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cfOl;6L -ICT_M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw -Information and Communications Technology_

Ol;O8L -ECED_ M k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -Early Childhood Education and Development_

pdflj M pRr dfWolds ljBfno

Pu|f -EGRA_ M k|f/lDes sIff k9fO k/LIf0f -Early Grade Reading Assessment_

If]lzlg M If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno÷lgb]{zs

u};; M u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf

lhlzc M lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L

lhlzsf M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no

l8ôf6 -DFAT_ M l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g ck]mo;{ P08 6«]8 -Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade, Australia_

gf;f -NASA_M ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f -National Assessment of Student

Achievement_

lgdflj M lgDg dfWolds ljBfno

g]/flz;+ M g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;ª\u7g

kfljs] M kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

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o'g]:sf] M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7g

o'lg;]km M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnsf]if

o'P;PcfO8L -USAID_ M cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgof]u -United States Agency for International

Development_

lj;'of] -SIP_M ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf -School Improvement Plan_

ljJo; M ljBfno Joj:yfg ;ldlt

z}hljs] M z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

;]l/8 -CERID_M lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -Centre for Educational Research, Innovation

and Development_

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cGo s'g} ;|f]t pNn]v ul/Psf cj:yfdf afx]s oxfF lbOPsf ;a} kl/efiffx¿ h]l;sf an -o'g]:sf], @)!)_

--Jessica Ball (UNESCO, 2010__ df cfwfl/t 5g\ .!

cGtlg{e{/tf ;DaGwL kl/sNkgf -Interdependence hypothesis_ M klxnf] efiffsf] cljl5Gg / ljsl;t

1fgn] bf];|f] efiffsf] ;fdYo{ ljsf; ug{ d2t u5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVg] l;4fGt .

cw{–eflifstf -Semi-lingualism_ M Ps jf PseGbf a9L efiffsf] cf+lzs 1fg eP klg s'g} klg efiffdf

kf]Vt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf . -sldG;, !(*^ n] k|:tfj u/]sf] of] wf/0ff ljjfbf:kb /x]sf]_ .

cflbjf;L JolQm -Indigenous person_ M s'g} If]q jf b]zdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv a;f]af; ub{] cfPsf dflg; jf

;d'bfosf ;Gtfg b/;Gtfg .

cfg'qmlds efiff cfh{g -Successive language acquisition_ M klxnf] efiff cfh{g ul/;lsPsf] jf cfh{g

ug{] j|mddf /x]s} cj:yfdf k|f/lDes afNofj:yfdf ul/g] bf];|f] efiffsf] cfh{g .

cfKnfjg -Submersion_ M dfWod efiffsf ¿kdf bf];|f] jf ljb]zL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g] x'Fbf lgdHhgsf

ljk/Lt o;n] l;sf?x¿nfO{ ;xof]u g} ub{}g jf cf+lzs ;xof]u u5{ . slxn]sfxLF cfKnfjgnfO{ 8'afO;Fu

klg t'ngf ul/G5 .

C0ffTds låeflifs kl/j]z -Subtractive bilingual environment_ M bf];|f] efiffsf] cfh{gsf nflu ;r]t

¿kn] ul/g] jf :jtM x'g] k|f]T;fxgn] klxnf] efiffsf] 1fgdf gf]S;fgL x'g] cj:yf . o;af6 bf];|f] efiff

-k|foM cNk;ª\Vos efiff_ sf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4 t x'G5 t/ dft[efiff eg] Ifo x'g] cj:yf cfpF5 .

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff -Official language_ M lglZrt b]z jf k|b]zdf ljz]if sfg'gL x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf]

efiff . vf;u/L, ;DalGwt b]zsf] cbfnt, ;+;b / k|zf;gdf k|of]u ul/g] efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff

elgG5 .

sf]8 kl/jt{g -sf]8 ld>0f klg elgg]_ -Code-switching; also known as code-mixing_ M Pp6}

jfSodf jf lj:tfl/t jft{fnfksf j|mddf ul/g] PseGbf a9L efiffsf] k|of]u .

bf];|f] efiff -L2_ M klxnf] efiff cfh{g ul/;s]kl5 lzIff cfh{g jf cGo p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu l;lsg] /

l;sfOg] efiff g} bf];|f] efiff xf] . ;fdfGotof ;DalGwt b]z / k|b]zsf] sfdsfhL efiff jf Jofks

hg;Dks{sf] efiff g} JolQmsf] bf];|f] efiff x'g] u5{ .

låeflifs / ax'eflifs efiff cfh{g -Bilingual/ multilingual language acquisition_ M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf

a9L efiff cfh{g ug{] k|lj|mof .

låeflifs / ax'eflifs JolQm -Bilingual/ multilingual individual_ M b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L efiffx¿ af]Ng

/ a'em\g -slxn]sfxLF k9\g / n]Vg ;d]t_ ;Sg] JolQm .

låeflifs / ax'eflifs lzIff -Bilingual/ multilingual education_ M lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

cf}krfl/s ¿kd} sDtLdf b'O{j6f efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g] lzIff k|0ffnL -;fdfGotof ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL sIffdf

;d]t_ .

wgfTds låeflifstf -Additive bilingualism_ M dft[efiffnfO{ klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf cfh{g ug{ k|f]T;flxt

ug{] / bf];|f] efiffnfO{ cltl/Qm efiffsf ¿kdf -k|lt:yfkg ug{] xf]Og_ j|mdzM k|of]udf NofOg] cEof; .

lgdHhg lzIff -Immersion education_ M lzIffsf] of] 9fFrfcGtu{t l;sf?n] cfˆgf] clwsf+z ;do

s'g} ckl/lrt efiff cfh{g ug{ d2t ug{] u/L agfOPsf] l;sfO sfo{j|mddf nufpF5 . sf]lno/ -an

@)!) df pNn]v ul/sf]_ --Collier (quoted in Ball, 2010__ sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ k}t[s efiffx¿nfO{

!

an, h]= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, o'g]:sf] cGtu{t cfwf/e"t lzIff ljefun] tf]s]sf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;dLIff M ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ld

ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/j[l4 ug]{ M slnn} pd]/df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs jf ax'eflifs lzIff . leS6f]l/of

ljZjljBfno, @)!) .

k'gh{L{ljt ug{] ;jfndf of] 9fFrf pkof]uL eP klg cNk;ª\Vos efiffsf jQmfx¿nfO{ ax';ª\Vos

jQmfx¿n] af]Ng] efiff l;sfpg k|of]u ul/Psf cj:yfdf eg] z}lIfs pGgltsf] afws x'g ;S5 .

lzIf0fsf] dfWod -Medium of Instruction (MoI__ M ljBfnosf] kf7\oj|mddf lgw{fl/t dxTTjk"0f{

ljifo -jf ;a} ljifo_ sf] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] efiff .

klxnf] efiff -L1_ M x]g'{xf];\ M dft[efiff .

k}t[s efiff -Heritage language_ M s'g} hflteflifs ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut jf P]ltxfl;s efiff -pQm

;d'bfosf jf ;DalGwt k[i7e"ldsf JolQmx¿n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;DalGwt efiffsf] k|of]u ug{] u/]sf]

x'g jf gx'g ;Sg]_ .

k|efjzfnL låeflifstf -Dominant bilingualism_ M efiff cfh{g jf k|of]usf j|mddf /x]sf b'O{j6f

efiffdWo] jQmfsf] s'g} Pp6f efiffdf a9L ;fdYo{ /x]sf] l:ylt jf cj:yf .

ax'eflifs lzIff -Multilingual education (MLE)_ M …dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs / ax'eflifs

lzIffÚ nfO{ a'emfpg klg k|foM oxL kbfjnLsf] k|of]u ug{] ul/Psf] eP klg Jofks cy{df lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf PseGbf a9L efiffsf] k|of]u x'g] h'g;'s} l:yltnfO{ a'emfpg …ax'eflif lzIffÚ

kbfjnLsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . -o; dfg]df, g]kfnsf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿n] s]xL xb;Dd …ax'eflifs

lzIffÚ k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 ._

eflifs ;fdflhsLs/0f -Language socialisation_ M afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ;Ifd

;b:o x'g ;xof]u ug{] u/L kl/jf/ / ;d'bfon] pknAw u/fpg] eflifs jftfj/0f .

eflifs cNk;ª\Vos -Language minority_ M Pp6} dft[efiff af]Ng] t/ hg;fª\lVos, /fhgLlts jf

cfly{s sf/0fn] ;dfhdf k|fozM sd k|e'Tj ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;d'bfo .

eflifs cleIfdtf -Language aptitude_ M eflifs cleIfdtf eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] ;do / lgw{fl/t

kl/l:yltdf s'g} JolQmn] Pp6f ljb]zL efiff -c¿sf t'ngfdf_ slt k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] l;Sg ;S5 eGg]

a'lemG5 . ljljw ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf / sfo{sf/L :d[ltsf ;xfotfn] of] kl/rflnt x'G5 .

efiff gLlt -Language policy_ M ;dfhdf ljBdfg efiffx¿sf] k|of]u ug{] ;DaGwdf /fHoåf/f

tf]lsPsf] sfg'g / ;f] ;DaGwL cEof; .

eflifsf -Dialect_ M ef}uf]lns jf ;fdflhs sf/0fn] b]vfkg{] Pp6} efiffsf sYo e]bx¿ .

k[ys ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf -Separate development hypothesis_ M of] kl/sNkgf efiff l;sfOsf]

k|f/Deb]lv g} Ps};fy b'O{j6f efiff cfh{g ug{] afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; cg';f/ nueu

b'O{ jif{;Dd b'O{j6f efiff ldl>t ¿kdf x'G5g\ eg] To;kl5 b'j} efiff cnu cnu lsl;dn] ljsl;t

x'G5g\ .

dft[efiff -3/sf] efiff÷klxnf] efiff_ -Mother Tongue (Home language/ L1__ M 3/df af]lng] /

z}zjfj:yfdf :ofxf/;';f/ ug{] JolQm -cfdf jf cGo_ af6 afnsn] l;s]sf] / ljrf/ / ;~rf/sf]

g};lu{s dfWod aGg k'u]sf] efiff .

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs÷ax'eflifs lzIff -Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual/Multilingual

Education (MTB-BLE /MTB-MLE__ M cltl/Qm efiffsf ¿kdf j|mdzM bf];|f] / t];|f] efiff;Fu

kl/lrt u/fpg] of]hgf ;lxtsf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f . o;af6 lzIf0f l;sfOdf dft[efiffsf]

lg/Gt/ k|of]u ul/g] / bf];|f] / t];|f] efiff cfh{gsf j|mddf dft[efiffsf] 1fgsf] ;r]ttfk"j{s k|of]u

ul/g] eGg] a'lemG5 .

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f÷lzIff -Mother Tongue Based Instruction/Education_ M k9\g, n]Vg,

efiff afx]ssf ljifox¿ l;Sg÷l;sfpg / l;sfOsf j|mddf ul/g] ;a}h;f] cGtlqm{of klxnf] efiffaf6} k|f/De

ul/g] lzIff k|0ffnL .

df}lvs efiff÷clnlvt efiff -Oral language/non-written language_ M k/Dk/fut lnlk gePsf] /

vf; n]vk9 gug{] eflifs ;d'bfon] af]Ng] efiff -xfn sltko df}lvs÷clnlvt efiffx¿df lzIff cfh{gsf

nflu lnlksf] lgd{f0f ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 t/ ;Lldt k|of]hgsf nflu dfq n]vg ul/g] x'Fbf tL efiffx¿ cem}

klg k"0f{ ¿kdf n]Vo efiff x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\_ .

df}lvstf -Oracy_ M af]nfO / ;'gfO .

/fi6« efiff -National language_ M dxTTjk"0f{ dflgPsf], b]zleq Jofks ¿kdf af]lng] / sltko cj:yfdf

/fHosf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf ;d]t dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf] efiff . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf

af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿nfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

¿klj1fg -Morphology_ M zAbx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf jf lgd{f0f k|lj|mofsf af/]df cWoog ug{]

efifflj1fgsf] zfvf .

lnlk -Script_ M s'g} n]vg k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ul/g] PsfOx¿sf] n]Vo :j¿k .

lnlkzf:q÷n]vg k|0ffnL -Orthography/writing system_ M :t/Ls[t :j¿ksf] s'g} ljz]if lnlk

-cIf/ jf j0f{_ sf] k|of]u u/L ul/g] sYo efiffsf] lnKofTds k|ltlglwTj .

j0f{fTds ;r]ttf -Phonological awareness_ M cIf/ / j0f{x¿aLrsf] leGgtf klxrfg ug{] nufot s'g}

efiffsf] j0f{ Joj:yf ;DaGwL ;r]ttf÷hfu¿stf . zAbsf] cy{ nufpg / lxHh] ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4

ug{sf nflu j0f{x¿nfO{ hf]8\g] / 5'6\ofpg] sf}zn dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 eg] qmlds ¿kn] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] k7g

Ifdtfsf nflu -j0f{fTds n]vg k|0ffnLdf_ j0f{Joj:yf ;DaGwL ;r]ttf e/kbf]{ cfwf/ aGg ;S5 .

ljb]zL efiff -Foreign language_ M l;sf?sf] lgs6td kl/j]zdf af]nrfndf g/x]sf] efiff .

ljlzi6 eflifs Iflt -Specific language impairment (SLI)): afnaflnsfdf kfOg] eflifs ljsf;sf]

Pp6f c;fdfGo 9fFrf . of] 9fFrf a'l4 -k|ltef_, OlG›ohGo ljs[lt, efjgfTds hl6ntf jf :gfo'hGo

b'j{ntf;Fu ;DalGwt x'Fb}g .

Jofks ;~rf/sf] efiff÷;femf efiff -Language of Wider Communication (LWC)/ Lingua

Franca_ M leGg leGg hflteflifs ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] k|fb]lzs jf :yfgLo :t/df cfk;df s'/fsfgL

ug{ k|of]u ug{] efiff .

lzIffsf] efiff -Language-in-Education (LiE__ M o; cWoogdf …lzIffsf] efiffÚ kbfjnLn] cf}krfl/s

lzIffsf] dfWod Pj+ cgf}krfl/s lzIf0f–l;sfOsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf efiffx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

;fy}, s'g} efiff lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;d]t ePsfn] jf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] k}t[s jf wfld{s efiff ePsf sf/0f

ljifosf ¿kdf k9fOg] efiff nufotsf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ;fdfGo cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIffsf] efiff gLlt -Language-in-Education policy_ M lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] efiff,

;fIf/tf lzIffdf k|of]u ul/g] efiffx¿ / z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf cGo If]qdf k|of]u x'g] efiff / l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf

/fHon] to u/]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf / ;f] ;DaGwL gLlt .

;ª\j|md0fLo låeflifs lzIff jf ax'eflifs lzIff -Transitional bilingual education or multilingual

education_ M dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff jf ax'eflifs lzIffeGbf leGg ¿kdf o;n] l;sf?x¿n]

;ª\j|md0fLo cj:yfaf6 of]hgfa4 9ª\un] cl3 a9\b} klxnf] efiffnfO{ 5f8]/ bf];|f] efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ yfNg]

wf/0ff /fVb5 .

;Gt'lnt låeflifs JolQmx¿ -Balanced bilingual individuals_ M b'O{j6f efiffdf nueu ;dfg

lsl;dsf] pRr :t/sf] -pd]/ ;'xfpFbf]_ ;fdYo{ ePsf JolQmx¿ .

;fIf/ JolQm -Literate person_ M s'g} efiff k9\g, n]Vg / cfˆgf cfjZostf cg';f/ c? s'g} lsl;dn]

pQm efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] JolQm . cfw'lgs cy{df k"0f{ ;fIf/tf eGgfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf If]qdf ;d]t

-sfkLsnd rnfpg] ;Lk dfq geP/_ ;DalGwt efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf eGg] a'lemG5 . sltko k|f}9

;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdx¿df sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tfsf yk cfwf/e"t ;Lksf] cfh{gdf hf]8 lbOG5 . o'g]:sf]n] cfˆgf]

b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf s;}sf] ;xfotf glnO{ sDtLdf s]xL jfSo n]Vg ;Sg] ;fdYo{nfO{

;fIf/tfsf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .

;fIf/tf -Literacy_ M k9fO / n]vfO -k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] Ifdtf_ .

;Ldf ;DaGwL kl/sNkgf -Threshold level hypothesis_ M s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj -;+1fgfTds ;d:of jf

dft[efiffsf] 1fgdf Iflt cflb_ gkg{] u/L ;kmntfk"j{s bf];|f] efiff cfh{g ug{ yfNg'eGbf klxn] afnaflnsfn]

cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf ljsf; ug{'kg{] Ifdtfsf] ;Ldf .

x:tfGt/0f -Transfer_ M klxnf] efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf cfh{g ul/Psf ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL ;Lkx¿ /

;fIf/tfsf] k|efj ;DaGwL ;+1fgfTds sf}znx¿nfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfOdf x:tfGtl/t ug{ ;lsG5, pxL

s'/f k'gM ;'?b]lv l;ls/xg' kb{}g eGg] wf/0ff jf dfGotf .

ljifo;"rLof Contents

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efu s M k[i7e"ld, 9fFrf / ljlw= !

!= k[i7e"ld, cjwf/0ff / cWoog k4lt !

!=! kl/ro !

!=@ k[i7e"ld / cf}lrTo !

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xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . o:t} o; k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/ ;ª\If]knfO{ ;xh ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu ljleÌ efiffx¿df cg'jfb ug]{

k|f=8f= t]h/Tg s+;fsf/ -g]jf/_, Zofd;'Gb/ zzL -d}lynL_, uf]kfn 7fs'/ -ef]hk'/L_, ljqmddl0f lqkf7L -cjwL_,

cd[t of]~hg -tfdfª_, lbNnL rf}w/L -buf}/f yf¿_, kbd /fO{ -afGtaf /fO{_, cd/ t'Dofxfª

-lnDa'_ nufot ;a}nfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . ;fy} o; ;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;xof]uLx¿ k'ik/fh lnª\y]k

-cfly{s k|d'v_, ljdn vgfn -nf]lhl:6S;_ / ljgf]b eut -cfO{6L_ nfO{ xfdL wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .

of] sfo{ ;DkÌ ug]{ j|mddf ax'eflifs zfvfsf pklgb]{zs gf/fo0f ;'j]bL / lzIff ljefu tyf lzIff dGqfno,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf cd]l/sL b"tfjf;, sf7df8f}+l:yt cd]l/sL ljsf; lgof]usf h]gL

Sjf]sk|lt xfdL s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5f}F .

6«fG;]G8 lehg g]kfn

-Transcend Vision Nepal_

d'Vo ;f/

!= g]kfndf …lzIffsf] efiffÚ sf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ to ug]{ p2]Zon] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿

;DaGwL of] cWoog ul/Psf] xf] . ;g\ @)!% sf] dfr{df cWoog ;'? u/L h'gdf o;nfO{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .

of] cWoognfO{ lzIff dGqfnosf] tTTjfjwfgdf ci6«]lnog l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g ckm]o;{ P08 6«]8 -l8k\mof6_ n]

cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo ;xof]u u/]sf] xf] . o;sf] cWoog 6f]nLdf cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf cdfG8f ;Ln -6f]nL

k|d'v_ / /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ k|fWofks of]u]Gb| k|;fb ofbj / 8f= ;bfgGb sF8]n x'g'x'G5 . lzIff dGqfnosf

;x–;lrj 8f= njb]j cj:yL / lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]{zs 8f= l8NnL/fd l/dfn g]t[Tjsf /fli6«o ax'eflifs

lzIff lgb]{zg ;ldlt / k|fljlws ;ldltn] of] cWoognfO{ ;du| dfu{lgb]{z / ;Nnfx ;'emfj k|bfg u/]sf x'g\ .

cWoogsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;g\ @)!% sf] clk|n @% / d] !@ sf dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDkkl5sf] cfkt\sfnLg

cj:yf cfOk/]sf] eP tfklg tf]lsPsf] ;doleq cWoogsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 .

@= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog, k/fdz{ a}7sx¿sf] cfof]hgf / gd'gf 5gf}6df k/]sf lhNnf / ljBfnox¿sf]

:ynut e|d0f u/]/ u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf ;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 yk k/fdz{ / cjnf]sg u/L cWoogsf

lgisif{x¿ lgsflnPsf] lyof] . clk|n dlxgfsf] dWolt/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ul/Psf] k/fdz{ a}7s / h'g

dlxgfsf] dWolt/ cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ;+o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7saf6 cWoogsf

k|f/lDes lgisif{ / ltgsf] pkfb]otfaf/] yk k/fdz{ u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

#= cWoogsf lgisif{x¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt tyf cEof;sf kfFrcf]6f

…k|efjsx¿ / ;"rsx¿Ú -Influencers and Informers_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o cWoogn] dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL k|of]u x'g] u/L dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/ x'g'kg]{ lzIff dGqfnosf] ck]IffnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / o;sf nflu efiffx¿sf]

:ki6 j|md tf]lsg'kg]{, k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ljlw cjnDag ul/g'kg]{, pko'Qm kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;

ul/g'kg]{ / k|fljlws / ;+:yfut ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . oBlk, cª\u|]hLdf lzIf0f ug{

;Sg] lzIfssf] cefj ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|fylds txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL agfpg] xfnsf]

k|j[lQk|lt ;fjwfg x'g'kg]{ / dft[efiffdf lzIf0f ubf{ ;+1fgfTds ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ cGt/f{li6«o

cWoogaf6 yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .

$= lzIffn] eflifs clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5, t/ ;fy{s l;sfOk|ltsf] afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/nfO{

s]Gb|ljGb'df /flvg'k5{ eGg] s'/f clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . lzIffsf]

;'?jft dft[efiffdf ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] of] clwsf/sf] ;Daf]wg x'G5 eg] k"0f{ ax'eflifs lzIffn] zf;g /

cj;/x¿sf efiffx¿sf ¿kdf g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLdf afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub{5 . g]kfnsf dxTTjk"0f{

sfg'g / cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u / cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] e"ldsfsf] Jofks

;dy{gdf 5g\ . oBlk, lzIffsf] gLlt to ubf{ lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]uaf/] yk :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . g]kfndf

;ª\3Lotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} o;;DaGwdf yk sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z lgs} hl6n 5 . oxfF !@# efiff af]lnG5g\ . ltgsf jQmfsf] ;ª\Vof,

eflifs kl/jf/, k|of]u / cGo ljz]iftfdf lgs} ljljwtf 5 / ;doqmd;Fu} ltgdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf]

cj:yfdf dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] kl/rfngsf nflu lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf …;a}sf nflu Pp6}

lgodÚ nfu" ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;sf] ;6\6f bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL x'g] u/L ljleGg ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z

cg';f/ dft[efiffsf ljsNkx¿ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 / wfld{s efiff, k}t[s efiff / ;fª\s]lts efiffsf ;fy}

a|]nnufotsf lnlkx¿sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf klg pko'Qm lg0f{o ul/g' kb{5 .

^= g]kfndf efiffsf] /fhgLlts cy{tGq klg hl6n lsl;dsf] 5 . xfnsf] /fhgLlts ultzLntfn] hftLo /

eflifs ¿kdf a9L ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 eg] o;n] ljefhg / eflifs k|ltikwf{sf] eo klg l;h{gf

u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cª\u|]hL efiffsf] dfu cTolws a9]sf] 5 . To:t},

;'zf;gdf ePsf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ljleGg ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿n] tTsfnsf nflu lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL

agfPsf 5g\ / dflg;x¿df efiffx¿aLr Ps csf{df k|ltikwf{ x'g} kb{5 eGg] unt wf/0ff JofKt 5 . t/, olb

;'zf;g sfod u/L oL unt cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s], lghL lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{ ;s] /

lzIffnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /fVg ;s] ljleGg dfu / ck]Iffx¿ k"/f x'g] u/L ax'eflifs lzIffsf]

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 / o;n] ;fdflhs ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5, ;fy}

l;sfO / ljsf;sf nIox¿ klg xfl;n x'g]5g\ .

&= lzIff If]qsf ljBdfg gLlt / cEof;x¿sf] ljz]if u/L :ynut sfo{dfkm{t uxg cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

cWoogaf6 dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf sfo{j|md / kl/of]hgfx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO /

ljBfnodf /dfpg] sfddf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof] . tyflk, efiffx¿nfO{ :ki6 / ts{;ª\ut j|mddf

/fVg' tyf ljifo / dft[efiffsf ¿kdf ljleGg efiffsf] ;Ddfghgs k|of]u ug'{, u'0f:t/Lo / kof{Kt ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

ljsf; ug'{, lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ / xfnsf] k|fljlws ;xof]u / cg'udg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpg'

casf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk, oL sfo{j|mdx¿n] ;fdgf u/]sf ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ r'gf}tL eg]sf

hl6n If]qdf bL3{sfnLg kl/jt{g xfl;n ug{sf nflu sfof{Gjog ul/Psf kl/of]hgf z}nLsf ljlwx¿;Fu

;DalGwt 5g\ .

*= cleefjsx¿sf] dfu k"/f ug]{ / egf{ b/ a9fpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg ljBfnox¿ cª\u|]hL dfWoddf uPsf]

b]lvG5 . lstfa / cGo l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cefj jf cª\u|]hL af]Ng ;Sg] lzIfssf] cefjsf] ljBfnox¿n]

vf;} Wofg lbPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . jf:tjdf, …cª\u|]hL dfWodÚ df uPsf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿n] cª\u|]hLsf

;fy;fy} g]kfnLsf] cTolws k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5, t/ ltgLx¿n] of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ul/g] låeflifs

lzIf0fsf] kmfObf lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cª\u|]hLsf nflu tflnd / ;|f]t cfjZostfeGbf w]/} sd 5g\ . ljifosf

¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf] nIo k"/f ug{ ;d]t oL ;'ljwfx¿ kof{Kt 5}gg\ .

(= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf d"n b:tfj]hx¿n] efiffsf] Pp6f lj:t[t ljlw :ki6 pNn]v gu/] tfklg

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] cjlwdf s]xL ;sf/fTds k|ult ePsf 5g\ . /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO

sfo{j|md, ;dtf /0fgLlt / xfn;fn} ;dfj]zL lzIff gLltsf] ljsf;tkm{ ePsf] k|ult o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

!)= cWoogaf6 k|fKt k|d'v lgisif{x¿sf cfwf/df tnsf ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M

;'emfj g+= ! M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL Pp6f lj:t[t gLltsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5,

h'g÷h;n] M

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt / efiffsf] k|of]u;DaGwL sfg'gaLr Ps?ktf /

kf/:kl/stf sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf] a[xt\ eflifs of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5Ù

…ax'eflifs lzIff ;dLs/0fÚdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿ lj:t[t ¿kn] ;d]6\5 /

ltgsf] cf}lrTosf] JofVof u5{Ù

efiffnufot lzIff If]qsf] a[xt\ nIocGtu{t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 / h;n] …u'0f:t/Ú sf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf lnFb} ;fy{s l;sfOdf ;xof]u u5{Ù

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] cEof;nfO{ z}lIfs clwsf/sf] k|flKt / ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s /

;xeflutfsf] clwsf/tkm{sf] k|ultsf ¿kdf x]5{Ù

ax'eflifs lzIffsf] ;kmn ljsf;, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] pko'Qm jftfj0f lgdf{0fsf nflu ljBfno

If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf ;a} PsLs[t /0fgLltx¿;Fu cGt/;DalGwt x'G5Ù /

efiff l;sfO / lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o pbfx/0fx¿, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /

;fd~h:otfsf nflu ax'eflifs lzIff -a'xt\ ;xeflutf / cfly{s cj;/x¿ xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg]{

efiffx¿df kx'Frsf ;fy;fy} dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t_ sf] of]ubfg / g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf cg'ejx¿af6

l;s]sf kf7x¿sf] sfof{Gjog nufotsf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf

ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug'{sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 u5{ .

;'emfj g+= @ M ;'emfOPsf ljlw÷j|md -h;nfO{ k"0f{ k|ltj]bgdf tflnsLs/0f ul/Psf] 5_ cg';f/ ljBfnosf]

;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/j]z / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf jf ljifosf ¿kdf -s_

dft[efiff, -v_ g]kfnL, -u_ cª\u|]hL / -3_ k}t[s÷wfld{s efiffx¿sf] 5gf}6 / j|mdsf ljleGg ljsNkx¿

cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 .

;'emfj g+= # M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] lzIffsf cGo ;fwf/0f s'/fx¿ / tnsf

ljsNkx¿tkm{ ePsf …c;n cEof;Ú sf d'Vo tTTjx¿ -lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿_ sf]

klxrfg / ltgsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 M

lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff

cfjZostf cg';f/sf] df}lvs ;xof]usf ¿kdf dft[efiff

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

df}lvs ¿kn] bf];|f] t/ ;fIf/tfsf nflu klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

;'emfj g+= $ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] sIff Psb]lv ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL

-cª\u|]hL–!, cª\u|]hL–@ / cª\u|]hL–# sf ljsNkx¿_ sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf …c;n cEof;Ú sf d'Vo tTTjx¿

-lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿_ / k|fylds txsf] aLraf6 ;'? u/L dflyNnf sIffx¿;Dd

-cª\u|]hL–@ / cª\u|]hL–#_ lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf kl/j]z cg';f/ o;sf] k|of]usf] klxrfg /

ltgsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 M

;'emfj g+= % M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / efiffsf ljsNkx¿sf]

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf ;3fpg cGo dxTTjk"0f{ k|fljlws If]qnufot lgDglnlvt If]qx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ /

;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 M

k|To]s ljBfnodf ;xeflutfd"ns k|lj|mofdfkm{t efiffx¿sf] 5gf}6 / ltgsf] j|md lgwf{/0f

kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts, ;fdu|L / k|ljlw

lzIfs lzIff

;'emfj g+= ^ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] lzIffsf] efiff;DaGwL ;r]tgf, ;xeflutf /

;~rf/sf] /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5, h'g lzIffsf cTolws / ax'txut p2]Zo / kmfObfx¿af/]sf] Jofks

ax;;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

;'emfj g+= & M ;a} txdf sfof{Gjogsf PsfO tyf ;ldltx¿sf] ;anLs/0f, lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g / Ifdtf

ljsf;sf] ax'ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /

…lqeflifsÚ ax'eflifs ljlwsf] cjnDag tyf o;sf] lbuf]kg ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .

;'emfj g+= * M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ljBfno tx -/fli6«o k|f/lDes k9fO

sfo{j|md, ;dfj]zL lzIff, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL, k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;, cgf}krfl/s lzIff /

cGo If]q;Fusf] cGt/;DaGw nufot_ df lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] cEof;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

:yflkt u/fpg / o;sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ dWod txsf ljleGg /0fgLlt /

lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg / lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ .

;'emfj g+= ( M lzIff dGqfno, ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿ / lzIff If]qdf sfd ug]{ cGo ;a}n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt / /0fgLltx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;xof]u / ;anLs/0f ug]{ lzIff If]qeGbf

aflx/sf cGo sfo{j|mdx¿ klg klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿M


1

efu s M k[i7e"ld, 9fFrf / ljlw

!= k[i7e"ld, cjwf/0ff / cWoog k4lt

!=! kl/ro

g]kfnsf] lzIffdf efiff gLltsf] d:of}bfsf nflu ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf]

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL cWoogsf] of] clGtd k|ltj]bg xf] . kl5 kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg]

s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ oxfF of] cWoogsf] gfd / efjL gLltsf] sfdsf] zLif{ssf ¿kdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . of] cWoog @)!% sf] dfr{b]lv h'g;Dd ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] cfof]hgf

ci6«]lnog l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g ckm]o;{ P08 6«]8 cyf{t\ 5f]6s/Ldf l8km\of6 -DFAT_ sf] cfly{s tyf

k|fljlws ;xof]udf g]kfnsf] lzIff dGqfnon] u/]sf] lyof] . of] cWoogsf] k/fdz{ 6f]nLdf cGt/f{li6«o

k/fdz{bftf cdfG8f ;Ln -6f]nL k|d'v_ / /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ k|fWofks of]u]Gb| k|;fb ofbj / 8f= ;bfgGb

sF8]n x'g'x'GYof] . lzIff dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj 8f= njb]j cj:yL / lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]{zs 8f= l8NnL/fd

l/dfn g]t[Tjsf] ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{zg ;ldlt tyf ax'eflifs lzIff k|fljlws ;ldltn] of] cWoognfO{ ;du|

dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ / ;Nnfx ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{ sfd u/]sf x'g\ . l8km\of6n] cWoogsf nflu ;fdu|L Joj:yf /

k|zf;lgs ;xof]usf nflu l8e]nkd]G6 l/;f];{ ;]G6/ Dofg]hd]G6 sDkgLnfO{ cg'aGw u/]sf] lyof] . cWoogsf

sfo{zt{ cg';"rL s df / ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL cg';"rL v df ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .

cWoogsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf @)!% sf] clk|n @% / d] !@ sf ljgfzsf/L e"sDkkl5sf] dfgjLo cfkt\sfnLg

cj:yfdf k/]sf] lyof] e"sDksf sf/0f sl/a ())) dfG5]x¿sf] d[To' eof], s}of}F 3fOt] eP / 3/, ufpF, k"jf{wf/

/ hLjgofkgsf If]qdf Jofks Iflt k'Ug uof] . gofF kl/l:yltsf sf/0f d] dlxgfsf] clwsf+z ;dodf cWoog

:ylut ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf;Dd cfwfhlt :ynut sfo{ k'/f ul/;lsPsf] lyof] . d] dlxgfsf] cGTolt/af6

cWoog sfo{ km]l/ ;'? ul/of] . To; ;dodf /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿n] :ynut e|d0f / s]Gb|Lo :t/sf

k/fdz{x¿ -klxn] d] dlxgfdf ug]{ of]hgf ul/Psf_ ;DkGg u/] eg] cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftfn] aflx/af6 g}

k|ltj]bg k"/f ug]{ sfd u/] . o;n] sfdsf] ck]lIft nIo xfl;n ug{ / klxn] lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} sfo{zt{df

pNn]v ePsf d'Vo p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Dej t'Nofof] . ;'?b]lv g} bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf dGqfnon] g]t[Tj ug]{

k/fdz{, gLlt ljsf; / /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] cª\usf] ¿kdf of] cWoogsf] cjwf/0ff ag]sf] dfGotf /fVb} of]

k|ltj]bgn] lj:t[t gLlt n]vg / of]hgf k|lj|mofsf] cª\usf ¿kdf s'g s'g If]qx¿df yk k/fdz{ / ljZn]if0f

cfjZos k5{ eGg] s'/fdf k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . of] cWoog tLg efudf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . efu s df cWoogsf]

kl/ro / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf kfOPsf tYox¿ / lzIffdf efiff;DaGwL clwsf/sf k|lta4tfsf] vf]hLdfkm{t

kl/j]z pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . efu v df g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs, ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts / z}lIfs -gLlt,

Joj:yfkg / cEof;_ kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt xfn;Ddsf tYox¿sf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . efu u df ljsNkx¿ /

casf] af6f];lxt gLltsf] vfsf ;'emfpg'sf ;fy} lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] kl/dflh{t dfu{lrq lbOPsf] 5 . cWofo @

b]lv % ;Dd k|To]s cWofosf] cGTodf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffdf efiff ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu d'Vo

pkfb]otfx¿sf] ;f/f+z sf]7fdf lbOPsf] 5 / ltg}nfO{ efu u df lj:t[tLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ k[i7e"ld / cf}lrTo

;fwf/0ftM g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf; / ljz]if u/L efiffsf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ ;dodf of] cWoog eO/x]sf] 5

. g]kfndf dfGotfk|fKt %( cf]6f cflbjf;L hghftLsf ;fy;fy} ljljw hft / hftLo ;d'bfox¿df sDtLdf

!@# cf]6f dft[efiff af]lnG5g\ . o; kl/l:yltdf k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; tyf ljBfno lzIffdf oL

efiffx¿sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf lzIff, clwsf/ / ljsf; ;DaGwL 3lge"t ax; eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . lzIffn]

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ Jofks ;~rf/sf] efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnLdf bIf aGg] / cem of] eGbf a9L cGt/f{li6«o

efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLdf /fd|f] :t/ xfl;n ug]{ cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf cfly{s / clwsf/;DaGwL ts{ klg

/x]sf 5g\ .



2

pRr :t/Lo gLlt / sfg'gn] ax'eflifs ljlwsf nflu kl/b[Zo lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . lzIff P]gsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg

-@))!_ n] k|fylds txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

-@))&_ n] !(() sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|ltljDag ub}{ …;a} ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP

adf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5Ú -wf/f !&=!_ egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

tyflk, xfn ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿k s:tf] x'g] eGg] clglZrttfs} aLr lzIffsf nflu efiffsf] of]hgf e}/x]sf] 5,

t/ k|ltj]bgsf] clGtdLs/0fsf ;dodf eg] * k|b]zsf] df]8]ndf ;}4flGts ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . Oltxf; -la;f}F

ztfAbLsf] dWoaf6 !(() df k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgf x'Fbf;Ddsf] …Ps /fi6« Ps efiffÚ gLlt ;d]t_ / jt{dfg b'j}

/fhgLlts cj:yf -hftLo / eflifs klxrfg k|v/ ¿kdf JoSt ul/Psf] åGåkl5sf] ;xh cj:yf_ sf ;Gbe{df

lzIffdf efiff;DaGwL ax;x¿ k|foMh;f] hl6n / ljjfbf:kb 5g\ . of] ;Gbe{nfO{ lbgfg'lbg ljb]lzPsf]

>dzlSt, ko{6gdf lge{/tf, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ;~rf/ k|ljlwk|ltsf] km/flsnf] kx'Frn] cem hl6n agfPsf]

5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿n] cª\u|]hLsf] dfu a9fPsf 5g\ . k|f/lDes sIffx¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf ;d]t klg

o;sf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k, ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿af6 cª\u|]hL dfWodsf lghL ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df

ljBfyL{ hfg] j|md xfnsf jif{x¿df o:tf] pNn]Vo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 ls ;g\ @)!@ df ;/sf/n] -ljutsf ;a}

sfg'g tyf gLltsf ljkl/t_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] klg cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf 5gf}6 ug{ k|]l/t

u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, g]kfndf xfn gLlt / ljBfno tyf sIffsf]7fsf] jt{dfg cEof;sf aLr tfnd]n gldn]sf]

cGof]nsf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] ;fy{s l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n x'g] / ljljw cfsf+Iff, 8/ / ck]Iffx¿nfO{ dWo]gh/

u/L ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;fdf~h:otfsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] k|fl1s ¿kdf pTs[i6 ljlwsf]

;'lglZrttfsf nflu pNn]Vo r'gf}tLx¿ NofPsf] 5 . xfn}sf e"sDksf k|efjsf] k"0f{ d"Nofª\sg cem}} ul/;Sg]

a]nf gePsf] ePklg a9L k|efljt / hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgx¿af6 dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;g]{ j|mdn] cª\u|]hLsf] dfunfO{

yk tLj| agfpg] / klxNo}b]lv sdhf]/ /x]sf hLljsf]kfh{gsf k/Dk/fut tl/sfx¿nfO{ emg\ sdhf]/ agfpg

;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 .

u'0f:t/Lo ljsf;sf] Pp6f kIfsf ¿kdf efiff;DaGwL d'2fx¿sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu lzIff dGqfno k|lta4 5 .

@))(–@)!% sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf cjlwdf lzIff dGqfnon] klxNo} k/LIf0fsf] k|lj|mofdf /x]sf

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff ljlwx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . Psflt/ ax'eflifs lzIffsf ljljlw

:j¿kx¿sf] k|of]un] :yfgLo :t/df ;xeflutf, l6sfpb/ / l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg s]xL ;kmntfx¿ ldn]sf]

s'/f :jLsfl/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]sf]df rf;f]x¿ klg sfod} 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGo ;+:yfx¿n] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf :yfgdf c;n cEof;sf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ eP

tfklg o; ;DaGwdf cjwf/0ffut / sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿df Jofks cGof}ntf 5 . t;y{,

cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf k|dfl0ft ePsf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwnfO{ g]kfndf ljZjfl;nf] lsl;dn] sfof{Gjog ug{

cem} afFsL 5 . o;} aLr ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f -NASA_ n] b]vfPsf] lrGtfhgs glthf /

To;kl5 ul/Psf] k|f/lDes sIff k9fO k/LIf0f -EGRA_ b'j}n] l;sfO pknlAwsf] tTTjsf ¿kdf efiff /

ljBfnosf ;'?sf jif{x¿df ;fIf/tf l;sfOdf k'gMs]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . @)!^ df ;'? x'g]

ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -SSDP_ n] /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf ;fy;fy} sIffsf]7fsf yk ;'b[9

/ ;fd~h:ok"0f{ k|lj|mofdf hf]8 lbg uO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;'b[9 ljlwdf ljleGg efiffx¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf

¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ / ljBfyL{nfO{ g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL yk efiffsf ¿kdf l;Sg ;xof]u ug]{ lsl;dn] PsLs[t ePsf]

;fd~h:ok"0f{ / a[xt\ ljlw cfjZos k5{ eGg] s'/f :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . o; tkm{sf] klxnf] sbdsf ¿kdf lzIff

dGqfnon] @)!$ df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrqsf] ;fª\s]lts d:of}bf tof/ u/]sf] 5, h;n] tflnsf ! df

b]vfPh:t} u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf efiffx¿sf] k|of]u / j|md ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ;f]

dfu{lrqsf] k"0f{ ;f/f+z lbg] kfj/ kf]OG6 k|:t'tLs/0f cg';"rL u M lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq, lzIff dGqfno,

@)!$ df lbOPsf] 5 .



3

tflnsf ! …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrqÚsf] d:of}bf, lzIff dGqfno, @)!$, df k|:tfljt j|md

cfwf/e"t txsf sIffx¿ dfWolds txsf

sIffx¿

pRr lzIff

k|f/lDes

afn lzIff

/ ljsf;

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

dft[efiff lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf

¿kdf

dft[efiff

lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf

¿kdf

dft[efiff

;Dej eP;Dd ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiffx¿sf]

lg/Gt/tf

pRr lzIff

cª\u|]hL /÷jf

g]kfnL

dfWoddf,

ljifosf

¿kdf ljleGg

dft[efiffx¿sf]

pknAwtf

;lxt

g]kfnL dft[efiff

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ePdf

lzIf0fsf]

dfWod

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/

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clgjfo{

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;fdflhs

lj1fg, efiff /

snf ljifodf

lzIf0fsf]

dfWod g]kfnL

clgjfo{ ljifosf

¿kdf g]kfnLsf]

lg/Gt/tf

cª\u|]hL clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL

ul0ft /

lj1fg ljifodf

lzIf0fsf]

dfWod cª\u|]hL

efiff lzIf0fdf afx]s

lzIf0fsf] dfWod

cª\u|]hL

dflysf] tflnsf k/fdz{bftfx¿n] kfj/ kf]OG6 k|:t'tLs/0fsf] :nfO8 % sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ -cg';"rL

u x]g'{xf];\_ .

;fdfGo af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf of] j|mdnfO{ k|foMh;f] …lqeflifsÚ gLltsf ¿kdf a'lemG5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df

…lqeflifsÚ zAbn] s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{ -h;sf] dft[efiff g]kfnLeGbf afx]ssf] csf]{ 5_ h;n] lzIff xfl;n ug]{

j|mddf # cf]6f efiffx¿ k|of]u u5{ / l;S5 -klxn] p;sf] dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL_ eGg] a'emfpF5 . of]

k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;du| ljlw rflxF wgfTds ax'eflifs ljlw x'G5 lsgeg] oxfF s}of}F dft[efiffx¿

5g\ . ljBfno txdf ;d]t låeflifs jf lqeflifs lzIffsf w]/} ljBfnox¿ x'g]5g\ eg] ljleGg efiffx¿ af]Ng]

;d'bfonfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofsf ljBfnox¿n] of] j|mdsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ax'eflifs x'g'

cfjZos 5 .

oL ljleGg vfnsf k|ult / ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdaf6 ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdtkm{sf] ;ª\j|md0fsf]

ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf g]kfnsf] lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwdf cem a[xt\ gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg

efiff / ;fIf/tf l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf yk k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . of] cWoog oxL cj;/sf]

;b'kof]usf nflu / efjL ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mddf eflifs /0fgLltx¿ s;/L k"0f{ ¿kdf PsLs[t ug{

;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg / ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] of]hgf / nfut cg'dfg k|lj|mofsf nflu

:yfkgf ul/Fb} u/]sf ;+oGqx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ d:of}bf dfu{lrqsf] lj:t[tLs/0fsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .



4

!=# lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] cWoogsf p2]Zox¿

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] of] cWoogsf] p2]Zo …a[xt\ :t/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf]

k/fdz{af6 / efiff;DaGwL ljBdfg gLlt / cEof;x¿sf ;fy;fy} ljZjdf ePsf c;n cEof;x¿sf]

k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/df lhNnf / ljBfnox¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL, :yfgLo efiffx¿

/÷jf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u, ljifosf ¿kdf oL efiffx¿sf] lzIf0f / sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u x'g] efiffdf bIftf

gePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zgsf ;DaGwdf lzIff dGqfnonfO{ k[i7e"ld / k|df0f pknAw u/fpg]Ú xf] .

cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / nIosf cfwf/df to ul/Psf ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\ M

efiffsf ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs kIf cGtu{t /fi6«efiffsf] :yfg, afnaflnsfsf] bf];|f] / cltl/Qm

efiffx¿sf] l;sfO, dft[efiffsf] k9fO, ax'eflifs lzIff, cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf] cfh{g tyf dft[efiff,

/fi6«efiff / cGt/f{li6«o efiff /÷jf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] ldl>t k|of]u

k|of]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObf / Jojwfgx¿sf] cGj]if0f / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ;DaGwdf cleefjsx¿sf cfsfª\Iff / l;sfO ;DaGwL k|efjsf/L

l;4fGtx¿sf aLrsf] cGt/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

efiffsf ¿kdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hLsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f / lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tL

efiffx¿sf] pko'Qm k|of]u ug{ lhNnf tyf ljBfnox¿nfO{ /0fgLlts k|fyldstf / dfu{bz{g

;lxtsf] lj:t[t efiff gLltsf nflu ljZjJofkL tyf g]kfn;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t

ljsNksf bfo/fx¿ / g]kfnsf] kl/j]zsf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ lzIff dGqfnodf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .

lzIff dGqfnonfO{ lj:t[t efiff of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{ / pQm of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]

¿k/]vf lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{@

:d/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] sfo{zt{df g]kfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ul/g] efiff ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'g /

clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿sf] lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5}g . of] cWoog ;DkGg ug]{ j|mddf eljiosf]

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf nflu ul/g] ;Lkmfl/;x¿ ljBdfg sfg'g / lgwf{l/t

9fFrfsf] dfkb08leq x'g'k5{ / o;cl3 to eO;s]sf s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ -;'?af6} yfngL ug]{ xf]Og_

eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, efiff gLltnfO{ oyfy{d} sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cfjZos

/0fgLltsf] klxrfg ug{ d2t ug]{, z}lIfs, ;|f]t–;fwgut, eflifs tyf ;fdflhs-/fhg}lts kl/j]znfO{

Wofg lbFb} ;du| gLltdf sxfFg]/ c;ª\ult, sdL–sdhf]/L jf c:ki6tf 5 eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg]

p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

ljrf/0fLo s'/f of] klg 5, sfo{zt{sf] cfzo cg';f/ of] sfo{j|md k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;

-ECED_ / ljBfno lzIffdf s]lGb|t 5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ klg oyf;Dej Wofg lbOPsf] 5 t/ pRr

lzIffnfO{ eg] o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

!=$ ;du| ljlw

!=$=! lzIffsf] efiff gLltsf % j6f k|efjs / ;"rsx¿

o; cWoogsf k|f/Dedf, lzIffsf] efiff;DaGwL ljrf/ ljdz{df ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / efiffgLlt tyf o;sf]

sfof{Gjogdf ;hutfk"j{s k|efj kfg]{ jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] o;nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ a'´fO jf ;d´bf/L;Fu

;DalGwt ljleGg kfFrj6f tTTjx¿sf] klxrfg ul/of] . tL tTTjx¿nfO{ lrq ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@

o:tf] kl/l:yltdf k|f/Dedf of]hgf ul/P cg';f/ d:of}bf gLlt tof/Lsf nflu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Dej ePg, a¿

l;kmfl/; / cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ o; k|ltj]bgsf] v08 u df ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf

-SSDP_ / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cª\usf ¿kdf o;nnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] s'/fdf ;xdlt eof] .



5

lrq ! M lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL gLltsf k|efjs tyf ;"rsx¿

ljBdfg kl/l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu d"ntM gLlt, sfg'gL k|fjwfg / cGt/f{li6«o ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

;dLIff / k"g/fnf]sgsf cfwf/df ;'?sf b'O{j6f If]qx¿sf] cGj]if0f ul/Psf] xf] / pQm ljifonfO{ bf];|f]

cWofodf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;dLIff, ljleGg k/fdz{ / :ynut cWoogsf cfwf/df

cGj]if0f ul/Psf c¿ tLgj6f ljifoIf]q g]kfn;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ / tL ;fdu|LnfO{ o;} k|ltj]bgdf cWofo

#–% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=$=@ dxTTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿

;fdu|Lx¿sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt k|f/lDes lgisif{ / sfo{zt{df lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ljj/0fnfO{ dWo]gh/ ub}{

cWoog 6f]nLn] !$ j6f dxTTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿sf] klxrfg u¥of] . tL k|Zgx¿nfO{ :ynut cg';Gwfg,cGtjf{tf{,

k/fdz{ a}7s / To;kl5sf] ljZn]if0f / k|ltj]bg n]vgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lj:t[t ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f /

ljsf;sf nflu k|of]u ul/of] . tL k|Zgx¿nfO{ sf]7f ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

sf]7f ! dxTTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿

!= g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z s:tf] 5 / o;n] lzIffnfO{ s;/L k|efj kf5{ < g]kfnsf ljleGg

efudf ;~rflnt ljBfno jl/kl/sf eflifs ;d'bfoleq / sIff ! df egf{ x'g] …afnaflnsfsf]

;d'bfoÚ df eflifs l:ylt ;DaGwL hl6ntfsf s]s:tf pbfx/0fx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ < leGg leGg

eflifs k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] z}lIfs pknlAwdf x'g] leGgtfsf] k|df0f s] xf] <

@= ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / lzIffdf k|of]u x'g] efiffsf ljsNkx¿ nufotsf efiff ;DaGwL /fhgLlts

kl/j]zsf dxTTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ s] x'Gf\ < ;ª\3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ ul/g] lj:tfl/t

efiff of]hgfn] s]s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 < z}lIfs If]qsf sfo{j|mdx¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{ s]s:tf sfg'gL

k|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ < ljleGg txsf ;/f]sf/afnfx¿nfO{ oL k|fjwfgx¿af/] slQsf] hfgsf/L 5 <

oL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts OR5fzlQmn] slQsf] ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 < ljleGg JolQm tyf ;d'bfon]

cFufn]sf leGg leGg b[li6sf]0f, cfsfª\Iff / cfzª\sfx¿sf] bfo/f s] xf] <

#= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP_ sf] of]hgf / /0fgLltdf efiffaf/] s:tf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf]

5 < of] kof{Kt 5 ls s]xL l5b|x¿ afFsL 5g\ < ljBfno lzIff ;'wf/ of]hgfsf ljleGg ;f ]́bf/x¿sf

aLrsf] ;d´bf/Ldf slQsf] ;fd~h:o 5 < ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -SSDP_ sf] csf]{ r/0fdf

s] s:tf kl/jt{gx¿ x'g ;S5g\ <

$= lzIff ;DaGwL leGg leGg cjwf/0ff -efiff;Fu ;DalGwt_ nfO{ k|j4{g / ;dy{g ug]{ ;+:yfut,

;'zf;gut / Ifdtf ljsf;sf k|fjwfgx¿ s] s] x'Gf\ <

%= efiffgLlt / cEof;af/] gLlt lgdf{tf, eflifs ;d'bfo -cflbjf;L hghflt ;d]t_, sfof{Gjogstf{,

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6

dft[efiff, Jofks ;Dks{sf] efiff / cGt/f{li6«o efiff;DaGwL cfsfª\Iffx¿nfO{ oyfy{df xfl;n ug{

;xof]u ug]{ ;Defljt j|mlds÷wgfTds 9fFrfx¿sf af/]df ljleGg ;f´]bf/x¿nfO{ slQsf] hfgsf/L 5

<

^= cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLn] eflifs k[i7e"ld÷tTTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ s'g xb;Dd l;sf?sf]

pknlAwsf] lgodg / d"Nofª\sg u5{g\ / d"Nofª\sgsf j|mddf l;sf?sf] dft[efiffnfO{ s'g xb;Dd

Wofg lbG5g\ < oL k|0ffnLx¿sf] yk ljsf; ug{ s] s:tf s'/fx¿ cfjZos knf{Gf\ <

&= k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;, cfwf/e"t tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts /

;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ;fdu|Lx¿df -;f+:s[lts :yfgLos/0f ;d]t_ efiffsf ljleGg

kIfx¿ -ax'eflifs lzIff, cltl/Qm efiffx¿sf] lzIf0f, cª\u|]hL lzIf0f, ;fIf/tf_ nfO{ s'g xb;Dd

;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . efiff, eflifsf / lnlksf] 5gf}6 nufot dft[efiffdf lgld{t kf7\oj|md /

;fdu|Lsf] jt{dfg l:ylt s:tf] 5 <

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sfo{j|mdx¿ slQsf] kof{Kt÷k|efjsf/L 5g\ < efiffsf] 5gf}6, k|of]u / ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf lzIfssf

lghL ljrf/ ;DaGwL bfo/f s] x'Gf\ < afnaflnsf tyf ljBfnosf] eflifs cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}

lzIfssf] lgo'lQm ug]{, tflnd lbg] / v6fpg] sfddf ;'wf/ Nofpg pkof]u ul/g] gLlt / /0fgLlt s]

x'Gf\ <

(= k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷cfwf/e"t÷cgf}krfl/s÷dfWolds / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf s'g lsl;dsf

ljlzi6 eflifs cleofgx¿ -h:t} M dft[efiff÷ax'eflifs lzIff÷dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs

lzIff÷;ª\j|md0fLo eflifs ;xof]u÷cª\u|]hL efiff lzIf0fsf] yfngL_ sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 jf ul/Fb} 5 <

s] s:tf ;kmntf xfl;n ul/Psf] 5 < o;sf ;an / lga{n kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < o;nfO{ alnof]

agfpg] / cj/f]w ug]{ tTTjx¿ s] s] x'Gf\ < kl/of]hgfåf/f ;xof]u ul/Psf cleofgx¿ slQsf]

l6ls/x]sf 5g\ / lbuf]kgf sfod /fVg cfjZos kg]{ tTTjx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <

!)= ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{ ePsf ljBfno / sIffsf]7fdf oyfy{df s]s:tf ;ª\j|md0fLo 9fFrf,

j|md, b[li6sf]0f, k4lt / ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ < k|rngdf NofOPsf b[li6sf]0fx¿

ljBfyL{x¿sf] efiff l;sfO ;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ slQsf] pko'Qm 5g\ < ljBfnodf k|of]u

eO/x]sf] lzIf0f k4ltk|lt k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]

wf/0ff / a'´fO s:tf] 5 <

!!=dft[efiff jf cltl/Qm efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f / ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ s] s:tf

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efiffsf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIf0f÷;fIf/tfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s] s:tf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ;|f]t÷;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw

5g\ <

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efiffsf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIf0f / lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ s]

s:tf Ifdtf ljsf; / ;|f]t÷;fwgx¿ pknAw 5g\ <

!#= ljBfno Joj:yfkg / :yfgLo k|zf;gsf s'g s'g tTTjn] efiffsf] 5gf}6 / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|efljt

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5 eg] s'g s'g dfkb08sf cfwf/df efiff rog ;DaGwL lg0f{o ul/G5 <

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/x]sf 5g\ <



7

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lhNnf tyf gd'gfsf ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ljBfno÷z}lIfs kl/j]zdf ul/Psf] u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]u

ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog k4ltsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf] lj:t[t j0f{g cg';"rL 3 M cWoog k4lt / :ynut

sfo{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f df k|:t't ul/Psf]

5 .

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k|Zgx¿n] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Jojl:yt

;dLIff ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofP . cg';"rL ª

df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ u|Gy / 5gf}6

ul/Psf k':tsx¿sf] ;"rLdf o;

k|ltj]bgdf ;ª\s]t dfq ul/Psf jf

k|ToIf p4/0f ul/Psf ;Gbe{

;fdu|Lx¿sf ;fy} cGo ;fGble{s n]v /

k|sfzgx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

cWoogsf nflu s]Gb|, lhNnf tyf

ljBfno÷;d'bfosf txdf d"ne"t

k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg ;Sg] …cWoogsf

;"rsÚx¿sf] klxrfg ul/of] . sf]7f @ df

pNn]v ul/Psf dfkb08sf cfwf/df

lhNnf tyf ljBfnox¿sf] 5gf}6 ul/of] .

k|To]s ;fe]mbf/ ;d"xaf6 pko'Qm 9ª\un]

;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xh

agfpg / ljBfno tyf sIffsf]7fsf]

cjnf]sg u/]/ yk hfgsf/L lngsf nflu nflu ^ j6f ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . tL ;fwgx¿n]

dxTTjk"0f{ ljifosf aLrsf ;dfgtf / Jolt/]s x]g]{, t'ngf ug]{ / ljZn]if0fsf] lgrf]8af6 ;f/f+z lgsfNg]

cfwf/sf ¿kdf sfo{ u/] . o;n] ljZn]if0f / yk cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{sf aLrdf lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0fsf]

k|lj|mofnfO{ ;Ifd kfb}{ lqsf]0fLs/0f ug{ d2t u/]sf] 5 .

gd"gfsf ¿kdf 5gf}6df k/]sf lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f tflnsf @ df lbOPsf] 5 . uf9f cIf/df b]vfOPsf

;ftj6f lhNnfx¿ -/;'jf, 88]nw'/f, wgs'6f, slknj:t', wg'iff, alb{of / ´fkf_ nfO{ k|d'v lhNnfsf ¿kdf

lnOPsf] lyof] . oL lhNnfx¿sf] k"0f{ k|f]kmfOn ;d]t lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof] . ljBfno txdf

cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg{ / ;a} dfkb08x¿nfO{ ;d]6\gsf nflu s]xL cGo lhNnfx¿sf] 5gf}6

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ljBfnonfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ ;lhnf]

xf]:f\ eGgsf vflt/ wgs'6f lhNnfsf] Pp6f ljBfnonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

sf]7f @ lhNnf 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿

;d]l6g] lhNnfx¿ M

kxf8, t/fO{ / lxdfnL If]q

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sf efiffx¿ ;dfj]z ug]{

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k|d'v efiff -!,)),))) eGbf a9L jQmf ePsf_ dWo] sDtLdf (

j6f / s]xL cNk;ª\Vos tyf ;ª\s6fkGg efiff ;d]l6g]

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af]lng], ljleGg efiffx¿ ld>0f ul/g], sYo / n]Vo efiffsf] ld>0f

ul/g] cflb_ / ljleGg ljifo÷d'2f, kxn / kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{

;d]6\g]

sDtLdf klg Pp6f If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{

;d]l6g] ljBfno / ;d'bfox¿ M

;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿

k|fylds -!–%_, lgDg dfWolds -^–*_ / pRr dfWolds -(–!@_,

jf cfwf/e"t

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/ ljsf;

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dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIff jf cª\u|]hL efiff;Fu ;DalGwt

sfo{j|md sfo{fGjog ul/Psf÷sfod /flvPsf÷j|mdzM a9fOFb}

nluPsf÷5f]l8Psf pbfx/0fx¿ .

