M. A. II Marathi P. 12.2 & 16.2 TS Title - Shivaji University 2019/M. A. II... · >1 KQ>H$-1 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg 1.1 C{ÔîQ>o 1.2

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg

E_. E. ^mJ 2 : _amR>rgÌ 3 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H««$. 12.2gÌ 4 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$. 16.2

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

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KQ>H$-1

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg

1.1 C{ÔîQ>o

1.2 àmñVm{dH$

1.3 {df` {ddoMZ

1.3.1 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m CX`mMr wamonmVrb nmœ© y_r

1.3.2 VoZMr {ÌgyÌr

1.3.3 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m CX`mMr ^maVmVrb nmœ© y_r

1.3.4 VwbZm : g§H$ënZm

1.3.5 {_ËeobMo VwbZo{df`rMo VrZ {gÕmÝV

1.3.6 VwbZm Am{U gm{hË`ì`dhma

1.3.7 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg : g§H$ënZm

1.3.8 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n

1.4 g_mamon

1.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ d CÎmao

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 CnH«$_

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ì-_¡{ÌUtZmo, `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm nwT>rb JmoîQ>r gmÜ` hmoVrb.

1. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg `m Aä`mgnÕVrMm n[aM` hmoB©b

2. `m Aä`mgnÕVrMm CX` d {dH$mg bjmV oB©b

3. `m Aä`mgnÕVrMr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n bjmV oB©b

àm._mZgr ZmaH$a/N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO,gmVmam.

E_.E.2 : _amR>r : nona-12.2 : Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg.

MA.2 : Marathi : Paper-12.2 : Toulanik Sahityabhyas49

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4. `m Aä`mgnÕVrMo à`moOZ d _hÎd bjmV oB©b

5. Vw_Mr gm{hË`{df`H$ OmUrd {dH${gV hmoB©b

6. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m d¡{œH$ EH$mË_VoMr OmUrd {dH${gV hmoB©b

1.2 àmñVm{dH$

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr Aä`mgnÕVr Amho. {VbmM

VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgnÕVr Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. Comparative Literary Studies `m B§J«Or g§koMo

Vo _amR>r ^mfm§Va Amho. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` ho g§koMo g§{já ê$n Amho. `m Aä`mgnÕVrMr g§H$ënZm,

{VMm CX` Hw$R>o, Ho$ìhm Am{U H$gm Pmbm, {VMo ñdê$n Am{U C{ÔîQ>o `m JmoîQ>r Amnë`mbm `m

KQ>H$m_Ü o g_OmdyZ ¿`m`À`m AmhoV. OJâ H$mhr {d{eîQ> gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVr_wio VwbZmË_H$

ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr {ZH$S> àW_ {Z_m©U Pmbr. Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY

^mfm§Vrb gm{hË`mMm Agm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va `m nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n

d C{ÔîQ>o `m~m~V MMm© Pmbr, Ago {XgVo. åhUyZ gd©àW_ {d{dY gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmœ© y_rda `m nÕVrMm

CX` Am{U {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm, ho g_OmdyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.

1.3 {df` {ddoMZ

1.3.1 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m CX`mMr wamonmVrb nmœ© y_r

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm CJ_ wamon_Yrb B{VhmgmVrb gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>t_Ü o Amho. åhUyZ

`m KS>m_moS>r g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 14 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ 17 ì`m eVH$mn ªVÀ`m H$mimbm

wamonmVrb à~moYZ wJ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. H$maU `m H$mimV VoWo _moR>o gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KS>bo.

_Ü` wJrZ wamon_Ü o g_mOmda Y_©Jwé Am{U gaXma-C_amd `m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. Vo Oo gm§JVrb Vo

bmoH$m§Zm _mÝ` H$amdo cmJo. hr pñWVr hiyhiy ~Xbbr. `mMo H$maU B_Ý yEb H$m§Q>, Om°Z bm°H$,

_m±Q>oñŠ y, dm°ëQ>oAa, égmo, Aem AZoH$ VËdqMVH$m§À`m g_mOà~moYZmVyZ VoWo _moR>r g_mOOmJ¥Vr

Pmbr. Y_©Jwê$, gaXma-C_amd `m§À`m BVHo$M gm_mÝ` _mUgmbmhr _hÎd Amho, hr OmUrd VoWrb

g_mOmbm Pmbr. ì`{º$dmX, ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX, {dkmZ{Zð>m B. _yë`m§Mm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m

