LTE長期演進技術論壇 - Keysightliterature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5990-3958ZHA.pdfLTE (Long Term Evolution ... (Cell Selection/Re-selection) ... P-SS Primary Synchronization

安捷倫科技LTE長期演進技術論壇

Volume 3

GS-8800 User Group Meeting

LTE (Long Term Evolution)RF Conformance & Design Verification Test Update

LTE

7th, April, 2009Agilent Technologies

Jeffrey Chen

[email protected]

Wireless Test World 2008

LTE Market Development / Intro Timelines

2007 2008Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4Q3 Q4

2009 2010

Early Proto’sFPGA based

ASIC basedImplementations

Commercial Handset Development

Early trial network

deployment

1st livenetwork

deployment

Early pre-release handsets

1st commercial handsets

Q1 Q2

• Production Test

Early commercial chipsets

• L1/PHY UL/DL• RLC/MAC• PDCP• Digital IQ I/O• RF Interface• 2x2 DL MIMO

• Protocol Conformance Test

• RF Conformance Test

• RF Measurements w/ Link

RF Design

FPGA to ASIC Design Transition RF Validation

Handset Integration & Verification Pilot Production

• GCF/PTCRB TP Validation

• 3GPP TS36.521-1 & 523-1 (Test Method)

• 3GPP TS36.508 (RB test mode)

• 3GPP TS36.101 & 133 (Core Spec)

LTE UE development

& intro timelines

LTE UE Test Requirement

timelines

3GPP Spec Development

& GCF/PTCRB timelines • GCF/PTCRB UE Validation

1

LTE


3GPP LTE RF Test Specification OverviewTS 36.101 V8.TS 36.101 V8.44.0 (200.0 (20099--0011) E) E--UTRA UE RF TX/RX Core Specification (RAN4)UTRA UE RF TX/RX Core Specification (RAN4)• Section 6 Transmitter Characteristics• Section 7 Receiver Characteristics• Section 8 Performance Requirement

TS 36.133 V8.TS 36.133 V8.44.0 (200.0 (20099--0011) E) E--UTRA RRM Core Specification (RAN4)UTRA RRM Core Specification (RAN4)• Section 4 E-UTRAN RRC_IDLE state mobility (Cell Selection/Re-selection)• Section 5 E-UTRAN RRC_CONNECTED state mobility (Handover)• Section 6 RRC Connection Mobility Control• Section 7 Timing and signalling characteristics • Section 8 UE Measurements Procedures in RRC_CONNECTED State• Section 9 Measurements performance requirements for UE • Section 10 Measurements Performance Requirements for E-UTRAN

TS 36.521TS 36.521--1 V1 V8.0.18.0.1 (200(20099--0011) E) E--UTRA UE UTRA UE RF ConformanceRF Conformance Spec Part 1 Conformance Test (RAN5 Spec Part 1 Conformance Test (RAN5 -- RF)RF)• Section 6 Transmitter Characteristics• Section 7 Receiver Characteristics• Section 8 Performance Requirement• Section 9 Reporting of CQI/PMI

TS 36.521TS 36.521--3 V0.2.0 (20083 V0.2.0 (2008--06) E06) E--UTRA UE RF Conformance Spec Part 3 RRM Conformance (RAN5 UTRA UE RF Conformance Spec Part 3 RRM Conformance (RAN5 -- RF)RF)• Section 4 Requirements for support of RRM Agilent is Agilent is RapporteurRapporteur

Agilent is Agilent is RapporteurRapporteur


TS 36.521-1 Section 6 Transmitter Test

Transmit intermodulation6.7Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)6.5.2.1

Spurious emission band UE co-existence6.6.3.2Transmit signal quality6.5

Additional Spurious emissions6.6.3.3Frequency error6.5.1

IQ-component6.5.2.2

In-band emissions for non allocated RB6.5.2.3

Transmitter Spurious emissions6.6.3.1Out-of sync handling of output power6.4.4

Spurious emissions6.6.3Control and monitoring functions6.4

Additional ACLR requirements6.6.2.4Transmission ON/OFF Power6.3.3

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio6.6.2.3Minimum Output Power6.3.2

Additional Spectrum Emission Mask6.6.2.2Power Control6.3.1

Spectrum Emission Mask6.6.2.1Output Power Dynamics6.3Out of band emission6.6.2Maximum Power Reduction (MPR)6.2.3

Occupied bandwidth6.6.1UE Maximum Output Power6.2.2

Output RF spectrum emissions6.6Transmit power6.2

2


TS 36.521-1 Section 7 Receiver Test

Spurious emissions7.9

Wide band Intermodulation7.8.1Narrow band Intermodulation7.8.2

Intermodulation characteristics7.8Spurious response7.7Narrow band blocking7.6.3

Out of-band blocking7.6.2

In-band blocking7.6.1Blocking characteristics7.6

Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)7.5

Maximum input level7.4Reference sensitivity level7.3


TS 36.521-1 Section 8 PerformanceTest

Demodulation of PBCH8.6

FDD PHICH Transmit Diversity Performance 8.5.1.2

FDD PHICH Single-antenna port Performance8.5.1.1

Demodulation of PHICH8.5

FDD PCFICH/PDCCH Transmit Diversity Performance8.4.1.2

FDD PCFICH/PDCCH Single-antenna port Performance8.4.1.1

Demodulation of PCFICH/PDCCH8.4

Demodulation of PDSCH (User-Specific Reference Symbols)8.3

FDD PDSCH Closed-loop spatial multiplexing performance (Cell-Specific Ref.Symbols)8.2.1.4

FDD PDSCH Open-loop spatial multiplexing performance (Cell Specific Ref.Symbols)8.2.1.3

FDD PDSCH Transmit Diversity Performance (Cell-Specific Reference Symbols)8.2.1.2

FDD PDSCH Single-antenna port Performance (Cell-Specific Ref. Symbols)8.2.1.1

Demodulation of PDSCH (Cell-Specific Reference Symbols)8.2

3

LTE


Agilent LTE RF Test System SolutionDesign Verification Test (DVT) & RF Conformance Design Verification Test (DVT) & RF Conformance Test (RCT)Test (RCT)• Fully integrated, scalable and upgradeable Design Verification Test solution

– Baseband FADER and MIMO feature are integrated into OBT– Scalable configuration including Super Lite, Lite, DVT and RCT

• MXA base Forced Test Mode LTE TX tester : Available Now• GS-8862 Design Verification Test Lite System Release 1.0 : 2009-Q3

– Support in-CH TX and RX test cases with Performance test in the future• GS-8871 Full Rack Design Verification Test System Release 2.0 : 2010-Q1

– Supports TS 36.521-1 S6 (TX), S7 (RX) and S8 (Performance) test cases.– Section 9 will be planned after 3GPP specification become matured enough to design

solution.– Some TS 36.521-3 RRM test cases will be supported as DVT solution.

