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RECENT, Vol. 9, no. 1(22), March, 2008 51

BRICHETE ECOLOGICE

OBINUTE DIN BIOMASLEMNOAS

ECOLOGICAL BRIQUETTE

OBTAINED FROM WOODEN

BIOMASS

Aurel LUNGULEASA*, Panayot PANAYOTOV

**

* Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania** University of Forestry Sofia, Bulgaria

Rezumat. Lucrarea i propune s prezinte bricheteleobinute din biomas lemnoas, prin sintetizarea datelorculese din literatura de specialitate, n vederea gsirii denoi direcii de cercetare. Sunt prezentate avantajeleecologice i energetice ale utilizrii acestui produslemnos. n final, dupo incursiune n acest domeniu, segsete cacest produs se poate mbunti prin activarealigninei, n vederea mbuntirii proprietilor fizice,mecanice, ecologice i energetice.

Abstract.This paper has the aim to present the woodenbriquette obtained from biomass, by synthesis of pick-up-data from specialized literature, for find some newdirections of researches. It is presented the ecological andenergetic advantages for using of this wooden product.Finally, after an incursion in this field, is found that thisproduct can be improved by lignin activation, forincreasing of physical, mechanical, ecological andenergetic properties.

Cuvinte cheie:biomaslemnoas, brichete, combustieecologic

Key words:wooden biomass, briquettes, ecologicalcombustion

1. IntroducereScopul acestei lucrri este de a studia i cerceta

brichetele lemnoase din biomas, pentru o largfolosire la nclzire. Cercetrile sunt utile pentruproductorii de brichete lemnoase, dar i pentruproductorii de instalaii. Stadiul cercetrii este unulteoretic, pentru gsirea direciei pentru viitoarelestudii aplicative.

Biomasa reprezintenergia viitorului pentru ceste una din sursele regenerabile. Principaleleproduse obinute din biomas sunt brichetele,crbunele, biogazul i peleii. Brichetele suntrealizate din produse secundare (precum rmiele)reconstituite n brichete, cu o uniformitate a formei,dimensiunii, umiditate, densitate i coninut deenergie [1]. Biomasa nu se arde direct deoarece:- n primul rnd, umiditatea brichetelor este

substanial mai mic(de la 4% la 8%, comparativcu 20% pn la 60% pentru materia prim debiomas). Mai puin umiditate nseamn mai

puin mnuire, n special n situaia ngheriibiomasei verde;

- n al doilea rnd, densitatea brichetelor decombustibil este mai mare dect biomasa brut(4/1pentru brichete n comparaie cu materialul brut).n acest fel se poate transporta n camion mai multcombustibil i se poate stoca mai multenergie;

- n al treilea rnd, brichetele sunt mai uor demnuit. Forma i dimensiunea lor uniform faceposibil alimentarea mai simpl, care reducecosturile. Densitatea mare i forma uniformfacesfie depozitate n silozuri standard, transportatecu camioane sau n containere pe calea ferat[2].

1. IntroductionThe aim of this paper is the studding and

researching of wooden briquettes from biomass fora large use in heating. The field of utilisation is forusers and producers of wooden briquettes and alsofor installation manufacturers. Steady of researchesis the theoretical ones, to find the direction of thefuture applied studies.

Wooden biomass represent the energy of future,because is one of renewable source of energy. Mainproducts obtained from biomass are briquettes, coal,biogas and pellets. Briquettes are manufactured fromby-products (like wood waste) and refine them intosmall-sized briquettes that are uniform in size, shape,moisture, density and energy content [1]. It not burndirectly the wooden biomass because:-firstly, the moisture content of briquettes is

substantially lower (4% to 8% water comparedto 20% to 60% for raw biomass). Less moisturemeans easier handling especially in freezing

situations with green raw biomass materials;

-secondly, the density of briquettes fuel issubstantially higher than raw biomass (4/1briquette comparison with raw material form).More fuel can be transported in a given truckspace, and more energy can be stored at the site;

-thirdly, briquettes are more easily and predictablyhandled. Their uniform shape and size allows fora smaller and simpler feed system that reducescosts. This high density and uniform shape can bestored in standard silos, transported in rail-way orcars and delivered in truck containers [2].


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52 RECENT, Vol. 9, nr. 1(22), Martie, 2008

Brichetele nu prezint risc de explozie sau depoluare a mediului cu noxe, aa cum se ntmpllacombustibilii fosili. Brichetele din lemn sunt soluiaproblemelor ecologice ale zilelor noastre, datoritfaptului c sunt o surs regenerabil de energie i

elimin n atmosfer mai puine gaze dect o facechiar lemnul de foc (vezi figura 1).