;fª\s]lts efiff jf a|]n lnlksf k|of]ust{fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]

ljBfnox¿

cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿ M u'Daf, u'?s"n, db/;f

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8

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/fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] sl7g kl/>d / nrstfsf ;fy} ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf ;b:o, Joj:yfkg kIf,

lzIff dGqfno / l8ôf6 (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)) 6f]nL, / ;a}eGbf

dxTTjk"0f{ ¿kdf cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt w]/}h;f] ;"rsx¿n] lbg'ePsf] ;do / ;xof]un] ljleGg lsl;dsf

jfwf–Jojwfgx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ jf sd ug{ / lhNnf tyf ljBfnosf] e|d0f tyf ljrf/ ljdz{sf

dfWodaf6 dxTTjk"0f{ / cToGt pkof]uL tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ ;xh ePsf] lyof] .

s]Gb|Lo txdf lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

nufosf lgsfodf k/fdz{ a}7sx¿ cfof]hgf ul/of] . ;fy}, efiff;Fu ;f]´} ;DaGw /fVg] sfo{j|mdsf

;~rfns jf o:tf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;dGjo jf ;r]tgf ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf ljsf; ;f´]bf/x¿sf ;fy}

cflbjf;L hghfltsf hftLo ;ª\3;+:yfsf k|ltlglw nufot /fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfh ;ª\u7gsf

k|ltlglwx¿;Fu klg k/fdz{ a}7sx¿ ul/of] .

of]hgf ul/P cg';f/ g}, klxnf] r/0fsf] If]qut cWoog / k/fdz{ a}7skl5 ;g\ @)!% clk|n !&,

z'j|mjf/sf lbg ;f ]́bf/ k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf -Stakeholder Consultation Workshop_ sf] cfof]hgf ul/of]

. pQm sfo{zfnfsf] pb\3f6g tyf ;dfkg ;df/f]xdf 8f= njb]j cj:yLn] cfˆgf wf/0ffx¿ /fVg'ePsf] lyof]

. o; sfo{zfnfdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, k|l1s tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ^) hgf hlt dxTTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿

;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfsf] p2]Zo xfn;Ddsf] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL

gLltsf] cWoogsf] k|ultaf/] hfgsf/L lbg', k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu yk k/fdz{ / cj;/ pknAw u/fpg' /

cfufdL nIo to ug]{ af/] yk ;+jfb / ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{' lyof] . oL p2]Zox¿ ;kmntfk"j{s xfl;n ul/g'sf

;fy} :ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f tyf …sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] dfu{lrqÚ agfpgsf nflu o; vfnsf] cWoog

cfjZostf x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .

o; cWoogsf ;ª\s]taf]ws lgisif{ / ;Lkmfl/;x¿df a9L s]lGb|t /x]sf] csf]{ k|:t'lt h'g !^ df ljBfno

lzIff ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf -SSRP_ sf] ;+o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7sdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

cWoogsf j|mddf lg/LIf0f e|d0f ul/Psf ljBfnox¿ / 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf ljBfno, lhNnf tyf

s]Gb|Lo txsf JolQmx¿ tyf k/fdz{sf nflu cfof]lht sfo{zfnfdf ;xefuL ePsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rL r M cWoogsf pQ/bftf / ;xefuL ljBfnox¿ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#

*uf9f cIf/df b]vfOPsf d'Vo lhNnfx¿sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof] eg] w]/}j6f efiff / leGg leGg

eflifs kl/j]z -h:t} M b|lj8]nL kl/jf/sf] p/fFj efiff af]lng] ;'g;/Lsf] Pp6f ljBfno / cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fOg] tgx'F

lhNnfsf] ljBfno_ nfO{ ;d]6\gsf nflu cGo lhNnfx¿sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] .



9

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@=! cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/L / pTs[i6 cEof;sf pbfx/0f

@=!=! cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

g]kfndf lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu k|efjsf/L gLlt tyf cEof;sf] ljsf;af/] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu

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;fwgsf] sdL ePsf ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lzIff lbgsf nflu s]s:tf j}slNks Joj:yfx¿

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;+;f/df ePsf kl5Nnf cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x¿sf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos 5 . of]

lgs} km/flsnf] / cg]s hl6ntfn] o'Qm If]q xf] . ;f}efUojz, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf ;Gbe{df ug{'kg]{ gLlt

lgdf{0f tyf cEof; ;DaGwL y'k|} ;+Zn]if0ffTds cWoogx¿ klxn] g} eO;s]sf 5g\ / xfd|f] p2]Zo k|flKtsf

nflu To:tf cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]iftM of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ j|mddf tn

pNn]v ul/Psf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

Ball, J. Analytical Review Commissioned by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization, Basic Education Division: Enhancing learning of children from diverse language

backgrounds: mother tongue based bilingual or multilingual education in the early years.

University of Victoria, 2010.

AusAID Education Resource Facility. Review of the International Literature on Language Issues

in Education. 30 November 2011.

Jones, A. (CfBT). Schooling in a Language Other than Mother Tongue. AusAID Education

Resource Facility, May 2012

Malone, S. Education for Multilingualism and Multi-literacy in Ethnic Minority Communities in

Asia-Pacific Book Development (ABD) 2004 Vol 34. No 2, 2004.

Meiers, M. Introduction to Issues and Implications for Children Learning to Read in Multilingual

Settings. AusAID Education Resource Facility, April 2013.

Skutnabb-Kangas, T. MLE for Global Justice: Issues, Approaches, Opportunities. In Mohanty, A,

Minati P, Phillipson R and Skutnabb-Kangas, T (eds). Multilingual Education for Social Justice:

Globalising the Local. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2009.

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f ;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L klxnf] cWofodf g}

lbO;lsPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] k|f/Dedf lbOPsf] zAb;"rLn] o; u|Gydf k|of]u ul/Psf efiff;Fu ;DalGwt

kfl/eflifs zAbx¿sf] cy{ :ki6 kfg{ d2t u5{g\ .

@=!=@ ax'eflifstfsf kmfObf

kl5Nnf cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df cfd ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] dxTTjk"0f{ dfGotf s] xf] eg] låeflifs jf

ax'eflifs x'g' …;fdfGoÚ / nfebfos s'/f xf] . s]xL ;do cl3;Dd Ps eGbf a9L efiff l;Sg] j|mddf

efiffx¿sfaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g] x'Fbf ;du| ;+1fgfTds ljsf;df cj/f]w x'g] ljZjf; ul/GYof] . clxn] cfP/

låeflifs Ifdtf cfh{g ul//x]sf dflg;x¿n] cg'ej ug]{ c;lhnf] Ifl0fs dfq} xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 eO;s]sf]

5 . dl:tisdf :yfg cf]u6\gsf nflu efiffx¿sf aLrdf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf k|lt:kwf{ x'Fb}g . a¿,

låeflifstfn] ;+1fgfTds ljsf; tyf j}rfl/s nrstfdf ;fdfGotof ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . sldG; -!((*_

-Cummins, 1998) n] …låeflifstfn] af}l4s tyf eflifs k|ultdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5Ú eGg] lgisif{

lgsfn]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, …låeflifs afnaflnsfn] efiffsf] cy{af]w ug]{ ;Gbe{df a9L ;+j]bgzLntf k|bz{g ug]{

/ ljrf/ ug]{ ;jfndf PsefifL afnaflnsfsf t'ngfdf a9L nrstf k|bz{g ug]{Ú s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug]{

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!(*(_ -Cummins and Swain, 1986; Diaz, 1986; Hakuta and Diaz, 1985; Ricciardelli, 1989_



10

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;dfh–eflifs ;d'bfodf ljv08gjfbL dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

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efiff k|of]u ug]{Ù cj:yf cg';f/ s'g} Pp6f efiff k|of]u ug]{Ù b'O{j6f efiffdWo] ofb[lR5s ¿kn] s'g} Pp6fsf]

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11

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efiffsf] k|of]u u5{g\ / pQm afnsnfO{ ;f] efiff cfh{g ug{ d2t ldN5 . cfKnfjgsf cj:yfdf eg] afns

s'g} ckl/lrt efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿af6 3]l/Psf] x'G5 . efiff l;Sg] cg's"n jftfj/0f p;n] kfpFb}g /

dft[efiff;Fu p;sf] ;DaGw ljR5]b x'G5 . ;fg} pd]/df s'g} efiff l;s]sf] afnsn] Tof] efiff kl5;Dd g}

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efiffsf bIf jQmfx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ cGtlq{mof ePg eg] ;f] efiff k"0f{ ¿kn] lal;{g ;lsG5 -nfO6afpg,

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12

yk 1fg cfh{g ug{ / cltl/Qm efiff l;Sg eflifs tyf ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL ;Lksf] k|of]u

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eflifs Ifdtf cfh{g ug{ a9L ;do nfU5 .

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pRrf/0f ug{ g;Sbf klg efiff a'‰g sl7gfO gx'g] h:tf sf/0fn] k|of]ustf{x¿n] rfF8} g} o; efiffsf]

cfwf/e"t 1fg cfh{g ub{5g\ . csf{lt/, cª\u|]hL efiffsf] zAbe08f/ Psbd} Jofks / uxg x'gfsf ;fy}

efiffdf :j¿kut leGgtf klg w]/} 5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] kf7\ok':ts k9]/ dfq} cª\u|]hL l;s]sf

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x'g] ub{5g\ . cª\u|]hL efiffdf nueu &)Ü dfq} WjGofTds lgoldttf 5 . ;fy}, g]kfnL nufotsf

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13

@=!=$ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|efjsf/L efiff l;sfO ;DaGwL pTs[i6 cEof;x¿

oL ljleGg ;d´bf/Lsf kl/k|]Iodf, / k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ tyf ljBfnosf]

kl/j]zdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf efiff l;sfO ;DaGwL lgDglnlvt ;xof]uL l;4fGtx¿sf] klxrfg tyf

;d'lrt k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

3/ / ljBfnosf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

afnaflnsfx¿n] ljBfno jf sIffsf]7fdf k'Ubf sDtLdf Pp6f efiff hflg;s]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf

Wofg lbFb} pQm efiffnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{, To;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg] / yk ljsf; ug]{ s'/fn] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf]

dxTTjnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . o; dfGotfn] ljz]iftM lzIfsn] sltko afnaflnsfn] af]Ng] efiff jf ;d'bfodf

af]lng] efiff ghfg]sf cj:yfdf cleefjsx¿;Fu alnof] ;DaGw sfod ug]{ / efiff tyf Jofks ;f+:s[lts

x:tfGt/0fdf cleefjssf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxTTj lbg]tkm{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . ljBfno / ;d'bfosf aLr alnof]

;DaGw :yflkt ugf{n] cleefjsn] efiff tyf ;d'bfok|ltsf] ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff a'‰g] cj;/ kfpF5g \ .

o;/L, cfkm"x¿ g} cfˆgf] efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf ljz]if1 /x]sf] s'/f a'´]kl5 kf7 \oj|mddf :yfgLo

ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ pgLx¿n] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . oª -@)!)_ -Young -2010_ n]

sDaf]l8ofdf ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mddf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] / o;af6

cleefjsx¿ cfˆgf gfgLx¿sf] l;sfOdf d2t ug{ ;dy{ x'gfsf ;fy} ljBfnosf] ;du| ljsf;df e"ldsf

lgjf{x ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] s'/fsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

;dfj]zL jftfj/0fdf ;fdflhs–efjgfTds ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]

gofF s'/f l;Sg d2t ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] efiff cfh{g ug]{ Ifdtf / pgLx¿sf] eflifs Ifdtfsf]

pkof]u ug]{ s'/f ;a}eGbf a9L ;Ddfghgs tyf ;xof]ufTds ;DaGwdf lge{/ /xG5Ù pRr -t/ k|fKt ug{

;lsg]_ ck]Iffn] afnaflnsf, lzIfs / pgLx¿sf ;xkf7LaLrsf] lje]bnfO{ /f]Sg] vfnsf ;sf/fTds

;~rf/sf] jftfj/0f x'g'k5{ . jf:tjdf sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf l;sfOx¿sf nflu oL clgjfo{ zt{

-kof{Kt eg] xf]Og_ x'g\ . o:tf] …afnd}qLÚ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; u/]/ l;sfO;DaGwL sltko cfwf/e"t

cj/f]wx¿sf] cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 eg] lzIfsx¿n] klg cfˆgf] z}lIfs ;Lksf] ljsf; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

dft[efiffdf df}lvs efiffsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;lj|mo efiff l;sfO lzIf0f

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ tyf k"j{ k|fylds sIffsf dfGotf / lzIf0f ljlw

-Approaches and pedagogy_ n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cToGt} :jfefljs x'g] u/L sYo efiff cfh{g ug]{

/ k"j{;fIf/tf tyf ;fIf/tf ;Lk l;Sg] j|mdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' kb{5 . an -@)!)_ Ball -2010_ eG5g\,

…jf:tljs ?lr tyf :jLs[ltnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{, ;s];Dd rfF8f] / lgoldt ¿kn] k':ts k|of]u ug{ nufpg],

d"ntM pgLx¿sf cufl8 a;]/ kl9lbg] afnaflnsfsf cg'ej;Fu / ;fGble{s x'g] k|Zgx¿ -sf] < s] <

slxn] < sxfF < s;/L cflb_ ;f]Wg] ugf{n] ;+jfbd"ns tyf j0f{gfTds IfdtfnfO{ hfu[t ug{ dxTTjk"0f{

;xof]u k'Ub5 . pgn] …k|fylds l;sfO /0fgLltsf ¿kdf kf7\ok':tsdf cfwfl/t l;sfOnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{

;fIf/tf ;DaGwL lgwf{l/t of]Uotf xfl;n ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ y'k|} jif{ nfUg]Ú eGb} sYo efiffdf s]lGb|t

x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] dft[efiffsf] k"0f{ 1fg gePsf afnaflnsfx¿n] d"ntM ;'gfO af]nfO

;DaGwL afns]lGb|t ultljlwx¿af6 cfˆgf] dft[efiffsf] k"0f{ ljsf; ug]{ cj;/af6 nfe k|fKt ub{5g\ .

;lj|mo eP/ af]Ng] / ;'Gg] ultljlwnfO{ ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf nflu l;sfO /0fgLltsf

¿kdf k|of]udf NofOg'k5{ . of] s'/f efiff ;DaGwL ljifodf dfq geP/ l;ª\uf] kf7\oj|mddf nfu" ug{'k5{ .

pQ/ k|fylds sIff / ;f]eGbf dflysf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkx¿ c´ a9L ;+ul7t tyf

kf7\oj|mdsf nIo;Fu hf]l8Psf x'g' kb{5 . ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf dft[efiff sfod /fVg / lzIf0fsf] dfWod

efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu klg o:tf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .



14

;Dej eP;Dd dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tf lzIffsf] pko'Qm lzIf0f–ljlw

afnaflnsfx¿sf] j[l4 / ljsf;;Fu} pgLx¿ ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL yk cf}krfl/s lgb]{zgsf nflu j[l4

ul/Psf] ;doaf6 nfeflGjt x'Fb} hfG5g\ . ;fIf/tfnfO{ :jtM l;sfOsf] ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]

cj:yf geP;Dd of] sfod /xG5 . an -@)!)_ Ball -2010_ sf cg';f/, …7"nf afnaflnsfx¿ s'g}

efiffdf ul/g] cf}krfl/s lgb]{zgaf6 sDtLdf s]xL ;do;Dd nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . o; j|mddf pgLx¿sf]

Wofg efiff l;Sg dfq} nflu kg]{lt/ geP/ efiffsf cf}krfl/s ljz]iftf -h:t} j0f{;DaGwL ;r]ttf, zAb,

jfSo /rgf_ df s]lGb|t x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ yfNg ;S5g\ . o;sf]

tfTko{ efiffnfO{ tfTsflns lj|mofsnfkaf6 cnUofP/ yk hl6n ;+1fgfTds sfo{df nufpg' xf] . dfly

pNn]v ul/P cg';f/, k9fO tyf n]vfO ;DaGwL ljz]if pk;Lkx¿ x'G5g\ . cIf/fTds efiff k9\g l;Sbf

afnaflnsfn] j0f{x¿sf] ;+of]hg / efiffsf WjGofTds PsfOx¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGw a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L

gofF zAbsf] cy{ a'‰gsf nflu Wjlgx¿sf] ld>0f ug{ klg l;Sg'k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes l;sfOdf

j0f{dfnfsf cIf/x¿sf] gfd lrgfpg] eGbf WjGofTds ;r]ttfnfO{ dxTTj lbg] cjwf/0ffdf hf]8 lbOPsf]

5 . oL cfwf/e"t Ifdtfx¿sf] cfh{g x'Fb} uPkl5 k9fOsf] af]w / cfgGbdf klg kof{Kt Wofg lbOg'k5{ .

k|f/lDes sIffsf] k9fO ;DaGwL k|efjsf/L cjwf/0ffn] d'Vo ¿kdf, ?lrk"0f{ vfnsf u'0f:t/Lo / txut

k7g ;fdu|Lsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . ;fy}, ljleGg lsl;dsf k"/s kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|Lsf dfWodaf6

cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf cfwf/e"t ;Lksf] j|mlds cfh{gnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'k5{ .

o;kl5sf] r/0fdf, afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL yk hl6n ;Lk / bIftf xfl;n ug{ d2t

ug{'k5{ . o:tf ;Lk cGtu{t ;f/ a'‰g], ;f/f+z eGg], cg'dfg ug]{ / ljleGg p2]Zo / >f]tf÷kf7sx¿sf

nflu n]Vg] cflb kb{5g\ . o;sf nflu /fd|f / u'0f:t/Lo kf7\ok':ts dfq xf]Og l;sfOsf ;DaGwL cGo

ljleGg ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fIf/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L tyf ljz]iftM

sDKo'6/ tyf OG6/g]6 k|ljlwsf] pQ/f]Q/ ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .

klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf dft[efiff / klxnf] efiffnfO{ sfod /fVg] u/L dft[efiffkl5sf] bf];|f] efiffsf] cfh{g

ug{ d2t ug]{ lzIf0f

ljleGg kl/l:yltdf, afnaflnsfn] cfˆg} dft[efiffdf lzIff k|f/De ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf ;d]t,

k|f/lDes sIffx¿df pgLx¿n] kl5Nnf] s'g} r/0fdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff x'g ;Sg] Ps jf PseGbf a9L

cltl/Qm efiffx¿ l;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf, pQm gofF efiffnfO{ ;'?df ljifosf ¿kdf k|lji6 u/fOg'

pQd x'G5 . o;sf] tfTko{ pSt efiffnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;do;Dd / / lglZrt lj|mofsnfk -h:t}, clejfbg_

sf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g] eGg] xf] . dft[efiff cfh{gsf ;Gbe{df klg o:t} o:t} l;4fGt nfu" x'G5 M

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷k|f/lDes sIffsf] lzIf0f ;lj|mo / v]ndf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . gofF s'/f l;Sg]

jftfj/0fsf nflu ;'Gg] / af]Ng] kof{Kt lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ . dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tf lzIff cfh{g

u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 dfq bf];|f] efiff n]vk9 ug{ l;Sg] cj:yf x'g' /fd|f] dflgG5 . o;f] x'Fbf afnaflnsfn]

klxnf] efiffdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfOdf ug{ ;S5g\ . klxnf] efiffdf

h:t} bf];|f] efiffdf n]vk9 ug{ l;Sg] k|lj|mofdf klg plrt z}Ifl0fs l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf ul/g'kb{5 /

k':ts tyf k|ljlwut ;|f]t–;fwgx¿sf] kof{Kt pkof]u ug{'k5{ . tL ;fdu|Lx¿ bf];|f] efiff l;Sg] JolQmx¿s}

nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf s'g} efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿n] bf];|f]

efiffsf ¿kdf s'g} efiff l;Sbf ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ljrf/ u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf

x'g'k5{ .

bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfO tyf lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf lg/Gt/ k|of]u ul//x]sf cj:yfdf ;d]t

ljifosf ¿kdf klxnf] efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg' cfjZos 5 . Yff]d; / sf]lno/ -@))!_

-Thomas and Collier, 2001_ n] z}lIfs ;kmntfsf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsg] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tTTj

-cNk;ª\Vos eflifs k[i7e"ldsf dfWolds txsf w]/} JolQmx¿nfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf]_ afnaflnsfn]

cfˆgf] dft[efiff÷klxnf] efiffdf cfh{g u/]sf] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dfqf xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ .

bf];|f] jf t];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0f / l;sfO

cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0f / l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df klg ;fdfGotof pxL l;4fGtx¿ nfu" x'G5g\ . kl5 uP/

lzIf0fsf] dfWod g} x'g] eP klg ;'?df pd]/ cg';f/sf] lzIf0f k|lj|mof tyf ljz]iftM efiff af]Ng] jftfj/0f



15

lbP/ ljifos} ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] yfngL ul/g'k5{ . ;'gfO / af]nfOsf] lglZrt cEof;kl5 dfq n]vfO /

k9fO ;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ cf/De ug{'k5{ . oBlk, kl5Nnf] ;dodf efiff l;sfOsf rf/j6} ;Lk

-;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ nfO{ Pp6} kf7leq klg PsLs[t ug{ ;lsG5 . klxn] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf]

dxTTjk"0f{ efu lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 . To;kl5 zAbe08f/sf] j|mlds lj:tf/ ub}{, cª\u|]hL efiffsf] hl6n Wjlg

k|lj|mof a'‰g dbt ug{'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy}, cª\u|]hLsf k|rlnt clgoldt ¿kfjnL / Jofs/0fsf gofF gofF

9fFrfaf/] j|mdzM Jojl:yt ¿kn] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} n}hfg'kb{5 . ljz]iftM ;DalGwt ;d'bfo jf kl/j]zdf

cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k|of]u ;Lldt x'g] u/]sf cj:yfdf ljBfnon] ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/ cg';f/ n]Vo efiffsf

ljljwtfo'Qm :j¿k;Fu kof{Kt kl/ro u/fOlbg'k5{ . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of], sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd / df]afOn

kmf]g k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;|f]t–;fwgsf] sdL ePsf z}lIfs

k|0ffnLx¿df ;d]t dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|ljlw k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f

aª\unfb]zsf] …Oª\lnz Og PS;gÚ gfds cleofg xf] .

cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cf/Deb]lv g} bf];|f] efiffdf k9fO x'g] cj:yfdf l;sf¿x¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ lzIf0f k|lj|mof

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf kmfObf ;DaGwL k|df0fx¿ -dfly pNn]v ul/Psf_ cfkm}+df

:ki6 eP tfklg of] cjwf/0ff cg';f/sf] sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej gePsf -sDtLdf xfn;Dd_

kl/k|]Iodf sfd ul//x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ s]xL ;'´fj lbOPsf] 5 . ;f}efUojz, w]/}h;f] afnaflnsfsf nflu

ckl/lrt /x]sf] efiff cf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIffsf] cf/Deb]lv g} lzIf0fsf] dfWod ePsf cj:yfdf ;d]t

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ ;kmn kfg]{ s]xL cjwf/0ffx¿ 5g\ . w]/} b]zx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo k|f/lDes afn lzIff

/ ljsf; ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug]{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ sYo efiffsf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u / ljsf; ug]{ / sIff ! b]lv g} lzIf0fsf] dfWod x'g] efiffnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kn] ;Fu;Fu}

kl/lrt u/fpFb} n}hfg] s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g ul/G5 . sIff ! af6 cª\u|]hL l;Sg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ b'O{jif]{

lsG8/uf6]{g sIffdfkm{t df}lvs ¿kdf dft[efiff -$)) eGbf a9L_ sf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{j|mddf kk'cf

Go'lugLn] /fd|f] ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .

bf];|f] efiff l;Sg] jf bf];|f] efiffnfO{ lzIffsf] dfWod agfpFbf ckgfOg] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ /0fgLlt

dft[efiffsf] df}lvs k|of]u xf] . jf:tjdf Pl;of tyf clk|msfsf w]/} ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] k7gkf7gsf]

cflwsfl/s efiff h'g;'s} eP klg afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sIffsf]7fdf Jofks

k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . l;Gsf]Ttf–;]OuL -@)!!_, hf]G; -@)!#_ -Cincotta–Seigi 2011, Jones

2013) df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/_, n] hgjfbL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq nfcf];df o:tf] l:ylt /x]sf] pNn]v

u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF ;a} lzIf0f k|lj|mof nfcf] efiffd} ug{'k5{ t/ ljifoj:t'sf] …JofVof÷ljj]rgfÚ ubf{ cGo

efiffx¿sf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . l;Gsf]Ttf–;]OuLsf] cWoogdf cjnf]sg ul/Psf lzIfsx¿n] nfcf]

efiffn] k|fKt u/]sf] cflwsfl/s÷;/sf/L dfGotfnfO{ kof{Kt ;Ddfg ub}{ cf}krfl/s lzIf0f÷lgb]{zg, ;f/f+z

k|:t'lt cflbdf o;s} k|of]u u/] tyflk …sIffdf k|of]u x'g] ;du| efiffsf ;Gbe{df eg] ;/sf/L efiffn]

cf]u6\g] :yfg guGo /x]sf] b]lvof] .

hf]G; -@)!#_ -Jones (2013) df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ lst]o'g] @))* -Kiteyune -2008_

n] klg ;dfg lsl;dsf] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . pgsf] dfGotf cg';f/ cª\u|]hL efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod

agfPsf sf/0f o'ufG8fsf afnaflnsfx¿n] ;fdgf u/]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ …;a} lzIfsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]

klxn]b]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf] pTs[i6 cEof;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xof]u u/]/Ú cyf{Tf\, lzIfs xfaL eP/ w]/}

efif0f ug]{ cEof;nfO{ kG5fpFb} k|Zgf]Q/ / JofVof h:tf ;+jfbd'vL wf/0ffnfO{ cËLsf/ u/]/ w]/} xb;Dd

sd ug{ ;lsof] .



16

@=!=% k|efjsf/L ax'eflifs ljlwnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ pko'Qm gLltx¿ M

sIffsf]7fleqsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f cEof;sf ;DaGwdf dfly rrf{ ul/Psf lgisif{x¿af6 lzIf0f /

l;sfOsf nflu k|efjsf/L ax'eflifs cjwf/0ffdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] …pko'Qm gLltÚ / k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut

Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf ;ª\s]tx¿sf] ;f/f+z tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

efiff cfh{g tyf ;fIf/tf cfh{g Pj+ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf efiffx¿sf] k|of]uaf/] :ki6 ¿kdf

kl/eflift, j|mda4 / dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t wgfTds ljlw

sIffsf]7fsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f cEof; ;DaGwL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf lgisif{x¿nfO{ x]bf{ s] b]lvG5

eg] ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf efiff lzIf0f ;DaGwL pTs[i6 ljlw eg]s} dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlw xf] . an

-@)!)_ -Ball -2010_ sf] egfO cg';f/ …ljBfyL{÷l;sf?sf] efiff ;DalGwt /fHosf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf]

efiff gePsf cj:yfdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs tyf ax'eflifs lzIffn] dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf]

dfWod agfpg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b]zleqsf] Jofks ;Dks{sf] efiff / s'g} cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf]

cfh{gsf nflu klg ;do lbg ;lsG5 .

pTs[i6 cEof;sf ¿kdf, cf}krfl/s lzIffsf k|f/lDes sIffx¿df dft[efiffsf] a9L eGbf a9L

k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 / ;Dej eP;Dd o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg'kb{5 . ;fy}, dft[efiff / j|mdzM cGo efiffsf]

Ifdtf ljsf; ug{sf nflu dft[efiff g} k|f/lDes ;fIf/tf l;sfOsf] dfWod x'g'kb{5 . j|mlds tyf r/0fa4

¿kn] bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfO k|f/De u/]sf] sDtLdf @ jif{kl5 dfq t];|f] efiff l;sfpg yfNg] k|aGw ug{'k5{ .

dft[efiffsf] lzIf0fnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] sfod /flvPsf cj:yfdf of] 9fFrf

…;ª\j|md0fLoÚ geP/ …wgfTdsÚ x'G5 .

d]o;{ -@)!#_ -Meiers, 2013_ df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/, :nflEfg / r'ª -@))%_ -Slavin

and Chung, 2005_ n] ljleGg lsl;dsf ljBfnosf ;Gbe{df cª\u|]hL efiffnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf

k9fOg] ljlw;DaGwL !& j6f d"Nofª\sg–k|wfg cWoogsf] ;dLIff u/] . tLdWo] !@ j6f cWoogn]

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u u/]/ ul/Psf] cª\u|]hL efiffsf] lzIf0f cToGt} k|efjsf/L x'g] lgisif{ lgsfn] eg]

dft[efiffsf] ;xof]u ljgf ;f] }́ cª\u|]hL efiffdf k|j]z ubf{ k|efjsf/L ePsf] s'/fsf] k'li6 s'g} klg

cWoogn] u/]gg\ .

klxnf] efiff, bf];|f] efiff / t];|f] efiffsf] k|of]u tyf j|mdsf af/]df rrf{ ul//xFbf lnlksf] k|of]u

tyf ljljwtfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6tf x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ rog ul/Psf] lnlk / ;DalGwt efiffsf] sYo :j¿ksf

aLr ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{' kb{5 .

tfls{s j|mdsf] cfjZostf x'g] s'/f :ki6 eP tfklg lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf -afnaflnsfn]

PseGbf a9L efiffdf cfwf/e"t Ifdtf cfh{g ul/;s]kl5_ oL b'O{j6f efiffsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg]

;DaGwdf ljleGg lsl;dsf lgisif{ lgsflnPsf 5g\ . leGg leGg eflifs k[i7e"ld ePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{

k9fpg cnu cnu ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g'kg]{, Pp6} ljBfnodf ljleGg efiff ;d"x agfOg'kg]{

-ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff rog ug{ lbOg]_, ljifo cg';f/ 5'6\6f5'6\6} efiff 5gf}6 ul/g],

xKtfsf tf]lsPsf lbgdf tf]lsPsf] efiff dfq k|of]u ul/g] cflb o:tf s]xL ljlwx¿ x'g\ .&

&

s]xL b]zx¿df km/s ef}uf]lns ;d'bfosf leGg leGg efiff af]Ng]x¿sf nflu 5'6\6f5'6\6} dfWodsf ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf

ul/Psf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf / cGo /fli6«o efiffx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf

k9fOG5 . a]lNhoddf of] sfo{j|md k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ljk/Lt, >Lnª\sf dfWodsf ¿kdf l;+xnf jf tfldn

efiff k|of]u ug]{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} ljBfnox¿n] hftLo lje]bsf] efjgfnfO{ an lbPsf sf/0f pQm k|0ffnLnfO{ clxn] ldl>t,

ax'eflifs ljBfnon] k|lt:yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .



17

efiff l;sfO / lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu lzIfssf] kb:yfkg

pTs[i6 lzIf0f ljlwn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] dft[efiff tyf bf];|f] -jf t];|f]_ efiff /fd|/L af]Ng ;Sg]

lzIfssf] ck]Iff ug]{ s'/f :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] dft[efiff ghfGg] lzIfsx¿sf nflu låeflifs

;xfosx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{ lkmlnlkG; h:tf s]xL b]zx¿ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . leotgfdnfO{ ax';ª\Vos efiff

;d"xsf pTs[i6 Ifdtf ePsf, pTk|]l/t o'jf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg -kfl/>lds_ lbP/ cNk;ª\Vos

efiff ;d'bfosf ljBfnodf uO{ lzIf0f ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ s'/fdf ;kmntf ldn]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn]

:yfgLo efiff l;s]/ sIffdf k|of]u u/L låeflifs cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ s'/f k"j{zt{sf ¿kdf /x]sf]

x'G5 .

efiff lzIf0f / l;sfOdf ;xof]usf nflu lzIfssf] ljsf;

;a} lzIfsx¿nfO{ efiff ljsf; ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg x'g'kb{5 . cfkm"n] lzIf0f ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf]

pd]/ ;d"x tyf :yfgLo kl/j]znfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} sYo efiff / ;fIf/tfsf] ljsf;nfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sg]

Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿s} dft[efiffdf k9fpg] ;Lk cfh{g ug{sf nflu lzIfsx¿nfO{

k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ljz]if ;xof]usf] cfjZostf x'g ;S5 . d"ntM eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df lzIfs x'g]

cj;/ kfPsf t/ cGo lzIfssf t'ngfdf sd z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf lzIfsx¿sf ;Gbe{df o:tf] l:ylt

cfpF5 . lgs} ljljwtfo'Qm kl/l:yltdf k|f/lDes sIffx¿df k9fpg] ;a} lzIfsx¿n] kl5 uP/ lzIf0fsf]

dfWod x'g] efiff l;Sg afnaflnsfnfO{ d2t ug]{ ;Lk l;Sg' /fd|f] x'G5 . cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df

lzIf0f ;Lksf] ljsf;sf ;fy} lzIfsx¿sf] eflifs Ifdtf / bIftf ;d]t j[l4 ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

;fª\s]lts efiff, a|]n lnlk cflbdf ljz]if1tf cfh{g u/]/ efiff l;sfO ;DaGwL ljz]if ;xof]usf]

cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ tyf cGo lzIfssf nflu ;|f]t lzIfssf ¿kdf sfo{ ug{

;Sg] lzIfsx¿sf] ;~hfn agfpg' kg]{ ;d]t cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ug{

;lsg] …c;n cEof;Ú sf ¿kdf ;fyL;Fu ldn]/ l;Sg], lzIfs ;xof]u k|0ffnL / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u h:tf

pkfo kmnbfoL x'g ;S5g\ . aª\unfb]zsf] Oª\lnz Og PS;g kl/of]hgf cGtu{t sIffsf]7fdf cª\u|]hL

k9fpgsf nflu gofF /0fgLltx¿ nfu" ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg df]afOn kmf]gsf]

k|of]u ug]{ k|ljlwaf6 pNn]Vo ;kmntf xfl;n ul/Psf] 5 .

kf7\oj|md, d"Nofª\sg / lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f tyf k|fjwfg, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw -ICT_ ;d]t

/fd|f] efiff lzIf0f ljlw pko'Qm kf7\oj|md / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kttfdf lge{/ /xG5 . d]o;{

-@)!#_ -Meiers, 2013_ n] ljleGg k|sf/sf k':ts, lrqsyf Pj+ :t/Ls[t kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿

-cfwf/e"t k7g ;Lk cfh{g ul/;s]kl5 dfq pkof]uL x'g] kf7\ok':ts eGbf_ afnaflnsfnfO{ k9\g

l;sfpgsf nflu a9L pkof]uL x'g] atfPsf 5g\ . k|efjsf/L efiff lzIf0f tyf l;sfOsf nflu ;"rgf tyf

;~rf/ k|ljlw Pj+ >Jo–b[Zo dfWodsf ljleGg ljsNkx¿af6 klg dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . o;

dfGotf cg';f/ k|efjsf/L kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kof{Kt dfgjLo tyf ljQLo ;|f]t;fwg cfjZos

x'G5 . ;fy}, u'0f:t/Lo ;fdu|Lx¿ gofF gofF lgdf{0f ul//xg'kg]{ dfq geO{ ljBfnodf ;d]t tL pknAw

x'G5g\ . d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLn] sIffsf]7fdf jf:tjdf s] x'G5 eGg] s'/ftkm{ lgb]{lzt ub{5, d"Nofª\sgsf

lg0f{ofTds tyf lgdf{0ffTds b'j} k|0ffnLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / efiff lzIf0fsf gLltx¿sf] ńs lbg]

lsl;dn] ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 .

ljBfno txdf lg0f{o ug{ cleefjssf] ;xeflutf / :yfgLos/0fnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

:yfgLo ljBfnox¿df cleefjs tyf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf y'k|} kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . d"ntM

ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt / l;sfOsf] c´ /fd|f] pknlAwsf nflu o:tf] ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 . ax'eflifs

lzIff gLltsf] ;kmntfsf nflu o:tf] ;xeflutf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cleefjsx¿n] ljBfnodfly e/f];f ug{'

/ efiff cfh{gsf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf pkfox¿sf] clek|fo a'‰g', ljleGg r/0fdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf



18

¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]usf af/]df hfgsf/ eO{ o;sf nflu ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL x'g'

cTofjZos x'G5 . ljBfno -jf lglZrt ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf ljBfnox¿_ n] :yfgLo :t/df

pknAw ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;+zfwgx¿sf] k"0f{ k|of]u ug{' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . ljBfno ;'wf/

cfof]hgf ;DaGwL dfWodx¿sf] Joj:yf cGtu{t :yfgLo ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf] ;/n,

;xeflutfd"ns ljZn]if0f / efiff l;sfOsf pkfox¿sf] :t/f]Gglt kb{5g\ .

gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;lj|mo ;xof]u / cg'udg

gLlt lgdf{tf, k|fljlws Joj:yfks, lzIfs k|lzIfs tyf k|zf;sx¿sf] ;lj|mo / ;xof]ud"ns

b[li6sf]0f g} oyfy{tM ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . o; cGtu{t lzIfs, ljBfno tyf :yfgLo

Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ k/fdz{ / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg], v'nf ax; ug]{ cj;/sf ;fy} cjnDag

ul/Psf gLltx¿sf] :ki6 ;Dk|]if0f, eflifs k[i7e"ldnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ul/g] l;sf?x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg /

lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg tyf cg';Gwfg h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ . o;af6 ljBfnob]lv /fli6«o tx;Dd k|efjsf/L

;+:yfut Joj:yfkg x'g'kg]{ / lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L /fli6«o efiff of]hgf / o;sf]

j}wflgstfsf] alnof] ;dy{g cfjZos x'g] s'/f a'l´G5 .

kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L cfly{s nufgL

lgisif{tM ;/sf/ -/ ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿_ n] ax'eflifs lzIff lgs} vlr{nf] /x]sf] ts{ k]; ug]{ u/]sf]

kfOG5 . sF8]n -@)!)_ -Kadel 2010) df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ sf];f]g]g -Kosonen) n] ax'eflifs

lzIffdf nfUg] vr{sf ;DaGwdf sltko tYox¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;du|df pgsf] wf/0ff s] 5 eg]

ax'eflifs lzIffsf] Joj:yfkgdf nfUg] vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ k9fO k"/f ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft, aLr}df

ljBfno 5f]8\g] cg'kft / l;sfOsf] :t/df x'g] pGGltsf] cg'kftnfO{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOg'kb{5 . o;

;Gbe{df pgn] Ujf6]dfnfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f k]; u/]sf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff ghfGG]

;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] klxnf] efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf nflu ul/Psf]

nufgLsf] bL3{sfnLg jrt ! nfv ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fylds lzIff lbg nfUg] vr{ a/fa/ /x]sf] 5 . cltl/Qm

nufgLsf ¿kdf -vf; u/L ax'eflifs k4ltlt/sf] ;ª\j|md0fLo cj:yfsf k|f/lDes jif{x¿df_ n]vg

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, cNk;ª\Vos efiffnfO{ z}lIfs k|of]usf] efiffsf ¿kdf ul/g] ljsf;, klxn] eGbf s]xL a9L

efiffx¿df k':ts n]Vg] / k|sfzg ug]{, k/LIf0f tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf lzIfssf] tflndsf

nflu yk Joj:yf cflb kb{5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg bL3{sfnLg b[li6n] x]bf{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ /fd|f] tflnd

lbO;s]kl5sf cj:yfdf Tolt w]/} k':tsx¿sf] vfFrf] kb}{g / lzIffdf ug{'kg]{ nufgL ck]Iff ul/PeGbf sd

/ ;'á'´k"0f{ x'g hfG5 . :yfgLo :t/af6 n]vg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] ag] o;sf nflu nfUg] vr{

lgs} sd ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lkmlnlkG;sf !*! j6f dft[efiff dWo] w]/}h;f] efiffsf nflu

:yfgLo :t/af6} n]vg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .

@=!=^ ;f/f+z M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o l;sfOsf]

cfzo (Implications)

sf]7f # lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o l;sfOsf] cfzo

s= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ax'eflifstfsf ;+1fgfTds tyf ;fdflhs

kmfObfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf b'a} txdf efiffx¿ cfk;df k|lt:kwL{ geP/ Ps csf{sf ;xof]uL x'g]

dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

v= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} k|efjsf/L dflgPsf sIffsf]7f

leqsf ultljlwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'sf ;fy} To:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ;d]t ug{'kb{5

. o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5Gf\ M

3/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fsf aLrsf] ;f+:s[lts ;]t'nfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ ;a} ;d'bfo;Fu 3/ /

ljBfnosf] ;DaGw hf]8\g'kg]{

ljBfno / k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;sf ;a} kl/j]zx¿df afn–d}qL tyf ;dfj]zL jftfj/0f



19

x'g'kg]{

afNo cj:yfdf dft[efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu df}lvs tyf dgf]/~hgdf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff tyf ;a}

r/0fx¿df af]Ng] / cEof; ug]{ lgoldt cj;/x¿ k|fKt x'g'kg]{

;fIf/tf ;DaGwL k|f/lDes sIffdf d"ntM dft[efiffdf jf sDtLdf s]xL df}lvs Ifdtf ljsf;

eO;s]sf] efiffdf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfgaf6 pTs[i6 7xl/Psf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{

g]kfnL efiff bf];|f] efiff ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw, ;f]xL cg';f/sf ;fdu|L /

ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn] g]kfnL k9fpg],

k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiff k9fpFbf pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw, ;f]xL cg';f/sf

;fdu|L / ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn] cª\u|]hL k9fpg]

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k"0f{ ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ gldNg] cj:yfdf g]kfnL, Jofks

;~rf/sf] csf]{ s'g} efiff jf cª\u|]hLsf] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg dft[efiffsf] df}lvs k|of]u ug]{

csf]{ s'g} efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfOPkl5sf] ;ª\j|md0fLo cj:yfdf klg dft[efiffsf] k|of]unfO{

sfod /fVg]

u= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf Jofks /0fgLltx¿sf ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o

:t/sf …pTs[i6 cEof;Ú nfO{ lgDg 9ª\un] b]vfpg'kb{5 M

…lqeflifsÚ ljlwk|ltsf] k|lta4tfdf cfwf/df afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOnfO{ clwstd agfpg] nIo;lxt

dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] ;':ki6 j|md lgwf{/0f ug]{

dft[efiff tyf cª\u|]hL -dft[efiffsf nflu efiff ;xfos ;d]t_ sf lzIfssf] pknAwtf ;DaGwL

;DefJotfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lzIfssf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug]{

;fIf/tf l;sfOsf nflu lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k"0f{ ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ gldNg]

cj:yfdf g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hLsf] l;sfO jf oL efiffsf dfWodaf6 x'g] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg

dft[efiffsf] df}lvs k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;zQm / cf}krfl/s agfpg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dflji6 ug]{

g]kfnL dft[efiff gePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ ckgfOg] ;'Jojl:yt k4ltx¿sf]

:ki6 pNn]v ug]{

cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;d]t k|of]u u/L cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ubf{ ckgfOg] ;'Jojl:yt

k4ltx¿sf] :ki6 pNn]v ug]{

dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ lzIfssf] 5gf}6÷lgo'lQm, lzIfssf] jl[Q ljsf;, kf7\oj|md,

kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw / d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug]{

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiff ;DaGwL gLltn] kof{Kt ;Nnfx, k|efjsf/L k/fdz{ / ;+jfb tyf

lg/Gt/ cg'udgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffsf k|To]s txsf] Ifdtf / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiff ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg / cfly{s

nufgL ul/g'kg]{ . u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf cGo kIfx¿nfO{ ;r]ttfk"j{s PsLs/0f u/]/ o;nfO{ ;xof]u

ug{ ;lsg] . ;Defljt dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] /

aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8\g] k|jl[QnfO{ 36fpg] / k|efjsf/L l;sfOnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ b[li6sf]0faf6

x]l/g'kg]{ .



20

@=@ cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/sf 9fFrfdf lzIffsf] efiff

k|ltj]bgsf] kl/ro v08df pNn]v ul/Ph:tf] g]kfnn] efiff tyf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} clwsf/ /

sfg'gnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf

cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿nfO{ tn sf]7f $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .



21

sf]7f $ efiff / lzIff M cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿df g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tf

ljZj lzIff d~r ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] 8sf/ sfo{9fFrf xfd|f ;fd"lxs k|lta4tfx¿sf] kfngf,

@)))

d"ntM ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf / ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf] lxtsf nflu k|f/lDes

jfNofj:yf x]/rfx / lzIffdf Jofks lj:tf/ / :t/f]Gglt ug]{

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljz]iftM aflnsf, sl7g kl/l:yltdf /x]sf afnaflnsf / hftLo

cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt afnaflnsfx¿ ;lxt ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo,

lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ k|fylds lzIffdf k"0f{ kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{

l;sfO / hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk sfo{j|mdx¿df ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf dfWodaf6 ;a} o'jf tyf

jo:sx¿sf l;sfO ;DaGwL cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ul/g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljz]iftM dlxnf k|f}9 lzIffsf] :t/df %)Ü :t/f]Gglt xfl;n ug]{, ;a}

k|f}9x¿sf nflu / cfwf/e"t tyf lg/Gt/ lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr sfod ug]{

pRr u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffdf aflnsfx¿sf] k"0f{ / ;dfg kx'Fr tyf pknlAwnfO{ ;'lglZrt

ug]{ s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIffdf ljBdfg n}ª\lus

c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ug]{, / pQm ;do;Dddf lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{

;a}n] dfGotf k|fKt / dfkg ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo ;Lk / cTofjZos hLjgf]kof]uL

;Lk l;sfOsf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s"g\ eGgsf vflt/ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/;DaGwL ;a} kIfx¿sf]

:t/ ;'wf/ u/L pTs[i6tf sfod ug]{ .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo @))!–@)!% / lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] d:of}bf @)!%–@)#)

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo @ M ÚkfFr jif]{ cfwf/e"t rj|m k"/f ug]{df hf]8 lbFb} …ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIff

xfl;n ug]{Ú

lbuf] ljsf; nIo $ M ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{ /

hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf cj;/x¿ k|j4{g ug]{

afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;GwL, !(*(

wf/f !& M /fHo kIfn] ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] u/]sf dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿nfO{ dfGotf lbg]5 / d"ntM

afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs, cfWoflTds tyf g}lts lxt ug]{ / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yodf

;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]tsf ljljw ;"rgf tyf

;fdu|Ldf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . of] nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu /fHo kIfn] -3_

cNk;ª\Vos jf cflbjf;L ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt afnaflnsfsf eflifs cfjZostfnfO{ ljz]if dxTTj

lbg ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{5 .

wf/f @( M afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nIo tn pNNf]Vf ul/]Pcg';f/ x'g] s'/fdf /fHokIfsf] ;xdlt 5 M

-u_ afnaflnsfsf cleefjs, pgLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, efiff tyf d"No dfGotfk|lt ;Ddfgsf]

efjgf ljsf; ub}{ afnaflnsfsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] b]z, hGd ePsf] b]z tyf cfk"meGbf leGg ;+:s[lt /

;EotfnfO{ klg ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg] .

wf/f #) M hftLo, wfld{s jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vos jf d"ntM cflbjf;L dflg;x¿ /x]sf b]zx¿df tL

cNk;ª\Vos jf cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿ cfˆgf ;d'bfodf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu cfˆg}

;+:s[ltdf /Dg, cfˆgf] wd{df cf:yf /fVg / To;}df /dfpg jf p;sf] dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg]

clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g' x'Fb}g .



22

cflbjf;L dflg;x¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL d:of}bf 3f]if0ff, lje]bsf] cGTo / cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f

;DaGwL pk–cfof]u, !((# wf/f !% M cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fHon] Joj:yf u/]sf lzIffsf ;a} tx / :j¿k xfl;n ug]{

clwsf/ 5 . ;a} cflbjf;Lx¿nfO{ klg of] clwsf/sf ;fy} cfˆg} lzIf0f l;sfO ;DaGwL ;d'bfosf

dfGotfnfO{ cg'z/0f ub}{ dft[efiffdf lzIff k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{ / lgoGq0f ug]{

clwsf/ x'g] 5 . cfˆgf] ;d'bfoeGbf aflx/ /x]sf cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx¿;Fu klg pgLx¿s} ;+:s[lt

tyf efiffsf] k|of]u x'g] lzIff k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . o:tf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu

cfjZos ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .

/fli6«o jf hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt dflg;x¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fi6« ;ª\3Lo cfof]u, !((@ sf] 3f]if0ff

wf/f $ M /fHon] cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt dflg;x¿n] ;Dej x'g] ;a} 7fpFdf cfˆgf]

dft[efiff l;Sg] / lzIf0f l;sfOsf] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ ;Sg] vfnsf

pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{'kb{5 . /fHon] pko'Qm cj;/ x]/]/ cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf]

a;f]af; /x]sf] If]qdf ljBdfg Oltxf;, k/Dk/f, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ o:tf

;fdu|LnfO{ lzIffsf If]qdf pkof]u ul/g] vfnsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{'kb{5 . cNk;ª\Vos

;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt dflg;n] ;du| ;dfhsf af/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{'kb{5 .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] dxf;GwL g+= !^(, !((!

wf/f @* M ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{, Jofjxfl/s x 'g] 7fpFdf, pgLx¿sf] cfˆg}

dft[÷cflbjf;L efiff jf pgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] ;a} eGbf a9L k|of]u ug]{ efiffdf

k9fOg] 5 . Jofjxfl/s sf/0fn] o;f] ug{ g;lsPsf cj:yfdf cflwsfl/s JolQmx¿n] ;DalGwt

;d'bfosf JolQmx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/L pQm ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfg vf]Hg] pkfox¿sf] cjnDag

ug]{5g\ .

oL JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiff jf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] sDtLdf Pp6f efiffdf bIftf xfl;n ug]{

cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ kof{Kt pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 .

;DalGwt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] af]Ng] :yfgLo÷dft[efiffsf] ljsf; / cEof;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g

ug]{ pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 .

lzIffsf] clwsf/df hf]8 lbg] ePsfn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf]

dxTTjsf] lj:tf/k"j{s j0f{g ul/]]Psf] xf] . lzIffdf ;dfg kx'Fr, ;xeflutf, pknlAw / nfe k|fKt ug]{

afnssf] clwsf/ g} 5nkmnsf] s]Gb| x'g'k5{ . lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th{'df ubf{

cy{k"0f{ / ;dtfd"ns l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljZj:Tf/d} ljBfnodf Efgf{ x'g] / k9fO k"/f ug{sf

nflu ;jf]{Ts[i6 pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] cjwf/0ff -dfly @=! df pNn]v ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o tYox¿sf

;fy} :yfgLo kl/j]zsf ;d]t cfwf/df_ nfO{ ljrf/ ul/g'kb{5 .

:ki6 s'/f s] xf] eg] cNk;ª\Vos tyf cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] efiff tyf

;+:s[ltdf /dfpg], ;+/If0f ug]{ / k'ghL{ljt ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f o;n] ;a} JolQmx¿nfO{

;a} kl/l:yltdf pgLx¿s} dft[efiffdf lzIff lbOg] s'/f jfWofTds /x]sf] eGg] a'´fpFb}g . tyflk,

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIffn] o; ;DaGwdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 / efiffnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg]

;fd'bflos k|of;df ;xof]u ug{ ljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;xeflutf ;DaGwL clwsf/dfly kx'Fr ug{sf nflu lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf

dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwgx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df o;n] g]kfnL efiffsf] 1fg tyf ;fIf/tf eGg] a'´fpF5 . o;}



23

sf]7f % M ;'´fj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf dft[efiff ljBfnosf]

klxrfg ug]{ ;DaGwL ;'´fjx¿

dft[efiff ljBfnosf] klxrfg

dft[efiffnfO{ Pp6f ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f ul/g]

dft[efiff M j}slNks jf P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf

k|fylds txsf] kf7\oj|mddf dft[efiff / /fi6«efiff

kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf; / lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] tof/L

låeflifs lzIff

/fi6«efiffsf dfWodaf6 lzIff

lzIfssf] Joj:yfkg / tflnd

dft[efiffdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff

aLrdf, cª\u|]hL efiffsf] ljZjdf k|efj /x]sf cj:yfdf cª\u|]hL efiff l;Sg kfpg] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf

:ki6 ¿kdf s]xL pNn]v geP klg k|efjsf/L cª\u|]hL efiff l;sfOdf Jofks / ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf nflu

;xof]u ug{'nfO{ ljZjsf cGo s}of}F b]zx¿df h:t} g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df klg cfly{s tyf ;xeflutf;DaGwL

clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ tkm{ cl3 a9\g] ;fwg dfGg ;lsG5 .

ljleGg lsl;dsf clwsf/, 3f]if0ff / k|lta4tf eGbf klg ;xeflutf, cfjfh / 5gf}6 ;jf]{kl/ x'G5

. ;fj{hlgs tyf -lghL lzIff ;d]t_ sf ljleGg r/0fx¿df k|of]u ul/g] efiffsf] klxrfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df

s;sf] cfjfh < s;n] lg0f{o ug]{ < h:tf hl6n k|Zgx¿ plAhG5g\ . hals clwsf/x¿sf] 9fFrfn] oL

k|Zgx¿sf] ;xh pQ/ glbP klg :ki6 s'/f s] xf] eg] lzIffsf k|fylds clwsf/L ljBfyL{÷l;sf? x'g\ .

cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿df cleefjsx¿sf] clwsf/ 5, tyflk, o; lzIffsf

;DaGwdf klg pgLx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj 5 . lzIffsf] clwsf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf ;jfndf /fHo

k|d'Vf …pQ/bfoLÚ x'G5 / /fHon] afnaflnsfsf] …;jf]{Qd lxtÚ sf nflu sfd ug{'k5{ .

Kf/:kl/s dxTTjsf] csf]{ plTts} dxTTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] lje]b gug{' xf] . o;n] dft[efiffs} k|of]unfO{

t a'´fpFb}g t/ eflifs tTTjx¿n] -afnaflnsfsf 3/df af]lng] efiffk|ltsf] wf/0ff / ck]Iff ;d]t_

afnaflnsfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ / pQm lzIffaf6 k|fKt x'g] cj;/ / nfenfO{

gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{' x'Fb}g . lje]b gug]{ l;4fGtn] k|ToIf ¿kdf …c;n zf;gÚ sf] cfzonfO{ klg

a'´fpFb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu o;n] ljBfno tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ltg{'kg]{ cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg]

cleefjsx¿sf] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df afnaflnsfx¿dfly ul/g] lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ lgif]w ub{5 .

;ª\If]kdf, s] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] clwsf/, k|lta4tf / wf/0ffx¿nfO{ ljrf/ ugf{n] g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL

tyf cª\u|]hL efiffdflysf] kx'Fr;Fu} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsP klg s'g} ;lhnf] ;dfwfg jf

Pp6f dfq af6f] to ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpFb}g .

@=# efiff / lzIffsf ljifodf /fli6«o gLltsf xfn;Ddsf k|lta4tfx¿

@=#=! ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ / ;/sf/L P]g

cWofo # df rrf{ ul/P cg';f/ g]kfnsf] la;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWo;Ddsf] /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] k|f/lDes

ljsf; …Ps b]z Ps efiffÚ gLltdf cfwfl/t

lyof] . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ :ki6tM /fi6«efiff /

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ;fy} lzIffsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbOPsf] lyof] .

tyflk, @)$& df ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf

ePkl5, g]kfn clw/fHosf] gofF ;+ljwfgn]

g]kfnL efiffnfO{ …/fi6«efiffÚ / g]kfndf af]lng]

cGo ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf]

dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

df g]kfnsf w]/} efiffx¿nfO{ yk k|lti7f k|bfg

u¥of] eg] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L

sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/of]

-sf]7f % x]g{'xf]:f\_.

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf efiff

;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf

s]nfpgsf nflu, g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o efiff

;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zo;lxt @)%)

;fndf Pp6f ;'´fj cfof]u u7g u/]sf]

lyof] . cfof]usf d'VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf

p2]Zox¿ lyPM /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] k|j4{g /

:yfgLo k|zf;g, k|fylds lzIff tyf ;~rf/

dfWoddf ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u . c´ egf}+, pQm

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg -@)$&_

b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff xf] .

g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . -efu !, wf/f

^=!_

g]kfnsf ljleÌ efudf dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]lng] ;a}

efiffx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiff x'g\ . -efu !, wf/f ^=@_

k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf cfˆgf

afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfˆg} dft[efiffdf lzIff

lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5 . -wf/f !*=@_

k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt, lnlk / efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug]{

df}lns clwsf/ x'g]5 . -wf/f @^=@_

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -@)^#_

!= g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ g]kfnsf /fi6«efiff x'g\ .

@= b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .

#= k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gd Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf

cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -efu !, wf/f %_

pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf

sfof{nodf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ s'g} jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

To;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf

¿kfGt/ u/L clen]v /fVg]5 .

sf]7f ^ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿



24

cfof]usf] p2]Zo …/fli6«o efiffx¿sf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt / sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;Lkmfl/; ug]{Ú, …k|fylds

txdf dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6 lzIff lbgsf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ gLltaf/] ;'´fj lbg] / /fli6«o efiffx¿

ljifosf ¿kdf k9fpg pko'Qm x'g] jf lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ldNg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ug]{Ú,

…dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6 k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|fyldstfsf cfwf/x¿ klxrfg ug]{Ú / …dfly

pNn]v ul/Psf ;Lkmfl/;x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|of]u ug{'kg]{ k4ltx¿af/] ;Nnfx lbg]Ú /x]sf]

lyof] . pQm cfof]un] -sf]7f ^ x]g{'xf]:f\_ PsefifL ;d'bfosf ljBfnox¿df lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g] ;ª\j|md0fLo ax'eflifs lzIff / Jofks ¿kdf ax'eflifs kl/j]z ePsf

ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf /fi6«efiff g]kfnLsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Lkmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] .

lzIffsf] efiffnfO{ ljleGg ;/sf/L P]gx¿sf dfWodaf6 klg ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo :j–

zf;g P]g, !((* n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsf_ nfO{ dft[efiffdf k|fylds

lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u¥of] . lzIff P]gsf] ;ftfF} ;+zf]wg -;g\ @))!_ df

dft[efiffnfO{ k|fylds txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfpg] k|fjwfg /flvof] . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf dft[efiffnfO{ klg dfWodsf ¿kdf

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . efiffnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf k9fpFbf, h'g efiff k9fOFb} 5, dfWod efiff klg pxL

x'g'kb{5 .

oL ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ ax'eflifs cjwf/0ff;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf /x]sf 5g\ tyflk

ltgLx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf] ;':ki6 of]hgf / gLltsf] eg] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]

;f6f] c:ki6 ;t{x¿sf] JofVof x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !((* sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfn]

:yfgLo lgsfox¿df ul/Psf] d}lynL tyf g]jf/ efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^=@ sf] pNnª\3g

ePsf] eGb} u}/sfg'gL 7x/ u/]sf] lyof] .