•GS-8891 LTE RCT (RF Conformance Test) System– Smooth transition to through GCF and PTCRB validation

*Preliminary and Subject to Change


Agilent GS-8861 LTE RF Design Verification Test Super Lite System

*Preliminary and Subject to Change

LTE RF Design Verification System

LTE RF DesignVerification System

DUT

4


Agilent GS-8862 LTE RF Design Verification Test Lite System

DUT

LTE RF Design Verification System

LTE RF DesignVerification System

Preliminary and Subject to Change


Agilent GS-8871 LTE RF Design Verification Test Standard Test System

GS-8891 RCT will most likely share same system designPreliminary and Subject to Change

5

LTE


Provides efficient RF parametric and performance measurements for development, design verification, pre-conformance and conformance test of LTE UE - Reduce test costs and accelerate time to market

GS-8861 Super Lite systemKey Features

• Compliant to 3GPP TS 36.521-1 requirementsSupport S6 TX test, S7 RX test, and S8 Performance test

• Smooth transition to LTE RF Conformance System The LTE Design Verification Test System can be easily upgraded to the LTE RFConformance Test System certified by GCF and PTCRB in the future

• Fully integrated, Scalable and Upgradeable DV solutionBaseband Fader and MIMO feature are integrated into E6620A wireless testset which is core of the system. Scalable configuration includes SuperLite, Lite, DVT and RCT systems similar to GS-8800 2G-3G solutions. Support allUTRA bands ( 1 to 14 and 17) by adding filter modules for Spur and Blocking

• Contribute all development stages from RF module to UE Provide test tool for RF module level evaluation, prototype UE evaluationand commercial UE design verification and pre-conformance testing

• Agilent Global support Dedicated system engineer support from local Agilent offices.

GS-8862 Lite system

GS-8871 & GS-8891 Standard system

Agilent LTE RF Design Verification &Conformance Test Solutions


Some Snapshots of the Software GUI Test Plan Editor

6


Some Snapshots of the Software GUI Action Editor


Questions?

LTE DVT-RCTAgilent Restricted

Mar 12, 2009

7

LTE

LTE UE Protocol Development and Conformance Test

Anite SAT LTE Development Toolset (DT) using the Agilent E6620A is a comprehensive suite of tools which supports all phases of wireless terminal development.

Anite SAT LTE Protocol Tester and Development Toolset with the Agilent E6620A

New handset designs must meet the standards expected by the consumer — not to mention those required by industry bodies such as the GCF or PTCRB — and that means carrying out earlier and more comprehensive development, design verifi cation and regression testing. In order to achieve this goal, versatile but rigorous testing solutions are required. From pre-silicon protocol module development through system integration and verifi cation, use this toolset to shorten

your development time and validate your designs. With the Anite SAT LTE solution you can:

Cost effectively analyze LTE UE product designs early in the process Resolve emergent issues before they become costly problemsSimulate and test a broader range of functionality Bring advanced products to market quicklyAssure products will meet or exceed industry certifi cation and quality requirements

•

•

•

•

•

Battery Current Drain Measurement and Analysis

The Agilent 14565B software and 66319D/21D DC source provide a ready-to-use solution for battery current drain measurement and analysis for optimizing the power consumption of your devices. The 66319D/21D is a specialized DC source for testing LTE and other wireless mobile devices. It has a 15V, 3A output, a high-speed 64KSa/sec 16 bit digitizer, and 3 current measurement ranges for making accurate current drain measurements from micro amps to amps, for testing off, sleep, and active operating modes of the DUT.

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 1

Generating and Analyzing LTE SignalsGenerating and Analyzing LTE Signals

Brian Su ([email protected])

Project ManagerAgilent Technologies


AgendaAgenda

• LTE Physical Layer Review with Demos• LTE Transmitter Tests – Signal Analysis• LTE Component and Receiver Test – Signal Generation• Summary• Q&A

Page 2

1

LTE


LTE Physical Layer ReviewLTE Physical Layer Review

• LTE air interface consists of two main components – Signals and Channels

• Physical Signals• Generated in Layer 1

– Used for System Synchronization, Cell Identification and Radio Channel Estimation

• Physical Channels• These Carry Data from higher layers including Control, Scheduling

and User Payload• The following is a simplified high-level description of the

essential Signals and Channels…

Page 3

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 4Page 4

PhysicalPhysical SignalSignal DefinitionsDefinitions

DL Signals Full name Purpose

P-SS Primary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by the UE. Carries part of the cell ID

S-SS Secondary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by the UE. Carries the remainder of the cell ID

RS Reference Signal (Pilot) Used for DL channel estimation and channel equalization. Exact sequence derived from cell ID,

UL Signals Full name Purpose

DM-RS (Demodulation) Reference Signal Used for synchronization to the UE and UL channel estimationOnly used with active Transport Channel

SRS Sounding Reference Signal Used for channel estimation when there is no transport channel (i.e., No active PUSCH or PUCCH)Used for CQI measurement.

2


PhysicalPhysical ChannelChannel DefinitionsDefinitions

DL Channels Full name Purpose

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Carries cell-specific information

PMCH Physical Multicast Channel Carries the MCH transport channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Payload

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

Defines number of PDCCH OFDMA symbols per sub-frame (1, 2 or 3)

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ indicator channel Carries HARQ ACK/NACK

UL Channels Full name Purpose

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Call setup

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel Payload

Note: Absence of Dedicated Channels, which is a characteristic of Packet-Only Systems


SignalSignal Modulation and MappingModulation and Mapping

DL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power*1

PrimarySynchronizationSignal (P-SS)

One of 3 Zadoff-Chu sequences

62/72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #6 of slots #0, #10

[+0.65 dB] *2

SecondarySynchronizationSignal(S-SS)

Two 31-bit M-sequences (binary) – one of 168 Cell IDs plus other info.

62/72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #5 of slots #0, #10

[+0.65 dB] *2

ReferenceSignal (RS)

PS Gold sequence defined by Cell ID (P-SS & S-SS)1 of 3x168 = 504 seq.

Every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot

[+2.5 dB]

UL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power

DemodulationReferenceSignal (DM-RS)

uth root Zadoff-Chu or QPSK (<3RB)

SC-FDMA symbol #3 of every slot (PUSCH)Different for PUCCH

[0 dB]

*1: 3GPP has not define power level yet. This information shows the current scale factor in the 89600 VSA and N7624B Signal Studio.*2: Synchronization signal: 72 sub-carriers are reserved, but only 62 sub-carrier are used. [–0.65 dB = 10 x log10(62/72)]

Normal CP is assumed

Additional signals (UL) - Sounding Reference Signal (Z-C)

Default for SS and SAIn lieu of3GPP DefinedPower Level Control

3

LTE


DMDM--RSRS SignalSignal Modulation (UE)Modulation (UE)

( ) 10, RSZC

)1(RSZC -¢¢=+

-

Nmemx Nmqmj

q

p

Page 7

• The unity circle produced by the DM-RS may look random but is the result of phase modulating each successive subcarrier to create a Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) Sequence

• There are 30 different sequences defined providing orthogonality between users (similar to Walsh Codes in CDMA)

• The sequence follows a Zadoff-Chu progression

where is the first prime number less than the required number of subcarriers, and m is the subcarrier number of the qth sequence

• For allocations less than 3 Resource Blocks (36 subcarriers) it is not possible to use a Zadoff-Chu sequence so the RS are modulated with asimpler computer-generated QPSK sequence of length 12 or 24

RSZCN


SEE DEMOS 1a,1b – 3RB Zadoff-Chu vs. 1RB QPSK

DMDM--RSRS SignalSignal Modulation (UE)Modulation (UE)ZadoffZadoff--Chu (Chu (>>3RB) vs. QPSK (<3RB)3RB) vs. QPSK (<3RB)

4


ChannelChannel Modulation and MappingModulation and Mapping

Page 9

DL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping

Physical Broadcast Channel(PBCH) QPSK

72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #0 to #3 of Slot #1. Excludes RS subcarriers.

