn lkmtf{ e'QmfgLsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ;/sf/n] lgsf;f ug'{ k"j{ afbL kIfn] lgs} nfdf] ;do k|ltIff ug'{ kb{5 . jf:tjdf o;n] Gofokflnsfsf] 5ljdf k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ dfq geP/ lzw| Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmofdf ;d]t c;/ ub{5 . o; ;DaGwdf If]qLo e]nfn] cbfntsf] z'Ns, sf]6{ lkm jf w/f}6Lsf] nut ;/sf/sf] sGt'/df hDdf ug'{ x'b}g a? o;nfO{ w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf hDdf ug'{k5{, h'g k|of]hg ;dfKt x'g] ljlts} ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ tTsfn e'QmfgL lbg ;lsof];\ eGg] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .


57

ljlzli6s[t cbfntx?sf] cfjZostf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if k|sf/sf d'2fx?sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu dfq

ljz]if k|sf/sf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fx?sf] :yfkgfnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ub{5 . s]xL ljz]if cbfntx? h:t} M– ljz]if cbfnt, >d cbfnt, /fhZj Gofoflws/0f / k|zf;sLo cbfntx? :yflkt e} xfn rfn' cj:yfdf 5g\\ . e–"d08nsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cg'dfg} ug{ g;lsg] u/L ePsf] ljsf;n] l;h{gf u/]sf leGg / hl6n k|sf/sf ljjfbx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|efjsf/L / b\|'t Gofo ;+kfbgsf nflu To:tf ljjfbx?sf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf ljz]if k|sf/sf cnfbt, Gofoflws/0f jf Ohnf; u7g u/L ljjfbsf] lgk6f/f ug'{ cfhsf] a9\bf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .

To:t} u/L ljz]if cbfntsf cGo ?kx?df kl/jfl/s cbfnt, afn cbfnt, pkef]Qmf cbfnt OTofbL, h;nfO{ To:tf d'2fx? a9\bf] ;+Vofdf b]vf kg]{ ef}uf]lns If]qx?df :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} To:tf d'2fx? dfq ;'g'jfO{ ug{ k[ys / :jtGq ljz]if cbfntsf] :yfkgfsf] cf}lrTonfO{ l;4 ug{ c;lhnf] ePdf slDtdf To:tf ljz]if k|sf/n] tf]lsPsf d'2fx? vf; ldltdf ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfo{tflnsfsf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] GofofwLzx?nfO{ slDtdf tf]lsPsf] lbgdf dfq ePklg lglZrt sfg"gL b[li6sf]0faf6 s'g} sfg"gL ljjfbdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 . d'2fsf] lz3| k'k{Ifdf k|efj kfg]{ s]xL tTjx?

k|To]s JolQmsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] k|Tofe't u/]sf] clwsf/sf] xgg\sf] 36gfdf To;sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, !($* sf] wf/f * n] ;Ifd Goflos lgsfosf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;/L g} y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQmsf] lg:kIf / lzw| Gofosf] ljz]if clwsf/nfO{ gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/x?sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$ n] cem ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . t/ jt{dfg Goflos k|lqmof clt em+eml6nf], cf}krfl/s, lk8fbfoL / lg/fzfhgs 5 . To;}n] sfg"gL kIfsf s]xL ;d:ofsf If]qx?nfO{ klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .


58

k|ydtM sfo{ljlw;+u ;+jlGwt sfg"gx? ljleGg P]g ,lgod -Stautes_ x?df 5l/Psf] x'gfn] hl6ntfk"0f{ 5 . hgtfsf] :jR5, lg:kIf / l;w| k'k{Ifsf] clwsf/nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ w]/} k|lqmofut l/Qmtf , z'Gotf / cGtlglx{t sdhf]/Lx? 5g\\ . s]xL sfo{ljlw sfg"gx? clt lSni6 / nfdf 5g\\ . sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL ;fdfGo sfg"gx?nfO{ Plss[t ug'{ dfq geP/ ltgLx?nfO{ ;'jf]Wo, ;/n / 5f]6f klg agfpg' cfjZos 5 . ljleGg lhNNff cbfntx? lar sfo{ljwLut Ps?ktfnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ cbfnt sfo{ljwL lbUbz{g -Court Procedural Manual_ agfpg ;lsG5 .

k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/ k|fs[lts Gofosf] d'ne"t l;4fGt xf] . ;z+sLt jf cleof]u nfu]sf] kIfn] cfk"m dfly nfu]sf cleof]ux?sf] jf/]df ;';'lrt x'g] cj;/ gkfp~h]n ;Dd of] clwsf/sf] Tolt dxTj x'Fb}g . t/ k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] ;kmfO{ k|:t't ug{nfO{ ul/g] cfJxfg ug]{ k|lqmof g]kfnL sfg"gL kåltsf] ;aeGbf ;d:ofu|:t If]q xf] . ljut rf/ bzs b]lv nuftf/ Gofokflnsfsf] Wofg s]lGb|t eO{ /xg] ljifo ePklg ;xL cy{df o;sf] ;dfwfg ;+w} sfa' eGbf aflx/ 5 . ;dod} Gofo k|bfg ug{ ljnDj u/fpg] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ tTjx? dWo] Dofb tfd]nLsf] of] ;d:of klg Pp6f xf] .

tfd]nbf/nfO{ ;'ljwfsf] cefj, Dofb - ;dfJxfg, Otnfogfdf, ;"rgf cflb_ tfd]n ug]{ k/+k/fut ljlw / DofbnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf lgoGq0f jf k|efj kfg]{ jfx\o tTjx?n] ;d:ofnfO{ cem hl6n agfPsf 5g\\ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ef}lts sl7gfO{;+u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? / tfd]nbf/x?nfO{ lbOg] tnj, eQf nufotsf >f]t ;fwgsf l;ldttfn] ;d:ofnfO{ a9fjf eg] lbO{ /x]s} 5g\\ . h] ePklg Pp6f kIf s] 5 eg], lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] rf}yf} ;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 jf /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/ ;dfJxfg, Otnfogfdf, Dofb, ;"rgf tfd]n ug{ ;lsg] h:tf gjLg cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ul/ z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf Dofb tfd]nLsf] nfdf] k|lqmofnfO{ 5f]6f] kfg{ cGo j}1flgs k|ljlwx? z'? ug'{kb{5 .

;fIfL k|df0fsf] k/LIf0f ug{ sfo{ljlw nfdf] dfq 5}g cem sl7g, k'g/fa[lQk"0f{ / bf]ifk"0f{ klg 5 . Gofokflnsf pk/ Pp6f JofKt c;Gt'li6 s] 5


59

eg] slxn]sf+xL b]jfgL d'2fx?df ;d]t s]xL GofofwLzx? ;fIfLsf] jskq u/fpg Psbd pbfl;g 9+uaf6 k|:t't x'G5g\ / lg0f{o ug]{ qmddf To:tf k|df0fx?sf] tYout d"No kQf nufpg To:tf jskqsf] cWoog ug]{ jfgLsf] k|of]u lj/n} ub{5g\ . olb To:tf jskq k|df0fsf] ?kdf lng pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ eg] ;fIfLx?nfO{ af]nfP/ cbfntdf jskq u/fpg'sf] s] cfjZostf x'G5 < b]jfgL d'2fx?df ;fIfLsf] 5fgljg o:t} pbfl;gtfk"0f{ / cf}krfl/stf k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] dfq x'g] qmdn] cbfntsf] ;fy} d'2fsf kIfx? sf] ;do / zlQm dfq v]/ hfG5 . To:t} xfd|f] sfg"gdf k|lts'n -Hostile) ;fIfL asfpg] k|fjwfg 5}g . em'7f askq ug]{ ;fIfLnfO{ /f]Sg] ;DaGwdf xfdL sxfF k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;;Qm agfpg' kb{5 . ;fIfLx?nfO{ e|i6 agfpg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sgsf lgldQ d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !^( g+ df pNn]v ePsf] e'm7f] aSg] ;fIfLnfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cem ;zQm agfP/ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 nfu" ug'{ kb{5 .

k|i6?kdf eGg'kbf{ g]kfnsf cbfntx?df d'2f k|jfxsf] ult jf:tjdf cbfntåf/f lgolGqt x'g'sf] ;6[fdf cbfntsf afx\o tTjx? vf;u/L d'2fsf kIfx? / pgLx?sf jlsnx?åf/f lgolGqt ePsf 5g\\ . cbfntdf d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{tflnsfk|0ffnL /fVg] rng 5}g . lhNNff cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] xfn} ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg -@)^)_ n] k|To]s d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{sf] ;dodf ul/g] k|d'v 36gfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{ -lgod *%v_ af/] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]] 5 . d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;'ljwfo'Qm agfpg, ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf] d'2fsf] :yugsf] lglZrt k|fjwfg lgoddf ePklg, w]/} h;f] jlsnx?n] o; Joj:yfkgnfO{ lg/k]If sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnP/ uNtL ub{5g\ . oyfy{sf] bM'vb kf6f] of] xf] ls cbfntn] w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf cgfjZos ljjfbdf kml;g] eon] o:tf cgGt :yugsf cjflR5t cEof;x?nfO{ d'sbz{s dfq eP/ x]b{5 . o:tf] b'b{zfk"0f{ sfg"gL c;Gt'li6nfO{ x6fpg' k5{ .

sltko b]zdf ePsf cGo sfg"gL k4lt h:t}M g]kfnL cbfntx?nfO{ d'2fdf bfjL lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ vDjL/ jgfpg ;Sg], em§ x]bf{ b]lvg] -Prima facie_ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ ;DjlGw clwsf/ 5}g . s'g} d'2f cfwf/xLg cyjf xbDofb gf3]sf] jf xsb}ofsf] cefj /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cbfntnfO{


60

To:tf d'2fx?sf] klxnf] ;'g'jfO{df g} tTsfn cl:jsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ x'g'k5{ . o;n] cbfnt / d'2fsf kIf b'j}sf] ;do arfpF5 . t/ g]kfnL sfg"gL Joj:yfdf o; k|sf/sf] k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;j{dfGo sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?sf] cefjn] cgluGtL cfwf/xLg d'2fx?sf] w'O/f]n] k|f]T;fxg kfPsf] 5 ,h;n] cbfntsf] ;do, zlQm / l;ldt >f]tnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf l;b\ofO{ lbg] sfd dfq ul//x]sf] 5 .

Gofosf] k|d'v ljifo eg]s} cbfntx?åf/f hf/L ul/Psf cfb]z Pj+ km};nfx?nfO{ nfu" u/fpg' xf] . lhTg] kIfn] km};nfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] clwsf/ jf GofonfO{ jf:tljs Jojxf/df pkef]u ug{ gkfP;Dd To:tf] km};nf s]jn sfuhL jf ;f}Gbof{Tds Gofo h:tf] dfq x'g hfG5 . t/ cbfntsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf nfu" ug]{ qmddf cgfjZos l9nfO{ ePsf] kfOPsfn] cbfntsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ nfu" ug]{ s'/f Gofokflnsfsf] csf]{ Pp6f ;d:ofu|:t If]qsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . s'g} vf; jf ckl/xfo{ sf/0fn] cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ c;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf lhTg] kIfn] sfg"gg\ bfjL ug{ kfpg] ;DklQsf] cg'kftdf p;nfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg klg 5}g . To:t} u/L d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf jLrdf ePsf] crn ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f jf cGo sfo{jfxLnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt jf j}w sfo{jfxL dfGg ;lsb}g t/ /sdL emul8ofx?n] cfk"mn] d'2f xf/] klg, jLr}df To:tf] ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f u/L cbfntsf] lg0f{onfO{ nfu" ug]{ s'/fdf cj/f]w l;h{gf u/L d'2f nDJofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf To;/L ePsf] ;DklQsf] cj}w x:tfGt/0f ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt t];|f] kIfnfO{ jLr}df /f]Sg jf To;} d'2fdf jLr}df ;fd]n u/fpg kfpg] Joj:yf klg sfg"gdf 5}g . To:t} u/L c? s;}sf] gfddf gfd;f/L ul/Psf] s]xL crn ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ d"n d'2fsf] cfwf/df tTsfn jb/ u/fO{ d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fpg] ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfg klg 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df 5'§} csf]{ d'2f z'? ug'{ eGbf d"n d'2fsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpg] ;Gbe{df lhTg] kIfsf tkm{jf6 b/vf:t lnO{ csf]{ kIfnfO{ cfkm\gf] arfpsf] nflu To;sf] k|ltjfb ug]{ Pp6f cj;/ k|bfg u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DjGwL ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf e} lbPsf] eP d"n d'2fsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog rfF8f] x'g ;Sg] lyof] .


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j]nf j]nfdf cfpg] sfg"gL hl6ntfsf pbfx/0fx? dWo] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL jGbf]j:tsf] !#( g+= sf] k|of]u Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . jfbL jf k|ltjfbLsf n]vfOsf cfwf/df cbfntåf/f af]nfOPsf JolQmsf] x}l;ot ;DaGwdf Ps ?ksf] Jojxf/ kfOb}g . To:tf JolQmx?n] Dofb yfd]/ jf ydfP/ cbfntdf xflh/ x'g] ;'ljwf kfpg] ls gkfpg] eGg] s'/f cbfntx?df lg/Gt/ ljjfbsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . o;n] xfd|f] cbfntL sfo{ljlwdf c:ki6tf / låljwf yk]sf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} JolQmsf] cfkm" lj?4sf ;flIfnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] egL gful/s / /fhlglts clwsf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !$ pkwf/f # v08 -ª_ n] k|Tofe't u/]sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t d'n'sL P]gsf] pQm c=j+= !#( g+= sf] Joj:yfn] To;/L j'lemPsf] JolQm;++u d'2fsf kIfn] lh/x ug{ gkfpg] h:tf] u/L l4ljwfo'Qm agfpg vf]H5 . To;sf/0f pQm c= j+= !#( g+ jdf]lhd j'lemPsf] JolQmsf] egfOjf6 c;/ kg]{ d'2fsf kIfn] lh/x ug{ kfpg] u/L ;f] c=j+= !#( g+= df cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ egL ;'emfj k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

To:t} dlxnfsf] cf];f/ k;f/ -hLp df:g] a]Rg]_ d'2fsf] kLl8t kIfn] u/]sf] jofg GofofwLzn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 klg k'gM cfkm\gf] jofg cbfnt ;dIf k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . To:tL dlxnfnfO{ ;fIfLsf] ?kdf jskq ug{ k|foM k'gM gaf]nfO{g] xfd|f] cbfntsf] ;fdfGo rng 5 . o:tf] rngsf] k|d'v p2]Zo kLl8t kIfsf]] aofg v'Nnf Ohnf;df GofofwLzsf] pkl:yltdf clen]v e};s]sf] x'gfn] km]/L ;fIfLsf] ?kdf af]nfO{g' kb}{g eGg] ts{df cfwfl/t 5 .

t/ of] rng klg lg:kIf ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGt;+u lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . To:tf] kLl8t g} ;fIfL klg ePsf] x'gfn] k|ltjfbL lj?4 lghn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ cbfntn] k|df0fsf ?kdf lng' eGbf klxn] k|ltjfbLn] lghnfO{ lh/x ug{ kfpg] ul/ arfpsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] csf]{ dt klg 5 . :ki6tf / Ps?ktfsf vflt/ o:tf ljjflbt ljrf/x? kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . s]xL PsLs[t ljz]if sfg"gx?sf] cfjZostf

d'n'sL P]g , cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !!* g+ n] u/]sf] s'g} s'g} s'/fx? sd j}1flgs / al9 cJojxfl/s b]lvG5g\\ . rf]/L g}lts ktg ;DjGwL ck/fw 7xl/P


62

klg rf]/Lsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQm w/f}6L /fvL k'k{Ifsf] nflu tfl/vdf j:g ;S5 . rf]/Lsf] ck/fw lj?4sf] b08 ;DjGwL k|fjwfg s7f]/ 5Fb} 5}g . lxhf] cfh sfg"gljb\x?n] ljljw k|sf/sf s;"/sf ;DjGwdf 5'6[f5'6[} tl/sfn] w/f}6L lng] jf y'gfdf /fVg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6;+u ;d]6\g] u/L 5'6[f 5'6[} Joj:yf ePsf] ljz]if hdfgt P]g hf/L ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfsf af/]df hf]8 lbg] u/]sf 5g\\ .

To:t} gfn]; ph"/ ug]{ xbDofbsf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg sfg"gx?df 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg sfg"gx?nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ xbDofb ;DaGwL P]g -Limitation Act_ sf] cefj Gofosf] k|efjsf/L lg/f]k0fdf :ki6tf / Ps?ktfsf lgldQ csf]{ cj/f]w xf] .

ljifoj:t'sf] JofkstfnfO{ dWo gh/ /fVb} k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] cfw'lglss/0fsf nflu Jofks cWoog u/L lj:t[t sfg"gL ;'wf/ ;DaGwL ;'emfjx? k]z ug{ sfg"gljbx?sf] 5'§} ;ldlt agfpg' kg]{ ;'emfj klg lbPsf lyP . 3= dfgj ;+;fwg / a[lQ ljsf;

kl/ro dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] Pp6f

cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 36s xf] . ;Ifd, of]Uo / ;dlk{t dfgj ;+;fwg lagf Gofosf] :jtGq / ;Ifd k4ltsf] l;h{gfsf] af/]df ;f]Rg;Dd klg ;Dej x'Fb}g . t;y{ g]kfndf Gofo ;+kfbg k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf alnof] agfpgsf nflu Goflos / cw{ Goflos lgsfodf sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug'{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] clt dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . a[ltljsf; klg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] Pp6f kIf ePsf]n] Gofokflnsfdf ;du| dfgj ;+;fwgsf] l:yltsf] jf/]df 5nkmn ug{ klg Gofokflnsfsf] /0fg}lts of]hgf cGtu{t kg{ hfG5 . jt{dfg sfo{jf]em -d'2fef/_ / dfgj ;+;fwg

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntdf xfn /x]sf] sfo{jf]em -d'2fx?sf] ef/_ tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 .


63


64


65

pko'{Qm tflnsf ^ n] b]zsf ;j} cbfntx?df /x]sf Psd'i6 ?kdf s/Lj Psnfv alQ; xhf/ d'2fx? b]vfpF5 . tLg cfly{s aif{sf] tYofs+n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntx?df d'2fsf] ;+Vof pQm cjwL el/df pNn]Vo ?kn] 36]sf] b]vfpF5 . t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] xsdf eg] 7Ls pN6f], d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof a9\bf] 5 . cf}iftdf x]bf{ dfly lbOPsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] km5\of}{6 ultsf] t'ngfdf pQm ;+Vofsf] cfwf eGbf sd d'2fx?sf] dfq 6'+uf] nfU5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntx?df krf; k|ltzt eGbf al9 d'2fx? km};nf x'G5g\\ eg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf eg] d'2fsf] km5\of}{6 b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . ;fnfvfnf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf s/Lj tL; k|ltzt d'2fx? km};nf x'G5g\\ t/ ToxfF k/]sf k'g/fj]bgnfO{ dfq x]g]{ xf] eg] t of] km5\of}{6 b/ lj; k|ltzt eGbf klg sd kg{ hfG5 .

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df d'2fx?sf] km5\of}{6 b/ j9g'sf] sf/0f t'ngfTds ?kn] oL cbfntx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Gtf]ifhgs eP/ x'g ;S5 . t/ k|To]s jif{ d'2fx?sf] btf{df sld cfpg'sf] k5fl8 d'n'sdf ljBdfg åGb klg k|d'v sf/s ePsf] 7flgPsf] 5 .

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] cfjZostfsf] d"Nofs+gsf] ;Gbe{df cbfntsf] sfo{jf]emsf] ;ldIff ubf{ sfg"gsf] cj1f / b08xLgtf h:tf] cl:y/ -turbunal_ ;dodf lnOPsf] tYof+s -data base) nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s lng' k5{ . jf:tjdf of] c:jefljs cjlwdf ;+sng ul/Psf] / lnOPsf] tYof+s eGbf pQm ;do eGbf klxn] g} lnOPsf] tYof+s g} al9 pkof]uL / lj:j;gLo x'G5 . cf= j= @)%^.)%& eGbf cl3sf !) aif{ leqsf d'2fx?sf] ;e]{If0fn] w]/ yf]/ l:y/ k|j[lt b]vfpF5 .1

ljut $ jf % aif{sf] Go"gtfnfO{ Tolt dxTj lbg' x'Fb}g . cfd?kdf s] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 eg] /fhlglts / ;fdflhs ptf/ r9fjx?, sfg"gdf ePsf kl/jt{gx? / gof+ ;e]{ gfkLsf] k|lqmofn] d'2fdf o:tf] crfgs pQf/ r9fjx? NofpF5g\\ . To;}n] dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; ;DjGwdf ug'{kg]{ of]hgf / /sdsf ;DjGwdf ;'emfjx? lbg] qmddf nrstf gckgfpg] xf] eg] o:tf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] k|lts"n

1 cbfnt ;'b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*Ù k[ 94 x]g"{xf];\ -k|ltj]bgn] pQm cjlwsf]

tYof+saf^ cfkm\gf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] %_


66

;dosf] tYof+sn] cg';Gwfgstf{x? / of]hgfsf/x?nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf lgb]{lzt ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] 7flgPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf cbfntx?df /x]sf] s'n hgzlQmsf] b/jGbL $&^* /x]sf] 5, h;df @$! GofofwLz2, #)) eGbf al9 clws[tx? / $))) eGbf s]xL a9L

;xfos sd{rf/Lx? 5g\\ . o; s'/fnfO{ tflnsf & n] :ki6 kfb{5 .

tflnsf & M dfgj ;+;fwg - ljBdfg l:ylt _

/fhkqf+lst clws[t ÷>]0fL

/fhkq cg+lst ÷>]0fL

cbfnt

Gofo

fwLz

ljlz

i6

k|yd

lålt

o

t[tLo

k|yd

lålt

o

t[tLo

rt'y

{ 6fO{lki

6

;=r

fns

lkog

hDd

f

;jf]{Rr

cbfnt

!^-@!_

! @ #&

@^

!!(

@#

*

*

@)

!*

^%

#$*

k'g/fj]b

g cbfnt

*(-

((_

– !^

!*

!!(

@#$

%$

#@

– ^*

$$

@%&

(#!

lhNNff

cbfnt

!#!-!#

%_

– – @@

&&

$^%

&!!

^!!

&!@

!!#

$^

^)!

#$*(

hDd

f

@$! ! !*

&&

@@@

*!$

&**

^%!

&@)

@)!

!)*

(@#

$&^

*

;|f]t M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)%*

o;sf cltl/Qm ljz]if cbfnt / /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf #! GofofwLz / s/Lj !$$ cGo sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ -tflnsf *_3 . To:t} Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf

2 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf GofofwLzx?sf] hDdf b/alGb 21 -15 :yfoL / 6 tby{_, k"g/fj]bg

cbfntdf 99 / lhNnf cbfntdf hDdf 135 x"ghfG% . -2058.1.7 sf] lg)f{o x]g"{xf];_


67

ultljlw ;d]tnfO{ x]g]{ Gofo kl/ifb ;lrjfnodf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ! ;lrj, ^ hgf clws[t / !! hgf cGo ;xfos sd{rf/Lx? 5g\\ . 4

dfly lbOPsf] tflnsfn] ljleGg cbfntx?df /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] 7"nf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 kfb{5 . g]kfnsf cbfntx?df GofofwLzx? jfx]s /fhkqf+lst clws[tx? s/Lj &Ü /x]sf 5g\\ eg] /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltzt &!Ü /x]sf] 5 . /fhkqf+lst clws[tx?n] Go"gtd sfg"gdf :gfts k'/f u/]sf] x'g' k5{ . t/ /fhkq cg+ls+t sd{rf/Lx?n] cbfntdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu sfg"gL lzIff xfl;n u/]sf] x'g} kg]{ h?/L 5}g, oBkL ljut bz jif{ otf /fhkq cg+ls+t k|yd / lålto >]0fLdf lgo'Qm s]xL sd{rf/Lx?n] :j]lR5s ?kdf pQm sfg"gsf] of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\\ . ;xfos sd{rf/Lx? dWo] s/Lj @@Ü >]0fL ljlxg 5g\\ / ltgLx? d'2fsf] sfo{ljlwdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg x'Fb}gg\ .

csf]{ pNn]Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] hDdf sd{rf/Lx? dWo] s/Lj #))) dfq g]kfn Gofo ;]jf ;+u ;DalGwt 5g\\ . oL sd{rf/Lx? d'2fsf] sfo{ljlw / cbfntsf cGo k|zf;lgs sfddf nfUb5g\\ . cGo s/Lj %)) sd{rf/Lx? h:t} n]vfkfn, /]vf tyf n]vf ljz]if1, On]lS6«l;og, k':tsfno sd{rf/L ,5fkfvfgf sd{rf/L OToflb cGo ;]jf, h:t}M– k|zf;gLs ;]jf ,Ol~hlgol/Ë ;]jf, lzIff ;]jf / ljljw ;]jf h:tf ljleGg ;]jfaf6 lnP/ cbfntsf] sfd ug{ nufO{G5 .5 cfhklg

Gofokflnsfsf ljleGg If]qx?sf] ;du| cfjZostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos sd{rf/Lx? h:t} k4lt Joj:yfks -System Manager_, d'2f k|jfx / u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f Joj:yfks -Case flow & Quality Control Manager_, d]nldnfk lj1 OToflbsf] sld 5 . w]/} ;xefuLx? jLr ePsf] k/fdz{ cjlwdf pkl:yt ;xefuLx?n] dfgj ;+;fwg kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfhsf] cfjZostfsf] e/df dfq gx]/]/ ljz]if cbfntx? /

3 22 hgf GofofwLzx? dWo] ljz]if cbfntsf tLg hgf GofofwLzx? / rf/ :yfgsf /fhZj

Gofoflws/)fsf cWoIfdf k"g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx? dWo]af^ tf]lsG%, af+sL ;bZox? ljleGg ;]jfaf^ lnOPsf ;/sf/L clws[tx? x"G%g\ . /fhZj Gofoflws/)fsf] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;+Vof /fhZj Gofoflws/)f sf&df*f}+df sfo{/t hgzlQmdf cfwfl/t /x]/ cg"dfg ul/Psf] xf] .

4 P] k[= 88-89 5 P] k[= 9


68

ljlzi6Ls[t If]qx?sf] eljZosf] dfunfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos ePsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP .6

lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ g;Sg] cyjf cof]Uo JolQmx? klg cbfnt ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf 5g\\ . o:tf] cj:yf ;fdfGotM nf]s;]jf cfof]ujf6 k|Tofof]lht clVtof/Lsf] clwgdf /lx cbfntn] sd{rf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ kg{ hfG5 . clwsf+z o:tf dflg;x?df pgLx?n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] clnslt klg hfgsf/L ePsf] kfOb}g .

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg u/]sf b/jGbLx?df ;d]t 5gf}6 ubf{ pgLx?n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'Fbf -h:t} tfd]Nbf/_ gofF lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Lx? s}of}+ k6s cfk"mn] k'/f ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ lxlRsrfpF5g\ jf cNdlnG5g\\ . 8f]sf]df jf]lsP/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z jdf]lhd tfd]nbf/sf] kbdf xfhL/ x'g cfPsf] s'/f klg Consultation Meeting df ;xefuLn] jtfP .

GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, a[lQljsf; / ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ x]g{sf] nflu Pp6f :jtGq / :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf Gofo kl/ifbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Gofokl/ifb h:tf] ;+j}wflgs ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ff blIf0f PlzofnL kl/j]z d} gofF ePsf]n] Gofokl/ifbnfO{ l5d]sL b]zx?sf GofosdL{x?n] klg a8f] ?lrsf ;fy x]l//x]sf 5g\\ . oBkL Gofo kl/ifbn] cfh sfg"gL ;d'bfosf ;fdfGo ck]Iff d'tfljs sfd ul//x]sf] 5}g eGg] u'gf;f] JofKt 5 . o; af/]df o;eGbf kl5 lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 . 7

6 pbfx/)fsf nflu, slDtdf k"g/fj]bg cbfntdf /]vf tyf n]vf ljz]if!sf] tTsfn

cfjZostf ePsf] s"/f ;xefuLx?n] jtfP . 7 Gofo kl/ifb zfxL Gofo ;"wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] pkh xf] . ;f] cfof]un] GofofwLzx?sf]

;]jf zt{ / d'Nofs+g ug{ 5 ;b:oLo :jfoQ ;ldlt agfpg] l;kmfl/z ug"{sf ;fy} GofofwLzx?sf] %gf}̂ , lgo"lQm, ;?jf, ;]jf zt{sf] ls^fgL, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] tof/L ug"{kg]{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] lyof] . x]g"{xf];\M cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg k[i^ 42–43 .


69

tflnsf *M ljz]if cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] dfgj ;+;fwg tyf sfo{af]em

hgzlQm

l;=g

+=

cbfnt tyf Gofoflws/0f

Gofo

fwLz

clws[t

/f=k=cg+= sd{rf/L lk

og

hDd

f d'2f s}lkmot

!= ljz]if cbfnt # & !* !! #( @@^ @= >d cbfnt ! ! & % !$ @#^ #= k|zf;sLo cbfnt # # $ $ !$ $^

$= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+, lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, g]kfnu+h

!@ % $) ( %& %%) ±

!($

%= C0f c;'nL Gofoflws/0f # @ !@ % @@ @# hDdf !$$ !@&%

b|:6Jo M != ;j} !$$ hgf ;j} sd{rf/L Gofo ;]jf jf cbfntjf6 dfq lnOPsf

xf]Ogg\ . @= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] hgzlQm dfq pNn]v ul/Psf], cGo

:yfgdf klg /fh:j Gofoflws/0f :yflkt 5g\ .

;|f]t M sfo{ ;d"x, l8;]Dj/ @))#

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;du| p2]Zo Gofosf] k|efjsf/L ;+kfbgsf] nflu g]kfnL Gofokflnsfdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ xf] . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; (Human Resource Development) eg]sf] JolQmut ?kdf sd{rf/L / ;+u7gx? ;+u ;DalGwt ljifox?nfO{ ;s[o ?kdf x]g]{ ;'Jojl:yt k4lt xf] . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;nfO{ kl/jt{g / r'gf}ltx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg ;f+u7lgs Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 . To;sf/0f Gofo If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; -HRD) sf] rrf{ ubf{ GofofwLzx? / cGo clws[t, ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, j[ltljsf;, pTk|]/0ff / Ifdtf clg ;fwg clej[l4;+u ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ x]g'{ kb{5 .


70

lgo'lQm, ;?jf / kbd'lQm cfh cbfntdf GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ y'k|} ;d:ofx?n]

;+s|ldt kf/]sf] 5 . clxn] sfo{/t GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof xfn /x]sf] sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ kof{Kt 5 eGg] ;fdfGo 7x/ 5, tfklg cbfntx?sf] cj}1flgs ef}uf]lns ljt/0f t 5+b}5 To;sf] cltl/Qm cbfntsf] jf:tljs sfo{ jf]emsf] cfwf/df jf cbfntsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f -Need Assessment of Courts_ sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t geP/ dgf]ut 9+uaf6 ul/Psf] GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmn] Gofosf] l;3|, ;j{;'ne / k|efjsf/L ;+kfbgdf uDeL/ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .8

@)$* ;fndf klxnf] k6s k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? :yfkgf ubf{ oL cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof ( lyof], t/ d'VotM /fhg}lts k|efjsf sf/0f @)%# ;fndf ;f] ;+Vof a9fP/ !^ k'¥ofOof] . clxn] s] :ki6 ePsf] 5 eg] !^ dWo] ^ j6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ d'2fsf] nut lx;fj ubf{ %)) klg gf3\b}g . o;sf] k'i6\ofO{ tflnsf ( n] ub{5 .

tflnsf ( M cf=j= @)%*÷%( df k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] sfo{af]em

l;=

g+=

k'g/fj]bg

cbfntx? lhDd]jf/L

gof+

btf{ hDdf km5\of}{6

km5\of}{6

k|ltztaf+sL

Gofo

fwLz

;+Vo

f

s}lkmot

1. Onfd $%* $&& (#% &)@ &%=)* @## %

2. wgs'6f #!# !** %)! #** &&=$$ !!# %

3. lj/f6gu/ !#*@ !)%* @@$) !@(% %#=)& !!$% &

4. /fhlj/fh !**& !&(! #^&* @!%# %*=%* !%@% *

5. hgsk'/ @)^) !!(^ #@%^ !%(@ $*=)( !^^( ^

6. x]6f}+8f !^^! @)$^ #&)& @%$% ^*=^% !!^@ &

8 sf&df*f}+, lrtjg / lj/f^gu/df ePsf k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] /fv]sf] b[li^sf])f .


