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VARIABILITATEA UNOR CARACTERISTICI MORFOLOGICE DECORATIVE LA

SPECIA PAPAVER RHOEAS DIN FLORA SPONTANA

DECORATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF THE SPECIES PAPAVER

RHOEAS OF SPONTANEOUS VEGETATION

Mitroi D., D.Anton, C.Nicu, M.Manda

Abstract. Flora spontan ofer posibiliti nelimitate pentru selecia unor indivizi valoroi din

punct de vedere ornamental. Macul de cmp (Papaver rhoeas), planta i fructul uscat, au

potenial decorativ. Spontaneous vegetation provides unlimited possibilities for the selection of

individuals in terms of valuable ornamental. Field poppy (Papaver rhoeas), herb and dried fruit

have decorative potential. Prezenta lucrare a urmrit variabilitatea caracterelor morfologice

decorative la plante recoltate din flora spontana. Variabilitatea a fost studiat folosind

distribuia procentual i coeficientul de variabilitate. The present work aimed variability in

morphological characters, decorative plants collected from the spontaneous flora. Variability

was studied using the percentage distribution and coefficient of variability. Limitele de variaie

au fost mari pentru numrul de capsule pe plant (16-125), urmat de numrul de ramificaii pe

plant (4-23). Coeficientul de variabilitate a variat de la 10.12 % pentru nlimea plantei la

50,9 % pentru numrul de capsule pe plant. Existena unei variabiliti n cadrul materialului

genetic studiat, indic posibilitatea de utilizare in programele de selecie. The limits of

variation were high for number of capsules per plant (16-125), followed by the number of

branches per plant (4-23). Coefficient of variability ranged from 10.12% to 50.9% for plant

height number of capsules per plant. Existence of variability in the genetic material studied,

indicating the possible use in selection programs.

Key words: diversitate morfologic, mac, flora spontan, plante decorative morphological

diversity, poppy, spontaneous vegetation, ornamental plants

INTRODUCTION

In zona Olteniei exista un mare numr de specii spontane cu potenial ornamental

valoros, spre care s-ar putea orienta cercetrile privind selecia de plante decorative. In Oltenia

numerous wild species with potential ornamental value, to which research may influence the

selection of ornamental plants. Pe plan mondial este susinut ideea exploatrii comerciale avegetaiei spontane, o resurs important pentru industria florilor slbatice decorative


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(decorative wildflower industry) (Davis, 1992, Lamont, 2001, Chimonidou 2005, Gtebl

2009). In sud-vestul Scoiei, numeroase specii din flora spontana au fost testate in vederea

realizarii unor pajiti urbane atractive, care necesita lucrari de intretinere minime pentru

utilizare n parcuri (Hitchmough, 2000). Idea is supported worldwide commercial exploitation

of wild vegetation, an important resource for industry, wild flowers, decorative (decoration

wildflower industry) (Davis, 1992, Lamont, 2001, Chimonidou 2005 Gtebl 2009). In the

south-west of Scotland, many species of spontaneous flora were tested in order to make

attractive urban lawns, wich require minimum maintenance works for use in parks

(Hitchmough, 2000).

Variabilitatea caracterelor morfologice, studiata la numeroasespecii din flora spontan,

este destul de mare, fapt confirmat si de ali autori (Malaviya, 1996, Brezinov et al. 2009). Se

consider c variabilitatea nregistrat n cadrul speciilor nmulite prin semine depinde de

caracteristicile genetice i de condiiile de mediu. Variability of morphological characters,

studied in many species of spontaneous flora, is quite large, a fact confirmed by other authors

(Malaviya, 1996, Brezinov et al. 2009). It is considered that the variability within species

recorded propagated by seeds depends on the genetic characteristics and environmental

conditions. Cercetri privind variabilitatea morfologic la specia Carex spicata, au artat c

populaiile acestei specii, provenite din diferite comuniti, produc ecotipuri diferite, cu

caracteristici genetice fixe adaptate la condiiile determinate de habitat (Janyszek, 2008).