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) QPSK

OFDMA symbol #0, #1 & #2 of the Slot #0 of the subframe NOT used by PCFICH or PHICH Excludes RS subcarriers

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Any assigned RB

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) QPSK

16 Resource ElementsSymbol #0 of Slot #0

Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

BPSK on I and Qw/SF 2 or 4 Walsh Code

Symbol #0 of Slot #0 (normal duration)Symbols #0, 1, and 2 of Slot #0(extended duration)

Physical Multicast Channel(PMCH)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Variable Resource Mapping

Normal CP is assumed


UL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) uth root Zadoff-Chu

FDD = 64 Preambles, 4 FormatsTDD = 552 Preambles, 1 FormatOccupies 6 RB’s (1.08MHz)

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) BPSK & QPSK Any assigned RB but NOT

simultaneous with PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Any assigned RB but NOT simultaneous with PUCCHCan be hopped

ChannelChannel Modulation and Mapping (cont.)Modulation and Mapping (cont.)

5

LTE


Slot Structure and Physical Resource ElementSlot Structure and Physical Resource ElementDownlinkDownlink –– OFDMAOFDMA

Condition

Normalcyclic prefix f=15kHz 12 7

Extendedcyclic prefix

f=15kHz 12 6

f=7.5kHz 24 3

RBscN

RBscN

OFDM symbols

One downlink slot, Tslot

:

:

x subcarriers

Resource blockx

Resourceelement(k, l)

l=0 l= – 1

subcarriers

•A Resource Block (RB) is basic scheduling unit.

• A RB contains:• 7 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for normal cyclic prefix or;• 6 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for extended cyclic prefix

•Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots)and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers).

DLRBN RB

scN

DLsymbN

DLsymbN

DLRBN DL

symbN

DLsymbN RB

scN


Slot Structure and Physical Resource ElementSlot Structure and Physical Resource ElementUplinkUplink –– SCSC--FDMAFDMA

:

:

Resource element(k, l)

l=0 l=NULsymb – 1

Condition NRBsc NUL

symb

Normalcyclic prefix 12 7

Extendedcyclic prefix 12 6

Resource Block = 0.5 ms x 180 kHz

RBscN subcarriers

ULRBN RB

scNx subcarriers

Resource blockxUL

symbN RBscN

SC-FDMA symbolsULsymbN

One uplink slot, Tslot

6


Physical Layer DefinitionsPhysical Layer DefinitionsFrame StructureFrame Structure

Page 13

Frame Structure type 1 (FDD) FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

#0 #2 #3 #18#1 ………. #19One subframe = 1ms

One slot = 0.5 msOne radio frame = 10 ms

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9

Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

DwPTS, T(variable)

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 msOne half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

#0 #2 #3 #4 #5

One subframe, 30720 x Ts = 1 ms

Guard period, T(variable)

UpPTS, (variable)

•5ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2, 5 and UpPTS for Uplink

•10ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5,7-9 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2 and UpPTS for Uplink

One slot, Tslot =15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

#7 #8 #9

For 5ms switch-point periodicity

For 10ms switch-point periodicity


Downlink Frame Structure Type 1Downlink Frame Structure Type 1

Page 14

Page 14

OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending eachsymbol with a copy of the end of the symbol

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1 frame= 10 sub-frames= 10 ms

1 Sub-Frame= 2 slots= 1 ms

1 slot= 15360 Ts= 0.5 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6etc.

CP CP CP CP CPCPCP

P-SS - Primary Synch Signal [Sym 6 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]

S-SS - Secondary Synch Signal [Sym 5 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]

PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel [Syms 0-3 | Slot 1 | 72/72]

PDCCH -Physical DL Control Channel [Syms 0-2 | Every Subframe]

PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots]

Reference Signal – (Pilot) [Sym 0,4 | Every Slot]

DLsymbN

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9 #10 #11 #12 #19#13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552ns

Note 1: Position of RS varies w/Antenna Port number and CP LengthNote 2: PMCH, PCFICH, and PHICH not shown here for clarity

7

LTE


Downlink Physical MappingDownlink Physical Mapping

Page 15

P-SS - Primary Synchronization SignalS-SCS - Secondary Synchronization SignalPBCH - Physical Broadcast ChannelPDCCH -Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared ChannelReference Signal – (Pilot)

Note: PBCH = 1.08MHz to allow for 1.4 MHZ-20MHz Sys. BW


DL Physical Mapping DL Physical Mapping ––LetLet’’s Check it with VSA Spectrogram s Check it with VSA Spectrogram

Page 16

• See entire frame in frequency and time on one display

• Find subtle patterns, errors

Reference Signal occurs every 6th sub-carrier

PDCCH occupying 1st

3 symbols of each sub-frame (~214 us)

SEE DEMO 2 - DL 12RB 64QAM S-SS/P-SS/PBCH/PDCCH/PDSCH SPECTROGRAM

PDSCH

Eg. 12 RB’s = 2.16 MHzS-SS/P-SS/PBCH

S-SS/P-SS

8


DownlinkDownlink –– LetLet’’s Check it with VSAs Check it with VSA

P-SS - Primary Synchronization SignalS-SS - Secondary Synchronization SignalPBCH - Physical Broadcast ChannelPDCCH - Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDSCH – Physical Downlink Shared Channel Reference Signal – (Pilot)

Slot#0 Symbol#0RS + PDCCH(Hint: Same Modulation)

SEE DEMO 3a

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Note 2: PMCH, PCFICH, and PHICH not shown here for clarity



Page 18


Slot#0 Symbol#1PDCCH

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

SEE DEMO 3b

9

LTE



Page 19


Slot#0 Symbol#3PDSCH

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

SEE DEMO 3c



Page 20


Slot#0 Symbol#4RS + PDSCH

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

SEE DEMO 3d

10



Page 21


Slot#1 Symbol#0RS + PDSCH + PBCH

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

SEE DEMO 3e



Page 22

PBCH + PDSCH


Slot#1 Symbol#1

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

SEE DEMO 3f

11

LTE

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 23Page 23Page 23

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9 #10 #11 #12 #19#13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared ChannelReference Signal – (Demodulation) [Sym 3 | Every Slot]

OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending eachsymbol with a copy of the end of the symbol

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1 slot= 15360 Ts= 0.5 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6etc.