Briquettes pose none of the explosion risks orenvironmental pollution from spills asnonrenewable fossil fuels do. Wood briquettes arethe solution of ecologic matters of our days,because is a renewable source of energy and

exhaust in atmosphere less gasses as fire-woodmakes it (see figure 1).

Figura 1. Arderea brichetelor din lemn ca material regenerabil i circuitul CO2n naturFigure 1. The burning of wooden briquettes as renewable material and the cycle of CO2in nature

Brichete din lemn reprezint un nou tip de

combustibil solid, specific zilelor noastre.Brichetele sunt realizate din rumegu din lemn, audensitatea de 900 kg/mc, densitate egal cu cea aspeciilor tari de lemn, cum ar fi fag, carpen saustejar, cu o putere caloric apropiat acestora [3].Pot fi utilizate att pentru sobe, ct i pentrucentrale termice, simplu sau n amestec cu lemnesau crbuni, n locuine, coli, spitale, primrii,uniti ale armatei, sedii de politie.

2. Beneficii energetice si de mediuBrichetele combustibile au carbonul neutru i

previn riscul nclzirii globale. Cnd se nclzesccasele cu brichete, bioxidul de carbon revine natmosfer, dar copacii absorb acest bioxid de carbon

n egal cantitate n timpul creterii. Prin urmarearderea brichetelor nu crete cantitatea de noxeevacuatn atmosfer. Chiar dacaprovizionarea cucombustibili fosili a fost nelimitativ, costurileeconomice i cele asociative de mediu pentrucombustibili fosili i fac pur i simplu nesustenabili.

Beneficiile energetice sunt date de putereacalorific, mai mare dect a altor combustibili, aa

cum se observ n figura 2. De fapt, de cndbrichetele se pot arde mai eficient (eficiena

The wooden briquettes represent a new type of

solid fuels, specifically to our days. These briquettesare made from wooden saw-dust, have a density of900 kg/m3, equal with of wooden hard species aswould be beech, horn-beam or oak, with a calorificpower nearby of these [3]. These products can beuse both for stoves and central systems, simple or incombination with solid wood or fossil coals, inbuildings, schools, hospitals, flats, army or policebuildings.

2. Environmental and energetic benefitsBriquette fuel has carbon neutral and prevents

the risks of global warming. When we heat ourhomes with briquettes, carbon dioxide is releasedinto the atmosphere, but trees absorb this carbondioxide in equal amounts as they grow. So, burningbriquettes does not increase the amount of thisgreenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Even if thesupply of nonrenewable fossil fuel was unlimited,the economic and associated environmental costs ofnonrenewable fossil fuels are simply unsustainable.

The energetic benefits are given by the calorificpower of wooden briquettes, better than other fuels

as it sees in figure 2. In fact, since woodenbriquettes can burn more efficiently (system


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Ecological Briquette Obtained from Wooden Biomass

RECENT, Vol. 9, no. 1(22), March, 2008 53

sistemelor a crescut n medie cu 80%) dect alicombustibili, emisiile din arztoarele de brichete

ndeplinesc cele mai stringente cerine ale ComisieiEuropene [4].

efficiency averages increase at 80 percent) thanother fuels, emissions from briquettes burners meeteven the most stringent European Commissionrequirements [4].

Figura 2. Puterea calorifica brichetelor comparativ cu crbunii fosili i lemnul de focFigure 2. Calorific power for briquettes in comparison with fossil coals and fire-wood

Cantitatea de cenucare rmne n camera de

ardere constituie o consecin minor. Ea esteeliminat periodic i se poate folosi ca fertilizator,dublnd utilitatea brichetelor. n sfrit, depozitareabrichetelor nu prezint risc de contaminare pentrusol sau ap[5].

Un combustibil brichetizat va arde ntotdeaunamai curat dect materialul n forma natural. Procesulde ardere ine emisiile cu mult sub acelea alecombustibililor fosili, aa cum se observn figura 3.

Any remaining ash in the burn chamber, when

removed, is of little consequence. Once the ash iseliminate periodically, it can actually double as afertilizer. Finally, briquettes storage gives no soil orwater contamination risks [5].

A briquetttized, refined fuel will always burncleaner than the virgin material form. The burnprocess holds emissions far below those ofnonrenewable fossil fuels, as it sees in figure 3.

Figura 3. Emisiile diferitelor sisteme de nclzireFigure 3. The emission of different systems of heating

Unii autori [2, 3, 6] consider c actualelebrichete din lemn au o stabilitate dimensionalredus, iar aciunea apei sau a umiditii asupraacestora poate fi dezastruoas. De aceea se cautmetode de mbuntire a acestora, principala

direcie n acest sens fiind activarea chimic sautermica ligninei [7].