à~moYZmZo OJmbm Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am{U ~§YwVm `m H$ë`mUH$mar _yë`m§Mr oQ> {Xbr. Ë`mMm

n[aUm_ åhUyZ gw_mao 18 ì`m eVH$mV wamonmV g_mOmVrb OmñVrV OmñV KQ>H$m§À`m à{V oMm {dH$mg

hmoÊ`mg AZwHy$b Ago dmVmdaU V`ma Pmbo. gm{hË`, {MÌ, {eën B. H$bm§_Ü o gm_mÝ` _mUyg hm

H|$ÐñWmZr Ambm. à`moJerbVm Am{U {dkmZ{Zð> ÑpîQ>H$moZm_wio nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`Zemó, earaemó

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B {df`m§_Ü o ZdZdrZ emoY bmJbo. dm\o$Mr eº$s, {dÚwVeº$s B.À`m emoYm_wio dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU

joÌmV J{V_mZVm Ambr. {d{dY §Ìm§À`m emoYm_wio CËnmXZmMm doJ dmT>bm. CËnmXZmV àM§S> dmT>

Pmbr. ì`mnmam_Ü o _moR>r ñnYm© {Z_m©U Pmbr. ZdrZ ~mOmanoR>oMm emoY Am{U H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr JaO

`m H$maUm§Zr wamo{n`Z amîQ´>o Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$m `m I§S>m§H$So> dibr. AmYw{ZH$ eóm§Mmhr emoY

bmJbm. Ë`mVyZ wamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§Mr gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMr _hÎdmH$m§jm dmT>br.

`m gd© KS>m_moS>tMm gm{hË`mä`mgmdahr n[aUm_ Pmbm. gd©àW_ J«rH$ Am{U amo_Z `m A{ÔmV

gm{hË`mMm Am{U bmoH$^mfoVrb {bpIV d _m¡pIH$ gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. EH$m

ÑîQ>rZo hr gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmVrb àñWm{nV A{ÔZm§À`m Am{U Zì`mZo Amnbr Img AmoiI {Z_m©U

H$é BpÀN>Umè`m ~hþOZm§À`m gm{hË`mMr VwbZm hmoVr. CXmhaUmW© 18ì`m eVH$mV Om°Z S´>m`S>ZZr

"Essay on Dramatic Poessy" `m Amnë`m {Z~§YmV \«|$M Am{U B§p½be ZmQ>H$m§Mr Vm¡b{ZH$ MMm©

Ho$br. 19ì`m eVH$mV _mXm_ ñQ>ob `m \«|$M {dXþfrZo \«|$M d O_©Z gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ {dMma Ho$bm.

Aem àH$mao wamonmV Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmbm gwédmV Pmbr. `m~m~V AmÚËdmMm _mZ H$moUmMm

`m{df`r AZoH$ _Vo AmhoV. dg§V ~mnQ> `m§À`m _Vo `m nÕVrMm àW_ nwañH$Vm© BQ>m{b`Z H$dr Xm§Vo

hm hmo . {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$am§À`m _Vo Om°Z S´>m`S>ZZo `m Aä`mgemIoMm nm`m KmVbm. åhUyZ Ë`mbm

"Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm OZH$' åhQ>bo OmVo. \«|$M g_rjH$m§Mr YmaUm Amho, H$s _mXm_ ñQ>ob `m§Zr

Ho$bobm Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`{dMma hrM `m Aä`mgnÕVrMm wamon_Yrb àma§ hmo .

_mÌ "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`' `m g§koMm dmna àW_ _°Ï y AZm}ëS> `m§Zr B.g. 1848 _Ü o Amnë`m

~{hUrbm {b{hboë`m AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÌmV Ho$cm AgyZ `m~m~V Aä`mgH$m§_Ü o Xþ_V Zmhr. `m nÕVrMr

VÎdo, ì`már Am{U H$m ©nÕVr `m~m~VMr emór` _m§S>Ur hþËgogZ _oH$m°bo nmoÁZoQ> `m§Zr B. g. 1886

_Ü o "Comparative Literature" `m J«§WmVrb Amnë`m "The Science of Comparative

Literature" `m boImV Ho$br. `mM H$mimV \«|$M g_rjH$ Am{U B{VhmgH$ma {hnmo{bQ> A°S>m°ë\$ VoZ

(Hippolyet Adolphe Taine) `m§Zr B. g. 1863 _Ü o EH$ {gÕmÝV _m§S>bm. `m {gÕm§VmÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ gm{hË`mÀ`m g_mOemór` Aä`mgmMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mm

hm {gÕmÝV "VoZMr {ÌgyÌr' åhUyZ _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m

gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmœ© y_rbm AË §V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Agë`m_wio VoZ `m§Mm hm {gÕm§V `m Aä`mgmbm nyaH$

R>abm. Ë`m_wio hm {gÕm§V `m {R>H$mUr g{dñVanUo nmhUo g§ w{º$H$ R>aob.