CP CP CP CP CPCPCP

DLsymbN

1 sub-frame= 2 slots= 1 ms

1 frame= 10 sub-frames= 10 ms

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns

Uplink Frame Structure Type 1Uplink Frame Structure Type 1PUSCH MappingPUSCH Mapping


UplinkUplink –– LetLet’’s Check it by VSAs Check it by VSA

Page 24

PUSCHPUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared ChannelReference Signal – (Demodulation)

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Slot #0 Symbol #0

SEE DEMO 4a – PUSCH Only!

12



Page 25

PUSCH DM-RSPUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared ChannelReference Signal – (Demodulation)

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Slot #0 Symbol #3

SEE DEMO 4b – PUSCH DM-RS


Uplink Frame Structure Type 1Uplink Frame Structure Type 1PUCCH MappingPUCCH Mapping

Page 26

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9 #10 #11 #12 #19#13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18

1 frame

1 sub-frame

NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1slot = 15360

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 slotThe Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending eachsymbol with a copy of the end of the symbol

PUCCH - Physical Uplink Control ChannelDemodulation Reference Signal for PUCCH(PUCCH format 1, Normal CP) [Sym 2-4 | Every Slot]

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

• • • • • • • • • •

Sub-

Car

rier (

RB

)

Time (Symbol)

13

LTE



Page 27

PUCCH

PUCCH - Primary Uplink Shared ChannelPUCCH-DMRS (Format 1)

Slot #0 Symbol #0

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Time (Symbol)

Freq

uenc

y(S

ub-C

arrie

r or R

B)

SEE DEMO 5a – PUCCH Only!



Page 28

PUCCH DM-RSPUCCH - Primary Uplink Shared ChannelPUCCH-DMRS (Format 1)

Slot #0 Symbol #2

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Time (Symbol)

Freq

uenc

y(S

ub-C

arrie

r or R

B)

SEE DEMO 5b – PUCCH DM-RS

14


Uplink MappingUplink MappingPUSCHDemodulation Reference Signal(for PUSCH)PUCCHDemodulation Reference Signalfor PUCCH format 1

Note 1: When no PUCCH or PUSCH is scheduled in the uplink, the eNB can request transmission of the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), which allows the eNB to estimate the uplink channel characteristics

Note 2: PRACH and SRS not shown for clarity


Uplink Physical Mapping Uplink Physical Mapping ––LetLet’’s Check it with VSA Spectrogram s Check it with VSA Spectrogram

Page 30

• See entire frame in frequency and time on one display

• Find subtle patterns, errors

SEE DEMO 6

PUCCH occurs on Slots #0 and #1 of Subframe 2

(~0.5 ms / Slot)LO Feedthru

15

LTE


AgendaAgenda


Page 31


LTE Signal Analysis LTE Signal Analysis --89601A Vector Signal Analysis Software89601A Vector Signal Analysis Software

LTE downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SC-FDMA) analysis in a single optionIndustry leading performance: EVM of < -50 dB (hardware dependent)FDD mode, Type 1 generic frame structureAll LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHzAll LTE modulation formats: BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAMAll LTE modulation sequences: CAZAC, OSxPRSSupports all Agilent signal analyzers: PSA, MXA, EXA, 89600 as well as Agilent logic analyzers and scopesConnectivity with Agilent’s Advance Design System (ADS) LTE wireless library

Features/Capabilities Summary

16


Consistent Measurement SW = Consistent Measurement SW = Correlation of results across the block diagramCorrelation of results across the block diagram

Page 33

ADS connectivityDirect connection to ADS LTE signal simulation output using ADS 89600 instrument sink.

+

DUT

DSP

Digital (SSI) IF/RFBB (I-Q)

Logic Analyzer Oscilloscope Signal Analyzer

89601A VSA


Transmitter Characteristics Transmitter Characteristics –– eNBeNB

• 6.2 Base Station Output Power• 6.3 Output Power Dynamics• 6.4 Transmit ON/OFF Power• 6.5 Transmit Signal Quality

• 6.5.1 Frequency Error• 6.5.2 Error Vector Magnitude• 6.5.3 Time alignment between transmitter branches• 6.5.4 DL RS power

• 6.6 Unwanted Emissions• 6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth• 6.6.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR)• 6.6.3 Operating band unwanted emissions ( same as SEM)• 6.6.4 Transmitter spurious emission

• 6.7 Transmit Intermodulation

Page 34

These transmitter tests are work in progress and the definitions and requirements covered in this presentation are working assumptions per TS 36.104 V8.2.0 (2008-05)

17

LTE


Transmitter Characteristics Transmitter Characteristics –– UEUE• 6.2 Transmit Power• 6.3 Output Power Dynamics• 6.4 Control and Monitoring Functions• 6.5 Transmit Signal Quality

• 6.5.1 Frequency error• 6.5.2 Transmit modulation

– 6.5.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)– 6.5.2.2 IQ-Component– 6.5.2.3 In-band Emissions– 6.5.2.4 Spectrum Flatness

• 6.6 Output RF Spectrum Emissions• 6.6.1 Occupied bandwidth• 6.6.2 Out of band emission

– 6.6.2.1 Spectrum emission mask (SEM)– 6.6.2.3 Adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR)

• 6.6.3 Spurious emissions• 6.7 Transmit Intermodulation

Page 35

These transmitter tests are work in progress and the definitions and requirements covered in this presentation are working assumptions per TS 36.101 v8.2.0 (2008-05) + CR from June RAN WG47 meeting


Transmit Power Transmit Power –– UEUE““Does the UE transmit too much or too little?Does the UE transmit too much or too little?””

Page 36

• MOP (Maximum Output Power)• Method: broadband power measurement (No

change from UMTS)• MPR (Maximum Power Reduction)

• Definition: Power reduction due to higher order modulation and transmit bandwidth (RB) – this is for UE power class 3

• A-MPR (Additional MPR)• Definition: Power reduction capability to meet ACLR and

SEM requirements

Agilent 89601A VSA provides power measurement for each active channel after demodulation

Channel power measurement using swept spectrum analyzer

These methods are used to fine-tune the UE so that it can operate at high data rates in deployments with higher spurious emissions and then scale back its maximum power; for example, at the cell edge where the UE is

more sensitive to out-of-channel emissions.

18


Output RF Spectrum EmissionsOutput RF Spectrum Emissions

Unwanted emissions consist of:

1. Occupied Bandwidth: Emission within the occupied bandwidth

2. Out-of-Band (OOB) Emissions• Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR)• Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)

–Due to Modulation Process and Non-linearity in transmitter

3. Spurious Emissions: Far out emissions

–Due to Harmonics and Intermodulation Products

Page 37


Occupied Bandwidth RequirementOccupied Bandwidth Requirement““Does most UE energy reside within its channel BW?Does most UE energy reside within its channel BW?””

Page 38

Occupied bandwidthMeasure the bandwidth of the LTE signal that contains 99% of the channel power

Occupied channel bandwidth

Occupied Bandwidth [MHz] 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18

Channel bandwidth (MHZ) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Minimum Requirement: Theoccupied bandwidth shall be less than the channel bandwidth specified in the table below

19

LTE


ACLR Requirements ACLR Requirements –– eNBeNB casecase““Does the Does the eNBeNB transmit in adjacent channels?transmit in adjacent channels?””