71

7. kf6g #*^! #%%) &$!! $$#! %(=&* @(*) !%

8. kf]v/f $)$ $(@ *(^ ^$$ ^(=@$ @%@ ^

9. jfUn'ª %& !%% @!@ !^$ &%=!@ $* #

10. a'6jn !&@$ !#%! #)&% !&@# %^=@^ !#%@ &

11. t'N;Lk'/ @)* !#$ #$@ @!^ ^#=!% !@^ #

12. g]kfnu+h #(& %(% ((@ %*! %(=!% $!! ^

13. ;'v]{t ^$ $* !!@ &@ ^$=$! $( #

14. h'Dnf &* $* !@^ && ^!=$! $( #

15. lbkfon !(^ !&% #&! @(@ *)=)% &$ $

16. dx]Gb|gu/ &^ @)% @*! !@& $%=!( !%$ #

hDdf !(,*@^ !#,%)( @*,##% !&,))& ^)=)@ !!,#@* *(

;|f]t M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)%*÷%(

k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf GofofwLzx?sf] kb:yfkg ubf{ cbfntx?n] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ jf:tljs sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df ePsf] 5}g . j'6jn, lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, /fhlj/fh, x]6f}+8f / kf6gsf cbfntx?sf] sfo{ef/ jfFsL bzj6f cbfntsf] eGbf rf/ u'0ff al9 5, tfklg cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df tL cbfntx?df GofofwLzsf] ;+Vof $( dfq lyof] eg] afFsL !) j6f cbfntx?df $) lyof] . oftfoft / a;fO{sf lx;fjn] cbfnt k|of]ustf{ / sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu w]/}h;f] cbfntx? ;'ljwfo'Qm 5}gg\ .9 cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof / :yfg tf]Sg] clwsf/ ;/sf/sf] dfq ePsf]n]10 y'k|} ;ldltx?n] u/]sf l;kmfl/zx?sf] afah'b klg cbfntx?sf] ef}uf]lns

ljefhg / ;+Vof lgwf{/0fnfO{ ;xL 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lg0f{o cem}+ x'g jfFsL 5 . 11

9 cbfnt ;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, 2058 k[+=66. 10 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 2048 sf] bkmf 5 jdf]lhd . 11 lj=;+= 2056 df cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] cbfntsf] ;+Vof / :yfg x]/km]/ ug{

l;kmfl/z lbPsf] lyof] . -x]=k|ltj]bg k[= 47–50_ To;kl% >L 5 sf] ;/sf/n] u&g u/]sf] ^f]nLn] klg ;f] ;DjGwL ;"emfj lbg"sf] ;fy} ljsNkx? klg cl# ;f/]sf] lyof] . To:t} cbfnt


72

k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf cbfntx?sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf] cf}lrTo d'n's &% j6f k|zf;lgs lhNnfdf ljeQm ePsf]n] xf] eGg] ts{ k|:t't ul/G5 . Jofks ?kdf o;/L cbfntx? :yfkgf ug'{sf] p2]Zo hgtfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;'ljwf k'U5 eGg] lx;fjn] cf}lrTok"0f{ dfGg ;lsPnf, lsgeg] o;n] ubf{ hgtfnfO{ d'2fsf] 6+'u+f] nufpg t'ngfTds lx;fjn] ;xh x'g ;s]sf] x'g ;S5 . t/ o;n] b]zsf] d"Nojfg cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ u+eL/ 9+un] b'?kof]u u/]sf] 5, lsgeg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] :ofxf/ ;+ef/df 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ x'G5 . cbfntx?df ePsf] d'2f ef/ x]bf{ &% j6f lhNNff cbfntx? :yfkgf ug'{sf] p2]Zo b]zsf &% j6} lhNNffdf cbfnt k'¥ofpg' dfq h:tf] b]lvG5 . lhNNff cbfntx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)$@÷$# b]lv @)%^÷)%& sf] d'2f ef/sf] ;;{tL cWoog ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] !@ eGbf jl9 lhNNff cbfntx?df k|To]s jif{ !)) eGbf klg sd d'2fx? kb{F5g\ .12

cfly{s jif{ @)$@÷)$# b]lv @)%^÷)%& ;Ddsf] d'2fsf] ef/nfO{ cWoog u/]/ cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] cbfntx?nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xx?df ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] lj:t[t ljefhg tflnsf !) df lbOPsf] 5 . tflnsf !)M cbfntx?sf] sfo{af]em

l;=g+ d'2f

cbfnt

;+Vo

f

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] gfd

!= !–%)) & ;'v]{t, h'DNff, afUn'ª, dx]Gb|gu/, lbkfon, t'N;Lk'/, wgs'6f

@= %)!–!))) # g]kfnu+h, Onfd, kf]v/f #= !))!–#))) % j'6jn, lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, /fhlj/fh, x]6f}+8f $= #))!–%))) ! kf6g

;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, 2058 n] k"g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;+Vof 5, 9 jf 14 x"g ;Sg] tLgj^f ljsNkx? ;lj:tf/ k|:t"t u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltj]bg k[=62–74 x]g"{xf];

12 dgfª, d":tfª, *f]Nkf / x"Dnfsf lhNnf cbfntx?df k|To]s jif{ 50 eGbf #l^ ;+Vofdf d"@f btf{ x"G%g\ . To:t} **]nw"/f, jfh"/f, c%fd, *f]^L, bfr"{nf, d"u" / j}t*Ldf klg 100 gfWb}g . x]g"{xf];M cbfnt ;"b[(Ls/)f ;ldltsf k|ltj]bg, 2058 k[=83 .


73

l;=g+ d'2f

cbfnt

;+Vo

f

lhNNff cbfntsf] gfd

!= !–!)) !@ dgfË, d':tfË, /;'jf, 8f]NKff, x'Dnf, 88]nw'/f, jfh'/f, c5fd, 8f]6L, bfr'{nf, d'u', j}t8L

@= !)!–@)) !! sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, DofUbL, h'Dnf, t]x\y'd, Ko'7fg, wgs'6f, ndh'Ë, jemfË, uf]/vf, l;Gw'nL

#= @)!–#)) !# ;f]n'v'Dj', /f]Nkf, kj{t, ;Nofg, kfNkf, g'jfsf]6, wflbË, ?s'd, b}n]v, /fd]5fk, c3f{vf+rL, afUn'Ë ef]hk'/

$= #)!–%)) !( ;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'+uf, vf]6fË, sGrgk'/, dsjfgk'/, s}nfnL, ;'v]{t, tgx'F, bf]nvf, Onfd, tfKn]h'Ë, l;Gw'kfNRff]s, kfrFy/, u'NdL, pbok'/, jlb{of, lrtjg, bfË, :ofªhf

%= %)!–()) ^ eQmk'/, sfe|]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, sf:sL, gjnk/f;L, emfkf

^= ()!–!#)) # ?kGb]xL, slknj:t', jfFs] &= !#)!–!&)) % dxf]Q/L, df]/Ë, l;/fxf, ;nf{xL, k;f{ *= !&)!–@!)) $ jf/f, wg'iff, ;'g;/L, /f}tx6 (= @!)!–@%)) ! ;Kt/L !)= @%)) eGbf dfly ! sf7df8f}+

;|f]t M cbfnt ;'b[l9s/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%* k[= *#–*%.

cWoogn] of] klg b]vfPsf] 5 ls oL cbfntx?df k|lt d'2f vr{ -Pp6f

d'2fsf] nflu /fHon] j]xf]g'{ k/]sf] vr{_ klg km/s km/s b]lvG5 / w]/}h;f] cbfntx?df cd"No dfgj ;|f]t / ef}lts ;fwgsf] gf]S;fg e} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L gf]S;fg e}/x]sf] dfgj ;|f]t / ef}lts ;fwgsf] gf]S;fgL ;+u ;DalGwt cg'ejdf cfwfl/t eP/ l9n} ePklg, xfn sfg"gL ;d"bfosf] jLr Goflos lhNnf -Judicial Districts_ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; e} /x]sf] 5 .

cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldlt b'j}sf k|ltj]bgx?n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntsf d'2f ef/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;Sg] dfgj


74

;+;fwgsf] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\\ / cbfntsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ts{;+ut agfpgsf nflu ;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\\ . t/ cfh;Dd o; ljifodf s]xL klg ePsf] 5}g . o:tf] t/n kl/l:yltdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; kl/of]hgfn] pNo]Vo glthf Nofpg klg ;Sb}g . t;y{ If]q If]qdf ul/Psf k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] atfP h:t} cbfnt ;+/rgfsf] j'l4;+ut JofVof g} dfgj ;+zfwg of]hgf -Planning_ ;DjGwdf klxnf] sbd x'g ;S5 . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cg'dfg / To;sf] cfwf/df ug]{ elgPsf] cbfntsf] ;+/rgf ;DjGwdf pQm k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;'emfjnfO{ nfu' ug]{ s'/fnfO{ lgnDjg ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;'emfj lgsfNg clt s8f kl/>d ul/Psf] ePklg oL cWoogx?n] ljleGg cbfntsf cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf TOP DOWN ljlw cg';/0f u/]sf]n] cbfntsf] ;+/rgf ;DjGwL s'/fsf xsdf lbOPsf ;'emfj jf:tljstfsf] glhs ePsf] b]lvb}gg\ . To;sf ;fy} cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof / ToxfF sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df dfq to ug'{ Tolt oyf{yjfbL x'Fb}g, lsgeg] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ . k|To]s k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNNff cbfntn] e]mln/x]sf ljljw vfn] hl6n ;d:ofx?nfO{ Wofgdf /flv cbfntx?sf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns ljefhgsf ;fy} dfgj ;+;fwg ;DjGwdf ;d'Rrf ?kn] g} k'glj{rf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

sf7df8f}+, lrtjg / lj/f6gu/df cfof]lht If]lqo k/fdz{ e]nfdf pkl:yt w]/} GofofwLzx? / cbfntsf clws[tx?n] Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfd gu/]sf sf/0f pTkGg ;d:ofx? klg cjut u/fP . pQm ;d:ofx? o; k|sf/ 5g\\ M

– ;dod} l/Qm b/aGbLx?df kbk"lt{ gug'{, – sfo{tflnsfsf] cefj, – s;}sf] lgo'lQm jf pDd]bjf/Lsf] pko'Qmtfsf] lgwf{/0fdf hgtfsf]

kx'Frsf] cefj, – of]Uotfsf] d"Nofs+gdf j:t'ut dfkb08sf] cefj cyjf To:tf]

dfkb08sf] cj1f ug]{ k|j[lQ OToflb .


75

;+ljwfg / Gofo kl/ifb P]g / lgodx?n] tf]s] adf]lhd ljleGg cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm ;DjGwL s'/fdf kl/ifb lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ . kl/ifbsf] lgodfjnLn] Goflos kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu j:t'ut dfkb08 x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP klg j:t'ut dfkb08 cg'z/0f ul/of] ls ul/Pg eGg] s'/f ;fj{hlgs x'Fb}g . lhNNff cbfntx?df GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf Ohnf; ;xfosx?sf] kIfdf d'nflxhf x'g] u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . To:t} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm klg s'g} kf/bz{s dfkb08sf cfwf/df x'Fb}g .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf klg lgo'lQmsf] ljifodf To:t} x'G5 . dflyNnf] Goflos cf]xbfdf lgo'lQm ul/g nfu]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] OdfGbf/Ltf, >[hglzntf, of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] dfkg ug]{ s'g} ;+oGq 5}g . To:t} GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf] sfg"gL ;d"bfosf] ;b:on] cfˆgf] pDd]bjf/L lglZrt ug]{ dfu{ jf lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;"rgf g} kfpFb}g . Gofokflnsfdf n}lu+s ;dfgtfdf klg plrt Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . ;?jf

;?jfsf] s'g} j:t'ut dfkb08 gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} vf; cbfntdf ;fdfGotof b'O{ jif{ eGbf jl9 sfd u/]sf GofofwLzx?sf] dgdf y'k|} cGof}nx? pTkGg x'G5g\\ . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] cfˆgf] cg's"n :yfgdf ;?jf x'g kfpg' GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] clwsf/sf] s'/f dflgG5, t/ xfdLsxfF eg] s'g} GofofwLz jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf ug{ nfluPsf] 7fpF p;sf nflu cg's"n 5 5}g eg]/ slxNo} ;f]lw+b}g . ;?jfsf j}slNks k|:tfjx? tof/ u/]/ ;DalGwt GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd slxNo} ul/+b}g . g t ;j}sf nflu cToGt} ljs6 ef}uf]lns :yfgdf ;?jf ug]{ lglZrt dfkb08sf] g} ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;?jfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08 / lglZrt tflnsfsf] cefjdf ;?jfsf] xNnf rn]kl5 -To:tf] xNnf slxn]sfFxL dlxgf+};Dd rNb5_ To;n] cbfntsf] b}lgs sfddf ;d]t afwf kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm sfh k|0ffnL, h'g ;fdfGo sf/0fsf] nflu klg jl9 k|of]udf cfpg] u/]sf] 5, n] klg cbfntsf] sfddf jfwf kfb{5 . Gofo;]jf cfof]u


76

klg Gofokl/ifb em} sfo{tflnsf Jojl:yt ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] s'/f b]lv lnP/ y'k|} cGo sf/0fx?n] cfnf]lrt 5 .

j[ltljsf;

;fdfGotof Gofokflnsfdf k|j]z ug]{ k|To]s GofofwLz jf sd{rf/Lx? ;j}n] k]zfdf cfkm\gf] k|ult / j[lQljsf; af/]df cf—cfkm\g} cg'dfg u/]sf x'G5g\ . sd{rf/Ldf x'g] o:tf] cg'dfg g} jf:tjdf p;sf] Ifdtf / of]Uotf clej[l4 ug]{ k|d'v rfnszlQm klg xf] / olb k|0ffnL bf]ifk"0f{ 5}g eg] of]Uo, OdfGbf/ / >[hglzn JolQmx? cfkm"n] cg'dfg u/]sf] ;dodf g} cfˆgf] nIodf k'Ug ;S5g\\ . ;+ljwfgn] æj9'jfÆ eGg] zJb k|of]u gu/]sf]n] lhNnf cbfntdf sfd ul//x]sf GofofwLzx? k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgo'Qm x'g of]Uo 5g\\ eg] o;n] j[ltljsf;df k|lts"n c;/ kfb}{g . ;+ljwfgn] Gofo kl/ifbnfO{ GofofwLzx?sf] 5gf}6 / kbf]GgtLsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx?sf] xsdf eg] pQm lhDd]jf/L Gofo ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf rf+lx pQm sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf GofofwLzx?sf] j[ltljsf; s/Lj s/Lj /f]lsPsf] 5 . pgLx?n] dflyNnf] kbdf lgo'lQm x'g' eGbf klxn] Pp6} txdf bzsf+} -s;} s;}n] t jL; jif{ eGbf a9L_ ;Dd sfd ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . aiff}{;Dd b/aGbLx? vfnL g} /x]sf 5g\ . lhNNff cbfntdf GofofwLz lgo'lQmsf] oflGqs / sfd rnfpg] dfq vfnsf] k|lqmof / k'g/fj]bsLo txdf lgo'lQm ubf{ klg s]jn Ho]i7tfsf] cfwf/df dfq lgo'lQm ul/g] k|lqmofn] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf ljk/Lt dfq sfd u/]sf] 5}g a? æGofonfO{ :jtGq / ;Ifd k|0ffnLÆ agfpg ;d]t 7"nf] cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ ;+ljwfgn] of]Uo / ;Ifd GofofwLzx?sf] ;§fdf Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf] Gofokflnsf agfpg] kl/sNkgf s+xL klg u/]sf] 5}g . klxn]b]lv g} j9L sfo{jf]em eO{ /x]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf /x]sf l/Qm b/jGbLx?n] ubf{ d'2f km5\of}{6sf] ult l;lyn e} /x]sf] 5 . GofofwLzx? / g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf jLrsf] df}g t/ :ki6 ljt[i0ff g} j[lQljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf] sf/0f


77

b]lvPsf] 5, h'g s'/f sf7df8f}+, lrtjg / lj/f6gu/df ePsf GofofwLz / clws[tx?sf k/fdz{ e]nfdf :ki6 ?kdf k|s6 ePsf] lyof] .

Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx?sf] j9'jfsf] ;Gbe{df cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] pgLx?sf] csf]{ txdf j9'jf ;fdfGotM !) jif{df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fhkq cgls+t k|yd / lålto >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf klg Tolt g} ;do kl5 x'G5 . t/ /fhkq cg+lst t];|f] / rf}yf] >]0fLsf] xsdf eg] ulDe/ cj/f]w b]lvG5 . of] g} xfnsf] d'2fsf] k|lqmofdf k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg y'k|} sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ ;jeGbf j9L cj/f]w ePsf] If]q h:tf] b]lvG5 .13 cGo ;]jfaf6 otf cbfntdf

cfO{ :yfoL ?kdf sfd ug]{ cGo sd{rf/Lx? / ljz]if1x?sf] xsdf klg j9'jfsf] cj:yf s/Lj s/Lj To:t} g} b]lvG5 .

;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg

:jtGqtfsf] l;4fGt ;+u;+u} k|To]s cbfntsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sfo{ut :jfoQtfsf] s'/f klg cfpF5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 s'g} cbfntn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L d'2fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] gu/];Dd o; dfly s'g} afwf cj/f]w ug'{ jf clwsf/ ;DkGg dflyNnf] cbfntn] klg o;sf] sfddf s'g} x:tIf]k ug'{ x'Gg . h] ePklg Goflos :jfoQtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ qmddf olb o;n] ;Ldf gfWof] eg] o;n] cbfnt k|0ffnLnfO{ c/fhstf tkm{ n}hfg ;S5 . cg'udg / d"Nofs+gsf] k"0f{ cefjn] ubf{ cfzfltt kl/0ffd t k/} hfcf];, jt{dfg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] uDeL/ b'?kof]unfO{ klg lgDTofpg ;S5 .

Gofo k|zf;g P]g / cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?n] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f ug]{ jGbf]j:t ug'{sf ;fy} k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f dftxt cbfntx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . t/ sfdsf] ;xL sfo{ ljj/0f -ljefhg_ sf] cefjdf cbfntsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f sdhf]/ / k|efjxLg /x]sf] 5 eg] dflyNnf] cbfntn] ug]{ elgPsf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f klg s]jn ;+:sf/ dfq aGg k'u]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfsf cfwf/df d"Nofs+g / cg'udg ug]{ sfd tl/sfa4 9+un] cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . 13 cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, k[i^ 139 x]g"{xf]; .


78

GofofwLzx?sf] sfdsf] ;xL d"Nofs+g ug{ y'k|} dfkb08x? to ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf dfkb08x? dWo] s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\\ M

– sfg"g / ghL/sf] kfngf, – lg0f{osf] u'0f:t/, – GofofwLzsf] sfd k|lt ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] wf/0ff, – cbfnt aflx/ lghsf] Jojxf/, cflb . zfxL Gofo ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg nufot y'k|} cWoogx?af6 ul/Psf

l;kmfl/zx?sf afjh'b klg GofofwLzx?sf] sfdsf] d"Nofs+gsf nflu j:t'ut dfkb08sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5}g .14 cbfntdf sfo{/t clws[tx?sf] ;Gbe{df

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodx?n] sd{rf/L / ;'kl/j]Ifsx?n] k|To]s jif{ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf sfo{ ;+kfbg d"Nofs+g kmf/fd eg'{ kg]{ k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ klg sfof{no ;DjGwL cf}krfl/stfdf dfq lnOPsf] 5 . k|foM ;j} cj:yfx?df sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd / sfo{ Ifdtf cf}ift eGbf tn g} lsg gxf];, pgLx?n] k"0ff{Í g} kfpF5g\\, t/ ;+u7gsf] ;du| sfo{;+kfbg / To;sf] u'0f:t/ eg] k|foM ;w}e/L Go"g g} b]lvPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] cf}krfl/stfn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ Ifdtf j[l4df s'g} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sb}g .

pRr cWoog / tflnd

ljutdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?n] obfsbf ef/t / t];|f] b]zdf ;d]t pRr cWoog ug]{ cj;/ kfpg] u/]sf lyP . Gofokflnsfn] of] cj;/sf] kmfObf p7fP/ cfˆgf GofofwLzx? / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pRr cWoogdf k7fp+Yof] . xfn;Dd ljleGg cbfntsf al9df !^ GofofwLzx?n] ljleGg ljifodf ef/t tyf cGo b]zx?af6 sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\\ . o;sf cltl/Qm (! hgf GofofwLzx?n] cGo ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\\ . lhNnf cbfntsf @ hgf GofofwLz / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf ! hgf clws[tn] ljBfjfl/lwsf] 14 k|ltj]bgsf] k[i& 42–43 / 137–139 x]g"xf];\ .


79

pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sf 5g\\ . k/fdz{ e]nfdf w]/} GofofwLzx? sfg"gdf pRr pkflwsf] cWoog jf tflnd sfo{qmd dfkm{t cfˆgf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ OR5's /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 emlNsPsf] lyof] .

t/ b'vMb s'/f s] 5 eg] ;/sf/n] ljut s]xL jif{b]lv Gofokflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx? / GofofwLzx?nfO{ pRr cWoogsf] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{ 5f8]sf] 5 . b]z d} sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ cWoogsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePkl5 s]xL clws[tx?nfO{ tnjL cWoog ljbf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . t/ Tof] klg xr'jfsf] e/df ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cg';Gwfg / of]hgf dxfzfvf;+u dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljlzli6s/0fsf] s'g} of]hgf 5}g, g t sfg"gsf] pRrtd pkflw k|bfg ug]{ jf ul//x]sf ;+:yfx?;+u s'g} cGtlqm{of jf ;~rf/ ;Dks{ g} 5 . Gofokflnsfdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / ljlzli6s/0fsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf cfjZostfx? ;DaGwL s'g} cflwsfl/s gLlt 5}g .

To;sf/0f pRr cWoogdf uPsf JolQmx?n] klg cfˆgf ?rLsf If]qdf ljlzli6s/0f u/]/ cfpF5g\\, t/ Gofokflnsfsf] efjL cfjZostfsf jf/]df s]xL Wofg lbb+}gg\ . o; ;DaGwL cflwsfl/s gLlt tyf k'g/fj]bg / lhNNff cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf, zt{ / cGo ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug]{ P]gdf /x]sf] Psbd k/+Dk/fjfbL / lj/f]wfef; k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg] gLltsf] cefjdf GofofwLzx?sf] pRr cWoogsf nflu aflx/ hfg jf sfg"gL n]v÷b:tfj]hx? l;h{gf ug{ ;]jfsflng ljbf lng] df}sf Psbd lg/fzfhgs 5 .

Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| @)#* ;fn -h'g !(*@_ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf], h;n] cbfntsf sd{rf/L nufot g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg u5{, tyfkL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljz]if ;d"xsf] nflu pko'Qm tflnd sfo{qmd to ug{ ah]6 ;DaGwL sl7gfO{, :JffoQtf, ljz]if1tf OTofbLsf] sldn] ubf{ o;n] Gofo If]qsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflnd ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;xL 9+un] ;Djf]wg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g.

ljut Ps jif{ otf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?åf/f GofofwLzx? / cbfntsf clws[tx?sf nflu y'k|} tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6\|;+l3o ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf Gofokflnsf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgfÙ 8]gdfs{


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;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmdx? -DANIDA/ HUGOU) PlzofnL ljsf; j}+s4f/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd cGtu{t of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d'x / k/fdz{bftf o'lgSj]i6 -UniQuest Pty.Ltd._ h:tf ;+yfx?n] cled"lvs/0f sfo{qmd, tflnd sfo{qmd tyf GofofwLzx?sf nflu cWoog e|d0f ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u lb+b} cfPsf 5g\\ .

o;sf ;fy} sfg"gsf ljleGg If]qx?df sfd ul//x]sf y'k|} u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? h:t}M GofofwLz ;dfh g]kfn, Pro- Public, CeLRRD / Gofo d~rn] kmf}hbf/L Gofo, jftfj/0f sfg"g / Gofo, n}lu+s Gofo / jfn Gofosf ljleGg kIfx?dfyL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\\ . o:tf s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] bft[ ;+:yfx? h:t} DANIDA, Ford Foundation cflbsf] ;xof]udf GofofwLzx?nfO{ ljleGg p2]Zod"ns uf]i7Ldf ;xeflutf / cbfntL k|lqmofsf] cjnf]sgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf ug{ rf;f] lnb+} cfPsf5g\\ .

oL sfo{qmdx? GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfˆgf cfˆgf If]qdf ?rL Pj+ r]tgf hufpg s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . GofofwLzx? / clws[tx?nfO{ lbg' kg]{ Jofks tflndsf] cfjZostfnfO{ x]bf{ cem j9L ;'b[9 / of]]hgfa4 k|oTgx?sf] cfjZostf 5 . To:t} ljb]zdf ul/g] cWoog Pj+ cjnf]sg e|d0f klg s'g} lglZrt of]hgf ljgf g} ;~rfng e} /x]sf 5g\\ .

clxn];Dd Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] tflnddf w]/} clws[tx? ;xefuL e};s]sf 5g\\ . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] bzf{P cg';f/ To;/L Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb| cGtu{t tflnd lng] clws[tx?sf]] k|ltzt cf}iftdf $( 5 . t/ /fhkq cg+ls+t sd{rf/Lx? dWo] @%Ü n] dfq slDtdf Psk6s To:tf] tflnd lng kfPsf 5g\\ .15 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s'g} >]0fLdf ljefhg

gul/ tflnd lbg] ;DaGwL s'g} gLlt 5}g . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lx? cem klg tflndsf] k|ltIffdf 5g\\, h'g pgLx?sf]

;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu / sfd k|ltsf] wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos 5 . b'ef{Uojz, cfh tflndx? vfnL sd{rf/Lx?sf] j9'jf;+u dfq ;DaGw /fVg] vfnsf x'g uPsf 5g\ . ltgLx?nfO{ lglZrt If]qdf sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ jf Ifdtf ljsf;sf] 15 cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*Ù k[i7 !@& –!@* x]g'xf];\ .


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cj;/sf] ?kdf lnO{b}g . tflndx? s'g} pkflw xfl;n ug]{ s'/f;+u hf]l8Psf 5}gg\, g t ltgLx? Gofo ;]jfdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf s'g} dfu k'/f ug{ to ul/Psf 5g\\ . cWoogzLn GofofwLzsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cf/De ug{ / To;nfO{ j9fjf lbg jt{dfg Gofokflnsf ;Ifd b]lvPsf] 5}g, g t o'jf clws[tx?nfO{ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / >[hgzLntfsf nfuL k|]l/t ug{ g} ;Ifd 5 . /fli6\|o Goflos k|lti7fg cWofb]zsf] xfn}sf] 3f]if0ff ;+u} tflnd sfo{qmdx?nfO{ al9 Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{sf nflu Pp6f cg's"n cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

dfyL pNn]v eP h:t} /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] 7"nf] pkl:yltn] Gofokflnsfsf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] If]qdf w]/} ;d:of l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] rf}yf] >]0fLsf /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof s6f}tL ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] eP klg xfd|f cbfntx?df w]/} To:tf dflg;x? cem} sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . ;fy} /fhkq cg+lst cGo >]0fLx?df sfo{/t w]/} sd{rf/Lx?df plrt sfg"gL lzIffsf] cefj 5 . of] d'VotM s]xL jif{ cl3 d'n'sdf sfg"gsf] k|lj0ftf k|df0f–kq txsf] k4tL x6fpgfn] o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . cfh cbfnt k|j]z ug]{ To:tf sd{rf/Lx? sfg"gdf cglj1 x'G5g\\ . pgLx? cbfntL k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg ljgf g} cbfnt k|j]z u5{g . Jofks ;]jf k|j]z jf ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] k|fjwfgsf] cefjdf cbfntx?sf] b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf 7"nf] ;d:of pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 . k'/:sf/ / b08

k'/:sf/ / b08 k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ Gofo kl/ifb Tolt k|efjsf/L b]lvb}g . ;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx?nfO{ ;]jfd'Qm ug]{ ;+be{df d'VotM b'O{j6f cfwf/x? ls6fg ub{5 M– sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj / v/fj cfr/0f . clxn];Dd s]xL GofofwLzx?nfO{ pgLx?n] kl/ifb ;dIf r9fPsf] /flhgfdfsf cfwf/df klg ;]jfd'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ;]jf d'Qm ug]{ k|rngnfO{ jf:tjdf ;]jfd'Qm ug]{ Pp6f df}g ljlwdfq dfGg ;lsG5, lsgeg] To;/L ;]jfd'Qm ul/g] cfwf/ slxNo} ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] x'b}g .

cbfntsf /fhkqfls+t sd{rf/Lx? / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf / j9'jfsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ Gofo ;]jf cfof]u sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg'zf;g l;t ;DalGwt csf]{


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r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] To;;+u k/fdz{ gu/L x6fpg ;Sb}g . cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ljifox? / ;]jf zt{x? lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5'§} lgodx?sf] cefjdf k'/:sf/ / b08 Joj:yf nfu" ug{ cK7\of/f] k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Gofo ;]jf cfof]u;+u / cGo cbfntx?;+u /fd|f] ;dGjosf] cefjn] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / j9'jf , b08 Pj+ k'/:sf/sf dfkb08sf] kl/rfngsf] ;d:ofnfO{ cem hl6n agfO{ lbPsf] 5 .

ª= cbfnt Joj:yfkg -cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, of]hgf, sfo{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ / gof+

k|ljlwsf] cf/De_

jt{dfg o'u Joj:yfkgsf] o'u ePsf]n] plrt Joj:yfkg ljgf jfl~5t pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;lsb+}g . Joj:yfkgsf] o'udf pRrtd glthf xfl;n ug{ >d, ;Lk, >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u a'l4dfgLk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ug{' kb{5 . o; cy{df Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtn] Ifdtf / pknlJwsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} ;sf/fTds glthf k|bfg u5{ . cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf klg ToxL ;}4flGts kl/sNkgf ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'G5 .

lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf lgldQ cbfnt Joj:yfkgnfO{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf b'O{ vDjf– ælhDd]jf/L / kf/blz{tfÆ cfjZos k5{ .

cbfnt Joj:yfkg cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg, ef}lts ;fdfu|L, ah]6, cf}hf/ Pj+ pks/0fx?, cg'udg / d"Nofs+gsf kIfx? nufot Gofo ;+kfbg ;+oGqsf] Joj:yfkg kb{5g\\ . of]hgf, ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf, ;dGjo / ;Dk|]if0f ;+u klg cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DalGwt x'G5 . cbfnt Joj:yfkg Gofo k|0ffnLsf pkef]Qmfx?sf nflu ldqjt, pTkfbs / k|efjsf/L x'g' k5{ . of] cg';Gwfg / j}1flgs tYof+sx?df cfwfl/t x'g' k5{ .

g]kfndf at{dfg d'2f Joj:yfkg sfdrnfp lsl;dsf] dfq 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] of]hgfj4 ljsf; z'? ePsf] 5}g . ljutdf cbfnt Joj:yfkg / cGo ljljw kIf;+u ;DalGwt s]xL cg';Gwfgx? ePsf lyP, t/ ltgLx?sf]


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lgisif{nfO{ Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 nfu" ug]{ k|oTg slxNo} ul/Pg . To;}n] w]/}h;f] k|ltj]bgx?n] nuftf/ pxL ;d:ofnfO{ cf+}NofPsf 5g\\ . s]xL k|ltj]bgx?n] cbfnt Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf ljlwx?sf] jf/]df ;d]t ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\\ . k|ltj4tfx? ;lhn} JoQm ul/G5g\\ t/ oyfy{df ltgLx?nfO{ nfu" ug]{ kIfdf w]/} pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] kfO{b}g .

g]kfnL Gofokflnsfsf sfd / ultljlwx? j}1flgs tYofs+ / ;xL cf+s8fdf cfwfl/t 5}gg\ . Gofo k|zf;g ;DjGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof cj}1flgs, s]lGb|s[t / :jljj]sdf cfwfl/t b]lvg] 5g\\ . Gofo k|zf;gleq lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/sf] ;xL k|Tofof]hg 5}g . Gofokflnsfsf] ;+:yfut :d[lt Psbd l;ldt 5 . lhDd]jf/L jxgsf] l;df ;:+yfut cfjZostf d'tfljssf] 5}g .

s'g} sfg"gsf] kl/jt{g gu/Lsg klg ;?jf, j9'jf / cjsf;sf ;DaGwdf sfo{tflnsf k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu 7"nf] ah]6sf] cfjZostf klg kb}{g . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg Gofokflnsfn] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx?df j}1flgs sfo{ tflnsf nfu" ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf clxn];Dd klg 8f6fj]; -Data base_ nfu" ul/Psf] 5}g .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] pbf/ / km/flsnf] clwsf/If]qsf] sf/0f o;df lbgfg'lbg d'4fsf] jf]em al9/x]sf] 5 . t/ o; kIfdf clxn];Dd s'g} Wofg uPsf] h:tf] b]lv+b}g. cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo sfo{ eg]sf] d'2f Joj:yfkg xf] . d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu d'2fsf] btf{ b]lv lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx? ;/n agfpg' k5{ . cbfnt k|of]ustf{sf nflu ldqjt sfo{ljlw / k4lt cg';/0f ug'{k5{ . cbfntdf ;xfos sd{rf/L / clws[tx?sf] sfo{ z}nLnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] ltgLx? dWo] clwsf+z hgtfsf ;]jssf] ?kdf geP/ dflns h:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g . Gofokflnsfn] cbfntdf /xg] zfvf / sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cbfnt sfo{ ljj/0f lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf tof/ kf/]sf] eP klg To;nfO{ ;xL 9+un] cg'z/0f ul/Psf] 5}g . d'2f Joj:yfkg k4lt cl:tTjdf g} 5}g . Pp6f d'2fsf] 6'+uf] nufpg jiff}{ nfU5 . km]/L d'2fsf] lg0f{o kZrft klg To;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g Hofb} l9nf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 .


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k|To]s cbfntdf km};nf e};s]sf d'2fx?sf] ldl;n /fVg] clen]v zfvf x'G5 . t/ Toxf+ sfd ug]{ tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] ckof{Kttf, kof{Kt / ;'/lIft :yfgsf] cefj / kof{Kt b/fhx?sf] sld h:tf w]/} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ clen]v k|0ffnL Psbd bogLo cj:yfdf 5 . d'2f bfo/ ug]{ k|0ffnL klg Psbd k'/ftgjfbL 5 . d'2f btf{ lstfj xft}n] tof/ ul/Psf / Psbd cj}1flgs 5g\\ . w]/} kmfObfx?sf] afa'h'b klg kmfon ug]{ ljB'lto k|0ffnL / btf{ ug]{ l8lh6n k4lt z'? ul/Psf] 5}g . sfg"gL b[li6sf]0fn] d"Nojfg ePklg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf km};nfx? clt yf]/} ;+Vofdf dfq - ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{osf] s/Lj %Ü_ k|sflzt x'G5g\\ . km};nfsf ljB'lto k|ltlnlk agfOPsf 5}gg\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf klg sDKo"6/ g]6jls{Ë 5}g . Gofokflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{ tYof+s ePsf] Central data base /fVg] s'/f ;f]rfO{ eGbf aflx/sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfˆg} j]e;fO{6 eP klg ToxfF k|z:t hfgsf/L kfOb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;fIf/ ePsf GofofwLzx? / sd{rf/Lx? klg w]/} 5}gg\ .