Folosind diferenele morfometrice, Selin (2000, 2008) a analizat variabilitatea n cadrul unor

populaii de Papaver radicatum. Miklokov et al., 2005 a studiat variabilitatea

caracteristicilor economice la populaii de Papaver somniferum. Research on morphological

variability of the species Carex spicata showed that populations of this species from different

communities produce different ecotypes, with fixed genetic characteristics adapted to

conditions caused by habitat (Janyszek, 2008). Using morphometric differences, Selin (2000,

2008) examined variability within populations of Papaver radicatum. Miklokov et al., 2005studied the economic characteristics of the population variability of Papaver somniferum.

Scopul prezentului studiu a fost de a evalua variabilitatea unor caractere morfologice la

plante de mac (Papaver rhoeas) din flora spontan, n condiiile pedo-climatice din regiunea

Oltenia. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability of morphological traits to plant

poppy (Papaver rhoeas) of spontaneous vegetation in pedo-climatic conditions in the region of

Oltenia.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-412RXJM-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F10%2F2000&_alid=1283097867&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5885&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=828&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc5321b82420b5b10dabaefe6cbcb182#vt1%23vt1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-412RXJM-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F10%2F2000&_alid=1283097867&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5885&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=828&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc5321b82420b5b10dabaefe6cbcb182#vt1%23vt1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-412RXJM-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F10%2F2000&_alid=1283097867&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5885&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=828&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc5321b82420b5b10dabaefe6cbcb182#vt1%23vt1


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MATERIAL SI METODA MATERIAL AND METHOD

Materialul folosit n cercetare provine din flora spontan. Au fost recoltate plante din

zona Olteniei, specia Papaver rhoeas, la care au fost efectuate observaii biometrice. The

material used in research comes from the spontaneous flora. Plants were harvestedin Oltenia,

the species Papaver rhoeas, in which biometric observations were made. Au fost urmrite

urmtoarele caracteristici: nlimea i diametrul plantei, numrul de ramificaii i numrul de

capsule pe plant, diametrul la partea superioar a capsulei i nlimea capsulei. Datele

obinute au fost analizate statistic. Pentru analiza variabilitii au fost utilizai urmtorii

parametrii statistici: coeficientul de variabilitate i distribuia de frecvene (histograma),

coeficientul de regresie i determinare (Botu et al., 1997). Were seen following characteristics:

plant height and diameter, number of branches and number of capsules per plant, diameter at

the top of the capsule and the capsule height. The data were statistically analyzed. To analyze

variability statistics were used the following parameters: coefficient of variability and

frequency distribution (histogram) and regression coefficient determination (Botu et al., 1997).

REZULTATE SI DISCUII RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Macul de cmp (Papaver rhoeas) este o planta anuala, erbacee, nalt de 20-90 cm, cu

tulpina adeseori ramificata. Fructul este o capsul ovoid sau uor turtit, cu stigmat persistent

(aspect de rozet). Fructul uscat are valoare ornamentala (Popescu, 2009). Field poppy

(Papaver rhoeas) is an annual herb, herbaceous, 20-90 cm high, with stems often branched.

Fruit is a capsule oval or slightly flattened, with the persistent stigma (bow aspect). Dried fruit

has ornamental value (Popescu, 2009).

Analiznd caracterele morfologice ale plantelor i fructelor uscate, la plante din flora

spontan, a fost observat o mare variabilitate a acestora. Tabelul 1 prezint valorile medii ale

caracteristicilor morfologice la plantele si fructele uscate, deviaiile standard, valorile minime

si maxime pentru aceste caracteristici. Analyzing the morphological characters of plants anddried fruits, plants from spontaneous flora, a great variability was observed them. Table 1

shows the average values of morphological characteristics of plants and dried fruit, standard

deviations, minimum and maximum values for these characteristics. Datele indica mari variaii

ale caracteristicilor plantelor si fructelor uscate de la o plant la alta, variabilitate mare n ceea

ce privete diametrul plantei, numrul de ramificaii i numrul de capsule pe plant i o

variabilitate mijlocie n ceea ce privete caracteristicile fructului uscat (capsul). Valoarea

medie nregistrat pentru nlimea plantei a fost de 74,7 cm, iar pentru diametrul 57,68 cm.The data show large variations of plant characteristics and dried fruits from one plant to