@=#=@ ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] yk nIo

oL Jofks ljsf;s} ;dfg, g]kfnsf] ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf @))!–@)!% n]

efiff;Fu ;DalGwt Pp6f nIo yk u/]/ cu|ufdL kfOnf rfNof] -o; cl3 sf]7f $ df k|:t't ul/Psf ;a}sf

nflu lzIff ;DaGwL 5 j6f nIox¿dWo] l;/fgsf]_ . o; nIon] …cNk;ª\Vos tyf cflbjf;Lx¿sf]

dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .Ú of] nIo k|fKt

ug{ …;ª\j|md0fLo ax'eflifs lzIffÚ nfO{ dxTTj lbOof] . o; gLlt cg';f/ afnaflnsfn] /fd|f] / ;dfj]zL

lzIff cfh{g ug{ / j|mdzM Jofks ;~rf/sf] efiff÷/fi6«efiffdf hfg cfˆgf] dft[efiffsf dfWodaf6

cfwf/e"t z}lIfs ;Lksf] cfh{g ug{'kb{5 . p;n] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff ;lhnf];Fu k|of]u ug{ / /

cGttM cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw tyf k':tsfnosf] efiffsf ¿kdf s'g} cGt/f{li6«o efiff

-h:t}, cª\u|]hL_ l;Sg'k5{ .

;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf cg'¿k g} g]kfnsf] ljBfno lzIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]

/fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k @))& df cfwf/e"t lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 / h;

cg';f/ oyfy{df sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd of] clgjfo{ nfu" x'g'k5{ .

@=#=# j|mlds k~rjifL{o of]hgf / lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf

j|mlds k~rjifL{o of]hgf / lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] lgDg s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5Gf\ M -c_ k|fylds

lzIffdf kx'Frdf a[l4 tyf u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{Ù / -cf_ ljleGg ;d'bfosf dft[efiffdf k|fylds tx;Ddsf]

lzIff k|bfg ug]{ . lqjifL{o of]hgfn] klg g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{,

k|fylds sIffx¿df -cfwf/e"t lzIff;Dd k|of]u ug]{ cg'dlt lbg ;lsg]_ ljleGg dft[efiffx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{

/ cª\u|]hL efiffnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] …lqeflifs gLltÚ nfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 .



25

@=#=$ ;f/f+z M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/,

k|lta4tf / /fli6«o sfg'gsf] cfzo

sf]7f & lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/,

k|lta4tf / /fli6«o sfg'gsf] cfzo

clwsf/k|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfsf] cfzo

3= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL gLltx¿ afnaflnsfsf] k9\g kfpg] / lzIffaf6 k"0f{ nfe lng

kfpg] clwsf/df s]lGb|t x'g'k5{

ª= :ki6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] lzIf0fsf] dfWod÷efiff lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg lsl;dsf] efiff,

hftLotf jf Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ ljz]if kf7\oj|mdsf nflu ug'{kg]{ nufgL]df s'g} lsl;dsf]

lje]b x'g' x'Fb}g .

r= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLltx¿n] efiffsf ljifodf cfˆgf wf/0ff /fVg]

afnaflnsf, cleefjs, lzIfs tyf cGo JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} / lg/Gt/ ;+jfb,

k/fdz{ / ;xeflutfsf nflu :yfg lbg' kb{5 .

5= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLltx¿n] lzIffsf] clwsf/ / efiff–;DaGwL clwsf/ /

;DaGwL …st{Jo kfnsÚ sf ¿kdf /fHosf] bfloTjsf] klxrfg ug{'kb{5 / ljleGg txsf st{Jokfnsx¿n]

cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgaf{x ug{ ;S5g \ .

/fli6«o sfg'gsf] cfzo

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLltx¿ k|rlnt sfg'g tyf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿df

cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;}4flGts ¿kdf lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g ug{'k5{Ù /, ;a}

ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL efiffdf ;fIf/ / bIf x'g'k5{ . sfg'gsf s]xL kIfx¿df yk :ki6tfsf nflu ;dy{g ug]{

cj;/sf] ;d]t pkof]u ul/g'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pseflifs jf …ax'eflifsÚ ;Gbe{, ljifosf ¿kdf dfq

k9fpg'sf] ;f6f] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u tyf cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf]

e"ldsf / cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .



26

efu v M g]kfndf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] kl/j]z, gLlt / cEof;af/] ljBdfg

cj:yf, d'2f / k|j[lQ

efu v df ;dfhefiffj}1flgs, /fhgLlts, gLltut / cEof;k/s b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfndf lzIffsf] efiffsf

ljleGg kIfx¿sf] lj:t[t vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . x/]s v08df o:tf b[li6sf]0fx¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f, 5nkmn /

ljZn]if0f u/L ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog, k/fdz{ e]nf / lhNnf tyf ljBfno :t/df ul/Psf :ynut

cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿sf] ;+in]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . :ynut cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿sf] lj:t[t

;f/f+znfO{ d'Vo k|ltj]bgeGbf 5'6\6} :ynut sfo{af6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿sf] cg';"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .

# ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z

#=! eflifs ljz]iftfx¿

#=!=! efiffx¿sf] ljt/0f

g]kfn @)!! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ cflwsfl/s ¿kdf dfGotfk|fKt !@# j6f efiffx¿ ePsf] ax'eflifs /fi6«

xf] . t/, s]xL ;|f]tx¿ -h:t} Oygf]nu, @)!@_ n] of]eGbf cem a9L efiffx¿ ePsf] hgfPsf 5g\ .

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]lng] !@# efiffx¿dWo] (! efiffx¿ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf klg af]lnG5g\ . ;dli6ut

¿kdf oL efiffx¿ rf/ eflifs kl/jf/cGtu{t k5{g\ M ef/f]k]nL, rLg–ltAatL, cfUg]nL / b|lj8 . ef/tLo–

cfo{ efiff pkkl/jf/ cGtu{t kg]{ ef/f]k]nL efiffx¿ -cª\u|]hLafx]s_ sf] ;d"x ltgsf jQmfsf] ;ª\Vofsf

cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] eflifs kl/jf/ xf] . s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] *@=!Ü n] ef/f]k]nL efiffx¿ af]N5g\ -g]kfnsf]

hgu0fgf, @)!!_ . rLg–ltAatL efiffx¿ ef]6–ad]{nL ;d"xcGtu{t k5{g\ . ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf efiffsf]

t'ngfdf rLg–ltAatL efiffsf jQmfsf] ;ª\Vof lgs} sd -!&=#Ü_ eP tfklg oL efiffx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lgs} w]/}

-hDdf ^#_ 5 -g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf, @)!!_ . cfUg]nL / b|lj8 efiffx¿ j|mdzM t];|f] -)=!(Ü_ / rf}yf]

-)=!#Ü_ :yfgdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf rf/j6f ;fª\s]lts efiffx¿ klg 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, cGo s'g}

efiffx¿;Fu j+zfg'ut ;DaGw gePsf] 5'6\6} Pp6f s';'G8f efiff klg 5 / clxn] of] efiffsf hDdf @* hgf

jQmf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] eflifs ljt/0fnfO{ cg';"rL 5 M g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs ljj/0f / gS;f df

b]vfOPsf] 5 .

dft[efiffsf jQmfsf ;DaGwdf eGg'kbf{, …d'VoÚ efiff x'gsf nflu !,))))) -Ps nfv_ jQmfsf] ;ª\VofnfO{

Go"gtd cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] g]kfndf ltgsf] ;ª\Vof !( 5 / ltgsf] ;l~rt k|ltzt s'n hg;ª\Vofsf]

nueu (^Ü x'g cfpF5 . o;sf ljkl/t, afFsL !)$ eGbf a9L efiffx¿ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] nueu

$Ü n] af]N5g\ -ofbj, @)!#_ . oL efiffx¿dWo] !),)))–((,((( jQmf ePsf cNk;ª\Vos efiffx¿ #)

j6f, !,)))–(,((( jQmf ePsf cNk;ª\Vos efiffx¿ #& j6f / !,))) eGbf sd jQmf ePsf

cNk;ª\Vos -cyjf ;LdfGts[t_ efiffx¿ #& j6f 5g\ . oL dWo] w]/}h;f] efiffx¿ Ps lsl;dn] nf]kf]Gd'v

cj:yfdf 5g\ . oBlk, c¿ efiffsf yk jQmfx¿ eg] g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgfaflx/ ef/t jf rLg -ltAat_ df klg

a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . jQmfsf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $$=^Ü n] g]kfnL

efiff af]Ng] x'gfn] g]kfnL efiff ;a}eGbf 7"nf] efiff xf], t/ of] efiff ax';ª\Vossf] efiff eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g

tyflk, of] efiff b]ze/ ;a} 7fpFdf ;dfg ¿kn] ljt/0f ePsf] 5}g . g]kfnL efiffsf jQmfx¿ lxdfndf

$=!^Ü, kxf8df @&=@(Ü / t/fO{df !#=!(Ü 5g\ -g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)!!_ .

;fdfGotof, efiff / hfltaLr Ps–Ps ;DaGw t 5}g, t/ ;dli6ut ¿kdf oL b'O{aLr ;DaGw 5 .

;du|df eGg'kbf{, g]kfnL efiff kxf8sf a|fDx0f–If]qL ;d"xx¿sf] / clwsf+z kxf8L blntx¿sf] dft[efiff

xf] . oBlk, ljleGg ;d'bfodf o;sf eflifs leGgtfx¿ 5g\ . t/fO{df a:g] ;a} hftsf dw]zLx¿n] d}lynL,

pmb'{, lxGbL / ef/tLo cfo{ ;d"xsf cGo efiffx¿ af]N5g\ . g]kfnsf cflbjf;L …hghfltÚ ;d"xx¿n] af]Ng]

efiffx¿df klg cToflws ljljwtf 5 . pQ/ / k"j{df ef]6–ad]{nL efiffx¿ -h:t} u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa', du/,

tfdfª_, kxf8sf] tNnf] e]s / t/fO{df ef/tLo–cfo{ efiffx¿ -h:t} yf¿_ / k"jL{ t/fO{df cfUg]nL / b|lj8

efiffx¿ -h:t} ;GyfnL / p/fFj_ af]lnG5g\ .



27

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zsf] Pp6f pT;fxhgs kIf s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ ljutdf eGbf

clxn] w]/} dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 / ;r]tgfdf cTolws j'l4 ePsf] 5 . tflnsf # df ljut ^ bzsdf ePsf

k|To]s hgu0fgfn] klxrfg u/]sf klxnf] efiffsf ;ª\Vofx¿ pNn]v ub}{ of] s'/f b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf # !(%@–@)!! sf ljleGg hgu0fgfn] klxrfg u/]sf dft[efiff -klxnf] efiff_ sf] ;ª\Vof

hgu0fgf !(%!–!(%$ !(^! !(&! !(*! !((! @))! @)!!

efiffsf]

;ª\Vof

$$ #^ !& !* #! (! !@#

#=!=@ n]Vo k|0ffnL

g]kfndf af]lng] clwsf+z efiffx¿ cem} klg df}lvs k/Dk/fdf ;Lldt 5g\ . k|zf;g, lzIff, ;~rf/,

cflbsf If]qdf d'Vo efiffsf] k|of]usf sf/0f eflifs ck;/0f sf] j|md a9];Fu} oL efiffx¿ x/fpFb} uPsf

5g\ . t;y{, oL efiffx¿ nf]k x'g'eGbf klxnf g} efjL ;Gtltsf nflu ltgsf] clen]vLs/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfnL, lxGbL, d}lynL, ltAatL÷z]kf{, g]jf/L, lnDa', ef]hk'/L, cjwL / nfKrf efiffx¿sf] n]Vo ;flxTosf]

nfdf] k/Dk/f 5 / ltgsf ljleGg n]Vo k|0ffnL jf lnlkx¿ 5g\ . ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf clwsf+z ef/tLo–cfo{

efiffx¿, h:t} g]kfnL, d}lynL -;'?df ldlynfIf/ jf s}yL lnlkdf n]lvPsf_, ef]hk'/L, cjwL, lxGbL /

/fhj+zL efiffx¿n] clxn] b]jgfu/L lnlk k|of]u u5{g\ . tyflk, aª\ufnL÷afª\unf efiffsf] cfˆg} lnlk 5,

h'g b]jgfu/L lnlksf] leGg ¿k xf] . g]jf/L efiffsf] klg /~hgf gfdsf] cfˆg} k/Dk/fut lnlk eP tfklg

k9\g / d'b|0fsf] ;xhtfsf nflu o;n] klg b]jgfu/L lnlk cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . lnDa' efiffn] cfˆg}

;[hª\uf lnlk k|of]u u5{ . nfKrf efiff /f]ª lnlkdf n]lvG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv cfˆg} lnlk k|of]u ub}{ cfP

klg sltko efiffx¿sf] n]vg dfgsLs/0f -Orthographic Standardization_ 5}g . ;g\ !(%) sf]

bzsb]lv a[xt\ b]jgfu/L a|]ndf cfwfl/t g]kfnL a|]nsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5, h;df cª\u|]hL a|]ndf h:t} 5–

86 k|0ffnL k|of]u x'G5 .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ s]xL clnlvt efiffx¿n] b]jgfu/L lnlksf] kl/dflh{t ¿k k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . yf¿, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, /fhj+zL / ls/ft–/fO{ ;d"x h:tf efiffsf ljleGg eflifs ;d'bfox¿n]

pgLx¿sf cfˆg} efiffsf] WjgL k|0ffnL;Fu ldNg] / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf pgLx¿nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] n]Vo

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ kxn u/]sf 5g\ . h:t}, du/ efiffn] cSvf gfds cfˆg} lnlksf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .

xfn cfP/ oL efiffx¿n] kqklqsf, k|f}9 lzIff / k|fylds lzIffsf kf7\ok':ts ;fy} nf]s ;flxTosf

dfWodaf6 n]Vo ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf] yfngL u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tdf h:t} g]kfndf klg ;GyfnLnfO{ /f]dg

lnlkdf n]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, s'g} s'g} efiffn] b]jgfu/L lnlk u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ . pb'{ efiffsf] n]vgsf

nflu kl;{og c/las lnlk k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=!=# efiffsf yk ljz]iftfx¿

kf/:kl/s af]wuDotfsf lx;fan] g]kfnsf efiffx¿n] Pp6f lg/Gt/tf lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . a[xt\ ¿kdf

af]lng] clwsf+z efiffx¿ -g]kfnL nufot_ sf ljleGg eflifs leGgtfx¿ 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z hg;ª\Vof -! s/f]8 %^ nfv dflg;x¿, %(Ü_ PsefifL ePsf] / afFsL ! s/f]8 !)

nfv dflg;x¿ -$!Ü_ n] sDtLdf b'O{j6f efiff af]Ng] u/]sf] xfnsf] hgu0fgfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . oLdWo]

kl5Nnf] ;d"xdf bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL af]Ng]sf] ;ª\Vof ;a}eGbf w]/} 5 cyf{t\ of] ;ª\Vof *^,*@,$((

-#@=&&Ü_ 5 . bf];|f]df lxGbL 5, h;sf !@,@%,(%) -$=^@Ü_ jQmfx¿ 5g\ . :d/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg]

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf lxGbL af]Ng]sf] hg;ª\Vof kl5Nnf hgu0fgfx¿df pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36]sf] eP klg bf];|f]

efiffsf ¿kdf lxGbL af]Ng]sf] hg;ª\Vofdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, g]kfndf afGtjf / z]kf{

efiffx¿ j|mdzM k"jL{ kxf8 / lxdfndf ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ .

dft[efiff / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf j|mdzM $$=^Ü / #@=&&Ü hg;ª\Vofn] af]Ng] g]kfnL efiffn] s'n

hg;ª\Vofsf] &&=#&Ü cf]u6]sf] 5 / To;}n] of] efiff d'n'sdf vf;u/L cflbjf;L hghflt If]qdf



28

clwsf+zsf] Jofks ;~rf/sf] efiff ePsf] 5 . csf]{ kIf klg s] 5 eg] oxfF cGt;L{dfjtL{ -cross

border_ efiffsf ¿kdf ef/tsf %) / yf]/} eP klg rLgsf klg s]xL efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . s]xL efiffsf

jQmfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof g]kfndf yf]/} eP klg ef/tdf ltgsf j+zfg'ut ;d'bfox¿ 5g\ / ltgsf] hg;ª\Vof /

n]Vo ;flxTo a[xt\ 5, h;n] ltgx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf k|of]u ug{ of]Uo agfPsf] 5 . cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u

pRr lzIff, Jofkf/, ko{6g / ;~rf/df Jofks ¿kdf x'G5, t/ ef/tdf h:tf] geP/ oxfF Psbd yf]/}

g]kfnLn] dfq cª\u|]hL cfˆgf] dft[efiff ePsf] bfaL u/]sf 5g\ .

sf]7f * eflifs ljljwtf :ynut pbfx/0fx¿

wgs'6f lhNnf

hDdf $@ efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ M g]kfnL -$#Ü_, lnDa' -!@Ü_, afGtjf -!)Ü_, du/ -(Ü_, tfdfª -^Ü_, /fO{

-#Ü_, cf7kxl/of -#Ü_ .

cGo #% dft[efiffsf jQmfx¿ k|To]sdf %,))) eGbf sd 5g\ .

!% dft[efiffsf jQmfx¿ !)) hgfeGbf sd 5g\ .

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL -%@Ü_, afGtjf -!Ü_, l5Gtfª -)=%(Ü_, lnDa' -)=#&Ü_ / /fO{ -)=@&Ü_

efiffx¿ klg af]lnG5g\ .

/;'jf lhNnf

^*=&*Ü tfdfª ;d'bfosf 5g\ .

(*Ü tfdfªn] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf tfdfª efiff af]N5g\ .

cGo dft[efiffx¿ M g]kfnL -@&Ü_, ltAatL -@Ü_, u'?ª -!Ü_, g]jf/L -)=&#Ü_, z]kf{ -)=^)Ü_, d}lynL

-)=#$Ü_, du/ -)=#!Ü_, 3n] -)=!(Ü_, / cGo -)=%(Ü x\of]Ndf], yf¿, ef]hk'/L, /fO{, 8f]6]n, ;fª\s]lts

efiff, lnDa', lxGbL, cflb_ .

^#=%$Ü n] bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL af]N5g\ .

g]kfn tfdfª 3]b'ª /;'jfsf cg';f/ /;'jfsf s'n !)* ljBfnodWo] %@ ljBfnosf ;a} afnaflnsfn]

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf tfdfª efiff af]N5g\ / !* ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿dWo] !@ j6fsf afl;Gbfx¿ s]xL

hghflt kl/jf/afx]s cGo ;a} tfdfª 5g\ .

dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b'/ klZrdf~rnsf lhNnfx¿

alb{ofdf @* efiffx¿ 5g\, h;dWo] lemgf] ax'dt -%@Ü_ yf¿sf] 5 .

slknj:t'df ljleGg ## efiffx¿ 5g\ . of] dfq Pp6f lhNnf xf] hxfF %)Ü eGbf a9Ln] cjwL af]N5g\ .

w]/}n] wfld{s lj|mofsnfkdf, kl/jf/df / ;fyLefO{;Fu cjwL dfq k|of]u u5{g\ / g]kfnL efiff lzIff, sfof{no

/ /f]huf/Lsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq k|of]u u5{g\ .

88]nw'/fdf !$ efiffx¿ 5g\ .

;'g;/L lhNnfsf] l;dl/of ;fd'bflos ljBfno

ljBfnodf k|j]z ug{ cfpFbf g} afnaflnsfn] tLgj6f efiff -p/fFj, yf¿ / d}lynL_ df bIftf -ltgsf pd]/

cg';f/sf]_ xfl;n ul/;S5g\ . lzIfsx¿n] pgLx¿n] # b]lv & j6f;Dd efiffx¿ hfg]sf] atfP .

kfNkfdf km/s ljBfnox¿

gjhfu[lt k|fylds ljBfnodf hDdf *& hgf afnaflnsf 5g\ / tL ;a}n] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf du/ efiff

hfg]sf 5g\ / ltgn] TolQ Pp6f dfq efiff hfg]sf 5g\ . o;n] Tof] ;d'bfodf eflifs ck;/0f gePsf]

hgfpF5 .

kfNkfsf] ;g;fOg Oª\lnz af]l8{ª :s'ndf ^&Ü du/ ljBfyL{x¿ 5g\, t/ tLdWo] #)Ü sf] dft[efiff du/

xf]Og .

wg'iff / s~rgk'/sf ljBfnox¿df a[xt\ ;~rf/sf efiffx¿df g]kfnLafx]s cGo efiffx¿sf] jr{:j

s~rgk'/sf] /fli6«o dfWolds ljBfnodf /fgf yf¿sf jQmfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof *(Ü 5, t/ g]kfnL dft[efiff

ePsfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof clt Go"g -!!Ü_ 5 .



29

cfˆgf] dft[efiffk|lt dflg;x¿sf] ;fdfGotof ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /x]sf] / d'Vo efiffx¿sf jQmfx¿sf]

pkl:yltdf klg clwsf+zn] 9'Ss;Fu cfˆgf] dft[efiff k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs

;j]{If0fsf k|f/lDes lgisif{x¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . oBlk, o;sf] 7Ls pN6f], o'jfx¿n] g]kfnL jf Jofks

;~rf/sf] csf]{ efiff u|x0f ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf]n] o'jf k':tfdf eflifs ck;/0f a9L b]lvG5 . sF8]n

-@)!#_ n] lrtjg lhNnfsf r]kfª ;d'bfodf !))Ü xh'/af÷cfdfn] r]kfª efiff af]n]sf]df hDdf $$Ü

gfltgfltgfn] dfq pQm efiff af]n]sf] kfP . To;} u/L, /;'jf lhNnfdf ;a} k':tfsf (*Ü tfdfªx¿n] cfˆgf]

efiff sfod /fv]sf 5g\ eg] sF8]n -Pjd]j_ sf cg';f/ lrtjgdf a;fOF ;/]sf tfdfªx¿dWo] (^Ü k'/fgf]

k':tf -xh'/af÷cfdf_, ^#Ü ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/L -afa'cfdf_ / hDdf $%Ü gfltgfltgfn] dfq tfdfª efiff

sfod /fv]sf lyP . xfn}sf jif{x¿df ufpFaf6 zx/tkm{ a;fOF ;/fO, lxdfn÷kxf8af6 t/fO{sf] a;fOF ;/fO,

df};d cg';f/sf] a;fOF ;/fO / cGt/f{li6«o >d cfk|jf;g h:tf g]kfnLx¿sf a;fOF ;/fOsf 36gfx¿

a9\gfn] klg o;n] eflifs ck;/0fdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . a;fOF ;/]sfx¿n] cfˆgf gofF l5d]sLx¿sf]

efiff -h:t} sf7df8f}+df a;fOF ;g]{n] g]jf/ efiff_ u|x0f ug'{ ;fdfGo s'/f xf] .

;f/f+zdf, g]kfn eflifs ljljwtfn] wgL b]z xf], h;nfO{ lzIffn] lzIf0fsf] efiff / lzIffsf efiffx¿

;DaGwL gLltsf dfWodaf6 JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] kmfObfsf nflu / /fi6« ljsf;sf] lxtdf k|of]u ug'{

kb{5 . sf]7f * n] cWoog ul/OPsf lhNnf / ;d'bfosf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿;lxt g]kfnsf] eflifs

ljljwtfsf] :t/ b]vfpF5 .

#=@ ljBfnon] ;d]6\g] ;d'bfox¿sf] eflifs juL{s/0f

dfly ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z / /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf nflu ul/Psf

sfdx¿sf cfwf/df ljBfnox¿n] ;d]6\g] If]qsf] efiff cg';f/ / ljz]if u/L afnaflnsfn] k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ jf sIff ! df k|j]z ubf{ af]Ng] jf:tljs efiffsf cfwf/df ljBfnosf

efiffx¿sf] ;fª\s]taf]ws juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ tflnsf $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

:ki6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] oxfF ;dfhefiffj}1flgs ljz]iftf cg';f/ ljBfnon] ;d]6\g] If]qx¿sf]

;fª\s]taf]ws juL{s/0f ug]{ k|of; dfq ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg ljBfnosf lglDt pko'Qm ljsNkx¿ l;kmfl/;

ug]{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf of] juL{s/0fnfO{ efu u df k'gM bf]xf]¥ofOg] 5 .*

tflnsf $ ljBfnon] ;d]6\g] ;d'bfox¿sf] ;"rsLo eflifs juL{s/0f

ljBfnosf]

k|sf/

kl/efiff -/fli6«o

k|f/lDes sIff k9fO

sfo{j|md cg';f/_

pk–k|sf/ lj:t[t kl/efiff

k|sf/ ! Kf|f/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a}n] ;dfg

¿kn] -

homogenously*_

g]kfnL af]Ng] l;sf?x¿

k|sf/ !s

Kf|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn]* g]kfnL

af]N5g\ / ltgsf] k}t[s efiff g]kfnL x'G5 .

k|sf/ !v k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn]* g]kfnL

af]N5g\, t/ ltgsf] k}t[s efiff cs}{ x'G5 h'g

Tof] ;d'bfodf plt w]/} k|of]u x'g 5f]l8;s]sf]

5 .



30

k|sf/ @ k|f/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a}n] ;dfg

¿kn]* g]kfnL afx]s

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf csf]{

Pp6f efiff af]Ng]

l;sf?x¿

k|sf/ @s

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn]* Pp6}

dft[efiff af]N5g\ / Tof] efiff …lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú -MoI–ready)** 5 .

k|sf/ @v k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;÷sIff ! df

k|j]z ubf{ ;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn]* Pp6}

dft[efiff af]N5g\, / Tof] efiff …lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú** eO;s]sf] 5}g .

k|sf/ # ljleGg eflifs

k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf

l;sf?x¿

k|sf/ #s l;sf?x¿ ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ldaf6


k|j]z u5{g\, t/ Jofks ;~rf/sf] Pp6f d'Vo

efiff -;femf efiff_ df ;a}sf] ;xdlt 5, /

clwsf+z l;sf?x¿df of] efiffsf] s]xL 1fg 5

/ of] efiff lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/** 5 .

k|sf/ #v

l;sf?x¿ ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ldaf6


k|j]z u5{g\, t/ Jofks ;~rf/sf] ;Dks{ efiff

5}g .

*

oxfFg]/ a'‰g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] efu u df lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿df klg k|To]s afnaflnsf -pbfx/0fsf nflu a|]n / ;fª\s]lts

efiffsf k|of]ustf{, a[xt\ ¿kn] Pp6} efiff af]Ng] cj:yfdf cNk;ª\Vos afnaflnsf, cflb_ sf ljlzi6 eflifs

cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf ljBfnon] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .

*;dfg ¿kn] -Homogenous_ M /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdn] ()Ü eGbf a9Ln] Pp6} efiff af]Ng] cj:yfnfO{

;fª\s]lts ¿kdf o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .

** lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/ M of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ efu u df yk JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg efiff k"0f{ ¿kdf

lzIf0fsf] dfWod -;fIf/tf;lxt_ sf nflu tof/ x'g pQm efiffsf] cfˆg} lnlk, n]Vo ;flxTo / pNn]Vo hg;ª\Vof x'g' kb{5 .

oBlk, kl5 k|i6 kf/]cg';f/ …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú sf] bf];|f] tx klg 5, h;df lzIfssf] pknAwtf, :yfgLo

eflifsf;Fu ;dfof]hgsf] ;DefJotf, lnlkdf ;xdlt, :yfgLo rfxgf / cGo s'/fx¿sf cfwf/df ljBfno / ;d'bfox¿ tof/

ePsf x'G5g\ .

#=# efiff / z}lIfs pknlAw

ca, dft[efiff / z}lIfs pknlAwsf] :t/aLrsf] cGt/lj|mofaf/] a'‰g' ;fGble{s x'G5 . b'ef{Uojz, ljBfyL{sf]

;du| l;sfO pknlAw / vf;u/L cWoogsf] of] ljifo;DaGwL cfjZos tYofª\s kof{Kt 5}gg\ . tyflk, tn

s]xL a'Fbfx¿ lbOPsf] 5 M(

:s'tgfa–s+uf; / cGo -@))*_ / :s'tgfa–s+uf; / df]xGtL -@))(_ n] dft[efiffsf] ;6\6f

k|rlnt d'Vo efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfpFbf ljBfno lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t txdf lzIffsf]

u'0f:t/ cTolws v:sg] / egf{ gx'g] tyf aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8g] b/ pRr x'g] hgfPsf 5g\ .

lzIff dGqfnosf] ;dtf /0fgLltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] cfwf/kq -@)!$_ n]

…efiffsf sf/0f %–!$ jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] c;dfg kx'FrÚ ljifodf tYofª\s k|:t't u/]sf]

5 . afGtjf, ef]hk'/L, d}lynL, cjwL, / r]kfª efiff af]Ng] afnaflnsfx¿ slxNo} klg ljBfno

(

oL hfgsf/Lx¿ ;du|df efiff / l;sfO pknlAwaLrsf] ;DaGw;Fu dfq ;DalGwt 5g\ . ljBfno txsf ljlzi6 ax'eflifs

sfo{qmd jf efiff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf k|df0fx¿sf] lj:t[t vf]hL cWofo % df ul/Psf] 5 .



31

ghfg] ;Defjgf cTolws /x]sf] / of] s'/f r]kfª ;d'bfosf %)Ü df nfu" x'g] pQm tYofª\sn]

b]vfPsf]

5 . tyflk, klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL af]Ng]sf t'ngfdf z]kf{, g]jf/L / lnDa' efiffsf

jQmfx¿sf] ;xeflutf b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . ;dtf /0fgLltsf] b:tfj]hn] k|fylds txdf cGo

;d"xsf t'ngfdf a|fDx0f, If]qL / g]jf/L ;d"xsf] egf{ b/ pRr /x]sf] / of] k|efj lgDgdfWolds /

dfWolds txdf klg a9\b} uPsf] yk tYofª\s k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . g]jf/L / cGo s]xL ef]6–ad]{nL

eflifs ;d"xsf] z}lIfs cj:yf pRr x'g'sf k5fl8 ;DejtM ljleGg ;fdflhs–cfly{s sf/0fsf

;fy} g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLk|lt pgLx¿sf] kxF'r w]/} x'g' /x]sf 5g\ . u/LaL, ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rtLs/0f /

b"u{d :yfgn] l;sfO pknlAwdf …JojwfgÚ v8f u5{g \ eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

uPsf] bzsdf k|f}9 ;fIf/tfdf ;'wf/ cfP tfklg ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt hghflt ;d"xx¿ k5fl8 kg]{

cj:yf sfod} 5 / n}ª\lus c;dfgtfn] klg lg/Gt/tf kfPs} 5 . o:tf ;d"xx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t

lzIff k"/f ug{ jf k|f}9 l;sfOsf cj;/x¿df ;xefuL x'gaf6 jl~rt u/fpg] tTTj g} efiff xf]

eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug' ts{;ª\ut x'G5 .

ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f -@)!#_ sf] sIff * sf] glthfn] g]kfnL efiffsf] glthf

cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 -;dsIfL /fli6«o efiffx¿sf nflu_ eGbf sd /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . 3/df af]Ng]

efiff g]kfnL gePsf afnaflnsfsf] glthf emg\ sd lyof] . ljz]if u/L …tYoutÚ ;fIf/tfaf6 dfly

p7]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{, k|of]u ug]{ jf 1fgsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug]{ sfd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ c;fWo} ufx|f]

ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pgLx¿df lgaGw n]Vg], hfgsf/Lx¿sf] ;f/;+If]k lvRg] jf ljleGg

lsl;dsf ljrf/x¿ cleJoQm ug]{ ;Lksf] sdL 5 . lxdfnL / t/fO{ If]qsf t'ngfdf sf7df8f}+

pkTosf / kxf8L If]qsf] glthf pRr x'g'sf] cf+lzs sf/0f g]kfnL efiff tL If]qsf w]/} k|ltzt

ljBfyL{x¿sf] dft[efiff x'g' jf sDtLdf ;'? pd]/af6} pgLx¿n] g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr k|fKt ug'{ /x]sf]

x'g;Sg] ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /li6«o k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

s]xL xb;Dd ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /li6«o k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgsf lgisif{x¿sf cfwf/df ;~rfng

ul/Psf] k|f/lDes sIff k9fO ;Lk k/LIf0f -Early Grade Reading Assessment–

EGRA_ n] klg emG8} p:t} lgisif{ lgsfNb} dft[efiff g]kfnL gePsf afnaflnsfx¿n] k|f/lDes

sIffdf k9fO / n]vfO ;Lkdf ;fwf/0ftof sd bIftf xfl;n ug]{ hgfPsf] 5 . ;du|df, k9fO

;LkcGtu{t k/LIf0f ul/Psf % j6f pk–;Lkx¿dWo] sDtLdf Pp6f ;Lk clwsf+z

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ufx|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] .

#=$ ;f/f+z M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf]

cfzo sf]7f ( lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf] pkfb]otf

em= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] ljBfnox¿n] ltgsf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z

cg';f/sf] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

`= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] dft[efiffsf] k|of]u lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ug]{

jf ljifosf ¿kdf ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf dft[efiffsf jQmfsf] ;ª\Vof, lnlksf] ljsf;, ;flxTo, klxnf] /÷jf

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf To;sf] k|of]u, wfld{s p2]Zosf nflu To;sf] k|of]u, pQm efiffk|lt :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]

b[li6sf]0f / cGo tTTjx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL To;sf] lj:t[t lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg' kb{5 .

6= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\Vofdf km}lnPsf efiff / lnlkx¿

-h:t} ;fª\s]lts efiff, a|]n_ sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .

7= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] pko'Qm eP;Dd / ;Dej eP;Dd k|f/lDes sIffdf

nf]kf]Gd'v efiffsf] k|of]u eflifs / ;f+:s[lts k'ghL{ljtLs/0fsf] ;zSt dfWod xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg'

kb{5 . o;/L k'ghL{ljt /fVg] sfo{nfO{ ljBfno, o'jf ;ª\u7g / cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ug{;Sg] ;xof]usf

pkfox¿ klg klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .



32

$= lzIffsf] efiffsf] /fhgLlts cy{tGq

$=! kl/ro

cufl8sf cWofox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ / ;"rgf

k|bfg ug]{ tTTjx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . oL tTTjx¿ sDtLdf s]xL xb;Dd j:t'ut x'g\ . ljZjdf

ljleGg cEof;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . tL cEof;x¿af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿ klg ljjfb/lxt t

5}gg\ t/ xfdLn] cjnDag ug]{ k|fljlws ljlwsf nflu tYout cfwf/sf ¿kdf ltgnfO{ lnOg'k5{ . To:t},

ljleGg clwsf/x¿ 5g\, h;sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt r'gf}tLk"0f{ eP klg ltgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g 5 / ltgn]

clwsf/ k|flKtsf] lbzfdf sfd ug]{ cfwf/ v8f ub{5g\ . ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu / lzIffsf ljleGg txdf /

ljleGg k|sf/sf ljBfnosf nflu lglZrt efiff / lnlkx¿sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf k|fljlws lg0f{o ug]{

cfwf/sf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs ;+/rgfaf/] kof{Kt hfgsf/L xfdLnfO{ k|fKt 5 . jt{dfg gLlt

tyf cEof;x¿n] kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf …c;n cEof;Ú / clwsf/x¿nfO{ slt cfTd;ft \ u/]sf 5g\ / k|fljlws /

Ifdtfut sl7gfOx¿ s] s] x'g\ eGg] vf]hL ug]{tkm{ nfUg'eGbf klxnf Pp6f csf]{ …k|efjs÷;"rsÚ af/]

ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} b]zx¿df h:t} g]kfndf klg lzIff ljz'4 k|fljlws sfo{ jf …t6:yÚ sfo{ xf]Og / x'g

;Sb}g . a¿, of] a[xt\ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s kl/j]zleq ;~rflnt 5 / o:tf] kl/j]zn]

lzIffnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg] / Jojwfg v8f ug]{ b'j} sfd u/]sf] 5 . of] cWofodf o:tf] a[xt\ kl/j]zn]

lzIffsf] efiffsf ;jfndf cj;/ / Jojwfg b'j} l;h{gf ug]{ efiffsf] …/fhgLlts cy{tGqÚ s;/L lgdf{0f

u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf, g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf d'Vo ;fdflhs–cfly{s /

/fhgLlts k|lj|mofx¿ s] s] x'g\ / ltgn] Ps csf{df s;/L k|efj kf5{g\ eGg] s'/fsf] 5nkmn ul/G5 .

To;kl5, ltgn] lzIffsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ s;/L k|efj kf5{g\ / km]l/ ltgn] lzIffsf] cfk"lt{, dfu

/ lzIffsf] efiff;DaGwL lg0f{o k|lj|mofsf ljleGg kIfx¿dfly s;/L k|efj kf5{g\ eGg] vf]hL ul/G5 . k|fKt

k|df0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] a[xt\ kl/j]zn] l;h{gf u/]sf cj;/x¿ u|x0f ub}{ / Jojwfgx¿

Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;df ltgsf] cfzoaf/] 5nkmn

ul/G5 .

$=@ d'Vo ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts k|lj|mofx¿

$=@=! kf/:kl/s ¿kdf cGtlj|{mof ug]{ k|lj|mofx¿

lrq @ df ;fwf/0ftof lzIff If]q / ljz]if u/L lzIffsf] efiffsf ;DaGwdf ;xof]u ug]{ / Jojwfg v8f ug]{

ljleGg k|lj|mofx¿sf] ;f/f+z k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq @ lzIff / lzIffsf] efiffdf k/:k/df k|efj kfg]{ ;fdflhs k|lj|mofx¿



33

$=@=@ /fhgLlts ultzLntf -Dynamics_ M klxrfg / ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL ljjfb

s}of}+ ztfAbL;Dd g]kfn k/Dk/fut, ;fdGtL, lxGb' clw/fHo /Xof], hxfF ljleGg hft / hftLo ;d"x -/

o;sf] cy{ eflifs ;d"x_ x¿aLr :t/, e"ldsf / cGtlq{mofsf lx;fan] hl6n zlQm ;DaGw / txsf]

ljsf; eof] . …pRr hftÚ sf d'Vo ;d"xsf] efiff g]kfnL efiff ;fj{hlgs hLjg / ljleGg ;d"xx¿aLr

;~rf/sf] d'Vo efiffsf ¿kdf ljsf; eof] . cª\u|]hL efiff ef/tdf w]/} dflg;sf] klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf

ljsl;t x'Fb} cfP klg g]kfndf eg] of] slxNo} klxnf] efiff x'g ;s]g . oBlk, ;fd|fHosfnLg ;dob]lv g}

pRr /fhgLlts ju{sf dflg;n] cª\u|]hL efiff l;s] / lglZrt ;/sf/L If]q ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf

If]qdf o;sf] k|of]u eof] . csf]{tkm{, g]kfnsf cGo efiffx¿ lj:tf/} kfvf nfUb} uP . of] cj:yf vf;u/L

k~rfotL zf;gsfn -@)!&–@)$^_ df a9L b]lvof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfn] …Ps b]z Ps efiffÚ gLlt nfu"

ub}{ lzIf0fsf] Ps dfq dfWod g]kfnL x'g'kg]{ s8f lgod nfu" u/L g]kfnL efiffsf] cflwkTo sfod u/fof] .

o;nfO{ ;g\ !(%^ sf] /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgaf6 lgsfn]/ sf]]7f !) df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

of] ljlwn] cflbjf;L hghflt / t/fO{df a:g] dw]zL ;d"xnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ljleGg kIfaf6 kfvf

nufpg] Pp6f zlQmzfnL dfWod aGof] . !(*) sf] bzsb]lv ;fj{hlgs k|fylds lzIff tLj| ¿kdf ljsf;

x'Fb} uof] eg] cflwsfl/s ¿kdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff g]kfnL sfod} /Xof] . ;De|fGt / pRr ju{sf

afnaflnsfx¿ -vf;u/L 5f]/fx¿_ n] ls lghL ljBfnodf ls zx/sf /fd|f ;/sf/L ljBfnodf lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf jf ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] kx'Fr kfP . To;/L g}, cª\u|]hLnfO{ ;/sf/L ljBfnodf

clgjfo{ kf7\oj|md cGtu{t /flvof] -;'?df sIff $ b]lv dfly_ . b'u{d / u|fdL0f e]sdf ev{/} gofF vf]n]sf

ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL k9fpg] lzIfssf] sdL eof] / lzIfsdf cfjZos Ifdtfsf] cefj v8\lsof] . o;sf]

cy{, To:tf ljBfnodf u'0f:t/Lo cª\u|]hL lzIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] kx'Fr x'g kfPg .

hft, hflt, lnª\u / e"uf]nsf cfwf/df ePsf] c;dfgtf, cGofo / ;fdflhs alxis/0fsf sf/0f pTkGg

kL8f / b'Mv g} b]znfO{ 7"nf] Iflt x'g] u/L ;g\ !((^–@))^ sf] cjlwdf ePsf] gful/s åGåsf] d'Vo sf/0f

ePsf] ;j{q :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . lzIffsf] efiff;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 sf/0fx¿df cNk;ª\Vos efiff -/ To;}n]

ltgsf jQmf_ nfO{ tNnf] :t/df /flvg', 3/ / ljBfnoaLrsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z clg 3/ / ljBfnodf

k|of]u x'g] efiff km/s ePsf sf/0f l;sfOdf kl5 kg'{ / :yfgLo jf ;fdflhs txdf s'g} klg ;d'bfonfO{

/ vf;u/L g]kfnL af]Ng g;Sg] ;d'bfonfO{ lzIff;DaGwL lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;Lldt kfl/g'

/x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg hfthfltdf ljeQm ljBdfg ;dfhdf åGån] ljefhgsf] vf8n emg\ ulx/f] agfof] .

To;kl5sf lbgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;/sf/ sdhf]/ -jf k"0f{ ¿kdf cg'kl:yt_ x'Fbf efiff / hftLo

klxrfgsf] ;jfndf o;n] rf/}lt/ eo / lrGtf l;h{gf u¥of] .

sf]7f !) /fli6«o lzIff gLlt cfof]u !(%^ sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 lgsflnPsf]Ù u'?ª -@))@_ / Dof8f]S; -@))#_ df pNn]v ul/Psf]

-s_ k|fylds, dfWolds / pRr z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod /fli6«o efiff x'g' kb{5 lsgeg] ;femf efiff x'g

g;Sg] / cbfntL sfd sf/afxLdf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] s'g} klg efiffn] :yfg kfpg' x'Fb}g===/fli6«o efiffsf] k|of]un] ;a}

ju{sf dflg;x¿aLr ;dfgtf Nofpg ;S5, g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] vDaf aGg ;S5 / ;flxTosf] k|j4{g ug]{ d'Vo dfWod

aGg ;S5 .

-v_ k|fylds txdf P]lR5s ¿kdf klg c¿ s'g} efiffsf] lzIf0f ug'{ x'Fb}g lsgeg] tL efiff s'g}klg afnaflnsfnfO{

cfjZos 5}gg\, ltgn] g]kfnLsf] k|of]udf Jojwfg v8f u5{g\, cleefjsn] ltgsf afnaflnsfn] ;s"g g;s"g tL

ljifo lng bjfa lbG5g\, c¿ a9L dxTTjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t l;sfOsf nflu ;do rflxG5 kof{Kt of]Uo lzIfs 5}gg\,

/ yk efiff l;Sg rfxg]n] sIff ^ af6 ;'? ug{ ;S5g\ .

olb gofF k':tfnfO{ cfwf/e"t efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf] k|of]u ug{ l;sfOof] eg] c¿ efiffx¿ lj:tf/} x/fpFb} hfG5g\, /fi6«sf]

zlQm / /fli6«o Pstf emg\ alnof] x'G5===g]kfnL afx]s cGo :yfgLo eflifsf / efiffx¿ afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf]

v]nd}bfgaf6 hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] x6fpg'k5{ -k|ltjGw nufpg'k5{_ .

Ps bzs eof] v'nf åGå cGTo ePsf] . @))^ sf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

sfof{Gjog ePotf /fhgLlts l:y/tftkm{ s]xL k|ult t ePsf] 5 . t/, gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] sfd

nlDaO/x]sf] 5 / of] ljjfbf:kb 5 . of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul//xFbf e"sDkkl5sf] k'gnf{e / k'glg{df{0f sfo{



34

t'?Gt ug'kg]{ eP;Fu} h'g dlxgfsf] * tfl/vsf lbg rf/ d'Vo /fhgLlts bnx¿n] !^ a'Fb] ;xdlt u/]sf

5g\, h;n] * k|b]z;lxtsf] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] vfsf to u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]

clxn];Dd of] of]hgfcg';f/ cufl8 a9\g] af6f] v'Nnf u/]sf] 5}g . cufl8sf] af6f] cem klg w]/} nfdf] 5 .

hfltotf / efiffsf k|Zgx¿ ;ª\3Lotfn] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ :j¿ksf ;DaGwdf eO/x]sf ljleGg jfbljjfb

/ ts{ljts{x¿sf] s]Gb|df 5g\ . of] k|ltj]bgh:tf] ;ª\lIfKt ljZn]if0fdf cfjZostfeGbf a9L ;fdfGoLs/0f

x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf nfO{ klg :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{, /fhgLlts j0f{j|mdsf] Pp6f clGtd ljGb'df

;ª\3LotfnfO{ clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ dfWod, g]kfnsf ljleGg hftLo ;d"xx¿sf Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltnfO{

dfGotf lbg] dfWod / /fHosf ljleGg lgsfodf hghflt, dw]zL, blnt / cGo ;d"x¿sf] a9LeGbf a9L

k|efjsf/L ;dfj]zLs/0f ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . hftLo, eflifs / wfld{s klxrfgsf] dfu

k]lrnf] ePsf] 5 . uPsf] hgu0fgfn] klxrfg u/]sf efiffx¿sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ¿kdf a9\g' -tflnsf # df

x]g'{xf];\_ / cfk"mnfO{ lxGb'sf ¿kdf eGbf a'4 wdf{jnDjLsf ¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf hghfltx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

pNn]Vo a9\g'n] of] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . dfcf]jfbL / dw]zL ;d"xn] xfnsf] hg;fª\lVos ;Ldfgf km]/abn u/L

/fHosf ;Ldfgfx¿ k'gM gofF tf]lsg'kg]{ b[li6sf]0f cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df o;n] ubf{

;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] cfjfh ;fd"lxs aG5 / g]kfnLafx]s cGo s]xL efiffsf jQmfx¿n] ltgsf /fHodf

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf ltgsf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] eflifs

ljljwtfnfO{ d"nwf/sf ¿kdf ljsf; x'g] df}sf k|bfg ub{5 .

tyflk, s;}s;}n] s] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ eg] a9L Oiof{k"0f{ klxrfgdf cfwfl/t ;ª\3Lotfn] yk ljefhg

l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5, ;fy} ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] gofF :j¿kdf ablng'kg]{ eon] ;fgf hftLo ;d"xx¿df

c;'/Iffsf] efj k}bf u/]sf] 5 . OG6/g]zng qmfOl;; u|'k -@)!@_ -International Crisis Group,

2012_ sf] k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 M …g]kfndf ;LdfGts[t x'g] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ 5g \ . hg;fª\lVos

lx;fan] kmfObf x'Fb}df ;a} hftLo ;d"xx¿aLr Pstf x'G5 g} eGg ;lsFb}g lsgeg] >]0fL -Hierarchy_ n]

ltgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw hl6n agfpF5 . JolQmut klxrfgx¿ cfkm}+df ax'cfoflds x'G5g\ / ljleGg

;d"xx¿aLrsf ;fdflhs ;Ldfgfx¿ s'g} lglZrt kl/efiffn] tf]s]eGbf k|foM a9L c:ki6 x'G5g\ .Ú

/fhgLlts j[Qsf] csf]{ w|'jdf a|fDx0f–If]qLsf] afx'Notf ePsf bn 5g\ . ltgn] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf

Wofg lbOg' kb{5 t h]gt]g eg]sf 5g\, t/ ;Fu;Fu} ;fjwfgL klg u/]sf 5g\ . tL bnn] ;fdflhs

;fd~h:otf / lg/Gt/tfsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbFb} ;fj{hlgs hLjg / Jofks ;~rf/sf] d'Vo efiffsf

¿kdf :jtM g]kfnLnfO{ dfGotf lbOg'kg]{ hgfPsf 5g\ . oBlk, ;+jfb / ax;nfO{ bjfpg / kl/jt{g x'g

glbg s]xLn] …/fli6«o PstfÚ zAbsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbPsf] sltkon] atfPsf 5g \ . OG6/g]zgn qmfOl;;

u|'ksf] @)!@ sf] k|ltj]bgdf of] klg elgPsf] 5, æl;4fGttM clwsf+zn] cfk"mx¿ lgikIf / ;dtfd"ns

;dfh rfx]sf] atfpF5g\ . Jojxf/df eg] o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / JolQmut

k'gdf{kgn] w]/}nfO{ c;xh agfPsf] 5 .Ú oL /fhgLlts ;d"xx¿ k"FhLjfb / e"d08nLs/0fsf] ahf/ ljlw;Fu

cem 3lgi6 ;DaGw /fVg] k|j[lQsf 5g\ . logn] g]kfnsf] ef/t;Fusf] glhssf] ;DaGwdf hf]8 lbG5g\ .

To;}n], logn] lzIffdf cª\u|]hLsf] alnof] ks8 rfxG5g\ . ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo :t/sf Pshgf ;/f]sf/jfnfn]

eg] M …ef/t;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGwsf w]/} b[io / cb[io kIfx¿ 5g \ . ef/tdf uP/ lzIff lnPsf g]kfnLx¿ w]/}

5g\ . To;}n], ljsf; eg]sf] cª\u|]hLdf x'G5 eGg] ;f]r nfdf] ;do;Dd /x]sf] 5 .Ú

sf]7f !! df /fhgLlt1 / hftLo ;d"xsf k|ltlglwx¿sf ljleGg ljrf/x¿sf] ;f/f+z k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

o;df ljleGg b[li6sf]0fx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ dfq b]vfOPsf] 5 . -oL pgLx¿sf JolQmut ljrf/x¿ x'g\ .

pgLx¿ cfa4 kf6L{ / ;ª\u7gsf cflwsfl/s wf/0ff xf]Ogg\ ._

sf]7f !! /fhgLlt1 / hftLo ;ª\u7gx¿sf s]xL ljrf/x¿

/fhgLlt1x¿sf ljrf/

lzIff df}lns clwsf/ xf] / o;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn] cwf/e"t lzIff dft[efiffdf

lng kfpg'k5{ .

leq dgdf nfu]sf] s'/f v'n]/ JoQm ug{ dft[efiffsf] clt cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n], xfdLn] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIffsf]

k|j4{g ug'{k5{ . ljutdf /fHon] …Ps efiff Ps b]zÚ sf gfddf Pseflifs -g]kfnL_ gLltdf dfq hf]8 lbof] .

xfdL ljleGg k|b]zdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff dft[efiff x'g'kg]{ hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5f}{ + . pbfx/0fsf nflu tfD;flnª



35

/fHosf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] d'Vo efiff tfdfª dft[efiff x'g'k5{ / du/fFt /fHosf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] d'Vo efiff du/

dft[efiff x'g'k5{ .

dft[efiff clt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5, t/ xfdLnfO{ c¿ efiffx¿ klg rflxG5 . xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLnfO{

yf]/} dfq hf]8 lbg'k5{ . o;df cfjZostfeGbf a9L hf]8 lbPdf o;n] ;fdflhs cWoog, lj1fg / ul0fth:tf ljifosf

ljifoj:t'df Jojwfg v8f ug{ ;S5 . …hgo'4Ú sf] bz jif{;Dd xfdLn] xfd|f efif0fx¿df cª\u|]hL zAbx¿ k|of]u ug{

;s]gf}+ . of] 7Ls lyPg lsgeg] sltko cª\u|]hL zAbx¿ g]kfnL zAbeGbf a9L k|of]u x'G5g\, h:t} g]kfnLsf] …cleoGtfÚ

eGbf …OlGhgLo/Ú a9L k|rlnt 5 / g]kfnLsf] …rfnsÚ eGbf …8«fOe/Ú a9L k|rlnt 5 . o;sf] cy{ cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]uk|lt

k"/} gsf/fTds jf k"/} ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fVg' xflgsf/s x'G5 . xfdLn] ljj]sk"0f{ lx;fan] o;df ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{

.

:yfgLo efiffx¿n] e"d08nLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{gg\ . l;ª\ufk'/n] cª\u|]hLaf6 ;'? u¥of] / Jofks ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .

xfdLnfO{ klxrfgsf nflu g]kfnL efiff, e"d08nLs/0fsf nflu cª\u|]hL efiff / Jofkf/s p2]Zosf nflu lrgLofF efiff

rflxG5 . ef/tLox¿n] cª\u|]hL u|x0f ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

du/ efiffsf] cfˆgf] 5'6\6} lnlk g} 5}g eg] du/ efiff hfg]/ dfq} Pp6f du/ JolQm s;/L afFRg ;S5 < du/ efiffn]

b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 t < cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ cWoogsf nflu ljb]z k7fPsf s]xL lzlIft dflg;x¿n]

du/ / u'?ª dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg'kg]{ eGb} u/Lax¿ ;dIf k|rf/ k|;f/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ul/anfO{ emg\ a9L

;'ljwfljlxg agfpF5 . o'/f]k]nLx¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g \ .

hghflt ;d"xx¿sf ljrf/

OdfGbf/ eP/ eGg'kbf{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf / ljifosf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] clxn] eO/x]sf] k|of]uk|lt d ;xdt

5}g . k|fWofks 8f= ljgo s'lzoftn] u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] g]kfnsf] dw]z÷t/fO{ If]qdf afnaflnsfn] ljBfno 5f]8\g]

;a}eGbf klxnf] sf/0f efiff ePsf] lgrf]8 lgsfn]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo :t/df ;~rf/sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf :yfgLo efiff k|of]u ul/g'k5{ / ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] ;femf efiff ;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf]

efiff x'g'k5{ . lzIf0fsf] dfWod k|fylds ljBfnodf dft[efiff / lgDgdfWolds ljBfnodf ;femf efiff x'g'k5{ .

cª\u|]hLnfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg'k5{ .

efiff ;a} s'/fsf] s]Gb|ljGb' xf] . olb efiff nf]k eof] eg] xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ ;+:s[lt g} nf]k x'G5 . xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf] efiffsf]

;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ / c¿sf] klg ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ .

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;a} ;d'bfodf g]t[Tj txdf x'g]x¿n] ax';f+:s[lts /fi6«nfO{ Psn ;f+:s[lts agfOPsf]

xfd|f] Oltxf;nfO{ :jLsfg'{k5{ . zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTTjdf hf]8 lbFb} ljrf/ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . gqeg] !!

jif{;Ddsf] z'Go pknlAwkl5 km]l/ åGå ;'? x'g ;S5 .

$=@=# cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo ultzLntf

g]kfn cfly{s ;ª\j|md0fsf] k|lj|mofaf6 klg u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/sf] jftfj/0f ;':t ultdf dfq ;'wf/ ePsf]

5 / jiff}{F;Dd c:tJo:t cj:yfdf /x]sf] ko{6g If]q cem klg k"0f{ ¿kdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf kmls{;s]sf]

5}g eg] e"d08nLs/0fn] ubf{ >dzlQmsf] pTk|jf;g x'g] j|md al9/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k, j}b]lzs /]ld6fG;

al9/x]sf] 5 / cfly{s j[l4 dWod :t/sf] 5 / l:y/ 5 . oBlk, hg;ª\Vofsf] ##=(Ü sf] b}lgs cfo !=@%

cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd 5 / o;n] ubf{ g]kfn cem klg blIf0f Pl;ofsf] t];|f] u/La d'n's ag]sf] 5 -ljZj

a}+s, @)!@_ . cem yk lrGtfsf] ljifo t s] 5 eg] g]kfn cfodf blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf pRr c;dfgtf

-lugL sf]lkm;]G6 $&=#_ ePsf] d'n's klg xf] . ef}uf]lns :yfg, lnª\u, hft / hftLo c;dfgtf cg';f/

u/LaL -sdhf]/ :jf:Yo, kf]if0f / ;fIf/tf ;"rsx¿;Fu lgs6td ;DaGw /fVg]_ df Jofks leGgtf 5 .

g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fn] ko{6gsf nflu cTolws k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ / pNn]Vo cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf]

5 . tyflk, xfn;fn}sf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDkn] g]kfn k|fs[lts ljkt\sf] klg pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf]

b'MvbfoL tYo phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/, jg ljgfz, / e"IfoLs/0f nufotsf ljleGg

jftfj/0fLo hf]lvdx¿ klg plQs} 5g\ . k|foM u/La / b'u{d If]qsf ;d'bfox¿ oL k|lj|mofx¿sf] ;a}eGbf

a9L hf]lvddf /xg] x'Fbf logn] u/LaL / hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿ yk rsf{Psf 5g\ .

ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿ h:t} g]kfnn] klg tLj| ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 .

cfw'lgsLs/0f, e"d08nLs/0f, a9\b} uPsf] a;fFO ;/fO / k|ljlwdf kx'Frn] k/Dk/f / cfw'lgstfaLr tgfj

l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . Psftkm{, aflx/L ;+;f/df w]/} dflg;x¿sf] kx'Fr al9/x]sf] 5, sltko dlxnf /

aflnsfx¿n] o; cl3sf k':tfn] eGbf a9L cj;/x¿sf] kmfObf lnO/x]sf 5g\ / ;fdflhs / hftLo tx

ljefhgn] ljutdf l;h{gf u/]sf cGofo / ;Ldfx¿ lj:tf/} sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . o;f] eP tfklg, oL

kl/jt{gx¿ ;Fu;Fu} ;fdflhs c;'/Iff / klxrfgsf] ;d:of al9/x]sf 5g\ . lg/k]If u/LaLaf6 e/v/ dfly



36

p7]sfx¿ jf Oltxf;n] jl~rt u/]sf clwsf/x¿df xfn cfP/ kx'Fr kfPsf ;d"x / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cfk"mn]

xfl;n u/]sf] gofF x}l;ot u'Dg] 8/ 5 . o;af6 aRgsf nflu ;fdflhs :t/ / txsf gofF :j¿kx¿

l;h{gf u/L k|lti7f / ;'/Iffsf] sdhf]/ efjgfnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ . csf]{tkm{, kl5 k/]sf clg

cfw'lgsLs/0f / ljsf;sf ;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rtx¿df k|foM cfqmf]; 5 . k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs

klxrfgx¿aLr ;Demf}tf ug{ ljz]if u/L o'jfx¿nfO{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ;xof]uL kfl/jfl/s / ;fd'bflos ;+/rgf

Wj:t x'Fbf o:tf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k, w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt / efiffx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf

ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{, lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu jf:tjd} lgs} ;xof]uL tTTjx¿ ljljwtf / cd"No 1fg /

cEof;x¿ x/fP/ hfg] vt/f x'G5 .

lzIffsf] efiffsf ;DaGwdf s'/f ubf{, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ultzLntfn] klxrfg / ;ª\3Lotfsf] /fhgLlts

kl/j]zaf6 cs}{ df]8 lnPsf] 5 . vf;u/L o;n] ljBfno lzIffsf] ;'?af6} cª\u|]hL /flvg}kg]{ tLj| dfu

l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . sf]7f !@ df /;'jf lhNnfdf b]lvPsf] o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . tyflk, :d/0fLo

s'/f s] 5 eg] cWoog ul/Psf ;a} lhNnfx¿df cª\u|]hLsf] dfu plQs} pRr lyof] / To;sf w]/}h;f]

sf/0fx¿ ;dfg lyP . w]/} ;d'bfox¿ tTsfnsf] u'hf/f / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{df k"/} Jo:t

/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf lglDt lzIff pRr k|fyldstfsf] ljifo slQ klg gx'g ;S5 . eOxfn] klg o;n]

tTsfnsf nflu …u'd]sf] cj;/sf] d"NoÚ -kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u ug{ afnaflnsfn] ug]{ sfd_ t

v]/ hfFb}g, t/ o;sf bL3{sfnLg cfly{s kmfObf slt 5g\ t eg]/ pgLx¿n] PsPs t'ngf u5{g\ .

cflv/ 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ kl5 uP/ >ldssf ¿kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg' g} kg]{ xf] eg] jf kl/jf/x¿ ko{6g

Joj;fodf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] d'VotM cª\u|]hL l;s] dfq lzIffn] cfly{s kmfObf lbG5 eGg] cleefjssf] a'emfO

5 . To;}n], lzIffsf k|fljlws kIfx¿af/] cgle1 w]/} u/La cleefjsx¿n] k|f/lDes sIffaf6 g} lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL nfu" ug'{kg]{ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfˆg} efiff / ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fdf pRr k|lti7f

sfod ul/;s]sf w]/}h;f] ;d'bfox¿df klg of] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 -sF8]n, @)!%_ -Kandel, 2015_ .