Goflos lg0f{osf] ljnDjnfO{ km};nf n]Vg] sfddf x'g] ljnDjn] cem uDeL/ jgfPsf] 5 . o:tf] l9nfO{n] GofonfO{ kx'Fr eGbf 6f9fsf] agfO{ lbG5 . ;'g'jfO{ k|lqmof / Gofo ;+kfbg k|lqmof oflGqs / nfdf 5g\\ . d'2f cl3 j9fpg] qmddf / d'4f ;'g'jfOdf ;dosf] Joj:yfkg kIf Psbd sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . o:tf] sfdsf nflu af/ / a]~rn] Psn] csf]{nfO{ bf]if nufpF5g\\ . ;'g'jfO{sf] :yugdf j]Gr al9 pbf/ b]lvG5 / clwsf+z sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] a]~rsf] o:tf] v's'nf] ;bf;otfsf] kmfObf p7fpF5g\ . sltko d'2fx?df t GofofwLzsf] df]ntf]n ;d]t x'G5 elgG5 . cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ Psbd l9nf] ul/ kfngf ul/G5 . ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/Lx? pk/sf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f k|efjsf/L 5}g .

nueu ()Ü hlt lhNNff cbfntsf km};nfx? xftn] n]lvG5g . sltko lhNNff cbfntx?df 6fOk/fO{6/ ;d]t 5}gg\ . ;j} k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;d]t km};nf tof/ ug{ sDKo"6/sf] ;'ljwf 5}g . s]xL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?nfO{ ev{/} Ps jf b'Oj6fsf b/n] sDKo"6/ lbOPsf] 5 . Tof] klg l;ldt k|of]hgsf nflu dfq .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf afx]s afFsL ;j} cbfntx?df sfg"g Joj;foLx?af6 d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f lng] k|0ffnL 5}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf klg of] cEof; l/6


85

lgj]bgdf dfq l;ldt 5 . d'2fsf] clGtd km};nf ;Dd lg/Gt/ cg'udgsf] vfFrf] 5 . s'g} cbfntdf klg :jrflnt ?kdf d'2fsf] cg'udg ug]{ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g .

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf cg';Gwfg / of]hgf dxfzfvf cnUu} ePklg o;sf] lqmofsnfk ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ / GofofwLzx?sf] jflif{s clwj]zg ;~rfng ug'{df l;ldt 5 . of] zfvfdf tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lx? 5}gg\ / of] kof{Kt >f]t ;fwg ;+kGg klg 5}g . of] ;d:ofn] ubf{ Gofokflnsfdf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx? ljsf; ul/Psf 5}gg\ . lhNNff cbfntx?df k':tsfno 5}gg\ . xfnsf] ljlgof]lht ah]6n] sfg"gsf k':tsx? / /fhkq ;Dd klg lsGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf k':tsfnox?df ;Lldt kf7\o ;fdfu|L 5g\\ . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf s'g} klg k':tsfnodf sfg"g ;+jGwL ljljw klqsfx? / zf]w klqsfx? 5}gg\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k':tsfno klg ;'ljwfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] kof{Kt 5}g, g t kf7\o ;fdfu|Lsf] lx;fjn] g} ;+kGg 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k':tsfnodf s'g} cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g ;DjGwL hg{n / ;fdlos klqsf ;d]t k|fKt 5}gg\ . kof{Kt cg';Gwfg ;fdfu|L ljgf :t/Lo km};nf n]Vg sl7g x'G5 .

cbfnt Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df csf]{ rf;f]sf] If]q xf], ef}lts ;fwgsf] plrt of]hgf, h'g cfh ePs} 5}g . ;j} sfdx? sfd rnfp eGg] vfnsf dfq 5g\\ . ePsf] l;ldt ah]6 k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;'lgof]lht 9+uaf6 k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .

GofofwLz / cGo clws[tx? tyf sd{rf/Lx? jLr ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ;xL 9+un] Jojl:yt 5}g . o;n] cbfntsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;'rf??kn] ;+rfng ug]{ s'/fdf k|efj kfb{5 . To;sf/0f cbfnt k|zf;gnfO{ dha't agfpg /lhi6«f/ / ;x–/lhi6«f/ ;fy} cGo clws[tx?sf] lgoldt cGt/lqmof, e]63f6 cfof]hgf ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .

cbfnt kl/;/ / sf]7fx?;Ddsf] kx'Fr Jojl:yt 5}g / lgoldt ul/Psf] klg 5}g . cbfnt ejgx?sf] ;+ef/ klg clt bogLo 5 . ;/;kmfO{ csf]{ ;d:of xf] . cbfntsf] ;+ef/ / ;]jfsf] nflu 5'§} zfvf tf]lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntsf >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx?sf lqmofsnfksf] plrt cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] cefj 5 .


86

oL sd{rf/Lx? cbfntsf dxTjk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfos x'g . pgLx?nfO{ tflnd lbg] / plrt cg'zf;g l;sfpg] ljifodf s'g} Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g .

ah]6sf] kl/lwdf /x]/ ul/g] vr{sf] k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ s'g} h?/L / ckl/xfo{ sfd k/L cfPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] nflu cfjZos /sdsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{df ;d:of pTkGg x'g hfG5 . e}/x]sf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;d'lrt dd{t ;Def/ ug]{lt/ eGbf gofF ;fdfu|L lsGg]lt/ al9 rf;f] b]vfOPsf] kfO{G5 .

r= ;]jf k|jfx / hgcf:yfM Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6tf o;nfO{ k|fKt clVtof/Lsf] cfwf/df k/LIf0f x'g] geP/ o;jf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;f] sf] cfwf/df lgld{t hgcf:yfsf] cfwf/df x'G5 . Gofokflnsfn] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg, hgtfsf] rfxgf, sfg"gL Joj:yf / hgk|ltlglwx?åf/f k|bQ clVtof/L leq /x]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] ;Dkfbgn] Go"gtd nfut / kl/>ddf oyf;dodf ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L / :jR5 Gofo x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hgfp5 . Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yfsf] s'/f ubf{ /fHosf c? c+ux?sf] t'ngfdf cem}klg Gofokflnsf k|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / e/f];f a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 oBlk of] ck]Iff ul/P cg'?k 5}g xf]nf . t/ olQs}df ;Gtf]if lnP/ a:g] cj:yf eg] 5}g . cfjZostf cg';f/ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L 9+ujf6 ;]jf k|bfg u/]/ hgcf:yf j[l4 ug{ w]/} k|of;x? ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} Gofokflnsfjf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] oyf;dodf Gofo k|bfg ug'{ xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v ;/f]sf/ d'2fsf] km};nf ;dodf ug'{ xf] . t/ tf]lsPsf] ;do leq d'2fsf] km};nf ug{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df lgs} ufx|f] 5 . o;}n] klg Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf x|f; e}/x]sf] 5 . olb Goflos k|lqmof o:t} u/L nfdf], em0eml6nf] / vlr{nf] x'g] xf] eg] cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] ljifodf pkrf/sf nflu hgtf u}/Goflos ;+:yfx?df hfg] k|j[lQ j9\g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . Gofokflnsfsf] jt{dfg sfo{l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . Goflos sf/jfxLsf] x/]s r/0fdf l9nfO JofKt 5 . o;}u/L sd nfutdf k|efjsf/L / :jR5 Gofo


87

;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ klg w]/} d'2fx?df x'g g;s]sf] hgu'gf;f] 5 . s] klg u'gf;f] ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] cbfntL sfo{ljlw em0eml6nf] 5 / ePsf km};nfx? klg sd} dfq sfof{Gjog x'G5g\\ . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}slNks -ADR_ k4lt h;n] Goflos k|lqmofdf x'g;Sg] l9nfO / vr{sf] ;d:ofnfO{ w]/}xb;Dd ;dfwfg lbg ;SbYof] Tof] klg plrt 9+udf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cbfntsf GofofwLz, clws[t / cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]j[lQ o;sf pkof]ustf{x? -Users_ k|lt Tolt ;xof]uL x'g;s]sf] 5}g . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ k6s k6s :ylut x'g] k|rng j9\bf] 5 . olb d'2fsf kIfx?n] Gofo k|fKt ug{ jiff}{ nfUg] xf] eg] To:tf] Gofon] cfqmf]; / g}/fZotf l;jfo c? s]xL k}bf ub}{g . jf:tjdf olb xfdLn] plrt ;dodf Gofo k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] l9nfOn] GofonfO{ k/flht u5{ cyf{t l9nf] Gofo lbg' Gofo lbg OGsf/ ug'{ xf] eGg] plQm ;f+rf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfpF5 . clxn] sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] z'Ns tf]Sg] s'g} sfg"g 5}g . To;}n] sltko u/Lj kIfx? s]xL sfg"g Joj;foLx?jf6 kLl8t ePsf 5g\\ . s'g}klg cfrf/xLg lqmofsnfkn] kl/0ffdtM Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7fdf cfFr NofpF5 . o;}u/L d'2fsf txlssftstf{ / cleof]hgstf{sf uNtLx?nfO{ klg slxn] sfFxL cbfntsf] uNtLsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . slxn]sfFxL ;+rf/ dfWoddf x'g] Goflos ;"rgfx?sf] unt k|jfxsf] sf/0fjf6 klg cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxL k|lt ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf e|d / cfz+sf k}bf x'G5 / cGttf]uTjf Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf 36\g hfG5 . o;sf ;fy} s]xL u}/Goflos tTjx?jf6 klg Gofokflnsfsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ k|efljt x'g k'Ub5 . h:tf] åGb nufotsf cGo sf/0fx?n] ubf{ d'2fsf k|ltjfbL / ;fIfLx?nfO{ cbfntn] Dofb ;"rgfx? tfd]n ug{ ;Sb}g h'g d'2f km5\of}{6df l9nfO{ x'g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f e}/x]sf] 5 . slxn]sfFxL cGo ;/sf/L Pj+ :yfgLo lgsfosf] c;xof]usf] sf/0f km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf x'G5 . t/ o;sf nflu klg cf/f]k Gofokflnsfn] g} Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf cjfl~5t u}/Goflos tTjx?jf6 GofokflnsfnfO{ arfpg :j:y d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf Goflos ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] ;+oGq klg Hofb} sdhf]/ 5 . Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf cfh{g ug{ ;''wf/ ug'{ kg]{ csf]{ If]q ToxfF sfo{/t GofofwLz /


88

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg' xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg cGo ljleGg s'/fx?df klg lge{/ ub{5 h;nfO{ o; of]hgfdf 5'6[} ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 . 5= GofoIf]q Ot/sf / Gofo If]q leqsf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;xof]uM ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ Gofo k|bfg ug]{ /fHosf] h'g clwsf/ ljleGg cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox?nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 To:tf] clwsf/sf] ;Dkfbg c? If]qsf ;+:yfx?sf] ;fy{s ;xof]u / ;dy{g ljgf x'g ;Sb}g . Gofo If]q leqsf o:tf ;+:yfx?df k|x/L, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno / sfg"g Joj;foL kb{5g\\ hf] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft Pj+ cleof]hg / jx; ug{df xf];\ cyjf cfjZos sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ug{df xf];\, GofokflnsfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t / ;fwg h'6fpgdf xf];\ cyjf Gofokflnsfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{df xf];\ k|ToIf ?kn] ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g\\ . Gofo If]q;+u ;DjlGwt t/ Gofo If]q jflx/sf cGo ;+:yfx? klg 5g\ hf] Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df k|ToIf?kn] ;+nUg t x'b}gg\ t/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cbfntsf] sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / k|efj kfg]{ ub{5g\\ . o:tf s]xL ;+:yfx?df :yfgLo lgsfo nufotsf cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?, ;+rf/ dfWod, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / bft[ ;+:yfx? kb{5g\\ . ;xof]u eg]sf] b'OtkmL{ cfbfg k|bfgsf] ljifo xf] . ;xof]u ;DaGwL w]/} s'/fx? GofokflnsfnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;xof]usf] k|sf/, o;sf] v'nfkg, c? ;+:yfx?;+u sfd ug]{ OR5f / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ snf cflb h:tf s'/fx?df lge{/ ub{5 . t/ ljleGg ;+:yfx?df cf—cfkm\gf] e"ldsf k|lt plrt ;dembf/Lsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Gofokflnsf / Gofo If]q leq Pj+ jflx/sf ;+:yfx? jLrsf] ;xof]usf] :t/ / ;Ldf k|efljt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . Gofo If]qsf ;+:yfx? dWo] k|x/L, ;/sf/L jlsn / sfg"g Joj;foL ;j}eGbf k|d'v x'g\ . k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt w]/} ;xefuLx?jf6 ljrf/ JoQm ul/Pcg';f/ j}olQms txdf oL ;+:yfx?;+u cbfntsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 t/ ;+:yfut ;Dks{sf nflu ;+oGqsf] cefjdf o; lsl;dsf] j}olQms ;DaGw vf;} glthfd'vL x'g ;s]s]f


89

5}g . Pp6f s] s'/f dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 eg] oBlk Gofo;Dkfbgsf] clGtd hjfkmb]xL cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 t/ cg';Gwfgsf] q'l6 / unt cleof]hgsf] sf/0fn] cbfntsf] of] hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{ sfo{df uDeL/ ;Ldfx? v8f ul/Psf 5g\ . s'g} d'2fdf cbfntn] k'gM cg';Gwfg ug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Pj+ cg';Gwfg unt tl/sfn] ePsf] nfu]df cg';Gwfg s} jvt klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] h'g lsl;dsf] clwsf/ @)$& ;fn ;Dd GofokflnsfnfO{ k|fKt lyof] To:tf] lsl;dsf] clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ xfn gePsf] sf/0fn] cg';Gwfgdf hlt;'s} uDeL/ q'l6 ePklg cbftnn] ;Rofpg ;Sb}g / kl/0ffd:j?k Gofosf] bf]ifnfO{ klg ;'wfg{ ;lsb}g . lhNnf:t/df sfg"gL / cGo ;+:yfx? jLr pko'Qm ;+rf/ / ;dGjosf] cefjsf] sf/0f hg;fwf/0fdf o:tf] 5fk k/]s]f 5 ls Gofo If]q leqsf tLgj6f ;+:yfx? tLg km/s km/s lbzftkm{ bf}l8/x]sf 5g\\ / h;jf6 Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . k|x/L / ;/sf/L jlsnsf] ;xof]u cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ePkl5 klg ;'g'jfOsf] x/]s r/0fdf cfjZos k5{ . h:tf] d'2fsf kIf / ;fIfLx?nfO{ ;dfJxfg tfd]n ug{ Pj+ cbfntjf6 hf/L ePsf] jf/]06 jdf]lhd dfG5] kqmfp ug{ k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u geO x'Fb}g . cbfntn] vf]h]sf] jvt ;fIfL k|df0f k|x/Ln] g} pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|df0fsf] j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu klg k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u ck]lIft /xG5 / cGtdf km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ k|x/Ljf6 cfjZostf cg'?ksf] ;xof]u gkfOPsf w]/} pbf/x0fx? 5g\\ h;n] ubf{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLx? k|efljt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;fIfL pkl:yt u/fpg] / jskq u/fpg] sfo{df ;/sf/L jlsnsf tkm{jf6 klg cfjZostf cg'?ksf] ?rL glnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ :yugsf nflu ;/sf/L jlsnjf6 ul/g] k6s k6ssf] cg'/f]wn] klg cbfntL l9nfOnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] t/fO / dWo kxf8L lhNnfx?df sfg"g Joj;foLsf] kof{Kt pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . s]xL lxdfnL lhNnfx?df dfq sfg"g Joj;foLx? g/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . w]/}h;f] d'2fx? sfg"g Joj;foLx?åf/f bfo/ ul/G5g\\ / lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq Pj+ k'g/fj]bgkq cflbsf] d:of}bfdf ltgLx?s} e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . sfg"g Joj;foLx? ;fIfL k/LIf0fsf ;fy} d'2fsf] jx; / k}/jLdf klg ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g\ . u/Lj Pj+


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c;xfosf lglDt sfg"gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fpgdf klg sfg"g Joj;foL s} ;+:yfsf] hjfkmb]xL /x]sf] x'G5 . sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;fdfGotof Gofo?kL /ysf] b"O kfª\u|f dWo]sf] Pp6f dfGg] ul/G5 . To;}n] Pp6f dfq kfª\u|f -cbfnt_ n] Gofo?kL /ynfO{ ;xL lbzfdf n}hfg ;Sb}g hj;Dd csf]{ kfªu|f -sfg"g Joj;foL_ n] plrt tj/jf6 sfd ub}{{g . s]xL jif{ otf sfg"g Joj;foL / cbfnt jLrsf] cGt/lqmofdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . cbfntsf lgodfjnL cGtu{t cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g kl5 of] k|lqmofdf cem yk jn ldn]sf] 5 . sfg"g Joj;foL;+usf] c;dembf/L / c;xdlt x6fpg o; lsl;dsf] lgoldt cGt/lqmof pkof]uL l;4 ePsf] 5 . t/ Gofosf] :t/Lotfdf c;/ kfg]{ k|d'v tTj rflx+ sfg"g Jofj;foLx?sf] Jofj;flos bIftf xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ eg] la;{g ;ls+b}g . Gofosf] u'0f:tl/otf w]/} xb;Dd sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] u'0f:t/, ltgLx?sf] tfls{s Ifdtf / Jofj;flos cfr/0fdf lge{/ ub{5 . oL s'/fx? lgoldt ?kdf ul/g] e]63f6 / cGt/lqmofjf6 dfq a9\g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu sfg"gL lzIff / sfg"g Joj;foLdf k|j]zsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifbåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] cfwf/ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sfg"g Joj;foLaf6 cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngnfO{ s7f]/ ?kdf cjnDag ul/Pg eg] sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf jLr g} cJofj;flos cfr/0fn] j9fjf kfpg] lglZrt 5 . sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] cdof{lbt / cg}lts cfr/0f lgoGq0f ug{ Pj+ cof]Uo sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ k]zfdf k|j]z ug{jf6 /f]Sg sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghL sfg"g Joj;foL / ;/sf/L jlsn b'j} tkm{jf6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ :yugsf nflu k6s k6s ul/g] cg'/f]w, q'6Lk"0f{ d:of}bf / jx;, ;fy;fy} s]xL sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] k]zfut dof{bf ljk/Ltsf cfr/0f Pj+ rsf]{ z'Ns h:tf ultljlwsf] sf/0f l56f]5l/tf], sd vlr{nf] / k|efjsf/L Gofo ;Dkfbgdf c;/ kl//x]s]f 5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf xfn} ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgjf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBdfg Ohnf; /f]Hg] ;d:of lhNnf cbfntx?df s]xL sd ePsf] 5 t/ klg k'g/fj]bg / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf of] ;d:of /lx/x]sf] sf/0f k6s k6s :ylut ug]{ / l9nfO{ ug]{ k|j[lQ sfod} 5 .


91

GofokflnsfnfO{ cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] klg xflb{s ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] h?/t kb{5 . logLx? dWo] klg sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] e"ldsf cem a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgeg] cbfntsf] ;/sf/;+usf] ;Dks{sf nflu oxL dGqfno hjfkmb]xL x'G5 . Gofosf] :tl/otf j[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg o;}sf] x'G5 . cfh Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] ljleGg ;d:ofx? dWo] k'/fgf] e};s]sf sfg"g / lgodx?sf] ljBdfgtf klg Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of xf] . ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf sfg"g k'g/fjnf]sgsf] k|:tfjn] :yfg kfpg jfFsL g} 5 . ;jn sfg"gL cfwf/ lagf ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g ;Sb}g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 klg sfg"gL ;'wf/sf If]qdf s'g}klg 7f]; sfd gu/L xfdLn] w]/} ;do v]/ kmfn]sf 5f}+ . clxn] b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L / sfo{ljlw sfg"gx?nfO{ cBfjlws t'Nofpg] k|lqmof yfngL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -UNDP_ nfO{ wGojfb lbg} kg]{ x'G5 . cem} klg sd k|fyldtfdf k/]sf] csf]{ If]q xf] ljZjljBfno / cGo cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?;+usf] Gofokflnsfsf] ;DaGw . Gofokflnsf;+u sfg"gL lzIff, cg';Gwfg / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf jf/]df g s'g} gLlt 5 g o:tf ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cfkm\gf] s'g} xft g} 5 . clxn] cbfntdf cfPsf dWo] w]/} d'2fx? hUuf hldg;+u ;DalGwt 5g\\ . hUuf hldgsf] btf{ ;|]:tf nufotsf clen]vx? dfnkf]t, u'7L ;+:yfg / gfkL sfof{nodf /xG5g\\ . t/ oL clen]vx? Jojl:yt ?kjf6 /fVg] / vf]h]sf] jvt kQf nufpg ;lsg] k|lqmofsf] cefjsf] sf/0f hUuf hldg ;DaGwL d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfxL k|efljt ePsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] d'2fx?df cbfntn] lemsfPsf] sfuhkq oL sfof{nox?jf6 gcfPsf] sf/0f jiff}{+;Dd cbfntdf d'2f To;} ylGsP/ /xg' k/]sf] x'G5 . sltko sfof{nox?n] ;dodf hjfkm;Dd lb+b}gg\ . slxn]sfFxL t lwªGofO ug]{ o:tf sfof{nosf clws[t / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cbfntn] hl/jfgf ;Dd klg ug{ jfWo x'g'kb{5 . t/ olt ubf{ klg ;j} jvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lg:sg ufx|f] x'G5 . cbfntnfO{ ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;xof]u klg plQs} h?/t kb{5 . h:tf] ls Dofb tfd]n ubf{, ljjflbt hUufsf] gfkhfFr ubf{, 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf tof/ ubf{, cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ubf{


92

ltgLx?sf] pkl:ylt cfjZos x'G5 . tyflk oL lgsfox?;+usf] ;dGjosf] cefj Pj+ d'n'ssf] Pp6f gful/ssf] x}l;otn] ltgLx?n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{Jo / e"ldsf k|ltsf] ;+r]ttfsf] sldsf] sf/0fn] klg cbfntn] logLx?jf6 ck]lIft ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;s]s]f 5}g . k|hftGqdf Gofokflnsfn] cfkm" PSn} cnu /x]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . o;n] c? If]q;+u klg plrt sfo{;DaGw sfod /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . l9n} ePklg o;s]f cGo cgf}krfl/s If]q;+usf] ;DaGwn] dxTj kfO/x]sf] 5 . oL dWo]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;DjGw ;+rf/If]q;+usf] ;DaGw xf] . jf:tjdf ;+rf/ If]qjf6 ul/g] lgoldt cg'udgn] cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpF5 . cbfnt / ;+rf/ If]q jLrsf] ;DaGwdf eg] w]/} ;d:ofx? 5g\\ . k|ydtM cbfnt;+u ;"rgf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/L k|0ffnL 5}g . w]/} cbfntx?df ;f]wk'5 sIf ;Dd klg 5}g . cGo s]xL cbfntx?df cbfntdf nfUg] b:t'/ / cGo dxTjk"k0f{ ljifodf ;j}n] b]Vg ;Sg] u/L ;"rgf /flvPsf] kfOb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt jfx]s c? s'g}klg cbfntdf k|jQmf 5}g . cbfnt;+u g ;+rf/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? pk/ ljrf/ ug]{ / sf/jfxL ug]{ s'g} 5'6[} ljefu 5 g t k|];sfplG;n tyf cGo ;+rf/ ;+:yfx?;+u s'g} ;Dks{ / ;DaGw 5 . xfn w]/}h;f] ;dfrf/ kqx?n] ;"rgf ;+sngsf nflu sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL xb;Dd o;n] cbfntL sf/jfxLsf jf/]df :j:y ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg g} k'¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ cem klg cbfnt / ;+rf/If]q jLrsf] ;DaGwdf vl6\sPsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;Dk|]lift ;dfrf/sf] ;TotYo osLg ug]{ / k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ;j{yf cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] ;dfrf/x? ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg] cj;/ g} glbO k|;fl/t x'G5g\\ . s'g} j]nf cfwf/lxg ;dfrf/sf jf/]df cbfntjf6 v08g / :kli6s/0f k7fOof] eg] klg tL 5flkb}gg\ hj ls o:tf v08gx? klxn] ;dfrf/ 5flkPs} k[i7 / sf]nddf 5fKg' kqklqsfsf] d"ne"t st{Jo g} dflgG5 . hj ;dfrf/kqx?df cfwf/lxg ;dfrf/x? 5flkG5g\\ o;n] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b[li6df Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7fnfO{ 36fpF5 / cbfnt Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ Gofo k|0ffnL k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf cfFr k'¥ofp+5 .


93

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfhsn kfFrf} /fHosf] ?kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/G5 . oL dWo] w]/} ;+:yfx?n] Gofo If]q / Gofo If]q leqsf] s]xL vf; ljifodf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / Gofo kl/ifb;+u ;xsfo{ u/L Gofo If]qdf sfd ug]{ s]xL pNn]vgLo ;+:yfx?df GofofwLz ;dfh g]kfn, k|f]=klJns, Gofod~r, ;]n8{, dlxnf sfg"g tyf ljsf; d~r -FWLD_, Nofs, g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh cflb 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?n] n}l‹s Gofo, afn Gofo, kmf}hbf/L Gofo, jftfj/0fLo sfg"g / Gofo h:tf sfg"g / Gofosf hNbfjNbf ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{, cGtlqmof, uf]i7L / 5nkmn sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm w]/} bft[ lgsfo / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?n] GofoIf]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ ?rL b]vfPsf 5g\ . UNDP, USAID, ADB, the Asia Foundation, DANIDA h:tf ;+:yfx?n] Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu ulx/f] cle?rL b]vfPsf 5g\ . s]xL c? ;+:yfx? ;fj+{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf d'2fx? p7fpg], dfgj clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug]{ / b08 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg 5g\ . ltgLx? ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / cGo cbfntsf] ;Dks{df slxn]sfxL cfpF5g\ . t/ bft[ lgsfo;+usf] ;DaGwsf] jf/]df 7f]; gLltsf] cefjsf] sf/0f bft[ ;d'bfojf6 kmfObf lng / ltgLx?nfO{ Goflos ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fpg Gofokflnsf c;kmn e}/x]sf] 5 . s] elgG5 eg] Gofo kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] lsNnf leqsf] j:t' -Cloistered Virtue_ xf]Og . of] ;dfh;+u ;fk]lIft x'g'kb{5 . jf:tjdf ;dfhn] g} sfg"g / Gofosf] ?k/]vf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;dfh;+u hLjGt ;DaGw sfod /fVgsf nflu GofofwLzx? ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ljleGg kIfx?;+u kof{Kt ?kdf kl/lrt x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gL k4ltsf] ljsf; / ;Djw{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFg' GofofwLzx?sf] d"ne"t lqmofsnfk leq} kg]{ s'/f xf] . To;}n] GofofwLzsf] ;dosf] l;h{gfTds pkof]usf] ljifonfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kd} dxTj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofgf8f h:tf d'n'sx?df GofofwLzx? ljbfsf] ;dodf ljZjljBfnodf uP/ k|jrg lbg] / k9fpg] ;d]t sfd u5{g\ . xfd|} l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf klg gd"gf sfg"g ljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n]


94

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . h:tf] c;Lsf] clGtd lt/ :yflkt ef/tsf] /fli6«o sfg"g ljBfno -National Law School_ sf] ;+/Ifs ef/tsf k|wfgGofofwLz 5g\ . o;}u/L snsQf, cfGw|k|b]z / /fh:yfgsf d'Vo GofofwLzx?n] klg cf—cfkm\gf] ;DalGwt /fHox?df gd"gf sfg"g ljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf xfn dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . GofofwLzx?åf/f k|lzIf0f lbg], n]Vg] / sfo{kq k|:t't ug]{ ul/gfn] sfg"g ;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg ?kjf6 nfe k'Ug ;Sb5 . GofofwLzx?sf lglDt ljsf; ug{ nfluPsf] ljZjJofkL cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf ;Gbe{df Pp6} dfq ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ ljifo s] 5 eg] ltgLx? s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] :yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf /xg' x'+b}g / cfkm\gf] cbfntsf] ;dodf Jojwfg gcfcf];\ eGg] tkm{ ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 . o; ljifodf klg g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] 7f]; gLlt gePsf] sf/0f GofofwLzx? jLr g} / c? If]qsf JolQmx? jLr cGof}n l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . h= e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0f kl/ro ;fdfGo cf:yf / ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{sf] ;6[f g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] cfh l9nfO / clgoldttf h:tf s'/fx?sf] cfnf]rgf ;xg' k/]sf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhåf/f k|sflzt cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf / ;+rf/ dfWoddf GofokflnsfnfO{ cS;/ u/]/ dGb ultdf rln/x]s]f, ;fj{hlgs cfnf]rgf k|lt s'g} k/jfx gePsf] / ;fj{hlgs 5fgljgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cf}+Nofpg] ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfox?n] ltgLx?sf] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf slxn]sf+xL g]kfnsf] GofokflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] uNtL / clgoldttfx? ;Rofpg g;Sg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . hltj]nf e|i6frf/ lj?4 cf}+nf 78\ofOG5 Toltj]nf Gofokflnsf klg c5'tf] /x]sf] 5}g . w]/} cbfntsdL{x?n] h'g s'/f k|sflzt ul/Psf] x'G5 To;k|lt vf;} jf:tf /fVb}gg\ / ;+rf/ dfWod nufotdf cfpg] ljleGg cfnf]rgfx?nfO{ e|dk"0f{, cbfntsf] jf:tljs ;d:of j'em\b} gj'emL cfwf/lxg tj/jf6 n]lvPsf] eGb} ;txL ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . o;}u/L Gofokflnsfn] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf cfkm\gf] uNtLx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{, cfkm" pk/ nfu]sf]


95

cf/f]ksf] 5fgljg ug]{, s'g} u'gf;f]x? eP ltgsf] lgsf; lbg] / uNtL Pj+ clgoldttfx? ;Rofpg] tyf s'g} jbdf;Lx? ePsf] eP ltgnfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg dfq xf]Og d'n'sjf6} e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd{'n ug{ klg Gofokflnsf leqsf] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] k|Zgdf 5fgljg x'g' h?/L 5 . hj;Dd xfdLn] e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf ePsf] eGg] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] jf cfkm}df ePsf] ;j} kIfx?df cWoog ug]{ / Gofo If]q leqsf Pj+ jflx/sf ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf cfjZostfg';f/ t'?Gt sf/jfxL ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ub{}{gf}+ tj;Dd Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g x'g] ck]Iff klg sd} dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] k|Zg cGo s}og\ k|Zgx?;+u ufFl;Psf] 5 . oL k|Zgx?df ljnDjsf/L cbfntL sfo{ljlw, Gofok"0f{ sfg"gsf] cefj, GofofwLzx?sf] q'l6k"0f{ lgo'lQm k|lqmof, Gofokflnsfsf] hgzlQmsf] egf{ / j[lQljsf;sf] k|lqmof, GofofwLz tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf, d'2f Joj:yfkg / ;]jfsf] :t/df ;'wf/, :jfoQtf / :jtGqtf, cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]t Pj+ k"jf{wf/x?sf] pknAwtf, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;"qkft / k|of]u tyf GofoIf]q / cGo ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u cflb;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] nfUb5 eg] Gofokflnsfdf ul/g] ;'wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 e|i6frf/ Pj+ clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf] k|Zg d'Vo ljifo xf] t/ o; ljifodf ckgfOg] PsfÍL b[li6sf]0f eg] w]/} ;+s'lrt x'g]5 . k|ydtM e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf eGg] s'/f s'g} sfd ug'{ jf gug'{ Pj+ To:tf] kl/l:yltdf Gofokflnsfn] sf/jfxL ug{ g;Sg'sf kl/0ffd x'g\ . s]xL ;d:ofx? cfGtl/s tj/jf6} l;h{gf ul/Psf x'G5g\ t/ cGo s]xL ;d:ofx? eg] Gofokflnsfdf cGoqjf6} y'lk|Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sfg"g Joj;foL, k|x/L, cleof]Qmf, / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox? h:tf Gofokflnsf jflx/sf ;+:yfx?sf] k|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;+:yfx?sf] kf/bzL{ Jojxf/, ;lqmo Pj+ /rgfTds ;xof]u ljgf Gofokflnsfn] PSn} cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L tj/jf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm Gofokflnsf :jo+n] klg cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt t'Nofpg plrt e"ldsf lgefpg' k5{


96

. clxn] b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ s]xL gu/L To;} 5f]8\g ldNb}g . o; ;DaGwdf Gofokflnsfn] pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ 9+un] sfd ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ljifonfO{ 5nkmnsf] Pp6f k|d'v ljifosf] ?kdf lnO{ pko'Qm /0fgLlts pkfox? k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 . If]lqo k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt ;xefuLx?n] w]/} ;d:ofx? p7fPsf lyP h;nfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M—

GofofwLzx?n] k|ltåGbfTds jftfj/0fdf sfd ug'{k5{ hxfF xfg]{ kIfn] slxNo} klg cfkm\gf] d'2f sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f xf/]sf] eg]/ :jLsfb}{g / hlxn] klg cfkm"nfO{ Gofo ePg elg/xG5 . jftfj/0fn] klg To:tf] ;f]rfO{ jgfpg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] l:yltdf hlxn] klg GofofwLzx?sf lj?4df cfwf/lxg ph'/Lx? kg]{ ;+efjgf /xG5 . To;}n] GofofwLzx?n] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/sf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kb wf/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] :jR5tf / lgikIftfdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cfz+sf / clgZro g/xg] u/L sfd ug]{ e/eUb'/ k|of; ug'{k5{ .

;+rf/ dfWoddf cfpg] GofofwLzx? lj?4sf cf/f]kx?nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ GofofwLx?nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg jgfOPsf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;jn jgfOg' kg]{ b]lvG5 tfls GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm / j9'jfdf g}ltstf, kl/>d, sNkgflzntf / :jR5 b[li6sf]0fn] plrt dxTj kfcf];\ . GofofwLzx?nfO{ cgfjZos / cg'lrt tj/n] ;+/If0f ul/Ps]f dx;'; s;}n] ug{ gkfcf];\ . oL ;j} kIfx?df x]g]{ clwsf/ Gofo kl/ifbnfO{ /x]sf] x'Fbf o;n] a9L k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ 9+udf t'?Gt sfd ug'{k5{ .

cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d"n ;d:of ltgLx?sf] ;+Vof / ;]jf zt{sf] sf/0fjf6 l;h{gf x'G5 . k|ydtM cfg'kflts lx;fjn] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] ;+Vof /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] /x]sf] 5 hf] sfg"g / Gofosf] ljifodf sRr} 5g\ . bf];|f], cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ;/x ltgLx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf klg ;f]xL lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL g} nfu' x'g] ePsf]n] Goflos kbflwsf/Lx? h;sf] dftxtdf ltgLx?n] sfd u5{g\ :jtGq tj/n] b08 / k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf 5}gg\ .