Page 39

ACLR (Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio) measurement:

- Measure the channel power at the carrier frequency

- Measure the channel power at the required adjacent channels

- Ensure the eNB power at adjacent channels meets specs

ACLR defined for two cases• E-UTRA (LTE) ACLR 1 and ACLR 2 with square measurement filter

• UTRA (W-CDMA) ACLR 1 and ACLR 2 with 3.84 MHz RRC measurement filter with roll-off factor a =0.22.

ACLR limits defined for adjacent LTE carriers

ACLR limits defined for adjacent UTRA carriers


ACLR Limits ACLR Limits –– eNBeNB casecase

Page 40

E-UTRA Tx signal channel BW

E-UTRA adjacent channel carrier

E-UTRA channel measurement filter BW (Square filter)

ACLR Limit

1.4 MHz 1.4 MHz 1.08 MHz 45 dB

3.0 MHz 3.0 MHz 3.0 MHz 45 dB

5 MHz 5 MHz 4.5 MHz 45 dB

10 MHz 10 MHz 9.0 MHz 45 dB

15 MHz 15 MHz 13.5 MHz 45 dB

20 MHz 20 MHz 18 MHz 45 dB

E-UTRA Tx signal channel BW

UTRA adjacent channel carrier

UTRA channel measurement filter BW (RRC filter with a0.22

ACLR Limit

1.4 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

3.0 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

5 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

10 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

15 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

20 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 45 dB

In the case of E-UTRA (LTE) adjacent carrier:

In the case of UTRA (W-CDMA) adjacent carriers:

20


ACLR Requirements ACLR Requirements –– UE caseUE case““Does the UE transmit in adjacent channels?Does the UE transmit in adjacent channels?””

Page 41

ACLR defined for two cases:•E –UTRA (LTE) ACLR1 with rectangular measurement filter (No TX/RX Filter defined)

•UTRA (W-CDMA) ACLR1 and ACLR 2 with 3.84 MHz RRC measurement filter withroll-off factor a =0.22.

E-UTRAACLR1 UTRA ACLR2 UTRAACLR1

RB

E-UTRA channelfOOB

TR 36.101 v8.2.0 Figure 6.6.2.3 -1: Adjacent Channel Leakage requirements


ACLR Limits ACLR Limits ––UE caseUE case

Page 42

Channel bandwidth / E-UTRAACLR1 / measurement bandwidth

1.4MHz

3.0MHz

5MHz

10MHz

15MHz

20MHz

E-UTRAACLR1 30 dB 30 dB 30 dB 30 dB 30 dB 30 dB

E-UTRA channel Measurement bandwidth 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz

In the case of LTE adjacent carrier:

Channel bandwidth / UTRAACLR1/2 / measurement bandwidth

1.4MHz

3.0MHz

5MHz

10MHz

15MHz

20MHz

UTRAACLR1 33 dB 33 dB 33 dB 33 dB 33 dB 33 dB

UTRAACLR2 - - 36 dB 36 dB 36 dB 36 dB

E-UTRA channel Measurement bandwidth - 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz

UTRA channel Measurement bandwidth - - 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz 3.84 MHz

In the case of W-CDMA adjacent carriers:

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.6.2.3.2-1: Additional requirements

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.6.2.3.1-1: General requirements for E-UTRAACLR

SEE DEMO 7 – UL 64QAM OBW + ACP

21

LTE


Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM)““Does the Does the eNBeNB/UE leak RF onto neighbor channels?/UE leak RF onto neighbor channels?””

Page 43

Operating Band (BS transmit)

10 MHz 10 MHz

Operating Band Unwanted emissions limit

CarrierLimits in

spurious domain must be

consistent with SM.329 [4]

OOB domain

Spectrum emissions mask is also known as “Operating Band Unwanted emissions”

These unwanted emissions are resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions

Measure the Tx power at specific frequency offsets from the carrier frequency and ensure the power at the offsets is within specifications

TR 36.804 v1.2.0 figure 6.6.2.2-1 Defined frequency range for Operating band unwanted emissions with an example RF carrier and related mask shape (actual limits are TBD).

eNB example:Base station SEM limits are defined from 10 MHz below the lowest frequency of the BS transmitter operating band up to 10 MHz above the highest frequency of the BS transmitter operating band.


Spectrum Emission MaskSpectrum Emission Mask–– UE ExampleUE Example

Page 44

20MHz MaskRegulatory Masks + Proposed 20MHz LTE Mask

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

-24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2

offset (MHz)

leve

l (dB

m/1

00kH

z)

WCDMAFCC band 5FCC band 2FCC band 7OfcomJapan PHSmask 6/7 RBsmask 15/16 RBsmask 25 RBsmask 50 RBsmask 75 RBsmask 100 RBs

TR 36.803 v1.1.0 Figure 6.6.2.1 -1: Regulatory mask and proposed E-UTRA masks

22


Spurious Emission RequirementsSpurious Emission Requirements““How much power does UE leak well beyond neighbor?How much power does UE leak well beyond neighbor?””

Page 45

Frequency Range Maximum Level Measurement Bandwidth

9 kHz ¢ f < 150 kHz -36 dBm 1 kHz

150 kHz ¢ f < 30 MHz -36 dBm 10 kHz

30 MHz ¢ f < 1000 MHz -36 dBm 100 kHz

1 GHz ¢ f < 12.75 GHz -30 dBm 1 MHz

Spurious emissions are emissions caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonics emission & intermodulation products but exclude out of band emissions

Example of spurious emissions limit for a UE

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 table 6.6.3.1-2: Spurious emissions limits


Transmitted Signal Quality Transmitted Signal Quality –– DownlinkDownlink

Page 46

Currently there are four requirements under the transmitted signal quality category for an eNB:

• Frequency error• EVM • Time alignment between transmitter branches• DL RS Power

23

LTE


Transmitter Tester for RF Power MeasurementsTransmitter Tester for RF Power Measurements

Page 47

• Agilent’s PSA, MXA and EXA signal analyzers have flexible power suite measurements that can be set to make Channel Power, ACP, SEM and Spurious emission tests.


Frequency Error Test (Frequency Error Test (eNBeNB and UE)and UE)““Does the Does the eNBeNB/UE accurately track UL/DL frequency?/UE accurately track UL/DL frequency?””