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another, great variability in terms of plant diameter, number of branches and number of

capsules per plant and a medium in terms of variability characteristics dried fruit (capsule). The

average value recorded for plant height was 74.7 cm and 57.68 cm in diameter. Cea mai mare

variabilitate a fost obinut la caracterul diametrul plantei, fapt confirmat de deviaia

standard nregistrat (SD = 12,9) pentru aceasta caracteristic, de diferena dintre valoarea

maxim i minim (range = 50) si coeficientul de variabilitate (s% = 22,37) (tabelul 1). Highest

variability was obtained from nature diameter plant, recorded as confirmed by the standard

deviation (SD = 12.9) for this feature, the difference between the maximum and minimum

(range = 50) and coefficient of variability (s% = 22.37) (Table 1). Numrul de ramificaii pe

plant i numrul de capsule pe plant au nregistrat un coeficient de variabilitate de peste 30

%, astfel c media nu este reprezentativ pentru aceste caracteristici, pentru analiza

variabilitii se va folosi distribuia procentual. Limitele de variaie pentru aceste caracteristici

au fost largi, intre 4 i 23 pentru numrul de ramificaii pe plant i ntre 16 i 125 pentru

numarul de capsule pe plant (tabelul 1). Number of branches per plant and number of capsules

per plant had a coefficient of variation above 30%, so the average is not representative of those

characteristics, variability analysis will use the percentage distribution. The limits of variation

for these features were large, between 4 and 23 for number of branches per plant and between

16 and 125 for the number of capsules per plant (Table 1). Brezinov et al.( 2009) considerc numrul de capsule la mac (Papaver sp.) este o caracteristic genetic influenat mult de

numrul de plante pe unitatea de suprafa i elementele nutritive. Brezinov et al. (2009)

considers that the number of capsules in poppy (Papaver sp.) Is a genetically influenced

characteristic than the number of plants per unit area and nutrients. Caracteristicile fructelor

uscate constituie unul din criteriile de selecie, avand in vedere ca acestea reprezinta principalul

element de interes decorativ, in vederea utilizarii lor pentru realizarea unor aranjamente florale

in diferite combinatii cu flori cultivate sau salbatice, in stare uscata (imortele) sau proaspata.

Characteristics of dried fruit is one of selection criteria, since they are the main decorativeelement of interest in order to use them for making floral arrangements in various combinations

with wild flowers cultivated in the dry state (imortele) or fresh. Din determinarile efectuate cu

privire la nlimea i diametrul capsulei, o variabilitate mai mic a fost nregistrat pentru

nlimea capsulei (SD = 0,179, s % = 12.29). Valorile medii nregistrate au fost de 1,46 cm

pentru nlimea capsulei i 0,96 cm pentru diametrul capsulei. From measurements performed

on the height and diameter capsule, less variability was recorded for the capsule height (SD =

0.179, s% = 12.29). The mean values recorded were 1.46 cm and 0.96 cm for height Capsulecapsule diameter.


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Tabelul 1: Principalele date statistice ale caracteristicilor morfologice studiate la plantele i

fructele uscate de mac Table 1: Key statistics of the morphological characteristics studied in

the poppy plants and dried fruit

NrCrtunit.No.

Caracteristicilestudiate

Mean StandardDeviation

Range StandardError

Coeficientul devariabilitate (s%)

Limite devariaie

1 nlimea plantei Plantheight [cm] 74.7 7.576 29 1.071 10.14 60-89

2 Diametrul plantei Plantdiameter [cm] 57.68 12.905 50 1.825 22.37 30-80

3 Nr. ramif. din plantaNo. branch. of plant

13.58 4.366 19 0.617 32.15 4-23

4 Nr. capsule din planta

No. capsules of plant 50.28 25.595 109 3.619 50.9 16-1255 nlimea capsulei

Capsule height [cm] 1.46 0.179 0.7 0.025 12.29 1.1-1.86 Diametrul capsulei

Capsule diameter [cm]0.950 0.157 0.5 0.022 16.56 0.7-1.2

Confidence Level(95.0%)

Calculnd distribuia procentuala a plantelor, n funcie de parametrul numr de

ramificaii, s-a constatat ca cea mai mare parte a indivizilor se ncadreaz n clasa de mrime

14.85 17,57 (36 %), urmata de clasa 9,42 -12.14 (26 %) ceea ce nseamn ca 66 % din

indivizii studiai au un numr de ramificaii cuprins ntre 9 i 17 (tabelul 2). Calculating thepercentage distribution of plants, according to parameter number of branches, it was found

that most individuals fall within the size class 14.85 - 17.57 (36 %), followed by 9.42 -12.14

class ( 26 %) which means that 66 % of individuals studied have a number of branches

between 9 and 17 (Table 2).