97

GofofwLzx? aLr ePsf] 5nkmndf s] s'/f b]lvof] eg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u k/fdz{ ug]{ k|0ffnL x6fOg'kg]{ / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] of]Uotf / ;]jfsf] zt{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5'6[} lgodfjnL jgfOg' kg]{ wf/0ff k|jn aGb} cfPsf] 5 . /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?sf] c;dfg'kflts ;+VofnfO{ 36fP/ dgfl;j ;Ldf leq NofOg'k5{ / cbfntnfO{ qmdzM clws[td"ns agfOg'k5{ .

cbfntx? ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf] ljifodf Psbd sdhf]/ 5g\ . cbfntdf hfg] dWo] yf]/}n] dfq cfkm"n] u/fpg rfx]sf] sfd s'g zfvfn] x]5{ egL kQf nufpg ;Sb5g\ . hgtf klg cbfntjf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfx?sf] jf/]df ;r]t 5}gg\ . To;}n] ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofOg'k5{ . o; jfx]s ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf;+u Jojxf/ ug]{ cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? ;lhn} klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ / cbfntsf sf]7fx?nfO{ klg gDj/ lbOg'k5{ tfls hgtfn] cfkm\gf] sfd;+u ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ t'?Gt e]6\g ;sf];\ .

w]/} cbfntx?df ph'/L k]l6sf 5}g / ePs} 7fpFdf klg cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x? ph"/L v;fNg k|f]T;flxt kfOb}gg\ . c:j:y sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ;x]/ gj;L olb ph'/ ug'{kg]{ s'g} ljifo 5 eg] ph'/ ug]{ ltgLx?sf] st{Jo k|lt ltgLx?nfO{ ;';"lrt ul/g' kb{5 . ph'/L k]l6sfx? s]jn Joy{sf] b]vfj6L xf] eGg] ;f]rfO x6fpg cbfntx?n] oyfzSo k|oTg ug'{k5{ .

lanDjsf/L cbfntL sfo{ljlwn] ubf{ sfg"gsf] c:j:y k|of]unfO{ 7fpF agfO lbPsf] 5 kmn:j?k clgoldttf a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg] k|oTg ul/g'k5{ / cbfntL km};nfjf6 k|efjsf/L pkrf/ kfOg] s'/fsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfgåf/f cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt lgod agfpg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ / cbfntx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlwut lgodx? pknAw u/fO lbg' kb{5 .

Gofokflnsfn] cg'udg / ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cfGtl/s ;+oGq ljsf; ug'{k5{ h;jf6 cltoldttfx?nfO{ /f]Sg jf sd ug{ ;lsof];\ .

w]/} cbfntx?df ckof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] sf/0f cfjZosLo cbfntL ;]jfx? klg cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 5g\ .


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cbfntx? o;sf pkof]ustf{x?jf6 sfuh / kmfOn lng jfWo 5g\ h;n] ubf{ Gofokflnsf k|lt g} unt wf/0ff l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 .

ah]6sf] cefjsf] sf/0f cbfntdf w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] sf]6{ lkmx? ;dodf lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ah]6 s} ;Lldttfn] ubf{ cbfntdf km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ klg k|efljt aGg uPsf] 5 .

kmf]6f]slk d]l;g, sDKo"6/ h:tf pkof]ustf{ d}qL k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfjf6 cbfntL ;]jfnfO{ l56f]5l/tf] / e/kbf]{ agfpg d2t ldN5 .

;'wf/sf oL ;dfGo If]qx?sf] cnfjf If]qLo k/fdz{ sfo{qmdsf jvt

;xefuLx?n] dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuåf/f cf}+NofOPsf slyt cfly{s clgoldttfsf] k|Zg klg p7fPsf lyP . w/} ;xefuLx?n] vr{nfO{ clgoldt hgfpg'sf] k5fl8 n]vfkl/Ifsx?sf] gsf/fTds wf/0ffnfO{ lhDd]jf/L 7x/fP . h:tf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb s'g} hl/jfgf nfu]sf] km/f/ kIf kqmfp k/\of] t/ p;n] hl/jfgf lt/]g eg] hl/jfgf glt/] jfkt p;nfO{ sf/fuf/df k7fOG5 . sf/fuf/df j;]sf] cjlwnfO{ hl/jfgf;+u ldnfg u/L ldgfxf ul/G5 . t/ n]vfkl/Ifsn] o;nfO{ a]?h' 7fG5g\ . o:tf c? w/} pbfx/0fx? kfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljz]if k|s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cbfntsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg'?ksf] cfly{s lgodfjnL th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg'k5{ . cem Gofokflnsf / dxfn]vfkl/Ifssf] ljefu jLr v'nf / ;xsfo{sf] z}nL ckgfO :ki6 gePsf] s'/fdf :ki6 ug]{ / 5nkmn ug]{ ul/Pdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] k|Zgdf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf Pp6f ;Dks{ ;"q -Focal point_ :yfkgf u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu;+u 5nkmn ug]{ / :ki6 ug'{kg]{ ljifodf ;DalGwt cbfnt jf kbflwsf/L;+u ;Dks{ u/fO lbg] ug{ ;lsG5 . GofofwLzx? ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/L lghL cb{nL lgo'Qm ug{ kfpg] u/L cfkm"x?nfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ klg s]jn g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt gePs} sf/0fn] dfq clgoldt egL cf}+NofOPsf] k|lt b'lvt 5g\ . pgxLx?sf cg';f/ olb ;f] ;DaGwL ;"rgf /fhkqdf k|sflzt x'g}kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf xf] eg] klg


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;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfon] pQm bfloTjjf6 klG5P/ a:g x'Fb}g . GofokflnsfnfO{ o; ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] cfjZos ;xof]u k|fKt x'g h?/L 5 . cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghx?sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'/f ug{ klg gk'Ug] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ul/Psf] / Hofb} ;fgf] cfly{s cg'zf;glxgtfsf nflu klg hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df pgLx?sf] kfl/>lds j[l4 x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfg tyf cleof]hg ug]{ w]/} lgsfox?n] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfx? kfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] GofokflnsfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . sfdsf] k|fljlws / ;+j]bgzLn kIfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ Gofokflnsfsf w/}n] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ Gofo ;]jfnfO{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . t/ b'ef{Uojz cfh o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf j[l4sf] ljifodf ;/sf/L pbfl;gtf -laxity_ sf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . w]/} GofofwLzx?n] ;'ljwfsf] ljifodf cfkm" ;/xsf lghfdtL clws[tx?sf] t'ngfdf e]befj ul/Psf] dxz'; u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfly{s ;'ljwfdf j[l4 x'Fbf GofofwLzx?sf] ;lhn} j[l4 x'Fb}g . slxn]sfFxL :jtM j[l4 x'g'kg]{ b}lgs e|d0f eQfsf] nflu klg GofofwLzx? jiff}{ ;Dd ;xf/fljlxg ?kdf kv]{/ j:g' k/]sf] x'G5 . w]/} ;xefuLx?sf] ljrf/ s] kfOof] eg] sd{rf/L gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ul/+bf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] k|Zgdf klg Ps;fy ljrf/ ul/g' h?/L 5 . ;f/f+zdf dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf ljleGg ;|f]tx? 5g\ t/ ltgLx?sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+oGqx? klg 5g\ . h:tf] lg/Gt/ ;ts{tf / k|efjsf/L ;'k/Lj]If0f h:tf pkfox?af6 o:tf clgoldt Jojxf/x?nfO{ Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . sfg"gsf] pNn3+gnfO{ s7f]/ b08sf] JofVof ul/of] eg] :jefj}n] kl/kfngfdf j[l4 x'G5 . ;'wf/df eGbf hlxn] klg /f]syfddf hf]8lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Gofokflnsfdf ck]Iff ul/P cg'?k sfo{ x'g g;s]sf] egL u'gf;f] ug]{ hgtfnfO{ Gofokflnsfn] plrt ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;Sg'df Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' h?/L 5 . To;}n] slxn]sfFxL x'g] gsf/fTds k|rf/nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;sf ;d:ofx? / tL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox?sf jf/]df GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt ;+:yfx?n] ;/sf/ / ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' cTofjZos b]lvG5 . cg'zf;glxgtf /


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clgoldttf lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{sf cltl/Qm ;+rf/ dfWod nufot Gofo If]qsf c? stf{?n] klg Gofokflnsfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf ;Gbe{df plrt Wofg lbg'k5{ / Gofokflnsfsf ;Ldfx?sf ;fy} o;sf ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf jf/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L ;lxt ;fj{hlgs jx; rnfpg d2t ug'{k5{ . Gofokflnsf :j+on] klg ;'wf/ / k|ultsf nflu ;lqmotf ckgfpg' k5{ . o;sf ;d:ofx?sf jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ . cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;xof]usf nflu k|oTg ug'{k5{ / cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/bzL{tf Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtfdf j[l4 ug'{k5{ . cf/f]kx?sf] 5fgljg ug]{ cfGtl/s k4lt / cfTdd"Nof+sg ug]{ k|0ffnLn] u'gf;f]x?sf] lgsf; lbg] / clgoldttf Pj+ uNtLx? ;Rofpg] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 / ;fy} uNtL ug]{x?sf lj?4df tTsfn} sf/jfxL ug]{ k|lqmofn] Gofokflnsfsf] ;fj{hlgs k|lti7f j[l4 ug{ klg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . em= ljb|f]x / cbfntsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt kl/ro Gofokflnsfdf lglxt ;fj{hlgs cf:yf / ljZjf; g} o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ zlQm / xltof/ xf] . s]xL ;do klxn] ;Dd Gofokflnsf k|lt b]vfOPsf] hgcf:yfn] g} o;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfGtl/s xltof/sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] lyof] . s]xL jif{ klxn] ;Dd Gofokflnsf / GofofwLzx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf slxNo} klg uDeL/ 5nkmnsf] ljifo ePsf] lyPg . a? GofofwLz / sfg"g Joj;foLx? jLr ljutdf ePsf ;j} 5nkmnx? Gofokflnsfsf] lgikIftf, ;Ifdtf / k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ o; k|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs cf:yf / ljZjf;nfO{ cem a9L s;/L j[l4 ug]{ eGg] k|Zgdf s]Gb|Lt /xGYof] . o;n] ubf{ Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfnfO{ 7"nf] an ldn]sf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ;do l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] 5 / ;dfh klg emg\ emg\ hl6n aGb} uO/x]s]f 5 . kmn:j?k ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfdf uDeL/ x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; lsl;djf6 ;fdflhs d"Nodf e}/x]sf] cfZro{hgs x|f;n] ubf{ ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qdf cg'zf;glxgtf / cJoj:yfsf] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oxL cg'zf;glxgtfsf] k|j[lQ j9\b} uPsfn] cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ e/kbf]{ agfpg]


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pkfo / tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf klg uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf nflu hgcf:yf g} zlQmzfnL xltof/ xf] eGg] k/Dk/fut egfOdf ljZj:t x'g] g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] lbgx? cj /x]gg\ .

s/Lj cf7 jif{ cufl8 lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ u/L ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ lnP/ tTsfnLg Goflos g]t[Tjsf] lj/f]wdf cfklQhgs gf/f ;lxt clw/fHoJofkL ?kdf h'g lsl;dsf] clgolGqt k|bz{gx? eP Tof] tLtf] If0fsf] ;+emgfn] cem} klg ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf] dgnfO{ b'vfPsf] xf]nf . cfkm\gf] rfxgf ljk/Lt cyjf ljkIfdf ePsf] km};nfsf] lj?4df cfsl:ds 9'+ufd'9f ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx? uDeL/ rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . 36gfn] olt;Dd b'Mvb df]8 lnof] ls s]xL jif{ cufl8 ;'v]{t hfFb} ug'{ ePsf tTsfnLg k|wfgGofofwLzsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu vl6Psf] uf8L dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLåf/f yflkPsf] w/fkdf k/\of] / kl/0ffd :j?k k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf Pshgf /lhi6«f/ / s]xL ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] Hofg uof] .

of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ t/ Hofb} uDeL/ 36gfn] ubf{ Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yf g} o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] eGg] tyfslyt dfGotfsf cfwf/df GofofwLzx?nfO{ ef}lts ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg] s'/f ljNs'n} cgfjZos / c;DalGwt dflgg] k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf cfz+sf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . oL ;j} b'Mvb 36gf / ljsf;qmdn] GofokflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] lgGb|fjf6 ck|Tofl;t ?kdf Ao'+emfPsf] 5 / GofofwLz Pj+ ;du| Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff / arfpsf] af/]df ulDe/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg / k'glj{rf/ ug{ afWo t'NofPsf] 5 .

cbfntx?sf] jt{dfg ;'/Iff cj:yf

lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ u/L @)%@ ;fndf ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ lnP/ h'g lsl;dsf] cg'Q/bfoL / ;f]Rb} g;f]lrPsf] k|bz{g eof] To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k klxnf] kN6 >L % sf] ;/sf/n] sd ;] sd cbfntnfO{ eP klg ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg cfjZos /x]sf] tYo dx;'; ug{ afWo eof] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] gLltut lg0f{ojf6 cbfntdf kx/fsf nflu s]xL k|x/L ;'/IffsdL{x? klg v6fOP . t/ ;do ljTb} hfFbf ;/sf/ lj:tf/} cfkm\gf] cl3sf] lg0f{ok|lt lzlyn jGb} uof] / kmn:j?k rfF8} g} Tof] lg0f{o ;/sf/L csd{0otfsf]


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l;sf/ jGof] . clxn] ;/sf/n] s]jn ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?nfO{ dfq k|x/L ;'/Iff pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . t/ s]xL ckjfbsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s clw/fHosf s'g} klg lhNnf cbfntx?df k|x/L ;'/Iff pknAw u/fOPsf] 5}g . o;sf] dtnj cbfntx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] jt{dfg Joj:yf kof{Kt / k"0f{ 5 eGg] xf]Og, clkt', j9\bf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xjf6 pTkGg vt/f;+u} of] cem hl6n klg aGb} uPsf] 5 .

GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngjf6 b]vfOPsf] ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/ s]xL jif{ otf ljleGg ;ef / ;Dd]ngx?df Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff cfjZostf af/]df k'gMk{l/efiff / k'g;{/rgf ug{ ;/sf/ dfly bjfj j9\bf] 5 . @)%% ;fndf ;DkGg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ngn] ;j} GofofwLzx?nfO{ cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] tfls GofofwLz / cbfntsf] ;'/Iffy{ v6fOPsf ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] lglDt ;d]t cfjf;sf] k|jGw ug{ ;lsof];\ . t/ @)%* ;fndf ;DkGg ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLzx?sf] cf7f}+ ;Dd]ngn] dfq cbfntsf] ;'/Iff kIfdf uDeL/ 5nkmn u/\of] / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu 7f]; k|:tfjx? klg kfl/t u/\of] . ;Dd]ngn] cbfntdf xfn ljBdfg cb{nLd'vL ;'/Iff k|0ffnL kl/Tofu u/]/ o;sf] ;6[fdf pko'Qm, e/kbf]{{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ckgfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cbfntsf] ;'/Iff cj:yf af/] cWoog u/L o;nfO{ ;jn t'Nofpg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox?sf af/]df ;'emfj lbg Pp6f ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|:tfj kfl/t ePs]f lyof] . kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf tTsfnLg dfggLo GofofwLz >L 6f]kjxfb'/ l;+xsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Pp6f ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g eof] h;n] Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iff l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfpg ljleGg l;kmfl/zx? k|:t't u/\of] . cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgdf sdhf]/Lx? xfdLn] of] :jLsfg'{k5{ ls cbfntsf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf s'g} ljz]if bIftf ljgf g} ;fdfGo ?kdf ;+~rflnt 5 . cbfnt;+u g cfkm\gf] 5'6[} ;'/Iff k|0ffnL 5 g ;/sf/n] kof{Kt / jb{L{wf/L ;'/Iff lbPsf] 5 . cbfntnfO{ hlt ;'/Iff lbOPsf] 5 Tof] klg g Psgf;sf] 5 g k|efjsf/L 5 . cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx?


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k|fo;M c:qljlxg 5g\ . Go"gtd txsf] ;'/Iffsf] klg Uof/]06L 5}g . cbfntx? cUnf kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf 5}gg\ / To;}n] pko'Qm ;'/Iff kvf{nsf] cefjsf] sf/0f cbfnt ejgx? c;'/lIft 5g\ . Go"gtd txsf] ;'/Iff klg cbfntdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5}g . cbfnt ejg / xftf v'b|f / 3'dGt] ljqm]tf b]lv o;sf pkof]ustf{x? ;j}sf lglDt lgjf{w v'Nnf 5 . w]/}h;f] ;do ltgLx?sf] k|j]z clgolGqt h:t} 5 . slxn]sfxL t d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ e}/x]sf] 7fpFdf Ohnf; leq} klg 3'dGt] Jofkf/Lx?n] klqklqsf, kmnkm"n / cGo vfg]s'/fx? v'nf?kdf a]r]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] lgjf; ;a}eGbf c;'/lIft 7fpF xf] . Toxf+ s'g}klg ;'/Iff k|jGwsf] k"0f{tM cefj 5 . Pp6f GofofwLz h;nfO{ hGds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 t/ lj8Djgf p;sf] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff ug]{ lhDdf eg] p;}nfO{ 5f]l8Psf] 5 . cbfntdf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] k|efj dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x z'? ePkl5 cbfntsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt cem lau|]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLx?n] of] pm s]xL gegL /fi6«JofkL ?kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljgf;df nfu]sf 5g\ . s]xL dlxgf cufl8 h'Dnf, c5fd / c3f{vfrL lhNnfsf cbfnt ejgx? dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fdf k/L k"0f{tM Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L ejgx? tf]8kmf]8 / ljgfz ug]{ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLx?sf] gLlt g} /x]sf] x'Fbf s]xL GofofwLzx? pgLx?sf] j}olQms ;'/Iffsf] nflu eg]/ pknAw u/fOPsf cbfntsf cfjf;Lo ejgdf a:g ;+sf]r dflg/x]sf 5g\ / ql;t 5g\ . ltgLx?sf] ;/f]sf/ / lrGtf ;xL klg 5 . o;nfO{ TolQs} kG5fpg ldNb}g lsgeg] cfkm\gf] arfp / ;'/Iff k|To]s dfgj hfltsf] ;j}eGbf d"ne"t / :jfefljs rfxgf xf] . cfhsn lhNnf cbfntdf k|zf;sx?n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of cbfnt ejgsf] ;'/Iffy{ cb{nLnfO{ /ftL kfnf] kx/f v6fpg' xf] lsgeg] w]/}h;f] oL cefuL cb{nLx? dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0fsf] cfz+sfsf sf/0f /ftL kfnf] kx/f a:g lxlRsrfpF5g\ . olt dfq xf]Og ljb|f]xsf sf/0f cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxL klg uDeL/ ?kn] k|efljt ePsf] 5 . klxnf] s'/f t lhNnf cbfntx?df bfo/ x'g cfpg] d'2fsf] ;+Vofdf tLj|?kn] sld cfO/x]sf] 5 . rfx] dfcf]jfbLsf] sf/jfxLdf kl/g] eon] xf];\ cyjf c;'/Iffsf] 8/n] xf];\ ;fdfGotof u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtf cfkm\gf] ljjfbsf]


104

lg/f]k0fsf nflu ;fdfGo cbfntx?df hfg lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?åf/f ;+rflnt ;dfgfGt/ s+uf? cbfntn] qmdzM ;fdfGo cbfntsf sfd sf/jfxLx? pk/ vt/f pTkGg u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . nfdf] sfg"gL cf}krfl/stfdf gcNdlnOsg} l56f] 5l/tf] tj/n] lg0f{o lbg ;Sg] VoftL k|fKt u/]sf] sf/0f slxn]sfxL ;fdfGo hgtf oL cbfntx?df hfg a9L dg u5{g\ . of] l:ylt cfhsf] k|d'v lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . of] eGbf klg cem a9L cbfntsf km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog / cleo'Qmx?nfO{ Dofb tfd]n ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljb|f]xn] k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug{ sfo{:yndf hfgsf] nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f 5}g . of] l:yltsf] sf/0fjf6 Gofo ;Dkfbgdf x'g uPsf] l9nfO h'g cbfntsf] lgoGq0f jflx/ 5, Jojxf/df Gofosf] OGsf/L ;/x x'g uPsf] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f slxn]sfxL GofofwLz / cbfntsf cGo sd{rf/Lx? cfkm"nfO{ v6fOPsf] 7fpFdf hfg klg lxlRsrfpF5g\ . s+xL s+xL dfcf]jfbLx?n] cbfntsf ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{ klg nIo jgfPsf 5g\ . klZrdf~rn If]qdf xfn;Dd tLgj6f ;jf/L ;fwgx?nfO{ Iflt k'/\ofO;s]sf 5g\ . of] elg/xg' kb}{g ls c;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf j;]sf] Pp6f GofofwLzn] eo/lxt / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgdf cfkm\gf] Goflos dgsf] slt ;lx lsl;dn] k|of]u ug{ ;Snf < o; jfx]s cbfntsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] lrGtf cbfnt ejgsf] ljgf;;+u} gf]S;fgLdf k/]sf] d'2fsf ldl;nx?df s;/L sf/jfxL ug]{ eGg] sl7gfO{;+u ;DalGwt 5, h:tf] h'Dnfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx?n] o:t} 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/\of] . o:tf] l:yltdf ltgLx? s;/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ eGg] c;dGh:otfdf k/]sf 5g\ . of] cndnsf] l:ylt x6fpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] o; ;DaGwL cflwsfl/s gLlt th'{df ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} of] cg'ejjf6 eljiodf cbfntsf clen]vx?nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg dxTjk"0f{ kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k"j{ ;fjwfgLsf] Pp6f pkfosf] ?kdf clw/fHoe/sf cbfntdf /x]sf ;j} ldl;nx?nfO{ dfOqmf] lkmNd cyjf cGo o:t} tl/sfåf/f s]lGb|o ljB'tLo tYof+s j}+s tof/ ug]{ k|jGw ug'{kb{5 .


105

k/fdz{ j}7ssf qmddf s]xL ;xefuLx?n] jGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bgjf6 l/xfO kfPsf t/ tTsfn jflx/ hfFbf j}olQms :jtGqtf vt/fdf k/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj cbfntsf] /x]sf] s'/f klg p7fP . To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf pgLx?sf] ;'emfj o:tf kIfx? / ;fIfLx?sf] ;'/lIft j;fOsf nflu Goflos s]Gb| -Judicial Centre_ :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . Gofo ;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;fIfL ;+/If0f sfo{qmd -Witness protection programme_ ;+rfng ug{ klg ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . cbfntdf ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf Gofokflnsfsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntf s]xL g s]xL ?kdf cjwf/0ffut b[li6n] ;du| /fHoJoj:yfsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf lge{/ ub{5 . cbfntdf ;'/Iffsf] k|Zg Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;du| k|lqmof;+u cleGg ?kn] ;DalGwt 5 . cbfntsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Zg Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf;+u klg cGt/;DalGwt 5 . To;}n] cbfnt ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ Gofokflnsfn] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfsf] d"Nodf g ;+emf}tf ug{ g t To;f] ug{ ;S5 . The Judiciary cannot and should not agree to adopt a system of court security at the cost of its independence o; ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t s'/f s] xf] eg] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg k"0f{tofM Gofokflnsfsf] cfkm\g} lgoGq0fdf /xg'k5{ . o;sf] ljk/Lt olb cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg Gofokflnsf eGbf jflx/sf] cGo s'g} c+usf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf lge{/ /xg] xf] eg] o:tf] pkfon] cGttf]uTjf Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ xf]Rofpg] cyjf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . To;sf/0f /fHon] cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ GofokflnsfnfO{ lbg'k5{ / o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / bIf hgzlQm klg pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . sf7df8f}+, lj/f6gu/ / lrtjgdf ;DkGg If]qLo k/fdz{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx?n] cbftnsf] Jofks ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff leq b]xfosf kIfx? -ljifox?_ ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .


106

cbfnt ejg Pj+ GofofwLz tyf cbfntsf clws[tx?sf lglDt cfjf;Lo ejgsf] cjl:ylt, lgdf{0f / ;'/Iff,

cbfnt xftf leq lgjf{w / clgolGqt k|j]znfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt ug]{, GofofwLz / cbfntsf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] j}olQms ;'/Iff, cbfntsf cfb]zx?nfO{ nfu' ug{ / km};nfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg],

dfgjLo uNtL / sdhf]/L Pj+ k|fs[lts b'3{6gfsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofx? lg/fs/0f ug{ ckgfOg] ;+/If0fsf pkfox? .

dfly plNnlvt ;j} If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L 7f]; / Plss[t ;'/Iff

Joj:yfkg of]hgf aGg' h?/L 5 . clxn] cbfnt cyjf Goflos k|x/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ nfu" ug]{ Psbd pko'Qm ;do xf] eGg] s'/fdf sfg"gL ;d'bfosf jLr dt}Sotf kfOPsf] 5 . Goflos k|x/Lsf] lgo'lQm / lgoGq0f tyf cfb]z k"0f{tM Gofokflnsfjf6} x'g'k5{ . Goflos k|x/Ldf lgo'lQmsf] nflu cjsfz k|fKt ;}lgs / k|x/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . ltgLx?sf] lgo'lQm kl5 ltgLx?nfO{ Jofj;flos k|lzIf0fsf nflu k|x/Ldf k7fpg ;lsg]5 .

x/]s Ohnf;df dof{bfkfns v6fOg' h?/L 5 . cbfntsf] k|j]zåf/df j}1flgs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ckgfOg' cfjZos 5 . cbfnt xftfdf ;'/lIft cfjthfjtsf nflu Psåf/ k|j]z k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ / k|j]zåf/df wft' k/LIfs oGq -Metal detector_ h8fg ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 . cbfnt xftf leqsf] k|j]znfO{ lgoldt ug{ s'g}klg k|sf/sf] kl/rokq k]z ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .

o;} ;DaGwdf csf]{ Pp6f ljrf/ s] /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 eg] Gofokflnsfsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu k|x/L k|wfg sfof{nodf Pp6f 5'6[} vfnsf] ljz]if k|x/L jn :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . cbfntsf] ;'/Iff ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu s]xL 7f]; sbd grflnP;Dd btf{jfnf lghL ;'/Iff lgsfojf6 tflnd k|fKt ;'/IffsdL{x? lngsf nflu cbfntnfO{ kof{Kt ah]6 pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . t/ hg';'s} cj:yfdf klg ;j} ;+oGqx? pk/sf] lgoGq0f eg] Gofokflnsf s} xftdf /xg'k5{ . Pp6f c;'/lIft


107

Gofokflnsf hlxn] klg GofokflnsLo :jtGqtfsf] nflu lgM;xfo / vt/fo'Qm x'G5 . `= ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf, kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? kl/ro g]kfn clw/fHosf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo Pj+ Gofoflws/0fx?n] k|of]u u5{g\ . g]kfndf cbfnt / o;;+u ;DalGwt !)@ j6f lgsfox? 5g\ . Gofokflnsfn] oL cbfntx?df ljrf/wLg ;fnfvfnf s/Lj !,$),))) d'2fx? x]g]{ u5{ . g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfdf GofofwLz / cGo sd{rf/Lx? u/]/ s/Lj %))) Goflos hgzlQm sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd Gofokflnsfdf nfvf}+ l5g\'jf ldl;nx? clen]v ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgLx? dWo] s]xL !)) jif{ eGbf a9L k'/fgf 5g\ . ;|f]t Gofokflnsfn] cbfnt ejgsf nflu hUuf vl/b ug{, cbfnt ejgx?sf] dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ tyf cfjZos ;jf/L ;fwgx? lsGg ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf dx;'; ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . cbfntx?n] sfof{no ;fdfgsf] Joj:yf ug{, sfg"g klqsf k|sfzg ug{ / km\ofS;, Od]n, OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g cflb ;+rfng ug{ Pj+ logsf] dxz'n e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . GofokflnsfnfO{ j]a;fO6 lgdf{0f ug{, sDKo'6/sf ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ / vfg]kfgL Pj+ ljB'tsf] dxz'n e'QmfgL ug{ klg /sdsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;nfO{ cg';Gwfg ljZn]if0f ug{ / k':tsfno Joj:yfkg ug{ klg /sd rflxG5 . cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;ldltn] cbfntx?nfO{ ljleGg ju{df juL{s/0f u/L ltgLx?sf] k':tsfno, OGwg, ;jf/L;fwg, d]l;g/L cf}hf/ Pj+ b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf h:tf cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg u/L k|ltj]bg lbPsf] lyof] . o:tf] juL{s/0fn] ljleGg ju{sf cbfntx?sf] ah]6 tof/Lsf nflu cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/ pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . oBlk ;dosf] kl/jt{gn] pQm ah]6 cg'dfg dfly k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] x'g;S5 . -x]g'{xf]; tflnsf !!_


108

ah]6 l:ylt GofokflnsfnfO{ ckof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ Pp6f cbfntjf6 csf]{ cbfntdf ;?jf ePsf GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ kl//x]sf] 5 . x/]s jif{ ;?jf x'g] ;of}+ GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?n] ;dodf b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf kfpFb}gg\ . o;}u/L Dofb tfd]n ug]{ tfd]nbf/x?n] b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf kfpFb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ ltgLx?sf] sfd k|efljt ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k Dofbx? plrt tj/n] oyf;dodf tfd]n x'+b}gg\ . k|ltjfbLx?n] pgLx?nfO{ nfu]sf] b08 hl/jfgf jfkt w/f}6Ldf hDdf u/]sf] /sd h'g ltgLx?n] ;kmfO kfPdf lkmtf{ kfpF5g\ To:t]f /sd lkmtf{ ug{nfO{ klg Gofokflnsf c;xfo l;4 e}/x]sf] 5 . kof{Kt ah]6sf] cefj s} sf/0f dflyNnf txsf cbfntx? tNnf cbfntx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug{ klg c;Ifd e}/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] tNnf txsf cbfntsf] sfd sf/jfxLx?df ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cefj 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfntx?df sfo{/t GofofwLz tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ Pj+ kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg cltl/Qm /sdsf] cfjZostf 5 . Gofokflnsfn] jflif{s ?kdf s/Lj !,)),)),)),))). ?k}ofsf] ah]6 :jLs[ltsf nflu ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:t't u5{ . t/ ljut kfFrjif{df dfu u/]sf] ah]6sf] cfwf klg ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] kfOb}g . t'ngfTds jflif{s ah]6 yf]/} ah]6 ljlgof]hg Gofokflnsfsf lglDt hlxn] klg ;d:of ePsf] 5 . h:tf] cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& df ;/sf/n] Gofokflnsfsf] nflu /fli6«o ah]6sf] )=#$ k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%&.)%*, @)%*.)%(, @)%(.)^) / @)^).)^! df qmdzM )=#( k|ltzt, )=$& k|ltzt, )=$^ k|ltzt / )=%* k|ltzt ah]6 Gofokflnsfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . -ah]6 ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu tflnsf !@ / !# x]g'{xf];_ . ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx?df Gofokflnsfsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ /fli6«o ah]6sf] @ k|ltzt b]lv ^ k|ltzt ;Dd ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%*.)%( eGbf klxn] hj Gofokflnsfn] ljsf; ah]6 kfpg] uYof]{ Gofokflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ah]6 k|ltzt )=$)


109

eGbf sd lyof] . rfn' cfly{s jif{df ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf s]xL j[l4 eO{ )=%* k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . of] klg /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfy{ PlzofnL ljsf; j}+sjf6 k|fKt x'g] ?=&,%),)),))). sf] sf/0fn] xf] . uPsf] jif{ Gofokflnsfsf] nflu :jLs[t ePsf] dWo]jf6 klg ?=!,)),)),))). ah]6 ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lnof] . Gofokflnsfsf] j9\bf] cfjZostfsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ah]6sf] slDtdf ! k|ltzt ah]6 GofokflnsfnfO{ ljlgof]hg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 / % jif{ ;Dddf o;nfO{ j[l4 u/]/ /fli6«o ah]6sf] @ k|ltzt k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . cfh ljlgof]lht ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQfsf] e'QmfgLdf vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ah]6df b]lvPsf] jflif{s j[l4n] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ePsf] /sdsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ l7Ss x'G5 . h:tf] cfly{s jif{ @)%^.%& df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfntsf] lglDt hDdf ?=@^,#&,@*,))). ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] dWo] w]/}h;f] /sd kfl/>lds e'QmfgLdf vr{ ePsf] lyof] / s]jn ?=$,**,(*,))). cbfntsf] cGo lgoldt sfo{sf nflu pknAw lyof] . o;sf] dtnj s]jn !*=%$ k|ltzt ah]6 dfq sfof{no vr{sf nflu ljlgof]hg ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& b]lv @)^).)^! ;Dd sfof{no ;+rfng / ;]jfsf nflu ePsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f tflnsf g+= !# df lbOPsf] 5 . kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf cbfntdf Gofosf lglDt xhf/f}+ hgtf cfpF5g\ . cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] km};nfsf nflu ltgLx?n] jiff}{{ ;Dd kv{g'k5{ . Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ ;lhnf] 5}g . ;xL / unt kQf nufpg] pQ/bfloTj GofofwLzx?;+u /x]sf] x'G5 . olb GofofwLz cfkm} dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf cfly{s sf/0fn] a]r}g / lrGtfu|:t x'G5 eg] To:tf] GofofwLzjf6 lgikIf Gofosf] ck]Iff ug{ Hofb} ufx|f] k5{ . k/fdz{ a}7ssf qmddf ;xefuLx?n] kof{Kt kfl/>ldssf] cefjsf] ljifonfO{ p7fPsf lyP . GofofwLzx?sf] d'Vo u'gf;f] ;f]xL ;/xsf cGo ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx?n] kfPsf] t'ngfTds ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot;+u ;DalGwt lyof] . GofofwLzx?n] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd st{JonfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf ltgLx? ul/jLsf]


110

;fËnf]jf6 d'Qm /flvg' cfjZos 5 . GofofwLzx?nfO{ o:tf ;d:ofjf6 d'Qm /flvg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/]/ /fd|f] Gofo k|0ffnL ePsf cGo d'n'sx?df GofofwLzx?nfO{ ;f]xL ;/xsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx? eGbf dflyNnf] x}l;otdf /flvPsf] x'G5 .16 GofofwLzx?n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt a9L ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] sf/0f

;'ljwf klg ltgLx?n] a9L kfpg' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf klg @))& ;fndf ;lrjsf] dfl;s tnj ?=$)). x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] tnj ?=!,!)). /x]sf] kfOG5 . GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g'k5{ . GofofwLzsf] kb;+u s]xL lglZrt lgoGq0ffTds ;Ldfx? ufFl;Psf] x'G5g\ . t/ g]kfndf hj GofofwLzx?sf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] s'/f cfpF5 tj o;sf] cf}lrTo k"0f{tM lj;{g] ul/G5 . GofofwLz / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf Hofb} Go"g 5 / kfl/>lds Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] lgwf{/0fdf slxNo} klg sfdsf] k|s[ltnfO{ ljrf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf ltgLx?sf] kbLo dof{bf ;'xfpFbf] / cg's"n 5}g . kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] dfdnfdf cbfntsf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] cj:yf emg bogLo 5 . ltgLx?n] k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/L ;/xsf] kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . t/ k|zf;g ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] cGo ;'ljwf / cj;/ eg] kfpb}gg\ . If]lqo k/fdz{ j}7ssf qmddf ;xefuLx?n] GofofwLz / cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Goflos eQf, z}lIfs eQf, oftfoft ;'ljwf, jLdf / lgj[QLe/0f h:tf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug]{ u/L 5'6[} sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP . Gofokflnsf ;'ljwfx?sf] ljifodf ;/sf/L bofdf lge{/ 5 . GofofwLzx?sf] b}lgs eQf h'g sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt 5 sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs eQf eGbf sd 5 . lhNnf GofofwLzx?n] k]6«f]n ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] JolQmut ;jf/L ;fwg kfpFb}gg\ . Ps;o k}tL; lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf nflu s]jn %% j6f ;jf/L ;fwgx? pknAw 5g\ . OGwg k|zf;gsf] lgoGq0fdf 5 . dd{t ;'ljwfsf] cefj 5 . df]ljn cfjZostf cg';f/ pknAw 5}g . kfgL / ljB'tsf] dx;'n lgoldt ?kdf j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 t/ oL jfkt lbOg] eQf w]/}jif{;Dd plQsf plQ 5 .