Page 48

• A quick test is use the Occupied BW measurement (Agilent 89601A VSA SW shown)

• An accurate measurement can then be made using the demodulation process

• Minimum Requirement (observed over 1 ms):

– UE: 0.1 PPM – BS: 0.05 PPM

If the frequency error is larger than a few sub-carriers, the receiver demodmay not operate, and could cause network interference

24


Error Vector Magnitude MeasurementError Vector Magnitude MeasurementeNBeNB –– Downlink (OFDM)Downlink (OFDM)

Page 49

Measurement Block: EVM is measured after the FFT and a zero-forcing (ZF) constrained equalizer in the receiver

BS TX Remove CP

FFT Per-subcarrier Amplitude/phase correction

Symbol detection /decoding

Reference point for EVM measurement

Pre-/post FFT time / frequency synchronization

Current EVM requirements

Parameter Unit Level

QPSK % 17.5

16QAM % 12.5

64QAM % 8

Signal BW 89650S(typ)

MXA(typ)

5 MHz 0..35 % 0.45 %10 MHz 0.40 % 0.45 %20 MHz 0.45 % 0.50 %

Agilent Signal Analyzer EVM Performance –Both Uplink and Downlink

The basic unit of EVM measurement is defined over one subframe (1ms) in the time domain and 12 subcarriers(180kHz) in the frequency domain

Equalizer is calculated over full frame

TR 36.804 V1.2.0 Figure 6.8.1.1-2 Reference pint for EVM measurement


eNBeNB Transmitted Signal Quality:Transmitted Signal Quality:Time alignment between transmitter branchesTime alignment between transmitter branches

25

LTE


eNBeNB Transmitted Signal Quality:Transmitted Signal Quality:DL RS PowerDL RS Power


Downlink EVM Equalizer DefinitionDownlink EVM Equalizer Definition

The subsequent 7 subcarriers are averaged over 5, 7 .. 17 subcarriers

From the 10th

subcarrier onwards the window size is 19 until the upper edge of the channel is reached and the window size reduces back to 1

The first reference subcarrier is not averaged

The second reference subcarrier is the average of the first three subcarriers

Reference subcarriersTR 36.804 v1.0.0 Figure 6.8.1.1-1: Reference subcarrier

smoothing in the frequency domain

Rather than use all the RS data to correct the received signal a moving average is performed in the frequency domain across the channel which limits the rate of change of correction

For the downlink, the EVM equalizer has been constrained

Agilent VSA EVM Setting

26


Important notes on EVM (DL and UL)Important notes on EVM (DL and UL)No transmit/receive filter will be definedNo transmit/receive filter will be defined

• In UMTS a transmit/receive filter was defined• Root raised cosine = 0.22

• This filter was also used to make EVM measurements• Deviations from the ideal filter increased the measured EVM

• In LTE with OFDMA/SC-FDMA no TX/RX filter is defined• The lack of a filter creates opportunities and problems:

• Signal generation can be optimized to meet in-channel and out of channel requirements

• Signal reception and measurement have no standard reference• It is expected that real receivers will use the downlink reference signals (pilots) to

correct for frequency and phase• But no standard for how to do this will be specified

Page 53


• The lack of a defined transmit filter means that trade-offs can be made between in-channel performance and out of channel performance (ACLR, Spectrum emission mask)

• But applying too aggressive filtering can introduce delays to the signal which appear like multipath and reduce the effective length of the CP

For this reason EVM is defined across a window at two points in time either side of the nominal symbol centre

Important notes on EVMImportant notes on EVMEVMEVM vs. time vs. time –– impact on CP reductionimpact on CP reduction

Usable ISI free period

CP length

EVM

Impact of time domain distortion induced by shaping of the transmit signal in the frequency domain

27

LTE


Important Notes on EVMImportant Notes on EVM-- EVM WindowEVM Window

Page 55

CP Len FFT Size

EVM Window

FFT Size aligned with EVM Window End

EVM is measured at two locations in time and the maximum of the two EVM is reported. i.e.

EVM1 measured at EVM Window StartEVM2 measured at EVM Window EndReported EVM = max(EVM1, EVM2)(Per the Std.)

Agilent VSA EVM SettingFFT Size aligned with EVM Window Center

FFT Size aligned with EVM Window Start


EVM Comparison for Different EVM Window EVM Comparison for Different EVM Window SettingsSettings

Page 56

EVM Window Center

Max of EVM Window Start/End

28


• Values from 36.101:

Important notes on EVMImportant notes on EVMEVMEVM vs. time vs. time –– impact on CP reductionimpact on CP reduction

BandwidthMHz FFT size Number of

useful RBs

Cyclic prefix length EVM window length W

Ratio of W to

total CP (%)

1.4 128 6 9 [7] [77.8]3 256 15 18 [14] [77.8]5 512 25 36 [32] [88.9]

10 1024 50 72 [66] [91.7]15 1536 75 108 [102] [94.4]20 2048 100 144 [136] [94.4]

cpN

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table F.5-1 EVM window length for normal CP


Error Vector Magnitude MeasurementError Vector Magnitude MeasurementUEUE –– Uplink (SCUplink (SC--FDMA)FDMA)

Page 58

DFT

IFFT TX

Front-end Channel RF correction FFT

Tx-Rx chain equalizer

In-band emissions

meas.

EVM meas.

0

0

…

IDFT

DUT Test equipment

…

……

Modulated symbols

Measurement Block

( ) ( )

0

2'

PT

vivzEVM

m

Tv m

Ö

-=

äÍ for allocated Resource Block

( )vz '( )vi

is modified signal under test

is the ideal signal reconstructed by the measurement equipment

To Make In-Band EM, Turn Off Equalizer, use IQ Freq Meas, use BP Markers

“IQ Freq Meas”“IQ Meas”

29

LTE


Error Vector Magnitude RequirementsError Vector Magnitude RequirementsUEUE –– UplinkUplink

Page 59

EVM requirements are still to be finalizedCurrently there are four requirements under the transmit modulation category for a UE:1. EVM for allocated resource blocks 2. I/Q Component (also known as carrier leakage power or I/Q origin

offset) for non-allocated resource blocks3. In-Band Emission for non-allocated resource

blocks4. Spectrum flatness: for allocated RB

Let’s look at each one of these transmit modulation requirements…


Error Vector Magnitude RequirementsError Vector Magnitude RequirementsUEUE –– UplinkUplink

Page 60

EVM – For allocated resource blocks (Good ol’ EVM)• EVM is a measure of the difference between the reference waveform and the

measured waveform

Minimum requirementFor signals above -40 dBm, the RMS EVM for the different modulations must not exceed the value in the table below

Parameter Unit Level

QPSK % 17.5

16QAM % 12.5

64QAM % [tbd]

It is not expected that 64QAM will be allocated at the edge of the signal

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.1.1-1: Minimum requirements for Error Vector Magnitude

30


Error Vector Magnitude RequirementsError Vector Magnitude RequirementsUEUE –– Uplink cont.Uplink cont.

Page 61

LO Leakage Parameters Relative Limit (dBc)

Output power >0 dBm -25

- 30 dBm Output power 0 dBm -20

-40 dBm ¢ Output power < -30 dBm -10

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.2.1-1: Minimum requirements for Relative Carrier Leakage Power

I/Q Component – For non-allocated resource blocksI/Q Component revels the magnitude of the carrier feedthrough present in the signal (i.e., IQ Offset in VSA Summary Table)

Minimum requirementsThe relative carrier leakage power (IQ origin offset power) must not exceed the values in table below:


Error Vector Magnitude RequirementsError Vector Magnitude RequirementsUEUE –– Uplink Cont..Uplink Cont..