;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo txsf Pshgf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] o:tf] ljj/0f k|:t't u/] M …gjpbf/jfbL j:t'jfbL lrGtg /

e"d08nLs/0fn] sfd ul//x]sf] h:tf] nfU5 . clxn] dflg;x¿ lzIffn] lbg] cfly{s kmfObftkm{ dfq rf;f]

/fV5g\ . o;n] ax'eflifs lzIffsf] dfu kIftkm{ ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .Ú

;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gn] klg cGo dft[efiffeGbf cª\u|]hL / g]kfnLtkm{ g} ws]ln/x]sf] 5 . ljutdf

;LdfGts[t cj:yfaf6 u'h|Fb} clxn] Jofks ;dfj]zLs/0f vf]lh/x]sfx¿ c¿nfO{ :ki6 k|efj kf/]sf /

cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf efiffx¿df kx'Fr rfx]sf] :ki6 5 . ltgn] z+sfsf] efjn] x]l//x]sf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ oL

efiffx¿df ltgLx¿sf] kx'Frsf nflu cem ;do nfUg] b]lvG5 . yk csf]{ klg :ki6 s'/f s] 5 eg] r/d

u/LaLaf6 e/v/ d'lQm kfPsf jf cfˆgf k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs x}l;ot k5fl8 5f]8]sf sltko dflg;x¿n]

cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fO x'g] gfd rn]sf ljBfnox¿df nfdf] ;dob]lv cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ k7fO/x]sf

;De|fGt ju{sf] gSsn ug{ vf]h]sf x'g ;S5g\ . o'jfx¿ klg …cfw'lgstfÚ ;Fu glhs x'g / ltgsf ljrf/df

cfˆg} kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfosf …lk5l8PsfÚ k/Dk/faf6 6f9f /xg klg cª\u|]hL jf Jofks ;~rf/sf] Pp6f

:yfgLo efifftkm{ 9Ns]sf 5g\ .

$=@=$ ;'zf;gsf] ultzLntf

eflifs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf nflu w]/} 7"nf] ;|f]t xf], ;d:of jf lvrftfgL / ljefhgsf]

h8 xf]Og eGg] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . tyflk, o:tf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf slt ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 /

ljleGg ;d"xx¿n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dx;'; slQsf] ug{ ;S5g\ / ;du| /fli6«o d"No dfGotfx¿k|lt slQsf]

ljZjf; u5{g\ eGg] s'/f …;'zf;gÚ df cTolws lge{/ x'G5 . of] ljifodf g]kfn s]xL alnof] cj:yfdf 5 .

g]kfndf /fd|f];Fu :yflkt eO;s]sf] k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL / cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx¿ 5g\, k|0ffnL 5, dfgj

;+zfwg 5 / ;xfotf ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿ 5g\ . lzIff If]qdf klg oL ;a} 5g\ . g]kfnsf ;a} ;d'bfox¿df

cfTdlge{/tfsf] k/Dk/f 5 . tyflk, dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ ljsf; / k|efjsf/L ;+:yf lgdf{0fsf pNn]Vo

r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ alnof] k|fljlws k|df0fsf cfwf/df /0fgLlts lgb]{zg lbg'eGbf klg

sfo{j|mdx¿ nfu" ug]{ / tL k"/f ug]{tkm{ dfq nfu]sf 5g\ .



37

sf]7f !@ efiffsf] kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts cy{tGq M /;'jfsf] pbfx/0f

;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo ultzLntf M >d ug{ ;Sg] alnof JolQmx¿, jo:s k'?ifx¿ / w]/}h;f] jo:s dlxnfx¿

Tof] 7fpF 5f]8]/ cGt} uPsf 5g\, kxf8sf le/kfvfx¿df v]tLkftL ug'{ c;fWo} r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] 5 -hldgsf] pTkfbsTj

36\g], ;|f]tx¿ ;lsFb} hfg] / >dzlQmsf] cefj x'g] h:tf ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{_ . w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿n] cfocfh{gsf cGo

pkfox¿ vf]Hb} sf]xL ko{6g If]qdf sfd ug{ yfn]sf 5g\, s;}n] lrof k;n rnfPsf 5g\, s;}n] u]i6 xfp; rnfPsf 5g\ jf

6'l/i6 ufO8 jf el/ofsf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ . xfn} cfPsf] dxfe"sDkn] of] lhNnfdf Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . o;n]

ubf{ hLljsf]kfh{g c;'/Iff a9fpg] / 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf dflg;x¿ lhNnf 5f]8]/ aflx/ hfg] cfsng ul/Psf] 5 .

k|f/lDes sIffaf6} lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL /flvg'kg]{af/] cleefjsx¿sf ljrf/x¿

xfdLn] ko{6g Joj;foaf6 hLljsf rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ / afnaflnsfn] klg sltko cª\u|]hL zAbx¿ hfg]sf 5g\ . To;}n],

logLx¿n] ljBfnodf klg of] efiff l;Sbf /fd|f] x'G5 / ko{6sx¿;Fu s'/f ug{ ;S5g\ . logLx¿n] 6'l/i6 ufO8sf] sfd

klg kfpg ;S5g\ .

/f]huf/Lsf nflu cª\u|]hLsf] clt vfFrf] 5 .

cª\u|]hL hfg] eg] afnaflnsfn] df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g]6 / sDKo'6/ klg rnfpg hfG5g\ .

xfdL oxfFaf6 cGt st} uof}+ eg] xfd|f] dft[efiffsf] s]xL sfd x'Fb}g, t/ cª\u|]hLn] hxfF uP klg sfd u5{ .

afnaflnsfn] ;'?af6 g} l;Sg ;S5g\ / ltgn] cª\u|]hL w]/} /fd|f];Fu l;Sg ;S5g\ .

xfdLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf slxn];Dd /fVg ;S5f}+ xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g, To;}n] clxn] g} ltgn] cª\u|]hL ;'? ug'{

/fd|f] x'G5 .

xfd|f w]/} ;fyL / l5d]sLx¿ dWok"j{sf b]zx¿df uPsf 5g\ / cª\u|]hL ghfg]sf]n] ltgLx¿ Psbd cndlnPsf 5g\ .

ltgLx¿n] ;fdfGo ;+s]tx¿ klg k9\g ;Sb}gg\ .

cª\u|]hL ghflgsg ljb]z sfd ug{ hfg] sfdbf/x¿ 7lug] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

;fd'bflos ljBfnoeGbf lghL ljBfno /f]Hg'sf] sf/0faf/] cleefjssf ljrf/x¿

lghL ljBfnox¿n] lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLdf k9fpF5g\ .

;fd'bflos ljBfnoeGbf lghL ljBfnox¿ /fd|f 5g\, lzIfsx¿ klg w]/} d]x]g]tL 5g\ .

lghL ljBfnon] afnaflnsfsf] kf]zfsdf lgs} Wofg lbG5g\ .

:s'n lnleª ;l6{lkms]6 -P;Pn;L_ df lghL ljBfnox¿sf] glthf /fd|f] 5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ lghL ljBfnodf k7fpg' km];gh:t} ePsf] 5, ;fy} nufgL ug{;Sg] cleefjssf nflu of]

k|lti7fsf] ljifo klg ag]sf] 5 . -lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L_

cª\u|]hLsf ;DaGwdf dft[efiffsf] e"ldsfaf/] cleefjsf ljrf/x¿

xfd|f] tfdfª efiff cem klg xfd|f nflu cd"No 5 . t/ afnaflnsfn] o;nfO{ 3/df g} l;Sg ;S5g\, ljBfnodf

l;Sg} kb}{g .

sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL e|"0f cj:yfdf 5 . To;n], clwsf/sf] …st{Jo kfnsÚ sf ¿kdf sfd ug{

jf gofF sfd ug{]nfO{ s'g} klg k|f]T;fxg 5}g . k|zf;gsf ljleGg txdf / :yfgLo lgsfodf e|i6frf/ /

/fhgLlts x:tIf]k JofKt 5 . lzIfsx¿df / ljleGg lhNNffdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt -ljJo;_ df

r/d /fhgLlts/0f 5 . o;n] pRr txsf g} lsg gxf];\ k|zf;sx¿sf] cflwsf/ / lg0f{o Ifdtf sdhf]/

agfPsf] 5 . log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{, dflg;x¿ lghL lzIffsf] ljsNk vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ lsgeg] ToxfF o:tf

;d:ofx¿sf] c;/ sd k5{ . tyflk, ;+:yfut -lghL_ ljBfnox¿n] lje]b/lxt lzIffsf] l;4fGt cjnDag

u/] gu/]sf] / pgLx¿n] eg]adf]lhd u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg u/] gu/]sf] x]g]{ jf ;du| z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu

ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ ;+oGqx¿ lgs} ;Lldt 5g\ . To;} u/L, gful/s ;dfhsf ;ª\u7gx¿ /

blnt tyf ;'ljwfljlxg hghflt ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;ª\u7gx¿ al9/x]sf 5g\ . t/, ;fIf/tf ;Lk

;Lldt ePsf / b}lgs u'hf/fsf] cfjZostfn] lylrPsfx¿sf] eg] cfˆgf cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] dfu ug{ /

;]jf k|jfxsf] cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg] u/L ;zQmLs/0f x'g afFsL g} 5 .

lzIffsf] efiffsf] ;DaGwdf s'/f ubf{ ;'zf;sLo kl/j]zsf s]xL pkfb]otfx¿ 5g\ . ;sf/fTds sf]0faf6

x]bf{, Pp6f alnof] efiff gLlt / ljlw to ug{sf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t Ifdtf, ;+/rgf / k|0ffnLx¿

g]kfndf 5g\ . lzIffdf ;dtf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf] klg ljsf;

ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, …;';"lrt 5gf}6Ú sf nflu ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf / Ifdtf klg al9/x]sf] 5 .

csf]{tkm{, of] If]q Jofks ;+:yfut tyf ;'zf;sLo cj/f]wx¿af6 u|l;t 5 . ljBfnox¿n] cfˆgf] lzIf0fsf]

dfWod 5fGg kfpg] u/L @)!@ df lzIff dGqfnon] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'g / gLlt ljkl/t ePsf] b]lvg'n]



38

lzIff dGqfno klg a[xt\ zlQmx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 5n{+u ePsf] 5 . cGo r'gf}tLx¿df, afnaflnsfsf]

eflifs cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIfsx¿sf] k'gMkb:yfkg ug]{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ePsf] sl7gfO, cyjf

ljJo;x¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug'{ /x]sf 5g\ . Pshgf /fhgLlt1n] eg], …xfdLn] lghL ljBfno / ;fd'bflos

ljBfnoaLrsf] cGt/ sd ug'{k5{ . lghL ljBfnox¿ ;]jfd'vL geO{ gfkmfd'vL x'g\ . ;dfg cj;/x¿

l;h{gf ug{sf nflu lghL ljBfnox¿nfO{ lj:tf/} ;xsf/Lsf] 9fFrfdf Nofpg'k5{Ú . kfNkfsf lzIfsx¿n] klg

o;df ;xdt hgfpFb} eg], …lzIff dGqfno / lzIff ljefun] ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut b'j} ljBfnosf nflu

lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL /0fgLlt ljsf; ug'{k5{ .Ú

$=# lzIffsf …st{JokfnsÚ x¿df /fhgLlts cy{tGqsf] k|efj

hl6n lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts, ;'zf;sLo / ;fdflhs–cfly{s kl/j]zn] z}lIfs gLlt lgdf{0fdf / /fli6«o,

lhNnf :t/Lo / ljBfno txdf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;DaGwdf st{Jo kfnsx¿dfly k|efj / bjfa l;h{gf ub{5

. oL s'/fx¿nfO{ lrq # df ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] /fhgLlt1 / pRr txsf z}lIfs k|zf;sx¿

b'j}af6 …dflyb]lv tnÚ -Top down_ sf] bjfa v]k]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ cleefjs / ;d'bfoaf6 klg

…tnb]lv dflyÚ -Bottom up_ sf] bjfadf k/]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L k|efj kfg]{ k|To]ssf] x/]s tx / x/]sf

:yfgdf k|efjsf] :t/ km/s x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfno / lhNnf :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ vf;u/L

cleefjssf] dfusf] k|efjdf k5{g\ . Pp6f k/fdz{ a}7sdf Pshgf ;xfos lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] eg] M

…tkfO{+n] dft[efiffdf lzIffaf/] s'/f ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] xf]nf, t/ d rflxF cª\u|]hLsf] s'/f ug{ rfxG5' lsgeg]

of] cleefjssf] dfu xf] ÛÚ

lrq # M lzIffsf] efiffsf st{Jo kfnsx¿dfly /fhgLlts cy{tGqsf k|efjsx¿

dflyaf6 tnsf] k|efj

s]xL /fhgLlts If]qaf6 -;ª\3Lotfsf

lx;fan]_ lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] a9L

k|of]usf] ck]Iff÷dfu

s]xL /fhgLlts If]qaf6

af6 -;ª\3Lotfsf lx;fan]_ lzIffdf

g]kfnLsf] e"ldsf oyfjt /flvg'kg]{

ck]Iff÷dfu

/fhgLlt1, Jofkf/L / lghL If]qaf6

/fhgLlts ultzLntf, cfly{s ljsf;,

e"d08nLs/0f cflbsf nflu cª\u|]hLsf] dfu

sfg'g / clwsf/x¿k|ltsf]

k|lta4tf

…pTs[i6 cEof;Ú sf]

cGt/f{li6«o k|df0f / /fli6«o

cg'ej

lzIff dGqfno÷lzIff ljefu

sfg'g / gLltsf] ;fwf/0f ;r]tgf

ljleGg ljefux¿df lzIffsf] efiffaf/] ldl>t Ifdtf / a'emfO

a'emfO / JolQmut cg'ej÷/fhgLlts c8fgsf cfwf/df ljleGg :t/sf]

ld>0f

lhlzsf

sfg'g / gLltsf] s]xL ;r]tgf

lzIffsf] efiffaf/] ldl>t Ifdtf / a'emfO

a'emfO / JolQmut cg'ej÷/fhgLlts c8fgsf cfwf/df ljleGg

:t/x¿sf] ld>0f

ljBfno

;fwf/0ftof sfg'g / gLltsf] ;Lldt ;r]tgf

lzIffsf] efiffaf/] ldl>t Ifdtf / a'emfO

a'emfO / JolQmut cg'ej÷/fhgLlts c8fgsf cfwf/df ljleGg

:t/x¿sf] ld>0f

k|fljlws kIfx¿

-;DefJotf, ;'netf,

lbuf]kg_

tnaf6 dflysf] k|efj

cleefjs / ;d'bfox¿af6 cª\u|]hLsf] dfu s'g} lglZrt efiffnfO{ yk clwsf/ lbOg'kg]{ :yfgLosf] dfu

-h:t}, eflifs ;d"xx¿af6_



39

tyflk, Pp6f s'/f s] a'‰g'k5{ eg] lzIffdf sfd ug]{x¿n] …ts{Ú / k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 -cyf{t\ pTs[i6

cEof;sf j:t'ut k|df0fnfO{ dfgjLo / cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] ;DefJotfsf tTTjx¿;Fu hf]8]/_ dfq sfd

ub}{gg\ . g t ltgLx¿n] ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf afXo bjfasf cfwf/df dfq sfd u5{g\ . o;sf] ;6\6f, efiff /

lzIffaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cfˆgf] Ifdtf, a'emfO, l;4fGt / cg'ejsf ;fy} ;+jfb / 5nkmnsf] ;Lksf

cfwf/df oL b'O{j6}nfO{ ldnfP/ sfd u5{g\ . cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fx¿ :ki6 a'em]sf / ;+1fgfTds / ;fdflhs

b'j} lx;fan] …dft[efiff / cGo efiffx¿Ú sf nflu 7fpF 5 eGg] dx;'; u/]sfn] oL km/s dfux¿aLr

;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;S5g\ . ltgLx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'nfO{ k|fyldstfdf

/fv]/ sfd u5{g\ . o;af6 s] lgrf]8 lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg] /fhgLlts cy{tGqsf ljleGg tTTjx¿af6

pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ kof{Kt Ifdtf ljsf;, ax; / ;r]tgf dfkm{t lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 jf sDtLdf klg

ltgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . …;'zf;gÚ sf ljleGg tTTjx¿nfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} ;Daf]wg gu/];Dd

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L ljsf; / sfof{Gjog vt/fdf k5{ eGg]

:ki6 b]lvG5 . of] s'/fnfO{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf Pshgf pQ/bftfn] ;+If]kdf o;/L JoQm u/], …xfdLn]

efiffx¿sf] k|ltikwf{df geO{ zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTTjdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ;a}n] cl:tTTjdf /xg kfpg'k5{ /

;d'4 x'g kfpg'k5{ . Pp6fsf] cl:tTTjsf nflu csf]{sf] cl:tTTj d]6\g' x'Fb}g . ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf tyf

hfgsf/Lx¿sf cfwf/df t'ngfTds lg0f{o ug'{ / hgtfnfO{ Psh'6 eP/ cufl8 a9\g ljZj:t t'Nofpg'

/fHosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . gLltx¿nfO{ /fd|f];Fu Jojxf/df ptfg{ g;s] g]tf / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿sf] lgotdfly

hgtfn] z+sf ug{ yfN5g\Ú .

$=$ ;f/f+z M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;df /fhgLlts

cy{tGqsf] cfzo

sf]7f !#

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;df /fhgLlts cy{tGqsf] cfzo

8= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ;dfhdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] dxTTj :ki6

pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 / oL k|To]sn] s;/L Ps csf{nfO{ k'ga{n k|bfg u5{g\ / ;dfj]zLs/0f, zflGt :yfkgf, ;fdflhs

;fd~h:otf / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{g\ JofVof ug'{ kb{5 .

9= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ax'txut ;~rf/, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;r]tgfsf nflu Pp6f

alnof] /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5, h;n] ubf{ of] gLlt cfkm}df :ki6 / a'lemg] x'G5, cjnDag ul/Psf] ljlwsf]

cf}lrTo yfxf x'G5 / o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . ;fy}, ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cfk"m klg ;dfj]z / ;+nUg ePsf]

dx;'; u5{g\ / cfˆgf ljrf/ / rf;f] JoQm ug{ ;S5g\ .

pQm /0fgLltn] g]t[Tj tx / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;Gt'ngsf] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;~rf/ ug'{

kb{5 / unt cjwf/0ffx¿sf] cfsng / ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy}, ;LdfGts[t afnaflnsfx¿n] ljBfnosf

;'?sf jif{x¿df ;fdgf u/]sf ljlzi6 ;d:ofx¿af/] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ kb{5 .

/0fgLltn] ljleGg r/0fdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx¿sf] cleefjs / ;d'bfosf

nflu ;lhnf];Fu JofVof ug{df hf]8 lbg' kb{5Ù lzIffsf ljleGg kmfObfx¿af/]sf] ax;df ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 /

efiffx¿sf] k|efjsf/L j|mdnfO{ / ;'?jftdf lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ g]kfnL /

cª\u|]hLsf] kx'Fraf6 /f]Sg] k|of;sf ¿kdf ;d'bfox¿n] unt JofVof gug]{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

0f= clxn] b]zdf ;ª\3Lotftkm{sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{t s]xL dft[efiffx¿ -ljz]if u/L

Jofks ;~rf/sf efiffx¿_ sf] k|of]udf yk j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] o;sf nflu dft[efiffsf] 5gf}6df nrstf

ckgfpg' kb{5 .

t= lzIff / lzIff afx]ssf cGo If]qdf klg …;'zf;gÚ df ;xof]u ug{ lg/Gt/ sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g]5 . d'VotM

lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf o;sf] cfjZostf 5 M

lghL ljBfnodf efiff gLltsf d'Vo tTTjx¿sf] k|of]u

sIffsf]7fsf] cf}krfl/s jftfj/0fdf / sIffsf]7feGbf aflx/ l;sfOsf nflu Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ / u'0f:t/Lo

lzIff / lje]b/lxt lzIffsf] clwsf/ nfu" ug{ lghL lzIff;Fu a[xt\ ;fem]bf/L / lghL lzIffsf] lgodg

lzIffsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿df d'VotM clt ;LdfGts[t gful/s / ;d'bfox¿sf] a[xt\, ;dtfd"ns / lg/Gt/

5nkmn / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{



40

/fhgLlts x:tIf]k sd ug{ / lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug{ /0fgLltx¿sf] lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjog

y= ljleGg cfly{s / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts k|efjsx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} lzIffsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL

gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;n] Pscsf{sf k"/s lj|mofsnfkx¿ -cGo If]q / gful/s ;dfh;Fusf]

;fem]bf/L_ dfkm{t lgDglnlvt If]qx¿df ;xof]u k|fKt ug{;S5 M

a[xt\ eflifs of]hgf / b]zdf ePsf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u

k|fylds txsf ;'?sf sIffx¿df rfk sd ug{ a;fOF ;g]{x¿nfO{ tof/ ug]{ -h:t}, cgf}krfl/s tof/L

sIffx¿_

;f+:s[lts k'ghL{ljtLs/0fsf nflu ;LdfGts[t / ;+s6f;Gg eflifs ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u . of] sfo{ lbuf ]

hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

%= k|fljlws kIfx¿ M lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu ljBdfg /0fgLlt, cEof; / Ifdtfx¿

%=! kl/ro M lzIffsf] efiffsf] gLlt, of]hgf / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿

of] cWofodf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ / ;';"lrt ug]{

tTTjx¿sf] ;d"xdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . of] clGtd ;d"x xf], t/ of] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . oL tTTjx¿df

jt{dfgdf lzIff If]qdf ePsf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] jf:tljs cj:yf, /0fgLlt, cEof; / Ifdtf -dfgjLo,

k|fljlws / cfly{s_ kb{5g\ . of] cWofodf /0fgLlts b:tfj]h, kl/of]hgfsf k|ltj]bg / d"Nofª\sg

nufotsf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf lgrf]8x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / ltgsf] ljZn]if0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L,

o;df s]Gb|df ePsf k/fdz{ a}7sx¿ / :ynut e|d0faf6 k|fKt lgrf]8x¿ klg k|:t't u/L ltgsf]

ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/L rfF8} ;lsg nfu]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md @))(–@)!% sf]

;dofjlwdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md / cGo d'Vo b:tfj]hx¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿nfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 egL ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 of] cWofo ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .

To;kl5, dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf gd'gf k/LIf0fx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / lj:tf/ -up-scaling_

ubf{sf cg'ejx¿sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Fu;Fu}, lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u /

efiff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{j|md tyf d'2fx¿sf] klg JofVof ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5, of] If]qdf

JofKt s]xL k|j[lQx¿sf] rrf{ ul/G5 . clxn] efiffnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 jf eljiodf s;/L

;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hfgsf/L oL k|j[lQx¿n] lbG5g\ .

%=!=! ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{j|md @))$–@))(

ljleGg /fli6«o 9fFrfx¿ / g]kfnsf nflu ;a}sf nflu lzIffdf yk ul/Psf] …nIo &Ú n] lzIff If]qdf

lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu k[i7e"ld tof/ u/]sf] s'/f cWofo @ df pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/

sfo{j|mdeGbf cufl8 cfPsf] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{j|md @))$–@))( sf] cjlwdf of] nIonfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug]{ klxnf] k|of; ePsf] lyof] . z}lIfs ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -CERID_ n] u/]sf b'O{j6f

cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bgx¿n] g]kfnsf] cj:yfsf] k|f/lDes ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] cflbjf;L–hghflt

tyf eflifs cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf afnaflnsfsf l;sfO cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ -Meeting Learning Needs

of Children of Indigenous Peoples and Linguistic Minorities_ gfds klxnf] k|ltj]bgdf

elgPsf] 5, …k|fylds txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u /fhgLlts, ;+j]ufTds / z}Ifl0fs

lx;fan] 7Ls ePsf] kfOP klg o;df ljleGg Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\Ú -;]l/8, @))%_ . bf];|f]

k|ltj]bg lzIffdf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt afnaflnsfsf] kx'Fr -Access of Disadvantaged Children in

Education_ n] g]kfnL efiffafx]s cGo dft[efiff af]Ng] afnaflnsfx¿n] sIff ! df w]/} ;d:ofx¿sf]

;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] tYo phfu/ u/]sf] 5 -;]l/8, @))%v_ .

oL k|ltj]bgx¿kl5 lzIff dGqfnon] @))& b]lv @))( ;Dd g]kfnsf k|fylds ljBfnosf g]kfnLOt/

efiffefifL ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|md nfu" u¥of] . of] sfo{j|mdnfO{ lkmgNof08 ;/sf/n]

;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . of] kl/of]hgfn] emfkf, wgs'6f, ;'g;/L, /;'jf, kfNkf / sGrgk'/ u/L ^ lhNnfsf



41

s]xL ljBfnox¿ 5gf}6 u/L ltgnfO{ k|fylds txsf k|f/lDes sIffx¿df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs

lzIff sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] . kl/of]hgfdf rf/j6} eflifs kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ * j6f

efiffx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . of] sfo{j|mdn] kl/of]hgf z}nL cjnDag u/] klg sfd cl3 a9fpg / lbuf]kg

;'lglZrt ug{ s]xL ;+/rgfut Joj:yf klg ul/of], h;df lhNnf / ljBfno txdf ax'eflifs lzIffsf

pk;ldltx¿ / s]Gb|Lo :t/df /fli6«o ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{zg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/of] .

%=!=@ ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf @))(–@)!^ (SSRP 2009–2016)

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP_ sf] d'Vo b:tfj]hn] …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]uÚ

;DaGwL …gLltut lgb]{zgÚ af/] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf cGtu{t gd'gf k/LIf0faf6 lj:tf/ u/L of]hgf cjlwsf] cGTo;Dddf &,%))

ljBfnox¿df ax'eflifs lzIff nfu" ul/;Sg] nIo lyof] . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog

tflnsfdf elgPsf] 5, …ljleGg efiffdf l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu kf7 \oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| -kfljs]_

n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . /fli6«o :t/df Pp6f ax'eflifs lzIffsf] lj:t[t 9fFrfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 /

o;nfO{ lhlzsfx¿dfkm{t ljBfnox¿df j|mdzM nfu" ul/g]5 .Ú To;kl5, ax'eflifs ljlwsf] sfof{Gog /

lj:tf/sf nflu ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @))( sf] ljsf; ul/of] . of] lgb]{lzsfsf d'Vo

ljifoj:t'x¿ sf]7f !$ df ;+If]kLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

ax'eflifs lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ :ki6 nIo eP klg lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf/] g t ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf]

d'Vo b:tfj]h -@))(–@)!$_ n] w]/} af]n]sf] 5 g t @)!$–@)!^ sf nflu o;sf] lj:tfl/t b:tfj]hn]

g} . s'g cfwf/df …&,%)) ljBfnoÚsf] nIo tf]lsPsf] xf] k|i6 5}g . g t …ax'eflifs ljBfnoÚ sf] kl/efiff

g} :ki6 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md cGtu{t …If]qJofkL ljlwÚ -sector wide apporach_ tkm{ ;fdfGo

k|ult eP klg cfly{s / ;+:yfut ;xof]u clncln dfq ePsf] / ax'eflifs ljlwnfO{ sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tfl/t

cjlweGbf yk nDAofpg] /0fgLltx¿ kof{Kt gePsf] l6Kk0fL ax'eflifs lzIff kl/of]hgf k"/f ePsf] k|ltj]bg

@)!! -MLE Project Completion Report @)!!_ n] u/]sf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf cGtu{t

lzIff gLlt ;ldlt / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f sfof{nosf] :yfkgf nufot ;'wf/sf dxTTjk"0f{ sfdx¿df

ePsf] l9nfOn] ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{df yk afwf k/]sf] lyof] . oL ;a} ;'wf/x¿

lzIff P]gsf] ;+zf]wgsf] kvf{Odf 5g\ . lzIff ljefusf] of]hgf zfvfn] of] jif{ hDdf !#* ljBfnon] dfq

vf; …ax'eflifs ljBfnoÚ sf ¿kdf ;xof]usf] cg'/f]w u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . of] ;ª\Vof nlIft ;ª\Vofsf]

lgs} ;fgf] c+z xf] .

;du|df eGg'kbf{, s] s'/f :ki6 b]lvof] eg] a[xt\ eflifs /0fgLlt cGtu{t ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ x]g]{ cjwf/0ff

;a} ljBfnox¿nfO{ 5'6 5, h;n] dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo / ltgLx¿sf]

Pscsf{aLrsf] ;DaGw ;d]6]sf] lyof] . To;}n], ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ rflxg] a[xt\ If]qsf] :ki6

/0fgLlt klxrfg ul/Psf] lyPg . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff -s'ldª / cGo, @)!@_

-Cumming et. al, 2012_ / ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdnfO{ o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xfotf;DaGwL

xfn;fn}sf] d"Nofª\sg -;Ln / ah|frfo{, @)!%_ -Seel and Bajracharya, 2015_ b'j}n] o:tf] 5'6nfO{

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sdhf]/L eg]sf 5g\ lsgeg] lzIffdf …u'0f:t/Ú nfO{ x]g]{ o;sf] ;fF3'/f]

b[li6sf]0f 5 / efiff, lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oj|md / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg h:tf sIffsf]7fdf Pscsf{;Fu

cGt;{DalGwt k|lqmofdf o;n] kof{Kt Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/, log} k|lqmofx¿n] l;sfO pknlAwdf

k|ToIf c;/ kf5{g\ .

sf]7f !$ ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @))( sf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x¿

!= kl/ro

@= sfo{9fFrf -lzIf0fsf] dfWod / ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff_

#= sfof{Gog k|lqmof -ljBfnosf] eflifs cj:yfsf] gS;fª\sg, ;fem]bf/L, ax'eflifs ljBfno x'gsf nflu

lng] lg0f{o_

$= lzIfs;DaGwL Joj:yf -dft[efiff lzIfs tf]Sg], dft[efiff lzIfssf sfd st{Jo_



42

%= ;+/rgfut Joj:yf -;ldltx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿_

^= kf7\oj|md Pjd\ kf7\o;fdu|L

&= lnlk;DaGwL Joj:yf

*= hgzlQm ljsf;

(= ljljw

of] k|ltj]bgsf] kl/ro v08df g} elg;lsof] lzIff dGqfnon] oL r'gf}tL / lzIffsf] efiffsf ;Dk"0f{

kIfx¿sf nflu yk lj:t[t / PsLs[t ljlwsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf] 5 . o;} cg'¿k klxnf] r/0fdf

@)!$ df lzIff dGqfnon] …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu dfu{lrqÚ sf] d:of}bf tof/ u¥of] -cWofo ! sf]

tflnsf ! df x]g'{xf];\_ eg] lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu Pp6f lj:t[t ljlwsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ csf]{ sbdsf ¿kdf

of] cWoog ul/Psf] xf] .

%=@ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffdf ePsf kxn / cEof;x¿

%=@=! kl/ro M ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -SSRP_ cjlwdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdn] :ki6 cjwf/0ff pNn]v gu/]sf] eP klg Jojxf/tM o;sf] ;'?jft;Fu}

kl/of]hgf ljlwnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ …&,%)) ljBfnox¿Ú sf] nIo k"/f ug]{tkm{ pNn]Vo sfdx¿ eP . of]

cWoogsf j|mddf ;a} ^ lhNnfsf g'dgf 5gf}6df k/]sf ljBfnox¿sf] :ynut cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

lzIff dGqfnosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt ax'eflifs sfo{j|mdsf cltl/Qm u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf

klg ax'eflifs lzIffsf ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf jf xfn eO/x]sf 5g\ . vf; u/L logLx¿

:yfgLo ;/sf/÷lhNnf lzIff sfof{no;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df sfof{Gog ul/Psf] 5 .

tyflk, gofF ljlwn] kfg{;Sg] k|efj b]vfpg / u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f ljlwdf

yk :jtGqtf x'g] u/L cfˆg} ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;'?sf r/0fdf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ s]xLn] dfq ;xof]u u/] .

;d/ OlG:6Ro'6 ckm lnª\u'Ol:6S;sf] ;xof]udf g]kfnL /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f ;+:yfn] emfkf lhNnfsf

tLgj6f /fhj+zL ljBfnox¿df u/]sf] sfof{Gjog Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . tL ljBfnox¿nfO{ klg cWoogdf

;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo :t/sf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L bdsdf tflnddf efu

lng cfPsf ToxfFsf lzIfsx¿;Fu :ynut e|d0fsf j|mddf k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;'? x'g'eGbf s]xL cufl8 ;]l/8 -CERID_ n] wfld{s ljBfnox¿sf]

d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf >[+vnfa4 cWoogx¿ u/]sf] lyof] -cWoog !(, @))&Ù cWoog @), @))&Ù

cWoog @^, @))*Ù cWoog #%, @)!)_ . o:tf ljBfnox¿df u'Daf -lxdfnL If]qdf !,%)) eGbf dflysf]

;ª\Vofdf /x]sf ltAatL af}4 u'Daf ljBfnox¿_, ljxf/ -d'VotM sf7df8f}+ pkTosf kfOg] g]jf/L af}4dfuL{

;+:yfx¿_, u'?s"n -a|fDx0f afnsx¿sf nflu dfq u'?x¿åf/f lxGb' dlGb/x¿df ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿_ /

db/;f -d'VotM klZrd t/fO{sf dl:hbx¿df ;~rflnt d';ndfg ljBfnox¿_ kb{5g\ . To;kl5sf lbgdf

oL ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j|mdzM j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . oL ljBfnox¿sf cfˆgf k/Dk/fut kf7 \oj|mdnfO{

/fli6«o kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':ts;Fu ldnfP/ n}hfg ;/sf/af6 logLx¿nfO{ cfly{s / cGo ;xof]u k|fKt

x'G5 . ltgsf cf–cfˆgf wfld{s cf:yf;Fu ;DalGwt efiffx¿ -;+:s[t, ltAatL / c/las_ sf ;DaGwdf

dft[efiff lzIf0f / g]kfnLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljifodf tL ljBfnox¿;Fu klg ljz]if d'2f ePsf]n] tL

ljBfnox¿ klg of] cWoogsf] gd'gfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf % n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIf0fsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL ul/Psf] cWoogsf] cª\usf ¿kdf e|d0f

ul/Psf ljBfnox¿sf] tYofª\s k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} ax'eflifs lzIffsf] gd'gf k/LIf0f

ul/Psf, s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu ;xof]u u/]sf / s'g} wfld{s cf:yfdf cfwfl/t

ljBfnox¿ lyP . tnsf v08x¿df ;dflji6 hfgsf/Lx¿ lzIff dGqfnosf] ax'eflifs lzIff k"/f ePsf]

k|ltj]bg @)!! af6 lnOPsf x'g\ . ;fy}, ;fGTjgf d]df]l/on Ps]8]dL k|f= ln= n] @)!@ df u/]sf] g]kfndf

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff ljifos yk cWoog / cGo k|ltj]bgx¿df klg lognfO{ ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] 5 .



43

tflnsf % :ynut cWoogsf j|mddf e|d0f ul/Psf ax'eflifs lzIff ljBfnox¿

lhNnf ljBfno k|sf/÷sIff efiff ljlw

/;'jf led;]g lgDgdfWolds

ljBfno, 7"nf] ev'{

!–* ;'?df sIff # ;Dd lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tfdfª t/ clxn]

sIff ! df dfq}, To;kl5 ljifsf ¿kdf, ;'?df lzIff dGqfnon]

k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps

;/f:jtL

lgDgdfWolds

ljBfno, 7f8]

!–* ;'?df sIff # ;Dd lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tfdfª t/ clxn]

sIff ! df dfq}, To;kl5 ljifosf ¿kdf, ;'?df lzIff dGqfnon]

k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps

ufpFkms{ /fli6«o

k|fylds ljBfno,

af]s]em'G8f

!–% ;'?df sIff # ;Dd lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tfdfª t/ clxn]

sIff ! df dfq}, To;kl5 ljifosf ¿kdf, ;'?df lzIff dGqfnon]

k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljBfnox¿

wgs'6f b]p/fnL lgDgdfWolds

ljBfno, wgs'6f

gu/kflnsf * ;fGtfª

!–* klxnf cf7kxl/of dft[efiff sIff !–# df k|of]u ePsf], clxn]

cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq k|of]u x'g], cª\u|]hL dfWoddf uPsf], ;'?df

lzIff dGqfnon] k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps

emfkf /fli6«o Pstf k|fylds

ljBfno, xlNbaf/L (

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

– sIff %

k|f/lDes sIffx¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;Gyfn / /fhj+zL, clxn]

cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf dfq k|of]u, cª\u|]hL dfWoddf uPsf], ;'?df

lzIff dGqfnon] k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps

;'g;/L zf/bf k|fylds

ljBfno, l;dl/of *

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

– sIff %

sIff !–# df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf p/fFj, yf¿ / d}lynL

efiffx¿df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff, ;'?df lzIff

dGqfnon] k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps

slknj:t' hgsNof0f pRr

dfWolds ljBfno

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

– sIff !@

@)!@ b]lv yf¿, cjwL / g]kfnLdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs

lzIff, clxn] sIff !–# df, ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md cjlwdf

ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt

k'snL k|fylds

ljBfno, b]/jf

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

– sIff %

@)!@ b]lv k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;–sIff # df lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf cjwL, Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6

;xof]u k|fKt

wg'iff lzz' ;bg,

hgsk'/wfd

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

d}lynL dft[efiff

afFs] b?n pmn'd dlbgf

db/;f, g]kfnu~h

sIff !–% lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf pb'{ / sIff ! af6 ljifosf ¿kdf

c/las, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL

kfNkf gjhfu[lt k|fylds

ljBfno, lrbLkfgL

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

– sIff %

;'?df lzIff dGqfnon] k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps, sIff

!–# df du/ dft[efiff

sGrgk'/ /fli6«o lgDgdfWolds

ljBfno

sIff !–* ;'?df lzIff dGqfnon] k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo]sf] Ps,

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; – sIff # df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf

¿kdf /fgf yf¿

sf7df8f}+ ;]tf] u'Daf, af}4 sIff !–!@ /

k|f}9 lzIff

sIff ! af6 ltAatL, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLÙ j|mdzM ;Daf]6f, b]jgfu/L /

/f]dg lnlksf] k|of]u

j]b ljBf>d ;+:s[t

dfWolds ljBfno,

uf}zfnf

sIff !–!@ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL / ljifosf ¿kdf ;+:s[t /

cª\u|]hL sIff ! af6, sIff $ af6 lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

;Fu;Fu} ;+:s[t



44

%=@=@ ax'eflifs ljBfnox¿df kf7\oj|md;Da4 ljlwx¿ -j|md, ;fdu|Lx¿ / lnlkx¿_

j|md M ljleGg ljlwx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f tflnsf % sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;n] csf]{

s] s'/f klg :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 eg] ljt]sf s]xL jif{x¿df w]/} ljBfnox¿n] ltgn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf ljlwx¿

km]/]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgfsf k|ltj]bgx¿n] b]vfPh:t} ax'eflifs lzIffsf k/LIf0f sfo{j|mdx¿n] ;'?df lzIffdf

…dft[efiffÚ nfO{ lgs} hf]8 lbPsf] t/ klxnf] efiff, bf];|f] efiff / t];|f] efiffsf] k"0f{ j|mddf Tolt hf]8

glbPsf] :ynut e|d0fsf j|mddf klg b]lvof] . o;};Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ s'/f s] b]lvof] eg] dft[efiffnfO{

dfWodsf ¿kdf jf ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f ug]{ eGg]df klg k6sk6s b'ljwf eO/x]sf] lyof] . ljBfnosf

;'? sIffx¿af6 g} dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf /fVg] / To;kl5 ;Dej eP;Dd dft[efiffdf

cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf] df]8]ndf ljifosf ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;'?sf] :ki6 p2]Zo lyof] . Jojxf/tM

gd'gf k/LIf0f u/]sf ljBfnox¿dWo] cfwfeGbf a9Ln] dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f u/]sf] ax'eflifs

lzIff kl/of]hgfsf] clGtd d"Nofª\sgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;'g;/Lsf] zf/bf k|fylds ljBfnon] k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf; / sIff ! df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tLgj6f dft[efiffx¿ -p/fFj, yf¿ / d}lynL_ k|of]u

u/]sf] / sIff @ / # df oL ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f u/]sf] atfof] .

wgs'6fsf] lhNnf :t/Lo k/fdz{ e]nfsf ;xefuLx¿n] …dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf] ;xL

;ª\j|md0fLo ljlwÚ s] xf] eGg]df k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsx¿ dfq xf]Og lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/L /

;|f]t JolQmx¿;d]t :ki6 gePsf] atfP . gd'gf k/LIf0fdf ;xefuL ljBfnox¿n] sIff ! df dft[efiffdf

lzIf0f ljlw nfu" u/] klg tL;Fu ;DalGwt k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnLnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbPsf k|df0fx¿ klg @)!@ sf] k|ltj]bgn] k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .

k/fdz{df ;xefuL clwsf+z lzIfsx¿eGbf ljkl/t g]kfnL /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u/]sf]

emfkfsf] ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ eg] ljleGg sIff / r/0fdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf / ljifosf ¿kdf

/fhj+zL, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] j|md s] x'g'k5{ eGg]df w]/} :ki6 lyP . pgLx¿n] :ki6 ;+/rgf, kof{Kt tflnd

/ lzIfsnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj klg lbPsf lyP .

tflnsf ^ n] dft[efiff / g]kfnLsf] lzIf0fsf nflu ljBfnox¿n] lbPsf] cg'dflgt ;dosf] cg'kftsf

tLgj6f pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cEof;df lgs} leGgtf ePsf] / o; ljifodf yk lgb]{zgsf]

cfjZostf ePsf] k|i6\ofPsf] 5 .

tflnsf ^ dft[efiff dfWodaf6 g]kfnL dfWodtkm{sf] ;ª\j|md0fsf j|mdsf tLgj6f ljlwx¿

sIff kfNkf alb{of afFs] sIff kfNkf alb{of

du/ g]kfnL yf¿ g]kfnL pb'{ g]kfnL

k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;

!))Ü ) ((Ü !Ü – –

sIff ! ()Ü !)Ü %)Ü %)Ü &)Ü #)Ü

sIff @ ()Ü !)Ü %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü

sIff # &)Ü #)Ü $)Ü ^)Ü %)Ü %)Ü

sIff $ %)Ü %)Ü #)Ü &)Ü $)Ü ^)Ü

sIff % $)Ü ^)Ü !)Ü ()Ü @)Ü *)Ü

clwsf+z ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] g]kfnL slxn]af6 ;'? ug]{ eGg] dfq xf]Og ls lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw s:tf] ug]{

eGg] klg :ki6 gePsf] eGb} o;df af/Daf/ hf]8 lbPsf lyP . k|foMh;f] g]kfnL efiff ljifosf ¿kdf /

To;kl5 dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf ljBfnox¿n] g]kfnL dft[efiff x'g] afnaflnsfsf nflu :t/Lo

kf7\oj|md / lstfax¿ k|of]u u/], t/ g]kfnL bf];|f] efiff x'g] ljBfyL{sf nflu ltgsf] cg's"ng u/]gg\ . w]/}

lzIfsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfnL l;Sg ;xof]u ug{ dft[efiffsf] Jofks k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] / ha g]kfnL

lzIf0fsf] d'Vo dfWod x'G5 ta afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] atfP .

cjnf]sgsf j|mddf klg To;} u/]sf] b]lvof] . cGo b]zdf klg ;fdfGotof s] ul/G5 eGg] s'/f cGt/f{li6«o



45

cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf, lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf o;/L dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ubf{

cleefjsx¿ lgs} ;sf/fTds b]lvP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, yf¿ cleefjs / lzIfsn] dft[efiff …lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ t/ kf7\ok':tssf nflu ug{ gx'g]Ú atfP . To:t}, 8f]6]nL cleefjsx¿n]

klg ltgLx¿sf] efiff df}lvs lzIf0fsf] dfWod dfq x'g'kg]{ atfP . pgLx¿sf] g]kfnL l;s] k|z:t x'g] /

8f]6]nL efiffdf ;fIf/tf lzIf0f ug'{ gkg]{ klg pgLx¿n] atfP . o;sf] ljkl/t, c¿ ljBfnox¿n] låeflifs

jf ax'eflifs kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf lyP / g]kfnL;Fu;Fu} Ps jf PseGbf a9L dft[efiffsf] lzIf0f

u/]sf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf7df8f}+sf] df]8{g Oª\lnz g]jf :s'nn] g]kfnL / g]jf/Ldf låeflifs ;fdu|L /

låeflifs ljlw k|of]u u5{ . ;fdfGotof, tflnd /÷jf kl/of]hgfaf6 ;xof]uk|fKt u/]sf lzIfsx¿n] ;lqmo

l;sfO ljlw / pd]/ cg';f/sf lzIf0f l;sfO ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u /fd|f];Fu u/]sf lyP . o;sf ljkl/t,

cf:yfdf cfwfl/t ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ nufot c¿n] eg] l;sfOdf geO{ kf7\ok':ts 3f]sfpgdf g} a9L

hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

sltko ljBfnox¿n] km/s km/s efiffsf ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] sIffsf]7fdf dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] sfd

r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . of] cWoogsf nflu :ynut e|d0f u/]sf] ;'g;/Lsf] ljBfnodf $%

ldg]6sf] Pp6} sIffdf p/fFj, yf¿ / d}lynL ;a} efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] / k|To]s efiffsf nflu !%

ldg]6sf] ;do tf]s]sf] Oygf]lnª\u'Ol:6s 8fOel;{6L PG8 PS:Sn'hg M c :68L ckm lnª\u'Ol:6s dfOgl/l6h

Og g]kfn -sF8]n, @)!#_ -Kandel, 2013_ n] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf dft[efiff ;d]6\g

lzIfsx¿ -sltko t tflndk|fKt lyPgg\_ n] k|z+;gLo k|of; u/]sf] eP klg of] ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ubf{

kf7\oj|mdsf ;a} ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6\g jf:tjd} c;fWo} sl7g ;fljt ePsf] lyof] . wgs'6f lhNnf lzIff

sfof{nosf clwsf/Lx¿ / ;|f]t JolQmx¿n] klg lzIfsx¿sf lglDt ax'eflifs sIffsf]7fdf cf7kxl/of,

lnDa', afGtjf / du/ h:tf eflifs cNk;ª\Vos afnaflnsfsf l;sfO cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{

sfo{ d'Vo r'gf}tL ePsf] pNn]v u/] . emfkfdf e|d0f ul/Psf] ljBfnosf lzIfs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg

;ldltsf ;b:o / cleefjsx¿n] ljleGg ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿ egf{ x'g] ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf ;GyfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f ug'{eGbf ;GyfnL dft[efiff lzIffsf nflu 5fqfjf;;lxtsf] Pp6f

5'6\6} ljBfno x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbP . crDdsf] s'/f t s]

eg] /fhj+zL efiffsf nflu o:tf] k|:tfj cfPg . /fhj+zL

efiffsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof w]/} ePsf]n], /fhj+zLsf]

hg;ª\Vofdf cln a9L l:y/tf ePsf] / g]kfnL efiff;Fu

o;sf] glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf]n] klg ;fob o:tf] ePsf]

x'g;S5 .

kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tsx¿ M lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf

¿kdf dft[efiffx¿sf] k|of]u sd x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f tL

efiffsf kf7\ok':tssf] cefj x'g' xf] . wgs'6fdf ax'eflifs

lzIffsf] gd'gf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] ljBfnodf sIff !–# df

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cf7kxl/of efiffsf] k|of]u @–#

jif{;Dd ul/of], hlta]nf;Dd kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf lyof] .

:yfgLo lj1sf] ;xof]u lnP/ sIff ! / @ sf

kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] klg ljsf; ul/of] . cleefjs /

;d'bfo ;a}n] o;sf] v'n]/ k|z+;f u/] . t/,:yfgLo ¿kdf

ljsf; ul/Psf sIff ! / @ sf tL kf7\ok':sx¿sf]

k'gMd'b|0fdf kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u u/]g . g t sIff # sf

nflu cf7kxl/of dft[efiffdf kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; /

k|sfzg ug{ g} ;xof]u u¥of] . kl/of]hgf aGb ePkl5

cf7kxl/of efiffsf] x}l;ot lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 lzIf0fsf]

ljifodf kl/jt{g eof] . To;}u/L, /;'jfdf klg :yfgLo

¿kdf ;'?df sIff ! / @ sf nflu tfdfª efiff -b]jgfu/L

lnlk_ df kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] atfP . t/,

k"j{of]hgf cg';f/ sIff # sf nflu tfdfª efiffdf

kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; / k|sfzgsf nflu ljBfnonfO{

sf]7f !%dft[efiffdf lzIf0fsf nflu

kf7\ok':ts / ;fdu|Lx¿af/]sf l6Kk0fLx¿

;'?df ljleGg efiffdf n]lvPsf egfO /

kf]:6/x¿n] sIffsf]7fsf leQf l;Fufl/Psf lyP,

t/ clxn] tL 5}gg\ -cleefjs, /;'jf_ .

cjwL efiffsf lstfax¿ ?lrk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu

cGo efiffsf kf7\ok':tsh:t} ltgLx¿ klg

ljleGg /ªdf x'g'k5{ -lzIfs_ .

ljBfno cfPkl5 xfd|f] cfˆg} du/ efiffdf

n]lvPsf lstfax¿ k9\g kfpFbf cfgGb nfUof] -

sIff $ / % sf ljBfyL{, kfNkf_

d}lynL efiffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf

5}gg\, g ;dodf g} tof/ x'G5g\, efiff klg ;xL

5}g, ljifoj:t' klg :yfgLo ;+:s[lt emNsfpg]

vfnsf 5}gg\ -lhNnf :t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿,

wg'iff_ .

xfdLn] lstfax¿ cg's"ng u¥of}+, h:t} …jfudtLÚ

glbsf] gfdnfO{ …sfnLu08sLÚ agfof}+ / :yfgLo

eflifs e]bsf] k|of]u u¥of}+ . o;n] cfˆgf]kgsf]

dx;'; u/fpF5 .

slknj:t'sf] hgsNof0f pdfljdf lj1fg, :jf:Yo

tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf zLif{sx¿

Wofg;] ;LvL lj1fg, :jf:Yo jf] zf/Ll/s -yf¿_

Wofg ;] l;vf}+ lj1fg, :jf:Yo cf} zf/Ll/s -

cjwL_

Wofgn] l;sf}+ lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s -g]kfnL



46

;xof]u pknAw ePg . TolQ dfq xf]Og, sIff ! / @ sf kf7\ok':tsx¿df s]xL uNtLx¿ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

b]lvPsfn] kl/dfh{g / k'gMk|sfzg u/L bf];|f] ;+:s/0f lgsfNg klg ;xof]u k|fKt ePg . To;n] ubf{,

/;'jfdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf / lbuf]kgsf nflu tfdfª efiffdf n]lvPsf

kf7\ok':tssf] cefj Pp6f d'Vo r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vf k¥of] . sltko ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ ePsf] dx;'; u/] . c¿ sltkon] ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf kf7\ok':ts dfq geO{ ax'eflifs

zAbsf]z / lzIfs lgb]{lzsf h:tf lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]uL x'g] cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ klg x'g'kg]{ hgfP . sf]7f !% df

lbOPsf l6Kk0fLx¿n] oL s'/fx¿ :ki6 kf5{g\ .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| -kfljs]_ sf clwsf/Lx¿n] kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL ;d:ofdfly yk k|sfz kf/]sf lyP .

pgLx¿n] kfljs]n] @# efiffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿ ljsf; ul/;s]sf] atfP . tyflk, ;Lldt ;|f]t / Ifdtfsf

sf/0f xfnsf g]kfnL efiffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿nfO{ l;w} cg'jfb u/]/ s]Gb|Lo :t/df g} oL kf7\ok':tsx¿sf]

ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] / ltgsf] :yfgLo :t/df cg's"ng u/L j}wflgstf lbOPsf] xf]Og . k|f/lDes sIffdf

dft[efiffdf lzIf0fsf nflu clwsf+z kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] l;w} cg'jfb ug'{ lsg pko'Qm xf]Og eGg]af/]df

ljleGg k|fljlws sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|f/lDes sIffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿df cTolws w]/}

k|of]udf cfpg] zAbx¿ cyjf cg'k|f; ldn]sf zAbx¿ k6sk6s bf]xf]¥ofOG5g\ -zAb lrgf/L / WjgL

;r]ttf a9fpg_, t/ km/s efiffdf o;n] sfd gug{ ;S5 . :yfgLon] lbPsf] k[i7kf]if0f -h:t} /;'jfsf_

h:t} kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf clwsf/Lx¿n] klg sltko lstfadf k|of]u ePsf] s'g} efiffsf] …cf}krfl/sÚ

z}nL ;f] efiffsf] :yfgLo :t/sf] af]nLrfnLsf] efiff;Fu gldn]sf sf/0f lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ efiffdf

sl7gfO ePsf] atfP . dft[efiffsf k':tsx¿ :yfgLo jftfj/0f / ;+:s[lt;Fu cg's"ng u/fpg klg s]xL

sl7gfOx¿ 5g\ . dft[efiffsf jQmfn] ;lhn} a'‰g] zAb, egfO jf syfx¿ cf}krfl/s k':tsx¿df

kfOFb}gg\ . csf]{ s'/f, k|To]s efiffsf nflu s]xL dfq k':tsx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ -h:t} sIff ! / ;fob sIff @

sf nflu dfq_ . dft[efiffx¿sf] x}l;ot ljifotkm{ emb}{ uP;Fu} ljut s]xL jif{df ltg} k':tssf] dfu klg

36\b} uPsf] 5 .

lnlk M dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIf0fdf s'g lnlk k|of]u ug]{ eGg] klg csf]{ ;d:ofsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo efiffsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{x¿n] k|f]T;fxg u/]/ /;'jfdf ljBfnox¿n] k/Dk/fut ;Daf]6f lnlkdf

n]lvPsf kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ yfn] . o;n] tfdfª afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf hl6ntf l;h{gf u¥of]

lsgeg] s]xL nfdfx¿ afx]s lzIfs cfkm}nfO{ klg ;Daf]6f lnlksf af/]df Tolt yfxf 5}g . afnaflnsfnfO{

klg sltko tfdfª zAbx¿ a'‰g sl7gfO eof] lsgeg] tL kf7 \ok':tsx¿ /fd]5fksf n]vsn] n]v]sf lyP,

hxfFsf] tfdfª efiff /;'jfsf] eGbf km/s 5 . To:t}, wg'iffdf sltko ljBfnon] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

d}lynLsf nflu b]jgfu/L lnlksf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] kl5sf sIffx¿df d}lynLnfO{ ljifosf

¿kdf lzIf0f ubf{ ldlynfIf/ s;/L l;sfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] d'2fn] l;sfOsf]

p2]Zosf nflu lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u / efiffsf] ;+/If0f / k'ghL{ljtLs/0fdf lzIffn]

v]Ng;Sg] e"ldsf a'‰g' cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f 5n{ª \u kf5{ .

d"Nofª\sg M afnaflnsfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg pgLx¿s} dft[efiffdf slQsf] ul/G5 clg lzIf0fsf] dfWod

dft[efiff ePsf] bfaL u/]sf 7fpFdf k|f/lDes sIffsf cfGtl/s k/LIf0fdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u slQsf] ul/G5

eGg] klg cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . ;du|df, afnaflnsfsf] k/LIff dft[efiffdf lnOPsf] b]lvPg . oBlk,

zf/bf k|fylds ljBfnon] k|f/lDes sIffsf jflif{s clGtd k/LIffsf k|Zgx¿ p/fFj, yf¿ / d}lynL

efiffx¿df tof/ u5{ .