16 pRr:t/Lo Goflos ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)@*, k[= !^


111

Gofo;]jfsf dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?n] ltgLx?sf] kfl/>ldssf cltl/Qm cGo s]xL ;'ljwfx? kfpb}gg\ . ltgLx?n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf Gofo ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwfx?df Ps?ktf 5}g . oL ;j}sf] sf/0f ah]6sf] cefj x'g ;S5 t/ ah]6sf] cefjn] GofokflnsfnfO{ dfq c;/ ug{ x'b}g . /fli6«o ah]6 cfg'kflts ?kdf ljlgof]hg x'g'k5{ . ;j} hgtfnfO{ Gofosf] d"n wf/df Nofpg tyf o; k|ltsf] hgtfsf] kxF'rnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ah]6df j[l4 x'g'k5{ . cGoyf Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] ;fj{hlgs cf:yf 36\5 . of] yfxf ePs} tYo xf] ls ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0fn] klg Gofokflnsfn] cfkm" k|ltsf] hgcf:yf u'dfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{, bIf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf; ug]{ Pj+ GofokflnsfnfO{ cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg t'Nofpg] s'/fx? w]/} l9nf] e};s]sf 5g\ . t;y{ Gofokflnsfsf nflu /fli6«o ah]6df kof{Kt dfqfdf j[l4 ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'g]5 . kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx? klg d'b|fl:k|mltsf] jflif{s ;"rsf+ssf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' cfjZos 5 . tflnsf !!M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df sfof{no ;+rfngsf nflu

ljleGg zLif{s cGtu{t cfjZos kg]{ ah]6

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

ju{ ah]6 zLif{s cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 s ju{ k':tsfno %),))).

OGwg $,&),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf #,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg @,%),))). hDdf !),&),))). o; ;d"xsf & j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu &$,(),))).

v ju{ k':tsfno &%,))) OGwg %,*),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf #,%),))). sfof{no ;fdfg #,@%,))). hDdf !#,#),))). o; ;d"xsf # j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu #(,(),))).


112

u ju{ k':tsfno !,)),))). OGwg ^,(),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf $,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg $,)),))). hDdf !%,(),))). o; ;d"xsf % j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu &(,%),))).

3 ju{ k':tsfno !,%),))). OGwg !!,%),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf %,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg %,%),))). hDdf @#,%),))). o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu @#,%),))).

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] nflu hDdf @,!&,*),))).

lhNnf cbfnt

ju{ ah]6 zLif{s cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 s ju{ k':tsfno @%,))).

OGwg &),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf $,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg %),))). hDdf %,$%,))). o; ;d"xsf !) j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu %$,%),))).

v ju{ k':tsfno #%,))) OGwg !,!),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf %,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg &%,))). hDdf &,@),))). o; ;d"xsf #* j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu @,&#,^),))).

u ju{ k':tsfno $%,))). OGwg !,%),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf ^,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg !,)),))).


113

hDdf *,(%,))). o; ;d"xsf !! j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu (*,$%,))).

3 ju{ k':tsfno %%,))). OGwg !,(),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf &,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg !,%),))). hDdf !),(%,))). o; ;d"xsf !$ j6f cbfntx?sf] nflu !,%#,#),))).

ª ju{ k':tsfno ^%,))). OGwg @,#),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf *,)),))). sfof{no ;fdfg @,)),))). hDdf !@,(%,))). o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu !@,(%,))).

r ju{ k':tsfno &%,))). OGwg $,&),))). b}lgs tyf e|d0f eQf !),%),))). sfof{no ;fdfg #,)),))). hDdf !*,(%,))). o; ;d"xsf] ! j6f cbfntsf] nflu !*,(%,)))

lhNnf cbfntx?sf] nflu hDdf ^,!!,&%,))).

tflnsf !@M Gofokflnsfsf] ah]6sf] t'ngfTds tflnsf -/ftf] lstfjdf pNn]v eP cg';f/_

qm=;

+=

cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& @)%&.)%* @)%*.)%( @)%(.)^) @)^).)^!

/fli6«o ah]6 &,&@,#*,@@^ (,!^,@!,##% (,(&,(@,@!( (,^!,@$,&(& !),@$,)),))) 1= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt @%,(%) $(,%#( $$,%$# $$,()) $%,%%# 2= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt *@,)&( &%,&#! !,!*,#&& !,!*,!&& !,@),&^) 3= lhNnf cbfnt !,$*,@&% !,$&,&^( @,@@,*!( @,&!,$(( @,&(,^)) 4= k|zf;lso cbfnt !,%$& !,&$% #,!!# #,)%% #,!(! 5= ljz]if cbfnt # # @,#** @,%&# ^,^(#

6= >d cbfnt !,%#@ !,%!& !,(*( !,(&$ @,)#@ 7= /fh:j

Gofoflws/0f $,#$% @,(*) %,(*^ ^,%%& ^,^*^


114

8= cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f * * ^#,))) $(,)&! %),*))

9= /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg

* * !),%)) !$,%)) &%,)))

hDdf @,^#,&@* @,&(,@*! $,&@,&!% %,!@,#)^ %,(),#!% /fli6«o ah]6sf] k|ltzt )=#$!$$&%!! )=#)$*@)(@ )=$&#^((@^ )=%#@(%(@% )=%&^$&($(@

# To; ;dodf cbfntsf] u7g gePsf] ;j} /sd ,))) df

* o; ;dodf ljsf; ah]6 ljlgof]hg gePsf]

tflnsf !#M Gofokflnsfsf] sfof{no ;+rfng Pj+ ;]jf vr{ ah]6sf] t'ngfTds

tflnsf -/ftf] lstfjdf pNn]v eP cg';f/_

qm=;

+=

cfly{s jif{ @)%^.)%& @)%&.)%

*

@)%*.)%

(

@)%(.)^

) @)^).)^!

1= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt &,(%) ((,!@! (,&*! (,((% !!,$(# 2= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt @!,!^( @$,@() @&,(%! @%,&(! @^,^&^ 3= lhNnf cbfnt !&,%%& @!,(^% @&,#!( @%,$*( @*,*%) 4= k|zf;lso cbfnt @(& $&% &@& ^^) *@! 5= ljz]if cbfnt — — !,$@# !,#*$ !,*)* 6= >d cbfnt &^@ *%^ (!) *&^ *(^ 7= /fh:j Gofoflws/0f !,!$% !,%#% !,()^ !,*$) !,*^( 8= cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f $,)&) #@) !,&)) 9= /fli6«o Goflos

k|lti7fg &*)

hDdf $*,**) !,$*,@$@ &$,)*& ^^,#%% &$,*(#

;j} /sd ,))) df


115

cWofo — #

!= kl/nIo -Mission_ @= kl/b[Zo -Vision_ #= d"Nox? -Values_


116

!= kl/nIo -Mission_ ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df :jR5 Pj+ lgZkIf Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo xf] . @= kl/b[Zo -Vision_ dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kf/L ;j}nfO{ Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg] :jtGq, ;Ifd, sd vlr{nf], l56f]5l/tf] tyf hgcf:yfd'vL Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo xf] . #= d"Nox? -Values_

;+ljwfg k|lt cf:yfM ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts Gofo k|fKt ug]{ efjgf k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfn] Gofo k|zf;g lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .

:jtGqtf / :jfoQtfM Gofokflnsfn] s'g} x:tIf]k ljgf cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ub{5 / cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df :jfoQtf rfxG5 .

;dfh k|ltsf] st{JoM Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /x]/ ;dfh k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] hjfkmb]xL k|lt ;r]t 5 / ;dfhsf] rfxgf cg'?k GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg rfxG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;xdlt lgdf{0f, ax'njfb / v'Nnf ;dfhsf d"Nox? lgb]{zs l;4fGt x'g]5g\ .

Gofosf] ;j{;'netfM Gofokflnsfn] :yfgLo tx;Dd u/Lj Pj+ c;xfo nufot ;j} hgtfsf] Gofo ;]jf k|ltsf] kx'Fr a9fpg k|of; ug]{5 .

;Ifd GofoM Gofokflnsfn] hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ;dk{0fsf ;fy Jofj;flos ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf Goflos lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbG5 .


117

pRr g}lts :t/M hgcf:yf j[l4sf nflu Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ g}ltstf, ;bfrf/, lgi7f, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / OdfGbfl/tfn] lgb]{lzt ug]{5 .

k|ltlglwTjM cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df Gofosf] :t/Lotf / of]Uotfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L Gofokflnsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qsf hgtfsf] :j:y k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtjf6 lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .


118

cWofo — $

!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? @= /0fgLlts pkfox? #= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? $= sfg"gL ;+/rgf %= lgod / lgb]{lzsfx?


119

!= d"n sfo{x? / glthf kl/;"rsx? xfd|f] kl/nIonfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? dfkm{t ;DkGg ul/g] rf/ d'Vo sfo{x?nfO{ cfwf/ jgfOPsf] 5 . kfFrjif{ leqdf xfdLn] ug{ rfx]sf sfdx?sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ / tL dfkb08sf] cfwf/df sfdsf glthfx?nfO{ ;doj4 ?kdf d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] k|To]s sfo{sf nflu glthf kl/;"rsx? klg tf]lsPsf 5g\ . s= km};nf ug]{ sfo{

sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ glthf kl/;"rs

o sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf;+u ;DjlGwt k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} d'2fx? Psjif{ leq km5\of}{6 ug]{

df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL clwsf/ cyjf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu l/6 cyjf cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{ glthf kl/;"rs

o ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{ ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq km5\of}{6 ug]{, o aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx? &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{

z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k/]sf d'2fx? km5\of{}{6 ug]{ glthf kl/;"rs

o ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug]{, ;f] cjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug{ g;lsP s'g}klg xfntdf b'O{ jif{ gf3\g glbg]

o aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

cbfntsf] km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug]{


120

glthf kl/;"rs o km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgfleq km5\of}{6

ug]{, ;f] cjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug{ g;lsP s'g} xfntdf klg Psjif{ gf3\g glbg]

o km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

v= /fo k/fdz{sf] sfo{

hl6n ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zgdf >L % dxf/fhflw/fhsf xh'/df /fo r9fpg] glthf kl/;"rs o /fo k/fdz{ dfu e} cfPsf] ldltn] ;j} /fo k/fdz{ >L %

dxf/fhflw/fhsf xh'/df Ps dlxgf leq r9fpg] u= ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udgsf] sfo{

dftxt cbfntx?, Gofoflws/0fx?, cw{Goflos lgsfox? / sf/fuf/sf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug]{ glthf kl/;"rs o k|To]s jif{ dftxt cbfnt, Gofoflws/0fx?, cw{Goflos lgsfox? /

sf/fuf/sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ o lg/LIf0fjf6 lbOPsf ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjog u/L ^ dlxgf leq ;f] sf]

k|ltj]bg ug]{ 3= cbfnt Joj:yfkg

/0fgLlts of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{, cfly{s ;|f]tx? h'6fpg] / Joj:yfkg ug]{, k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f / dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{, dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg ug]{,


121

d'2fsf clen]vx?df /x]sf sfuh ;8fpg], cg'qmdl0fsf jgfpg 5gf}6 u/L Jojl:yt u/L /fVg],

Goflos ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnL;+u ;DalGwt sfg"g / glh/sf] jf/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{ /

GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yf;+usf] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ / sfod /fVg] .

d"nsfo{x?sf] sfo{ of]hgf cg';"rL @ df lbOPs]f 5 . @= /0fgLlts pkfox? xfdLn] s]xL /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] klxrfg u/]sf 5f} h;sf] sfof{Gjogjf6 xfd|f] kl/b[Zosf] k|flKtdf d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5M

1= Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg],

2= ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf j[l4sf nflu k|of; ug]{ / ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ vr{df :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{,

3= cbfntdf sfd ug]{ cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg],

4= cbfntsf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; ug]{ / ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,

5= Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{, 6= :jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / a9'jf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Gofokflnsfsf] dfgj ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; ug]{,

7= ;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / sfg"gL Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf] :tl/otfdf j[l4 ug{ cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg],

8= cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod agfpg kfpg] clwsf/df Goflos :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{,


122

9= GofoIf]q leq / jflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

10= Gofo ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf] a8fkq agfO sfof{Gjog ug]{,

11= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg o;sf cg';GwgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],

12= d]nldnfk k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofO Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,

13= cbfnt Pj+ cbfntsf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{,

14= cbfntdf j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{, 15= d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfOnfO{ sd ug{ k|efjsf/L d'2f Joj:yfkgsf]

k|lqmof ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, / 16= u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

u/L ;+:yfut agfpg] .

/0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL # df lbOPsf] 5 . #= jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx? dfly pNn]v ul/Psf d"n sfo{x? / /0fgLlts pkfox? b'j}nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ xfdLn] kfFrj6f jx'kIfLo -Cross Cutting) glthf kl/;"rsx? klxrfg u/]sf 5f}+ h;jf6 s'g} vf; ;dodf xfd|f] sfdx?sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

d'2fsf k|To]s c;Ifd kIfnfO{ cbfntjf6 lgo'Qm j}tlgs sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .

Gofo k|0ffnLdf cbfnt k|lt o;sf pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;+t'li6df j[l4 x'g]5 .


123

Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf cem a9L j[l4 x'g]5 . /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf Gofokflnsfsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf

lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;'b[9 x'g]5 . dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;, cfly{s k|zf;g / sfo{ljlwut ljifosf]

:jfoQtfdf j[l4 x'g]5 . $= sfg"gL ;+/rgf xfdL;+u ;DjlGwt ljBdfg sfg"gx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, Gofo k|zf;g P]g, d'n'sL P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] zt{ / ;'ljwf

;DaGwL P]g, k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf

tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ;DaGwL P]g, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, ljz]if cbfnt P]g, Gofo kl/ifb P]g, Gofo ;]jf cfof]u P]g, sfg"gL ;xfotf P]g, sf]6{lkm P]g, k|df0f P]g, n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, >d P]g, g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g,


124

k|zf;lso sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug]{ P]g . %= lgod / lgb]{lzsfx? xfd|f sfd;+u ;DjlGwt ljBdfg lgod / lgb]{lzsfx? b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ M

;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, cfly{s k|zf;g ;DjGwL lgodfjnL, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL, sfo{ ljj/0f lgb]{lzsf, Dofb tfd]nL lgb]{lzsf, b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L d'2f lbUbz{g, kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw lbUbz{g, Ohnf; k'l:tsf .


125

;+u7gfTds :j?k

!= cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k @= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k #= g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k


126

cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k

$ /

fh:j

Gof

oflws/0

fx?

C0f c

;"nL k'g

/fj]b

g

Gofo

flws/0

f >d

cbfn

t

!^ k'g/fj]bg cbfn

tx?

k|zf;

sLo

cbfnt

ljz]if c

bfnt

;;jjff ]] {{RRrr ccbbffnntt

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f cw{Goflos lgsfox? &% lhNnf cbfntx?


127

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k

;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz

k"0f{ j}7s / cGo ;ldltx?

sfg

"gL ;

xfot

f zfv

f

cfGtl/s k|zf;g zfvf

dfggLo GofofwLzx?

/lhi6«f/ lghL ;lrjfno lghL ;lrjfno

lhNnf k|zf;g zfvf

cfGtl/s k|jGw zfvf

cltly tyf lzi6frf/ zfvf lgj]bg tyf k|ltj]bg zfvf

d'2f zfvf

k'g/fj]bg btf{ zfvf

l/6 zfvf

;"rgf tyf hg;Dks{ zfvf

Ohnf; Joj:yfkg zfvf

Dofb tfd]nL zfvf

gSsn zfvf

shlni6 Joj:yfkg zfvf cg';Gwfg zfvf

/]vf tyf lnvt k/LIf0f zfvf

k':tsfno zfvf

of]hgf tyf ef}lts k|zf;g zfvf

tYof+s tyf k|ltj]bg zfvf

5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg zfvf clen]v zfvf

km};nf sfof{Gjog zfvf

cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f zfvf

cg'u

dg

tyf lg/LIf0f d

xfzfv

f

cg';

Gwfg tyf of]h

gf dxfz

fvf

d'2f t

yf l/6

dxfzfv

f k|zf;

g dxfz

fvf

n]vf z

fvf


128

g]kfn clw/fHosf cbfntx?sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k

lhNnf cbfntx?

k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?

;jf]{Rr cbfnt

lhNnf cbfntx?

/fhlj/fh

hgsk/

lj/f6g

u/

wgs'6f

Onfd

dx]Gb|gu/

lbkfon

h'Dnf

;'v]{t

g]kfn

u+h t'lN;

k'/

j'6jn

jfUn'ª

kf]v/f

kf6g

x]6f}8f

wg'iff, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL

dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, k;f{, af/f, /f}tx6

nln

tk'/, bf]n

vf, l;

Gw'kfNrf]s

, sfe

|]knfGr

f]s, s

f7df8

f}+, eQmk'/,

/;'jf, g'jfs

f]6, wflbª

sfl:s

, uf]v

f{, dgfª,

nDh

'ª, :ofª\hf, t

gx'+

d':tfª, DofUbL, kj{t, jfUn'ª

?kGb]xL, u'NdL, cvf{vfrL, kfNkf,

gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' bfª, ?s'd, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, Ko'7fg

b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, ;'v]{t

x'Dnf,

d'u', sfln

sf]6,

8f]Nkf, h'Dn

f

;Kt/L, ;f]n'v'Dj', cf]vn9'+uf, vf]6fª, pbok'/, l;/fxf

;+v'jf;ef, t]x\y'd, ef]hk'/, wgs'6f

tfKn]h'ª, kf+ry/, emfkf, Onfd

bfr'{nf,

j}t8L,

88]Nw

'/f, s+rgk

'/ je

mf+ª, jfh'/f,

c5fd

, s}nfn

L, 8f]6L

jf+s], jlb{of

df]/ª, ;'g;/L


129

cg';"rLx?

cg';"rL !M kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod / lgb]{lzsf tyf jx'kIfLo Cross cutting glthf kl/;"rsx?

cg';"rL @M d"nsfo{sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL #M /0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf cg';"rL $M ah]6sf] ?k/]vf cg';"rL %M ah]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rL ^M ;xefuLx?sf] ;"rL


130

cg';"rL !

kl/nIo, kl/b[Zo, d"No / dfGotfx?, d"n sfo{x?, glthf kl/;"rsx?, /0fgLlts pkfox?, sfg"gL ;+/rgf, lgod / lgb]{lzsf tyf jx'kIfLo glthf kl/;"rsx?sf] ljj/0f

kl/nIo kl/b[Zo d"No / dfGotfx? ;+ljwfg, sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx?sf] cfwf/df :jR5 Pj+ lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/nIo xf] .

dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kf/L ;j}nfO{ Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg] :jtGq, ;Ifd, sd vlr{nf], l56f]5l/tf] tyf hgcf:yfd'vL Gofo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] kl/b[Zo xf] .

;+ljwfg k|lt cf:yfM

;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts Gofo k|fKt ug]{ efjgf k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfn] Gofo k|zf;g lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .

:jtGqtf / :jfoQtfM

Gofokflnsfn] s'g} x:tIf]k ljgf cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ub{5 / cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df :jfoQtf rfxG5 .

;dfh k|ltsf] st{JoM

Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /x]/ ;dfh k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] hjfkmb]xL k|lt ;r]t 5 / ;dfhsf] rfxgf cg'?k GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg rfxG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ;xdlt lgdf{0f, ax'njfb / v'Nnf ;dfhsf d"Nox? lgb]{zs l;4fGt x'g]5g\ .

Gofosf] ;j{;'netfM


131

Gofokflnsfn] :yfgLo tx;Dd u/Lj Pj+ c;xfo nufot ;j} hgtfsf] Gofo ;]jf k|ltsf] kx'Fr a9fpg k|of; ug]{5 .

;Ifd GofoM

Gofokflnsfn] hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ;dk{0fsf ;fy Jofj;flos ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf Goflos lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbG5 .

pRr g}lts :t/M

hgcf:yf j[l4sf nflu Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ g}ltstf, ;bfrf/, lgi7f, pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf / OdfGbfl/tfn] lgb]{lzt ug]{5 .

k|ltlglwTjM

cfkm\gf] st{Jokfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df Gofosf] :tl/otf / of]Uotfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L Gofokflnsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qsf hgtfsf] :j:y k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtjf6 lgb]{lzt x'g]5 .


132

d"n sfo{x? -d"sf_ /0fgLlts pkfox? -/p_ sfg"gL ;+/rgf

d"sf !M km};nf ug]{ sfo{ d"sf !=!M sfg"gsf]

;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ .

glthf kl/;"rs o sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf]

k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} d'2fx? Psjif{ leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ .

d"sf=!=@M df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu l/6 tyf cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{ .

glthf kl/;"rs o ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{

ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ .

o aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{

d"sf=!=#M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t k/]sf d'2fx? km5\of{}{6 ug]{ .

glthf kl/;"rs o ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf]

;dofjlw leq} km5\of}{6 ug]{, ;f] cjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug{ g;lsP s'g}klg xfntdf b'O{ jif{ gf3\g glbg] .

o aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

/p=!M Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] . /p=@M ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf j[l4sf nflu k|of; ug]{ / ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ vr{df :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{ . /p=#M cbfntdf sfd ug]{ cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg] . /p=$M cbfntsf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; ug]{ / ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ . /p=%M Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg], /p=^M:jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / j9'jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Gofokflnsfsf] hg ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; ug]{ . /p=&M;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / sfg"gL Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf] :tl/otfdf j[l4 ug{ cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg] . /p=*Mcfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod jgfpg

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, Gofo k|zf;g P]g, d'n'sL P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ ;DaGwL P]g, ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, ljz]if cbfnt P]g, Gofo kl/ifb P]g, Gofo ;]jf cfof]u P]g, sfg"gL ;xfotf P]g, sf]6{lkm P]g, k|df0f P]g, n]vfk/LIf0f P]g, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, >d P]g, g]kfn sfg"gL Joj;foL kl/ifb P]g, ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g,


133

d"sf !=$Mcbfntsf] km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

glthf kl/;"rs o km};nf sfof{Gjogsf

nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxfleq km5\of}{6 ug]{, ;f] cjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug{ g;lsP s'g} xfntdf klg Psjif{ gf3\g glbg] .

o km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

kfpg] clwsf/df Goflos :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{ . /p=(M ;+:yf leq / jflx/sf stf{x?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] . /p !)M Goflos ;]jfsf ;DjGwdf cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf lglDt a8fkq th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw lgoldt ug]{ P]g .


134

cg';"rL — @

d"nsfo{x?sf] sfo{of]hgf

d"nsfo{ !M km};nf ug]{ sfo{ d"nsfo{ !=!M sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{

glthf kl/;"rsM sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f;+u ;DalGwt ;j} d'2fx? Psjif{

leq km5\of}{{6 ug]{ .

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf / kl/0ffd sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ l/6 lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ l/6 btf{ zfvf k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{sf nflu Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug]{

d'2f k]zL/k|f/lDes ;'g'jfOsf] sf/jfxL

shlni6 cg';f/ d'2fsf] k|f/lDes ;'g'jfO{

l/6 btf{ zfvf, Ps

GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf tfd]n ug]{

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf tfd]nL Dofb tfd]nL zfvf

lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em / btf{ ug]{

hfFrj'em kl5 lnlvt hjfkm btf{

lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em/ ;xL tl/sfn] btf{

l/6 zfvf

clGtd ;'gjfOsf] nflu d'2f k]z ug]{

d'2f k]zL sfo{ljlw cg';f/ d'2fsf] k]zL

l/6 zfvf

;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;'g'jfO k|f/De ;'g'jfO ;DkGg ljz]if Ohnf; cfb]z k7fpg] ljkIfLnfO{ cfb]z

k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

cfb]z /Ltk"j{s tfd]n l/6 zfvf

ldl;nsf] clen]v /fVg]

ldl;n btf{ / clen]v

;xL tl/sfn] k+lhs/0f clen]v zfvf

d"nsfo{ !=@M df}lns Pj+ sfg"gL clwsf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu

l/6 nufot cGo cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug]{


135

glthf kl/;"rsM ! ;j} l/6 lgj]bgx? btf{ ePsf] ldltn] Psjif{ leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ @= aSof}tf l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{

sf/jfxL ljj/0f glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf

l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ug]{ l/6 lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ l/6 btf{ zfvf

k|f/lDes ;'g'jfOsf nflu lgj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug]{

lgj]bg k]zL / k|f/lDes ;'g'jfOsf] sf/jfxL

shlni6 cg';f/ lgj]bgsf] k]zL / ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

l/6 btf{ zfvf / Ps GofofwLzsf]

Ohnf; ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg] ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj

;"rgf tfd]n Dofb tfd]nL

zfvf lnlvt hjfkmsf] hfFrj'em / btf{ ug]{

hfFrj'em kl5 lnlvt hjfkm btf{

lnlvt hjfkm hfFrj'em u/L /Ltk'j{s btf{

l/6 zfvf

cgtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu u/L lgj]bg k/]sf] eP of] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgj]bg k]z ug]{

lgj]bg k]zL / cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L eP cfb]z

tfd]n ug]{

sfo{ljlw cg';f/ lgj]bg k]zL

l/6 zfvf

clGtd ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu lgj]bg k]z ug]{

lgj]bg k]zL sfo{ljlw cg';f/ lgj]bg k]zL

l/6 zfvf

lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO ug]{ ;'g'jfO k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

cfb]z k7fpg] ljkIfLnfO{ cfb]z tfd]n /Ltk"j{s cfb]z tfd]n

l/6 zfvf

ldl;nsf] clen]v /fVg] ldl;n btf{ / clen]v /Ltk"j{s btf{ u/L /fVg] sfo{

;DkGg

clen]v zfvf


136

d"nsfo{ !=#=!M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L d'2fx? km};nf ug]{— b]jfgL d'2f

glthf kl/;"rs ! ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ ;f]

cg';f/ ug{ g;lsP klg @ jif{ gf3\g glbg] @= aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg kl/;"rs

hjfkmb]lxtf

klxnf] txM d'2f btf{ ug]{ d'2fsf] btf{ ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f btf{

zfvf Dofb hf/L ug]{ / tfd]n ug]{ Dofb tfd]nL ;DkGg ;do e} /Ltk"j{s

tfd]nL d'2f btf{ zfvf

k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ ug]{ k|ltpQ/kqsf] btf{ ;DkGg

/Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f zfvf

d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] k]zL ;"rL tof/ ug]{ -d'2f Ohnf;df k]z x'g] k|To]s k6s_

b}lgs k]zL ;"rL tof/ b}lgs k]zL ;"rL cg';f/ d'2fsf]

;'g'jfO{

d'2f zfvf

k|df0f d's//sf] nflu klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{

;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL cg';f/ ;'g'jfO{ sfo{

;DkGg

Ohnf;

;fIfLsf] jskq Pj+ cGo cfjZos sfo{x? ug]{ -gfk gS;f ug]{, ;DklQsf] tfobftL lng], ljjflbt ;DklQsf] cj:yf j'em\g], cGo ;DalGwt JolQmx? j'em\g] cflb_

jskq Pj+ cGo cfjZos sfo{x?

;DkGg

7Ls ;dodf ;j} sfdsf/jfxL

/Ltk"j{s ;DkGg

Ohnf;

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ / km};nf ug]{

;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg

Ohnf;

km};nf n]Vg] / ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;f]sf] ;"rgf hf/L ug]{

km};nfsf] tof/L / ;"rgf hf/L

ljjflbt ;j} k|Zgx?sf] lg/fs/0f

Ohnf;


137

ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf k7fpg]

ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf k|fKt

ldl;n clen]v btf{ lstfjdf

btf{

d'2f zfvf

bf];|f] txM k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug]{ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{

;DkGg /Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg

btf{ zfvf z'? cbfntjf6 ldl;n lemsfpg]

ldl;n k|fKt ljgf ljnDj ldl;n k|fKt

d'2f zfvf

;'g'jfOsf] nflu k]zL ;"rL tof/ ug]{ -d'2f Ohnf;df k]z x'g] k|To]s k6s_

k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL d'tfljs d'2fsf]

;'g'jfO{

/lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;'gjfO{ ;DkGg

Ohnf;

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ug]{ ;"rgf hf/L ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf hf/L

d'2f zfvf

k"/s k|df0f j'em\g cfb]z ug]{ cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? /Ltk"j{s ;+sng

Ohnf;

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO{ u/L km};nf ug]{

clGtd ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg

Ohnf;

km};nf n]Vg] km};nf tof/ ljjflbt ;j} k|Zgx?sf] lg/fs/0f

Ohnf;

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ km};nfsf] ;"rgf hf/L ug]{

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj 7Ls ;dodf tfd]nL

;DkGg

d'2f zfvf

z'? cbfntdf ldl;n lkmtf{ k7fpg]

ldl;n lkmtf{ ;do d} ldl;n lkmtf{

d'2f zfvf

/]s8{ ldl;n k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf k7fpg]



btf{

clen]v zfvf / d'2f

zfvf t];|f] txM bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg btf{ ug]{ bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg

btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f zfvf

;'g'jfOsf] nflu k]zL ;"rL k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL shlni6


138

tof/ ug]{ -d'2f Ohnf;df k]z x'g] k|To]s k6s_

d'tfljs d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{

zfvf

dftxt cbfntx?jf6 ldl;n lemsfpg]


d'2f zfvf

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

;+o'Qm Ohnf;


,,

ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf tfd]n ug]{ ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf tfd]n

d'2f zfvf

k"/s k|df0fx? j'em\g cfb]z ug]{

cfb]z ;DkGg k"/s k|df0fx? /Ltk"j{s ;+sng

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L km};nf ug]{

clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

km};nf n]Vg] / km};nfsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ hf/L ug]{

km};nf tof/ u/L ;"rgf tfd]n

ljjflbt ;j} k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

ldl;n dftxt cbfntx?df lkmtf{ k7fpg]


d'2f zfvf

/]s8{ ldl;n ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf k7fpg]



btf{

d'2f zfvf / clen]v zfvf

d"nsfo{ !=#=@M z'? / k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L d'2fx? km};nf ug]{—

kmf}hbf/L d'2f glthf kl/;"rs ! ;j} d'2fx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq km5\of}{6 ug]{, ;f]

cg';f/ ug{ g;lsP klg @ jif{ gf3\g glbg] @= aSof}tf d'2fx?sf] ;+Vof %) k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg kl/;"rs

hjfkmb]lxtf

klxnf] txM cleof]ukq btf{ ug]{ cleof]ukq btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ d'2f btf{

zfvf ljleGg r/0fdf k]zL ;"rL k]zL ;"rL tof/ k]zL ;"rL k|zf;g zfvf


139

tof/ ug]{ d'tfljs d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{

cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng] jofg ;DkGg ;j} ;Dj4 k|Zgx? ;f]wL /Ltk"j{s jofg

;DkGg

Ohnf;

y'g5]ssf] nflu ;'g'jfO ug]{ ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL d'tfljs ;'g'jfO{

;DkGg

Ohnf;

cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfb]z sfof{Gjog ;dodf cfb]z sfof{Gjog

d'2f zfvf

cfb]z pk/ dflyNnf] cbfntdf lgj]bg k/] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{

k|ltj]bg k|:t't ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg

Ohnf;

dflyNnf] cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] kl/kfngf ug]{ -c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{t_

cfb]zsf] kfngf cfb]zfg';f/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZos sfo{x? ljgf ljnDj ;DkGg

Ohnf;

km/f/ cleo'Qmx?nfO{ jf/06 Pj+ Dofb hf/L u/L tfd]n ug]{

Dofb hf/L ljgf ljnDj Dofb tfd]n

d'2f zfvf

cbfntdf xflh/ x'g] cleo'Qmsf] jofg lng]

jofg ;DkGg ;Dj4 ;j} k|Zgx? ;f]wL /Ltk"j{s jofg

;DkGg

Ohnf;

y'g5]ssf] nflu ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ y'g5]ssf] ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

k|efjsf/L y'g5]ssf] ;'g'jfO{

;DkGg

Ohnf;

cfb]z sfof{Gjog ug]{ cfb]z sfof{Gjog ljgf ljnDj cfb]z sfof{Gjog

d'2f zfvf

ljz]if1 nufot cGo ;fIfLx? k/LIf0f ug]{

;fIfL k/LIf0f ;j} ;Dj4 k|Zgx? ;f]wL

/Ltk"j{s jskq ;DkGg

Ohnf;

sfg"gn] tf]s] jdf]lhd cleo'Qmsf] ;DklQ bfv]n k]z

;DklQ bfv]n /Ltk"j{s ;dodf sfd ;DkGg

Ohnf;


140

ug]{ clGtd ;'g'jfOsf] nflu d'2f k]z ug]{

d'2f k]zL k]zL ;"rL d'tfljs d'2fsf]

k|dfjsf/L ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

d'2f zfvf

d'2fsf] km};nf tof/ ug]{ km};nf tof/ u/L ;"rgf tfd]n


Ohnf;

sfof{Gjogsf nflu km};nf txl;n zfvfdf k7fpg]

km};nf k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

ljgf ljnDj km};nf

sfof{Gjog

d'2f zfvf



ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf btf{


bf];|f] txM k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug]{ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg

btf{ zfvf dftxt cbfntjf6 ldl;n lemsfpg]


d'2f zfvf

klxnf] ;'g'jfO ug]{ klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k]zL ;"rL d'tfljs ;'g'jfO{