Pentru numrul de capsule, 40 % din indivizii studiai au avut un numr de capsule

cuprins ntre 31 i 47 (tabelul 2). The number of capsules, 40 % of individuals studied had a

number of capsules 31 to 47 (Table 2).Principalul element decorativ, insa, rmne fructul uscat (capsula), ale crei dimensiuni

determina, n mare msur, valoarea decorativa. Pentru nlimea i diametrul fructului uscat,

analiza histogramelor indic c cea mai mare parte a fructelor uscate au avut o nlime

cuprins ntre 1,4 i 1,5 cm (28 %) i un diametrul la partea superioar ntre 0,98 i 1.06 cm (40

%). The main decorative element, however, remains the dried fruit (capsule), whose

dimensions determine largely decorative value. For height and diameter of dried fruit,

histogram analysis indicates that most of the dried fruits have a height between 1.4 and 1.5 cm

(28%) and a top diameter between 0.98 and 1.06 cm ( 40%).


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Tabelul 2: Variabilitatea caracterelor morfologice (distribuia procentuala) ale plantelor

si elementelor decorative (capsula) la specia Papaver rhoeas Table 2: Variability of

morphological characters (percentage distribution) of plants and decorative elements (capsule)

to the species Papaver rhoeas

Numr ramificaiiNumber of branches

Numrul de capsuleNumber of capsules

nlimea CapsuleiCapsule height

Diametrul capsuleiCapsule diameter

Bin Cumulative

%Bin Cumulativ

e %

Bin Cumulative%

Bin Cumulativ

e %

2.00 16 4.00 1.1 2.00 0.7 10.006.714 8.00 31.571 22.00 1.2 18.00 0.771 10.009.428 18.00 47.142 62.00 1.3 28.00 0.842 20.00

12.143 44.00 62.714 76.00 1.4 42.00 0.914 38.0014.857 48.00 78.285 88.00 1.5 70.00 0.985 38.0017.571 84.00 93.857 92.00 1.6 82.00 1.057 78.0020.285 96.00 109.428 96.00 1.7 98.00 1.128 90.00More 100.00 More 100.00 More 100.00 More 100.00

Calculul coeficienilor de regresie (r) i determinare (R2), au pus n eviden relaiile

dintre unele caractere morfologice analizate (tabelul 3). Calculation of regression coefficients

(r) and determination (R2), highlighted the relationship between some morphological

characters examined (Table 3). Analizand asfel, calculul coeficientului de regresie si de

determinare, indic o corelaie pozitiv, intre numrul mediu de ramificaii i numrul mediu

de capsule pe planta; coeficientul de determinare (R2 = 0,519) arat faptul c, n procent de 52

%, numrul mediu al capsulelor este determinat de numrul mediu al ramificaiilor pe plant

(figura 1). Thus analyzing, calculating and determining the regression coefficient indicates a

positive correlation between average number of branches and the average number of capsules

per plant, the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.519) show that the percentage of 52%, the

average number of capsules is determined by the average number of branches per plant (Figure1).


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y = 0.1326x2 + 0.6788x + 14.136

R2 = 0.5187

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20 25

nr. ramificatii

nr.c

apsule

Figura 1: Corelaia dintre numrul de ramificaii pe plant i numrul de capsule Figure

1: Correlation between the number of branches per plant and number of capsules

In scopul seleciei ar fi utila o metoda de estimare rapida a dimensiunilor prii

decorative (capsul) si aceasta s-ar obine prin cunoaterea corelaiilor ce exista intre

caracterele plantei. The selection would be useful for a quick estimation method of decorative

party size (capsule) and it would get by knowing that there are correlations between plant

characters. Cele mai stranse corelaii ce implica caracteristicile capsulei (pentru plantele

studiate) au fost gsite intre diametrul capsulei i numrul de capsule pe plant (R2=0.231) i

ntre nlimea i diametrul capsulei (r = 0,363), indicnd faptul ca aproximativ 13 % din

variaia nlimii capsulei ar putea fi determinata de variaiile diametrului capsulei (R2 = 0,132)

(tabelul 3). The tight correlation involving capsule characteristics (for plants studied) were

found between capsule diameter and number of capsules per plant (R2 = 0.231) and between

height and diameter of the capsule (r = 0.363), indicating that approximately 13% of variation

capsule height variations could be caused by capsule diameter (R2 = 0.132) (Table 3).