%=@=# ax'eflifs lzIffsf] gd'gf k/LIf0fdf lzIfsx¿

lzIfssf] pknAwtf M ax'eflifs lzIffsf kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|L;DaGwL r'gf}tLx¿ jf:tjdf pko'Qm eflifs

k[i7e"ld ePsf lzIfssf] pknAwtf / k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ljlwdfkm{t sIffsf]7fdf kf7\oj|mdsf] sfof{Gjog

ug{;Sg] ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf;Fu cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . dft[efiffdf lzIf0f ug{;Sg] lzIfsx¿sf] pknAwtf

lhNnfcg';f/ km/s km/s 5 . /;'jfdf tfdfª efiffsf lzIfsx¿ w]/} pknAw 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qaf6 cfPsf

lzIfsn] klg tfdfª efiff k9fpg ;S5g\ eg]sf lyP pQ/bftfx¿n] . ;'g;/Lsf] ljBfnodf k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;sf ;xhstf{ nufot 5 hgf lzIfsx¿n] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf p/fFj -@_, yf¿ -#_ / d}lynL -

!_ af]N5g\ . rfvnfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] tL lzIfsx¿n] cfˆgf dft[efiffafx]s ltgsf ;d'bfodf af]lng]

yk csf]{ s'g} Pp6f -k|foM b'O{6f_ efiff af]Ny] . o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] wgs'6fdf eg] dft[efiffsf lzIfsx¿sf]



47

;ª\Vof kof{Kt 5}g eg] wg'iff lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg sltko dft[efiffsf lzIfsx¿

kof{Kt gePsf] atfP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dft[efiffsf lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft !M^) /x]sf] pgLx¿n]

;'gfP . lzIfssf] :yfgfGt/0fn] klg lgs} ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf efiff

l;Sg lzIfsx¿ …cfgfsfgL ug]{ jf rf;f] glbg]Ú klg u/]sf 5g \ . wgs'6f gu/kflnsfn] ;fgtfªsf] b]p/fnL

lgDg dfWolds ljBfnodf dft[efiffsf Pshgf lzIfssf nflu tna ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof], t/

kl5 Tof] ;xof]un] lg/Gt/tf kfPg .

lzIfssf] Ifdtf M gd'gf k/LIf0f sfo{j|mdsf] ;'?jftsf r/0fdf ;+nUg lzIfsx¿nfO{ efiff;DaGwL k]zfut

ljsf;sf pNn]Vo cj;/x¿ lyP . pgLx¿n] ax'eflifs lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg tflndx¿ lnP . /fli6«o

txsf sfo{zfnf / e]nfx¿df pkl:yt eP . cGo lhNnfsf ax'eflifs lzIffsf gd'gf ljBfnox¿sf] klg

e|d0f u/] . sltkon] ef/tsf] pl8;f / cfGw| k|b]zsf ax'eflifs ljBfnox¿sf] e|d0f ug]{ cj;/ klg kfP

. lzIfsx¿n] ;fdfGotM tL cj;/x¿sf] k|z+;f u/] / ltgaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ kmfObf klg eof] . w]/}n] cfkm"n]

l;s]sf s'/fx¿ nfu" klg u/] . clncln eP klg pgLx¿ afnaflnsfsf l;sfO cfjZostfx¿sf] yk

l;h{gfTds / ;xL tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] eP . tyflk, eflifs ljljwtf ePsf] sIffsf]7fsf] kl/j]z

w]/}nfO{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ eof] . w]/}h;f] lzIfsx¿n] bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ pkfox¿ kQf nufPsf eP klg pgLx¿n] o;sf] tflnd lnPsf lyPgg\ .

slknj:t'sf cjwL lzIfsx¿n] eg], …xfdLn] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf cjwL / ljifosf ¿kdf g]kfnL /

cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0f ug]{ s]xL ;Lksf] ljsf; u/]sf 5f}+, t/ xfdLn] ;xh j|md / dft[efiffaf6 g]kfnLtkm{sf]

;xh ;ª\j|md0f clg cflv/df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] 1fg / ;Lk clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5Ú

. ;du|df, yf]/} lzIfsx¿dfly nlIft u/L s]xL jif{;Dd u/]sf] sfo{j|mdn] oL JolQmx¿nfO{ t ;xof]u

k'u]sf] b]lvof], t/ ljBfnoleq ;du|df 1fg / z}Ifl0fs cEof;df lbuf] kl/jt{g ug{ / of] kl/jt{gnfO{

cGo ljBfno;Dd klg k'¥ofpg sfo{j|md cem} kof{Kt gePsf] kfOof] .

%=@=$ ax'eflifs lzIffsf] gd'gf k/LIf0fdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf

ljBfno ;ldltx¿ M dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfn] ljBfno :t/df

ax'eflifs lzIff pk;ldltsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . t/, ax'eflifs lzIffsf gd'gf ljBfnox¿df klg of]

;ldlt ag]sf] 5}g . csf]{tkm{, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ax'eflifs lzIffsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 / k|efjsf/L

e"ldsf gv]n]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . cGtjf{tf{sf j|mddf ;xefuL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{

klg ax'eflifs lzIffsf kmfObfx¿ /fd|f];Fu yfxf lyPg . g t pgLx¿nfO{ ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ lj:tf/df

n}hfg cjnDag ul/g] /0fgLltx¿ g} /fd|f];Fu yfxf lyof] . sltko 7fpFdf tL ;ldltx¿ lgliqmo eO;s]sf

lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;'g;/Lsf] pbfx/0fLo ljBfnodf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs

;ª\3sf] sfo{sfn @)!! df g} ;lsPsf] lyof] . gofF Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3sf] u7g

ePsf] lyPg . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfdf ePsf] of] ;d:ofn] ax'eflifs lzIffsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf cleefjssf] ;+nUgtf sd ePsf] x'g;S5 . o;n] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf]

;kmntf / lbuf]kgdf k|ToIf c;/ ub{5 . ;'g;/Lsf] zf/bf ljBfno ckjfbsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ToxfF

ljBfno Joj:yfkg / ;d'bfosf] 7"nf] ;xof]usf sf/0f kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u aGb ul/;s]kl5 klg clg

cª\u|]hL dfWoddf hfg'kg]{ bjfasf aLr klg ljBfnon] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg

;s]sf] 5 .

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf M ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ x]bf{ ;DejtM ax'eflifs lzIffsf

gd'gf ljBfnox¿n] klg ltgLx¿sf] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs hfgsf/L jf efiff of]hgf

;dfj]z u/]sf 5}gg\ . of] cgf}7f] s'/f klg ePg . xfn;Dd cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf k|wfgfWofks, ;|f]t JolQm, /

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿n] o;nfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]

ljBfnon] ;d]6\g] If]qsf cfwf/df ;d'bfosf efiffx¿sf] /fd|f] gS;fª\sg u/L To;sf cfwf/df lhNnf

:t/Lo -/ /fli6«o_ of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . o;sf] cefjdf sltko cj:yfdf ;xL

lg0f{ox¿ ePsf 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dft[efiff ck;/0f pRr ePsf 7fpFdf cyjf ljBfnon] ;d]6\g]

If]qdf eflifs ljljwtf w]/} ePsf 7fpFDff dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] lg0f{o pko'Qm b]lvPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu,

emfkfsf] xlNbaf/Ldf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] pgLx¿n] ;'?df ;GyfnL dft[efiff ;dfj]z

u/]sf] t/ kl5 /fhj+zL dft[efiff s;/L ylkof] eGg] s'/f yfxf gePsf] atfP . xfn}sf jif{x¿df w]/}



48

;GyfnLx¿ lrof aufgsf sfdbf/sf ¿kdf lhNnfsf cGo 7fpFx¿df a;fOF ;/]sf 5g\ jf ;Ldfgf kf/ u/L

ef/t uPsf 5g\ . t;y{, ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vof cTolws 36]sf] 5 .

clwsf+z ljBfnox¿n] egf{ k'l:tsfdf afnaflnsfsf hflt-eflifs k[i7e"ld klg pNn]v u5{g\ . oBlk,

sltko ljBfnox¿n] cfkm}n] lg0f{o u/L lglZrt ;d"xx¿ hf]8]/ Pp6} ;d"x agfpg] jf Pp6f ;d"x

cGtu{t cGonfO{ klg /fVg] u/]sf] klg kfOof] . afnaflnsfsf] eflifs k[i7e"ld cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] l;sfO

pknlAwsf] l:ylt x]g{ o;n] lgs} ;xof]uL x'g] a'lemPsf] lyof] . t/, o;nfO{ cem} klg Jojl:yt ¿kdf

ul/Psf] b]lvPg .

%=@=% ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ gLltut, Joj:yfksLo, k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u

gLlt tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿ M :ynut cWoogaf6 s] yfxf eof] eg] lhNnf :t/df b]lvPsf d'2fx¿n] ljBfno

txdf ax'eflifs lzIffsf]] gd'gf k/LIf0fsf ;an / b'a{n kIfx¿dfly w]/} k|sfz kf5{g\ / s]xL xb;Dd

ltgsf] JofVof klg u5{g\ . lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿ efiff;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / o;n]

lglb{i6 u/]sf nIox¿ / ax'eflifs lzIffsf lgb]{lzsfx¿k|lt ;r]t lyP . tyflk, ltgLx¿ cª\u|]hLsf] a9\bf]

k|of]u, efiffsf] j|md / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofk|lt df}g lyP . s;}n]

lgb]{lzsfn] …s] ug]{Ú df hf]8 lbPsf] / …s;/L ug]{Ú df lj:t[t ;xof]u gu/]sf] jf ;fdfGo ;d:ofx¿ klg

s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg]af/] s]xL geg]sf] atfP .

of]hgf / ;dGjo M sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] eP klg lhNnfsf z}lIfs of]hgfx¿df

;dfhefiffj}1flgs cWoogaf6 k|Kt hfgsf/Lx¿sf] k|of]u w]/} ePsf] 5}g . lhNnfsf z}lIfs of]hgfn] efiff

of]hgf÷lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] d'2fnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\ . o;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf g/flvg'n] jf

gS;fª\sg Jojxf/tM s;/L ug]{ yfxf geP/ klg of] d'2f ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfn] lhNnf txdf ax'eflifs lzIffsf sfo{j|mdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]

lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf ¿kdf lhNnf kf7\oj|md ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ tf]s]sf] 5 . tyflk, w]/} ;ldltx¿ -8f]6L,

alb{of / /;'jf nufotsf_ slQ klg ;lqmo 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf jif{sf b'O{j6f a}7s ug'{df dfq

;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . tL b'O{j6f a}7s klg k|zf;gsf] lgod k"/f ug{sf nflu dfq ul/G5g\ . lhNnf txdf

ax'eflifs lzIffsf d'2fx¿sf] kof{Kt 5nkmn x'Fb}g . sltko cj:yfdf efiffnfO{ Pp6f 5'6} d'2fsf ¿kdf

gx]/L kf7\oj|mdsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 ga'em]sf] kfOof] .

ljBfnonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u M lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ul/Psf] ax'eflifs lzIffsf] gd'gf

k/LIf0fsf ;'?sf jif{df ljBfnonfO{ kof{Kt ;xof]u x'g] b]lvPsf] lyof] . gd'gf ljBfnox¿n] k6sk6s

k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf lyP . e|d0fx¿ ePsf lyP . o;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .

kl/of]hgfsf ;kmntf / r'gf}tLx¿ c¿ ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . wgs'6fsf] ljBfnosf

Pshgf cleefjsn] eg], …kl/of]hgf cjlwdf lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno

-If]lzlg_, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, ;|f]t JolQm, bftf, lkmgNofG8sf] /fli6«o lzIff af]8{, / k/fdz{bftfx¿n]

k6sk6s ljBfnosf] e|d0f u/] .Ú tyflk, emfkf, kfNkf / sGrgk'/sf pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ kl/of]hgf cjlwdf

klg clwsf+z ;xof]u s]Gb|af6 dGqfno / kl/of]hgfn] g} u/]sf] / :yfgLo txsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] Tolt

;xof]u gu/]sf] nfu]sf] 5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lzIff ljefusf sd{rf/L / aflx/af6 cfpg]

JolQmx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf] :ynut e|d0fsf] b/ lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/n] @)!! af6 cfly{s ;xfotf lbg aGb

u/]otf XjfQ} 36]sf] k/fdz{sf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;a} ljBfno / lhNnfx¿n] atfP . pgLx¿n] lzIff

dGqfnon] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;df kof{Kt Wofg glbOPsf]

klg af/Daf/ u'gf;f] u/] . ;fy}, :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿ of] ljlwk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4 gePsf] klg

hgfP . lglZrt cj;/ jf p2]Zosf nflu k6sk6s ljBfno e|d0f ul/Psf] 5 . t/, dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t

ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog ePsf ljBfnox¿df lgoldt / Jojl:yt cg'udg / k|fljlws ;xof]u ePsf]

5}g . tyflk, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfh;Da4 ;+:yfx¿sf] kxndf sfof{Gog ePsf ljBfnox¿df

eg] o:tf] ;d:of 5}g .



49

sGrgk'/df Pshgf k|wfgfWofksn] eg], lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw gePsf]n]

…/fgf yf¿ efiffdf lzIff dl/;s]sf] 5}g, t/ l;ls:t cj:yfdf 5Ú . oBlk, clncln ;xof]u kfO/x]sf

vf;u/L kfFr jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;do ;xof]u kfO/x]sf ljBfnox¿n] eg] lg/Gt/ /fd|f] ul//x]sf 5g\ .

cfly{s ;xof]u M gd'gf kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k||To]s ljBfnon] jflif{s ?= !),))) -nueu !)) cd]l/sL

8n/_ cg'bfg k|fKt ub{y] . yf]/} eP klg To;n] :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug{ k'UYof] . cfly{s ;xfotf klg

36]sf] 5 . sltko lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ltgsf ah]6af6 /sd pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ jf ;s]/

klg ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVb}gg\ . tyflk, sltko ljBfnon] jflif{s cg'bfg clxn] klg

kfO/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

lj:tf/ / lbuf]kg M ax'eflifs lzIff nfu" u/]sf ljBfno / …elugL ljBfnoÚ sf] hf]8L agfO{ dft[efiffdf

cfwfl/t ax'eflifs ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] eP tfklg ;du|df of] c;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] gd'gf ljBfnodf ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gePsf]n] ltgn] c¿nfO{ l;sfpg

;Sg] u/L tof/ ePgg\ . o;sf ;fy}, elugL ljBfnox¿df ;|f]tsf] cefj x'g' klg csf]{ sf/0f xf] . cfly{s

;xfotfsf] k|fjwfg klg clwsf+z 7fpFdf aGb ePsf] 5 . ljBfnodf ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mdsf nflu

gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] /sd pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ lhls/ ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] u/] .

sltko ljBfnox¿ lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePdf ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ lg/Gt/tf

lbg cem klg lgs} k|lta4 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu cfk"mx¿n] cfwf/zLnf lgdf{0f

ul/;s]sf] atfP . To;}n], pgLx¿n] 7Ls}7Ls} ;xof]u kfP klg ax'eflifs lzIffnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug{ ;S5g\ .

%=@=^ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf] k|efj

r'gf}tLx¿ w]/} eP tfklg / ljleGg sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] eP klg ljBfnosf ;'?sf jif{x¿df

dft[efiffsf] k|of]un] afnaflnsfsf] egf{ / l;sfOdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 eGg] lzIff dGqfnosf]

ax'eflifs lzIff gd'gf sfo{j|mdsf] ;dLIffsf] d'Vo lgisif{ /x]sf] 5 . of] lgisif{nfO{ o;} k|ltj]bgdf ;fy}

ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;xof]udf ul/Psf sltko ;–;fgf cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]]bgx¿df klg lj:tf/df

lbOPsf] 5 . sf]7f !^ -k[i7 $( x]g'{xf];\_ n] cWoog 6f]nL;dIf k|:t't u/]sf o:tf s]xL k|efjx¿nfO{

;+If]kdf b]vfPsf] 5 . oL ;kmntfx¿nfO{ dWo]gh/ ubf{, ax 'eflifs lzIff …c;kmnÚ ePsf] 7flgP tfklg of]

c;kmntf ax'eflifs ljlw cfkm}sf sf/0fn] geP/ k|fljlws / cGo ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ xf] egL lgisif{

lgsfNg' ts{;ª\ut x'G5 . of] ljlwnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ;sf/fTds nIf0fx¿ klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .

clxn] sfof{Gogstf{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x klg 5 . dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIffnfO{ Jojxf/df s;/L nfu" ug]{

eGg]af/] dxTTjk"0f{ 1fg xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿ ljleGg txdf k|d'vsf ¿kdf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy}, :yfgLo

:t/df ;fy} /fli6«o :t/df ljleGg ;dy{sx¿ 5g\, h;n] of] ljlwsf sf/0f ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf]

pkl:ylt / ltgsf] l;sfO pknlAwdf k|ult ePsf] / of] ljlwn] ljleGg ;d'bfosf] lxt u/]sf] k|ToIf

b]v]ef]u]sf 5g\ . oBlk, of] ljlwn] s]xL cfnf]rgf v]Kg'k/]sf] 5 . cª\u|]hLsf] dfu a9\b} uPsf] 5 -o;af/]

lj:t[t ¿kdf tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs ljlwnfO{ k'ghL{ljt

ug'{kbf{ g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf t'ngfdf dft[efiffsf] e"ldsf;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf;, ;r]tgf, lbuf]kg /

:ki6tfsf nflu cem alnof] ;+oGq ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 .

%=# cª\u|]hL lzIf0f / dft[efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf cEof;x¿

%=#=! xfn}sf jif{x¿df cª\u|]hLtkm{sf] em'sfj

tflnsf & gd'gf lhNnfx¿df sIff !–% df lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL agfPsf ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof

lhNnf emfkf /;'jf kfNkf tgx'F slknj:t' alb{of

ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof !# @% %) %!$ -;a}_ ^% !)



50

cWofo $ df elg;lsof] lzIff Jofks ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts kl/j]zleq /x]sf] 5 . o;df cNk;ª\Vos efiff

tyf hghflt / dw]zLsf] klxrfgsf] dfu dfq ;dfj]z 5}g . o;df t e"d08nLs/0f, hLljsf]kfh{gsf

hf]lvd / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g klg k5{g\, h;n] w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿nfO{ lghL lzIff / cª\u|]hL efifftkm{

8f]¥ofPsf 5g\ . cleefjsn] ;fd'bflos ljBfnoaf6 5f]/f5f]/L wdfwd lgsfn]/ cGt} nfg yfn]kl5 /

;/sf/n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL lg0f{o :yfgLon] ug{ kfpg] eg]kl5 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no /

ljBfnox¿n] klg ;f]xL cg'¿k rNg afWo ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf afnaflnsfnfO{

l6sfO/fVg] p2]Zon] ltgLx¿nfO{ cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k7gkf7g ug{ klxnf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ g} lhNnf lzIff

sfof{nosf sd{rf/L / ;|f]t JolQmx¿ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

of] k|j[lQ of] cWoogsf nflu clxn];Dd e|d0f u/]sf ;a} lhNnf / ;d'bfodf /x]sf] kfOof] . wgs'6fsf

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] eg], …;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL x'gfn] To;}sf] cfsif{0fn]

;fd'bflos ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof lbg k|ltlbg 3l6/x]sf] 5 . To;}n], xfdLn] klg s]xL ug{ afWo

eof}+ .Ú ax'eflifs lzIffsf gd'gf k/LIf0f sfo{j|mdx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] cf+lzs sf/0f klg oxL

k|j[lQ xf] lsgeg] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwn] c;fWo} ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] eP klg otftkm{ Wofg sd

lbg yflnof] . w]/}h;f] ljBfnon] 36\b} uPsf] egf{ b/ k'gM psf:g dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw

Tofu]sf] -cyjf o;df sd hf]8 lbPsf]_ kfOof] .

ljleGg lhNnfx¿df cª\u|]hL dfWoddf hfg] ljBfnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof km/s 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 88]nw'/fdf

nueu @)Ü dfq o:tf ljBfno ePsf] hgfOof] eg] sf7df8f}+df of] ;ª\Vof w]/} dfly 5 . o:tf s]xL

ljBfnox¿ klg 5g\ h;n] of] nx/sf] a]jf:tf u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL ljBfnon] cª\u|]hL dfWodnfO{ 5f]8]/ km]l/

g]kfnL dfWodtkm{ kms]{sf 5g\ . ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] b'xjL ;|f]t s]Gb| cGtu{tsf @* dWo] @& ljBfnon]

:yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiffnfO{ cª\u|]hLn] k|lt:yfkg u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL nfu" u/]sf 5g\ .

cª\u|]hL dfWoddf ghfg]df ax'eflifs lzIffsf] gd'gf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] zf/bf k|fylds ljBfno dfq 5 .

oxfFsf lzIfsx¿sf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwk|lt cfTdljZjf; 5 / To;k|lt k|lta4 klg 5g\ . ljBfno /

;d'bfosf] ;DaGw klg k|uf9 5 . tyflk, Ps jif{kl5 @& j6f ljBfnox¿ ;a} lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnLdf kmls{P . To;sf sf/0fx¿ lj:t[tdf tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

%=#=@ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf nflu j|md, kf7\oj|md, lzIfs / z}Ifl0fs ljlw

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] @)!$ sf] ;+o'Qm ;dLIff a}7ssf nflu ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0faf6 k|fKt

lgisif{x¿ h:t} of] cWoogsf] klg Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ lgrf]8 s] lyof] eg] clxn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL

agfPsf s'g} klg ljBfnodf ;fdflhs lzi6frf/sf] cfwf/e"t txeGbf dfly p7]/ cª\u|]hLdf ;+jfb ug{

;Sg] lzIfsx¿ c;fWo} sd 5g\ . Pp6f ljBfnodf t lzIfsx¿ cª\u|]hLdf af]Ng slQ klg g;s]sf]

b]lvof] . lzIfsdf pko'Qm Ifdtfsf] cefj 5 . oxL sf/0fn] g} g]kfndf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]un] cfwf/e"t lzIffdf / k|f/lDes sIffsf] l;sfO pknlAwdf ck]lIft nIo xfl;n ug{

;xof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf c;fWo} Go"g 5 . Pshgf ;|f]t JolQmn] eg], …cª\u|]hLdf /fd|f];Fu k9fpg ;Sg] bIf

lzIfs gePsf sf/0f ;fdflhs cWoog, lj1fg / ul0ftdf l;sfOsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf] 5 .Ú

sf7df8f}+sf] kb\df]bo pRr dfWolds ljBfno hxfF cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fpg rfxg] t/ lghL ljBfnodf

k9fpg g;Sg] cleefjssf afnaflnsfx¿ k9\5g\ ToxfFsf k|wfgfWofksn] eg], …lzIfsx¿nfO{ cª\u|]hLdf

Psbd ufx|f] ePsf] 5, t/ cleefjssf] dfu k"/f ug{ xfdLn] ;s];Dd k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ .Ú

k|df0fx¿n] afnaflnsfsf] ;+1fgfTds ljsf;sf ;xh tl/sfx¿ b]vfPsf 5g\ . t/, lzIfssf] ;d:ofsf

sf/0f tL k|df0fx¿n] eg]ljkl/t efiffx¿sf] j|md lgwf{/0f ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . lzIfsx¿df cª\u|]hLsf] ;Lldt

1fg ePsf] x'Fbf k|f/lDes sIffx¿df dfq lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL -lsgeg] lzIfsnfO{ ToxfF cln …;lhnf]Ú

x'G5_ / dflyNnf sIffx¿df km]l/ g]kfnL dfWod -lsgeg] dlyNnf sIffx¿df ljifoj:t'x¿ ufx|f x'Fb}

hfG5g\_ agfpg pko'Qm x'g] 7flgPsf] 5 . sltko ljBfnox¿n] :jljj]sn] k|ff/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf;df dft[efiffsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf 5g\ . s;}n] eg] ;'?jft af6 g} cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fPsf]df uj{

u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t ljlwnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ cfˆgf sIffx¿nfO{ …g;{/LÚ gfdfs/0f u/]sf

5g\ . o;n] pTkGg u/]sf] csf]{ hl6ntf s] xf] eg] lgDg dfWolds / pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] k|f/lDes

sIffx¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod km/s km/s -g]kfnL jf cª\u|]hL_ cjnDag u/]sf ltgsf ;|f]t ljBfnoaf6

ljBfyL{ lng' kl//x]sf] 5 . sltko ljBfnox¿ h:t} tgx'Fsf] ;TojtL pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] of] ;d:of



51

;dfwfg ug{sf nflu lgDg dfWolds txdf cª\u|]hL / g]kfnLsf 5'6\6f5'6\6} …;d'xx¿Ú agfpg'k/]sf] atfPsf]

lyof] . of] ;d:ofn] ubf{ /;'jfsf] ;/:jtL ljBfnon] eg] dflyNnf sIffx¿df k'gM g]kfnL dfWoddf

k7gkf7g u/fPsf] 5 .

cg';fGwfgsf a]nf crDd t s] b]lvof] eg] o;/L k'gM …klxn]s} j|mdÚ af6 cfPsf ljBfyL{n] g]kfnL ljifo

cfk"mnfO{ …dg gkg]{Ú jf …ufx|f] nfUg]Ú atfP . of] s'/f dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffsf] ljlwdfk{mt

cfPsf ljBfyL{n] lbPsf k|ltlqmofeGbf 7Ls pN6f] lyof] lsgeg] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs ljlwaf6

cfPsf nueu ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL efiffk|lt ;sf/fTds lyP .

cflwsfl/s ¿kdf h] elgPsf] ePklg sIffsf]7fsf] jf:tljstf eg] dft[efifL ljBfnodf h] kfOPsf] lyof]

oxfF klg p:t} lyof] . w]/}h;f] lzIfsn] d'Vo ljifoj:t'sf] JofVof ug{ / ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fGble{s agfpg

g]kfnLdf /÷jf afnaflnsfsf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ub{y] . o;af/]df lzIfsx¿ lgs} pbf/ lyP . pbfx/0fsf

nflu, pgLx¿n] …efiffeGbf ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg 7"nf] s'/f xf]Ú eGg] k|ltlqmof lbP . sltko cj:yfdf lzIf0f

l;sfO lqmofsnfk klxn]em}F g} lyof] . g]kfnL kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u u/L g]kfnL dfWoddf g} k9fO x'GYof] .

cª\u|]hL eg] clejfbg ug{, c¿df egfOx¿ pb\w[t ug{, sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f ug{ / uLt ufpgdf clncln

k|of]u ul/GYof] . cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u vf;u/L cleefjs / aflx/af6 dflg;x¿ cfpFbf ul/GYof] . s]xL

ljBfnox¿n] dfq ;fFlRrs} ;a} ljifosf nflu cª\u|]hL kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . c¿n] eg] slxn]

g]kfnL / slxn] cª\u|]hL kf7\oj:t'x¿ k9fpFy] . sltko ljBfnon] t lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL eGg] t/

;/sf/sf] :t/Lo g]kfnL kf7\ok':ts k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .

o:tf k|j[lQx¿ b]v]/ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ljleGg ljBfnonfO{ tkfO{+x¿n] g]kfnL -jf dft[efiff_ /

cª\u|]hLnfO{ slt–slt k|ltzt ;do lbg'ePsf] 5 eg]/ ;f]w]sf lyP . o;sf] glthf tflnsf * df

b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf * …cª\u|]hL dfWodÚ sf ljBfnox¿df g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]usf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿

sIff

;g;fOg Oª\lnz af]l8{ª

:s'n, 8'd|], kfNkf

;TojtL pRr dfWolds

ljBfno, Jof; gu/kflnsf,

bdf}nL

kf7zfnf g]kfn k|fOe]6

;]s]G8/L af]l8{ª :s'n,

nlntk'/

cª\u|]hL g]kfnL cª\u|]hL g]kfnL cª\u|]hL g]kfnL

g;{/L @%Ü &%Ü @)Ü *)Ü – –

Pns]hL %)Ü %)Ü @)Ü *)Ü – –

o"s]hL &%Ü @%Ü – –

sIff ! *)Ü @)Ü $)Ü ^)Ü $)Ü ^)Ü

sIff @ ()Ü !)Ü %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü %)Ü

sIff # (%Ü %Ü &%Ü @%Ü &)Ü #)Ü

sIff $ (%Ü %Ü &%Ü @%Ü *)Ü @)Ü

sIff % !))Ü )Ü *)Ü @)Ü (%Ü %Ü

jf:tjdf, ljBfnon] …cª\u|]hL dfWodÚ eg] klg w]/}h;f] afnaflnsfn] g]kfnL÷dft[efiffnfO{ g} a9L ?rfPsf]

kfOof], h'g ;sf/fTds s'/f klg xf] . t/, o;n] emg\\ w]/} låljwf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . cem yk lrGtfsf] ljifo

t s] lyof] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ cª\u|]hL l;Sg ;xof]u ug{ tkfO{+x¿n] vf; s'g tl/sf jf z}Ifl0fs ljlw

ckgfpg'ePsf] 5 cyjf tL ljlw ckgfpg'sf] cf}lrTo s] xf] eg]/ ;f]Wbf Psbd} sdn] dfq lrQa'e\mbf]

hjfkm lbg ;s] . ljBfnon] cflwsfl/s ¿kdf h'g;'s} ljlw k|of]u ug]{ eg]sf] eP tfklg ljleGg

ljBfnodf cª\u|]hLdf afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf hfFRg ;+jfb ubf{ jf cgf}krfl/s tj/n] d"Nofª\sg ubf{



52

k|fylds txsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfn] Psbd} cfwf/e"t txsf] cª\u|]hLdfq l;s]sf lyP . :jefljs ¿kdf,

;fgfn] eGbf lgDg dfWolds txsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cª\u|]hLdf ;+jfb ug{ / a'e\mg a9L ;Sy] . pgLx¿n]

ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL l;s]sf x'Gy] eg] of] tx :jLsfo{ x'g] lyof] . t/, k|fl1s l;sfOsf nflu pgLx¿sf]

cª\u|]hL kof{Kt lyPg . lglZrt ¿kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ of] ljlw ufx|f] ePsf] w]/}nfO{ dx;'; eof] . ljBfnox¿

g]kfnL dfWoddf kmls{g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO sdhf]/ eP/ g} xf] .

%=#=# cª\u|]hLsf nflu lzIfs kb:yfkg / tflnd

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf -jf ljifosf ¿kdf eP klg_ cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug{;Sg] kof{Kt lzIfs pknAw

x'g g;Sg'n] lzIfs tflnd / kb:yfkgdf cy{ /fV5 . kb:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf s'/f ubf{ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t

lzIf0fdf s'g}s'g} 7fFpdf lzIfssf] cefj x'g ;SYof], t/ cª\u|]hL dfWoddf lzIf0f ubf{ d'Vo zx/eGbf

aflx/sf k|foM ;a} 7fpFdf lzIfssf] cefj 5 . cWoog ul/Psf gd'gf lhNnfx¿dWo] sltko lhNnfx¿df

cª\u|]hL dfWodaf6 k9]/ cfPsf :yfgLo lzIfsx¿nfO{ kb:yfkg ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx¿ ckgfPsf] klg

kfOof], h;/L lghL ljBfnox¿n] u5{g\ . jf:tjdf, s'g} lzIfsn] cª\u|]hL dfWodaf6 k9]/ cfpFb}df

ljBfyL{nfO{ cª\u|]hL l;Sg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'g} Uof/]G6L x'Fb}g . yk 1fgsf nflu cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u

ug]{ t s'/} 5f]8f}+ . :t/Lo dfkg ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIfssf] cª\u|]hLsf] jf:tljs :t/sf] d"Nofª\sg u/]sf

pbfx/0f st} kfOPg . b'ef{Uojz, of] cEof;sf] glthf s] cfPsf] 5 eg] cª\u|]hL dfWodaf6 k9]/ cfPsf

ljBfyL{n] k|fylds txsf lzIfssf ¿kdf hflu/ kfO/x]sf] cleefjsx¿n] b]v]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL sf/0f,

cª\u|]hL lzIffn] cfly{s kmfObf x'g]df pgLx¿ yk ljZj:t 5g\ .

lzIfsnfO{ cª\u|]hLsf] tflnd lbOg'kg]{ s'/f ;j{q :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿n] klg

o;tkm{ s]xL k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /;'jfsf @% hgf lzIfsn] z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;

s]Gb|÷la|l6z sfplG;nn] lbg] tflnd lnPsf 5g\ / cGonfO{ dfudf cfwfl/t lhNnf:t/Lo tflnd lbOg]

hgfPsf] 5 . kfNkfsf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] cª\u|]hL efiff lzIfsx¿sf] ;+u7g g]kfn Oª\lnz Nofª\Uj]h

l6r;{ P;f]l;o;g -NELTA_ / lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfnox¿sf] ;+u7g KofA;gsf] ;xof]udf utjif{

$) hgf lzIfsx¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] tflnd lbPsf] lyof] . tgx'Fsf] lhNnf lzIff

sfof{non] csf]{ jif{ !,&)) lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg lzIff ljefu;Fu cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 . of] jif{ s'n %!$

ljBfnox¿dWo] hDdf !%) nfO{ dfq ;|f]t pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .

tflnd lnPsfx¿n] tflndn] lgs} ;xof]u u/]sf] atfP . oBlk, clwsf+z tflndx¿ 5f]6f] cjlwsf /

Psk6s u/]kl5 ;lsg] k|s[ltsf 5g\ . o;n] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf nflu t s'/} 5f]8f}+

ljifosf ¿kdf ;d]t cfwf/e"t :t/Lo dfkb08 ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb}g . lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hLdf t lzIfs / k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ;lxtnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;du| ljBfno ljlw -Whole School

Approach_ cjnDag ul/g' kb{5 . sGrgk'/sf Pshgf k|wfgfWofksn] eg], …lzIfsx¿n] vf;u/L

g]kfnL dfWoddf k9]/ cfPsf k'/fgf lzIfsx¿n] tflnd lnP klg cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fpg ;Sb}gg\ .Ú

%=#=$ cª\u|]hLsf nflu gLltut, Joj:yfksLo / ;+:yfut ;xof]u

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL ljlw dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffeGbf leGg kydf 5 .

r'gf}tLx¿ eP klg dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t låeflifs lzIffnfO{ ljz]if kl/of]hgfn] lgb]{lzsf pknAw u/fPsf]

lyof], lzIfsx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] lyof], r/0fa4 ¿kdf tflndx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] ;fy} cGo ;xof]u

k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/, cª\u|]hL eg] ljgf s'g} tof/L nfu" u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ljBfnon] lzIf0fsf] dfWod

cfkm}n] 5fGg ;Sg]5g\ eGg] jfSof+z afx]s cGo s'g} /0fgLlt 5}g . tgx'Fsf lhlzcn] eg], …ljut Ps

bzsb]lv ljBfnox¿ j|mdzM cª\u|]hL dfWoddf uPsf 5g\ . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] o;sf] cg'df]bg u/]sf]

5, t/ ljBfnox¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ u/L cflwsfl/s ¿kdf s'g} 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5}g . Pp6} ;d"x

-Cluster_ leqsf ljBfnon] 5'6\6f5'6\6} / k/:k/ ljkl/t dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'{n] ;ª\j|md0fsf nflu

Jojl:yt of]hgf gePsf] b]vfpF5 .

cª\u|]hL dfWoddf hfg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f cleefjssf] dfu ePsfn] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿n] of]

sbdsf] ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf] sfof{Gogdf pgLx¿ klg ;lqmo ¿kn]

;xefuL x'Gy], t/ cª\u|]hL dfWoddf eg] w]/}h;f] ;d'bfon] cª\u|]hL slQ klg ghfGg] ePsfn] ;xh ¿kn]

;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Sb}gg\ . w]/}h;f] ljBfnox¿df cª\u|]hL l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug]{ k|of;sf



53

pbfx/0f 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ToxfF cª\u|]hLdf ;"rgf 5}gg\, kf]:6/ 5}gg\, g t cª\u|]hLdf n]lvPsf

lstfax¿ g} 5g\ . x'g]vfg] ;d'bfon] cª\u|]hL lzIfssf] tnasf nflu cltl/Qm k};f lbg]afx]s ;d'bfosf]

jf:tljs ;xeflutf st} b]lvFb}g . ljBfyL{sf] cfly{s Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljBfnoleq e]befj ePsf

pbfx/0f :ynut e|d0fsf a]nf st} km]nf gk/] klg sltko ljBfnodf o:tf] e]befj x'g] u/]sf] lzIff

dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] egfO 5 .

%=#=% ;f/f+z M cª\u|]hL dfWodn] l;sfOdf kf/]sf] k|efj

;f/f+zdf, lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|rng nfdf] ;do;Dd eP klg o;n] l;sfOdf ;'wf/

NofPsf s'g} cfwf/x¿ of] cWoogn] km]nf kf/]g . sltko cj:yfdf t of] ljlwn] l;sfOdf gsf/fTds

c;/ kf/]sf] kfOof] . of] :jefljs klg xf] lsgeg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ltgsf dft[efiff jf ltgsf ;d'bfodf

k|rlnt efiffafx]s cGo efiffdf lzIf0f ug'{ u'0f:t/Lo ;|f]t / cfw'lgs k|ljlwn] ;DkGg ljBfnosf

tflndk|fKt lzIfssf nflu t lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] eg] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt lzIfssf nflu s:tf] xf]nf

s'/} gu/f}+ .

w]/}h;f] ljBfnodf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLn] l;sfOdf sdL NofPsf] :ki6 gb]lvPsf] x'g;S5 .

o;sf k5fl8 ljleGg sf/0fx¿ xf]nfg\ . t/, oyfy{df ljBfnon] cª\u|]hLdf dfq lzIf0f u/]sf 5}gg\ .

låeflifs ljlw cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . of] ljlwcg';f/ lzIf0f ubf{ k|fylds txdf eGbf lgDg dfWolds /

dfWolds txdf cln /fd|f] ;kmntf xfl;n ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ToxfF ;'ljwf;DkGg ljBfyL{x¿ w]/} x'g',

cª\u|]hL k[i7e"ldsf lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} x''g' / ;|f]t w]/} pknAw x'g' o;sf ;Defljt sf/0fx¿ x'g\ .

cª\u|]hLsf] dfu cTolws ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf k|foM gfd dfqsf] …cª\u|]hL dfWodÚdf hf]8 lbg'eGbf ljifosf

¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0ftkm{ jf:tljs / :ki6 ;'wf/ ug{ ;Lldt dfqfdf pknAw Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] ;xL

;b'kof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 egL vf]Hg ;lsg] s'/f oL lgisif{x¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf

¿kdf g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} k|of]u ul/g] …ldl>t ljlwÚ -h'g Jofks k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5_ nfO{

cf}krfl/stf lbg ;lsG5 .

%=$ ljz]if efiff l;sfOsf cfjZostf

klxn] klg elgof] ca aGg] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] ljleGg ;fª\s]lts

efiffx¿nfO{ dft[efiff -jf bf];|f] efiff_ / a|]nnfO{ sltko afnaflnsfsf lglDt eflifs lnlksf ¿kdf

dfGotf lbg'k5{ . logLx¿ b'O{ sf/0fn] ljz]if cj:yf x'g\ . klxnf], ltgLx¿ ;a} lsl;dsf hg;ª\Vofdf

5l/P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . bf];|f], ltgLx¿ ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;dfj]zL lzIffsf]

d'2f;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . :ynut cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;~rflnt

tLgj6f ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ltgLx¿sf af/]sf ;+If]kdf tn rrf{ ul/G5 .

>j0f zlQm sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rflnt sf7df8f}+sf] gS;fndf cjl:yt s]Gb|Lo pRr

dfWolds ljBfnon] afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfnodf k|j]z u/]b]lv g} ;fª\s]lts efiff l;sfpF5 . tL s'g}klg

afnaflnsfnfO{ cufl8sf jif{x¿df o:tf] cj;/ gePsf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ klxn] g} ;Lldt bIftf lnP/

ljBfnodf cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ lzIfsx¿n] ;lqmo l;sfO ljlw;DaGwL tflnd lnPsf 5g\ .

tL afnaflnsfn] d"t{ / Jofjxfl/s cjwf/0ffx¿ /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg] / cd"t{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO x'g] pgLx¿n]

atfP . >j0fzlQm sdhf]/ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;du| lzIffdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]

u/L g]kfnL ;fª\s]lts efiffsf] vf;u/L k|fljlws zAbe08f/sf] yk ljsf; ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . ljBfyL{x¿n]

;fIf/tf g]kfnLdf l;ls/x]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] eP klg cª\u|]hL klg l;sfOPsf] lyof] . Pp6f r'gf}tL

s] lyof] eg] cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;fª\s]lts efiffsf sIffdf ;xefuL x'g dgfpg ufx|f] lyof] . tL sIffdf

;xefuL ePdf pgLx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sy] / tL ;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sy] . To;}n],

w]/} afnaflnsfn] jf:tjdf ljleGg cy{df ;fª\s]lts efiffnfO{ dft[efiffsf ¿kdf l;S5g\, t/ o;nfO{

ltgsf cfˆg} kl/jf/df klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gg \ .

b[li6ljxLg / b[li6 sdhf]/ -Blind and Visually Impared_ afnaflnsfsf lglDt vf]lnPsf]

nlntk'/sf] gd'gf dlR5Gb| ljBfnodf g]kfnL / afnaflnsfsf cGo dft[efiffx¿ -g]jf/L cflb_ nfO{ df}lvs



54

¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] g]kfnL a|]nsf] lzIf0f ul/G5 / o;nfO{ ;fIf/tfsf nflu / kf7\ok':tssf nflu

k|of]u ul/G5 . c¿sf] h:t} ;d:of o;df klg b]lvof] . ;d:of s] eg] g]kfnL kf7\o':tsx¿ dft[efiffx¿df

l;w} cg'jfb ul/Psf lyPÙ a|]nsf lstfax¿ k|of]ustf{d}qL lyPgg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu …lrq x]/ / j0f{g u/Ú

h:tf cEof;x¿ cg's"ng gu/L h:tfsf] t:t} /flvPsf lyP . lzIfsx¿n] klg a|]ndf k9\g] ;fgf

ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df kof{Kt ljljwtf gePsf] / ;ª\Vof klg ck'u ePsf]

pNn]v u/] . ofjt\ ;d:ofx¿ eP klg a|]nn] afnaflnsfsf lglDt c;+Vo cj;/x¿ v'nf u/]sf] lyof] /

pgLx¿df pTk|]/0ff Hofbf lyof] clg af]w Ifdtf klg /fd|f] lyof] .

cl6Hd -autism_ ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu ;~rflnt sf7df8f}+ :s'n ckm lrN8«]g ljy cl6Hd

-Kathmandu School of Children with Autism_ n] cg's"ng / nrstfsf] csf]{ pbfx/0f

k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cl6Hd / ljleGg txsf cl6Hdsf] ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfx¿df ;fdflhs

cGtlqm{ofdf sl7gfO x'g] / efiffsf] zflAbs / ;f]emf] cy{ dfq a'e\mg] t/ o;sf] efj JofVof ug{ g;Sg]

;d:of x'G5 . of] ljBfnodf lzIfsx¿nfO{ efiff cg's"ng ug]{ / d"t{ j:t', lrq cflbsf] k|of]u ug]{ tflnd

lbOPsf] 5 .

oL ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ ljz]if lzIffsf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsf x'g\ . t/, d"nwf/sf

ljBfnodf klg efiff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof ;DejtM cTolws 7"nf]

5 . xfn;fn} lzIff dGqfnon] ckf+utf÷ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf lglDt ;dfj]zL lzIff

gLltsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] 5 . efiff;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZostfsf lx;fan] yk sfd ug'{kg]{

If]qx¿df ;fª\s]lts efiff / a|]n lnlksf] ljsf; ug'{, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsfsf] l;sfOsf nflu lzIfs

tflnd pknAw u/fpg' / lzIffsf k|To]s txdf ;dfj]zL ljlwsf] sfof{Gjogdf lzIfs / ljBfnonfO{

;xof]u ug{ ;fwf/0f Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{ /x]sf 5g\ .

%=% lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ax'If]qut /0fgLltx¿

ljBfno / sIffsf]7fdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL / cGo efiffsf ljleGg ljlwx¿ / efiff;DaGwL

d'2fx¿sf] yk cWoog ug]{ j|mddf cWoogstf{x¿n] ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md -SSDP_ cjlwdf lzIff

If]qdf d'Vo s] s] ljsf; ePsf 5g\ eGg] klg cWoog u/]sf lyP . o; cjlwdf ePsf kxn jf

sfo{j|mdx¿n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod jf lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf jf lzIffsf] efiffsf

…c;n cEof;Ú sf] ljsf;df ls ;xof]u u/]sf 5g \ ls Jojwfg v8f u/]sf 5g\ . ltgsf] rrf{ tn ul/Psf]

5 .

%=%=! kf7\oj|md / sIffut txsf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIffsf nflu kf7\ok':ts / kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf;df sltko r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf]

:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . o:tf r'gf}tLx¿ cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0fdf jf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLdf klg /x]sf

5g\ . kf7\oj|md;DaGwL ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ log} r'gf}tLsf k5fl8 5g\ . k|ydtM kf7\oj|md -cf}krfl/s jf

cgf}krfl/s_ sfof{Gjogsf] efiff, To;sf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm z}Ifl0fs ljlw -ax'sIff kl/j]z nufotdf_,

lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|L / xfl;n ug'{kg]{ cfwf/e"t l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf lx;fan] kf7\oj|md k"0f{ 5}g .

g]kfndf clxn] k|of]u eO/x]sf] sIff ! b]lv g} ljifo / kf7\ok':tsdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ljlw k|f/lDes

sIffdf …c;n cEof;Úsf] wf/0ff;Fu gldNg] e};s]sf] 5 . of] wf/0ffn] sIff lzIfsn] lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t

PsLs[t kf7\oj|mdsf] lzIf0f ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbG5 . P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf …:yfgLo kf7 \oj|mdÚ sf] ljsf;

ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg klg gePsf] xf]Og . o;n] :yfgLokg / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt kl/j]z / dft[efiffsf]

l;sfO / k|of]u b'j}sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 . tyflk, :yfgLo kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws /

cfly{s ¿kn] ;xof]u ug]{ :ki6 ;+oGq 5}g . Jojxf/tM ljBfnox¿n] cfˆg} …:jljj]sn]Ú d"nfwf/sf

ljifox¿nfO{ vf;u/L cltl/Qm cª\u|]hL ljifonfO{ ;do lbO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL

sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 / clxn] o;sf] ;dLIff eO/x]sf] 5 . oBlk, o;n] dft[efiff afx]s csf]{ efiffdfkm{t

afnaflnsfsf l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ub}{g .



55

%=%=@ /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md

cWofo ! df ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -SSRP_ klxnf] k6s l;sfOsf /fli6«o d"Nofª\sgx¿ ljBfyL{

pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f -NASA_ / k|f/lDes sIff k9fO k/LIf0f -EGRA_ sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf]

pNn]v ul/of] . oL k/LIf0fx¿n] ;du|df u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf / ljz]if u/L k|f/lDes sIffdf ;fIf/tf

l;sfOsf pNn]Vo r'gf}tLx¿dfly k|sfz kf/] . cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgof]u÷cf/l6cfO{ -USAID/RTI_ sf]

k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf] ;xof]udf xfn /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]

5 . @)!^ af6 o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;'? x'g]5 . k|f/lDes sIff k9fO k/LIf0fn] g]kfnL dft[efiff gePsf

afnaflnsfnfO{ k7g ;Lksf] l;sfOdf yk sl7gfO ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO

sfo{j|mdn] …k7g ;Lksf nflu efiffÚ sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;fb}{ ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug]{ pkfo ;dfj]z u/]sf]

5 . tLg k|sf/sf ljBfnox¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf % x]g'{xf];\_ . tL pkfox¿ cGtu{t ;a}

afnaflnsfnfO{ k"j{k7g ;Lk l;sfpg] / t];|f] k|sf/sf ljBfno -hxfF eflifs ljljwtf 5_ sf

afnaflnsfnfO{ o;df yk ;xof]u ug]{]{, ;a} k|sf/sf ljBfnodf k7g ;Lkx¿sf] Jojl:yt lzIf0fdf

;xof]u ug]{ cg's"lnt kf7\ok':ts / lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ nfu" ug]{ / lglZrt ;ª\Vofsf bf];|f] k|sf/sf

ljBfno -hxfF ;a}n] g]kfnL afx]s Pp6} dft[efiff k|of]u u5{g\_ df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ug]{

/x]sf 5g\ . sfo{j|mdsf lj:t[t /0fgLltx¿ to ug]{ cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] k9fOsf nflu txut lstfax¿ x'g'kg]{, k9fOsf ;Dk"0f{ ;Lkx¿ Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;d]6\g] u/L cg's"ng

ul/g'kg]{ / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL l;Sg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ljz]if ;fdu|Lx¿ x'g'kg]{df hf]8

lbPsf] 5 .

%=%=# ;dtf /0fgLlt / ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt

lzIffdf ;dtf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg cGt;{DalGwt kl/j]zx¿ dWo] efiff klg Ps xf] . o;cl3 g}

elgof] P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] g} ;dfhsf] tNnf] txdf /x]sf sf/0f sltko hflteflifs ;d"xx¿ ;LdfGts[t

ePsf 5g\ . cNk;ª\Vos / a9L hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf efiffsf jQmfx¿ klg cfly{s / ef}uf]lns ¿kn]

;LdfGts[t x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

o;n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ;dtf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{ cGo /0fgLlt / gLltcg'¿k x'g'k5{ . oLdWo] Pp6f t e/v/} ljsf; ul/Psf] ;dtf /0fgLlt

xf] . o;n] ;dtfsf] ljZn]if0f / klxrfg ul/Psf ljleGg ;d"xx¿;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo pkfox¿nfO{ Pscsf{

glhs NofpF5 . of] /0fgLltdf efiffaf/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ hft÷hftLotf cGtu{t /flvPsf]

5 . dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwx¿nfO{ casf] af6f]sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5, t/ o;sf] lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf]

5}g . o;df ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ljBfnox¿ -;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt afnaflnsfx¿sf ljkl/t_ df vf; hf]8

lbOPsf] 5}g .

%=%=$ ;dfhefiffj}1flgs tYofª\s / efiff;DaGwL cg'udgsf] hfgsf/L

g]kfndf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . z}lIfs nufgL, glthf / pknlAwsf

ljleGg kIfx¿af/]sf u'0f:t/Lo tYofª\sx¿sf] pknAwtfdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] xfn}sf]

;dfhefiffj}1flgs ;j]{If0fn] efiffx¿sf] ljt/0f / k|of]usf] :ki6 lrq j|mdzM sf]l//x]sf 5g\ . tyflk,

xfnnfO{ lzIffsf] efiff;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf; / cg'udgn] ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿af/] ljleGg sdLx¿sf]

;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 . klxnf], ljBfno txb]lv /fli6«o tx;Ddsf z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf

tYofª\sn] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs tYofª\s ;dfj]z ub}{g / pknAw tYofª\snfO{ ljBfnon] ;d]6]sf] If]qsf

cfwf/df 5'6\6f5'6\6} 5}g . -/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf nflu ul/Psf] Ps cWoog

-o"P;PcfO8L, @)!#_ -USAID, 2013_ n] sIff ! df k|j]z ug]{ *)Ü ;Dd afnaflnsfx¿n] s]xL g

s]xL g]kfnL hfGg] cfsng u/]sf] 5 eg] cGon] of] ;ª\VofeGbf w]/} sd cfsng u/]sf 5g\_ . bf];|f], egf{,

aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8\g], ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsf, ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw cflb;DaGwL

tYofª\snfO{ eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df clxn];Dd v08Ls[t ul/Psf] 5}g . o;f] ug{sf nflu :ki6

juL{s/0f klg ePsf] 5}g -!@# efiffsf cfwf/df v08Ls[t ug'{ cJofjxfl/s x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf sf/0f_ .

o;nfO{ /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mddf lj:t[t ¿kdf x]g]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . sDtLdf klg g]kfnL



56

/ g]kfnLafx]ssf cGo efiffsf aLrdf ljefhg ug]{ k|of; ul/g] 5 . tyflk, kl5;Ddsf nflu eg] cem

lj:t[t juL{s/0fsf] cfjZostf kg{;S5 . t];|f], ljBfnoaf6 ltgn] k|of]u u/]sf] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / eflifs

cEof;;DaGwL :ki6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cefj 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !(,((( sIffx¿n]

…;ª\j|md0fLo dft[efiff l;sfOÚ sf] k|of]u u/]sf] @)!$ sf] ˆNof; l/kf]6{n] atfPsf] 5 . of] ;ª\Vof ax'eflifs

lzIff nfu" u/]sf] ljBfnosf] cflwsfl/s ;ª\VofeGbf cTolws w]/} x'g cfpF5 . tyflk, s'g kl/efiffsf

cfwf/df jf ;"rssf cfwf/df of] ;ª\Vof lg:s]sf] xf] :ki6 5}g .

%=%=% k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md cjlwdf ljBfnodf cfwfl/t / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t b'j} yl/sf ljBfnodf

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ sf] pNn]Vo lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cNk;ª\Vos eflifs k[i7e"ldsf

afnaflnsf nufot vf;u/L hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; / ljBfno k|j]zdf k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] @)!@ df ul/Psf]

dWofjlw ;dLIffn] blntsf] kx'Fr -3/b]lv ljBfnosf] b"/Lsf lx;fan]_ Psbd yf]/} dfq j[l4 ePsf] /

hghfltsf ;DaGwdf jf:tjdf 36]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . cem 7"nf] lrGtfsf] ljifo s] 5 eg] k|f/lDes afn

lzIff / ljsf;sf] k|fjwfgsf] u'0f:t/ Go"gtd dfkb08eGbf tn v:s]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lj:tfl/t

;+jfbnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ l;sfO cg'ejx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L efiff ljsf;af/]sf] a'emfO / o:tf] ljsf;nfO{

k|j4{g ug]{ ;Lk w]/}h;f] x]/rfxstf{x¿df 5}g . t;y{, clt ;LdfGts[t cj:yfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ltgsf

dft[efiffsf] ljsf;df jf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / ;fIf/tf l;sfOsf] efiff g]kfnL ePsf :yfgdf pgLx¿nfO{

;xof]u ug{ k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;sf] Ifdtf ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . …cª\u|]hL g;{/LÚ sf] clxn]sf]

k|j[lQn] of] r'gf}tLnfO{ emg\ hl6n agfPsf] 5 .

%=%=^ lzIfs lzIff, lzIfs Joj:yfkg / lzIfs egf{÷kb:yfkgf

ljBfyL{sf dft[efiff-x¿_ af]Ng ;Sg] lzIfssf] cefjn] ubf{ sltko ax'eflifs lzIffsf k/LIf0f

sfo{j|mdx¿df Jojwfg cfPsf] s'/f dfly g} elg;lsof] . cª\u|]hLsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg ePsf lzIfssf] cToGt}

cefj /x]sf] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfssf] pTk|]/0ff / Ifdtftkm{ klg ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf lzIff

sfof{nox¿n] u'0f:t/Lo / kof{Kt dfqfdf tflnd / ljBfno ;xfotf k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . oL ;a}n]

lzIfs egf{, kb:yfkg / sfo{;Dkfbg Joj:yfkgdf a[xt\ ;d:of /x]sf] :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 lzIff

If]q xfn}sf jif{x¿df ;d:ofu|:t 5 . k|ult lj:tf/} ePsf] 5 . hghflt lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4

eO/x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{–lzIfs cg'kftsf cfwf/df ePsf] c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f ug{ b/aGbL ldnfg /

lzIfssf] bIftf Joj:yfkg k|f¿ksf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oL If]qdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ePdf lzIffsf] efiffsf]

/0fgLltsf] sfof{Gogdf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 .

%=%=& lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;, ;+:yfut ljsf; / cfly{s ;|f]t

gLlt, Joj:yfkg, Ifdtf / cfly{s ;|f]t;DaGwL dxTTjk"0f{ d'2fdf k'gM s'/f ubf{ ;+If]kdf lgDg a'Fbfx¿ /fVg

;lsG5 M

gLlt M lzIffsf] efiffdf ;xof]u ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ k|lta4tfx¿ ePsf 5g\ . t/, clxn];Dddf sfof{Gjog

lgb]{lzsfx¿n] ax'eflifs lzIffsf] …kl/of]hgf z}nLÚsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g \ . bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf

g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL / efiffsf] j|mddf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, ljBfno,

lzIfs / lhNnf :t/Lo Joj:yfksx¿sf nflu yk :ki6, lj:t[t / Jofjxfl/s dfu{lgb]{zg / ;xof]u

cfjZos 5 .

JolQmut Ifdtf / k|lta4tf M s]Gb|Lo txdf, ljleGg ;xof]uL lgsfox¿df / ax'eflifs lzIffsf] k/LIf0f

ul/Psf lhNnf / ljBfnox¿df Ifdtfjfg / k|lta4 JolQmx¿ w]/} 5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . t/,

sltko l:ylt s] klg b]lvG5 eg] of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t ljleGg txsf sltko dflg;x¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod

/ lzIffsf efiffx¿ af/]sf] cjwf/0ff / To;sf d'2fx¿sf] k"0f{ 1fg e};s]sf] 5}g / o;af/] hfgsf/x¿sf]

;d"x alg;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] g]kfndf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf] ljZj;gLo / k|efjsf/L glthf xfl;n



57

ug{ cfufld lbgdf Ifdtf ljsf;, ;r]tgf, k|af]wLs/0f nufot cg'udg / dfkg ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{

cfjZostf /x]sf] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .

;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ M ljBfnox¿n] ltgsf ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf efiffsf] of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{ ;dfj]z

gu/]sf] / ax'eflifs lzIff ;ldltx¿n] /fd|f];Fu sfd gu/]sf] s'/f o;eGbf klxnf g} rrf{ ul/;lsof] . of]

;d:of t ljleGg ;d:ofx¿sf] Pp6f c+z dfq xf] . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lzIff dGqfnosf] @)!$ sf]

…;+:yfut ljZn]if0f / Ifdtf ljsf; k|ltj]bgÚ n] 5n{ª\u b]vfPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 ljBfno /

lhNnf txdf ljleGg lsl;dsf clt w]/} ;ldltx¿ 5g\, s]Gb|af6 hf/L ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿n] tL lylrPsf

5g\ / tL lgb]{lzsfx¿ k/:k/df bf]xf]l/Psf jf k/:k/ aflemg] vfnsf 5g\ . cfufld lbgdf, oL ljleGg

lgb]{lzsfx¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWod / efiff;DaGwL d'2f nufotsf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ub}{

;dfj]zL / l;sfOd}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s / k|ToIf cg'ejdf cfwfl/t

lgb]{lzsf agfpg' a9L pkof]uL x'g;S5 . lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL lg0f{o ug]{ / cfˆgf efiff / ;f+:s[lts

k/Dk/faf/] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] lj1tf a9fpg] nufot ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿df

;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] Jojl:yt / ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf klg yk

;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

ax'eflifs lzIff;DaGwL gLlt / lgb]{lzsfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ pRr:t/Lo lgsfo /fli6«o ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{zg

;ldlt lhNnf :t/sf ;ldltx¿eGbf a9L ;lqmo 5 . cWoogdf ;+nUg sltko pQ/bftfx¿n] oL

;ldltx¿df ax'eflifs lzIffsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu dw]zL eflifs ;d'bfox¿_ sf]

k|ltlglwTj gePsf] atfP . efiff;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ / of];DaGwL d'2f x]g{ bL3{sfnLg

;+:yfut ;+/rgf s:tf] agfpg] eGg]af/] ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . o;f] ubf{, k|:tfljt lzIff gLlt ;ldlt / z}lIfs

u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f sfof{nosf e"ldsfnfO{ klg Wofg lbOg' kb{5 .

lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t M efiff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{j|mdx¿df cfly{s ;|f]t sxfFaf6 vr{

ul/Psf] 5 eGg] d"Nofª\sg ug'{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . w]/}h;f] ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mdx¿ kl/of]hgf

z}nLdfkm{tsf] ;xof]uaf6 rn]sf 5g\ . k|To]s ljBfnonfO{ v'b egf{b/sf cfwf/df lbOg] !),))) ?lkofFsf]

cg'bfg sxLFsxLF cem} lg/Gt/ 5 . of] cg'bfgn] ;xof]u u/]sf] eP klg of] ce}m kof{Kt 5}g . cª\u|]hLsf

nflu eg] ljBfnox¿n] cGoqaf6 cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fO/x]sf 5g\ / cleefjsaf6 ;ª\sng ul//x]sf 5g\ .

afXo ;xof]u M ax'eflifs lzIff;DaGwL w]/}h;f] sfo{j|mdx¿ jf:tjdf afXo ;xof]udf lge{/ 5g\ . o:tf]

;xof]u dxTTj'0f{ eP klg kl/of]hgf z}nLdfly lgtfGt lge{/ xF'bf o;df slQsf] lbuf]kg / Ps?ktf x'G5

eGg] s'/f ljrf/0fLo 5 . ax'eflifs lzIff kl/of]hgf k"/f ePsf] k|ltj ]bgn] …ax'eflifs lzIffsf]

k/LIf0f÷Sof:s]8 ljlwsf nflu cjlw c;fWo} 5f]6f] -hDdf ;f9] b'O{jif{_ ePsf] x'gfn] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t

lzIf0fdf ;xefuL afnaflnsfx¿sf] pknlAwdf / l;sfO k|lqmofdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPgÚ eg]sf] 5

. csf]{tkm{, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u/]sf sfo{j|mdx¿n] sltko cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf]

/ ;xof]unfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] eP tfklg ltgsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo x'g g;s]sf], bL3{sfnLg lbuf]kgsf]

;'lglZrttf x'g g;s]sf] jf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t /fli6«o :t/sf] gLltut ;+jfbdf ;xof]u x'g] u/L ltgsf

sfo{j|mdsf] cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg x'g g;s]sf] h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .



58

%=^ ;f/f+z M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu If]q /

k|fljlws kl/j]zsf] tfTko{

sf]7f !^ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljBfno / lhNnfx¿df ePsf gLlt

sfof{Gjog / cEof;sf jt{dfg kl/j]zsf] cfzo

b= dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f /fVg, logLx¿ Pscsf{aLr s;/L cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ b]vfpg,

logsf] j|md lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ b]vfpg / logLx¿ lzIf0fsf] dfWod jf ljifosf ¿kdf s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 pNn]v

ug{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ xfnsf ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g /

lj:tf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

w= kl/efiff / zAbfjnLx¿ :ki6 x'g' kb{5 lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltdf ltgsf] k|of]udf Ps?ktf

x'g' k5{ / tL zAbfjnLx¿sf] cy{ :ki6 kfg{ o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} b:tfj]hx¿ / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdx¿n] klg ;xof]u

ug'{ kb{5 .

g= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mddfkm{t / ;s];Dd PsLs[t, d"nwf/sf

;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿dfkm{t / lgwf{l/t cfly{s pknAwtfleq /xL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] x'g' kb{5 . yk ;xof]u -h:t}

/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{j|md_ n] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 / sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] Pp6f ;femf

k|f¿kcGtu{t xf]l;of/k"j{s ltgsf] ;dGjo ul/g' kb{5 .

k= dft[efiffsf cfwfl/t / g]kfnL;DaGwL gLltn] oL s'/fx¿ ;d]6\g' kb{5 M

u'0f:t/ / :yfgLos/0fsf] dfunfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] u/L kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/ efiffx¿sf nflu ;fIf/tfdf nufot lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWoddf hfg;Sg] ljsNk

s'g} dft[efiff lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod aGg] ;Defjgf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;fIf/tfsf nflu lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf] ljsNksf

¿kdf …df}lvs ;xof]uÚ sf nflu dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ cf}krfl/s ljsNk

lzIfs tflnd / kb:yfkgf

a|]n nufot lnlkx¿sf] k|of]u / ltgsf] ljsf;df :ki6tf

ljifosf ¿kdf k}t[s efiff / wfld{s efiffsf] lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf :ki6tf

ef}uf}lns lx;fan] ljleGg 7fpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fª\s]lts efiffx¿nfO{ dft[efiffsf] dfGotf lbO{ ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt;Fu

;fd~h:otf sfod /fVg]

km= gLltn] cª\u|]hLsf ;DaGwdf oL s'/fx¿ ;d]6\g' kb{5 M

cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fx¿ / clwsf+z ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] kl/j]zsf] oyfy{tfn] b]vfP cg';f/ cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf eGbf k|fyldstf / clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf /fVbf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] pNn]v u/L o;sf] k|j4{g .

xr'jfsf e/df clxn] eO/]xsf] cEof;nfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbFb} / To;nfO{ ;anLs/0f ub}{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'j}sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljsNk . cª\u|]hL dfq eGg'eGbf of] ljlw a9L Jofjxfl/s x'G5 .

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsdf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug{ ljBfno tof/ eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ :ki6 dfkb08

cGo ljsf;zLn /fi6«af6 l;s]sf kf7sf] k|of]u u/L lzIfssf] ljsf; / ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] clwstd k|of]usf nflu

/0fgLlt

a= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ;r]tgf, Ifdtf lj:tf/ / cg';Gwfgsf] /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 .

o;n] g]kfnsf ljleGg kl/j]zdf l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / bIftf k|bz{g ug{;Sg] u/L efiffsf] a'emfO / ;fdfGo 1fgnfO{

cGt/;DalGwt u/fpg' kb{5 .

e= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf cGo /0fgLltx¿;Fu

cGt/;DalGwt÷PsLs[t u/fOg' kb{5 . ltgLx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿ / /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdaLr kf/:kl/s ;Dang

/ Ps?ktf

Jofks kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{g / kf7\ok':ts tyf ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;cGtu{t efiff

k|:tfljt ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt;Fu tfnd]n

u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ / l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ ug{ lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;

;dfhefiffj}1flgs d"Nofª\sgsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;|f]t ;fdu|L / lgb]{lzsf, efiff of]hgf, kf7\oj|mdsf] :yfgLos/0f,

:yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;xof]u cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;du| ljBfno ljlwsf] ljsf; /

ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] lj:t[t ljlwsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ckgfOg] pkfox¿df efiff;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;dflji6tf



59

;dtf / ax'sIffut ljBfnosf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ljBfno txdf u'0f:t/Lo sfo{j|mdsf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf nflu

/0fgLltdf ;'wf/

efiffsf tTTjx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6\g] u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / cg'udg k|0ffnLsf]

cg's"ng

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; / lzIffdf k|efjsf/L z}Ifl0fs ljlw / l;sfO jftfj/0fdf ;xof]u ug{ aGb} u/]sf] /0fgLlt



60

efu u M casf] af6f] M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt

/ of]hgfnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

of] k|ltj]bgsf] efu s df cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld ;fy} lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt

lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tyf ;"rgf lbg] ljleGg tTTjx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/of] . ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf

k|efjsf/L efiff lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o hut\n] a'em]sf gofF ljlwx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/of] . o;sf

;fy}, lzIffsf] efiffsf] ax;df ;xof]u ug]{ clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] klg efu s df

rrf{ ul/of] .

efu v df g]kfnsf] kl/j]zsf ljlzi6 kIfx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfd eof] . o;df ;dfhefiffj}1flgs /

;fdflhs–/fhgLlts kl/j]zb]lv lzIff If]qleqsf cEof; / d'2fx¿;Ddsf] uxg ljZn]if0f ul/of] . o;

j|mddf s]Gb|, lhNnf / ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf b[li6sf]0fx¿ klg k|:t't ul/of] .

efu u df tYo / hfgsf/Lx¿af6 k|fKt lgisif{ / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df eljiodf lng] af6f] ;'emfOg] 5 .

o;df lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt ;du|df s:tf] x'g'kg]{af/] ;'emfj k|:t't ul/g'sf

;fy} @)!$ df tof/ ul/Psf] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrqsf] d:of}bfdf kl/dfh{g / dft[efiff, g]kfnL /

cª\u|]hLsf nflu ljz]if /0fgLlt / ljlwsf ;DaGwdf ;'emfj k|:t't ul/g] 5 .

^= lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿

^=! ;du| ljlw / d'2fx¿

sf]7f !& lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿

s= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ax'eflifstfsf ;+1fgfTds tyf ;fdflhs

kmfObfx¿sf] klxrfg tyf b'j} txdf efiffx¿ Ps cfk;df k|lt:kwL{ geP/ Ps csf{sf ;xof]uL x'g]

dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

3= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf] efiff ;DaGwL gLltx¿ afnaflnsfsf] k9\g kfpg] / lzIffaf6 k"0f{ nfe

lng kfpg] clwsf/df s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .

ª= :ki6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] lzIf0fsf] dfWod÷efiff lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 kf7\oj|mdsf]

;dfj]zLs/0fdf efiff, hftLotf jf Ifdtfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] lje]b x'g' x'Fb}g .

h= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLlt k|rlnt sfg'g tyf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿df

cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;}4flGts ¿kdf lzIffdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g ug{'k5{Ù /, ;a}

ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnL efiffdf ;fIf/ / bIf x'g'k5{ . sfg'gsf s]xL kIfx¿df yk :ki6tfsf nflu ;dy{g ug]{

cj;/sf] ;d]t pkof]u ul/g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pseflifs jf …ax'eflifsÚ ;Gbe{, ljifosf ¿kdf dfq

k9fpg'sf] ;f6f] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u tyf cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf]

e"ldsf / cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

8= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ;dfhdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] dxTTj

:ki6 pNn]v ug'{k5{ / oL k|To]sn] Ps csf{nfO{ s;/L d2t u5{g\ / ;dfj]zLs/0f, zflGt :yfkgf,

;fdflhs ;fd~h:otf / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u u5{g\ eGg] s'/fsf] JofVof ug'{k5{ .

t= lzIff / lzIff afx]ssf cGo If]qdf klg …;'zf;gÚ df ;xof]u ug{ lg/Gt/ sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g]5 .

d'VotM lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf o;sf] cfjZostf 5 M

-c_ lghL ljBfnodf efiff gLltsf d'Vo tTTjx¿sf] k|of]u

-cf_ sIffsf]7fsf] cf}krfl/s jftfj/0fdf / sIffsf]7feGbf aflx/ l;sfOsf nflu Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ /



61

u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / lje]b/lxt lzIffsf] clwsf/ nfu" ug{ lghL lzIff;Fu a[xt\ ;fem]bf/L / lghL lzIffsf] lgodg

w= kl/efiff / zAbfjnLx¿ :ki6 x'g'k5{ . lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltdf ltgsf] k|of]udf

Ps?ktf x'g'k5{ / tL zAbfjnLx¿sf] cy{ :ki6 kfg{ o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} b:tfj]h / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdx¿n]

klg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

g= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|md -SSDP_ dfkm{t / ;s];Dd

PsLs[t, d"nwf/sf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿dfkm{t / lgwf{l/t cfly{s pknAwtfleq /xL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ .

yk ;xof]u -h:t} /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{j|md_ n] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k5{ / sfof{Gjog

/ cg'udgsf] Pp6f ;femf k|f¿kcGtu{t xf]l;of/k"j{s ltgsf] ;dGjo ul/g'k5{ .

cWoogsf lgisif{x¿n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] …wgfTdsÚ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifstf -'Additive'

MT-based multilingualism_ sf] ;du| ljlwsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf]

dfu{lrqsf] d:of}bfdf plNnlvt ljlw ;xL 5 . ;fwf/0f ljlw cGt/f{li6«o hut\n] …pTs[i6 cEof;Ú eg]s}

lbzfdf 5 . ;xL tl/sfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf v08df afnaflnsfsf l;sfO cfjZostf k"/f x'G5g\ /

clwsf/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . oBlk, ToxfF sltko 7fpFdf kl/dfh{g / :ki6Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf 5, h;nfO{

;'emfj g+= @ df ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 ._

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL Pp6f lj:t[t gLltsf] ljsf;df cufl8 a9\g' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

o;nfO{ vf;u/L k|f/lDes sIffdf l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf]

ljsf;sf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf klxnf] r/0fdf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP_ cGtu{t sfof{Gjog

ug{ ;lsG5 .

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;s];Dd casf] ;ª\3Lo kl/j]zcg';f/ to x'g]

/fli6«o efiff of]hgfsf] lj:t[t k|lj|mofcGtu{t /flvg'k5{ . o;sf nflu sfg'gdf kl/dfh{g ul/g'k5{ . of]

lghL ljBfnosf nflu klg nfu" x'G5 .

;'emfj g+= ! M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL Pp6f lj:t[t gLltsf] ljsf; ul/g'k5{,

h'g÷h;n] M

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt / efiffsf] k|of]u;DaGwL sfg'gaLr Ps?ktf /

kf/:kl/stf sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf] a[xt\ eflifs of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5Ù

…ax'eflifs lzIff ;dLs/0fÚdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª \u|]hLsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿ lj:t[t ¿kn] ;d]6\5 /

ltgsf] cf}lrTosf] JofVof u5{Ù

efiffnufot lzIff If]qsf] a[xt\ nIocGtu{t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 / h;n] …u'0f:t/Ú sf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf lnFb} ;fy{s l;sfOdf ;xof]u u5{Ù

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] cEof;nfO{ z}lIfs clwsf/sf] k|flKt / ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s /

;xeflutfsf] clwsf/tkm{sf] k|ultsf ¿kdf x]5{Ù

ax'eflifs lzIffsf] ;kmn ljsf;, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] pko'Qm jftfj0f lgdf{0fsf nflu

ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf ;a} PsLs[t /0fgLltx¿;Fu cGt/;DalGwt x'G5Ù /

efiff l;sfO / lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o pbfx/0fx¿, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /

;fd~h:otfsf nflu ax'eflifs lzIff -a'xt\ ;xeflutf / cfly{s cj;/x¿ xfl;n ug{ cfjZos

kg]{ efiffx¿df kx'Frsf ;fy;fy} dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t_ sf] of]ubfg / g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf

cg'ejx¿af6 l;s]sf kf7x¿sf] sfof{Gjog nufotsf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t

ax'eflifs lzIffsf ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug'{sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 u5{ .



62

^=@ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / ljifosf ¿kdf efiffx¿sf] k|of]u / j|md

sf]7f !* lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿

u= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf Jofks /0fgLltx¿sf ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf

…pTs[i6 cEof;Ú nfO{ lgDg 9ª \un] b]vfpg'k5{ M

-c_ …lqeflifsÚ cjwf/0ffk|ltsf] k|lta4tfsf cfwf/df afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOnfO{ clwstd agfpg]

nIo;lxt dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] ;':ki6 j|md lgwf{/0f ug]{

-cf_ dft[efiff / cª\u|]hLsf lzIfssf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df ;DefJotfnfO{ ljrf/ ug]{

em= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ljBfnonfO{ cfˆgf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z

cg';f/ nlrnf lg0f{o ug]{ cg'dlt lbg'k5{ .


jf ljifosf ¿kdf ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf dft[efiffsf jQmfsf] ;+Vof, lnlksf] ljsf;, ;flxTo, klxnf] /÷jf


b[li6sf]0f / cGo tTTjx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL To;sf] lj:t[t lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg'k5{ .

cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fx¿sf] cWoog / kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/j]z, ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z clg g]kfndf

gd'gfsf ¿kdf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs ljlwn] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf kf/]sf]

;sf/fTds k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf lgisif{x¿n] dft[efiff, g]kfnL -g]kfnL dft[efiff geP/

bf];|f] efiff ePsf :yfgdf_ / clgjfo{ cª\u|]hL;lxtsf] …lqeflifsÚ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ lzIff dGqfnosf]

a'xt\ ck]Iff -lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq @)!$ sf] d:of}bfdf plNnlvt_ sf] j}wflgstf k'li6 u/]sf] s'/f

o;cl3 g} elg;lsPsf] 5 . …PseflifsÚ / …ax'eflifsÚ ;d'bfo ePsf] kl/j]znfO{ klg Vofn ug'{kg]{

o;cl3sf] gLltut ;'emfjsf] klg cWoogsf lgisif{x¿n] ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, sltko ljifodf yk

:ki6Ls/0f / kl/dfh{g cfjZo ePsf] lgisif{x¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL geP/ cGo dft[efiffx¿sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf, …;a} jf s'g} klg

k|of]u gug]{Ú ljlwdf hfg' h?/L 5}g . o;sf] ;6\6f …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú ePsf dft[efiffnfO{

k|f/lDes sIffdf …lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodÚsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 -o;nfO{ tn ;'emfj g+= # df yk

JofVof ul/Psf] 5_ . ljBfyL{sf] -cyjf sltko ljBfyL{sf_ dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ jf lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfpg

;Dej 5}g eg] To:tf] kl/j]zdf tL dft[efiffx¿sf] cTolws df}lvs k|of]u u/L l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .

csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{, b]zsf ;a} ljBfnox¿n] cfˆgf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf] d"Nofª \sg ug'{k5{ /

afnaflnsfsf dft[efiffnfO{ -pko'Qm Ifdtf ljsf; / dft[efiffdf ;xof]u;lxt_ ;xof]u ug]{ ljlw lgwf{/0f

ug'{k5{ .

ljifo / dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf -dft[efiff g]kfnL gePsf] cj:yfdf_, g]kfnLnfO{

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf cfh{g ul//x]sf / vf;u/L ltgsf cfˆgf dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tf l;Sg gkfPsf

afnaflnsfsf lglDt g]kfnLnfO{ j|mdzM nfu" ub}{ hfg'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ :ki6 dfGotf lbOg'k5{ . g]kfnL

efiffsf] l;sfOdf 6]jf lbgsf nflu dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ xfnsf] cEof;nfO{ klg pkof]uL lx;fan]

cf}krfl/s dfGotf lbg ;lsG5 .

ljifo / dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf, k|efjsf/L / qmlds lzIf0fsf] z}lIfs

cfjZostfnfO{ / w]/}h;f] ljBfnon] cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0fdf of] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] tYonfO{ dgg\

ub}{ cª\u|]hLsf] pTs6 rfxgfnfO{ klg ;d]6\g'k5{ . o;n] cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u

ug'{eGbf clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ o;sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fdf clws hf]8 lbg'k5{ /

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; / k|f/lDes sIffx¿df cª\u|]hL dfWodnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{k5{ .



63

;'emfj g+= @ M ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z / ljBfnosf] k|fljlws Ifdtf;Fu efiffsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw x'g]

x'gfn] dfWod jf ljifosf ¿kdf -c_ dft[efiff, -cf_ g]kfnL, -O_ cª\u|]hL / -O{_ k}t[s÷wfld{s efiffsf] 5gf}6

/ j|mdsf ljleGg ljsNkx¿ cjnDag ul/g'k5{, h;nfO{ tn lbOPsf] 5 M

;'emfj @-c_ M

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf ! M ljBfnosf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]z cg';f/ k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; /

k|f/lDes sIffx¿df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t / g]kfnL ljlwsf] klxrfgsf nflu ;'emfOPsf] ljlw

ljBfnosf] k|sf/ -;dfhefiffj}1flgs

kl/j]zsf cfwf/df_

-g]kfnLOt/_ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL

k|sf/ !


k|j]z ubf{ ;a}n] ;dfg ¿kn]** g]kfnLefifL

l;sf?x¿

g]kfnL–! lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

g]kfnL dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t df}lvs l;sfO / ;fIf/tfsf nflu . ljBfnox¿n] cGo eflifs

k[i7e"ldsf, ;fª\s]lts efiffsf / a|]n lnlksf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ nlrnf] df}lvs

ljlwdfkm{t klg ;xof]u u5{g\

k|sf/ @s

k|f/lDes afn ljsf;÷sIff ! df k|j]z ubf{

;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn] * Pp6} dft[efiff

af]N5g\ / Tof] efiff …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu

tof/Ú** 5

dft[efiff–! M lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf

¿kdf dft[efiff

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / k|fylds

ljBfnosf k|f/lDes sIffx¿ ***df

lzIf0fsf] dfWod -;fIf/tf;lxt_

dft[efiff x'G5

leGgtf M ljBfno÷sIffsf]7fleq ljleGg

eflifs ;d"xx¿ klxrfg u/L PseGbf

a9L dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] k"0f{

dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

ljBfnox¿n] cGo eflifs k[i7e"ldsf,

;fª\s]lts efiffsf / a|]n lnlksf

ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ nrs

df}lvs ljlwdfkm{t klg ;xof]u u5{g\

g]kfnL–@ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL df}lvs

¿kdf / ;fIf/tf l;sfOsf nflu

g]kfnL bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf ;'? ul/G5, dft[efiff-x¿_

eGbf kl5 nfu" ul/G5 / dft[efiff / ;fIf/tf ;Lkdf

cfwfl/t x'G5 k|sf/ #s



k|j]z u5{g\, t/ g]kfnLOt/ Jofks ;~rf/sf]

Pp6f efiff -;Dks{ efiff_ df ;a}sf] ;xdlt

5, / clwsf+z l;sf?x¿df of] efiffsf] s]xL

1fg 5 / of] efiff lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu

tof/*** 5

k|sf/ @v


k|j]z ubf{ ;a} l;sf?n] ;dfg ¿kn] **

Pp6} dft[efiff af]N5g\, / Tof] efiff …lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú* eO;s]sf] 5}g

dft[efiff–@ M dft[efiffnfO{ nlrnf]

df}lvs ;xof]u

vf;u/L k|f/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf;÷k|f/lDes sIffx¿df l;sfOsf

;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿df ;xof]u ug{ Jojl:yt

¿kdf dft[efiff-x¿_ sf] df}lvs k|of]uÙ

ljBfnox¿n] cfjZostf cg';f/

;fª\s]lt efiff / a|]n lnlksf] klg k|of]u

ug{ ;S5g\

g]kfnL–# df}lvs ¿kdf bf];|f] efiff t/ ;fIf/tfsf

nflu klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

g]kfnLnfO{ ;'?jftaf6 g} bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf ;'?

ul/G5 / g]kfnLdf ;fIf/tf l;Sgsf nflu

afnaflnsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ;xof]u ul/G5

k|sf/ #v



k|j]z u5{g\, t/ Jofks ;~rf/sf] ;femf

efiff 5}g

*k|sf/ ! sf ljBfnox¿df k|sf/ !v sf ljBfnox¿ klg k5{g\ -cWofo # sf] tflnsf $ x]g'{xf];\_, hxfF

afnaflnsfn] clxn] g]kfnL af]N5g\, t/ ltgLx¿sf] k}t[s efiff csf]{ x'G5 jf ltgsf wd{;Fu ;DalGwt efiff

csf]{ x'G5, h'g ltgsf] dft[efiff xf]Og . of] leGgtfnfO{ of] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5}g lsgls of] tflnsfdf

k|f/lDes sIffdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]

s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .

** /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md -NEGRP_ sf cg';f/ ;dfg ¿kn] Pp6} efiff af]Ng] eg]sf]

()Ü jf ;f]eGbf dfly xf] . o;sf] cy{ …;dfg ¿kn] Pp6} efiff af]Ng]Ú elgPsf ljBfnodf klg !)Ü

cNk;+Vos ljBfyL{sf nflu df}lvs ;xof]usf] cfjZos 5 eGg] xf] .



64

** …lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú efiffsf] cjwf/0ffsf] lj:tf/ ;'emfj g+= # cGtu{t ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf]

cy{ ;f] efiffsf jQmfx¿ pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf 5g\, o;sf] cfˆg} lnlk 5, cfˆg} ;flxTo 5, o;nfO{ :yfgLo

;xof]u kof{Kt 5 / lzIfsx¿ klg kof{Kt pknAw 5g\ eGg] xf] . oBlk, of] lg/k]If cjwf/0ff xf]Og .

;doj|md;Fu} o;df klg kl/jt{g eO/xG5 .

*** …k|f/lDes sIffÚ eg]sf] sltnfO{ xf] eGg] s'/f j|md;DaGwL tflnsf # df lj:t[t ¿kdf kl/eflift

ul/Psf] 5 lsgeg] of] s'/f ljBfno txsf tTTjsf ;fy} ;ª\3Lotf cGtu{t lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf/] ul/g]

lg0f{odf e/ k5{ .

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf ! af/] l6Kk0fL M

of] ljlwn] dft[efiff g]kfnLsf] j|md ;fdfhefiffj}1flgs kl/j]zsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/g'k5{, t/

Ifdtf / clej[lQnfO{ klg Vofn ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 .

ljBfnox¿n] s]xL ;do …cfjZostfsf cfwf/df nlrnf] df}lvs ;xof]uÚ u/L kl5 j|mdzM dft[efiffsf]

k"0f{ k|of]utkm{ hfg ;S5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;a}n] Pp6} dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ kl/j]zdf jf ;Dks{ efiffdf Jofks ;xdlt 5

eg] dft[efiff pQd ljsNk x'G5, t/ hxfF ;|f]t pknAw 5}g ToxfF cfjZostf cg';f/ nlrnf] ¿kdf

df}lvs ljsNk /f]Hg ;lsG5 .

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t eO{ /f]lhPsf] ljlwn] g]kfnLnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ ljlwdf ljz]if hf]8

lbG5 M olb ;fIf/tfsf nflu dft[efiff k|of]u x'g] xf] eg] o;sf] hudf pleP/ ;doj|md cg';f/ g]kfnL

lzIf0f ug'{k5{ . olb dft[efiff df}lvs ¿kdf dfq k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] k|f/lDes sIffx¿af6 g} g]kfnL

efiff / ;fIf/tfsf] ;'?jft ug{ ;lsG5, t/ dft[efiffsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

;'emfj g+= @-cf_

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf @ M ljifo jf dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL 5gf}6sf ljsNkx¿sf nflu

;'emfOPsf] ljlw

ljsNkx¿ pko'Qm kl/j]z

cª\u|]hL–! M ;a} txdf clgjfo{ / k|fyldstfsf] ljifosf

¿kdf cª\u|]hL

k|efjsf/L ;fljt ePsf] ljlwdfkm{t ljifosf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0f dfq ul/G5 .

vf;u/L b'u{d / lk58f If]qsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf

nflu …clgjfo{Ú ljsNk

cª\u|]hL–@ M cª\u|]hLnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf ;'? ul/G5 / kl5

of] lzIf0fsf] cf+lzs dfWod aG5

k|f/lDes sIffx¿df cª\u|]hLnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf 3lge"t

lzIf0f ul/G5 / o;;Fu;Fu} dft[efiff÷g]kfnL klg k|of]u

x'G5 . sIff # jf % af6 lzIf0fsf] cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL / o;;Fu;Fu} g]kfnL klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

-@)!$ sf] dfu{lrqsf cfwf/df ljifox¿sf] ljefhg u/L

jf Pp6} sIffleq låefifL ljlw k|of]u u/L ug{ ;lsG5_ .

cf}krfl/s ¿kn] …cª \u|]hL dfWodÚ k|of]u ul/Psf] t/

sIffsf]7fdf dft[efiff÷g]kfnLsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] xfnsf]

ljBdfg ljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ tyf o;sf hudf cufl8

a9\g] nlrnf] ljsNk

cª\u|]hL–# M cª\u|]hLnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf ;'? ul/G5 / kl5

of] lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod aG5

lzIf0fsf] cf}krfl/s dfWod cª\u|]hL x'G5 .

cª\u|]hL dfWod /fd|f];Fu :yflkt eO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

;~rfng e}/x]sf] cj:yfsf], jf ljBfnox¿n] …lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf nflu cª\u|]hL tof/ ePsf]Ú b]vfpg ;Sg]

cj:yfsf] dfq} ljsNk



65

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf @ af/] l6Kk0fL M

dft[efiff÷g]kfnLsf nflu ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ eGbf cª\u|]hLsf nflu ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ cfwf a9L

:jtGq x'g kfOG5 lsgeg] of] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs tTTjdf geP/ ljBfnosf] kl/j]zdf dfq lge{/

x'G5 . l;4fGttM dft[efiffg]kfnLsf s'g} klg ljlw cª\u|]hLsf tLgj6f ljlwdWo] s'g} klg ljlw;Fu

hf]8\g ;lsG5 . :d/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] oL ;a} ljsNkx¿df cª\u|]hLnfO{ klxnf ljifosf ¿kdf

;'? ul/G5 . o:tf] lsg xf] eGbf lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod cª\u|]hL -ljsNk #_ ePsf ljBfnox¿n]

klg k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / k|f/lDes sIffx¿df df}lvs lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff

-g]kfnL jf cGo_ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fydf cª\u|]hL efiff l;sfOnfO{ tLj| ;dy{g 5 h;n]

ubf{ cª\u|]hL j|mdzM lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod aGg] af6f] v'n]sf] 5 .

cª\u|]hL–! sf] ljsNknfO{ g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df clgjfo{ ljsNksf ¿kdf

;'emfOPsf] 5 . dft[efiff÷g]kfnLdf cfwfl/t ljlwcGtu{t ;+1fgfTds cfjZostf k"/f ug{ of]

pQd ljsNk x'G5 . o;n] lzIfssf] Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg dWo]gh/ u/]sf] 5 . tflnd,

;fdu|L / plrt k|ljlwdf kx'Fr j[l4 u/L ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL /fVg rfxg] ljBfnox¿nfO{

k|fyldstf lbg ;lsG5 . of] ljlw cg';f/ ljBfnosf ;a} lzIfsn] geP/ s]xL lzIfsn] dfq

cª\u|]hLsf] eflifs bIftf / lzIf0f Ifdtfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f u/] k'Ug] ePsfn] of] ;a}eGbf

sd vlr{nf] ljsNk xf] . csf]{ s'/f, of] ;lhnf] klg x'G5 lsgeg] tflndsf ;|f]tx¿ xfn cª\u|]hL

efiffsf] ;Lk / ?lr ePsfx¿nfO{ nlIft ul/G5 .

cª\u|]hL–@ sf] ljsNk eg]sf] ;Demf}tf xf] lsgeg] w]/}h;f] ljBfnox¿ …cª \u|]hL dfWodÚ df uPsf

eP klg oyfy{df clwsf+z ljBfnox¿n] cª\u|]hL;Fu g]kfnLsf] klg k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . of]

ljsNksf] yk lj:t[tLs/0f cfjZos 5 . :yfgLo kl/j]zsf nflu nlrnf] x'g] u/L Jofjxfl/s

;dfwfg vf]Hg] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lzIfssf] pknAwtfnfO{ Vofn ul/g'k5{ eGg] xf] .

To;}n], pbfx/0fsf nflu ljifo cg';f/ 5'6\6f5'6\6} efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{eGbf Pp6} sIffdf

dft[efiff÷g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cª\u|]hL–# sf] ljsNk g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf nflu ;fGble{s 5}g . tyflk,

s'g} s'g} ljBfnon] dfq cª\u|]hL dfWodnfO{ /fd|f];Fu :yflkt ul/;s]sfn] of] ljsNknfO{ ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf ;fy}, ca aGg] gLltdf of] ljsNk klg v'nf u/]df ;/sf/L / lghL b'j}

ljBfnodf ;dfg ;+/rgf / lgb]{zg sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] ;Defjgf /xG5, h'g clt cfjZos

klg 5 .

;'emfj g+= @-O_

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf # M k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; / sIff !–!@ sf nflu ;'emfOPsf

lzIf0fsf dfWodx¿ -lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq @)!$ sf] d:of}bfsf nflu ;'emfOPsf]

kl/dfh{g;lxt_



66

sfnf] d;L lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq @)!% sf] xfnsf] d:of}bfÙ /ftf] d;L] ;'emfOPsf]

lj:tf/÷kl/dfh{g

cfwf/e"t sIff dfWolds sIff

Ol;O8L ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

dft[efiff lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf

dft[efiff

dft[efiff dfWod

-;fIf/tf;lxt_

dft[efiff–!

cyjf

Jojl:yt

df}lvs k|of]u

dfkm{t lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf

dft[efiff

dft[efiff–@

hlt;Sbf] k/;Dd

ljifosf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf]

lg/Gt/tf

cyjf

dfu ePsf

7fpFdf÷jf

;ª\3LotfcGtu{t

tf]lsPsf 7fpFdf

lzIf0fsf] dfWod -

jf cf+lzs dfWod_

sf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf] sIff

$–% ;Dd lj:tf/

cyjf

cfjZostf cg';f/

6]jf lbg÷l;sfOdf

;xof]u ug{

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u

hlt;Sbf] k/;Dd ljifosf

¿kdf dft[efiffsf]

lg/Gt/tf

cyjf

dfu ePsf 7fpFdf÷jf

;ª\3LotfcGtu{t

tf]lsPsf 7fpFdf lzIf0fsf]

dfWod -jf cf+lzs

dfWod_ sf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf] sIff ^–*

;Dd lj:tf/

cyjf

cfjZostf cg';f/ 6]jf

lbg÷l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u

hlt;Sbf] k/;Dd ljifosf ¿kdf

dft[efiffsf] lg/Gt/tf

cyjf

dfu ePsf 7fpFdf÷jf

;ª\3LotfcGtu{t tf]lsPsf 7fpFdf

lzIf0fsf] dfWod -jf cf+lzs dfWod_

sf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] sIff (–!@

;Dd lj:tf/

cyjf

cfjZostf cg';f/ 6]jf

lbg÷l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{

dft[efiffsf] k|of]u

g]kfnL g]kfnL dft[efiff

ePsf 7fpFdf

lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnL

g]kfnL efiff

dft[efiff

g]kfnL–! ePsf

7fpFdf lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnL

cyjf

dft[efiff g]kfnL

gePsf 7fpFdf

clgjfo{

ljifosf ¿kdf

g]kfnL, ;fydf

cltl/Qm

efiffsf ¿kdf

g]kfnLsf]

Jojl:yt

lzIf0f g]kfnL

–@ / g]kfnL–#

-dft[efiffsf]

k|of]usf] lj:tf/

gx'Fbf;Dd_ lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf

g]kfnL

lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf

¿kdf g]kfnLsf] lg/Gt/tf

cyjf

;fdflhs lj1fg, efiff /

snfdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf

¿kdf g]kfnL cyjf

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

tf]lsPsf cGo k|of]hgsf

nflu -h:t} ;Dk"0f{ jf

tf]lsPsf kf7x¿df

låeflifs ljlw_

clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf]

lg/Gt/tf

cyjf

lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod jf lzIf0fsf]

cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnLnfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbg] ljsNk

cª\u|]hL clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL,

;fydf cltl/Qm ljifosf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL lzIf0fsf k|efjsf/L ljlw

k|fylds clgjfo{ ljifosf

¿kdf cª\u|]hL

cyjf

ul0ft / lj1fgsf nflu

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL jf tf]lsPsf cGo

k|of]hgsf nflu lzIf0fsf]

cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL -

efiff ljifodf afx]s_

cyjf

lzIf0fsf] cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL

cyjf

k|fylds clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL



67

j|md;DaGwL tflnsf # af/] l6Kk0fL M

dft[efiff M dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodb]lv df}lvs ¿kdf ;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko

cj:yfdf sIff # eGbf dfly;Dd jf sltko cj:yfdf sIff % eGbf dfly;Dd klg dft[efiff k|of]u

ug{ ;lsg] ljsNksf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ;ª\3Lotfdf lglZrt efiffx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ cj:yf

cfpFbf of] ljsNk nfu" x'G5 .

g]kfnL M g ]kfnLnfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf lzIf0f ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf / sltko ljBfnon]

g]kfnLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg;Sg] ;Defjgfdf hf]8 lbg o;sf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf]

5 .

cª\u|]hL M lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u gul/sg clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf]

lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ ljsNksf nflu cyjf lglZrt ljifosf nflu …lzIf0fsf] cf+lzs dfWodÚ sf ¿kdf

o;sf] k|of]usf nflu jf cGo ljlwsf nflu o;sf] kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIffsf cGo pkIf]qx¿ M

of] tflnsfdf cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . dfu{lrqsf] d:of}bfdf ePsf

;'emfjx¿nfO{ o; cWoogsf lgisif{x¿n] cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ ls ;Dej eP;Dd cgf}krfl/s

lzIff dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{, ;fIf/f]Q/ r/0fdf g]kfnL ;'? ug]{, cyjf ljsNksf ¿kdf

dft[efiffnfO{ 6]jf lbg] u/L g]kfnL efiffsf ;fydf g]kfnL ;fIf/tfsf] lzIf0f x'g'kg]{ ;'emfOPsf]

5 . ;Dej eP;Dd o'jf / lszf]/ lszf]/LnfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf nflu -h:t} j}b]lzs

/f]huf/Lsf nflu_ cª\u|]hLdf cj;/ j[l4 ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] lj:tf/ / ljljwLs/0f ug{

;lsG5 .

of] cWoogdf pRr lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . t/, o;nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf

efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltd} jf pRr lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg gLltx¿df ;Gbe{sf] ;ª\s]t ug]{

u/L ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

;'emfj @-O{_

efiffsf] 5gf}6 / j|md;DaGwL yk ;'emfjx¿ M

;fª\s]lts efiff / a|]n lnlk M ;fª\s]lts efiffsf k|of]ustf{sf nflu vf]lnPsf ljz]if

ljBfno÷sIffdf ;fª\s]lts efiffnfO{ g} dft[efiff agfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL a|]n lnlksf k|of]ustf{sf

nflu vf]lnPsf ljz]if ljBfno÷sIffdf a|]nnfO{ g} ;fIf/tfsf] efiff agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fª\s]lts efiff

jf a|]nsf k|of]ustf{x¿ d"nwf/sf ljBfno÷sIffsf]7fdf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf efiff l;sfOsf

cfjZostfnfO{ ;dfj]zL ljlwsf] cª\usf ¿kdf ;xof]u ul/g'k5{ .

ljifosf ¿kdf k}t[s efiffx¿ -/ lnlkx¿_ M dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] ljlw klxrfg ug'{sf

cltl/Qm k}t[s efiffx¿ h;nfO{ afnaflnsfn] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ub}{gg\ -a;fOF ;/fO / eflifs

ck;/0fsf sf/0f_ ltgsf] l;sfOdf klg ;Dej eP;Dd ;xof]u ug{ ljBfnox¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{

. logLx¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g, t/ ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .

tyflk, …lqeflifsÚ ljlwn] Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] dfu klg a9fpg] ePsfn] ;fem]bf/L / vr{ afF8kmfF8sf

pkfox¿ vf]lhg'k5{ . lzIff If]qn] gLltut Joj:yf u5{ eg] efiffsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ :yfgLo ;+:yf /

cGo If]q / eflifs ;+/If0f / ;f+:s[lts k'ghL{ljtLs/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog /

cfly{s ;|f]tsf] lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsG5 .



68

cf:yfdf cfwfl/t ljBfnox¿df ljifosf ¿kdf wfld{s efiffx¿ M wfld{s -cf:yfdf cfwfl/t_

ljBfnox¿nfO{ d"nwf/sf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ j|md rln/x]sf] 5 . w]/}n] o:tf efiffx¿sf]

lzIf0f / k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ h'g ljBfyL{sf dft[efiff xf]Ogg\ t/ ltgLx¿ wfld{s sfo{ / ;+:s[lt;Fu

;DalGwt 5g\ . o:tf ljBfnon] ltgsf efiff of]hgf / efiffsf] j|md lgwf{/0fleq oL efiffx¿nfO{ klg

;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf kmfObf / xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ul/g] j|md lgwf{/0fsf]

cfjZostfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . k}t[s efiffx¿sf nflu k|:tfj u/]cg'¿k cleefjs, wfld{s cf:yf

af]s]sf :yfgLo ;d'bfo / wfld{s efiffsf] lzIf0fnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] klg uxg e"ldsf x'g'k5{ .

u'Dafsf xsdf, dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIf0f / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf] l;sfOnfO{

;anLs/0f ug]{ u/L oL ;+:yfleq ltAatL efiff / ;Daf]6f lnlkaf6 afnaflnsfsf jf:tljs

dft[efiff s'g s'g x'g\ 5'6\ofP/ ltgnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f u/fpg'k5{ . oBlk, o;sf] ubf{

wd{lg/k]If kf7zfnfaf6 leGg ePsf] of] kf7\oj|mdsf] clwsf+z efu x'g ;S5.

ljxf/sf xsdf of] d'Vo u/L g]jf/ ;+:s[ltdf x'g] ePsfn] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf g]jf/ /

g]kfnLsf] k|of]usf] cfjZostf x'g;S5 / wfld{s efiffsf ¿kdf klxnf sDtLdf ;+:s[t /÷jf

kfnLnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

u'?s"nsf xsdf klxnf l;sf?x¿sf dft[efiff s] s] x'g\ klxrfg ug]{ / ;+:s[tnfO{ klxnf

ljifosf ¿kdf ;'? ug]{ / j|mdzM o;nfO{ wfld{s ljifox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfpg] ug{

;lsG5 .

db/;fsf xsdf klg klxnf afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiff -k|foM pb'{_ nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf

¿kdf klxrfg ug]{ / wfld{s lj|mofsnfksf] dfWod x'g] u/L c/las efiffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf

¿kdf lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=# lzIf0fsf] dfWod /÷jf ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / k}t[s÷wfld{s efiffx¿

sf]7f !( lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿


leqsf ultljlwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'sf ;fy} To:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ;d]t ug{'k5{ .

o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ k5{Gf\ M

g]kfnL efiff bf];|f] efiff ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;lqmo lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw, ;f]xL cg';f/sf

;fdu|L / ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn] wgfTds ljlwdfkm{t g]kfnL k9fpg],

csf]{ s'g} efiffnfO{ k7gkf7gsf] dfWod agfOPkl5sf] ;ª\j|md0fLo cj:yfdf klg dft[efiffsf]

k|of]unfO{ sfod /fVg]

u= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf Jofks /0fgLltx¿sf ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf

…pTs[i6 cEof;Ú nfO{ lgDg 9ª \un] b]vfpg'k5{ M

;fIf/tf l;sfOsf nflu k7gkf7gsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k"0f{ ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ gldNg]

cj:yfdf g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hLsf] l;sfO jf oL efiffsf dfWodaf6 x'g] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg

dft[efiffsf] df}lvs k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;zQm / cf}krfl/s agfpg] cjwf/0ff ;dflji6 ug]{

g]kfnL dft[efiff gePsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ ckgfOg] ;'Jojl:yt k4ltx¿sf]

:ki6 pNn]v ug]{

dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ lzIfssf] kb:yfkg, lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;, kf7\oj|md, kf7\o;fdu|Lsf]

ljsf;, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw / d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{




69

jf ljifosf ¿kdf ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf dft[efiffsf jQmfsf] ;+Vof, lnlksf] ljsf;, ;flxTo, klxnf] /÷jf


b[li6sf]0f / cGo tTTjx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL To;sf] lj:t[t lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg'k5{ .

7= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] pko'Qm eP;Dd / ;Dej eP;Dd k|f/lDes sIffdf

nf]kf]Gd'v efiffsf] k|of]u eflifs / ;f+:s[lts k'ghL{ljtLs/0fsf] ;zSt dfWod xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf

lbg'k5{ . o;/L k'ghL{ljt /fVg] sfo{nfO{ ljBfno, o'jf ;ª\u7g / cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] ug{;Sg] ;xof]usf

pkfox¿ klg klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

0f= clxn] b]zdf ;ª\3Lotftkm {sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{t s]xL dft[efiffx¿ -

ljz]if u/L Jofks ;~rf/sf efiffx¿_ sf] k|of]udf yk j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] o;sf nflu dft[efiffsf]

5gf}6df nrstf ckgfpg'k5{ .

k= dft[efiffsf cfwfl/t / g]kfnL;DaGwL gLltn] oL s'/fx¿ ;d]6\g'k5{ M

u'0f:t/ / :yfgLos/0fsf] dfuaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ u/L kf7\oj|md / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/ efiffx¿sf nflu ;fIf/tf nufot lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWoddf hfg;Sg]

ljsNk

s'g} dft[efiff lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWod aGg] ;Defjgf gePsf] cj:yfdf ;fIf/tfsf nflu lzIf0fsf] k"0f{

dfWodsf] ljsNksf ¿kdf …df}lvs ;xof]uÚ sf nflu dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ cf}krfl/s ljsNk

lzIfs tflnd / kb:yfkgf

a|]n nufot lnlkx¿sf] k|of]u / ltgsf] ljsf;df :ki6tf

ljifosf ¿kdf k}t[s efiff / wfld{s efiffsf] lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf :ki6tf

ef}uf}lns lx;fan] ljleGg 7fpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fª\s]lts efiffx¿nfO{ dft[efiffsf] dfGotf lbO{

;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt;Fu ;fd~h:otf sfod /fVg]

…ax'eflifs ;dLs/0fÚ cGtu{t dft[efiff / g]kfnLsf ljifodf s'/f ubf{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod g]kfnL geO{

dft[efiff x'g'kg]{ ;DaGwdf b'O{j6f cfwf/e"t ljsNk;lxt / dft[efiffsf ;DaGwdf tLgj6f cfwf/e"t

ljsNk;lxtsf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ;Gt'lnt ax'eflifs ljlwsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug'{k5{ . vf;u/L

lzIfssf] z}Ifl0fs Ifdtf, kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f–l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ h:tf sIffsf]7fleqsf cEof;nfO{

;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf nflu o:tf] ljlwsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . of] s'/fnfO{ cWoogsf lgisif{sf ;ª\lIfKt

a'Fbf ;lxt dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . oL ljsNkx¿ …c;n cEof;Ú sf cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fx¿df

cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . tL k|df0fx¿nfO{ of] k|ltj]bgsf] cWofo @ df ;ª\If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . oL ljsNkx¿

k|efjsf/L cEof;df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ / cWofo % df lbOPsf sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] x'g'k5{ .

oL cGtu{t pTs[i6 ljlw klxrfg ug]{, / k|To]s efiff / r/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L z}Ifl0fs ljlw, kf7\oj|md /

;fdu|L ljsf; / lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ .

;'emfj g+= # M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] lzIffsf cGo ;fwf/0f s'/fx¿ /

tnsf ljsNkx¿tkm{ ePsf …c;n cEof;Ú sf d'Vo tTTjx¿ -lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f l;sfO

;fdu|Lx¿_ sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug'{k5{ M

lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff

cfjZostf cg';f/ nlrnf] df}lvs ;xof]usf ¿kdf dft[efiff

dft[efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL



70

df}lvs ¿kn] bf];|f] t/ ;fIf/tfsf nflu klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL

logLx¿ lgDg s'/fx¿ ePsf] cj:yftkm{ nlIft x'g'k5{ M

;a} sIffsf]7fdf nfu" x'g] ;fwf/0f d'2fx¿

afnaflnsfnfO{ efiff ljsf;sf] 1fg ePsf lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug]{

df}lvs efiff / ;fIf/tf ljsf;aLr plrt ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ljleGg lstfa, ;fdu|L /

;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ pd]/ cg';f/ / l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlw dfkm{t lzIf0f ug]{

k|To]s afnaflnsfsf efiff l;sfOsf ljlzi6 cfjZostfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ u/L lzIf0fdf

ljljwtf ckgfpg] . o:tf afnaflnsfx¿df ljBfnodf cTolws cNk;+Vos efiff af]Ng]

afnaflnsf, ;Lldt bIftf ePsf afnaflnsf / b[iozlQm, >j0fzlQm pRrf/0f zlQm,

eflifs k|zf]wg ug]{ zlQm, ;fIf/tf l;sfO / efiff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo tTTjx¿sf lx;fan]

ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsf k5{g\ .

;dfj]zL z}lIfs jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L, 3/ / ljBfnoaLr ;DaGw sfod u/L, ;fd'bflos

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L / ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / d'lb|t ;fdu|Lx¿

pknAw u/fO{ / ltgsf] k|of]u u/L o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

g]kfnL–! sf nflu M

afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfnLdf efiff ljsf;sf] 1fg ePsf lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug]{

df}lvs efiff / ;fIf/tf ljsf;aLr plrt ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ljleGg lstfa, ;fdu|L /

;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ pd]/ cg';f/sf] / l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlw dfkm{t lzIf0f ug]{

g]kfnLdf ;fIf/tf lzIf0fsf nflu plrt If]q j|md tf]sL ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ;fGble{s /

eflifs ¿kn] uxg u'0f:t/Lo kf7\ok':ts, txut kf7\o;fdu|L / ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

k|of]u ug]{ . o;n] ;a} If]q -WjGofTds ;r]tgf, WjGofTds n]vg ;r]tgf, af]w /

ult÷oltdf bIftf xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / cGtlqm{ofsf nflu pd]/ cg';f/sf cj;/x¿dfkm{t df}lvs

g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ ljleGg lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug]{ .


;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L / ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / d'lb|t ;fdu|Lx¿

pknAw u/fO{ / ltgsf] k|of]u u/L o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

dft[efiff–! ;lxt g]kfnL–@ sf nflu M

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DalGwt dft[efiffdf efiff ljsf; / lnlksf] k|of]usf] lglZrt 1fg

ePsf lzIfsx¿n] lzIf0f ug]{Ù

dft[efiffdf df}lvs efiff / ;fIf/tf l;sfOaLr plrt ;Gt'ng sfod u/L wgfTds

ljlwdfkm{t bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL cfh{gdf ;xof]u ug]{ u/L pd]/ cg';f/sf ;fy}

l;sf? s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw cjnDag ug]{Ù

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / ;fIf/tf l;sfOsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] egL tf]lsPsf k|To]s dft[efiffdf

plrt If]q / j|md tf]sL ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ;fGble{s, eflifs ¿kn] uxg / u'0f:t/Lo

ljleGg kf7\ok':ts, txut kf7\o;fdu|L / ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug]{ . o;n] ;a} If]q

-WjGofTds ;r]tgf, WjGofTds n]vg ;r]tgf, af]w / ult÷oltdf bIftf k|fKt ug{

;xof]u u5{ . oL ;fdu|Lx¿ u'0f:t/, lrq, cflbsf lx;fan] g]kfnL kf7\ok':ts ;/x

x'g'k5{ . ;fy}, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / cGtlqm{ofsf nflu pd]/ cg';f/sf



71

cj;/x¿dfkm{t df}lvs dft[efiffsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ ljleGg lzIf0f l;sfO

;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL l;Sg ;xof]u ug{ dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tfsf]

ljsf;kl5 / dft[efiffdf xfl;n u/]sf ;fIf/tf ;Lkx¿df cfwfl/t x'g] u/L g]kfnLdf

;fIf/tf l;sfOsf nflu cg's"ng ul/Psf kf7\ok':tsx¿ nufot lzIf0f l;sfOsf Jofks

;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug'{k5{ .


;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L, cleefjs / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ltgsf cfˆgf efiffsf lj1

ePsf] :jLsf/L / ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / d'lb|t ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fO{

/ ltgsf] k|of]u u/L o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

dft[efiff–@ ;lxt g]kfnL–# sf nflu M

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DalGwt dft[efiffdf efiff ljsf;sf] lglZrt 1fg ePsf lzIfsx¿n]

lzIf0f ug]{Ù

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf l;w} g]kfnLsf] ;fIf/tf cfh{g ug{ / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf]

l;sfOdf ;xof]u / o;sf] cfh{gdf 6]jf lbg dft[efiff-x¿_ sf] nlrnf] df}lvs ljlw

k|of]u ub}{ pd]/ cg';f/ / l;sfO s]lGb|t z}Ifl0fs ljlw k|of]u ug]{Ù

df}lvs lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]udf ;xof]u ug{, xfnsf] df}lvs

dft[efiffsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ / afnaflnsfnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL cfh{g

ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ;fGble{s ljleGg l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{Ù

afnaflnsfnfO{ …k7g;Lk l;Sg ;xof]u ug]{ efiffÚ sf ¿kdf g]kfnLsf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u

ug{sf nflu lzIf0f l;sfOsf ljleGg ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{,


;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L, cleefjs / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ltgsf cfˆgf efiffsf lj1

ePsf] :jLsf/L / ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / d'lb|t ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fO{

/ ltgsf] k|of]u u/L o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff, k}t[s efiff / wfld{s efiffx¿sf nflu M

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DalGwt efiffsf] 1fg ePsf, lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ pQm efiffnfO{

ljifosf ¿kdf lzIf0f ug]{ z}Ifl0fs ljlwsf] 1fg ePsf cyjf dft[efiffnfO{ efWodsf

¿kdf k|of]u ug'{eGbf dfly p7]/ dft[efiffdf / dft[efiff ;fIf/tfdf bIftf ljsf; ug]{

z}Ifl0fs ljlwsf] 1fg ePsf lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug]{Ù

klxn] g} hflg;s]sf] efiff;Fu gofF efiff / ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;DalGwt u/fpg] u/L pd]/

;'xfpFbf] / l;sf? s]lGb|t z}Ifl0fs ljlwdfkm{t lzIf0f ug]{Ù

;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ;fGble{s ljleGg l;sfO ;fdu|L / ;|f]tsf] Jofks j0f{j|mdsf] k|of]u ug]{Ù

;dfj]zL l;sfO jftfj/0f / cleefjs, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / ;DalGwt hflt, efiff,

wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7g / g]t[Tjsf] ;xeflutfaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g'kg]{ .



72

;'emfj g+= # ;DaGwL l6Kk0fL

clwsf+z l:yltdf dft[efiff–! nfO{ g]kfnL–! ;Fu / dft[efiff–# nfO{ g]kfnL–# ;Fu ts{;ª\ut

lx;fan] hf]8\g ;lsG5 .

wfld{s p2]Zosf nflu efiffsf] l;sfO ljlwnfO{ l;sf? s]lGb|t ljlwsf lx;fan] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ug'{kg]{

x'G5 eGg] s'/f :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu j0f{dfnf, lnlk / cGo s'/fx¿ …3f]s]/ l;Sg]Ú

ljlwaf6 lrgf/L ug]{, h'g wfld{s k|jrg / cEof;sf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf wfld{s k':tsx¿

s07 ug]{ / ;lDemg] s'/fdf nfu" x'G5 .

^=$ ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL lzIf0f / lzIf0fsf] cf+lzs jf k"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf]

k|of]usf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog

sf]7f @) lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿


leqsf ultljlwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'sf ;fy} To:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ;d]t ug{'k5{ .

o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ k5{Gf\ M

-pm_ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiff k9fpFbf ;lqmo lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw, ;f]xL

cg';f/sf ;fdu|L / ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;'Jojl:yt ¿kn] cª\u|]hL k9fpg]

-P_ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k"0f{ ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ gldNg] cj:yfdf g]kfnL, Jofks

;~rf/sf] csf]{ s'g} efiff jf cª\u|]hLsf] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg dft[efiffsf] df}lvs k|of]u ug]{

km= gLltn] cª\u|]hLsf ;DaGwdf oL s'/fx¿ ;d]6\g'k5{ M

-cf_ sfdrnfp ¿kdf clxn] eO/]xsf] cEof;nfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbFb} / To;nfO{ ;anLs/0f ub}{ lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'j}sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljsNk . cª\u|]hL dfq eGg'eGbf of] ljlw a9L

Jofjxfl/s x'G5 .

cª\u|]hL efiffsf] dfu cTolws 5 . cª\u|]hLdf bIftf jf sDtLdf klg cfwf/e"t bIftf xfl;n u/]df o;sf

:ki6 ;fdflhs, z}lIfs / cfly{s kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . oBlk, ;'? sIffaf6} lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL agfpg'kg]{

dfu afnaflnsfn] s;/L l;S5g\ eGgaf/] unt a'emfOsf sf/0fn] xf] . dflyNnf sIffx¿df klg l5d]sL

ef/tdf eGbf km/s, g]kfndf cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] jf:tljs dfWod agfpg]df cª\u|]hL dft[efiff ePsf

dflg;x¿sf] klg ;dy{g 5}g . cª\u|]hLdf cfjZos bIftf ePsf lzIfssf] cefj 5 . To;}n], cª\u|]hLnfO{

:jtM clgjfo{ k|fylds ljifosf ¿kdf /fVg k|fT;fxg ul/g'kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 -;'emfj g+= @_ .

t/, ljBdfg cj:yfdf cª\u|]hLsf] :yfg, o;sf] dfu / o;sf nflu Ifdtfh:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbFb}

cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs dfWod agfpg ;lsg] ljsNk klg v'nf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;'emfj g+= $ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] sIff Psb]lv ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL

-cª\u|]hL–!, cª\u|]hL–@ / cª\u|]hL–# sf ljsNkx¿_ sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf …c;n cEof;Ú sf d'Vo

tTTjx¿ -lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\oj|md / lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿_ / k|fylds txsf] aLraf6 ;'? u/L dflyNnf

sIffx¿;Dd -cª\u|]hL–@ / cª\u|]hL–#_ lzIf0fsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs dfWodsf ¿kdf kl/j]z cg';f/ o;sf]

k|of]usf] klxrfg / ltgsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug'{k5{ / lgDglnlvt cj:yftkm{ nlIft x'g'k5{ M

afnaflnsfn] cª\u|]hL s;/L l;S5g\ eGg] 1fg ePsf, lglZrt dft[efiffsf] k[i7e"ldsf

afnaflnsfn] cª\u|]hL efiff / o;sf] ;fIf/tf l;sfOdf s:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{



73

x'g;S5 eGg] 1fg ePsf / cª\u|]hL efiffsf] af]nfO, ;'gfO -af]w_, k9fO / n]vfO nufotdf

kof{Kt bIftf ePsf lzIfsx¿af6 afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIf0f ul/G5Ù

df}lvs cª\u|]hLsf] k|efjsf/L, j|mda4 / r/0fa4 l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ pd]/ cg';f/ / l;sf?

s]lGb|t z}Ifl0fs ljlw k|of]u ul/G5Ù af]nfO / af]w ;Lkdf hf]8 lbOG5Ù / cfjZostf cg';f/

dft[efiff÷g]kfnLsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfOdf 6]jf lbOG5Ù

cª\u|]hLsf ljz]iftfx¿ / cª\u|]hL / g]kfnsf cGo ljleGg efiff kl/jf/x¿aLrsf leGgtfsf]

;Daf]wg nufot pd]/ cg';f/ / l;sf? s]lGb|t z}Ifl0fs ljlw k|of]u u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

cª\u|]hL k9\g / n]Vg l;Sg ;xof]u ul/G5Ù

efiff lzIf0f / l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], df]afOn kmf]gh:tf ljleGg k|ljlw / l;sfO

;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 / ;|f]t;fwg ;Lldt eP/ klg ljBfno txsf] cª\u|]hL lzIffdf

;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf cGo ljsf;zLn /fi6«af6 l;s]sf kf7x¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5Ù

ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu cª\u|]hLdf 5flkPsf ljljw ;fdu|Lx¿ k9\g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ u/L ljBfno

/ ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

^=% efiffsf ljsNkx¿sf] k|fljlws sfof{Gjogsf d'Vo If]qx¿

ljBfno / lhNnfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf pko'Qm efiffsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/, lzIfssf] cfk"lt{ tyf

lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf; / pko'Qm kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts / lzIf0f l;sfOsf Jofks ;|f]t ;fdu|L nufot

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;h:tf s'/fx¿ sIffsf]7fdf …pTs[i6 cEof;Ú sf] ck]lIft nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;Daf]wg

ul/g'kg]{ d'Vo k|fljlws If]qx¿ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] cWoog / g]kfnsf] kl/j]zsf] ljZn]if0fn]

b]vfPsf 5g\ .