;DkGg

Ohnf;


Ohnf;


d'2f zfvf



Ohnf;

;fIfL -ljz]if1 ;d]t_ k/LIf0f ug]{

;fIfL k/LIf0f ;DkGg ;j} ;Dj4 k|Zg ;f]wL /Ltk"j{s jskq ;DkGg

Ohnf;

c=j+= !& g+= sf] lgj]bgdf dflyNnf] cbfntjf6 ePsf] cfb]z kfngf ug]{

cfb]zsf] kfngf cfb]zfg';f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ljgf ljnDj ;DkGg

Ohnf;

clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L km};nf ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L Ohnf;


141

ug]{ ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg km};nf tof/ ug]{ km};nf tof/ ;j} ljjflbt

k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f Ohnf;

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ km};nfsf] ;"rgf hf/L ug]{

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf tfd]n

d'2f zfvf

z'? cbfntdf ldl;n lkmtf{ k7fpg]

ldl;n lkmtf{ ljgf ljnDj ldl;n lkmtf{

,,

/]s8{ ldl;n k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf k7fpg]



btf{


t];|f] tx bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ ug]{

bf];|f] txsf] k'g/fj]bg btf{

/Ltk"j{s btf{ k'g/fj]bg btf{ zfvf

dftxt cbfntx?jf6 ldl;n lemsfpg]


d'2f zfvf

klxnf] ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO ;DkGg

Ohnf;


Ohnf;


d'2f zfvf



Ohnf;

dftxt cbfntsf cfb]z pk/sf] ph'/L ;'Gg]

-c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{t_

ph'/L ;'Gg] sfo{ ;DkGg

k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ u/L

pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L

Ohnf;

ljz]if1 nufotsf ;fIfL k/LIf0f ug]{

;fIfL k/LIf0f ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s ;j} k|Zgx? ;f]wL jskq ;DkGg

Ohnf;

d'2fsf] clGtd ;'g'jfO u/L km};nf ug]{

clGtd ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg

Ohnf;

km};nf n]Vg] km};nf tof/


Ohnf;


142

km};nfsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ hf/L ug]{

;"rgf tfd]n ljgf l9nfO ;"rgf tfd]n

d'2f zfvf

ldl;n dftxt cbfntx?df lkmtf{ k7fpg]


d'2f zfvf

/]s8{ ldl;n ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clen]v zfvfdf k7fpg]



btf{


d"nsfo{ !=$M cbfntsf km};nfx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ glthf kl/;"rsM

!M km};nf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/]sf lgj]bgx? ^ dlxgf leq km5\of}{6 ug]{ Pj+ s'g}klg cj:yfdf ! jif{ gf3\g glbg]

@= aSof}tf lgj]bgx?sf] ;+Vof &% k|ltztn] Go"g ug]{ .

sfd sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg k/L;"rs

hjfkmb]lxtf

b]jfgL d'2f km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] lgj]bg btf{ ug]{

lgj]bg btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ txl;n zfvf

km};nf jdf]lhd ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf hf/L ug]{

;"rgf hf/L ;dodf ;"rgf hf/L

txl;n zfvf

;"rgf tfd]n ug]{ ;"rgf tfd]n ljgf ljnDj ;"rgf tfd]n

Dofb zfvf

km};nf cg';f/ lhTg] kIfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ ljuf]sf] d"Nof+sg k|lqmof z'? ug]{

lemsfOPsf] kIfn] /sd hDdf ug{ NofPdf cbfntsf] w/f}6L vftfdf hDdf ug]{

/sd hDdf /Ltk"j{s w/f}6Ldf hDdf

txl;n zfvf

txl;n b:t'/ jfkt hDdf ePsf] /sdjf6 @=% k|ltztn] s6f}tL u/L afFsL /sd lhTg] kIfnfO{ e/fO lbg]

/sd e/fpg] ljgf ljnDj /sd e/fpg]

txl;n zfvf

olb klxn] g} ;DklQ bfv]n ;DklQ e/fpg] ljgf ljnDj txl;n zfvf


143

e};s]sf] eP To;}jf6 e/fO lbg]

;DklQ e/fpg]

xfg]{ kIfn] bfv]n ug{ gNofP Pj+ klxn] g} bfv]n klg gu/]sf] eP ;DklQ e/fpg] sf/jfxL z'? ug]{

;DklQ bfv]n ;dodf g} /Ltk"j{s ;DklQ

bfv]n

txl;n zfvf

dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 ;DkQL d"Nof+sgsf] b/ k|fKt ug]{

d"Nof+sgsf] b/ k|fKt ljgf ljnDj b/ k|fKt

txl;n zfvf

8f]/ d'r'Nsfåf/f ;DklQ d"Nof+sg ug{ sd{rf/L v6fpg]

d"Nof+sg ;DkGg oyfy{ / /Ltk"j{s d"Nof+sg

txl;n zfvf

;DklQsf] k~rs[lt d"Nof+sg ug]{

d"Nof+sg ;DkGg oyfy{ / /Ltk"j{s d"Nof+sg

txl;n zfvf

;DklQ lnnfd ug]{ ;DklQ lnnfd ;do d} /Ltk"j{s lnnfd

txl;n zfvf

t];|f] kIfn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf]df !) k|ltzt tTsfn} w/f}6 /fvL jf+sL () k|ltzt /sd hDdf ug{ & lbgsf] ;do lbg]

;sf/ u/]sf] /sd k|fKt ;sf/ u/]sf] /sd ;do d}

k|fKt

txl;n zfvf

txl;n b:t'/ @=% k|ltzt s6[f u/L jfFsL /sd lhTg] kIfnfO{ e/fO{ lbg]

/sd s6[f u/L e/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

ljgf ljnDj /sd e/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

t];|f] kIfn] lnnfd ;sf/ gu/]sf]df bf];|f] k6s lnnfdsf] nflu sf/jfxL k|f/De ug]{ -k|lqmof pxL_

bf];|f] k6s lnnfd ;DkGg

/Ltk"j{s ;do d} sfo{ ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

;j}eGbf a9L c+sdf lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{nfO{ ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof z'? ug]{

;DklQ x:tfGt/0f lnnfd ;sf/ ug]{ JolQmåf/f

;DklQsf] ef]u rng

txl;n zfvf

bf];|f] k6s klg t];|f] kIfn] lnnfd ;sf/ gu/]df jfbLnfO{ g} ;DklQ :jLsf/ ug{ nufpg]

jfbLåf/f ;DklQ :jLsf/

/Ltk"j{s ;do d} sfo{ ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

olb lnnfd /sdjf6 lhTg] kIfnfO{ ltg{ k'Ug] eP bfv]n

;DklQ e/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

;dodf g} e/fpg] sfo{

txl;n zfvf


144

ePsf] /sdjf6 e/fO{ lbg] ;DkGg lnnfd u/]sf] ;DklQjf6 lhTg] kIfnfO{ ltg{ k'u]g cyjf lgh;+u c? ;DklQ klg jfFsL /x]g5 eg] C0fLnfO{ s}bdf k7fpg lgj]bg btf{ ug]{

lgj]bg btf{ lgj]bg /Ltk"j{s btf{

txl;n zfvf

C0fLnfO{ kqmfp cfb]z hf/L ug{ lgj]bg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug]{

kqmfp cfb]z hf/L /Ltk"j{ssf] sfo+{ljlw ckgfO{ d'2f k]z ug]{ sfo{

;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

Ohnf;sf] cfb]zfg';f/ C0fLnfO{ kqmfp cfb]z hf/L ug]{

kqmfp cfb]z hf/L C0fL kqmfp txl;n zfvf

C0fLnfO{ sf/uf/df k7fpg] C0fLnfO{ sf/fuf/df k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

plrt sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDag

txl;n zfvf

ljleGg cfb]z / sf/jfxL lj?4 ph'/L k/] btf{ ug]{ / sf/jfxL ug]{

ph'/Lsf] btf{ / sf/jfxL

;do d} sf/jfxL txl;n zfvf

ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

/Ltk"j{s ldl;n clen]vdf btf{

txl;n zfvf

;DklQ a08f 5'6[ofpg] sf/jfxL z'? ug]{ j08f ug'{kg]{ ;DklQsf] btf{ j'emL :jfldTj olsg ug]{

;DklQ olsg ;dodf olsg txl;n zfvf

cfjZostf cg';f/ hUufsf] ;e]{ -gfk hfFr_ ug]{

hUuf gfkL ;DkGg ;dodf g} /Ltk"j{s gfkL

;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

j08f 5'6\ofpg sd{rf/L lkmN8df v6fpg]

sd{rf/L v6fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

;Ifd sd{rf/L v6fOg]

txl;n zfvf

j08f 5'6\ofO{ ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg cbfntdf j'emfpg]

j08f 5'6\ofO k|ltj]bg k|:t't

kIfx?sf] lrQj'em\g] u/L sfo{ ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

j08f 5'6\ofOg]jf6 txl;n b:t'/ jfkt @=% k|ltzt w/f}6 lng]

txl;n b:t'/ k|fKt ;dodf g} /Ltk"j{s w/f}6Ldf

hDdf

txl;n zfvf


145

j08f kfpg] kIfnfO{ ;DklQsf] rngk"hL{ lbg]

rngk"hL{ k|bfg kIfåf/f ;DklQsf] ef]u rng

txl;n zfvf

j08f kfPsf] ;DklQ ;DalGwt JolQmsf gfpFdf btf{ ug{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg]

cfb]z hf/L ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfddf

hUuf btf{

txl;n zfvf

ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf cfb]z / sf/jfxL pk/ ph'/ k/] btf{ ug]{ / sf/jfxL ug+]{

ph'/L btf{ / sf/jfxL ;do d} sf/jfxL txl;n zfvf

ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

ldl;n clen]vdf btf{

txl;n zfvf

;DklQ rng rnfpg] sf/jfxL z'? ug]{ ;DklQsf] btf{ ;|]:tf j'em\g] btf{ ;|]:tf j'em\g] sfo{

;DkGg ;dodf g} j'em\g] txl;n zfvf

hUufsf] gfkgS;f ug]{ hUuf gfkL ;DkGg /Ltk"j{s hUuf gfkL ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

;DklQ rng rnfpg sd{rf/L lkmN8df v6fpg]


;Ifd sd{rf/L vl6g]

txl;n zfvf

ljjflbt ;DklQsf] rng rnfpg]

rng rnfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

;DalGwt kIfn] hUufsf] rng

kfpg]

txl;n zfvf

txl;n b:t'/ jfkt @=% k|ltzt /sd hDdf ug]{

/sd hDdf /sd /Ltk"j{s hDdf

txl;n zfvf

;DalGwt kIfnfO{ rng k"hL{ lbg]

rng k"hL{ hf/L ;DalGwt kIfn] rng kfpg]

txl;n zfvf

ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf cfb]z / sf/jfxL pk/ ph'/ k/] btf{ u/L sf/jfxL ug]{

ph'/L btf{ / sf/jfxL ;do d} ph'/L pk/ sf/jfxL

txl;n zfvf

ldl;n clen]vdf k7fpg] ldl;n clen]vdf k|fKt ldl;n clen]vdf

/Ltk"j{s btf{

clen]v zfvf

sfof{Gjog cfb]zsf] cj1f ug]{ kIf pk/ sf/jfxL ug]{

sf/jfxL ;DkGg sfof{Gjog cfb]zsf] plrt

kl/kfng

txl;n zfvf

kmf}hbf/L d'2f


146

s;"/bf/ xflh/ /x]sf] eP s}bL k"lh{ hf/L ug]{ / ;f] sf] clen]v /fVg]

s;"/bf/nfO{ s}bdf k7fO{ ;f] sf] clen]v /fVg] sfo{ ;DkGg

;do d} cfb]z sfof{Gjog

txl;n zfvf

s;"/bf/ km/f/ eP s}bsf] nut /fVg]

s}b nut btf{ /Ltk"j{ssf] nut btf{

txl;n zfvf

hl/jfgf c;"n ug{ / s;"/bf/nfO{ kqmfp ug{ sd{rf/L v6fpg]


;Ifd sd{rf/L v6fpg]

txl;n zfvf

s;"/bf/ kqmfp k/] s}b k"lh{ hf/L u/L sf/fuf/df k7fpg]

s}b k"lh{ hf/L u/L sf/fuf/df k7fpg] sfo{

;DkGg

;do d} /Ltk"j{ssf]

sf/jfxL ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

hl/jfgf c;'n eP #) k|ltzt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg :j?k s6fO{ jfFsL /fh:jdf hDdf ug]{

hl/jfgfsf] /sd hDdf Pj+ sd{rf/LnfO{

k|f]T;fxg /sd k|fKt

;do d} hDdf txl;n zfvf

s}b nfu]sf dflg;x?nfO{ kqmfp ug{ ltgLx?sf] ;"rL k|x/L sfof{nodf k7fpg]

s}b nfu]sfx?sf] ;"rL k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

w]/} s;"/bf/x? kqmfp

txl;n zfvf

s;"/bf/x? kqmfp k/] sf/uf/df k7fpg]

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;j} sfo{ljlwx? ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

hl/jfgf nfu]sf] dflg; km]nf k/] hl/jfgf c;'n ug]{

hl/jfgf c;"n hl/jfgf /Ltk"j{s hDdf

txl;n zfvf

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s}bdf k7fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

sfo{ljlw /Ltk"j{s ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

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nfut lstfjdf hfohft ug'{kg]{

;DklQsf] ljj/0f btf{

/Ltk"j{s ;DklQsf] nut

btf{

,,

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sfo{ ;DkGg

txl;n zfvf

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txl;n zfvf

s;"/bf/sf] rn ;DklQ eP lnnfd ;DkGg ;do d} /Ltk"j{s txl;n zfvf


147

lnnfd ug]{ lnnfd ;DkGg olb ;DklQ geP s;"/bf/nfO{ !* dlxgf ;Dd s}b ug]{

s}b cfb]z hf/L s}b c+s /Ltk"j{s u0fgf

txl;n zfvf

ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf j'emfpg]


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txl;n zfvf

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k/fdz{ r9fpg] glthf kl/;"rsM /fo k/fdz{sf nflu kq k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ! dlxgf leq >L %

dxf/fhflw/fhsf] xh'/df /fo k/fdz{ r9fpg]M

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf

>L % dxf/fhflwhjf6 k/fdz{sf nflu k|fKt kq btf{ ug]{

kq btf{ /Ltk"j{s btf{ /lhi6«f/

shlni6 tof/ u/L Ohnf;df k]z ug]{

shlni6 tof/ u/L Ohnf;df k|:t't

k]zL ;"rL d'tfljs ;'g'jfO{

;x /lhi6«f/

cfjZostfg';f/ Plds; So'/L -;xof]uL sfg"g Jofj;foL_ jf]nfpg]

Plds; So"/Lsf] ;xof]u k|fKt

tTsfn} Plds; So"/Lsf] ;xof]u

k|fKt

ljz]if Ohnf;

;'g'jfO{ k|f/De ug]{ ;'g'jfO{ k|f/De k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO{ ;DkGg

ljz]if Ohnf;

/fo k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ /fo k|ltj]bg tof/ ;j} k|Zgx?sf] lg/fs/0f

ljz]if Ohnf;

>L % dxf/fhflw/fhdf /fo r9fpg]

/fo r9fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

ljgf ljnDj /fo k/fdz{ k|:t't

/lhi6«f/



ldl;n clen]vdf btf{

clen]v zfvf

d"nsfo{ #M ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udgsf] sfo{ d"nsfo{ #=!M dftxt cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, cw{Goflos lgsfo / sf/fuf/sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f

/ cg'udg ug]{


148

glthf kl/;"rsM != k|To]s jif{ dftxt cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, cw{Goflos lgsfo / sf/fuf/sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{

@= ^ dlxgf leq ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg lng]

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg

;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf

;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udgsf] ;dotflnsf tof/ ug]{

;do tflnsf tof/ ;do tflnsfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog

/lhi6«f/

;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udgsf] s]Gb|Lo tYof+s k|0ffnL l;h{gf ug]{

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s k|0ffnL tof/

b'?:t tYof+s pknAw

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

;'k/Lj]If0fsf nflu ;jf]{Rr Pj+ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz Pj+ sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]Sg]

GofofwLz / sd{rf/L tf]Sg] sfo{ ;DkGg

;dodf g} pko'Qm 6f]nL u7g

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfg

GofofwLz / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

d'Vo GofofwLz

cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f / cw{Goflos lgsfox?sf] xfn rfn' / ljutsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] lg/LIf0f

sfd sf/jfxLsf] lg/LIf0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg ;DkGg

;do d} lj:t[t lg/LIf0f ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg ;DkGg

lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg ug]{

km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg ;DkGg

sfof{Gjogdf x'g] uNtLsf] Go"gLs/0f

/ plrt sfof{Gjogsf] lglZrttf

lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

sf/fuf/sf] lg/LIf0f u/L y'g'jfx?sf] j}wtf / ltgsf] ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug]{

sf/fuf/x?sf] lg/LIf0f ;DkGg

u}/sfg"gL y'gfsf] ;+efjgf 36fpg] / y'g'jfsf] clwsf/sf]

;+/If0f

lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

uNtL ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos cfjZos cfb]z hf/L uNtLsf] ;'wf/ lg/LIf0f


149

cfb]z hf/L ug]{ 6f]nL sfdsf/jfxLdf ;'wf/sf nflu lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{

lgb]{zg hf/L lgb]{zgsf] kfngf lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

;jf]{Rr cbfnt / ;DalGwt dGqfnodf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{

k|ltj]bg k|:t't ;do d} lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|:t't

lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|of; ug]{

k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf nflu k7fpg]

k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjog

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf nflu k|wfg GofofwLz / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf nflu d'Vo GofofwLz

;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udgsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|wfg GofofwLz ;dIf k|:t't ug]{

jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|:t't k|ltj]bg pk/ sf/jfxL


lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ug]{

;f/f+z jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z

cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L

lg/LIf0f 6f]nL

d"nsfo{ $M cbfnt Joj:yfkg d"nsfo{ $=!M /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf/0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;'k/Lj]If0f / cg'udg ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g ug]{

;ldlt u7g k|wfg GofofwLz jf lghn] tf]s]sf] jl/i7 GofofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf k|ltlglwTj d"ns ;ldlt u7g

k|wfg GofofwLz

/0fgLlts of]hgf @)^! — @)^% sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{

sfof{Gjog cg'udg

of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvfdf ;lrjfno /xg] u/L


150

;ldlt cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug]{ Plss[t cj:yf

ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg k|To]s jif{ ;xL, Jojl:yt Pj+ j[xt ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltj]bg


;du| /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

;du| /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

ah]6 ;lxt jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf cBfjlws ug]{

jflif{s sfo{of]hgf cBfjlws

cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t


d"nsfo{ $=@M cfly{s ;|f]tx? h'6fpg] / Joj:yfkg ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfljleGg cbfntx?nfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{

ah]6 ljlgof]hg cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ljlgof]hg

/lhi6«f/

cfufdL jif{sf] nflu k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntx?jf6 cg'dflgt ah]6 ;+sng ug]{

cg'dflgt ah]6 ;+sng

;j} cbfntx?sf] nflu cg'dflgt ah]6 tof/

n]vf zfvf

;DalGwt ;/f]sf/ jfnfx?;+u k|:tfljt ah]6sf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ ug]{

k/fdz{ ;DkGg ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf

cfjZostfsf] j[xt ljZn]if0f

/lhi6«f/

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Plss[t ah]6 cg'dfg tof/

cbfntsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ j[xt ah]6 cg'dfg tof/

/lhi6«f/

cg'dflgt ah]6 cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg]

ah]6 cg'dfg cy{ dGqfnodf k7fpg]

sfo{ ;DkGg

ah]6sf] cfjZostfsf jf/]df hfgsf/L

u/fpg] sfo{ ;DkGg

/lhi6«f/

cg'dfg ul/P cg';f/sf] ah]6 :jLs[t u/fpg k|of; ug]{

ah]6 :jLs[ltsf nflu k|of;

cfjZos ah]6 :jLs[t /lhi6«f/


151

d"nsfo{ $=#= k"jfwf{/ / cGo ;'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yf ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfcbfntsf] ljBdfg k"jf{wf/x? b'?:t /fVg]

k"jf{wf/x? b'?:t nfdf] ;do;Dd pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] Ifdtf / nfut

k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4

;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /lhi6«f/, lhNnf

cbfntdf lhNnf

GofofwLz ;j} cbfntdf k':tsfno ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{

k':tsfnosf] ;'ljwf pknJw

ljB'lto klqsf -e-journals_ ;lxtsf kof{Kt k':ts /

klqsfo'Qm k':tsfno pknAw


cbfntdf lhNnf

GofofwLz kmlg{r/ nufotsf cGo ;fdfgx?sf] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{

kmlg{r/ / cGo ;fdfgx?sf] dd{t

;+ef/

ljBdfg kmlg{r/ / cGo ;fdfgx?sf] l6sfpkgfdf j[l4


cbfntdf lhNnf

GofofwLz ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{

;jf/L ;fwgsf] dd{t ;+ef/

l6sfpkgfdf j[l4 ;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf /lhi6«f/, lhNnf

cbfntdf lhNnf

GofofwLz


152

d"nsfo{ $=$M d'2fx?sf] clen]vnfO{ Jojl:yt / b'?:t t'Nofpg]

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfcbfntdf clen]v /fVg] jt{dfg k4ltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug]{

k'g/fjnf]sg ;DkGg j[xt cj:yf ljZn]if0f /lhi6«f/

plrt / Jojl:yt clen]v Joj:yfsf] nflu gLlt th'{df ug]{

gLltsf] th'{df j[xt gLlt th'{df / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 gLlt kfl/t

;x /lhi6«f/ cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

rfn' / l5g\'jf ldl;nsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwL gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{

gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;'wfl/Psf] / Jojl:yt clen]v /fVg] k|0ffnL

k|To]s cbfntsf] clen]v zfvf

;j} cbfntx?df r/0fj4?kdf ljB'tLo tYof+s k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

ljB'lto tYof+s k|0ffnL ljsf;

tYof+s /fVg] / ;]jf ug]{ cbfntsf] ;Ifdtfdf j[l4


cbfntdf /x]sf cgfjZos sfuhftx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L ;8fpg]

5gf}6 sfo{ ;DkGg clen]v k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ clen]v clws[t

d"nsfo{ $=%M Goflos ;"rgfx? k|jfx ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfg]kfn sfg"g klqsf / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g lgoldt ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{

sfg"g klqsf / j'n]l6gsf] k|sfzgdf lgoldttf

sfg"g klqsf / ;=c= j'n]l6gsf] :t/df ;'wf/

;x /lhi6«f/, cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] k|sfzgnfO{ lgoldt t'Nofpg]

jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] lgoldt k|sfzg

cbfntsf] ljleGg lqmofsnfksf jf/]df j[xt tYof+s pknAw

;x/lhi6«f/, cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

cbfntsf k|jQmfsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo k|jQmfsf] sfo{ Ifdtfdf /lhi6«f/


153

clwsf/, st{Jo / e"ldsf :ki6 ug]{

:ki6 ;'wf/

Gofokflnsfsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf jf/]df c+u|]hL / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf k|sfzg ug]{

kqsf/x?;+u cfjlws ?kdf e]63f6

Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{x? hg;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L

;x /lhi6«f/, cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

Gofokflnsfsf] Website lgdf{0f ug]{

Website sf] lgdf{0f Jofks kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf

/lhi6«f/

d"nsfo{ $=^M dfgj ;+zfwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{M

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfJofjxfl/s dfgj ;+zfwg gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{

dfgj ;+zfwg gLltsf] sfof{Gjog

pko'Qm / j:t'ut dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg

/lhi6«f/ -/fhkq cg+lst

sd{rf/Lsf] nflu_

;?jf / j9'jfsf] nflu ;do tflnsf k4lt nfu' ug]{

sd{rf/L ;DaGwL tflnsfsf] sfof{Gjog

plrt 7fpFdf plrt JolQmsf] kb:yfkg

/lhi6«f/

Goflos sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{

d"Nof+sg ;DkGg ;doj4 / j:t'lgi7 d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf

;x /lhi6«f/

;'k/Lj]If0f Pj+

cg'udg dxfzfvf

sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t b08 / k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{

b08 / k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL nfu"

cg'zf;g sfod / sfo{pTk|]/0ff / ;Ifdtfdf j[l4

/lhi6«f/

d"nsfo{ $=&M sfg"g, glh/ / g]kfnsf] Gofok|0ffnLsf] jf/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfcg';Gwfg cfjZos kg]{ cg';Gwfgsf If]qx?sf] ;lx klxrfg ;x /lhi6«f/


154

sfg"g, glh/ / Gofok|0ffnLsf] If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{

If]qx?sf] klxrfg cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

klxrfg ul/Psf x/]s If]qx?sf] nflu sfo{bn u7g ug]{

sfo{bnsf] u7g ;Ifd sfo{bnsf] u7g ;x /lhi6«f/ cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

klxrfg ul/Psf If]qx?sf jf/]df cj:yfkq -Position Paper_ tof/ ug]{

l:yltkq tof/ j[xt cWoog ;DkGg sfo{bn

cg';Gwfg ug]{ / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{

k|ltj]bg tof/ j[xt k|ltj]bg tof/ / k"0f{ j}7sjf6 k|ltj]bg kfl/t

sfo{bn

k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|of; ug]{

k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjog

Goflos Pj+ sfg"gL k4ltdf ;'wf/

/lhi6«f/

sfg"g / Gofosf If]qdf sfo{/t cGo cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?;+u ;Dks{ sfod ug]{

;Dks{ :yfkgf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf

;x /lhi6«f/ cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

d"nsfo{ $=*M GofoIf]q eGbf jflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ / sfod

ug]{

sf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f glthf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtfjfx\o;+:yfx?;+u ;lqmo ;DaGw sfod ug]{

;lqmo ;DaGw :yfkgf

GofoIf]q jLrsf] ;xof]udf j[l4

;j} cbfntx?

;d:ofx? ;dGjo j}7sdf k|:t't ug]{

;d:ofx? k|:t't ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx?sf] klxrfg

/lhi6«f/ ;jf{Rr cbfnt, /lhi6«f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,

;|:t]bf/ lhNnf cbfnt

;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf dflyNnf dflyNnf cbfntx?jf6 /lhi6«f/


155

;d:ofx?sf ;DaGwdf dflyNnf] cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]

cbfntx?nfO{ hfgsf/L

k|of; k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

;|]:t]bf/ lhNnf cbfnt

;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu sfg"gL pkfox? g} cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]

;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L

k"0f{ j}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6



pko'Qm sfg"gL pkfosf nflu k|of; ug]{

k|of; k|f/De pko'Qm sfg"gsf] Joj:yf

/lhi6«f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

cbfntdf cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg / cGo ;xof]u h'6fpg k|of; ug]{

cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg k|of;

cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw



d"nsfo{ ! b]lv d"nsfo{ $ ;Ddsf nflu nfUg] cg'dflgt nfut ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg v08sf] cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .


156

cg';"rL — #

/0fgLlts pkfox?sf] sfo{of]hgf

/0fgLlts pkfo !M Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg]

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf

;+u7gfTds gLlt ;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{

;+u7gfTds gLlt ;DjGwL cfjZostfsf] klxrfg

gLltut cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f / clen]lvs/0f

>fj0f, @)^!

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf

dxfzfvf

;+u7gfTds gLltx?sf] ljsf; ug]{

;+u7gfTds gLltx?sf] ljsf;

;Ifd Pj+ ;xefuLd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] lglZrttf, a9L ;Ifd Joj:yfkg

kf}if, @)^! cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf

dxfzfvf

;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ -O and M_ ;j]{If0f_

;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

/0fgLlts of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/] cg'?ksf] ;Ifd ;++u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf

c;f]h, @)^!

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf

dxfzfvf

Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{

tflnd ;DjGwL cfjZostfsf] klxrfg

tflndsf] cfjZostf ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljZn]if0f tof/

r}q, @)^! cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf

dxfzfvf

Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tflndsf] ;dGjo ug]{

tflnd k|fKt Joj:yfksx?

Joj:yfkg Ifdtfdf j[l4

>fj0f, @)^#

k|zf;g dxfzfvf


157

/0fgLlts pkfo @M ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf j[l4sf] nflu k|of; ug]{ / ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ vr{df cfly{s :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{


/0fgLlts of]hgf @)^!-@)^% nfO{ ah]6 ;lxt k|:t't ug]{

of]hgf / ah]6 cy{ dGqfnodf

k|:t't

/fli6«o ah]6sf] Ps k|ltzt ug]{ nIo cg'?k ah]6 j[l4

>fj0f @)^!

/lhi6«f/

cfly{s :jfoQtfsf] nflu pko'Qm gLlt / ;f] k|flKtsf] tl/sf ljsf; ug]{

cfly{s :jfoQtfsf]

gLlt / tl/sf ljsf;

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t / dlGqkl/ifbjf6 :jLs[t

r}q, @)^!


cfly{s :jfoQtf

;DaGwL gLlt / pkfox?sf] sfof{Gjog

jfF8kmfF8 / vr{sf] nflu kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL Pj+ :jfoQ ;+oGq

cfiff9 @)^@

/lhi6«f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, /lhi6«f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,

lhNnf GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt

bft[ lgsfox?;+u sfd ug{ :jtGqtf k|fKt ug]{

:jtGqtfsf] nflu k|of;

:jtGqtf k|fKt, bft[ lgsfojf6 GofokflnsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u

>fj0f @)^!

k|wfg GofofwLz

/0fgLlts pkfo #M cbfntdf sfd ug]{{ cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ k"jf{wf/

ljsf; ug]{ / ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg]

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf cbfntsf]

ljBdfg ef}lts ;ldlt u7g k|wfg GofofwLzjf6

:jLs[t :ki6 >fj0f, @)^!

/lhi6«f/


158

k"jf{wf/ / cGo ;'ljwfx?sf] cWoog ug{

;ldlt u7g ug]{

sfo{lgb]{z ;lxt ;j} kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] j[xt ;ldlt

k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;DaGwL ljBdfg

k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog ug]{

k|ltj]bg cWoog

cBfjlws / ;'wfl/Psf] k|ltj]bg

c;f]h, @)^!

;ldlt

k"jf{wf/ / cGo ;'ljwfsf]

cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{

cfjZostf klxrfg

;lx, 7f]; / oyfy{ cfjZostf

d+l;/, @)^!

;ldlt

k"jf{wf/ / cGo ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/

Pj+ hUuf k|flKtsf nflu

of]hgf / sfo{qmd tof/ kfg]{ -sDKo"6/, k':tsfno,

;jf/L ;fwg, kmlg{r/,

pks/0f, ;+rf/, cf}7f5fk /

x:tfIf/ k/LIf0f OsfO ;d]t_

of]hgf / sfo{qmd tof/

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t oyfy{ ;do ;fl/0fL / ah]6 ;lxtsf] $ jif]{ of]hgf / sfo{qmd

r}q, @)^!

/lhi6«f/

k"jf{wf/ / cGo ;'ljwfsf] ;'wf/ ;DaGwL of]hgf

/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{

of]hgf / sfo{qmd

sfof{Gjog

ah]6 cg';f/ ;'wfl/Psf] ;doj4 ?kdf k"jf{wf/ / ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/

kf}if, @)^%

/lhi6«f/


159

/0fgLlts pkfo $M cbfntsf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; ug]{ / ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{


cbfntsf] ef}uf]lns d'sfd / If]qflwsf/

k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;ldlt u7g ug]{

;ldltsf] u7g

:ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxt ljleGg kIfsf]

k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt

u7g

>fj0f @)^!

k|wfg GofofwLz

k"j{ k|ltj]bg / ljBdfg sfg'gx?

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, cfjZostf cg';f/ ;j]{If0f ug]{ / gLlt

tof/ ug]{ tyf cbfntsf]

ef}uf]lns d'sfd / If]qflwsf/sf] jf/]df k|ltj]bg

lbg]

cWoog ;dfKt u/L k|ltj]bg tof/

cbfntx?sf] ef}uf]lns d'sfd /

If]qflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf;

c;f]h, @)^!

;ldlt

;/f]sf/jfnf -Stakeholders_ x?;+u k/fdz{

ug]{

k/fdz{ sfo{ ;DkGg

cbfntsf] d'sfd / If]qflwsf/sf

;DaGwdf ;xdlt lgdf{0f

kf}if, @)^!

;ldlt

;+zf]wg ljw]os d:of}bf tof/

ug]{ / sfof{Gjogsf

nflu k|of; ug]{

;+zf]wg ljw]os

d:of}bf tof/

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 ljw]os

d:of}bf kfl/t / P]g hf/L

cfiff9 @)^@

/lhi6«f/


160

/0fgLlts pkfo %M Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf

txl;nbf/x?sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng u/L km};nf sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf]

klxrfg ug]{

/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg /

k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu ;ldlt

u7g

d'ne"t ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg

efb| @)^!

/lhi6«f/

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu pko'Qm hgzlQm egf{ ug]{, ;'/Iff

l:ylt ;'b[9 ug]{, cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]t h'6fpg] tyf sfg"gsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ;DaGwdf

gLltsf] th'+{df ug]{

gLlt th'{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 gLlt kfl/t / gLlt

cg';f/sf] sfo{ / sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog

r}q, @)^!

;ldlt

txl;nbf/x?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tflndsf] klxrfg ug]{

tflndsf] klxrfg

klxrfg ul/Psf] cfjZostf /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgdf

k7fOg]

cfiff9, @)^@

;ldlt

/0fgLlts pkfo ^M :jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / j9'jf

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Gofokflnsfsf] hg ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; ug]{


cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]

;ldlt u7g k|wfg GofofwLzåf/f

>fj0f, @)^!

