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Inventing the People Edmund S. Morgan 1988 著 the people ををををを The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America 和和和和和和和和和和 work01 和和和 20161024 -20161027

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Page 1: llc.a.la9.jpllc.a.la9.jp/Papers/Inventing the people/Inventing the... · Web viewIt is not the purpose of this book to challenge them, and my use of the word fiction has no such intention

Inventing the PeopleEdmund S. Morgan 1988 著

the people を発明するThe Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America

和英混訳作業ファイル work01 齋藤旬 20161024 -20161027

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目次

Acknowledgements 謝辞...................................................................1Part One – Origins ことの発端..................................................................2

1.The Divine Right of Kings 神授王権..................................................32.The Enigma of Representation..........................................................43.Inventing the Sovereign People........................................................54.The People’s Two Bodies..................................................................65.The Cautious Revolution...................................................................76.Colonial Peoples................................................................................8

Part Two – Useful Ambiguities...................................................................97.The People in Arms: The Invincible Yoeman.....................................98.The People’s Choice: Elections and Electioneering.........................109.The People’s Voice: Instructions, Petitions, Associations................11

Part Three – The American Way..............................................................1210.The Incautious Revolution.............................................................1211.Inventing an American People......................................................13

Epilogue: From Deference to Leadership..........................................14Index.................................................................................................15

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Acknowledgements 謝辞

本書の完成には長い時間がかかった。本書の三 parts の初期 version は、Cornell University の the Carl Becker Lectures と し て 、 Columbia University の the Lionel Trilling Seminar として、Princeton University の the Davis Center におい

て、presented and discussed されたものだ。それらの discussions からも、そし

て私よりも知識ある友人達の文献読みからも、恩恵を受けて本書の充実を図った 。

Linda Colley は、最終段階にあった草稿を全て読み、数々の重大ミスを指摘してく

れた。また、必ずしも全てを私は受け入れたわけではないが良い指摘を、次に挙げる

多 くの 研 究 者 が 与 えて くれ た。 Part one に対 し て 、 Paul Christianson, Jack Hexter, the late Joel Hurstfield, Barbara Malament, Conrad Russell, Lawrence Stone, and David Underdown が、その内の誰もここで私が行った解釈に合意して

くれないかもしれないが、兎に角良い指摘を私に与えてくれた。Marie Caskey Morgan and James L. Mairs も、草稿全体を読んで論点を明確なものにしてくれた。

Avery Hudson は、著述家が望む最高の copy editor だ。また、多くの図書館司書の

方 々 に も 謝 意 を 述 べ る 。 彼 ら は British Library, the Bodleian, the Virginia Historical Society and especially the Yale University Library and the Henry E. Huntington Library へと快適な道案内をしてくれた。

Part two は、1983 年 4 月に the Yale Review に掲載された。彼らの許可を得て

ここに再掲した。

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Part One – Origins ことの発端

「哲学的な眼で社会現象(human affairs)を考察する者にとって、多数者が少数者により

易々(やすやす)と支配されるあの容易さと、人々が彼ら自身の sentiments and passions

(意見や情念)を諦めて、彼らの rulers(支配者)の意見や情念に従うあの暗黙の服従

(implicit submission)ほど、surprising なものはありません。このような驚異的な現象を生み

出している原因を尋ねてみると、Force はいつも the governed(被治者達)の側にあるのです

から、the governors(統治者)側が頼りとするものが opinion(世論)以外にないということ

が分かるでしょう。従って、government の基礎は opinion(世論)だけということになりま

す。そしてこの maxim(根本原理)は、最も free(自由)で最も popular(人民的)な

government にも、最も despotic(専制的)で最も military(軍事的)な government にも、一

様にあてはまります。」

David Hume (1711-1776), “Of the First Principles of Government,” Essays and Treatises on

Several Subjects, 1758 edition 【訳注:D.ヒューム「政府の第一原理について」『市民の

国について』上、岩波文庫(1992 年)、p.226 を参考に齋藤が半訳した。】

 Force は常に the governed(被治者)側にあるのか、あるいは、かつては常に

あ っ た の か 、 疑 問 に 思 う 方 も い る だ ろ う が 、 大 枠 と し て Hume の こ の 見 解

(observation)は賛同を得るものだろう。換言すれば、全ての government は、

それが獲得できればの話だが、the governed の the consent(合意)に立脚してい

る。また長い目で見れば、force だけでは、例えもしそれが the governing few が自由に行使できるものになっていたとしても、consent を成立させる十分条件とは

ならないということも示している。即ち人間とは、例えそれが外面上の自尊心を取り

繕うだけだとしても、納得しなければ動かない。人々の合意は、opinions に耐える

ものでなければならない。

 従って the few who govern は、好ましい opinions を面倒見良く育てようとする

簡単なことではない。なぜなら、 the many を the few に従わせるに必要な

opinions は多くの場合、観測される事実と一致しない(at variance with)からだ。

government が成功するには、fictions を受け入れなければならないし、疑念を積極

的に保留することも必要だ。そう、裸の王様が服を着ていると私達に信じさせなけれ

ばならない。Hume’s dictum(格言)を再度見てみよう。この maxim(根本原理)