;'emfj g+= % M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / efiffsf

ljsNkx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf ;3fpg cGo dxTTjk"0f{ k|fljlws If]qnufot lgDglnlvt

If]qx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ / ;xof]u ug'{k5{ M

;'emfj g+= %-s_ M k|To]s ljBfnodf ;xeflutfd"ns k|lj|mofdfkm{t efiffx¿sf] 5gf}6 / ltgsf] j|md lgwf{/0f

ljsNkx¿sf] yk kl/efiff, lj:tf/ / cg'df]bg e};s]kl5 lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLlt

sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] r/0f eg]sf] k|To]s ljBfnosf nflu pko'Qm ljsNksf] klxrfg ug'{ xf] . afnaflnsf

k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljBfnodf k|j]z ubf{ jf Pp6f ljBfnoaf6 csf]{ ljBfnodf hfFbf efiffsf

;DaGwdf tL b'j}n] Ps csf{df kf/:kl/s ;xof]u u¿g\ / efiff ;ª\j|md0f klg ;xh ¿kdf xf];\ eGg]

;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljsNkx¿sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ ;d"xdf -jf, ljBfnox¿sf] ;d"xn] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs

;+/rgf b]vfpg g;Sg] ePdf tf]lsPsf ljleGg ljBfnox¿sf] ;d"xdf_ ug'{ pQd ljsNk x'g] ;'emfj k|:t't

ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nofª\sgsf nflu plrt lgb]{lzsf / 9fFrfsf] ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . o;df s]Gb| / lhNnfn]

k|fljlws ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs ;j]{If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5}g, t/ ljBfyL{x¿

ljBfnodf k|j]z ubf{ ljBfnon] ;d]6\g] If]qdf jf:tjdf s'g s'g efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ eGg] s'/f ljBfnonfO{

yfxf x'g'k5{ . hftLotfsf cfwf/df cg'dfg u/]/ k'Ub}g . d"Nofª\sgaf6 ljBfnox¿n] dft[efiff / g]kfnLsf]

pko'Qm ljlw klxrfg u5{g\ . pQm dft[efiff ;fdfGotof ;a} ljBfno / s'g} lglZrt ljBfno b'j}df

…lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf nflu tof/Ú eP jf gePsf cfwf/df o;sf] lg0f{o ul/G5 .

d"Nofª\sgsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf cª\u|]hLsf nflu kl/j]zsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . ljBdfg cEof;, lzIfssf] Ifdtf

/ cleefjsx¿sf] dfusf cfwf/df ;f]sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . o;sf nflu lgb]{lzsf / k|fljlws

;xfotf;lxt d"Nofª\sgsf] Pp6f ;fdfGo ;fwg k|of]u ul/G5 .

lgZro klg of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o;df ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf clt g} cfjZos x'G5 . o;n]

ubf{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ljsNk pgLx¿n] a'e\m5g\ / ckgTj dx;'; u5{g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ xfnsf ax'eflifs

lzIffsf sfo{j|md, k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdsf] of]hgf / cGo s'/fx¿nfO{ ljrf/ u/L ljleGg r/0fdf

;DkGg ul/g'k5{ .



74

sf]7f @! lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbf

u=-pm_ lzIfssf] kb:yfkg, lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;, kf7\oj|md, kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;, ;"rgf tyf

;~rf/ k|ljlw / d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{

;'emfj g+= % -v_ M k|To]s ljsNknfO{ ;xof]u ug{ pko'Qm kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts / lzIf0f l;sfOsf Jofks

;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjog .

ljBfnon] ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{ ePsfn] ljleGg dft[efiffsf lstfa / ;fdu|Lx¿sf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo,

lhNnf :t/Lo / /fli6«o cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . dft[efiffsf ljsNksf ;DaGwdf u'0f:t/

lgwf{/0fsf nflu kf7\ok':ts ljsf;sf k|fljlws kIfx¿sf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{ -h:t} j|mda4tf,

ljifoj:t' / cjwf/0ffsf] k|:t'tLs/0f, lnlksf] z'4tf_ . ;fdu|Lx¿ ;f] 7fpFsf :yfgLo ;d'bfodf af]lng]

jf:tljs dft[efiffdf cg's"ng u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ -cf}krfl/s ¿kdf x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g_ . ljifoj:t'

:yfgLo ;+:s[lt / e"uf]n cg';f/ cg's"ng ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . of] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu kf7\oj|md

ljsf; s]Gb|÷ax'eflifs lzIff zfvfsf] 3'DtL 6f]nLn] d"Nofª\sg u/L ax'eflifs lzIffsf gd'gf sfo{j|mddf

;kmn ePsf cEof;af6 kf7 l;Sg'k5{ . t/, o;df pgLx¿ ;Dej eP;Dd ;DalGwt lgsfosf :jtGq

lj1x¿sf ;fydf lhNnf :t/sf ;d'x;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfo / ;ª\3

;+:yfsf lj1x¿ / lzIfssf cg'ejx¿sf] klg pkof]u ug'{k5{ .

k"/s ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g ;d'bfonfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{lzsfn]

:yfgLo efiffsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|To]s ljBfnonfO{ lbPsf] 5 . t/, ;fdu|L ljsf;sf] of]

clwsf/ Pp6f ljBfnoaf6 a9fP/ ljBfnox¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ lbOg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbg ;lsG5 -ljBfnox¿sf

;d'xcGtu{tsf ;a} ljBfnon] lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;s];Dd Pp6} efiff 5fGg'k5{ eGg] dflysf] ;'emfj;Fu

;DalGwt_ . o;n] ;fdu|Lx¿ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgdf{0f ug]{ / k/:k/df cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .

cª\u|]hLsf ;DaGwdf cfjZostfx¿ cln km/s 5g\ / kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] kf7\ooj|md kl/dfh{g jf

kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; / ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg / cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0f tyf l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ plrt /

lbuf] k|ljlwsf ;DaGwdf casf pkfox¿ klxrfg ug]{ uxg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . o;df gofF ;fdu|L /

ljlwsf] k/LIf0fsf nflu ljBfnox¿sf] klg pRr ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . o; k|lj|mofdf klg

cª\u|]hL efiff;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf] lj1tfsf] pkof]u ul/g'k5{ .

;'emfj g+= %-u_ M lzIfs lzIff

pNn]Vo dfqdf lzIfs tflndsf] cfjZostf 5 . lzIfssf ck]lIft Ifdtfx¿sf cfwf/df lzIfs tflndsf

df]8\o'nx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . oL Ifdtfx¿nfO{ ;'emfj g+= # -dft[efiff / g]kfnL_ / ;'emfj g+= $ -cª\u|]hL_

df ;+If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . dft[efiff / g]kfnLsf xsdf k|To]s ljsNksf nflu tflndsf df]8\o'nx¿sf] ljsf;

ug'{k5{ . cyjf, k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md jf ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mdsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf

tflndsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ lng÷cg's"ng ug{ ;lsG5 . tyflk, sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf eg] dft[efiff / bf];|f]

efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLnfO{ Pp6} tflndcGtu{t ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] sfd vf;u/L

dft[efiff–! nfO{ g]kfnL–@ ;Fu / dft[efiff–@ nfO{ g]kfnL–# ;Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5 . tflndx¿ :yfgLo txdf

ePsf lglZrt dft[efiffsf lzIfsx¿k|lt nlIft x'g'k5{ .

cª\u|]hLsf] lzIf0fsf nflu lzIfssf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o; cGtu{t lzIfsnfO{

cª\u|]hLdf eflifs Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / l;sfO ;fdu|L / pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ nufot lzIf0f ljlwdf

;'wf/ ug]{ cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . cf+lzs jf k"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug]{ lzIfssf]

cª\u|]hLdf pRr txsf] bIftf ljsf; ug'{k5{ / cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] lzIf0f ug]{ ;Lksf]

ljsf; ug'{k5{ .

;]jfsfnLg lzIfs tflndsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ efiff;DaGwL lzIfs lzIffsf] klg cGo

kIfx¿;/x ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . dfu / cfk"lt{aLrsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ df]8fln6Lsf] ljsf; x'g'k5{ .

Psk6s tflnd lnPkl5 ;lsg] eGbf >[+vnfa4 tflnd k|bfg ug'{k5{ . tflndnfO{ k]zfut ljsf;sf cGo

ljsNkx¿ h:t} ;xkf7L l;sfO, :j–l;sfO / b"/ l;sfO;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ . lzIf0fsf] dfWod;DaGwL lzIfs



75

tflndnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfno ljlw -Whole School Approach_ cjnDag u/L yk k|efjsf/L agfpg

;lsG5 . of] ljlwcGtu{t lzIfs nufot k|wfgfWofks / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg tflnd lbOG5 .

;'emfj g+= %-3_ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf ljsNkx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{

lzIfs 5gf}6 / kb:yfkg

xfnsf] ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfsf cg';f/ lzIfssf] lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg / ljBfnoleq

lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ubf{ klg efiffnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . dft[efiff–! -dft[efiffdf ;fIf/tf_ ljlwdf

dft[efiffsf] kof{Kt 1fg ePsf lzIfssf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf lzIfsdf pQm efiffdf kof{Kt ;fIf/tf /

;fIf/tfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k5{ . dft[efiff–# -nlrnf] df}lvs ;xof]u_ ljlw cGtu{t lzIfsnfO{

pgLx¿sf dft[efiff cs}{ eP klg :yfgLo efiff l;Sg k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . dft[efifL ;xof]uL /fVg]h:tf cGo

ljsNkx¿nfO{ klg ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog u/L k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljifosf ¿kdf k}t[s

efiffsf] lzIf0fsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/ ljleGg 7fpFdf k9fpg] - peripatetic_ lzIfs /fVg jf

tL efiff;Fu ;DalGwt cgf}krfl/s Snax¿ lgdf{0f ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

cª\u|]hL lzIf0fsf nflu lzIfssf] 5gf}6 ubf{ cª\u|]hL efiffsf] bIftf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ :t/Ls[t k|0ffnLsf]

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGt/f{li6«o cª\u|]hL efiff d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL -International

Language Testing System– IELTS_ sf s]xL kIfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . xfnsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ yk

k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;b'kof]u ug]{ / ljleGg 7fpFdf k9fpg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljBfnodf k|of]u ug]{

pkfox¿sf] klg vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=^ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ;r]tgf /0fgLlt

sf]7f @@ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿

ª= :ki6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] lzIf0fsf] dfWod÷efiff lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 kf7\oj|mdsf]

;dfj]zLs/0fdf efiff, hftLotf jf Ifdtfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] lje]b x'g' x'Fb}g .

r= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLltx¿n] efiffsf ljifodf cfˆgf wf/0ff /fVg]

afnaflnssf, cleefjs, lzIfs tyf cGo JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} / lg/Gt/ ;+jfb,

k/fdz{ / ;xeflutfsf nflu :yfg lbg'k5{ .

9= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ax'txut ;~rf/, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;r]tgfsf nflu

Pp6f alnof] /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug'{k5{, h;n] ubf{ of] gLlt cfkm}df :ki6 / a'lemg] x'G5, cjnDag ul/Psf]

ljlwsf] cf}lrTo yfxf x'G5 / o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . ;fy}, ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cfk"m klg ;dfj]z /

;+nUg ePsf] dx;'; u5{g\ / cfˆgf ljrf/ / rf;f] JoQm ug{ ;S5g\ .

-c_ pQm /0fgLltn] g]t[Tj tx / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ;Gt'ngsf] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] s'/fsf]

;~rf/ ug'{k5{ / unt cjwf/0ffx¿sf] cfsng / ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;fy}, ;LdfGts[t afnaflnsfx¿n]

ljBfnosf ;'?sf jif{x¿df ;fdgf u/]sf ljlzi6 ;d:ofx¿af/] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{k5{ .

-cf_ /0fgLltn] ljleGg r/0fdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx¿sf] cleefjs /

;d'bfosf nflu ;lhnf];Fu JofVof ug{df hf]8 lbg'k5{Ù lzIffsf ljleGg kmfObfx¿af/]sf] ax;df

;xof]u ug'{k5{ / efiffx¿sf] k|efjsf/L j|mdnfO{ / ;'?jftdf lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf]

k|of]unfO{ g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] kx'Fraf6 /f]Sg] k|of;sf ¿kdf ;d'bfox¿n] unt JofVof gug]{

;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ .

a= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ;r]tgf, Ifdtf lj:tf/ / cg';Gwfgsf] /0fgLlt

;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ o;n] g]kfne/sf ljleGg kl/j]zdf l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / bIftf k|bz{g

ug{;Sg] u/L efiffsf] a'emfO / ;fdfGo 1fgnfO{ cGt/;DalGwt u/fpg'k5{ .



76

dflysf ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿n] lzIffsf] efiff tyf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ;~rf/

/ ;r]tgfdf ;'?af6 g} Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljleGg sf/0fx¿ k|i6 kf/]sf 5g\ . klxnf] s'/f, o;n] cGoq ;kmn

ePsf …c;n cEof;Ú sf tTTjx¿sf] klxrfg ug{]5 . bf];|f] s'/f, cGo ljleGg 7fpFx¿df h:t} g]kfndf klg

lzIffsf] efiff r/d /fhgLlts/0f ePsf] d'2f xf] . lzIffsf] efiffsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf låljwf / unt

cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL ljlwnfO{

a'e\mg] / ;dy{g ug]{ ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ljZjf; / kf/:kl/s k|of;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf

ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . t];|f] s'/f, kf/:kl/s a'emfOn] ax'eflifs ljlwsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|fljlws kIfnfO{

cem k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .

;'emfj g+= ^ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] lzIffsf] efiff;DaGwL ;r]tgf,

;xeflutf / ;~rf/sf] /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug'{k5{, h'g lzIffsf cTolws / ax'txut p2]Zo /

kmfObfx¿af/]sf] Jofks ax;;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / o;n] ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf tnsf tTTjx¿ ;dfj]z u5{ M

lzIffsf gLlt lgdf{tf, sfof{Gjogstf{ / ;fe]mbf/x¿sf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/ / k|efjs cGo st{Jo

kfns ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ul/g] ;r]tgf / ax;sf nflu /0fgLltx¿ M

ax'eflifstfsf ;Defjgf / kmfObf, kmfObfsf t'ngfdf vr{ / ljleGg efiffx¿nfO{ ldnfP/

nfg] ;Defjgf;DaGwL ax;

?lr / pT;fx clej[l4 ub}{ bafa/lxt / ;Ddfghgs jftfj/0fdf 5nkmn ug]{, l;Sg] /

ax; ug]{ cj;/ kfKt ug]{ k|fjwfg

g]kfnsf d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf lj1x¿sf] ;xhLs/0fdf dWo:ytf

ax;af/] klg ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5!)

c;n cEof;sf] clen]vLs/0f u/L g]kfndf ax'eflifs lzIffsf nflu alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ yk

sfo{

lzIf0f cEof; / l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udg ug{ ax'eflifs lzIffsf xfn eO/x]sf

/ gofF sfo{j|mdx¿sf] klxrfg

c;n cEof; / ;kmntfsf pbfx/0fx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f / k|sfzgdf ;xof]u

k|fylds :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -cleefjs, afnaflnsf / ;d'bfox¿_ ;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns

k/fdz{ / ;r]tgfsf nflu /0fgLlt M

ljleGg dfWodaf6, ljleGg dft[efiffdf, ;xeflutfd"ns 9ª\uaf6 / hl6ntfsf ljleGg

txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL d'Vo gLlt÷ljsNkx¿sf] plrt

;~rf/

:yfgLo txdf efiff / lzIffsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{sf nflu eo/lxt k/fdz{, 5nkmn

/ ;xeflutfsf lg/Gt/ -Pp6f dfq geP/_ cj;/x¿

afnaflnsfnfO{ efiffaf/] ax; / 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] / pgLx¿sf cg'ej /

?lr cleJoQm ug{ nufpg] ljz]if /0fgLltx¿

xfn pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿, vf; u/L o'g]:sf]sf] ax'eflifs lzIff lj:tf/sf nflu ;xof]u

;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u

!)

pbfx/0fsf nflu of] j]a;fO6 x]g'{xf];\ M

http://education.unimelb.edu.au/news_and_activities/projects/peace_building_and_language: d]nag{

ljZjljBfno, o'lg;]km / o'g]:sf]sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k|f= hf] nf] laofGsf]n] dn]l;of, Dofgdf/ / yfONofG8df …lzIffsf] efiffaf/]

k|sfz kfg]{ / o;;DaGwL ljjfbf:kb k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ug]{Ú ljifodf ax;sf] ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf] 5 .

http://education.unimelb.edu.au/news_and_activities/projects/peace_building_and_language



77

^=& lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf nflu ;+:yfut ;xof]u / Ifdtf

ljsf;

sf]7f @# lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] cfzo M ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿

u-P_ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiff ;DaGwL gLltn] kof{Kt ;Nnfx, k|efjsf/L k/fdz{ / ;+jfb tyf

lg/Gt/ cg'udgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffsf k|To]s txsf] Ifdtf / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf Wofg lbO{

cGt/f{li6«o …pTs[i6 cEof;Ú k|:t't ug'{k5{ .

5= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGWfL gLltn] lzIffsf] clwsf/ / efiff;DaGwL clwsf/sf]

…st{Jo kfnsÚ sf ¿kdf /fHosf] bfloTjsf] klxrfg ug{'k5{ / Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{k5{ h;n] ubf{

ljleGg txsf st{Jokfnsx¿n] cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

b= dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f /fVg, logLx¿ Pscsf{aLr s;/L cGt/;DalGwt 5g\

b]vfpg, logsf] j|md lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ b]vfpg / logLx¿ lzIf0fsf] dfWod jf ljifosf ¿kdf s;/L k|of]u ug{

;lsG5 pNn]v ug{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ xfnsf ax'eflifs lzIff

lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g / lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ .

w= kl/efiff / zAbfjnLx¿ :ki6 x'g'k5{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltdf ltgsf] k|of]udf Ps?ktf x'g'

k5{ / tL zAbfjnLx¿sf] cy{ :ki6 kfg{ o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} b:tfj]hx¿ / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{j|mdx¿n] klg ;xof]u

ug'{k5{ .

g= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd -SSDP_ dfkm{t / ;s];Dd PsLs[t,

d"nwf/sf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿dfkm{t / lgwfl/{t cfly{s pknAwtfleq /xL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . yk ;xof]u -h:t}

/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{j|md_ n] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k5{ / sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] Pp6f ;femf

k|f¿kcGtu{t xf]l;of/k"j{s ltgsf] ;dGjo ul/g'k5{ .

lzIffsf] efiffsf ljleGg ljsNkx¿ cjnDag ug{, /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ tyf

;r]tgf ;'lglZrt ug{ k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut ;xof]u / Ifdtf ljsf;sf] :ki6 cfjZostf x'G5 . ;+/rgf /

;ldltx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf] t/ ltgLx¿ ;lqmo gePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{lzsfn] clxn];Dd

cª\u|]hLdf geO{ dft[efiffdf -/ s]xL dfqfdf g]kfnLdf_ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ sxLFsxLF dfq

hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

;'emfj g+= & M ;a} txdf sfof{Gjogsf PsfO tyf ;ldltx¿sf] ;anLs/0f, lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g /

Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ax'ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L

sfof{Gjog / …lqeflifsÚ ax'eflifs ljlwsf] cjnDag tyf o;sf] lbuf]kg ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .

ax'eflifs lzIff zfvfnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL zfvfsf ¿kdf ;'b[9Ls/0f

ug]{

xfnsf] ax'eflifs lzIff zfvfnfO{ cª\u|]hL nufot lzIffsf] efiffsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf]

;dGjo ug]{ a[xt\ k|fljlws zfvfsf ¿kdf :t/f]GgtL ug]{

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf k|To]s ljsNksf] g]t[Tj÷;dGjo ug{

kbx¿ yk÷:yfgfGt/0f ug]{ / cltl/Qm sd{rf/Lx¿ -gS;fª\sg, sfof{Gjog / ;DalGwt

ljsNkdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu 3'DtL 6f]nL_ sf] Joj:yf u/L ax'eflifs

lzIff zfvfsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{

dft[efiff÷g]kfnL÷cª\u|]hLsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu 3'DtL 6f]nL ljlwsf] ;dGjo ug{

kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{



78

ax'eflifs ;ldltx¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL ;ldltsf ¿kdf :t/f]Gglt

ug]{

g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ;ldltx¿sf lhDd]jf/Lsf] bfo/f a9fpg]

/fli6«o ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{zg ;ldltdf Jofks / k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutfsf]

;'lglZrttfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / o;nfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL

lgb]{zg ;ldltsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{Ù o; ;DaGwdf k|:tfljt gofF pRr :t/Lo lzIff gLlt

;ldltsf pkfb]otfnfO{ klg ljrf/ ug]{

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ljBfno, ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lzIff ljefusf k|fljlws

zfvfx¿aLr / ltgLx¿leq e"ldsf, ;Dks{ ljGb' / ;~rf/ ;+oGqaf/] yk :ki6 kfl/g'kg]{

ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g / lj:tf/ u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf

efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf agfpg'kg]{ / k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ yk

;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn] cª\u|]hL nufot ljleGg ;a}

ljsNkx¿ :ki6 pNn]v ug]{

xfnsf] efiffsf] j|mdnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{

e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿;DaGwL xfnsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cBfjlws / kl/dfh{g ug]{

ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ yk ljlzi6 ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{ u/L ljleGg txsf 5'6\6f5'6\6}

lgb]{lzsfx¿ agfpg]

lgb]{lzsfsf] k"/s ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|lj|mof;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfx¿ -How to Guidelines_

sf] ljsf; ug]{

Joj:yfks / sfof{Gjogstf{x¿nfO{ gLlt / pgLx¿sf ljz]if e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf ;DaGwdf

cled'vsLs/0f / tflnd pknAw u/fpg] -lgb]{lzsf / k'l:tsfsf] ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt_ M

cled'vLs/0f / tflndn] e"ldsfx¿sf] j0f{g ug]{ dfq geP/ ltgsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u

ug]{, lzIffsf] efiffsf d'2faf/] JolQmut txdf a'e\mg] cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug]{, ?lr /

k|lta4tf hufpg], l;sfOsf Jofks ;|f]tx¿df kxFr k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ / ;~rf/,

;r]tgf / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ klg x'g'kg]{

/fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿nfO{ k|fljlws jf sfo{j|mdut ¿kdf

;xof]u ug{ ljZjljBfno, efiff;DaGwL ;+:yf÷cflbjf;L hghflt ;ª\u7g / ljsf;sf

;fem]bf/÷/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]usf aLrdf ;dGjo k|j4{g ug]{



79

^=* lzIff gLlt / ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgfsf /0fgLltx¿;Fu tfbfTDotf

sf]7f @$ ;ª\lIfKt aF'bfx¿

g= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt ljIf]lj sfo{j|mddfkm{t / ;s];Dd PsLs[t, d"nwf/sf

;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿dfkm{t / lgwf{l/t cfly{s pknAwtfleq sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . yk ;xof]u -h:t}

/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{j|md_ n] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'k5{ / sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] Pp6f

;femf k|f¿kcGtu{t xf]l;of/k"j{s ltgsf] ;dGjo ul/g'k5{ .

e= lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ljBfno If]q ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf cGo /0fgLltx¿;Fu

cGt/;DalGwt÷PsLs[t u/fOg'k5{ . ltgLx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

-c_ lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿ / /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdaLr

kf/:kl/s ;Dang / Ps?ktf

-cf_ Jofks kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{g / kf7\ok':ts tyf ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;cGtu{t efiff

-O_ k|:tfljt ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt;Fu tfnd]n

-O_ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ / l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ ug{ lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;

-p_ ;dfhefiffj}1flgs d"Nofª\sgsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;|f]t ;fdu|L / lgb]{lzsf, efiff of]hgf, kf7\oj|mdsf]

:yfgLos/0f, :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;xof]u cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;du| ljBfno

ljlwsf] ljsf; / ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{j|mdsf] lj:t[t ljlwsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ckgfOg] pkfox¿df

efiff;DaGwL d'2fsf] ;dflji6tf

-pm_ ;dtf / ax'sIffut ljBfnosf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ljBfno txdf u'0f:t/Lo sfo{j|mdsf]

cfly{s ;|f]tsf nflu /0fgLltdf ;'wf/

-P_ efiffsf tTTjx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6\g] u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / cg'udg

k|0ffnLsf] cg's"ng

-P]_ k|f/lDes afn ljs; / lzIffdf k|efjsf/L z}Ifl0fs ljlw / l;sfO jftfj/0fdf ;xof]u ug{ aGb} u/]sf]

/0fgLlt

cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fx¿sf] ;dLIff / ljBfno, lhNnf / /fli6«o :t/df ul/Psf k/fdz{x¿af6 s] yfxf x'g

cfPsf] 5 eg] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog cGo If]qx¿af6

cnu /xg ;Sb}gg\ . ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿df b]vfOP h:t} lzIffdf kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg

ag]sf ;Dk"0f{ gLlt / /0fgLltx¿;Fu o;sf] cGt;{DaGw 5 . ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgfn] o:tf] Ps?ktf /

cGt;{DaGw xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;+oGqsf] sfd u5{ .

;'emfj g+= * M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿;DaGwL gLltn] ljBfno tx -/fli6«o k|f/lDes k9fO

sfo{j|md, ;dfj]zL lzIff, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL, k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;, cgf}krfl/s

lzIff / cGo If]q;Fusf] cGt/;DaGw nufot_ df lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿sf] cEof;nfO{

k|efjsf/L ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg / o;sf] lbuf]kgsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ dWod txsf

ljleGg /0fgLlt / lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] klxrfg / lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ .

/fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md;Fu tfbfTDotf M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿

;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;'?sf jif{x¿df /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|md;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ n}hfg'k5{

. vf; u/L ;fIf/tf ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf of] sfd ug{'k5{ . g]kfnL–! sf] ljsNk sfof{Gjogdf

;xof]u ug]{ d'Vo dfWodsf ¿kdf /fli6«o k|f/lDes sIff k9fO sfo{j|mdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

ax'sIffut ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u M w]/} ax'sIffut ljBfnox¿n] b'u{dsf ljljw / ;LdfGts[t

;dfhefiffj}1flgs ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes sIffdf ;]jf ug]{ ePsfn] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIff

k|bfg ug{df o;n] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . t;y{, o:tf ljBfnox¿nfO{ nlIft u/L k|fljlws



80

/ cfly{s÷;|f]t ;xfotfdf j[l4 ug]{ pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{k5{ . ;fy;fy}, Ps lzIfs, ax'sIffut

/ ax'eflifs ljlwnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

u'0f:t/Lo k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;df ;dtfd"ns kx'Frdf j[l4 M k|f/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf; vf;u/L efiff;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsf / ;dfhefiffj}1flgs

¿kn] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo hxfF 3/ / ljBfnoaLr 7"nf] cGt/ 5 pgLx¿sf nflu ljz]if dxTTjk"0f{

x'G5 . k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf;sf x]/rfxstf{n] pko'Qm jftfj/0f k|bfg u/] dfq of] dxTTj

;fy{s x'G5 . t;y{, k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ / k|fjwfgdf

ePsf c;dfgtf x6fpg ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf cGtu{t -jf To;eGbf klg kl5_ sf lg/Gt/

kxnx¿n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf /0fgLltx¿nfO{ bx|f] ;xof]u

u5{g\ .

efiffsf d'2f ;Daf]wg ug{ ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] k|:tfljt gLltsf] ljsf; M lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt / ;dfj]zL lzIff ;Fu;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug]{ If]qdf a|]n / ;fª\s]lts

efiffsf] ljsf; k5{, ljz]if eflifs ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ lj1tfsf] ljsf;

k5{, ;dfj]zL sIffsf]7fsf nflu ;fwf/0f Ifdtf ljsf; k5{, k"j{afNofj:yf -hGd]b]lv %

jif{;Ddsf_ sf afnaflnsf nflu ;xof]udf j[l4 k5{, / ;Lldt bIftf / sdhf]/ eflifs ljsf;;Fu

;DalGwt jl~rtLs/0fsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ul/g] ;xof]u / k|f/lDes sfoj|mdx¿ k5{g\ .

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf -SIP_ / lhNnfsf] z}lIfs of]hgf M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿

;DaGwL gLltn] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf / lhNnfsf z}lIfs of]hgfdf efiffsf] gS;fª\sg / lzIfs /

ljBfyL{sf ;dfhefiffj}1flgs tYofª\ssf] ;dflji6tf vf]Hg] x'gfn] of]hgf / cg'udgnfO{ yk

k|efjsf/L, Jojxfl/s / Ps?ktfsf] agfpg] a[xt\ k|lj|mofsf s'g} klg pkfox¿ lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;xof]uL x'g]5g\ .

sdhf]/ ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s ;f]t M ax'eflifs ljBfnonfO{ lbOg] ljz]if cfly{s ;xfotfnfO{

bf]xf]¥ofpg'sf] ;6\6f k|lt ljBfyL{ nfutsf cfwf/df cg'bfg lbg ;lsG5 . o;sf] n]vfhf]vf b'u{d

If]q, :yfgLo ;|f]t, eflifs ljljwtf / dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ljlwsf] cfjZostf nufotsf

ljBfnosf jf:tljstf cg';f/ ul/g' k5{ . u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu cfly{s ;|f]taf/] sDtLdf klg

s]xL lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf :yfgLonfO{ lbFbf w]/} pko'Qm x'G5 .

efiffaf/] tYofª\s ;+sng / cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;'wf/ M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf

efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udgnfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u ug]{df z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf

k|0ffnL -EMIS_ df ;fy{sf efiffj}1flgs tYofª\s yKg], cfwf/e"t egf{ / pknlAwsf

tYofª\snfO{ eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg] / lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL

gLltsf nflu vf;u/L lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ljsNkx¿sf nflu cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{

k5{g\ . o:tf tYofª\sn] yk cg';Gwfgsf ljifox¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ . /0fgLlt /

dfGotfsf] ;dLIff / kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf b]vfpF5g\ .

cgf}krfl/s lzIff M of] cWoogn] d'VotM k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / ljBfno lzIffdf hf]8 lbPsf]

eP tfklg ax'eflifs lzIffsf ljlwx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff;Dd klg lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy},

cgf}krfl/s lzIff / cf}krfl/s lzIffn] efiff l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf Ps csf{nfO{ s;/L k/:k/df

;xof]u u5{g\ eGg] klxrfg ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljBfnodf cfwfl/t dft[efiff ljlwnfO{ o'jf

/ k|f}9sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf cj;/x¿;Fu ;dGjo ug{ ;lsG5

/ l;sf?sf ljlzi6 cfjZostf cg';f/ cª\u|]hLsf cfwf/e"t sIffsf nflu cgf}krfl/s÷j}slNks

dfWodsf cj;/x¿sf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

PsLs[t ;dtf /0fgLlt;Fu tfbfTDotf M lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltn]

z}lIfs …cfk"lt{Ú÷ljBfnoleqsf tTTjx¿df hf]8 lbG5 . k|:tfljt PsLs[t ;dtf /0fgLltn] ljleGg

dfu÷afXo tTTjx¿ h;n] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt hflt–eflifs ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf] ;dtfd"ns



81

l;sfOdf Jojwfg v8f u5{g\ ltgnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ . To;}n], ;dtf /0fgLltn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod /

lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .

lzIfs Joj:yfkg / bIftf Joj:yfkg M lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf ePsf] ;'wf/ ;fy} lzIff If]qdf

bIftf Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjogn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf]

sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg lsl;dn] ;xof]u ug]{5 . o;cGtu{t plrt eflifs k[i7e"ld / eflifs bIftf

ePsf lzIfsx¿ plrt ljBfnodf x'g] ;'lglZrttf x'g]5 . ;fy}, l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug]{ -ljBfyL{sf]

;+Vof a9fpg] dfq xf]Og, h;n] cª\u|]hL dfWodsf] k|j[lQnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5_ ljBfno / lzIfs

k'/:s[t x'g] ;'lglZrttf x'g]5 .

^=( lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLltsf nflu ;xof]uL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f

ug{ ljleGg If]qsf sfo{x¿

sf]7f @% ;ª\lIfKt a'Fbfx¿

t= lzIff / lzIff afx]ssf cGo If]qdf klg …;'zf;gÚ df ;xof]u ug{ lg/Gt/ sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g]5 .

d'VotM lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf o;sf] cfjZostf 5 M

-c_ lghL ljBfnodf efiff gLltsf d'Vo tTTjx¿sf] k|of]u

-cf_ sIffsf]7fleq / sIffsf]7feGbf aflx/ l;sfOsf nflu Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff /

lje]b/lxt lzIffsf] clwsf/ nfu" ug{ lghL lzIff;Fu a[xt\ ;fem]bf/L / lghL lzIffsf] lgodg

-O_ lzIffsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿df d'VotM clt ;LdfGts[t gful/s / ;d'bfox¿sf] a[xt\, ;dtfd"ns /

lg/Gt/ 5nkmn / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{

-O{_ /fhgLlts x:tIf]k sd ug{ / lzIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug{ /0fgLltx¿sf] lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjog

;r]tgfsf k|efjsf/L /0fgLltx¿;lxt l;sfOdf :ki6 b]lvg] u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] …c;n cEof;Ú sf]

sfof{Gjog dfkm{t k|efjsf/L ax'eflifs ljlw nfu" ubf{ cfOkg]{ ljleGg Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{ w]/} sfd

ug'{k5{ eg] lzIff If]qsf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf] a[xt\ kl/j]zn] klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Jojwfgx¿ v8f

ul//xG5 eGg] s'/f of] cWoogsf nflu efiffsf] /fhgLlts cy{tGqsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

;'emfj g+= ( M lzIff dGqfno, ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿ / lzIff If]qdf sfd ug]{ cGo ;a}n] lzIf0fsf] dfWod

/ lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL gLlt / /0fgLltx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;xof]u / ;anLs/0f ug]{ lzIff If]qeGbf

aflx/sf cGo sfo{j|mdx¿ klg klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

;fª\s]lts ¿kdf oL cGtu{t tnsf s'/fx¿ k5{g\ M

zflGt :yfkgf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;fd~h:otfsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ lzIff / lzIffsf] efiffsf]

e"ldsfaf/] yk ljZn]if0f / ax;df ;xof]u

;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu lghL ljBfnosf] lgodgdf ;xof]u

Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u u/L d'VotM ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL efiff lzIf0fsf] ;anLs/0f ug{ lghL /

;fj{hlgs lzIff k|bfosaLr ;fem]bf/L clej[l4

hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿ sd ug{, jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f k|j4{g ug{ / ;LdfGts[t ;dfhefiffj}1flgs

;d'bfosf efiff, ef}lts ;Dkbf / ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug{ ljleGg If]qsf / gful/s

;dfhsf sfo{j|mdx¿

ljBfnosf ;'?sf jif{x¿df rfk sd ug{ cGoq sfd ug{ hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf] Jojl:yt tof/Ldf

;xof]u ug{ ljleGg If]qsf / gful/s ;dfhsf sfo{j|mdx¿ -cª\u|]hL tflnd nufot_



82

lzIffnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 d'Qm /fVg / lzIfsx¿df k]zfut u'0f k'gM clej[l4 ug{ …;'zf;gÚ df lg/Gt/

;xof]u .



83

cg';"rL s M sfo{zt{x¿

!= cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo

g]kfndf ljBfno lzIff k|0ffnLsf] lzIf0fsf] dfWod Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs d'2f

xf] . g]kfnL nufot dfGotfk|fKt !@# efiffx¿ ePsf] g]kfn eflifs ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] .!!

g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod g]kfnL xf], t/ of] cj:yf ›'t ultdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} 5 .

cf7 sIffdf k9\g] #) k|ltzteGbf w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ g]kfnLafx]s cGo dft[efiff af]Ng] 5g\ .!@

sl/a #%

k|ltzt :s'n] ljBfyL{x¿n] egf{sf ;dodf g]kfnL sd af]Ng] jf af]Nb} gaf]Ng] s'/f s]xL lhNnfx¿df

ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .!#

csf]{tkm{ ljleGg /fhg}lts ;d"xx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff

lbg'k5{ eg]/ jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, sIff tLg;Dd dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t jx'eflifs lzIff k|bfg ug{

;xof]u ug]{ lzIff dGqfnosf] gLlt 5 . csf{tkm{, w]/}h;f] lghL ljBfnox¿n] cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf]

dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ / sltko ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] klg cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod

agfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . cª\u|]hLsf] dfu ;j{q 5 . cª\u|]hLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/ / pRr lzIffsf nflu

tof/ kf5{ eGg] cleefjssf] wf/0ff 5 . lzIff dGqfnosf] gLltn] lzIf0fsf] dfWod 5gf}6 ug{ ljBfnonfO{

g} k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . dfgj ;|f]t tyf cfly{s ;|f]t, kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts, ;xof]uL ;fdu|L / k]zfut

ljsf;sf] k|of]hgsf ;Gbe{df lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] d'Vo e"ldsf /xG5 . lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf cltl/Qm,

g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL / :yfgLo efiffx¿nfO{ laifosf ¿kdf k|efjsf/L lzIf0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf klg ljleGg

d'2fx¿ 5g\ . efiff / lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;fy} gLlt / cEof;aLrsf] vf8nsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf j'emfO, b[li6sf]0f / rf;f]x¿ klg leGgf leGg} 5g\ .

ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf k/fdz{ tyf xfnsf efiff gLlt / cEof;x¿sf] ;dLIffsf cfwf/df g]kfnL,

:yfgLo efiffx¿ / cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{, oL efiffx¿nfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf

lzIf0f ug]{ / sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u x'g] efiffdf bIftf gePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ ;DaGwdf lhNnf

/ ljBfnonfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug{ lzIff dGqfnosf lglDt Pp6f a[xt\ efiff gLlt to ug]{ k[i7e"ld / k|df0fx¿

k|bfg ug'{ o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;f] gLlt cGt/f{li6«o hut\sf / g]kfn ljz]ifsf cg';Gwfg tyf

c;n cEof;x¿ / k/fdz{df cfwfl/t x'g]5 .

@= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -SSRP_ sf] k[i7e"ld

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP @))(–@)!^ _ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;ft jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf xf] .

klxnf] kfFrjif]{ of]hgfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, gf}j6f k'lnª ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ -pooling partners_!$

/

lzIffsf nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Ln] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf If]qut ljlwcg'¿k /sd pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{

k'lnªafx]ssf cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ -non-pooling partners_!%

n] klg ;xfotf u/]sf 5g\ .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] -!_ kx'Fr / ;dtf lj:tf/ ug]{ -@_ u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], /

-#_ k|0ffnLut bIftfdf ;'wf/ ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff nufot ;du|

ljBfno lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ljBfno lzIffsf ;a} If]q ;d]6\b} rfn' / ljsf; b'j} vr{sf nflu cfly{s

;|f]t pknAw u/fpF5 . o; of]hgfn] kx'Fr, ;dfj]zLs/0f / u'0f:t/sf tLgj6f dfkb08sf cfwf/df

-!_ k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ ;lxtsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_ / ;fIf/tf tyf

hLjgko{Gt l;sfO, -@_ dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!@_, / #= z}lIfs ;]jf / pTkfbgx¿sf] k|jfx tyf

cg'udgsf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fV5 .

!!

g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)!! . !@

ljBfyL{ pknlAwsf] /fli6«o k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg @)!! . !#

k|f/lDes sIff k9fO k/LIf0fsf] k|f/lDes hfgsf/L -cf/l6cfO{ -RTI_ / Go" P/f_, @)!$ . !$

k'lnª ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ M ci6«]lnofnL /fhb'tfjf;, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, 8]gdfs{, l8PkmcfO8L, o'/f]lkog o'lgog,

lkmgNofG8, gj]{, ljZj a}+s / o'lg;]km . !%

k'lnªafx]ssf cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/¿ M hfOsf, o'g]:sf], o'P;PcfO8L, 8ANo"PkmkL / /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u};;x¿ .



84

cfwf/e"t lzIff M cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'Fr tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fn] rf/j6f d'Vo ;+oGqx¿åf/f g]kfndf ;a}

afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 M -!_ ljBfnodf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]

lj:tf/, -@_ cj;/af6 jl~rt, ;LdfGts[t tyf cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/ k[i7e"ld ePsf b'u{dsf

ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;xof]u, -#_ ;'/Iff ;~hfn÷z}lIfs ;'lglZrttfsf of]hgfx¿df kx'Fr

;'lglZrt $= k/Dk/fut ljBfnox¿sf] k|of]u .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] lgDg s'/fx¿dfkm{t cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 M

-!_ ;xh agfpg] Go"gtd cj:yfx¿ -Minimum Enabling Conditions_, -@_ lzIff ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu

/fli6«o dfkb08sf] ljsf; tyf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]G› -ERO_ sf] :yfkgf, -#_ lzIfssf]

k]zfut lasf;, / -$_ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t kf7\oj|mdtkm{ pGd'v . oL k|fylds sfo{x¿sf cltl/Qm,

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ;fIf/tf tyf hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf sfo{j|md pknAw u/fpg] s]G› /

ljBfno / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes jfn ljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] ;ª\Vof lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

dfWolds lzIff M ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug]{ eP tfklg

o; of]hgfn] s]xL xb;Dd dfWolds lzIffsf] kx'Fr tyf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu klg nufgL ub{5 . o;

txdf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] …Jofjxfl/s k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos lzIff / tflndÚ -Soft TVET_

df kx'Fr pknAw u/fpF5, h;n] sIff !) kl5 ljBfno 5f]8\g] ljBfyL{sf nflu sfo{:yndf cfjZos kg]{

Ifdtf clej[l4 u5{ . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfd / /f]huf/sf] If]q tyf k|fKt cj;/x¿af/] cfwf/e"t

a'emfOdf ;xof]u u5{ .

;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 M ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] clGtd hf]8 dfly pNn]lvt s'/fx¿sf] k|jfxsf

nflu ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/ Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ tyf ;anLs/0f ug{' xf] . o;n] kl/is[t of]hgf tyf sfof{Gogsf

nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cGo ;fd'bflos :t/sf ;+:yfx¿ / lhNnf :t/df dWo]gh/ /fvL

ljBfno Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ nIo;lxt ;Da4 kIfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ ;d]6\5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/

of]hgfsf] d'Vo hf]8 sfo{j|mdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{' / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf l;sfO d"Nofª\sg

lgwf{/0f ug{' klg xf] .

#= g]kfnsf] kl/j]z

afnaflnsfn] 3/df af]Ng] efiffsf ;Gbe{df g]kfndf w]/} ljBfnosf ;d'bfox¿ ldl>t vfnsf 5g\ .

To;}n], w]/}h;f] ljBfnodf k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ug{' hl6n 5 . k|foM

afnaflnsfn] 3/df s'g} lglZrt Pp6f efiff af]Ng] eP tfklg ;d'bfodf c¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ csf]{

efiff;Fu kl/lrt x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf, z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 olb dft[efiff geP klg olb afnaflnsf

pQm efiff /fd|f];Fu a'‰g / af]Ng ;S5g \ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ To; efiffdf lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffsf ;fy} /fli6«o efiff g]kfnLdf k|fylds lzIff lng kfpg] cj;/sf nflu

/fhgLlts k|lta4tf hfx]/ eO;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, dft[efiffdf lzIf0f tyf ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{j|mdsf]

sfo{Gjog Psbd ;Lldt dfqfdf ePsf] 5 . vf; u/L ;/sf/n] gd'gf k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/]sf]

5 jf gful/s ;dfhaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{j|mdx¿ 5g\ . o;sf nflu ;Lldt ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . w]/}

;+:yfut -lghL_ ljBfnox¿df lzIf0fsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL 5 / ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfyL{n] ;fwf/0ftof

P;Pn;Ldf pRr cª\s k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf /f]huf/ tyf cfosf nflu ljb]z

hfg] x'gfn] cleefjsaf6 cª\u|]hL efiffsf] 7"nf] dfu 5 .

;fd'bflos ljBfnon] ;+:yfut ljBfno;Fu k|ltikwf{ ug{ cª\u|]hL efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ;'?

u/] klg o;sf nflu kof{Kt tof/L tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ePsf] 5}g . o;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwdf

gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .

@)!! sf] d]df cfof]hgf ePsf] ;+o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7sdf …dft[efiffdf lzIf0f, ax'eflifs lzIff /

g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k|of]usf xfnsf cEof;af/] ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;'emfjx¿ ;d]6\b} Pp6f

lj:t[t cWoog u/L ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf nflu efiff gLltsf] 9Ffrf k|:t't ug]{Ú ;xdlt ePsf] lyof]

. ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfdf efiff gLlt s;/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 3lge"t 5nkmn

u/L To;}sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k of] lg0f{o lnOPsf] lyof] . ljBdfg dft[efiff gLltn] g;d]6]sf, h:t} ljleGg



85

dft[efiffx¿ af]lng] sIffsf]7fdf o;nfO{ s;/L sfo{Gjog ug]{ h:tf w]/} ljifox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

o;sf cnfjf, g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq lgdf{0f k|lj|mofsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] 5 .

@)!# sf] l8;]Da/df ;+o'Qm k/fdz{ a}7s x'g'cl3 ljsf; ;fem]bf/ / lzIff dGqfno tyf lzIff ljefusf

clwsf/Lx¿af6 :ynut e|d0f ul/Psf] lyof] . :ynut e|d0f ul/Psf lhNnfsf Ps rf}yfO{ ljBfnox¿df

cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ;'? u/]sf] kfOof] . cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfpg'sf d'Vo

sf/0fx¿df cleefjssf] bafa / lghL ljBfno ;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{, egf{ b/ j[l4 ug{' / ljBfnodf ljBfyL{

l6sfpg' lyof] . cWoog 6f]nLn] b'O{j6f ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL / g]kfnLdf k9fO / n]vfOsf] cgf}krfl/s

d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] lgisif{n] cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cWoog u/]sf ljBfyL{sf]

l;sfO :t/sf ;DaGwdf uDeL/ k|Zgx¿ p7fof] . cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod agfOg', cª\u|]hLdf

lzIfsx¿sf] ;Lk gk'Ug' / ljBfyL{x¿n] sdhf]/ bIftf k|bz{g ug'{n] o;sf] u'0f:t/df kZg lrGx v8f

u/]sf] cjnf]sgstf{x¿n] cf}FNofP . @)!# sf] l8;]Da/df ePsf] ;+o'Qm k/fdz{ a]}7sdf :ynut e|d0fdf

b]lvPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ d'Vo rf;f]sf ¿kdf p7fOPsf] lyof] . efiff / lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] d'2fnfO{ ;fdflhs,

/fhgLlts tyf z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 cg';Gwfg ul/g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . o; k|sf/sf]

cWoogn] ljsf;fTds ¿kn] plrt tl/sfaf6 cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL / cGo dft[efiffx¿sf] k|fefjsf/L lzIf0fsf

nflu ljBfno / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿nfO{ lbzf ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] . a}7ssf ljleGg

lg0f{ox¿dWo] Pp6f lg0f{o cfly{s jif{ @)!$÷!% df o; k|sf/sf] cWoogsf nflu Pp6f sfo{zt{ tof/

ug{' /x]sf] lyof] .

log} 5nkmn tyf ;xdltx¿sf cfwf/df @)!$ sf] l8;]Da/df ePsf] ;+o'Qm k/fdz{ a}7sdf ci6«]lnofnL

;/sf/ / ;DejtM cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] cWoogsf nflu sfo{zt{x¿ pknAw u/fpg] / To;sf]

;dGjo lzIff dGqfnosf] pRr :t/Lo lgb]{zg ;ldltn] ug]{ ;xdlt eof] . @)!$ sf] ;+o'Qm k/fdz{

a}7sn] to u/]sf] ;ª\lIfKt sfo{of]hgfdf elgPsf] 5 M …lzIff dGqfnon] lzIf0fsf] dfWod / dft[efiff,

g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt efiffsf d'2fx¿sf af/]df lj:t[t cWoog ug]{5 .

cWoogsf] k|f/lDes lgisif{ @)!% sf] ;++o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7sdf k|:t't ul/g] 5 .Ú

$= ljZj kl/j]z

ljZjdf w]/} afnaflnsfx¿n] 3/df Pp6f dft[efiff l;ls;s]kl5 ljBfno egf{ x'G5g\ / csf]{ km/s efiff

l;S5g\ . o:tf] ax'eflifs kl/l:yltn] afnaflnsf / lzIff k|bfossf nflu cj;/ / r'gf}tL b'j} l;h{gf u5{.

ax'eflifs kl/l:yltleq lzIf0f l;sfOdf b]lvPsf dfu / r'gf}tLn] ljBfyL{ cg's"n x'g] u/L pko'Qm of]hgf

to ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

blIf0f Pl;ofdf emG8} ^)) efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . t/, w]/}h;f] cNk;ª\Vos efiffdf jQmfx¿nfO{ ltgsf

dft[efiffdf lzIffsf] kx'F5 5}g . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] d"Nofª\sgsf] ;+Zn]lift cw{bzs

k|ltj]bg!^

n] ljBfnodf ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ s'/fdf lzIf0fsf] dfWodn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f

:jLsfl/Psf] 5 .

3/df af]lng] efiff / ljBfnodf af]lng] efiff gldNbf sIff bf]xf¥ofpg] / aLr}df ljBfno 5f]8\g] h:tf

ljleGg gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿ lg:sg ;s5g\ . o:tf] l;sfO kl/j]zdf cj;/x¿sf] ;dfgtf x'Fb}g .

lsgeg], ljBfnodf k|of]u ul/g] efiff af]Ng] ljBfyL{n] klxnf] lbgaf6 g} l;Sg ;'? u5{g\ eg] cGon] klxnf

gf}nf] efiffsf ;ª\s]t l;Sg ;'? ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{n] bf];|f] efiff s;/L l;S5g\ eGg] ga'e\mbf lzIfsn] ug]{

lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g hfG5 . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;lj|mo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g] sd cj;/ lbFbf

ljBfnodf efiffsf] bIftfdf cfPsf] km/snfO{ lzIfsx¿n] k|foM yfxf kfPsf x'Fb}gg\ . dft[efiffdf k9fO,

n]vfO / ;f]rfO ;Lksf] ljsf;;Fu} k|efjsf/L låeflifs lzIff ;'? x'G5 . ToxL a]nf, /fli6«o jf bf];|f] efiff

lzIf0f ul/G5 . låeflifs sfo{j|mdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ljsf; / sfof{Gjo ul/g'k5{ h;n] ubf{

afnaflnsfn] ;dfhdf ePsf z}lIfs / cGo cj;/x¿sf] k"0f{ kmfObf lng;Sg] u/L Jofks ;~rf/sf] efiff

/ dft[efiffdf bIftf xfl;n u5{g\ . låeflifs jf ax'eflifs lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf dft[efiffsf] dxTTjnfO{

dfGotf lbgfn] lzlIfs glthfdf ;'wf/ x'g] / cNk;ª\Vos afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO/fVg ;xof]u

!^

h]lgª\;, h]= Pl;of P08 Kofl;lkms Ph's];g km/ cn ld8–l8s]8 P;]:d]G6 M ;fpy Pl;of ;a–l/hg{ l;Gy]l;;

l/kf]6{, a}ª\ss M o'g]:sf] a}ª\ss, 2))( .



86

ug]{ s'/f cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ljBfnodf k|j]z ubf{ d'Vo efiff af]Ng ghfg]sf afnaflnsfsf

cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Dej eP;Dd / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ul/Pdf dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff

;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . oBlk, w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] ltgsf dft[efiffdf l;sfOsf] cj;/ k|fKt

ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . w]/}h;f] b]zx¿df ljBfnodf lzIf0f dfWodsf ¿kdf d'Vo efiff jf /fli6«o efiffsf]

k|of]u ul/G5 . sltko :yfgdf s'g} klg ljBfyL{sf] dft[efiff gePsf] ljb]zL efiffdf lzIf0f ul/G5 .

b]zlkR5] / Pp6} b]zleq klg cEof;df leGgtf 5 . cf}wf]lus ;fy} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ b'j}df of] leGgtf

kfOG5 . dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t lzIffaf/] ul/Psf cg';Gwfgsf cltl/Qm afnaflnsfsf klxnf] efiff lzIf0fsf]

dfWod gePsf :yfgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / cg';Gwfg ug]{ klg ljleGg sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ .

dft[efiffafx]s cGo efiffdf ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] cNk;ª\vos ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf cfjZostf k"/f

ug]{ ;DaGwL cEof; / cg';Gwfg ePsf 5g\ . sltko k|sf/sf lzIf0fsf dfWod / sIffsf]7fsf] ;ª\u7gx¿

cGoeGbf bf];|f] efiffsf lglDt a9L pko'St 5g\ -lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf xf];\ jf ljifosf ¿kdf xf];\_ .

ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df afnfaflnsfx¿ bf];|f] efiffdf jf t];|f] efiffdf cWoog ul//x]sf pbfx¿ klg 5g\,

t/, cg'ejx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf] 5}g .

k|efjsf/L cEof; l;sf?nfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug]{ dxTTjkk"0f{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf klxnf] efiff

x'G5 . efiff l;sfOsf] k|efjsf/L ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ d'Vo tTTj cGtu{t afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiff

/ cltl/Qm efiff l;sfOsf] ljsf;df eflifs / ;+1fgfTds ;xof]u kb{5g\ . Ps jf a9L efiffsf] l;sfOdf

;+nUg ;Lk / k|lj|mofx¿ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . lzIfssf] u'0f:t/ klg csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ tTTj xf] . låeflifs /

ax'eflifs jftfj/0fdf lzIf0f ug{ lzIfssf] 1fg / ;Lk, lg/Gt/ k]zfut l;sfO / k|f/lDes lzIfs lzIff

c¿ d'Vo tTTj x'g\ . lzIf0fsf] dfWod / oL efiffx¿df afnaflnsfsf] cg'ej klg cGo dxTTjk"0f{

tTTjx¿ x'g\ . oL tTTjx¿af/] a'emfOn] gLlt lgdf{tf / cEof;stf{ b'j}nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{j|mdsf] of]hgf

to ug{ ug{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

%= cWoogsf] cfjZostf

g]kfndf lzIffdf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL /fHosf] gLltsf ljleGg kf6fx¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . o;} cfwf/df lzIff

dGqfnon] k|To]s ljBfnon] cfˆg} 5gf}6df dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff -MLE_ k|bfg ug{

;Sg] gLlt kfl/t u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| -CDC_ n] k|fylds txdf dft[efiffsf]

k9fOnfO{ P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 / ljleGg @@ j6f dft[efiffdf kf7\ok':ts k|sfzg

u/]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^@ -;g\ @))^_ b]lv g]kfnn] ;Lldt ¿kd} eP klg dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs

lzIff nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; 9fFrfdf k"j{–k|fylds sIffx¿df afnaflnsfsf] dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod

agfOG5 . k|fylds txsf kl5Nnf sIffdf g]kfnL dfWoddf ;ª\qmd0f ul/G5, /, To;kl5 pko'Qm ;do x]/]/

ljifosf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k7gkf7g ;'? ul/G5 . tyflk, ax'eflifs lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt cToGt} sd

ljBfnox¿df dfq nfu" ul/Psf] 5 / w]/}j6f a]Unfa]Un} efiff af]lng] ;d'bfosf ljBfnox¿df of] gLlt nfu"

ug]{ k4ltsf af/]df :ki6tf 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu dft[efiffnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ?rfOg]

ljBfnoLo lzIffsf lglZrt txdf / lzIfsx¿sf] eflifs ;Lk / pgLx¿sf nflu ul/g] tflndsf] Joj:yf

;lxt ax'eflifs lzIff nfu" ug{sf nflu cfjZos k"j{;t{ nufotsf ljleGg kIfx¿df yk dfu{lgb]{zg ug{'

pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . lzIff dGqfnosf] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffdf s]lGb|t lzIff gLltsf]

cfnf]rgfTds ;dLIff!

n] s] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIffaf6 rfF8} aflxl/g]

9fFrf -early exit model_ g]kfnL–Ot/ dft[efifL afnaflnsfx¿sf] lbuf] l;sfOdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]

5}g . ;d'bfon] sfo{j|mdsf] :jfldTj lng grfx]sf] / lzIff dGqfnon] ;d]t sfo{j|mdsf] lj:tf/sf nflu

;zQmtf / k|lta4tf k|bz{g gu/]sfn] dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff 9fFrfdf lbuf]kgf cfpg g;Sg]

;'´fj pQm ;dLIffn] lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo efiffx¿sf] lzIf0fsf nflu lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu

cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L, kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs tflnd tyf cGo ;|f]t;fwgx¿ klg kof{Kt g/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .

!

ôfs, lk= Nofª \Uj]h O:o'h Og Ph's];gn kf]lnl;h PG8 k|flS6;]; Og g]kfn M c lj|ml6sn l/Eo', Pl;og

8]enkd]G6 a}+s, @)!! .



87

lzIff dGqfnosf] xfnsf] gLltn] k|To]s ljBfnonfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiffsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5

/ y'k|} ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿n] lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -SSRP_ sf] ;dtf cWoogn] efiff tyf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ljifodf ljleGg

;f ]́bf/x¿sf] a'´fO tyf ?lrdf b]lvPsf k|d'v leGgtfx¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . ljBfnox¿n] cfˆgf]

lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff 5gf}6 ug]{ cg'dlt kfO/xg] ;Defjgf 5, ;fy} leGg leGg kl/j]zdf k|efjsf/L

lzIf0f tyf l;sfOnfO{ d2t ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ dfgsx¿ to ug]{ / cg'udg ug]{ ljifo /0fgLlts

/ Jofjxfl/s lgb]{lzsfx¿ dfk{mt ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

vf; u/L cfkm"n] /fd|/L af]Ng ;d]t ghfg]sf efiffsf dfWodaf6 lzIff cfh{g ul//x]sf afnaflnsfsf

cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ lbOg'kg]{ tflnd ;DaGwL kof{Kt sfo{j|mdx¿ 5}gg\ .

w]/}h;f] :yfgLo efiffx¿df afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf]

cefj 5 . cd]l/sL ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]u -USAID_ sf] ;xof]udf g]kfnsf ljleGg lgsfo tyf

;+:yfx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf g]kfnL tyf s]xL cGo efiffsf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ;dLIff cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQm cWoog k|ltj]bgn] y'k|} dxTTjk"0f{ ;"rgf lbPsf] 5 . w]/} ljBfnox¿df k9fpg] lzIfsx¿sf] cª\u|]hL

efiffsf] 1fg cª\u|]hL dfWoddf ;a} ljifo k9fpg cfjZos kg]{ :t/sf] 5}g . ljBfnosf cfwfh;f]

ljBfyL{x¿n] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL af]Ng] s'/fnfO{ lnlka4 ul/Psf] 5 t/ ljBfnodf egf{ x'Fbf /fd|/L

g]kfnL efiff /fd|/L af]Ng g;Sg] cfwf ljBfyL{af/] s'g} tYofª\s pknAw 5}g .

^= cWoogsf p2]Zox¿

cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / nIosf cfwf/df to ul/Psf ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5Gf\ M

efiffsf ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs kIf cGtu{t /fi6«efiffsf] :yfg, afnaflnsfsf] bf];|f] / cltl/Qm

efiffx¿sf] l;sfO, dft[efiffsf] k9fO, ax'eflifs lzIff, cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf] cfh{g tyf dft[efiff,

/fi6«efiff / cGt/f{li6«o efiff /÷jf lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljleGg efiffx¿sf] ldl>t k|of]u k|of]u

ubf{ x'g] kmfObf / Jojwfgx¿sf] cGj]if0f / ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ;DaGwdf cleefjsx¿sf cfsfª\Iff / l;sfO ;DaGwL k|efjsf/L l;4fGtx¿sf

aLrsf] cGt/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

efiffsf ¿kdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hLsf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0f / lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf tL

efiffx¿sf] pko'Qm k|of]u ug{ lhNnf tyf ljBfnox¿nfO{ /0fgLlts k|fyldstf / dfu{bz{g ;lxtsf]

lj:t[t efiff gLltsf nflu ljZjJofkL tyf g]kfn;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t ljsNksf

bfo/fx¿ / g]kfnsf] kl/j]zsf] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ lzIff dGqfnodf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .

lzIff dGqfnonfO{ lj:t[t efiff of]hgfsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{ / pQm of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ¿k/]vf

lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

&= cWoog ljlw

of] cWoog ;DkGg ug{ / lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿ k|flKt ug{sf nflu sltko ;fwg / ljlwx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]

5 . o; cWoogdf ljutdf ul/Psf dxTTjk"0f{ / ;fGble{s cWoog ;fdu|L tyf :ynut ;j]{If0fsf] ;dLIff

ul/g] 5, ;fy} ;a} ;f ]́bfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . ;DalGwt ljifosf ljZjel/sf

cg';Gwfg tyf g]kfn;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgx¿sf] ;dLIffn] :ynut cWoogsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{5 /

;du| lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x¿df k|efj kfg]{ 5 . :ynut cWoogsf j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfO tyf

lzIfssf] Ifdtfsf] cgf}krfl/s d"Nofª\sg ug{'sf ;fy} sIffsf]7fsf] cjnf]sg klg ul/g] 5 . gLlt lgdf{tf,

/fli6«o tyf If]qLo txsf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lx¿, k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfo

/ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ nufot ljleGg ;f´]bf/x¿sf] cjwf/0ff a'‰gsf nflu cGtjf{tf{sf ;fy} nlIft

;d"x 5nkmn ul/g] 5 . k|d'v ;f ]́bf/x¿sf] klxrfgsf cfwf/df ul/g] k/fdz{sf] k|lj|mofn] kl/jt{gsf

;+jfxs x'g ;Sg] ;f ]́bf/x¿ / sfo{j|mdnfO{ cj/f]w ug]{ ;Defljt ;f ]́bf/x¿sf] ;d]t klxrfg ug]{5 .

l;kmfl/; ul/g] a'Fbfx¿ to ug]{ / o;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fdf lhDd]jf/

/fli6«o :t/sf ;fGble{s ;+o'Qm ljifout ;d"x, lj1 ;d"x / lzIff clwsf/Lx¿;Fu k/fdz{ a}7sx¿ ul/g]

5g\ .