/lhi6«f/


161

lgo'lQm / j9'jf ;DaGwdf pko'Qm

ljw]ossf] d:of}bf ug{

;ldlt u7g ug]{

:jLs[t :ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxt k|ltlglwd"ns ;ldlt u7g

ljw]os d:of}bf tof/ ug]{

ljw]ossf] d:of}bf tof/

:jfoQtf, kf/blz{tf,

hjfkmb]lxtf / ;IfdtfnfO{ k|Tofe"t ug]{

ljw]ossf] d:of}bf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{

j}7sjf6 kfl/t

df3, @)^! ;ldlt

sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo

Joj:yf dGqfnodf

ljw]os k|:t't ug]{

ljw]ossf] k|:t'lt

P]g hf/L df3, @)^! /lhi6«f/

;?jf, kb:yfkg / j9'jf ;DaGwL

lgod / lgb]{lzsf th'{df

ug]{

lgod / lgb]{lzsfsf]

th'{df

kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]lxk"0f{ ;?jf / j9'jf k4ltsf]

ljsf;

>fj0f, @)^!

-ljBdfg sfg"gsf] cfwf/df_

;ldlt

cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm / j9'jf ;DaGwL P]g,

lgod / lgb]{lzsfsf]

sfof{Gjog ug]{

P]g lgod / lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjog

:jfoQtf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;Ifdtf /

kf/blz{tfdf j[l4

sfl{t{s, @)^! -ljBfg

sfg"gx?sf] cfwf/df_

/lhi6«f/ -/f=k=c= sd{rf/Lsf] nflu_

sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / j9'jfsf]

nflu

sfo{tflnsfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog

sfo{tflnsf k4ltsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf

>fj0f, @)^!

/lhi6«f/


162

sfo{tflnsf jgfpg]

Gofokflnsfsf] dfjg ;+zfwg

Ifdtf / cfjZostfsf] cWoog ug{

;ldlt u7g ug]{

;ldlt u7g k|wfg GofofwLzåf/f :jLs[t :ki6

sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] ;ldlt

>fj0f, @)^!

/lhi6«f/

Gofokflnsfsf] dfgj ;+zf+wgsf] cfjZostfsf jf/]df ;j]{If0f ug]{ -O and M

;j]{If0f_

dfgj ;+zfwg cfjZostfsf]

klxrfg

cfjZostfsf] jf/]df ;xL, oyfy{ / :ki6 d"Nof+sg

df3, @)^! ;ldlt

Gofokflnsfdf plrt dfqfdf sd{rf/Lsf]

Joj:yfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{

l;kmfl/z k|fKt sfof{Gjog of]Uo l;kmfl/zx? k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t

h]7, @)^@ ;ldlt

l;kmfl/zx? sfof{Gjog ug]{

l;kmfl/z sfof{Gjog

Goflos zf;gdf ;'wf/

kf}if @)^@ /lhi6«f/

GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tflndsf]

klxrfg ug]{

tflndsf] klxrfg / Goflos

k|lti7fgdf k7fOg]

lj:t[t ljZn]if0f / klxrfg / /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgdf

k|:t'tL

c;f]h, @)^!

NJA sf] ;dGjodf cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf

GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{x?

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf

zt{x?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg

kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{x?sf]

lj:t[t k'g/fjnf]sg

df3, @)^! ;ldlt

kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{x?

;'wf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{

l;kmfl/z k|fKt ;'wfl/Psf] k|lt:kwf{Tds kfl/>lds /

;]jfsf zt{x? k"0f{

r}q, @)^! ;ldlt


163

j}7sjf6 kfl/t l;kmfl/zx? sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo

Joj:yf dGqfnodf k|:t't ug]{

l;kmfl/z k|:t't

l;kmfl/zx? kfl/t j}zfv, @)^@

-l;kmfl/z k|:t't_

/lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo &M ;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / sfg"gL Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf]

:tl/otfdf j[l4 ug{ cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n jgfpg]

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf P]g lgodsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;ldlt u7g ug]{

;ldltsf] u7g

k|wfgGofofwLzåf/f :jLs[t :ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxt

k|ltlglwd"ns ;ldlt u7g

efb| @)^! k|wfgGofofwLz

k|d'v ;d:ofx? klxrfg ug{

k/fdz{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{

k/fdz{ ;DkGg

;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg sflt{s @)^!

;ldlt

cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fx?sf] lgoldt sfo{df k|efj kfg]{ P]g lgodx?sf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

k'g/fjnf]sg ;DkGg

cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{

;/nLs[t ug{ lj:t[t k'g/fjnf]sg

df3, @)^! ;ldlt

pko'Qm gLlt th'{df u/L P]g lgoddf ;'wf/sf nflu d:of}bf k|:t't ug]{

gLlt / P]g lgodsf]

d:of}bf tof/

P]g lgodsf] d:of}bf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{

j}7sjf6 kfl/t

h]7, @)^@ ;ldlt

lgodx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf

lgodfjnL tof/

pko'Qm lgodfjnL hf/L, sfg"gL ;]jfsf]

kf}if, @)^@ k"0f{ j}7s


164

Nofpg] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ P]g hf/L ug{ k|of; ug]{

P]g hf/L ug{ k|of;

;+zf]lwt P]g hf/L, ;/nLs[t cbfntL sfo{ljlw, cbfntL ;]jfsf] :t/df ;'wf/

sflt{s, @)^@

-P]g hf/L ug{ k|of;_

/lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo *M cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod jgfpg kfpg] clwsf/df

Goflos :joQtf k|fKt ug]{

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf Goflos

:jfoQtfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx? / ;f] ;DaGwdf Gofokflnsfjf6

rflng'kg]{ sbdx?sf] jf/]df

klxrfg ug{ sfo{bn u7g ug]{

sfo{bn u7g k|wfg GofofwLzåf/f :jLs[t :ki6

sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] sfo{bn

efb|, @)^! k|wfg GofofwLz

cGo d'nsx?df /x]sf] Goflos

:jfoQtfsf] l:ylt cWoog ug]{

cGo d'n'sx?sf]

l:ylt cWoog

lj:t[t cWoog Pj+ gLltut kq tof/

sflt{s, @)^!

sfo{bn

Gofokflnsfjf6 hf/L ul/g] Goflos

sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/sf] nflu jf/

/ cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u

k/fdz{ ug]{

k/fdz{ ;DkGg Gofokflnsfsf] lgod jgfpg] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf

;/f]sf/jfnfx? jLr ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{

kf}if, @)^! sfo{bn

P]g / ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 hf/L ul/g] lgodfjnL jLr Ps?ktfsf

Ps?ktfsf nflu k|of; u/L lgod th"{df

Ps?ktf sfod ul/Psf] P]g /

lgodfjnL tof/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

r}q, @)^! /lhi6«f/


165

nflu k|of; ug]{ k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t

Goflos ;'wf/sf nflu Goflos

sfo{ljlw lgodsf] d:of}bf tof/

sfo{ljlw lgodsf]

d:of}bf tof/

k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t Goflos

sfo{ljlw lgod / Goflos ;]jfsf] :t/df j[l4

r}q, @)^! /lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo (M GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt GofoIf]q leq / jflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+usf]

;+rf/, ;dGjo / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf ;j}

cbfntx?df ;"rgf sIf :yfkgf ug]{

;"rgf sIfx?sf] :yfkgf

r/0fj4 ?kdf qmdzM :yfkgf,

;+:yf / JolQmx?nfO{ a9L ;"rgf pknAw

kf}if, @)^# ;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

/lhi6«f/, lhNnf cbfntdf lhNnf

GofofwLz cGo stf{x?;+u

;dGjo / cGt/lqmofsf nflu cbfnt Joj:yfkg

;ldltnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfpg]

Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

a9L k|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yfkg

;ldltx?, lgoldt k/fdz{

>fj0f@)^@ ;j} cbfntsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?

;xof]u / ;dembf/LnfO{

cem a9L pkof]uL jgfpg GofoIf]q d~r :yfkgf ug{ k|of; ug]{

s]Gb| / lhNnfdf GofoIf]q

d~rsf] :yfkgf

GofoIf]qsf ;j} stf{x?sf]

;xeflutfsf] dfWodjf6

GofoIf]q jLrsf] ;xof]udf j[l4

>fj0f, @)^!

/lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

Gofokflnsfsf] ;+rf/ gLltsf] k"0f{ j}7sjf6 sflt{s, k|jQmf


166

nflu ;+rf/ gLltsf] th"{df u/L sfof{Gjog

ug]{

th"{df / sfof{Gjog

kfl/t ;+rf/ gLlt / ;sf/fTds ;"rgf k|;f/0f

@)^!

bft[ lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yfx?;+usf] ;fem]bfl/tf

;DaGwL gLltsf] th"{df /

sfof{Gjog ug]{

gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog

k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t gLlt,

/0fgLlts of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf]

;fem]bfl/tfdf j[l4

sflt{s, @)^!

/lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo !)M Gofo ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf cbfntsf pkof]ustf{x?sf] a8fkq

agfO sfof{Gjog ug]{

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf cbfntsf

pkof]ustf{x?sf lglDt j8fkq tof/Lsf nflu cg';Gwfg tyf

of]hgf dxfzfvfdf sfo{bn u7g

ug]{

sfo{bnsf] u7g

k|wfg GofofwLzåf/f :jLs[t :ki6

sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] sfo{bn

efb|, @)^! /lhi6«f/

j8fkqdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ ljifosf

;DaGwdf k/fkz{ ug]{

k/fdz{ ;DkGg j8fkqsf] ljifoj:t'df

;xdtL lgdf{0f

sflt{s @)^!

sfo{bn

j8fkqsf] d:of}bf tof/

ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{

j8fkqsf] d:of}bf tof/

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t j8fkq

r}q @)^! /lhi6«f/


167

/0fgLlts pkfo !!M Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg

o;sf cg';GwfgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]


Gofokflnsf leqsf] cfly{s clgoldttfsf] ;d:ofsf jf/]df hfFrj'em ug]{

;d:ofsf] hfFrj'em

hfFrj'em, ;d:ofsf] If]q /

klxrfg

c;f]h, @)^!

cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf

cfly{s clgoldttf / cg'zf;gfTds sf/jfxL ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL /

k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

sfg"gL / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg

Jofks k'g/fjnf]sg,

;d:of If]qx?sf] klxrfg

d+l;/, @)^!

cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf

cfly{s clgoldttfsf]

jf/]df dxfn]vfkl/Ifssf]

sfof{no / dftxt

cbfntx?;+u cGt/lqmof ug{

;Dks{;'q -Focal point_ :yfkgf

ug]{

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;Dks{ ;"q :yfkgf

cGt/lqmof ug]{ k|efjsf/L

;+oGqsf] :yfkgf

efb|, @)^! /lhi6«f/

cfly{s Pj+ k|zf;lgs clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug{

pko'Qm gLlt /

pko'Qm gLlt / sfg"gsf] th"{df

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t pko'Qm /f]syfdd'vL / lgoGq0ffTds

kmfu'g, @)^!

cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf

dxfzfvf


168

sfg"g th"{df ug]{ ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f cfly{s Pj+ k|zf;lgs clgoldttf lgoGq0f ug{ d:of}bf sfg"g k|:t't ug]{

d:of}bf sfg"g k|:t't

P]g hf/L r}q, @)^! -d:of}bf sfg"g k|:t't_

/lhi6«f/

cfly{s Pj+ k|zf;lgs clgoldttf lgoGq0f;+u

;DalGwt gLlt / sfg"g sfof{Gjog

ug]{

gLlt / sfg"g sfof{Gjog

cfly{s Pj+ k|zf;lgs

clgoldttfdf sld

cfiff9, @)^@

/lhi6«f/

ph'/L Pj+ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{

;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{

ph'/L Pj+ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;+oGqsf]

:yfkgf

ph'/L Pj+ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ;+oGqsf] dfWodjf6 ;fj{hlgs

cf:yfdf j[l4

efb|, @)^! /lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo !@M d]nldnfk k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofO Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt

lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf ldnfkq,

d]nldnfk / ;xdlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfg"gL

Joj:yfsf] k'gjnf]sg ug]{

sfg"gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

sfg"gL ;'wf/sf If]qx?sf] klxrfg

df3, @)^! ;x /lhi6«f/, cg';Gwfg tyf

of]hgf dxfzfvf

d]nldnfk, ;dembf/L / ;xdltsf

If]qx?sf] klxrfg

sfg"gL ;'wf/sf If]qx? v'Nnf

r}q, @)^! ;x /lhi6«f/, cg';Gwfg tyf

of]hgf


169

If]qx? klxrfg ug]{

dxfzfvf

d]nldnfk / ;dembf/LnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ sfg"gL ;+/rgf ljsf; ug]{

sfg"gL ;+/rgf tof/

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 d:of}bf sfg"g

:jLs[t

r}q, @)^! /lhi6«f/

d]nldnfk / ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbOg' kg]{ tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug]{

tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg

Goflos k|lti7fgdf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / jlsnx?nfO{

tflndsf] Joj:yf

cfiff9, @)^@

/lhi6«f/ -NJA sf] ;dGjodf_

/0fgLlts pkfo !#M cbfnt Pj+ cbfntsf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo

pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf cbfntsf] ;'/Iff l:yltsf jf/]df cWoog ug{

;ldlt u7g ug]{

cWoog ;ldltsf] u7g

:ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxtsf]

k|ltlglwd"ns ;ldlt

efb|, @)^! /lhi6«f/

;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljutsf

k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog ug]{ / cbfntsf]

jt{dfg ;'/Iff l:ylt d"Nof+sg

ug]{

d"Nof+sg ;DkGg

;d:ofsf If]qx? / eljiosf]

cfjZostfsf] jf/]df klxrfg

c;f]h, @)^!

;ldlt

cbfnt, gLltsf] th'{df ;'/Iff l:yltdf d+l;/, ;ldlt


170

GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo pkfof]ustf{x?sf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltsf] th'{df

ug]{

;'wf/ @)^!

cbfntsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf

th'{df ug]{

lgb]{lzsf tof/ lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 jfF8kmfF8

d+l;/, @)^!

;ldlt

lgb]{lzsf sfof{Gjog ug{ k|To]s cbfntdf ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ug]{

;'/Iff ;ldltsf] u7g

;'/Iffdf pko'Qm ;dGjo

df3, @)^! /lhi6«f/

/0fgLlts pkfo !$M cbfntdf j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf j}1flgs clen]v k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf;sf nflu ;ldlt u7g

ug]{

;ldltsf] u7g :ki6 sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] ;ldlt

j}zfv, @)^@

k|wfg GofofwLz

cbfntsf] clen]v k|0ffnL

;DaGwL ljBdfg

;d:ofx?, sfg"g / ;+:yfut

;+oGqsf] jf/]df k'g/fjnf]sg

ug]{

k'g/fjnf]sg ;DkGg

;j} sfg"gL / ;+:yfut

;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg

>fj0f, @)^@

;ldlt

j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo gLltsf] th'{df ;'/lIft / ;'ne sflt{s, ;ldlt


171

clen]v k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf;sf nflu gLlt th'{df ug]{

clen]v k|0ffnL ;DaGwL lj:t[t gLlt th'{df,

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t gLlt

@)^@

sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{

sfg"gL ;+/rgf / lgb]{lzsf

th"{df

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t sfg"gL

;+/rgf

kf}if, @)^@ /lhi6«f/

sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{lzsf

jgfpg]

lgb]{lzsf jgfpg] sfo{

;DkGg

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6

kfl/t lgb]{lzsf, clen]v k|0ffnLsf] ;xh sfof{Gjog

kf}if, @)^@ -gofF sfg"gL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

gePklg_

/lhi6«f/

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf

s]Gb|Lo clen]v dxfzfvf

:yfkgf ug]{

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf

s]Gb|Lo clen]v dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf

clen]vsf] ;'/Iff / kxF'rtfdf j[l4

df3, @)^# k|wfgGofofwLz

sfg"g, gLlt / lgb]{lzsfsf]

sfof{Gjog ug]{

sfg"g, gLlt / lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjog

s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt

r}q, @)^# /lhi6«f/

tYof+snfO{ ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf

Jojl:yt ug{ sDKo'6/

k2ltsf] ljsf; ug]{

sDKo'6/ k2ltsf] ljsf;

jt{dfg / eljio;DdnfO{ k|of]u x'g;Sg] pko'Qm k2ltsf]

ljsf;

kf}if @)^# ;x /lhi6«f/ s]lGb|o clen]v

dxfzfvf

cfGtl/s / cGt/ cbfnt sDKo"6/ ;+hfn

;+hfnsf] :yfkgf

tYof+s /fVg] / k|of]u ug]{

;DaGwdf ljB'tLo

kf}if, @)^$ ;x /lhi6«f/ s]lGb|o clen]v

dxfzfvf


172

r/0fj4 ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

rfn' / l5g\'jf d'2fsf

ldl;nx? ljB'lto kmfOndf

?kfGt/0f ug]{ / r/0fj4?kdf

s]Gb|Lo clen]vdf ;fg]{

rfn' / l5g\'jf ldl;nx? ljB'lto kmfOndf ?kfGt/

cbfntsf clen]vx? a9L

;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / cfjZos k/]sf] jvt kfOg] / cbfntL ;]jfdf

;'wf/

kf}if @)^% ;x /lhi6«f/ s]lGb|o clen]v

dxfzfvf

/0fgLlts pkfo !%M d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfO{nfO{ sd ug{ k|efjsf/L d'2f

Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf

k|efjsf/L d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] gLlt agfpg], d'2fsf] aSof}tfdf sld

Nofpg], ljz]if1tf nufot d'2f

Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cGo pkfox?

ckgfpg]

gLltsf] th'{df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t lj:t[t gLlt

c;f]h, @)^@

k|wfg GofofwLz

gLltdf bzf{OP cg';f/sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;j} cbfnt lgodfjnLx?df ;+zf]wg ug]{

cbfntsf lgodfjnLx?sf]

;+zf]wg

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 kfl/t pko'Qm ;+zf]wg


r/0fj4 ?kdf d'2fsf] ljefhg k|0ffnLsf nflu pko'Qm sDKo"6/ sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;

ug]{

d'2fsf] ljefhg k|0ffnLsf nflu

sDKo"6/ sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;

jt{dfg / eljio ;Ddsf]

cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug]{ pko'Qm sfo{qmd



173

d'2f k|jfxsf ;DaGwdf

cbfntsf] cfGtl/s ;'k/Lj]If0f /

cg'udgnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

cbfntsf] cfGtl/s cg'udgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf k|efjsfl/tf

kf}if, @)^# ;x /lhi6«f/ cg'udg tyf

lg/LIf0f dxfzfvf, /lhi6«f/ k'g/fj]bg,

cbfnt, ;|]:t]bf/ lhNnf cbfnt

d'2fsf] ultnfO{ ;DalGwt

GofofwLzsf] lgoGq0f leq

Nofpg]

GofofwLzsf] lgoGq0f l9nfOdf sld h]7, @)^@ ;j} cbfntdf GofofwLzx?

;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

GofofwLznfO{ d'2f lhDdf nufpg]

k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{

;jf]{Rr / k'=c= sf GofofwLzx?nfO{ d'2fsf] lhDdf

d'2f lhDdf nufpg] k4ltsf] ljsf;, d'2f km5\of}{6 ug]{ ;dofjlwdf sld

h]7, @)^@ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf

k|wfgGofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg

cbfntdf d'Vo GofofwLz

d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu ;do

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

d'2f ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu ;dosf] Joj:yfkg

lgwf{l/t ;do leq jx; ;DkGg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ljsf;

>fj0f, @)^@

;j} cbfntsf GofofwLzx?

rfn' d'2fx?sf] Plss[t kmfOlnª k4lt k|f/De ug]{

kmfOlnª k4lt k|f/De

d'2f Jojyfkg / clen]v k|0ffnL;+u kmfOlnª k4lt

Plss[t

kf}if, @)^% ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

/lhi6«f/ / lhNnf cbfntdf ;|]:t]bf/

/0fgLlts pkfo !^M u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf sfo{qmdnfO{

;+:yfut agfpg] sfo{ glthf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs ;dofjlw hjfkmb]lxtf

c;xfo / czQm kIfx?nfO{ sfg"gL

;"rgfsf] k|;f/0f

cbfntsf] sfg"gL ;xfotf sfo{qmd

kf}if, @)^@

/lhi6«f/


174

;xfotfsf] ;+efjgf jf/] ;"rgf k|;f/ ug]{

jf/] c;xfo / czQm kIfx?nfO{

hfgsf/L j}tlgs jlsnsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfnfO{ cfsif{s jgfpg] Pj+ o;nfO{ lghn] k'¥ofpg] ;]jf;+u cfj4 t'Nofpg]

cfsif{s kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] l;h{gf Pj+ lghsf] ;]jf ;+u o;sf] cfj4tf

;Ifd sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ;'ljwf pknAw / k|:tfj

;jf]{Rr cbfnt k"0f{ j}7sjf6 :jLs[t

kf}if, @)^!

/lhi6«f/

j}tlgs jlsnsf] ;]jfnfO{ lkm/fb / k|ltpQ/ kqsf] d:of}bf b]lv km};nf sfof{Gogsf] sf/fjxL;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{

j}tlsg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] sfddf j[l4

Jofks sfg"gL ;xfotfsf] pknAwtf

df3, @)^!

;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

/lhi6«f/, lhNnf cbfntdf GofofwLz

cbfntsf j}tlgs jlsnnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] tyf lghåf/f ;Dkflbt sfdsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{

;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / clen]v Jojl:yt

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/

kf}if, @)^!

;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf

/lhi6«f/, lhNnf cbfntdf GofofwLz


175

175

cg';"rL $

jh]6sf] ?k/]vf

d'Vo sfo{x? /sd ?= df l;=g+= lqmofsnfkx? @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))* @))$—@

!= tnj / JolQmut ;'ljwfx? s= GofofwLz / ;b:ox?

i= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx? ii= k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLzx? iii= Gofoflws/0f / c? cbfntsf GofofwLz / ;b:ox? iv= lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?

!!#%!@%%^ !@@)@%((* !#!!&&($* !$!)!^@($ !%!%(@%!^ ^%(#@%

v=

cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? i= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? ii= k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? iii= Gofoflws/0f / c? cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx? iv= lhNnf cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?

#@(%$)&^@

#%$@%^#!(

#*)*@%%$#

$)(#*&$%(

$$))(!%!*

!(!$!)

@= ;+rfng vr{

s= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt @&$##*)) #!)$()#% #$*)(!!# #*&@$*(^ $@*)*)^# !&$*@$

v= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ^&#!^@&@ &@#^$((@ &&&(@#^& *#^@^&($ *(*(**)$ #()(((

u= Gofoflws/0f / c? cbfnt @)$*)))) @@)!^))) @#^^&@)) @%$$@@$) @$&*^#)& !!^#(!

3= lhNnf cbfntx? *!*$)))) *&(&*))) ($%&^#%) !)!^^(%&^ !)(@($&($ $&%#%*

s"n hDdf ^$)!@##() ^*(^()#$$ &$@*$*%@) &((*^&@%( *%*$&@))# #&#!))

/0fgLlts pkfox? -/=p=!—!^_

1= Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg]

!))())) #)))))) !,%)),))) ) ) %,%)(,)

2= ah]6 ljlgof]hgdf j[l4sf] nflu k|of; ug]{ / ah]6sf] jfF8kmfF8 Pj+ vr{df cfly{s :jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{ $)),))) ) ) ) ) $)),)

3= cbfntdf sfd ug]{{ cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ;|f]t ;fwg h'6fpg]

!&$,^&(,%)) (&^,))&,&%) %@#,*%&,&%) ^^^,$#^,&%) ^)&,$((,&%) @,($*,$

)

176

4= cbfntsf] ;+Vof / ef}uf]lns d'sfdnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg k|of; ug]{ / ljBdfg If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{

!,@&(,%)) ) ) ) ) !,@&(,%

5= Gofokflnsfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

!(&%)) @$)),))) ) ) ) #,%(&,%

6= :jfoQ, ;Ifd, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ lgo'lQm / j9'jf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf Gofokflnsfsf] hg ;+zfwgsf] Ifdtf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ k|of; ug]{

@,()#,))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) !%,))),))) ^@,()#,

7= ;Dj4 sfg"gx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / sfg"gL Pj+ Gofo ;]jfsf] :tl/otfdf j[l4 ug{ cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n jgfpg]

&!^,))) ) ) ) ) &!^,)

8= cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ lgod jgfpg kfpg] clwsf/df Goflos :joQtf k|fKt ug]{ !)&,))) ) ) ) ) !)&,)

9= GofoIf]q;+u ;DjlGwt GofoIf]q leq / jflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+usf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / cGt/lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg]

#,$#%,))) %,(!),))) %,(!),))) #!),))) #!),))) !%,*&%,

10= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg o;sf cg';GwfgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]

!,^@#,%)) %&%,))) ) ) ) @,!(*,%

11= Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg o;sf cg';GwfgfTds / cg'zf;gfTds ;+oGqx?nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]

@,#)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) @,!)),))) !),&)),

12= d]nldnfk k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofO Gofo k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ !%),))) #,$%(,))) ^,))),))) ) ) (,^)(,)

13= cbfnt Pj+ cbfntsf GofofwLz, sd{rf/L / cGo pkof]ustf{x?sf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ !@*,%)) !),))),))) ) ) ) !),!@*,

14= cbfntdf j}1flgs s]Gb|Lo clen]v k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{

) !!(,))) @!(,))) @,@!(,))) $,)!(,))) ^,%&^,)

15= d'2fsf] aSof}tf / l9nfO{nfO{ sd ug{ k|efjsf/L d'2f Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ) %^,@%))) @)),))) !#,))),))) !(,))),))) #@,&^@,

16= u/Lj / c;xfo ju{sf nflu sfg"gL ;xfotf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg] @,%)),))) !,))),))) ) !,))),))) ) $,%)),

s"n hDdf

!(@,$@*,%)) !,)@),!##,@%) %%$&*^,&%) &)),)^%,&%) ^$&,(@*,&%) #,!!%,#$

177

v'b hDdf *#@,%%!,*() !,&)(,*@#,%($ !,@(&,^#%,@&) !,$((,(##,))( !,%)^,$)),&%# ^,*$^,#$

178

cg';"rL %

jh]6sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f

l;=g+=

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

tnj / JolQmut ;'ljwfx? -jflif{s &=% k|ltzt j[l4_

@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

s GofofwLzx? ! ;jf]{Rr cbfnt i= tnj -?=!&,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x@% hgf_ ^,)#%,))) ^,$*&,^@% ^,(&$,!(& &,$(&,@^@ *,)%(,%%^ #%,)%#,^$)

ii=3/ef8f -?=*,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ @,%%),))) @,&$!,@%) @,($^,*$$ #,!^&,*%& #,$)%,$$^ !$,*!!,#(&

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x @% hgf_ #%$,@%) #*),*!( $)(,#*) $$),)*$ $&#,)() @,)%&,^@#

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v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=*,$^^ x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_

@,%#(,*)) @,&#),@*% @,(#%,)%^ #,!%%,!*^ #,#(!,*@% !$,&%@,!%@

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_

$%),))) $*#,&%) %@),)#! %%(,)#$ ^)),(^! @,^!#,&&^

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=#,^)) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_

!,)*(,))) !,!!&),^&% !,@%*,$&^ !,#%@,*^! !,$%$,#@^ ^,#@%,##*

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_ ()),))) (^&,%)) !,)$),)^# !,!!*,)^& !,@)!,(@@ %,@@&,%%@

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu s"n hDdf

!$,@&*,)%) !%,#$*,()$ !^%)))&@ !&&#&%&& !(,)^&,*(% *@,(#@,$(&

@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

s= d'Vo GofofwLz

i= tnj -?=!^,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x!^ hgf #,^#%,@)) #,()&,*$) $,@)),(@* $,%!%,((* $,*%$,^(& @!,!!$,^^#

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ !,%#^,))) !,^%!,@)) !&&%,)$) !,()*,!^* @,)%!,@*! *,(@!,^*(

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x !^ hgf_ @@^,&@) @$#,&@$ @^@,))# @*!,^%$ #)@,&&* !,#!^,*&*

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,@))x!@ dlxgf x!^ hgf_ !!%,@)) !@#,*$) !##,!@* !$#,!!# !%#,*$^ ^^(,!@&

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=*,$^^ x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_

*((,&!@ (^&,!() !,)#(,&#) !,!!&,&)( !,@)!,%#* %,@@%,*&(

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgfx!^ hgf_ @**,))) #)(,^)) ##@,*@) #%&,&*@ #*$,^!% !,^&@,*!&

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=#,^)) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_

^(^,(^) &$(,@#@ *)%,$@$ *^%,*#! (#),&^( $,)$*,@!^

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ %&^,))) ^!(,@)) ^^%,^$) &!%,%^# &^(,@#) #,#$%,^##

v= GofofwLzx?

179

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@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

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i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x (^ hgf_ !(,)*$*)) @)%!^!^) @@)%$*&@ @#&)*(*& @%$*&!^! !!)*%!(*!

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ *)^$,))) *^^*,*)) (#!*,(^) !),)!&,**@ !),&^(,@@# $^*#*,*^%

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x !^ hgf_ !,!^*,#@) !,@%%,($$ !,#%),!$) !,$%!,$)) !,%^),@%% ^&,*^,)%(

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^))x!@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ ^(!,@)) &,$#,)$) &,(*,&^* *,%*,^&^ (,@#,)&^ $,)!$,&^)

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_

%,#(*,@&@ %,*)#,!$@ ^,@#*,#&* ^,&)^,@%^ &,@)(,@@^ #!,#%%,@&%

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!&@*,))) !,*%&,^)) !,((^,(@) @,!$^,^*( @,#)&,^(! !),)#^,())

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=#^#) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_

$,!*!,&^) $$(%#(@ $*#@%$^ %!($(*& %%*$^!! @$@*(@(&

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ hgf_ #$%^))) #&!%@)) #((#*$) $@(##&* $^!%#*! @))&#&((

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLzx?sf] nflu s"n hDdf

%!,&$^,!$$ %%,^@&,!)% %(,&((,!#* ^$,@*$,)&# ^(,!)%,#&* #)),%^!,*#*

#= Gofoflws/0f / c? cbfntx?

s ljz]if cbfnt

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x # hgf_ %,(^,$)) ^,$!,!#) ^,*(,@!% &,$),()^ &,(^,$&$ #$,^$,!@$

ii. eQf - dfl;s tnjsf] @% k|ltzt !@ dlxgf x # hgf_

!@^,))) !#%,$%) !$%,^)( !%^,%@( !^*,@^( &#!,*%&

iii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ @%@,))) @&),()) @(!,@!* #!#,)%( ##^,%#* !$^#,&!%

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v=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ @!,^)) @#,@@) @$,(^@ @^,*#$ @*,*$^ !@%,$^!

vi=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_

!^*,^(^ !*!,#$* !($,($( @)(,%&! @@%,@** (&(,*%@

vii= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_

%$,))) %*,)%) ^@,$)$ ^&,)*$ &@,!!% #!#,^%#

viii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_

!#),^*) !$),$*! !%!,)!& !^@,#$# !&$,%!( &%(,)$!

ix= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x # hgf_ !)*,))) !!^,!)) !@$,*)* !#$,!^* !$$,@#! ^@&,#)^

v >d cbfnt

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ !(*,*)) @!#,&!) @@(,&#* @$^,(^( @^%,$(! !,!%$,&)*

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ *$,))) (),#)) (&,)&# !)$,#%# !!@,!&( $*&,()%

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x ! hgf_ !@,!&) !#,)*# !$,)^$ !%,!!( !^,@%# &),^**

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ &,@)) &,&$) *#@! *($% (^!% $!*@)

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg %^@#@ ^)$$( ^$(*# ^(*%& &%)(^ #@^,^!&

180

l;=g+=

ljj/0f ;dofjlw


@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

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-?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!*,))) !(,#%) @),*)! @@,#^! @$,)#* !)$,%%!

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

$#,%^) $^,*@& %),##( %$,!!$ %*,!&# @%#,)!$

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ #^,))) #*,&)) $!,^)# $$,&@# $*,)&& @)(,!)@

u k|zf;lso cbfnt

! cWoIf

i= tnj -?=!^,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ @@&,@)) @$$,@$) @^@,%%* @*@,@%) #)#,$!( !,#!(,^^^

ii=ef8f -?=*,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ (^,))) !)#,@)) !!),($) !!(,@^! !@*,@)% %%&,^)^

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!$,!&)/ jflif{s x ! hgf_ !$,!&) !%,@## !^,#&% !&,^)# !*,(@$ *@,#)%

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ &,@)) &,&$) *#@! *($% (^!% $!*@)

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

%^@#@ ^)$$( ^$(*# ^(*%& &%)(^ #@^,^!&

vi= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ !*,))) !(,#%) @),*)! @@,#^! @$,)#* !)$,%%!

vii= 8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

$#,%^) $^,*@& %),##( %$,!!$ %*,!&# @%#,)!$

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ #^,))) #*,&)) $!,^)# $$,&@# $*,)&& @)(,!)@

@= ;b:ox?

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #(&^)) $@&$@) $%($&& $(#(#& %#)(*# @#)($!^

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ !^*))) !*)^)) !($!$% @)*&)^ @@$#%( (&%*!)

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x @ hgf_ @$#$) @^!^^ @*!@* #)@#* #@%)% !$!#&^

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ !$$)) !%$*) !^^$! !&**( !(@#! *#^$!