Page 62

In-band Emission – For non-allocated resource blocksThe in-band emission is measured as the relative UE output power of any non –allocated RB(s) and the total UE output power of all the allocated RB(s)

Minimum requirementsThe relative in-band emission must not exceed the values in the table below

In band emissionRelative emissions (dB)

[ ])/)1(103)log20(,25max 10 RBRB NEVM -DÖ--Ö-

TS 36.101 v8.2.0 Table 6.5.2.3.1-1: Minimum requirements for in-band emissions

Unique Agilent Measurement capability!

31

LTE


Error Vector Magnitude RequirementsError Vector Magnitude RequirementsUEUE –– Uplink Cont..Uplink Cont..

Page 63

Spectrum flatnessRelative power variation across all RB of the allocated UL blockMinimum requirementsTBD

Via Channel Frequency Response


Important notes on EVMImportant notes on EVMUL EVM Equalizer DefinitionUL EVM Equalizer Definition• This has not yet been fully defined• The current proposal is to use a similar approach to WiMAX

• Unconstrained equalizer (Uses all DM-RS’s)• Define amplitude flatness across the channel

• In addition it may be necessary to constrain the phase variation (i.e., phase flatness measurement) as well since this is equally important as a source of demodulation errors

32


Analyzing the Equalizer Results from an IdealAnalyzing the Equalizer Results from an IdealSCSC--FDMA signalFDMA signal

Transition from RS unity circle to 16QAM

Amplitude flatness 0.1 dB

Phase flatness 0.5 degrees

Amplitude flatness for outer 10 RB

Subcarrier relative flatness for outer 10 RB

10 MHz IQconstellation

SEE DEMO 8


EVM Measurement EVM Measurement –– OFDMA & SCOFDMA & SC--FDMAFDMA

Page 66

• Various EVM metrics are available on 89601A LTE application:• Composite RMS EVM• Peak EVM• Data EVM• Reference Signal (pilot) EVM• EVM for individual active channels• EVM for non-allocated resource blocks

33

LTE


Modulation Analysis (NonModulation Analysis (Non--Allocated)Allocated)16QAM data plus CAZAC Reference Signal16QAM data plus CAZAC Reference Signal

Page 67

The 16QAM data channel

The reference signal (pilot)

The Non-Allocatedsubcarriers are shown at the centre (Note: this can be turned off)


EVM For Allocated & EVM For Allocated & NonNon--AllocatedAllocated ResourceResourceBlocksBlocks

Page 68

The instantaneous EVM of the allocated subcarriers is shown in red and the average over the measurement interval is in white.

EVM for the LO feed through and non-allocated subcarriers is measureablebut these impairments are specified separately from EVM as shown on previous slides

34


EVM Traces to Reveal Filter EffectsEVM Traces to Reveal Filter Effects

Page 69

The RB’s and subcarriers at the edges have high EVM because of the fast roll-off of the filter used.

EVM vs. Resource Block (RB)

EVM vs. Subcarriers

As such, the edge RB is unlikely to support 64QAM.

Unique Agilent measurement capability


AgendaAgenda


Page 70

35

LTE


N7624B Signal Studio for 3GPP LTEN7624B Signal Studio for 3GPP LTE

Page 71

• Supports 3GPP TS36.211 and TS36.212 (Release 8 Ver 8.2.0 2008-03)

• Provides partially- and fully-coded uplink and downlink signals for component and receiver testing

• Includes signals with MIMO encoding and static fading

3GPP LTE signal creation software

• User-friendly, Parameterized and Reconfigurable

• Run on Agilent E4438C ESG or N5182A MXG Signal Generators.


Signal Generation: Two Major ChallengesSignal Generation: Two Major Challenges

Page 72

1: Creating Partially-coded spectrally-correct signals for Component Test• Generate statistically correct signals to adequately stress amplifiers, I/Q modulators, filters and other components (e.g. CCDF, PAPR)• Ensure component measurement results are minimally affected by the signal generator performance (e.g. EVM, ACPR)• Provide flexibility to test performance with a wide variety of signals

2: Creating Fully-coded signals for Receiver Test• Generate fully-coded signals that enable block error rate (BLER) and bit error rate (BER) testing• Provide ability to add impairments• Provide encoding and fading for MIMO signals

36


Test Signal Flexibility with Signal StudioTest Signal Flexibility with Signal Studio• Easy-to-use pre-defined setups and ability to define custom configurations• Settable LTE downlink and uplink waveform parameters

• Bandwidth (up to 20 MHz)• Cyclic prefix (Normal or Extended)• Modulation type (QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM)• Payload data (PN sequence or user-defined)• Downlink synchronization signals • Downlink reference signal with frequency shifting• Uplink demodulation reference signal• Uplink demodulation reference signal cyclic shift• Multiple carriers (up to 16)

• Allocate resources at the resource block, physical channel, or transport channel level• Generate fully coded signals on downlink and uplink shared channels with Advanced

capability• Transport/Physical layer coding• Transport/Physical layer mapping• MIMO pre-coding with static fading

• Display resource element allocation, CCDF curves, and waveform plots• Add W-CDMA signals to evaluate interference between W-CDMA and 3GPP LTE

signals

Page 73


Testing Power AmplifiersTesting Power Amplifiers

• The non-linear characteristics of amplifiers affect in- and out-of-channel performance of the eNB or UE transmitter

• EVM is a key in-channel metric of amplifier performance• ACLR is key out-of-channel metric• Examples of signals used to test amplifiers:

• varying bandwidth up to 20 MHz• multi-carrier, e.g. four 5 MHz, for eNB amplifier: all LTE, or mixed LTE & W-

CDMA/HSPA• varying signal configuration to simulate worse case scenario for DUT: bursted or non-

bursted, heavily or lightly loaded resource configurations

Page 74

37

LTE


Amplifier Performance Amplifier Performance -- CCDFCCDF

Page 75

• Varying signal content results in different PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) as shown by CCDF curve

• Example: Uplink signal with only control channel transmission vs with Full data on shared channel• PUCCH only results in higher PAPR, so more stress on amplifier• Solving test need: Signal generation flexibility to test under real-world worse case conditions

1.0 dB difference at 0.01%between PUCCH and PUSCH

1.5 dB differenceat 1.0%

Only PUSCH Configuration

Only PUCCH Configuration

SEE DEMO 9


Amplifier Performance Amplifier Performance –– ACLR (ACLR (eNBeNB))

Page 76

LTE QPSK-5MHz 4 carrierseNB spec -45 dBcamplifier expectation -55 dBcdesired sig gen -65 dBcactual sig gen -68 dBc

Mixed LTE QPSK-5MHz / W-CDMA test model 1-64DPCHeNB spec -45 dBcamplifier expectation -55 dBcdesired sig gen -65 dBcactual sig gen -68 dBc adjacent to LTE

-70 dBc adjacent to W-CDMA

LTE 64QAM-20MHz 1 carriereNB spec -45 dBcamplifier expectation -55 dBcdesired sig gen -65 dBcactual sig gen -71 dBc

38


Types of Receiver Test Types of Receiver Test –– Uplink & DownlinkUplink & Downlink

Page 77

Receiver characteristics:• Reference sensitivity level• Dynamic range• Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)• Blocking characteristics• Intermodulation characteristics• In-channel selectivity • Spurious emissions

Note: These receiver characteristics are work in progress for the LTE standard. Definitions and test requirements are still incomplete and evolving!