88

*= cWoogsf] ljifoIf]q

of] cWoog ;DkGg ug{ lgDglnlvt ljlzi6 ultljlwx¿ ul/g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 M

efiff ;DaGwL ;d:of tyf k|fylds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿sf] k|efjsf/L k7gkf7gsf ;DaGwdf

ePsf kl5Nnf cg';Gwfg tyf ;+;f/el/s} pTs[i6 cEof;x¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{Ù

lzIff ljefun] cfˆgf] lnlk gePsf efiffx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6 \g] u/L lkmgNofG8sf] ;xof]udf u/]sf]

ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f cWoogsf k|ltj]bgx¿ ;lxt g]kfnsf efiffx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg txsf

cWoogx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{Ù

lzIff dGqfnoåf/f ;~rfng x'Fb} u/]sf k|of;x¿sf cfwf/df efiff ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf /

k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;dLIff ug]{Ù

ljleGg kl/j]z -afnaflnsfn] 3/df klg pxL efiff af]Ng] kl/j]z tyf ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ld ePsf

ljBfyL{x¿n] k9\g] ljBfno ;d]t_ sf] cjnf]sg u/L tT;DaGwL ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{ :ynut cWoog

ug]{ / g]kfnsf ljleGg ljBfno -;fj{hlgs tyf lghL_ / gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfn] k|of]u ul//x]sf

ljleGg 9fFrf, dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf /÷jf ljifosf ¿kdf k|of]u

eO/x]sf] l:ylt ;d]tsf] cWoog ul/g] . o; cGtu{t lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf dft[efiff /÷jf

g]kfnLsf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg]df ;d'bfosf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ / ljBfnodf cª\u|]hLsf] pQd lzIf0f ;DaGwL

pTs[i6 cEof;x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g] . ljZn]if0f cGtu{t lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cª\u|]hLk|ltsf] ?lr

/ lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] 5gf}6 ;DaGwL …/fhgLlts cy{tGqÚ nfO{ ;d]t ;d]l6g]Ù

eflifs b[li6n] p:t} lsl;dsf] jf leGg lsl;dsf] kl/j]zdf ;~rflnt ljBfnox¿df dft[efiff, g]kfnL /

cª\u|]hLnfO{ lzIf0fsf] dfWod /÷jf ljifosf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL ljleGg gLltut ljsNkx¿sf]

sfof{Gjog ul/Psf gd'gf lhNnfx¿df pknAw dfgjLo tyf cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{sf

nflu :ynut cWoog ug]{Ù

lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{ nufotsf d'Vo ;f ]́bf/x¿;Fu nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, cGtjf{tf{ tyf

k/fdz{ a}7sx¿ ug]{Ù

;f ]́bf/x¿sf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L tyf k/fdz{ a}7ssf] k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{Ù

;dLIff tyf :ynut cWoogsf lgisif{x¿sf] ljj/0ffTds, cGt;{DalGwt tyf ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'lt

;lxtsf] lj:t[t k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{Ù

;+;f/df ePsf cg';Gwfg Pj+ d'Vo ;f ]́bf/x¿sf cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t /x]/ lj:t[t efiff gLltsf

ljleGg ljsNk / l;kmfl/;x¿sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{Ù /

l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ gLltsf] :j¿k lbgsf nflu lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefun] cu'jfO u/]sf] k/fdz{

k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ / lzIff dGqfno / cGo ;f´]bf/x¿n] ul//x]sf] k|of;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{

s'/fdf Wofg lbFb} sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug]{ / g]kfndf ePsf gd'gf sfo{j|mdx¿n] lgdf{0f

u/]sf] hunfO{ cfwf/ agfpg]

(= pknlAw

cWoogsf pknlAwnfO{ lgDglnlvt j|mddf lgdf{0f tyf k]; ul/g] 5 M

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

;f ]́bf/x¿;Fusf sfo{zfnf / k/fdz{ a}7sx¿sf cfwf/df k|d'v ;f ]́bf/x¿sf wf/0ff / kl/jt{gsf

;fdflhs tyf ;'zf;g;DaGwL kIf / dfgjLo tyf cfly{s ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cg'dfgsf ljleGg gLltut

ljsNkaf/] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{Ù



89

lgisif{ / k/fdz{ k|lj|mofdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ljleGg ljsNk / l;kmfl/;x¿ ;lxtsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg

k|:t't ug]{Ù

lzIffsf] efiff gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bfsf lgj]zx¿ -lzIff dGqfnon] clGtd :j¿k lbP/ :jLs[t ug]{_ .

k|ltj]bgsf] ljB'tLo tyf lk|G6 k|lt a'´fOg] 5 . cGo ;"rgf tyf 8f6fa];;d]t k]; ul/g] 5 .

sfof{Gjog ul/g] of]hgf / dfu{bz{ssf] ¿k/]vf -lzIff dGqfnoaf6 ljsf; ul/g], clGtd ¿k

lbOg] / :jLs[t ul/g]_ . lzIff dGqfnosf] dfu{bz{g / Jofks k/fdz{sf cfwf/df oL lgisif{x¿

lgsflnPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ ljsf; ;f ]́bf/x¿n] ;'lglZrttf ug]{5g\ .

!)= k/fdz{ 6f]nL

Pp6f tLg ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] of] sfo{ef/ axg ug]{5 . w]/}j6f efiff af]lng] b]zdf sfd u/]/ uxg cg'ej

xfl;n u/]sf tYff kof{Kt z}lIfs÷k|lf1s of]Uotf ePsf Pshgf cGt/f{li6«o lzIffljb\ 6f]nL k|d'vsf ¿kdf

/xg] 5g\ . 6f]nL k|d'vn] efiff tyf lzIf0fsf] dfWod ;DaGwL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfˆgf] cGt/f{li6«o

cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u ug]{5g\ . pRr:t/Lo ;f ]́bf/x¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ / gLltx¿ l;kmfl/; ug{ of] dxTTjk"0f{

x'g]5 . b'O{ hgf /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ 6f]nLsf ;b:o x'g]5g\ . tL dWo] Ps hgf uxg :ynut cg'ejsf

;fy} vf; u/L g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL tyf ax'eflifs lzIffsf] efiff;Fu ;DalGwt z}lIfs÷k|fl1s k[i7e"ld ePsf

lzIffljb\ x'g]5g\ . ;fy}, csf{ /fli6«o k/fdz{bftf ;'zf;g;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] hfgsf/L ePsf, Joj:yfkgdf

ePsf] kl/jt{g / cg';Gwfg / ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL uxg :ynut cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf

;fdflhs cg';Gwftf x'g]5g\ .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} glthf k]; ug{' 6f]nL k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 . b'O{ hgf /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿n]

6f]nL k|d'vsf] dfu{ lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df sfd ug]{5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ pknlAw pRr u'0f:t/sf] x'gfsf ;fy}

tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} k|ltj]bg a'´fpg ;lsof]:f\ eGgsf vflt/ 6f]nL k|d'vn] /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿n] ug]{

sfd to ul/lbg] 5g\ .

!!= ;do;Ldf

cWoogsf] k|d'v sfo{ ^ xKtfleq lgDglnlvt r/0fdf ;DkGg ug{'kg]{ 5 M

klxnf] r/0f M ;fGble{s k"j{ cWoog tyf ;j]{If0f ;lxtsf ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] ;dLIff / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

n]vg -nueu ! xKtf_

bf];|f] r/0f M :ynut cWoog, ;f ]́bf/x¿sf] sfo{zfnf tyf k/fdz{ a}7sx¿sf] k|ltj]bg n]vg

-nueu # xKtf_

t];|f] r/0f M lzIff dGqfnosf] lg/LIf0fdf clGtd k|ltj]bg n]vg, /fli6«o efiff gLlt / sfof{Gjogsf]

of]hgfsf] d:of}bf n]vg -nueu @ xKtf_

oL tLg r/0fdf lgDgfg';f/sf] k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf x'g]5 M

klxnf] r/0f M cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf -cfkm\gf] b]zleq b'O{lbg] tof/L / ;DalGwt b]zleq kfFrlbg]

tof/L cWoog ug]{_Ù /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ -! xKtf_

bf];|f] r/0f M ;a} k/fdz{bftfx¿ nueu tLgxKtf :ynut cWoogdf hfg] / PsxKtf sf7df8f}+df /xg]

t];|f] r/0f M cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf / /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ -lzIff dGqfnosf] cfjZostf cg';f/

b'O{xKtf hlt cg'udgdf ;xof]u ul/g]_

cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf;Fu a9Ldf $! lbgsf nflu ;D´f}tf ul/g] 5 . o; cGtu{t cfˆg} b]zdf /x]/ ug]{

sfd, ofqf ubf{ nfUg] ;do / g]kfn a;fOsf] ;do ;d]t u0fgf x'g]5 . b'O{ hgf /fli6«o

k/fdz{bftfx¿dWo] b'j} hgfnfO{ a9Ldf %) lbg g]kfnd} /x]/ sfd ug]{ u/L ;D´f}tf ul/g] 5 .



90

cfly{s Joj:yfkg

lzIff dGqfnosf] ;xdltdf ljsf; ;f ]́bf/n] o; cWoogdf nufgL ug]{5g\ . lzIff dGqfnon]

cg'df]bg ug]{ u/L u'0f:t/ / lzIfs ljsf; ;DaGWfL ljifout sfo{ ;d"x -Quality and Teachers'

Development Thematic Working Group_ n] lzIff ljefu / cWoogdf nufgL ug]{ ljsf;

;f´]bf/n] ;+o'Qm ¿kn] sfo{zt{sf] lgdf{0f ug]{5g\ . cfly{s nufgL ug]{ ljsf; ;fe]mbf/n] lzIff

dGqfno;Fu k/fdz{ u/L k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] 5gf}6 / lgo'lQm ug]{5 .

cGo Joj:yfkg

cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ ljsf; ;f ]́bf/n] k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] b}lgs Joj:yfkg tyf ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf

ug]{5 . oftfoft vr{, sfof{noLo ;xof]u tyf cGo cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] ljj/0f k/fdz{bftfx¿;Fu ul/g]

;D´f}tfdf tf]lsP cg';f/ x'g]5 .

of] cWoog ;DkGg ug{sf nflu lzIff dGqfnon] k|fljlws Joj:yfkg / gLltut dfu{bz{g ug]{5 . pQm

s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lzIff dGqfno jf lzIff ljefun] cWoogsf nflu k|fljlws ;ldlt jf

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{5 . lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]{zsn] pQm ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{5g\ .

;ldltsf ;b:ox¿df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hL lzIff ljefusf k|d'vx¿, lzIff

;ª\sfo tyf sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno /÷jf cGo ljZjljBfnosf lzIff ljefusf efiff ljz]if1x¿ tyf

u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;DalGwt ljifodf cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf k|ltlglwx¿ /xg] 5g\ . o; ;ldsltsf] k|d'v

sfd cWoog ;DaGwL pks/0f, d:of}bf k|ltj]bg, d:of}bf efiff gLlt tyf d:of}bf sfof{Gjog of]hgfsf]

;dLIff u/]/ cWoogsf] u'0f:t/ :jLsfo{tf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ;'´fj÷k|ltlj|mof lbg] jf l6Kk0fL ug]{ x'g]5

. o;sf cltl/Qm, pQm ;ldltn] cWoog ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ul/Psf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ / lzIff

dGqfnonfO{ efiff gLltnfO{ clGtd :j¿k lbFb} sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug{ lzIff

dGqfno leq / aflx/sf ljleGg txdf ;dGjo ug]{5 .



91

cg';"rL v M ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿

clDasf k|;fb /]UdL, pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu

gf/fo0f ;'j]bL, pk–lgb]]{zs, lzIff ljefu -ax'eflifs lzIff zfvf k|d'v_

an/fd ltdlN;gf, pk–;lrj, lzIff dGqfno

ho k|;fb nD;fn, pk–lgb]{zs, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

lbks zdf{, pk–;lrj, lzIff dGqfno

gf/fo0f >]i7, pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu

;'df d}gfnL, zfvf clws[t, ax'eflifs lzIff zfvf, lzIff ljefu

k'?iff]Qd l3ld/], zfvf clws[t, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|



92

cg';"rL u M lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq -lzIff dGqfno, @)!$_

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrqsf] k|:t'tLs/0f, lzIff ljefu÷ lzIff dGqfno, ;fgf]l7dLÙ hgj/L @)!$

:nfO8x¿

!= kl/ro

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq

@= d'Vo ljifoj:t'

sfg"gL÷gLltut cfwf/

lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq

casf sfdx¿

#= sfg"gL÷gLltut cfwf/

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@))^_ – cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_

dft[efiffdfkm{t -/fli6«o efiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt_

lzIff P]g -!(&!_ – k|fylds ljBfnodf dft[efiffsf] k|fjwfg

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g -!(**_ – ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx¿

dft[efiffdf cfwfl/t k|fylds lzIff

ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf -@))(_–

:yfgLo txdf ax'eflifs lzIffsf sfo{qmd / k|lqmofx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{

sfg"gL b:tfj]h, /fli6«o of]hgf / gLltx¿df ax'eflifs lzIffsf] pNn]v

lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff ljw]s— sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno÷dGqLkl/ifb\af6 cg'df]bg

;+o'Qm k/fdz{ a}7s -l8;]Da/ (–!$, @)!#_ df 5nkmn

dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] :yfg ;'/lIft ug]{

$= lg/Gt/ k/fdz{

lzIff dGqfno cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿df 5nkmn -;+o'Qm k/fdz{ a}7skZrft_

lzIff ljefusf] k|fljlws ;d"x

lzIfs, cleefjs, z}lIfs kqsf/, ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks÷8Lgx¿;Fu 5nkmn

lzIff dGqfnosf] Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L

ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/;Fu 5nkmn / k[i7kf]if0f

:yfgLo txdf k/fdz{

k|lqmofsf] cf}krfl/s k|f/De

%= lzIf0fsf] dfWodsf] dfu{lrq

-s_ k|f/lDes afn ljsf; / sIff !–% M g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffafx]sdf k"0f{ dft[efiff dfWod

-yk df}lvs ;xof]u_

-v_ sIff $ eGbf dfly — dft[efiffnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf

-u_ sIff !–!@ M g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf



93

-3_ sIff ^–* M g]kfnL dfWoddf hf]8

-ª_ sIff ^–* M -c_ ;fdflhs lzIff / cGo ljifosf nflu g]kfnL dfWod, / -cf_ ul0ft÷

lj1fg÷sDKo'6/sf nflu cª\u|]hL dfWod

-r_ sIff (–!@ M cª\u|]hL dfWod -efiff ljifodf afx]s_

-5_ ljZjljBfno lzIff M ljifosf ¿kdf dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLsf] lg/Gt/tf / cGo

ljifox¿ cª\u|]hL dfWoddf

^= casf sfdx¿

gLlt lgdf{0f

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfno;Fu 5nkmn

ljsf; ;fem]bf/, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{

cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{÷cfof]usf] cWoog

clGtdLs/0f / sfg"gL ;xof]u

Ifdtf ljsf;

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, kl/Iff lgoGq0f

sfof{no, pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\, lzIff ljefu÷lzIff dGqfno

dfu{lrq / ;do tflnsfsf] sfof{Gjog

&= wGojfb .



94

cg';"rL 3 McWoog k4lt / :ynut sfo{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f

!=cWoog k4lt, ;fwg / gd'gf 5gf}6

!=! ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog

g]kfndf / ;du|df lzIffsf] efiff;Fu ;DalGwt pknAw ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;dLIff of] cWoog k|ltj]bgsf]

d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . kfFrj6f …k|efjs tyf ;"rsx¿Ú / d'Vo k|Zgx¿sf] lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

;dLIff ug]{ sfo{nfO{ yk Jojl:yt agfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] . oL k|Zgx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg

d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ul/Psf] lyof] . k/fdz{sf qmddf yk pkof]uL cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ klg km]nf k/]sf lyP /

ltgsf] klg ;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] .

!=@ pQ/bftfsf ;d"x / cg';Gwfgsf ;fwg

d'Vo k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbP/ ;xof]u ug]{ s]Gb|Lo, lhNnf :t/Lo / ljBfno÷;d'bfo :t/sf JolQmx¿sf]

klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xaf6 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu plrt ;fwgx¿sf]

ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . cjnf]sg / :yfgLo :t/df pknAw b:tfj]hx¿ -cyf{t\ ljBfno / lhNnfsf of]hgf

tyf clen]vx¿_ sf] cWoog u/L yk hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu klg ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf]

lyof] . /;'jf lhNnfdf k/LIf0f u/]kl5 tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ yk ;/nLs/0f / cg's"ng

ul/Psf] lyof] .!*

tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf ;dflji6 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ltgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf ;fwgx¿

o;} cg';"rLcGtu{tsf] 6]andf /flvPsf] 5 .

k|ltlqmof / lgisif{x¿ n]Vg] 9fFrf PsLs[t ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;fwgx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . o;n] ubf{

ljleGg tYofª\s tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ Pslqt ug]{, t'ngf ug]{, 5'6\ofpg] / d'Vo ljifoj:t' / d'2fx¿af/]sf

lgisif{x¿nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] lyof] . tYofª\sx¿sf] ;TotYonfO{ ljleGg dfWodaf6

hfFRg] sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . yk ljZn]if0f, vf]h / k/fdz{sf nflu lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf]

lyof] .

sfo{zt{df tf]s]adf]lhd k|f/lDes lgisif{x¿af/] k[i7kf]if0f lnO{ -/ ljleGg dfWodaf6 tYofª\sx¿ ;TotYo

hfFr u/L_ v'nf 5nkmndfkm{t yk k/fdz{sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf ug]{

of]hgf z'?af6 g} lyof] . sfo{zfnfn] efiffsf] gLlt ljsf;sf nflu casf] af6f];DaGwL ;fª\s]taf]ws

;'emfjx¿k|lt k|f/lDes k|ltlqmof hfFRg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQ/bftfsf] / ;fwgx¿

pQ/bftfsf] ;d"x tYofª\ssf cGo ;|f]tx¿ ;fwg

s]Gb|Lo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

lzIff dGqfnosf jl/i7

sd{rf/Lx¿

lzIff ljefu, kf7\oqmd ljsf;

s]Gb|, / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;

s]Gb| cGtu{tsf k|f/lDes afn

ljsf; / lzIff, ax'eflifs lzIff,

cgf}krfl/s lzIff, ;dfj]zL

lglZrt pQ/bftfsf]

e"ldsf jf ;+:yf;Fu

;DalGwt b:tfj]hx¿Ù

pbfx/0fsf nflu kf7\oqmd,

kf7\ok':ts, u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfn] u/fPsf cg';Gwfg

jf kl/of]hgfsf

sfuhftx¿ jf cGo

;fwg ! M s]Gb|Lo txsf nflu

cGtjf{tf{ lgb]{lzsf

;fwg ! df gLlt lgdf{tf /

sfof{Gjogstf{x¿sf nflu ;f]lwg]

cGtjf{tf{sf] d'Vo vfsf /x]sf] 5 .

o;df ;fwf/0f k||Zgsf ;fy} ljlzi6

k|Zgx¿ klg ;dfj]z 5g\ . o;df

s]Gb|Lo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf]

!*

ljleGg dflg;x¿ cGtjf{tf{sf nflu tf]lsPs} qmddf pknAw gx'g ;Sg] ePsfn] / 7"nf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn ubf{

d'Vo ljifoj:t'eGbf aflx/ hfg;Sg] ePsfn] ;dLIffkl5 lhNnf:t/sf ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L Pp6f 5'§} ;fwgsf]

ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] .



95

lzIff, ;fdu|L ljsf;, lzIfs

lzIff, z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf

k|0ffnL / ;DalGwt cGo If]qsf

k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿

u'0f:t/ / lzIfssf] k]zfut

ljsf;;DaGwL k|fljlws

sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿

ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿

gful/s ;dfh;Da4 ;+:yfx¿ /

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

k|fl1s JolQmTjx¿

cw{;+/rgfut cGtjf{tf{sf nflu nflu

;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ / ltgsf] k'gM sf]l8ª

-recoding_ sf] 9fFrf klg ;dfj]z

5 .

If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zsx¿ If]qLo tYofª\s

lhNnfdf egf{ x'g] / pQL0f{

x'g]sf] tYofª\s

lhNnf lzIff of]hgf /

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf

cGo sfuhftx¿

;dfhefiffj}1flgs

hfgsf/L

lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf]

ef}lts jftfj/0fsf]

cjnf]sg

;fwg @ M lhNnfsf] ljj/0f

of] ;fwgcGtu{t tYofª\s ;ª\sng,

b:tfj]hx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, cfwf/e"t

cjnf]sg / ljleGg lhNnf÷If]q÷;|f]t

s]Gb|sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;f]lwg]

k|Zgsf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/sf

cfwf/e"t dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

cGtjf{tf{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} jf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf

/ s'g} klg qmddf lng ;lsg] Joj:yf

/x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lx¿ / lhNnf

lzIff sfof{nosf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿

:yfgLo ;d"x÷gful/s ;dfh ;Da4

;+:yfx¿

;|f]t JolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfsx¿

lzIfs cWofksx¿

k|wfgfWofksx¿ ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] /

pQL0f{ x'g]sf] tYofª\s

ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf /

ljBfnosf cGo

sfuhftx¿

ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fsf]

cjnf]sg

;fwg # M ljBfnosf] ljj/0f

of] ;fwgcGtu{t tYofª\s ;ª\sng,

b:tfj]hx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, cfwf/e"t

cjnf]sg / ljBfno :t/sf ljleGg

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf

nflu cfjZostf cg';f/sf cfwf/e"t

dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGtjf{tf{

5'6\6f5'6\6} jf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf / s'g}

klg qmddf lng ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf]

5 .

lzIfs÷k|f/lDes afn lzIff /

ljsf;sf ;xhstf{x¿ / cGo

;fdlhs sfo{stf{x¿

ljJo; / cleefjs lzIfs

;ª\3÷;+u7gsf ;b:ox¿

cleefjs÷;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ ;fwg $ M cleefjs / ;d'bfosf

;b:ox¿;Fu ul/g] nlIft ;d"x

5nkmnsf nflu lgb]{lzsf

of] lgb]{lzsf cleefjs / ;d'bfosf

;b:ox¿;Fu ul/g] nlIft ;d"x

5nkmnsf nflu lgb]{lzsf xf] . o;n]

dlxnf / k'?if / ljleGg eflifs

;d'bfox¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL

dfu{lgb]{zg u5{ .

afnaflnsfx¿ ;fwg % M afnaflnsf;Fu ul/g]

nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn lgb]{lzsf

of] lgb]{lzsfn] sIff $ / sIff % sf

ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ul/g] nlIft ;d"x

5nkmnsf nflu dfu{lgb]{zg u5{ .

o;n] 5fq÷5fqf ljleGg eflifs

;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL dfu{lgb]{zg u5{



96

. o;df dft[efiff, g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLdf

afnaflnsfsf] df}lvs / k7g

Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;fdfGo

lqmofsnfk ;dfj]z 5 .

lzIf0f÷l;sfO k|lqmof /

;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

cjnf]sg

;fwg ^ M Jojl:yt sIff cjnf]sg

kmf/d

gd'gf ljBfnodWo] 5gf}6 ul/Psf

ljBfnodf kf7\ok':ts / l;sfO

;fdu|L nufot sIffsf]7fleqsf]

lzIf0f l;sfOdf eflifs kIfsf]

Jojl:yt cjnf]sg ug]{ 9fFrf

!=# lhNnf / ljBfnosf] gd'gf 5gf}6

gd'gf 5gf}6sf] p2]Zo g]kfne/df lzIffsf] efiffsf ljleGg kl/j]zx¿dWo]af6 pko'Qm cross-section

sf] kl/j]z k|fKt ug'{ lyof] . ;fy}, tx, Joj:yfkg, zx/L÷u|fdL0f kl/j]z, cfsf/ cflbsf cfwf/df ljleGg

k|sf/sf ljBfno / z}lIfs kl/j]]zsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ lyof] . ;dLIffsf nflu ;do / ;|f]t kof{Kt pknAw

gePsf sf/0f gd'gf 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf j}1flgs agfPg ;lsPg . t}klg of] geP klg xfd|f

p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sy] . xfd|f] p2]Zo eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt ljlwsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ jf ljleGg ljBfno /÷jf

lhNnfx¿sf] kl/df0ffTds t'ngf ug]{ geP/ ljljw kl/j]z / d'2fx¿ a'emL To;sf cfwf/df gLltut

;'emfj to ug'{ lyof] . sf]7f @ df gd'gf 5gf}6sf nflu ckgfOPsf cfwf/x¿ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lhNnf / ljBfno 5gf}6sf cfwf/x¿

;d]6\g'kg]{ lhNnfx¿

kxf8, t/fO{ / lxdfnL If]q

kfFrj6f ljsf; If]q

rf/j6f eflifs kl/jf/ ;a} -ef/f]k]nL, rLg–ltAatL, cfUg]nL, b|lj8]nL_

jQmfsf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df d'Vo / cNk;+Vos efiffx¿Ù !( j6f d'Vo efiffx¿ -!,)),))) eGbf a9L jQmfx¿

ePsf_ dWo] sDtLdf * j6f ;d]l6g] u/L_ / s]xL cNk;+Vos / nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx¿

ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fd'bflos eflifs kl/j]z -h:t}, ;a}n] Pp6} efiff af]Ng], ljleGg efiffx¿ af]Ng], n]Vo / sYo

efiffx¿sf] ld>0f ePsf kl/j]z, cflb_ .

ax'eflifs lzIff jf efiff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ul/Psf÷lg/Gt/tf kfPsf÷lj:tf/

ul/Psf÷;lsPsf pbfx/0fx¿

sDtLdf klg Pp6f If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfno

;d]6\g'kg]{ ljBfno÷;d'bfox¿

;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfno

k|fylds -!–%_, lgDg dfWolds -^–*_ / pRr dfWolds -(–!@_, jf cfwf/e"t -!–*, nfu" ePsf 7fpFdf_,

ax'sIff ;~rfng ePsf ljBfno

k|f/lDes afn lzIff / ljsf; -ECED_ ePsf / gePsf ljBfno / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s]xL afn ljsf;

s]Gb|x¿

ax'eflifs lzIff, g]kfnLdf ;fIf/tf ljsf;, cª\u|]hL dfWod h:tf ljlwx¿ nfu" u/]sf ljleGg ljBfnox¿

;fª\s]lts efiff / a|]n lnlksf k|of]ustf{ ePsf ljBfnox¿

wfld{s cf:yfdf cfwfl/t ljBfnox¿ — u'Daf, u'?s"n, db/;f / ljxf/

cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf ;d'bfox¿



97

oL ljleGg cfwf/x¿ k|of]u u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfP h:t} u/L lhNnfx¿sf] 5gf}6 ul/of] . uf9f

cIf/df n]lvPsf & j6f lhNnfx¿ -/;'jf, 88]nw'/f, wgs'6f, alb{of, slknj:t', wg'iff / emfkf_

d'Vo lhNnfx¿ x'g\ . ltgLx¿af6 lhNnfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f k|fKt ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{

dfkb08x¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu ljBfno txdf cg';Gwfgsf] If]q km/flsnf] kfg]{ p2]Zon] cGo s]xL

lhNnfx¿ klg 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/sf] p/fFj efiff ;dfj]z

ug{sf nflu ;'g;/Lsf] Pp6f ljBfno 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . If]qLo lzIff lgb]{gfnonfO{ ;d]6\gsf

nflu k"jf{~rn If]qsf] wgs'6fnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

ljsf; If]q

ef}uf]lns If]q

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn dWo klZrdf~rn klZrdf~rn dWodf~rn k"jf{~rn

lxdfn /;'jf

kxf8 88]nw'/f kfNkf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf wgs'6f

t/fO{ sGrgk'/ alb{of

afFs]

slknj:t' wg'iff emfkf

;'g;/L

lhNnf;lxt g]kfnsf] gS;f

@= cWoogsf nflu k/fdz{ / :ynut sfo{

@=! ljBfno / lhNnfdf :ynut sfo{

klxnf] r/0fsf] :ynut sfo{ clk|nsf] z'?df /;'jf, emfkf, wgs'6f / ;'g;/Lsf] Pp6f dfq ljBfnodf

ul/Psf] lyof] . ljBfnosf] clGtd k/LIffsf sf/0f ;DalGwt pQ/bftf pknAw x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] /

:ynut sfo{sf nflu 5'6\6fOPsf] cjlwdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo :t/df ljleGg lsl;dsf aGbx¿sf] 3f]if0ff

ePsfn] klxnf] :ynut e|d0fsf] ;do s]xL 5f]6\ofpg' k/]sf] lyof] . e"sDkkl5sf] kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltdf

bf];f] r/0fsf] :ynut e|d0f clt r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftfsf] e|d0f /f]lsPsf sf/0f 5f]6f]



98

cjlwdf ;a} lhNnfx¿ ;d]6\g /fli6«o k/fdz{bftfx¿ 5'6\6f5'6\6} ljleGg lhNnfdf hfg'k/]sf] lyof] . To;n]

ubf{ k|To]sn] cfkm}n] cfof]hgf ug]{, cfkm}n] cGtjf{tf{ lng] / cfkm}n] l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ ug'k/]sf] lyof] . l8ôf6 -

DFAT_ sf lgjt{dfg If]qLo ;Nnfxsf/ / l8ôf6sf lzIff Joj:yfksn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf

ljBfnosf] :ynut e|d0fdf ;xof]u ug'{ePsf] lyof] . :ynut e|d0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf lhNnfx¿df

e"sDkn] Tolt ;fx|f] Iflt gk'¥ofPsf] eP tfklg ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿ To; 36gfaf6 lgs} ql;t lyP . ;fy},

udL{sf] ;do z'? ePsf]n] / jiff{ofdsf] z'?jft klg ePsf]n] r'gf}tLx¿ emg\ ylkPsf lyP .

sl7g kl/l:yltsf afah'b klg tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ;fwgx¿sf] l8hfOg ugf{n], vf; u/L /fli6«o

k/fdz{bftf, k/fdz{ ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o, Joj:yfkg kIf, lzIff dGqfno / l8ôf6 -DFAT_ sf] 6f]nLsf]

nrstf / s8f d]x]gtsf sf/0f ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿ kf/ ub}{ jf sDtLdf klg ltgLx¿nfO{ sd ub}{ lhNnf /

ljBfnosf] :ynut sfo{af6 / k/fdz{ a}7sx¿af6 uxg / pkof]uL tYofª\s ;ª\sng sfo{ ;Dej ePsf]

xf] . :ynut e|d0f ul/Psf ljBfno / lhNnf tx / ljBfno txsf k/fdz{df ;xefuL JolQmx¿sf] gfd

cg'qmdl0fsf ª M cWoogsf pQ/bftfx¿ / ;xefuL ljBfnox¿ zLif{s cGtu{t lbOPsf] 5 .

@=@ s]Gb|Lo txsf k/fdz{ / ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgkl5 lzIff dGqfno, lzIff ljefu, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;

s]Gb|df s]Gb|Lo txsf k/fdz{x¿ ul/Psf] lyof] . efiff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ;+nUg ePsf jf

;dGjo jf ;r]tgfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu klg ljleGg a}7sx¿ al;Psf] lyof] .

o;sf ;fy{, /fhgLlts kf6L{ / cflbjf;L hghflt ;+u7g nufotsf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu klg

5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . s]Gb|Lo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu ;fwg ! df pNN]v ul/Psf ljifoj:t'df

5nkmn s]lGb|t ul/Psf] lyof] .

klxnf] r/0fsf k/fdz{ / :ynut e|d0fkl5 k"j{of]hgf cg';f/ @)!% sf] clk|n !& tfl/v z'qmjf/sf lbg

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . lzIff ljefusf dxflgb]{zs 8f= l8NnL/fd

l/dfnn] sfo{zfnfsf] ;efkltTj ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] lzIff dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj 8f= njb]j cj:yLn]

sfo{qmddf pb\3f6g / ;dfkg dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{zfnfdf ;/sf/, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, k|fl1s If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf emG8} ^) hgf ;xefuL lyP .

sfo{zfnfsf lgDglnlvt p2]Zox¿ lyP M

lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL cWoog / xfn;Ddsf] k|ult k|:t't ug]{ / cWoogsf

d'Vo k|Zgx¿;DaGwL yk 5nkmn ug]{

ljBfno / lhNnfaf6 k|fKt tYofª\ssf cfwf/df lgsflnPsf k|f/lDes lgisif{x¿dfly 5nkmn /

k[i7kf]if0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{

g]kfndf lzIffsf] efiffsf nflu eljiosf] lj:t[t gLltsf ljleGg tTjx¿sf ;DaGwdf casf] af6f]af/]

ax; / dl:tis dGygsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{

pQm sfo{zfnfsf dfly plNnlvt p2]Zox¿ ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f eP . o:tf] k|sf/sf] cWoog, Pp6f :ki6

gLlt / …sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] dfu{lrqÚ sf] cfjZostfdf ;a}n] hf]8 lbP . 8f= cj:yLn] eGg'eof] M

…afnaflnsfx¿ lzIf0fsf] dfWod ga'lemsg lbgsf] ^ 306f sIffsf]7fdf a:g' x'Fb}g .Ú pxfFn] of] cWoogn]

ljBdfg ax'eflifs gLlt / cEof;sf] cfnf]rgf dfq gu/L sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Jofjxfl/s

pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L g]kfnsf nflu Pp6f Jofjxfl/s efiff gLltsf dfWodaf6 casf] af6f] b]vfpg'k5{

eGb} cWoognfO{ yk k|f]T;flxt ug'{eof] . sfo{zfnfaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf l6Kk0fLx¿nfO{ o; k|ltj]bgsf

;DalGwt v08x¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

ha :ynut sfo{ k'gM z'? eof] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -SSRP_ sf] ;+o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7ssf

nflu gofF ldlt tf]lsof] . o;n] ubf{ k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg'eGbf klxnf g} cWoogsf] k|ult /

:ynut sfo{af6 k|fKt lgisif{x¿ k|:t't u/L ;fª\s]taf]ws lgisif{ / ;'emfjsf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug]{

cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ ;Defjgf a9\of] .



99

s]Gb|Lo txdf ePsf JolQmut 5nkmn / k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfdf ;xefuL JolQmx¿sf] gfd cg'qmdl0fsf ª M

cWoogsf pQ/bftfx¿ / ;xefuL ljBfnox¿ zLif{s cGtu{t lbOPsf] 5 .

;do tflnsf

cWoogsf] ;do tflnsfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M

tflnsf ( lzIf0fsf] dfWod / lzIffsf efiffx¿ ;DaGwL cWoogsf] ;do tflnsf

ldlt lqmofsnfk k|:t'tLs/0f / k|ltj]bg

dfr{ dlxgfsf

clGtd b'O{ xKtf

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog

cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftfsf] g]kfn

e|d0f

k|f/lDes a}7s / k|f/lDes k/fdz{

cWoog k4lt / ;fwgsf] ljsf;

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg

ax'eflifs lzIff lgb]{zg ;ldlt /

k|fljlws ;ldlt / u'0f:t/ tyf

lzIfs ljsf;;DaGwL

sfo{bn;dIf k|f/lDes

k|:t'tLs/0f

k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg / sfo{of]hgf

dfr{ #)–clk|n

^

ljBfno / lhNnfx¿df :ynut

e|d0f

clk|n &–!& s]Gb|Lo txdf k/fdz{

;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k/fdz{ sfo{zfnf

cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf g]kfnaf6

lkmtf{

;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] k/fdz{

sfo{zfnfdf k|:t'tLs/0f

clk|n @)–#) k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf tof/L k|ltj]bgsf] d:of}bf

d] @)!% ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDksf sf/0f

lqmofsnfk :yug

d] #)–h'g !% lhNnf / ljBfnox¿df yk e|d0f

-/fli6«o k/fdz{bfx¿af6_

d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn / k/fdz{,

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf]

;+o'Qm jflif{s ;dLIff a}7s;Fu

cGt;{DalGwt ul/Psf] -/fli6«o

k/fdz{bfx¿af6_

/fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw nufotsf

;Fu s]Gb|Lo :t/df yk k/fdz{ -

/fli6«o k/fdz{bfx¿af6_

k|ltj]bgsf] clGtdLs/0f -cGt/f{li6«o

k/fdz{bftfn] cfˆg} b]zaf6 sfd

ul//x]sf] cj:yf_

;'emfj, gLltut ljsNk / ;fª\s]lts

dfu{lrq;lxt clGtd k|ltj]bg



100

cg';"rL ª M ;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL

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113

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115

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#= /fhf/fd zfx Zofd]jfªkm]n pdflj lzIfs

$= nf]sgfy g]kfn Zofd]jfªkm]n pdflj lzIfs

%= 8];L kGt Zofd]jfªkm]n pdflj lzIfs

lzIfs, af]s]em'G8f, /;'jf

!= t'lN;ª tfdfª ufFp kms{ k|flj k|c

sflnsf lxdfno pdflj, wfOa'ª, /;'jf

!= /fdxl/ kGt g]/flz;+ sflnsf pdflj /;'jf cWoIf÷k|c

tfdfª 3]b'ª, w'Gr], /;'jf

!= l/Gh]g tfdfª tfdfª 3]b'ª ;b:o

@= ;kgf tfdfª g]kfn tfdfª 3]b'ª ;lrj

#= nfSkf tfdfª gkfn tfdfª 3]b'ª s]lGb|o ;b:o

uflj; ;lrj, w'Gr], /;'jf

!= ltnd axfb'/ zfxL w'Gr], uf]Nh'ª, nxf/]kf]jf, wfOa'ª uflj; ;lrj

@= af;'b]j nfld5fg] ;|f]t s]Gb| nxf/]kf]j ;|f]t s]Gb|

@= wgs'6fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] k/fdz{ a}7s, % clk|n, @)!%, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wgs'6f

!= b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wgs'6f ljBfno lg/LIfs

@= a|DxWjh lnDa' UNTO wgs'6f cWoIf

#= dbgaxfb'/ /fO{ vf]s' ;|f]t s]Gb| ;|f]t JolQm

$= s]bf/ clwsf/L lqj]0fL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| ;|f]t s]Gb|

%= zj|m axfb'/ lnDa' hgtf ljBfno

^= lzj s'df/ Oªgfd ;ª\3Lo g]kfn lzIfs ;ª\3 ;lrj

&= rGb| efif0f /f]O a'9's ;|f]t s]Gb| ;|f]t JolQm

*= wd{/fh 7f]sn]g l;Gw'jf ;|f]t JolQm ;|f]t JolQm

(= x]d s'df/ lnDa' ;ª\3Lo g]kfn lzIfs ;ª\3 s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o

!)= gu]Gb >]i7 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no wgs'6f ljBfno lg/LIfs

!!= df]xg s'df/L /fO{ >L b]p/fnL dfWolds ljBfno lzIfs



116

!@= ph'/ l;+x lnDa' r'nfr'nL ;|f]t s]Gb| ;|f]t JolQm

!#= uª\uf 9'ª\ufgf g]kfn lzIfs ;ª\3 cWoIf

!$= ljGb' s'df/ nfj6 lhtk'/ ;|f]t s]Gb| ;|f]t JolQm

!%= /fd axfb'/ yfkf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wgs'6f lgldQ lhlzc

!^= b'uf{ k|;fb v/]n lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wgs'6f lhlzc

!&= ;"o{ k|;fb ;'j]bL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wgs'6f ;xfos lhlzc

!*= xl/ k|;fb /fO{ lzIfs

If]lzlg, wgs'6f

!= hLjgs'df/ 9'ª\ufgf If]lzlg pk–lgb]{zs

@= O{Zj/L k|;fb cf]emf If]lzlg zfvf clws[t

#= lgd{nf ;'j]bL If]lzlg k|fljlws ;xfos

$= zDe' k|;fb kf08] If]lzlg zfvf clws[t

%= v'ngfy /]UdL If]lzlg pk–lgb]{zs

^= k'ik /fh a/fn If]lzlg pk–lgb]{zs

&= r'8fd0fL km'ofFn If]lzlg pk–lgb]{zs

*= cdfG8f ;Ln cWoog 6f]nL 6f]nL k|d'v

(= of]u]Gb| k|;fb ofbj cWoog 6f]nL 6f]nL ;b:o

!)= ;bfgGb sF8]n cWoog 6f]nL 6f]nL ;b:o

!!= vu]Gb| ;'Aaf cWoog 6f]nL 6f]nL Joj:yfkg

!@= lblnk lnDa' cWoog 6f]nL rfns

lzIfsx¿;Fusf] cGtlj{|mof, % clk|n, @)!%, b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg, wgs'6f

!= ljdnf ;Gtf]ifL /fO{ b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

@= k|ldnf l3ld/] b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

#= gd{bf kf]v/]n b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

$= ofd axfb'/ a:g]t b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

%= dg'eJ|m /fO{ b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

^= pld{nf bfxfn b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

&= rGb|s'df/ /fO{ b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

*= lxds0f{ bfxfn b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

(= df]xgs'df/L /fO{ b]p/fnL lgdflj, ;fªtfg lzIfs

!)= z'j|maxfb'/ lnDa' hgtf lgdflj 6]s'gfnf lzIfs

#= emfkfdf lzIfsx¿;Fusf] cGtlj|{mof NNLA / SIL sd{rf/L, % clk|n, @)!%, ef]hk'/] xf]6n, bds, emfkf

!= kfde /fhj+zL NSILNLPI ax'eflifs lzIff ;+of]hs

@= lkmlngf PghL SIL ax'eflifs lzIff kl/of]hgf k/fdz{bftf

#= d] of]ª SIL ax'eflifs lzIff ;+of]hs

$= k/z'/fd /fhj+zL NNLPI ;xfos

%= lbks tfdfª NNLPI tflnd clws[t



117

^= ;'lgtf dxh{g NNLPI ax'eflifs kl/of]hgf ;xfos

&= lsldsf] cfa] SIL ;fd'bflos efiff sfo{stf{

*= dfw'/L /fhj+zL lrNxf/f k|flj lzIfs

(= lht axfb'/ /fhj+zL lrNxf/f k|flj lzIfs

!)= ah/+ul;+x /fhj+zL cduf5L k|flj lzIfs

!!= dx]Gb| 7fs'/ lrNxf/f k|fylds lzIfs

!@= afa'sfhL /fhj+zL lrNxf/f k|flj lzIfs

!#= ljdnrGb| /fhj+zL cduf5L k|flj lzIfs

!$= ls/g /fhj+zL cdu5L k|flj lzIfs

!%= OGb|fjtL /fhj+zL lrNxf/f k|flj lzIfs

!^= OlGb/f /fhj+zL cduf5L k|flj lzIfs

!&= uLtf /fhj+zL lrNxf/f k|flj lzIfs

!*= lzj s'df/ /fO{ NNLPI lgb]{zs

/fli6«o Pstf k|fylds ljBfnosf cleefjs;Fusf] cGtlj{|mof, xlNbaf/L, emfkf

!= åfl/sf ;'j]bL >L /fli6«o k|fylds ljBfno k|c

@= lji0f' k|;fb /fhj+zL >L /fli6«o k|fylds ljBfno lzIfs

#= an axfb'/ >]i7 cleefjs

$= gu]Gb| k|;fb 9sfn cleefjs÷ljJo; ;b:o

%= ;"o{ k|;fb zfx cleefjs

^= j]b axfb'/ kf}8]n cleefjs

&= ab/fd x]d/fd u/dsfnL lgdflj lzIfs

*= df]xg dfbL{ emfkf ^ cleefjs

(= nvg x]d/fd emfkf ^ ljJo; cWoIf

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, eb|k'/, emfkf

!= ab/fd x]d/fd u/dsfnL lgdflj lzIfs

@= ;'kmn ;f]/]g c/lgsf] pdflj lzIfs

#= lbjLnfn dfbL{ ;Ltf lgdflj lzIfs

$= e"k]z dfbL{ nIdL gf/fo0f k|flj lzIfs

%= vu]Gb| ;''Aaf

^= k|f= 8f= of]u]Gb| k|;fb ofbj

&= 8f= ;bfgGb sF8]n

&= cdfG8f ;Ln

$= zf/bf k|flj, ;'g;/Lsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ;"rL, l;dl/of, ;'g;/L, ^ clk|n, @)!%

!= 5jLnfn p/fFj zf/bf k|flj k|c

@= s}n/fd p/fFj zf/bf k|flj lzIfs

#= ljgf]bs'df/ rf}w/L zf/bf k|flj lzIfs

$= nlntf rf}w/L zf/bf k|flj lzIfs



118

%= czf]s s'df/ ofbj zf/bf k|flj lzIfs

^= ;/f:jtL s'df/L rf}w/L zf/bf k|flj afn ljsf; ;xhstf{

&= c?0f s'df/ p/fFj zf/bf k|flj ;xof]uL

cGtjf{tf{sf d'Vo pQ/bftfx¿ M lhNnf lzIff sfof{nox¿ / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿

!= lji0f' clwsf/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, tgx'FF lhlzc

@= xl/ uf}td lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, slknj:t' lhlzc

#= lht axfb'/ zfx lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, alb{of lhlzc

$= gf/b k|;fb hf]zL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ;xfos lhlzc

%= z+s/ sfsL{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, wg'iff lhlzc

^= afa'/fd b]jsf]6f lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, tgxF' ;xfos lhlzc

&= afa'/fd e§/fO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, slknj:t' ;xfos lhlzc

*= gf/fo0f k|;fb nfld5fg] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, kfNkf ljBfno lg/LIfs

(= lu/L/fh kf08] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, kfNkf ljBfno lg/LIfs

cGtjf{tfsf d'Vo pQ/bftfx¿ M k|wfgfWofks÷lzIfsx¿

!= >LdtL b'uf{ pk|]tL df:6f alhgfy lgdflj 8fF8fjg, 88]nw'/f k|c

@= >L sdnl;+x em'sfn e"ld/fh k|flj cd/u9L gu/kflnsf *, afurf}/,

88]nw'/f

k|c

#= >L 5ljnfn hf]zL /fli6«o lgdflj b]vte"nL *, sGrgk'/ k|c

$= >L ofbj k|ult lgdflj d}gfkf]v/L ^, alb{of k|c

%= df]xDdb gl;?l¢g cG;f/L b?n pnd u'Nzfg] dlbgf -db/;f_, u0f]zk'/

;8s %, g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf, afFs]

lk|lG;kn÷df}nfgf

^= >L OGb|k|;fb kf}8]n ;TojtL pdflj, Jof; gu/kflnsf, bdf}nL, tgxF' k|c

&= >L u0f]zrGb| a:g]t lgd{n pdflj Jof; gu/kflnsf tgx'F k|c

*= >L lsi0fxl/ l3ld/] Sofldg pdflj tgx'F / g]N6f tgx'F k|c÷cª\u|]hL lzIfs /

g]N6f lgj{tdfg cWoIf

(= >L b]j]Gb| kf}8]n g]kfnL efiff lzIfs kl/ifb\\ / k'sf]{6 ax'd'vL

SofDk;, k'sf]{6 #, tgx'F

lhNnf pkfWoIf / SofDk;

k|d'v

!)= >L ?sdl0f kf}8]n ;TojtL pdflj / g]kfnL lzIfs kl/ifb\ tgx'F g]kfnL lzIfs / cWoIf

!!= >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb kl08t ;TojtL pdflj, bdf}nL, tgx'F ul0ft lzIfs

!@= >L a'¢L;fu/ g]pkfg] rf]s dflj, lr;fkfgL, tgx'F k|c

!#= >L uf]kLs[i0f cfrfo{ gjhfu[lt lgdfljlrl8kfgL ! w}/]gL, kfNkf k|c

!$= >L x'dgfy kGt ;g;fOg cª\u|]hL af]l8{ª :s"n, lrlbkfgL !, w}/]gL

kfNkf

lgldQ k|c

!%= >L nfndfg k|;fb uf]l8of km'nsfnL lgdflj, b]/jf slknj:t' k|c

!^= >L gGbs'df/ lu/L hgsNof0f pdflj, afs'{nk'/, slknj:t' k|c

!&= >L dxfgGb emf lzz' k|1f ;bg hgsk'/wfd, wg'iff lk|lG;kn



119

!*= >L ljZj sF8]n kf7zfnf g]kfn, afu8f]n, nlntk'/ lk|lG;kn

!(= >LdtL dLgfs'df/L kf]v/]n

sf]O/fnf

kb\df]o pdflj, sf7df8f}+ k|c

@)= >L lbks t'nfw/ df]8{g g]jf Oª\lnz :s"n, sf7df8f}+ lgb]{zs

@!= >L s]zjk|;fb clwsf/L ;:+s[t dflj uf}zfnf, sf7df8f}+ k|c

@@= >L /fwfs[i0f dxt gd'gf dlR5Gb| ljBfno, nugv]n, nlntk'/ k|c

@#= >LdtL a'¢nIdL >]i7 gd"gf dlR5Gb| ljBfno, nugv]n, nlntk'/ OGrfh{÷a|]n lnlk lzIfs

@$= >L ;]b'k Uofrf] sflGoª z]b|'j lnª dxfljxf/, ;]tf] u'Daf, af}¢,

sf7df8f}+

lzIfs

cGtjf{tf{sf d'Vo pQ/bftfx¿ M ljJo; cWoIf÷;b:ox¿

!= >L u0f]zaxfb'/ ;fpb ljJo;, df:6f alhgfy lgdflj 8fF8fjg, 88]nw'/f cWoIf

@= >L xl/k|;fb kf08] ljJo;, e"ld/fh k|flj afurf}/, 88]nw'/f cWoIf

#= >L k|]dl;+x /fgf ljJo;, /fli6«o lgdflj b]vte"nL, sGrgk'/ cWoIf

$= >L k|]daxfb'/ ufxf ljJo;, gjhfu[lt k|flj lrlbkfgL !, w}/]gL, kfNkf cWoIf

%= >L hËaxfb'/ yf¿ ljJo;, k|ult lgdflj, d}gfkf]v/ ^, alb{of cWoIf

^= >L xflh/fdhfg cln xNjfO b?n pmnd u'N;fg] dlbgf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt g]kfnu~h,

afFs]

cWoIf

&= >L /fdclwg ofbj ljJo;, km'nsfnL lgdflj, b]/jf, slknj:t' cWoIf

*= >L lbk]Gb|dfg >]i7 ljJo;, lji0f' dflj, gfnf, tgx'F cWoIf

@= s]lGb|o :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿

;/f]sf/jfnf k/fdz{ sfo{zfnfsf ;xefuLx¿, !& clk|n, @)!%, xf]6n Pe/]i6, sf7df8f}+

!= gf/fo0f ;'j]bL lzIff ljefu pk–lgb]{zs

@= k'is/ sF8]n Pnl8;L g]kfn lgb]{zs

#= lednfn uf}td g]kfn efifflj1fg ;dfh cWoIf

$= of;' gfufsf] hfOsf lzIff ;Nnfxsf/

%= dfln{g xf]c/ o'lg;]km lzIff k/fdz{bftf

^= wd{nfn rf};f/L yf¿ sNof0f ;dfh ;b:o

&= lblkg zfSo o'lg;]km lzIff k/fdz{bftf

*= /fh]Gb| kf}8]n lzIff ljefu lgb]{zs

(= an/fd ltldlN;gf o'g]:sf]÷lzIff dGqfno

!)= P; s] vflnª NNLPI lgb]{zs

!!= lIflth k|;fO{F UNM 6f]nL k|d'v

!@= k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf lqlj k|fWofks

!#= sfdfIfL ofSy'Daf ci6«]lnog /fhb'tfaf;÷l8ôf6 sfo{j|md Joj:yfks

!$= cd[t of]~hg tfdfª cWoIf ax'eflifs lzIff

!%= rGb|sfGt e';fn kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| lgb]{zs



120

!^= 8f= l8NnL/fd l/dfn lzIff ljefu dxflgb]{zs

!&= ;'dgs'df/ t'nfw/

!*= ;'df d}gfnL lzIff ljefu zfvf clws[t

!(= OGb| a'9fyf]sL lzIff ljefu zfvf clws[t

@)= lji0f' sfsL{ ?d 6' /L8 /fli6«o lgb]{zs

@!= k|df]b e§ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s lzIff k/fdz{bftf, ljz]if1

@@= ltns sF'j/ CNT GS

@#= hoGtL ;'Aaf o';PcfO8L lzIff k/fdz{bftf

@$= lhdL 8f]:6«d o'lg;]km lzIff ljz]if1

@%= ;/f:jtL kf}8]n NADH SLI

@^= vu/fh a/fn z}hljs] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

@&= /fh s'df/ n]vL g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;ª\3

@*= h]km j]A:6/ SLI /fli6«o lgb]{zs

@(= lkmnf]gf PghL SLI ax'eflifs lzIff k/fdz{bftf

#)= ?b|k|;fb clwsf/L lzIff ljefu pk–lgb]{zs

#!= dfl/of kfpnf /]Ogaf]N8 o'lg;]km kf/lDes afn ljsf;

clws[t

#@= lbks/fh ;'j]bL XoflG8Sofk OG6/g]Zfgn l6P;o' ;+of]hs

##= em'd k|;fb /fO{ lzIff dGqfno pk–;lrj

#$= gf/fo0f k|;fb sfˆn] ;]e b lrN8«]g lzIff ljz]if1

#%= 8]len /f]h]6 /fi6«;ª\3Lo hg;ª\Vof sf]if a[xt\ lzIff clws[t

#^= pQ/s'df/ k/fh'nL z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|

#&= h]gL Sjs o'P;POcfO8L lzIff ljefu pk–k|d'v

#*= dL/f >]i7 g]N6f cWoIf

#(= s'df/ /]UdL NADH GS

$)= xl/ nD;fn lzIff dGqfno ;x–;lrj

$!= afa'/fd kf}8]n cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| lgb]{zs

$@= kjg sfsL{ ?d 6' /L8 sfo{j|md Joj:yfks

$#= k|ltef /fO{ NPCS of]hgf clws[t

$$= njb]j cj:yL lzIff dGqfno ;x–;lrj

$%= vu/fh a/fn lzIff ljefu ;x–;lrj

$^= d]l/Pg s'hnL lkmgNofG8 k/fdz{bftf

$&= /fdafns l;+x o'g]:sf] k/fdz{bftf

$*= ;/fx af]l8ª6g ci6«]lnog /fhb'tfjf; k|yd ;lrj

$(= s[i0f nD;fn ci6«]lnog /fhb'tfjf; sfo{j|md Joj:yfks

%)= 6]sgf/fo0f kf}8]n Oe]G6 kl/of]hgf kl/of]hgf lgb]{zs

%!= lbks zdf{ lzIff dGqfno pk–;lrj



121

%@= x]d nD;fn AIN ;+of]hs

%#= s]zj CNT cWoIf

%$= uf]s0f{ afFlgof g]kfn lzIfs ;ª\3 pkfWoIf

%%= cdGbf ;Ln :jtGq k/fdz{bftf 6f]nL ;b:o

%^= of]u]Gb| k|;fb ofbj :jtGq k/fdz{bftf 6f]nL ;b:o

%&= ;bfgGb sF8]n :jtGq k/fdz{bftf 6f]nL ;b:o

%*= vu]Gb| ;'Aaf cg'jfbs

%(= dfwj e§/fO{ DRC

^)= dlGhnf >]i7 DRC

^!= leds'df/ >]i7 RRC

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k/fdz{ a}7s M 88]nw'/f lhNnf

! gf/bk|;fb hf]zL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ;xfos lhlzc

@ gf/fo0fbQ e§ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ljBfno lg/LIfs

# g/]Gb|s'df/ vftL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ljBfno lg/LIfs

$ s]zj 1jfnL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ljBfno lg/LIfs

% k|]dl;+x P]/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ;|f]t JolQm

^ /fh]Gb|s'df/ /fjn lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f ;–OlGhgLo/

& df]xgl;+x e08f/L g]/flz;+ / 36fn pdflj, 88]nw'/f ;lrj / lzIfs

* /d]z P]/ dx]Gb| pdflj, vn+uf lzIfs

( wgaxfb'/ v8fot lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!) zzL cj:yL cl;u|fd k|flj, ;]nfufFp / ;+g]lz;+, 88]nw'/f pkfWoIf

!! gj/fh cf]emf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!@ j;Gts'df/ cf]emf lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!# ;'/t af]x/f lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!$ led axfb'/ e08f/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!% dLgf sF'j/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!^ dbg kGt lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 88]nw'/f sd{rf/L

!& 8f= ;bfgGb sF8]n ax'eflifs lzIff cWoog /fli6«o k/fdz{bftf

;/f]sf/jfnf k/fdz{ a}7s M alb{of

! lht axfb'/ zfxL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no alb{of lhlzc

@ lgns07 /]UdL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no alb{of ;xfos lhlzc

s]zj uf}td lhNnf lzIff sfof{no alb{of ljBfno lg/LIfs

# rGb|sfGt l;Ub]n ln6n x]eg Oª\lnz :s"n u'nl/of lzIfs

$ l/z'dfof rf}w/L /fwfs[i0f yf¿ hg;]jf s]Gb| alb{of lzIff clws[t

% sNkgf g]kfn ?d 6' /L8 ;fdflhs kl/rfns



122

^ zflGt of]uL /flz;+ alb{of pkfWoIf

& dgf]hs'df/ emf DWO alb{of

* lbks zdf{ km"naf/L

( lht/fd rf}w/L BASE alb{of

!) wd{k|;fb zdf{ ;+/flz;+ alb{of lzIfs

!! xl/ rf}w/L lhNnf lzIff sfof{no alb{of sd{rf/L

!@ ;'lbk k/fh'nL alb{of lzIff sfo{stf{

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124

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MILE: Ways forward for Education Policy, Planning and Practice In Nepal

1

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/ ljsf;

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2

/fli6«o lgDg dfWolds ljBfno

b]vte"nL – *, sGrgk'/ lhNnf



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afn lzIff

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3

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4

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ljsf;

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5

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6

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l;dl/of – *, ;'g;/L lhNnf



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lzIff /

ljsf;

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;Dej ePg .


7

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b]/fjf, slknj:t' lhNnf



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k|f/lDes afn

lzIff /

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8

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