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_

!!@$^$ !@)*(( !@((^^ !#(&!$ !%)!(@ ^%#@#%

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #^))) #*&)) $!^)# $$&@# $*)&& @)(!)@

vii=8«fOe/ ;'ljwf -?=$^*^x!@ dlxgfx@ hgf_ *&!@) (#^%$ !))^&* !)*@@( !!^#$^ %)^)@&

viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ &@))) &&$)) *#@)% *($$% (^!%$ $!*@)$

3= /fhZj Gofoflws/0f

! cWoIf

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ &(%,@)) *%$,*$) (!*,(%# (*&,*&$ !,)^!,(^% $,^!*,*##

ii=ef8f -?=&,))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ ##^,))) #^!@)) #**,@() $!&,$!@ $$*,&!* !(%!^!(

iii=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x $ hgf_ $*^*) %@##! %^@%^ ^)$&% ^%,)!! @*@,&%@

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ @*,*)) #),(^) ##,@*@ #%,&&* #*,$^@ !^&,@*@

181

l;=g+=

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@))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

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v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

@@$,(@* @$!,&(* @%(,(#@ @&(,$@& #)),#*$ !,#)^,$&)

vi= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ &@,))) &&,$)) *#,@)% *(,$$% (^,!%$ $!*,@)$

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viii= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_ !$$,))) !%$,*)) !^^,$!) !&*,*(! !(@,#)* *#^,$)*

@= ;b:ox?

i= tnj -?=!@,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x * hgf_ !,#^#,@)) !,$^%,$$) !,%&%,#$* !,^(#,$(( !,*@),%!@ &,(!&,(((

Gofoflws/0f / cGo cbfntsf GofofwLz / ;b:ox?sf] s"n hDdf

^,%$&,!*@ &,)#*,@@! &,%^^,)*& *,!##,%$$ *,&$#,%^) #*,)@*,%(#

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

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i=tnj -?=!@,#$)x!$=@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ @#^%%&*) @%$@((^$ @&##&@!! @(#*&%)@ #!%(!%^$ !#&$)@)@)

ii=ef8f -?=^,!&) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_ (((%$)) !)&$%)%% !!%%)(#$ !@$!&@%$ !##$*%$* %*)%&!(@

iii. k|zf;lgs eQf -?=#))x!@ dlxgf x &% GofofwLz

@&)))) @()@%) #!@)!( ##%$@) #^)%&& !%^*@^^

iv=;+lrt ljbf -?=!@,!&)/ jflif{s x !#% hgf_ !#%)))) !$%!@%) !%^))($ !^&&!)! !*)@**# &*$!#@*

v=pkef]u vr{ -?=^)) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_

*!)))) *&)&%) (#^)%^ !))^@^) !)*!&#) $&)$&(&

vi= lkog -?=#,))) x !@ dlxgf x !#% hgf_

$*^)))) %@@$%)) %^!^##* ^)#&%^# ^$()#*) @*@@*&*)

lhNnf GofofwLzx?sf] nflu hDdf $)($!!*) $$)!!&^( $&#!@^%! %)*^!!)) %$^&%^*@ @#&*)@#*@

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v cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx?

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s dxf/lhi6«f/

i= tnj -?=!%,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_ @!#))) @@*(&% @$^!$* @^$^)( @*$$%% !@#&!*&

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!@))) !@()) !#*^* !$()* !^)@^ ^(&)!

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=*$^^ x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!)!%(@ !)(@!! !!&$)@ !@^@)& !#%^&# %())*^

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!*))) !(#%) @)*)! @@#^! @$)#* !)$%%!

182

l;=g+

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$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

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v /lhi6«f/ -ljlzi6 >]0fL_

i= tnj -?=!$,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x @ hgf_ #(&^)) $@&$@) $%($&& $(#(#& %#)(*# @#)($!^

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_

@$))) @%*)) @&&#% @(*!% #@)%! !#($)!

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_

!!@$^$ !@)*(( !@((^^ !#(&!$ !%)!(@ ^%#@#%

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x @ hgf_

#^))) #*&)) $!^)# $$&@# $*)&& @)(!)@

u ;x /lhi6«f/

i= tnj -?=!@,)))x!$=@ dlxgf x % hgf_ *%@))) (!%()) (*$%(# !)%*$#& !!#&*@) $($*&$(

iv=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#

v=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_

@*!!^) #)@@$& #@$(!^ #$(@*$ #&%$*! !^##)*&

vi= d{dt ;+ef/ -?=!,%)) x !@ dlxgf x % hgf_

()))) (^&%) !)$))^ !!!*)& !@)!(@ %@@&%%

3 pk /lhi6«f/

i= tnj -?=!),)))x!$=@ dlxgf x & hgf_ (($))) !)^*%%) !!$*^(! !@#$*$# !#@&$%^ %&&#%$!

ii=pkef]u vr{ -?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x & hgf_

*$))) ()#)) (&)&# !)$#%# !!@!&( $*&()%

iii=;jf/L ;fwgsf] OGwg -?=$^*^ x !@ dlxgf x & hgf_

#(#^@$ $@#!$^ $%$**@ $**((* %@%^&# @@*^#@@

iv= d{dt;+ef/ -?=!,%))x!@ dlxgf x& hgf_ !@^))) !#%$%) !$%^)( !%^%@( !^*@^( &#!*%&

ª cGo clws[tx?

i= Ohnf; clws[t /f=k=lå= -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x $) hgf_

%^*)))) ^!)^))) ^%^#(%) &)%^@$^ &%*%$^% #@((!^^!

ii=Ohnf; cg';Gwfg clws[t ;lrj -?=&,%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x @% hgf_

@^^@%)) @*^@!** #)&^*%@ ##)&^!% #%%%^*& !%$^$*$!

iii= lghL ;'/Iff clws[t -PSO_ ) ) ) ) ) )

iv=Ohnf; df/;n -?=%,))) x !$=@ dlxgf x @^ hgf_

!*$^))) !(*$$%) @!##@*$ @@(#@*) @$^%@&^ !)&@@@()

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%^*))) ^!)^)) ^%^#(% &)%^@% &%*%$^ #@((!^^

vi= ;Dkfbs -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@

183

l;=g+

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$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

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vii. clws[t -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@

viii. lghL ;xfos -d'Vo GofofwLz_ -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@

ix. d'Vo n]vf lgoGqs -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@

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!$@))) !%@^%) !^$)(( !&^$)^ !*(^#& *@$&(@

xi. d'Vo /]vf ljz]if1 -?=!),))) x !$=@ dlxgf x ! hgf_

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!!(@*) !@*@@^ !#&*$# !$*!*! !%(@(% ^(@*@%

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xxviii. ;xfos -cGo zfvf_ -?=%%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

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xxx. 6fOlki6 -?=%%)) x !$=@ dlxgf x @) hgf_

!%^@))) !^&(!%) !*)%)*^ !($)$^* @)*^))# ()&@&)&

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ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=@%) x !%))) d'2f_ #&%)))) $)#!@%) $###%($ $^%*^!# %))*))( @!&*!$^^

iii.ldl;n Joj:yfkg -?=@ x !%)))) kmfOn_ #))))) #@@%)) #$^^** #&@^*( $))^$! !&$@%!&

v= cGo sfof{no ;fdfg

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg 8:6lkg, 6fj]n, ljB'lto ;fdfg cflb_ -?=!)))))_

!))))) !)&%)) !!%%^# !@$@#) !##%$& %*)*#(

ii. x'nfs ;]jf b:t'/ -?=&)))) x !@ dlxgf_ *$)))) ()#))) (&)&@% !)$#%@( !!@!&($ $*&()$*

iii. klqklqsf, /fhkq -?=@),))) x !@ dlxgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!$

u= ljdf

i. ejg ljdf ?=#$))))))), lk|ldod )=# k|ltzt

@)$))) $)*))) ^!@))) *!^))) !)@)))) #)^))))

ii. ;jf/L ;fwfg ljdf ?=#&))))))), lk|ldod @ k|ltzt

!$*)))) @(^)))) $$$)))) %(@)))) &$))))) @@@)))))

3= k|sfzg

i. ;"rgf -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#%

ii. cgnfO{g sfg"g -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)$

ª pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=!%)))) x !@ dlxgf_

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)$

r OGwg -;jf/L ;fwg_

i. GofofwLzx? -@% hgf x ?=*$^^ x !@ dlxgf_

@%#(*)) @&#)@*% @(#%)%^ #!%%!*^ ##(!*@% !$&%@!%@

ii. OGwg sfof{nosf] nflu -?=@%)))) x !@ dlxgf_

#)))))) #@@%))) #$^^*&% #&@^*(! $))^$)& !&$@%!&#

iii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))&

5 ;+rf/

i. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%

ii. cf]Oj ;+rfng -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#%

h dd{t nfut

i. GofofwLzsf nflu -?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x @% hgf_

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@

192

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

ii. sfof{no tyf ;fdfu|L dd{tsf nflu -?=!%))))) jflif{s_

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*&

em ;]jf vr{

i. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x !)) hgf_

!)))))) !)&%))) !!%%^@% !@$@@(& !##%$^( %*)*#(!

`= sfo{qmd vr{

i. ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ng -?=%)))))_

%))))) %#&%)) %&&*!# ^@!!$* ^^&&#% @()$!(^

ii. k'g/fj]bg tyf lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;Dd]ng

-?=%))))) x # If]q_

!%,))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*&

iii. ;jf]{Rr cbfnt tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf /lhi6«f/x?sf] uf]i7L -?=@)))))_

@))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*

iv. lhNnf cbfntsf /lhi6«f/x?sf] uf]i7L -?=#,))))) x # If]q_

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@

v. lhNnf cbfntsf txl;nbf/x?sf] ufi7L -? #))))) x #

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%@

vi. sfg"g lbj; -? @)))))_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf nflu hDdf @&$##*)) #!)$()#% #$*)(!!# #*&@$*(^ $@*)*)^# !&$*@$()&

@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

s= ;+rfng vr{

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=@%))) x !@ dlxgfx!^ cbfnt_ lx6/, km\ofg, lkmN6/, kbf{, sfk]{6, 8:6lkg, 6fj]n, ljB'lto ;fdfg_

$*))))) %!^)))) %%$&))) %(^#)@% ^$!)@%@ @&**)@&&

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=@%) x !%)) d'2f x !^ cbfnt_

^)))))) ^$%)))) ^(##&%) &$%#&*! *)!@*!% #$*%)#$^

v= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

(^))))) !)#@)))) !!)($))) !!(@^)%) !@*@)%)$ %%&^)%%$

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

(^))))) !)#@)))) !!)($))) !!(@^)%) !@*@)%)$ %%&^)%%$

u OGwg -;jf/L ;fwg_

i. GofofwLzsf nflu -?=$^*^ x!@ dlxgf x ^ hgf x !^ cbfnt_

%#(*@&@ %*)#!$@ ^@#*#&* ^&)^@%^ &@)(@@^ #!#%%@&%

ii. ;jf/L ;fwfgsf nflu -?=#))) x !@ dlxgf x !% cbfnt_

%$))))) %*)%))) ^@$)#&% ^&)*$)# &@!!%## #!#^%#!!

193

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

3= cGo nfut

i. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!!

ii. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=@%))) x !@ dlxgf !^ cbfnt__

$*))))) %!^)))) %%$&))) %(^#)@% ^$!)@%@ @&**)@&&

iii. GofofwLzsf nflu dd{t ;+ef/ vr{ -?=!%)) x !@ dlxgf x^ hgf x!^ cbfnt_

!&@*))) !*%&^)) !((^(@) @!$^^*( @#)&^(! !))#^())

iv. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu -?=!%))))) jflif{s_

^&@)))) &@@$))) &&^%*)) *#$*@#% *(&$#%# #()#@#**

v. ljljw vr{ -?=!))))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!!

vi. ;?jf vr{ -?=%))) x %) hgf x !^ cbfnt_

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%

vii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=%))) x %) hgf x !^ cbfnt_

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%

viii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!(@)))) @)^$))) @@!**)) @#*%@!) @%^$!)! !!!%@!!!

ix. sfof{no ef8f -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

#*$)))) $!@*))) $$#&^)) $&&)$@) %!@*@)@ @@#)$@@@

x. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs -?=%))) x #%) hgf jflif{s _

!&%)))) !**!@%) @)@@#$#=* @!&$)!(=% @##&)&! !)!^$^*$=#

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;+rfng vr{sf nflu hDdf ^&#!^@&@ &@#^$((@ &&&(@#^& *#^@^&($ *(*(**)$ #()(((@@(

#= cGo cbfnt / C0f Gofoflws/0f

!= ljz]if cbfnt

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=%),))) x!@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#$=^

v d;nGb

i. sfof{no ;fdfg -?=!@%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=%

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x #))) d'2f_ !%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=%

v= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

iii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=(

iii. OGwg sfof{no ;+rfng -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

194

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$

vi. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$

vii. sfof{no ef8f -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% $@($))%

viii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$

ix. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs -?=%))) x !@ hgf_

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=%

#= ljljw vr{

i. cGo vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=*

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x @) hgf- @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_

@))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@

@= >d cbfnt

!= d;nGb

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=%)))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^))))) ^$%))) ^(##&% &$%#&* *)!@*! #$*%)#$=^

sfof{nosf] nflu d;nGb ;fdfg -sfof{no ;fdfu|L ;d]t -?=!@%))) x !@ dlxgf_

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=%

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=@%) x %)) d'2f_ !@%))) !#$#&% !$$$%# !%%@*& !^^(#$ &@^)$*=(

v= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=(

iii. OGwg sfof{no ;+rfng -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$


!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$

vii. sfof{no ef8f -?=*)))) x !@ dlxgf_ (^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% $@($))%

viii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=*

ix. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs -?=%))) x ^ hgf_

#)))) #@@%) #$^^( #&@^( $))^$ !&$@%!=$

#= ljljw vr{

195

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

i. cGo vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x @) hgf- @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=@)))) x @) hgf_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@

#= k|zf;lso cbfnt

!= d;nGb

s cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf_ !@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=(

v d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x %)) d'2f_ @%)))) @^*&%) @**()^ #!)%&$ ###*^& !$%@)(&=*

@= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=%

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_

^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=%

iii. OGwg sfof{no ;+rfng

-?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=%

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@_ !*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=$


!*)))) !(#%)) @)*)!# @@#^!# @$)#*$ !)$%%!)=*

vii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x !^ cbfnt_

!@)))) !@())) !#*^&% !$()&^ !^)@%^ ^(&))^=(

ix. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs -?=%))) x & hgf_

#%))) #&^@% $)$$& $#$*) $^&$! @)#@(#=&

#= ljljw vr{

i. cGo vr{ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ ^)))) ^$%)) ^(##* &$%#* *)!@* #$*%)#=%

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x % hgf- %)))) %#&%) %&&*! ^@!!% ^^&&# @()$!(=^

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x !) hgf_ !))))) !)&%)) !!%%^# !@$@#) !##%$& %*)*#(=!

$= C0f Gofoflws/0f

! d;nGb

i. cGo sfof{no ;fdfg -?=@),))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%=$

ii. d'2fsf] nflu -?=%)) x !))) d'2f_ %))))) %#&%)) %&&*!# ^@!!$* ^^&&#% @()$!(%=%

@= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

196

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

iii. OGwg sfof{no ;+rfng -?=@)))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf

(^)))) !)#@))) !!)($)) !!(@^)% !@*@)%) %%&^)%%=$

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

@$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf &@)))) &&$))) *#@)%) *($$%$ (^!%#* $!*@)$!=%

vi. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu -?=!%))) x !@ dlxgf x $ hgf_

&@)))) &&$))) *#@)%) *($$%$ (^!%#* $!*@)$!=%

vii. x'nfs vr{ -?=!)))) x !@ dlxgf x $_ $*)))) %!^))) %%$&)) %(^#)# ^$!)@% @&**)@&=&

viii. Ohnf; df;{n / lkogsf] kf]zfs -?=%))) x @@ hgf_

!!)))) !!*@%) !@&!!( !#^^%# !$^()@ ^#*(@#

ix. sfof{no ef8f

-?=@%))) x !@ dlxgf x $_

!@))))) !@()))) !#*^&%) !$()&%^ !^)@%^# ^(&))^(=@

#= ljljw vr{

i. cGo vr{ -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf_ @$)))) @%*))) @&&#%) @(*!%! #@)%!# !#($)!#=*

iii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x% hgf x$_ @))))) @!%))) @#!!@% @$*$%( @^&)($ !!^!^&*=@

iii. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{

-?=!)))) x !) hgf x $_

$))))) $#)))) $^@@%) $(^(!( %#$!** @#@##%^=$

C0f Gofoflws/0f / cGo cbfntsf] hDdf

@)$*)))) @@)!^))) @#^^&@)) @%$$@@$) @$&*^#)& !!^#(!&$&

lhNnf cbfnt

s d;nGb

s sfof{nosf] nflu d;nGb ;fdfg -sfof{no ;fdfu|L ;d]t -?=@%))) x &% cbfnt_ lx6/, km\ofg, o'/f] uf8{, lkmN6/, ===

!*&%))) @)!%^@% @!^^&(& @#@(#)& @%)$))% !)*()&##=@

v= d'2fsf] nflu -?=#)) x ()) d'2f x &% cbfnt_

@)@%)))) @!&^*&%) @#$)!$)^ @%!%^%!@ @&)$#@%) !!&^!((!*=!

u= ldl;n ;8fpg] -?=@ x @%)))))_ %)))))) %#&%))) %&&*!@% ^@!!$*$ ^^&&#$^ @()$!(%%=!

u= pkef]Uo ;fdfu|L

i. ljB't / kfgL

-?=^))) x !@ dlxgf x &% cbfnt_

%$))))) %*)%))) ^@$)#&% ^&)*$)# &@!!%## #!#^%#!!=%

ii. OGwg -k]6«f]n, l8h]n, / Uof;_ -?=%))) x $ dlxgf x &% cbfnt_

!%))))) !^!@%)) !&##$#* !*^#$$% @))#@)$ *&!@%*^=%

iii. OGwg ;jf/L ;fwg -?=!))) x !@ dlxgf x ^)_

&@))))) &&$)))) *#@)%)) *($$%#* (^!%#&* $!*@)$!%=#

iv. kqklqsf, /fhkq -?=@))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_

!*))))) !(#%))) @)*)!@% @@#^!#$ @$)#*$$ !)$%%!)#=*

197

l;=g+

ljj/0f ;dofjlw

$ lhNnf cbfnt @))$ @))% @))^ @))& @))*

hDdf

v. 6]lkmkmf]g -?=!%))) x !@ x &%_ $%))))) $*#&%)) %@))#!# %%()##^ ^))(^!! @^!#&&%(=^

vi. sfof{no dd{tsf nflu -?=*))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_

&@))))) &&$)))) *#@)%)) *($$%#* (^!%#&* $!*@)$!%=#

vii. ljljw vr{ -?=!,))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_

())))) (^&%)) !)$))^# !!!*)^& !@)!(@@ %@@&%%!=(

viii. ;?jf e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x & hgf x &%_

%@%)))) %^$#&%) ^)^&)#! ^%@@)%( &)!!@!# #)$($)%@=*

ix. sfo{qmd e|d0f vr{ -?=!)))) x !) hgf x &%_

&%))))) *)^@%)) *^^&!** (#!&@@& !))!^)!( $#%^@(#@=^

x. x'nfs ;]jf -?=%))) x !@ dlxgf x &%_ $%))))) $*#&%)) %@))#!# %%()##^ ^))(^!! @^!#&&%(=^

xi. j]Gr df;{n / lkpgsf] nflu kf]zfs -?=%))) x &!# hgf_

#%^%))) #*#@#&% $!!(*)# $$@*&** $&^)($& @)&)^(!$

xii. sfof{no ef8f -?=&%)) x !@ dlxgf x ^)_

%$))))) %*)%))) ^@$)#&% ^&)*$)# &@!!%## #!#^%#!!=%

lhNnf cbfntsf nflu hDdf *!*$)))) *&(&*))) ($%&^#%) !)!^^(%&^ !)(@($&($ $&%#%*&@!

;+rfng vr{sf] s"n hDdf !(&)&))&@ @!#$)*)@& @#)*$%)@( @$($^#%)& @^^&*&(^( !!%&%&$^)$

d'Vo sfo{sf] s"n hDdf ^$)!@##() ^*(^()#$$ &$@*$*%@) &((*^&@%( *%*$&@))# #&#!))!%!^ /=p=! Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9,

;Ifd / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg]

s ;+:yfut cfjZostf klxrfgsf] nflu gLlt lgdf{0f cWoog

i. cg';Gwfgstf{ -?=@%,))) x ^ dlxgf x @ hgf

#))))) #)))))

ii. oftfoft -?=!)))) x !) x @ hgf_ @))))) @)))))

iii. lkmN8 cg';Gwfg -?=!%)) x % x !) lbg x @ hgf_

!%)))) !%))))

v cfjZostf klxrfgsf] nflu /fli6«o ;Dd]ng

i. ;|f]t JolQmx? -?=!%)) x ^ dlxgf x @ hgf_

())) ()))

iii. ;Dd]ng tof/L -?=@%)))_ @%))) @%)))

iii. ;xefuL nfut -?=!)))) x #) hgf #))))) #)))))

iv. k|ltj]bg tof/L -?=@%))) @%))) @%)))

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cg';"rL ^

;xefuLx?sf] ljj/0f

sfo{qmdM If]lqo k/fdz{bfoL j}7s ldltM @@ / @# cS6f]j/, @))# :yfgM uf]bfj/L len]h / xf]6]n ;f+lu|nf

qm=;

+=

;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL ;+:yf / kb

1= dfggLo >L /0fjxfb'/ jd GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 2= dfggLo >L s[i0fk|;fb >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 3= dfggLo >L b]j]Gb| uf]kfn >]i7 GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sfe|] 4= dfggLo >L jfj'/fhf sfsL{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt l;Gw'kfNrf]s 5= dfggLo >L jn/fdk|;fb clwsf/L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt g'jfsf]6 6= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 7= dfggLo >L OZj/ vltj8f GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 8= dfggLo >L df]xg /d0f e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 9= dfggLo >L cf]d k|sfz ld> GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 10= dfggLo >L k|]d k|;fb l;njfn GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt eQmk'/ 11= dfggLo >L kf]ifgfy zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt wflbª 12= >L cgGt /fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 13= >L j;Gt h+u yfkf ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt eQmk'/ 14= >L u0f]z /]UdL lg/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L 15= >L ;"o{ clwsf/L ;/sf/L jlsn, lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn

sfof{no sf7df8f}+ 16= >L ltnk|;fb >]i7, /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 17= >L ofbj /fh vgfn lg/LIfs, g]kfn k|x/L


236

18= >L ob'gfy vgfn g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;g sf7df8f}+ 19= >L Oefg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 20= >L s[i0f sdn clwsf/L ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 21= >L s[i0f d'/f/L l;jfsf]6L ;|:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/ 22= >L lnKt jxfb'/ yfkf Ohnf; ;xfos, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 23= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]nf8{, 24= >L k"0f{jeb| jf:tf]nf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no eQmk'/ 25= >L /fhg s'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]nf8{ 26= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 27= >L ;lGbk lj:6 jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t, x\o'uf] 28= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 29= ;'>L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf] ;|f]t JolQmx?M qm=;+= ;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf 1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt


237

sfo{qmdM If]qLo k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM % / ^ gf]e]Dj/, @))# :yfgM lsDofg lrtjg

qm=;

+=


1= dfggLo >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/ 2= dfggLo s]z/L /fh kl08t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/ 3= dfggLo GofofwLz >L ljgf]b

k|;fb 9'+u]n GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f

4= dfggLo >L ef]nf k|;fb v/]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 5= dfggLo >L lji0f' k|;fb kf}8]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt dsjfgk'/ 6= dfggLo >L xl//fd sf]O/fnf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f 7= dfggLo >L OZj/ vltj8f GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 8= dfggLo >L hulbz zdf{ kf}8]n GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt k;f{ 9= dfggLo >L hugfy 9sfn GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt /f}tx6 10= dfggLo >L zf/bf k|;fb l3ld/] GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt slknj:t' 11= dfggLo >L ;'/]Gb| lj/ l;+x j:g]t GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ?kGb]xL 12= >L ljgf]b zdf{ ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 13= cUgL k|;fb yklnof /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn 14= >L b]j]Gb| kf}8]n ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt gjnk/f;L 15= >L /fd k|;fb g]pkfg] lhNnf cbfnt /fd]5fk 16= >L jfj's[i0f s'dfn lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 17= >L s[i0feQm kf]v/]n clejQmf, lrtjg 18= >L gf/fo0f k|;fb kf]v/]n /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8f 19= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 20= >L k|sfz /fh /]UdL clwjQmf, lrtjg


238

21= >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 22= >L /fh]Gb| /fh >]i7 lhHnf GofoflwjQmf lrtjg 23= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 24= >L Zofd d0fL kf}8]n lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 25= >L t]h]Gb|k|;fb zdf{ ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 26= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 27= >L km'ndfof /fgfef6 clwjQmf 28= >L OGb' sf]Onf/f clwjQmf lrtjg 29= ;'>L sNkgf pk|]tL lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 30= ;'>L k|ltdf /fgf clwjQmf lrtjg

;|f]t JolQmx?M

qm=;

+=

;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf

1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt


239

sfo{qmdM If]qLo k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM !& / !* gfe]Dj/, @))# :yfgM xf]6]n :jfutd k|f=ln=, lj/f6gu/

qm=;

+=


1= dfggLo >L zf/bfk|;fb kl08t d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/

2= dfggLo >L zf/bf >]i7 d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh

3= dfggLo GofofwLz >L ch{'gk|;fb l;+x

d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt wgs'6f

4= dfggLo >L lbk]Gb| pkfWofo d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfd

5= dfggLo >L s]zjk|;fb d}gfnL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 6= >L z]z/fh l;jfsf]6L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 7= dfggLo >L nId0fdl0f l/;fn GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 8= >L uf]kfn jf:tf]nf pk /lhi6«f/ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 9= dfggLo >L uf]ljGb s'df/ >]i7 GofofwLz k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 10= dfggLo >L /f3e nfn j}B GofofwLz k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/ 11= dfggLo >L lbks s'df/ sfsL{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt l;/fxf 12= dfggLo >L kml0fGb| bQ zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ;'g;/L 13= >L dfggLo >L k|]d/fh 9sfn GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt Onfd 14= dfggLo >L /fdk|;fb cf]nL GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ;Kt/L 15= dfggLo >L lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt pbok'/ 16= dfggLo >L 6+s df]Qmfg GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt emfkf 17= dfggLo >L lgnsG7 pkfWofo GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt ef]hk'/ 18= >L cgGb/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 19= >L hLjgxl/ clwsf/L /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fh 20= >L k'0f]{Zj/ pkfWofo ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt ;'g;/L 21= >L r'8fdl0f cfrfo{ clwjQmf


240

22= >L b]ljk|;fb l3ld/] clwjQmf 23= >L u0f]z/fh n'On]6 clwjQmf 24= >L x]d /fh kGt clwjQmf 25= >L OZj/k|;fb pkfWofo lhNnf cbfnt df]/ª 26= >L s[i0f jxfb'/ yfkf lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no lj/f6gu/ 27= >L dfwjk|;fb sf]O/fnf lhNnf cbfnt cf]vn9'+uf 28= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 29= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 30= >L /d]z sf]O/fnf clwjQmf 31= >L t'nk|;fb >]i7 clwjQmf 32= >L ;'l;nf sfsL{ clwjQmf lj/f6gu/ ;|f]t JolQmx?M

qm=;

+=

;|f]t JolQmsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf

>L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt


241

sfo{qmdM If]qLo k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM !( gfe]Dj/, @))# :yfgM xf]6]n ;f+u|Lnf

qm=;

+=

gfdfjnL kb / ;+:yf

1= dfggLo >L dfwjk|;fb cf]emf d'Vo GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt h'Dnf 2= dfggLo >L bLks /fh hf]zL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'N;Lk'/ 3= dfggLo >L xl/jxfb'/ j:g]t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu+h 4= dfggLo >L ;f]djxfb'/ sf]O/fnf GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'lN;k'/ 5= dfggLo >L ljgfbk|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt bfª 6= dfggLo >L lj/]Gb|s'df/ jf6fh' GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jf+s] 7= dfggLo >L u0f]z k+lhof/ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jfh'/f 8= >L x]d/fh kGt GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ?s'd 9= dfggLo >L dfwjk|;fb rfln;] GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt ;Kt/L 10= dfggLo >L kjgs'df/ zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt h'Dnf 11= dfggLo >L ;To/fh u'?ª GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt jf+s] 12= dfggLo >L 7fs'/ k|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz lhNnf cbfnt df]/ª 13= dfggLo >L lji0f' b]j kf}8]n GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt jlb{of 14= >L cd/ k|;fb vlq clwjQmf 15= >L cgGb/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 16= >L ef]h/fh clwsf/L /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu+h 17= >L l8NnL/fh cfrfo{ /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt t'lN;k'/ 18= >L uh]Gb| jf]u6L clwjQmf 19= >L Oefg lgN;]g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 20= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 21= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{


242

22= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 23= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 24= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 25= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{tfbf, ;]n8{ 26= ;'>L d]6] 8u|f8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]

;|f]t JolQmx?M

dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt


243

qm=;+= ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= >L jfnfgGb kf}8]n ;x ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 8= >L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn k|d'v n]vf lgoGqs, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 9= >L bofgfy v/]n pk /lhi6«f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 10= >L xl/ z/0f uf}td ;x n]vfkfn, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 11= >L 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 12= >L dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 13= >L s]bf/jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 14= >L k|ljg cdfTo n]vf clws[t, x\o'uf] 15= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 16= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 17= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 18= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs_ ;]n8{


244

sfo{qmdM jh]6 of]hgf j}7s ldltM @$ hgj/L, @))$ :yfgM xf]6]n uf]bfj/L qm=;+= ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 7= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 8= >L jfnfgGb kf}8]n ;x ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 9= >L s]bf/jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 10= >L dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 11= >L xl/ z/0f uf}td ;x n]vfkfn, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 12= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 13= >L 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 14= >L bofgfy v/]n pk /lhi6«f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt


245

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM !^ / !& cS6f]j/, @))# :yfgM uf]bfj/L l/;f]6{ qm=;+=

;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf

1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 8= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 9= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 10= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 11= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 12= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf, ;]n8{ 13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]


246

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM !& / !* cS6f]j/, @))# :yfgM xf]6]n lxdfno qm=;+=


14= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 15= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 16= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 17= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 18= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 19= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 20= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 21= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 22= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 23= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 24= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 25= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf k/fdz{bftf ;+of]hs, ;]n8{ 26= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]


247

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM ^ l8;]Dj/, @))# :yfgM xf]6n lxdfno qm=;+=


1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 8= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 9= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 10= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 11= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 12= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs_ ;]n8{ 13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw x\o'uf]


248

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM & l8;]Dj/, @))# :yfgM xf]6]n lxdfno qm=;+ ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 8= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 9= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 10= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 11= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 12= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs_ ;]n8{ 13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]


249

sfo{qmdM k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM * l8;]Dj/, @))# :yfgM xf]6]n lxdfno qm=;+ ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 1= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 2= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 4= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 5= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 8= >L k|lbk jfUn] sfo{qmd ;lrj, ;]n8{ 9= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 10= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 11= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 12= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs_ ;]n8{ 13= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]


250

sfo{qmdM /fli6«o k/fdz{ j}7s ldltM # km]j|'c/L @))# :yfgM xf]6]n lxdfno qm=;+ ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL kb / ;:yf 1= ;DdfggLo >L uf]ljGbjxfb'/ >]i7 k|wfg GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 2= dfggLo >L xl/k|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 3= dfggLo >L s[i0fs'df/ jdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 4= dfggLo >L e}/jk|;fb nD;fn GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 5= dfggLo >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 6= dfggLo >L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 7= dfggLo >L rGb|k|;fb k/fh'nL GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 8= dfggLo >L dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemL GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 9= dfggLo >L /fdglugf l;+x GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 10= dfggLo >L ;'lznf l;+x l;n' GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 11= dfggLo >L cg'k/fh zdf{ GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 12= dfggLo >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 13= dfggLo >L jln/fd s'df/ GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 14= dfggLo >L lvn/fh /]UdL GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 15= dfggLo >L xl/h+u l;hfktL GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 16= dfggLo >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L ;b:o, /fli6«o ;ef 17= dfggLo >L sNof0f >]i7 GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 18= dfggLo >L s]z/L/fh kl08t GofofwLz, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 19= dfggLo >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo cWoIf, /fh:j Gofoflws/0f 20= dfggLo >L xl/k|;fb jufn] GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt d'u' 21= dfggLo >L hgfb{g jxfb'/ v8\sf GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/ 22= dfggLo >L b]e]Gb| uf]kfn >]i7 GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sfe|] 23= dfggLo >L cf]dk|sfz ld> GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 24= dfggLo >L zf/bfk|;fb l3ld/] GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt slknj:t' 25= dfggLo >L ljgf]bk|;fb zdf{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt bfª 26= dfggLo >L OZj/k|;fb vltj8f GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt lrtjg 27= dfggLo >L ;xb]j k|;fb jf:tf]nf GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt d':tfª 28= dfggLo 8f=cfgGbdf]xg e6[/fO{ GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt


251

29= dfggLo 8f=xl/j+z lqkf7L GofofwLz, lhNnf cbfnt 30= 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fb yfkf P=cfO{=lh=lk= g]kfn k|x/L 31= 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gf ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 32= >L s[i0f sdn clwsf/L ;|]:t]bf/, lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}+ 33= >L cgGt/fh 8'd|] pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 34= >L czf]s >]i7 l8=cfO{=lh= g]kfn k|x/L 35= >L lj=s]= k|;fO{ ;lrj, c=b"=c=cf= 36= >L e]if/fh zdf{ ;x;lrj, sf=,Gof= tyf ;+=Jo= dGqfno 37= >L jfnfgGb kf}8]n ;x ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 38= >L jfdg g]pkfg] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sf7df8f}+ 39= >L ljgf]b zdf{ ;x /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 40= >L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn k|d'v n]vf clws[t, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 41= >L bofgfy v/]n pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 42= >L ufGwL kl08t ;xfos l6d ln8/, o'lgSof]:6 43= >L xl/z/0f uf}td ;xfos n]vfkfn, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 44= >L Odfg lgN;g cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf 45= >L s]bf/ jxfb'/ clwsf/L pk ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 46= >L lsd :6\of08kmf]8{ :dLy l6d ln8/, o'lgSof]:6 47= >L g]qjxfb'/ sfsL{ pk ;lrj, u[x dGqfno 48= >L k|df]b sfsL{ ;x ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno 49= >L /fhgs'df/ s]=;L= n]vf k|d'v, ;]n8{ 50= >L /fh' /fpt sDKo"6/ ck/]6/, ;]n8{ 51= >L ;fGtd l;+x v8\sf sfo{qmd clws[t, o'=Pg=l8=lk= 52= >L >Lk|;fb kl08t /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 53= >L ;'+lbk uf}td ;lrj, ;]n8{ 54= >L ;lGbk lji6 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;]n8{ 55= 6]s gf/fo0f s'+j/ pk /lhi6«f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 56= >L ltnk|;fb >]i7 /lhi6«f/, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g 57= >L o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf :yfgLo k/fdz{bftf -;+of]hs) ;]n8{ 58= >LdtL uLtf kf7s ;+of]hs, sf7df8f}+ :s'n ckm n= 59= >LdtL dlGb/f kf}8]n pk ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 60= >L d]6] 8+uf8{ k|ltlglw, x\o'uf]


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supremecourt.gov.np · ljifoj:t'sf ] ;f +/fz k[i7 cWofo — ! ! - !% != kl/ro @ @= cWoogsf] k4lt ( #= of]hgf k |lqmof !@ cWofo — @ !^ - !!$!= j:t'l:yltsf]ljZn]if0f !& - !!$ s= cfly{s