Some authors [2, 3, 6] find that the actualbriquettes have a low dimensional stability, and thewater or moisture action upon them can becomedisastrously. Therefore it finds the methods forimproving their properties, the main direction in this

sense being the thermal or chemical activation oflignin [7].


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3. ConcluziiPrincipala contribuie a autorilor este aceea de a

aduna datele din literatura de specialitate n acestdomeniu, sle analizeze i sgseascavantajele idirecia urmtoare a cercetrilor.

Avantajele brichetelor sunt mai multe. Iatns10 motive ca s ne nclzim casele noastre cubrichete din lemn:- Costul combustibilului din brichete lemnoase este

mai mic dect costul combustibililor fosili, circa80%;

- Este o surs regenerabil de energie, pe care ogsim chiar n spatele caselor noastre;

- Sistemele de nclzire cu brichete lemnoase nucontribuie la creterea nivelului de ozon i seconsider c sunt n concordan cu acordul dela Kyoto n privina emisiilor n atmosfer;

- Brichetele din lemn sunt uor de transportat, nsaci compaci, n casele oamenilor;

- Brichetele din lemn reprezintbiomasa lemnoascare se folosete pe ntreaga planet;

- Nici un copac nu se taie pentru produciabrichetelor comerciale. Mai mult, brichetele suntproduse din resturi lemnoase, iar aprovizionareacu biomasbrutn zonele noastre este puternic;

- Sistemul de alimentare automat, de nalt niveltehnologic, cu brichete n sistemele de nclzire

nseamnmai puinmuncpentru operator;- Costurile brichetelor sunt stabile i nu sunt supuse

creterilor productorilor strini;- Brichetele lemnoase ard la o temperatur foarte

mare, eliminnd puine rmie, adeseaasemntoare cu nclzirea cu lemn. De fapt 100kg de brichete produce numai 0,5 kg de cenu.

- Agenia american de protecie a mediului aconsiderat cldura din brichetele lemnoase cauna dintre cele mai curate arderi, cea mairegenerabilsursde energie de pe planet.Principala direcie aplicativn cercetare pentru

mbuntirea proprietilor brichetelor lemnoase

este activarea ligninei din particulele lemnoase, nspecial n zonele exterioare.

3. ConclusionsThe main contribution of author is to pick-up

all data from literature in this field, to analyse themand to find advantages and the future direction ofresearches.

The briquette advantages are lots. Here is 10reasons we will warm with wood briquettes ourhome:-Wood Briquettes Fuel is a small part of cost from

some fossil fuels, about 80%;

-It's a renewable resource, right in our ownbackyard;

-Wood briquettes heating systems do not contributeto ozone levels and are considered to be incompliance with the Kyoto Accord agreementon air emissions;

-Wood briquettes are easy to ship, delivered incompact bags to ones home;

-Wood briquette represents wooden biomass whichis used around the globe;

-No tree is ever cut down for commercial briquettesproduction. Instead, briquettes are produced fromforest industry waste wood. And the raw biomasssupply in our county is solid and strong;

-Automatic feed systems on the new high tech ofwood briquettes in home heating systems meanless work for the operator;

-Wood briquette costs are stable, and not subject tothe increasing of foreign producers;

-Wood briquettes burn at a very high temperature,eliminating low waste product so oftenassociated with wood heat. In fact, a 100 kg bagof briquettes produces only 0,5 kg of ash.

-The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)has considered wood briquette heat as one of thecleanest-burning, most renewable energysources on Earth.The main applied direction in research for

improving the properties of wooden briquettes is the

activation of lignin from wood particle especially inoutside zones.

References1. Wilkins, E., Murray, F.: Toxicity of emission from combustion and pyrolysis of wood. Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 14,

No. 4, 2003, p. 41-49, ISSN 1432-5225, Springer, Berlin, Germany2. Steffy, G.:Architectural Lighting Design. John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0471386383, Canada, 2001, p. 120-1313. Bobel, W., Brinkmann, U., Muller, R.H.: Biotechnlogy and Bioenergy. Acta Biotechnology, 13, 1993, p. 211-242, ISSN 1327-

3458, London, England4. ***: www.pelletheat.org, Pellet Fuels Institute. Accessed: 20.01.20085. ***: www.pelletcentre.info, European Pellet Centre. Accessed: 15.12.20076. ***: www.woodpellet.com, Association of Canada. Accessed: 10.01.20087. ***: USA Energy Overview 1960-2003. World Alemanec and Book of facts, nr 8, 2005, p. 167-169, ISSN 1276-4536, New-York,

USA

Lucrare primitn luna Ianuarie 2008 Received in January, 2008

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