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は、 最 も free ( 自 由 ) で最 も popular ( 人 民 的 ) な government にも 、 最 も

despotic(専制的)で最も military(軍事的)な government にも、あてはまると

言 っ て い る 。即ち、 英 国米国 の popular governments は 、ロシアや中国 の

governments と同様に fictions に立脚していると言っている。

 government は make-believe(見せ掛け、ふり)を必要とする。例えば、the king は神授されたもの、彼は無謬、the people の声は God の声、の様に make believe しなければならない。あるいは、the people には発言権(a voice)がある、

the people の代議員達は the people だ、と make believe しなければならない。

更に、governors は the people の servants、全ての人は平等、と make believeしなければならない。もしかしたら、人々は平等ではないと make believe しなけ

ればならない。

the political world of make-believe は、the real world と奇妙に入り交じって

いる。それは多くの場合、the real world を鋳型にして作られる。実行可能とするた

めに、目的が何であれそれを遂行するために、fiction は fact と何処かしら似ていな

ければならない。もしも fact とかけ離れたものになれば、疑念の積極的保留は崩壊

する。逆に言うと、もしも fact が fiction とかけ離れたものになれば、両者は似てい

るとした私達の期待は崩壊する。そう、fictions が必要なのだ。それ無しで私達は生

きていけない。だからこそ私達は、facts を fictions に合うように歪めてまで、ある

いは、この世界を私達がこうあって欲しいと思う世界に近いと思い込んでまで、これ

らの崩壊を避ける努力をする。これは極めて重要なことでもある。この様に fictionが reality を 再構築す る力を 行使す る と き 、 私 達 は こ れ を reform ま た は

reformation と呼ぶのだ。

 fictions は the few が the many を govern することを enable するが、これに

よって制限を受けるのは the many だけではない。先述の political make-believeと reality との奇妙な入り交じりにより、 the governing few も the governed many に劣らず制限を受けている( limited)-- あるいは reform される。なぜなら

彼らの authority(権限)はこの fictions に依拠しているからだ。また authority だ

けでなく liberty【訳注:法律の下の自由】も、この fictions に依拠している。ただ、

liberty はややねじ曲がって fictions に依拠している。なぜなら正にこの fictions が

authority を support しているからだ。この様なことが、少なくとも the Anglo-American world では言える状態が続いている。即ち the Anglo-American worldでは modern liberty が、良かれ悪しかれ、生まれた。またはこう言うべきかもしれ

ない、invent(発明)された。

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Because it is a little uncomfortable to acknowledge that we rely so heavily on fictions, we generally call them by some more exalted name. We may proclaim them as self-evident truths, and that designation is not inappropriate, for it implies our commitment to them and at the same time protects them from challenge. Among the fictions we accept today as self-evident are those that Thomas Jefferson enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, that all men are created equal and that they owe obedience to government only if it is their own agent, deriving its authority from their consent. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to demonstrate these propositions by factual evidence. It might be somewhat easier, by the kind of evidence we usually require for the proof of any debatable proposition, to demonstrate that men are not created equal and that they have not delegated authority to any government. But self- evident propositions are not debatable, and to challenge these would rend the fabric of our society.

It is not the purpose of this book to challenge them, and my use of the word fiction has no such intention. I have been troubled by the pejorative connotations attached to the word, but I have been unable to find a better one to describe the different phenomena to which I have applied it. I can only hope that readers who persevere to the end of the book will recognize that the fictional qualities of popular sovereignty sustain rather than threaten the human values associated with it. I hope they will also recognize that I do not imply deception or delusion on the part of those who employed or subscribed to the fictions examined here, fictions in which they willingly suspended disbelief. My purpose is not to debunk, but to explore the wonder that Hume points to, the fact that most of us submit willingly to be governed by a few of us. The opinions to which Hume attributes this wonder are doubtless of many kinds, but I am concerned with those that seem to defy demonstration. I prefer to call them fictions rather than self-evident truths, because what we accept as self-evident today did not seem so three or four centuries ago.

At the time when England’s American colonies were founded, the fictions that sustained government -- and liberty -- were almost the reverse of those we accept today. Englishmen of the sixteenth and early seventeenth

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century affirmed that men were created unequal and that they owed obedience to government because the Creator had endowed their king with his own sacred authority. These propositions too were fictional, requiring suspension of disbelief, defying demonstration as much as those that took their place. How then did the one give way to the other? How did the divine right of kings give way to the sovereignty of the people? And how did the new fictions both sustain government by the few and restrain the few for the benefit of the many? In other words, how did the exercise and authentication of power in the Anglo-American world as we know it come into being? These are the questions for which I have sought answers.

The search begins with the old fiction, the divine right of kings. Since we have long since given up suspending our disbelief in this one, we should have no difficulty in perceiving its fictional qualities. It enjoyed, nevertheless, a longer duration than the sovereignty of the people has yet attained. In examining its operation in the years just before its collapse, we may gain some initial insights into the way political fictions can both sustain and limit the authority of government.

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1.The Divine Right of Kings 神授王権

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2.The Enigma of Representation

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3.Inventing the Sovereign People

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4.The People’s Two Bodies

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5.The Cautious Revolution

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6.Colonial Peoples

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Part Two – Useful Ambiguities

7.The People in Arms: The Invincible Yoeman

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8.The People’s Choice: Elections and Electioneering

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9.The People’s Voice: Instructions, Petitions, Associations

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Part Three – The American Way

10.The Incautious Revolution

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11.Inventing an American People

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Epilogue: From Deference to Leadership

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Index

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