Tabelul 3: Coeficienii de corelaie si determinare ntre principalele caracteristici fizice

ale plantelor i fructelor la specia Papaver rhoaes Table 3: Correlation and determination

coefficients between the main physical characteristics of fruit plants and the species Papaver

rhoaes

CaracteristiciFeatures

DiametrulDiameter

Numr ramificaiiNumber ofbranches

Numr capsuleNumber of capsules

nlime capsulaCapsule heght

r R2 r R2 r R2 r R2

nlime planta Plantheight

+0,711 0.506 +0,268 0.072 +0,291 0.085 - -

Diametrul plantDiameter plant - - +0,555 0.308 +0,497 0.247 +0,278 0.077


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Numr ramificaiiNumber of branches

- - - - +0,720 0.519 -0.279 0.0078

Numr capsuleNumber of capsules

- - - - - - +0,138 0.019

Diametrul capsulaDiameter capsule

- - -0.091 0.0083 +0.481 0.231 +0,363 0.132

Rezultatele obinute indic o mare variabilitate n cadrul populaiilor studiate,

variabilitate util n programele de selecie a unor indivizi valoroi din punct de vedere

ornamental. The results obtained show a great variability in the populations studied, variability

useful in screening programs for individuals in terms of valuable ornamental.

CONCLUZII CONCLUSIONS

Prezenta unor astfel de variaii pentru caracteristicile plantei i fructului, indic un

potenial ridicat n selecia de plante utilizate ca flori uscate (aranjamente din flori uscate).

Flora spontan poate fi considerat o surs reala, privind i selecia de flori uscate cu potenial

decorativ. This changes the characteristics of such plants and fruits, indicating a potential in the

selection of plants used as dried flowers (dried flower arrangements). Spontaneous flora can be

considered a real source, the selection of dried flowers and decorative potential.

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Papaver radicatum (Papaveraceae) in relation to the bicentric distribution pattern. Nordic

Journal of Botany Volume 18(6): 689 - 700
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-412RXJM-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F10%2F2000&_alid=1283097867&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5885&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=828&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc5321b82420b5b10dabaefe6cbcb182#vt1%23vt1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01692046http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235885%232000%23999489998%23208157%23FLA%23&_cdi=5885&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c8d3be0f4501a20d0e6cc25706e5f1achttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235885%232000%23999489998%23208157%23FLA%23&_cdi=5885&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c8d3be0f4501a20d0e6cc25706e5f1achttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235885%232000%23999489998%23208157%23FLA%23&_cdi=5885&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c8d3be0f4501a20d0e6cc25706e5f1achttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03672530http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03672530http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2320472%232008%23997969994%23691503%23FLA%23&_cdi=20472&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000064366&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4705466&md5=30652585a7e04cb0fdb75cef6da4eb7chttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2320472%232008%23997969994%23691503%23FLA%23&_cdi=20472&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000064366&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4705466&md5=30652585a7e04cb0fdb75cef6da4eb7chttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00244074http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%236722%232000%23998669996%23295788%23FLP%23&_cdi=6722&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000064366&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4705466&md5=e70818222e5fb86229fded4e54c2d082http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118902517/homehttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118902517/homehttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120142643/issuehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V91-412RXJM-4&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F10%2F2000&_alid=1283097867&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5885&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=828&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dc5321b82420b5b10dabaefe6cbcb182#vt1%23vt1http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01692046http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235885%232000%23999489998%23208157%23FLA%23&_cdi=5885&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c8d3be0f4501a20d0e6cc25706e5f1achttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235885%232000%23999489998%23208157%23FLA%23&_cdi=5885&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c8d3be0f4501a20d0e6cc25706e5f1achttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03672530http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03672530http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2320472%232008%23997969994%23691503%23FLA%23&_cdi=20472&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000064366&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4705466&md5=30652585a7e04cb0fdb75cef6da4eb7chttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00244074http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%236722%232000%23998669996%23295788%23FLP%23&_cdi=6722&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000064366&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4705466&md5=e70818222e5fb86229fded4e54c2d082http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118902517/homehttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118902517/homehttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120142643/issue

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