Solving test needs:Flexibility to easily create varying signals that simulate real-world conditionsSignal generation capability that evolves as the standard evolves to ensure

most accurate test results


2x1, 4x1 2x1, 4x1 TxTx Diversity with Static Diversity with Static MultipathMultipath FadingFading

Page 78

N7624B: Signal Studioä

2x1Ant0

Ant1

ä

4x1Ant0Ant1Ant2Ant3

2x1 Tx Diversity

Enable eachTransmission Path

2x1

39

LTE


2x2, 4x4 Spatial Multiplexing with CDD and Static 2x2, 4x4 Spatial Multiplexing with CDD and Static MultipathMultipath FadingFading

Page 79

2x2 SDM

Enable eachTransmission Path

2x2

Cyclic Delay DiversityProper matrix is selected

MIMOspatial matrix


Coded Signal for BLER MeasurementCoded Signal for BLER Measurement

Page 80

DL-DCH1

DL-DCH6

DL-

SCH

1

DL-

SCH

1

DL-

SCH

1

DL-

SCH

2

DL-

SCH

2

DL-

SCH

2

DL-

SCH

3

DL-

SCH

3

DL-

SCH

3D

L-SC

H4

DL-

SCH

5D

L-SC

H6

DL-

SCH

7D

L-SC

H8

frequency

time

BLER

BLER

BLER

BLER

BLE

R

BLE

R

BLE

R

BLER measurement is possible at every TTI(subframe)N7624B provides multiple DL-SCH up to 8For UE BLER measurement

Read pointer of circular buffer is changing by RV Index value

SEE DEMO 10 – UE BLER

40


eNBeNB Capacity Verification with Multiple Capacity Verification with Multiple UEsUEs

Up to 16 UE(16 carriers)

UE#0

UE#15

UE identification

Cyclic shift (timing adj.)

System BW(frequency)

Frame/Subframe/Slot (time)

N7624B provides multiple UE up to16 with cyclic shift for eNB capacity verification(overloading test)

eNB


AgendaAgenda


Page 82

41

LTE


Measurement & Troubleshooting TrilogyMeasurement & Troubleshooting TrilogyThree Steps to successful Signal AnalysisThree Steps to successful Signal Analysis

Page 83

Get basics right,find major problems

Find specificproblems & causes

Signal qualitynumbers, constellation,basic error vector meas.

Frequency,

Frequency & Time

Advanced &

Specific Demod

Basic

Digital Demod

Step 1 Step 3Step 2


Learn by Making MeasurementsLearn by Making Measurements

• 89601A VSA Software, Free Demo License, N7624B Signal Studio, Free Simulation Mode

• Recorded signals provided: perform any kind of vector analysis or demodulation• Simulated hardware• Tutorials• Troubleshooting help• Example displays

• 14-day Free Trial Licenses• Connect to hardware• Generate, download &

play back signals• Tech Overviews, Demo Guides

Page 84

42


Agilent 3GPP LTE PortfolioAgilent 3GPP LTE Portfolio

Page 85

Software Solutions

• E8895 ADS LTE Library

• N7624B LTE Signal Studio

• 89601A LTE VSA Software

DistributedNetwork

Analyzers

Conformance & IOT Deployment

Digital VSA

Analyzers, Sources, Scopes, Logic Analyzers

Product development

Network Analyzers, Power supplies, and More!

MXA/MXGR&D

Agilent/Anite SAT LTE –Protocol Development Toolset

Agilent/Anite Signalling and RF conformance test systems

E6620A Wireless Communications Platform

Drive TestNEW!

NEW!

NEW!Coming Soon!

Coming Soon!


Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

43

LTE


44

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The Agilent E6474A network optimization platform quickly and accurately measures network performance.

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The Agilent E6474A network optimization platform enables wireless service providers and network equipment manufacturers to address wireless voice and data network performance issues by quickly and accu-rately measuring network RF performance

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Highlights of the Agilent E6474A-645 LTE receiver measurements include:

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　電子產業近年來蓬勃發展，技術的推

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二手儀器、租賃等方式，以尋求最大獲

利。無論是購買二手儀器，或以租賃方

式使用設備，在節省購置成本的背後，

企業不能不知道，如此非經由原廠品質

保證來源的機器，在購買時應如何獲取

最大經濟效益，同時兼顧權益的保障。

二手儀器品質大檢驗，

您買對了嗎？

　在一分錢一分貨與利潤平衡考量下，

坊間的維修中心往往不如原廠使用最

適當的零件，在維修之時，也只求能

動、能用、燈能亮、能測等「看似」恢復

正常就算了事。但是頻率、頻寬或是訊

號、波形的量測，通常精密度都是有一

定的標準要求，任何維護或修復都應該

以新品出廠的時要求做為「修好」或「校

準好」的依據，否則漫無標準僅要求「差

不多可用」的心態來進行保養，如同把

超級跑車當成載貨卡車一般對待，只求

能用即可，便喪失了精密儀器用於高科

技量測以求高產品品質的初衷。

　多年來應業界需求，安捷倫「再造儀

器測試設備部門（RSD）」回收或以換購

方式提供客戶優質又有原廠保障的二

手儀器，提供一年的原廠保固，保證產

品停產之後維修五年。原廠的二手儀器

來源都是世界各地的展示新機，以新品

出廠標準程序重整校準出貨。除了必備

的原廠校驗報告之外，安捷倫承諾二手

儀器如同新品一般，有最新相容韌體與

軟體，補上標準配件（如：機器操作手

冊），附全新量測探棒與配件，並於二

手儀器售出時提供保固、退貨和技術支

援服務; 另外，還有高精密測量儀器原

廠才可能拿到的17025等專業的校驗認

證。

購買二手儀器，真的比較省錢嗎？

　購買二手儀器除了購買當時的成交價

格外，仍須做以下重點考量：

1. 二手儀器相關的量測技術與範圍，乃

為產業市場上相對較為過時的技術，

若非為擴充產能的需要，購置後的研

發成品是否仍趕得上產業需求，其後

續的投資報酬率不可不慎計。

2. 二手儀器廠商是否具當地維修校驗

服務的能力。多數的二手儀器商為節

省成本，送至非原廠的驗證單位進行

儀器的維修校驗。驗證的程序往往不

如原廠標準，間接有可能縮短儀器使

用壽命。

購買二手儀器，您有所不知的重要觀念

www.agilent.com.tw

有關安捷倫科技電子量測產品、應用及服務的詳細資訊，可查詢我們的網站或來電洽詢。

台灣安捷倫科技客戶服務中心免費專線：0800-047866

研討會講義電子檔可於活動日一周後於下列網站免費下載http://www.agilent.com.tw/find/handouts

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©2006台灣安捷倫科技股份有限公司Issued date : 04/20095990-3958ZHAPrinted in Taiwan 04/2009

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