1.3.2 VoZMr {ÌgyÌr

ì`º$sMo ImOJr OrdZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ `mV nañnag§~§Y AgVmo. gm{hpË`H$ hm gwÕm

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g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ AgVmo. Vmo Or gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo, Ë`m gm{hË`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ dmnabr

OmUmar ^mfm g_mO{Z{_©V AgVo. gm_m{OH$ dmñVd ho Ë`m gm{hË`mMo Ame`Ðì` AgVo. gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr

hm gwÕm gm_m{OH$ ì`dhmamMmM ^mJ AgVmo, ho g_mOemór` d Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo J¥{hVH$

Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m gm{hË`{dMmamMm àma§ VoZ `m§Zr Ho$bm. "gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr H$mi, g_mO Am{U

n[adoe `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AgVo.' hm {gÕm§V Ë`m§Zr "{hñQ´>r Am°\$ B§p½be {bQ>aoMa' `m J«§Wm_Ü o B. g.

1863 _Ü o _m§S>bm. `m {gÕm§VmMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ nwT>rbà_mUo.

1. H$mi (The Moment) : gm{hpË`H$ hm g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ OJmV AgVmZm Vmo

Á`m H$mimV OJVmo, Ë`m H$mimMm n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`m AZw dm§da d Ë`mH$So> ~KÊ`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m

ÑpîQ>H$moZmda hmoV AgVmo. àË oH$ H$mimMm EH$ Img JwUY_© AgVmo. Ë`mbm wJY_© Ago åhUVmV.

gm{hpË`H$ Amnë`m H$mimMm wJY_© H$iV-ZH$iV ñdrH$mê$Z {bhrV AgVmo. CXm. ^º$s hm

_Ü` wJrZ ^maVr` g_mOmMm wJY_© hmoVm. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimVrb ~hþVm§e gm{hË` ^º$s `m {df`mdaMo

hmoVo. VgoM 19ì`m eVH$m_Ü o B§J«Om§À`m AmJ_Zm_wio ^maVr` g_mOm_Ü o Pmboë`m KS>m_moS>tMo

nS>gmX Ë`m H$mimVrb gm{hË`mda nS>bobo {XgVmV. ho gm{hpË`H$ Oa 21 ì`m eVH$mV OÝ_bo AgVo,

Va Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n {Z{üVnUo doJio Pmbo AgVo. `mMm AW© H$mi hm gm{hË`mda n[aUm_

H$aUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho, åhUyZ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m H$mimMm {dMma

Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago VoZ `m§Mo _V Amho.

2. d§e (The Race) : gm{hpË`H$ H$moUË`m d§emV OÝ_bm `mda Ë`mMo AZw d{dœ Adb§~yZ

AgVo. `m {R>H$mUr d§e hm eãX Xoe `m AWm©Zo dmnabm Amho. CXm. ^maVr` d§e, wamo{n`Z d§e,

Am{\«$H$Z d§e BË`mXr. àË oH$ XoemMr Am{U VoWrb d§emMr H$mhr Img d¡{eîQ>ço AgVmV. gm{hpË`H$

Á`m XoemV OÝ_bm Amho Ë`m XoemMr OrdZ_yë o (OrdZ{df`H$ {dMma) d g§ñH$ma KoD$Z Vmo OJV

AgVmo. Ë`mdaM Ë`mMm gm{hË`{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZhr Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`mMmM Am{dîH$ma H$iV-

ZH$iV Vmo Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ H$aV AgVmo. CXm. "nU bú`mV H$moU KoVmo' hr har ZmamÙ AmnQ>o

`m§Mr H$mX§~ar ^maVmVM {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo, H$maU ^maVm_Ü o EHo$H$mir àM{bV Agboë`m.{dYdm§À`m

Ho$ednZmÀ`m g_ñ oda Vr AmYm[aV Amho. hr H$mX§~ar Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr XoemV {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$V

Zmhr. åhUyZ d§e hm gm{hË`mda n[aUm_ H$aUmam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho Ago VoZ `m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

3. n[adoe (The Milieu) : àË oH$ g_mOmMo EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daU AgVo. `m

n`m©daUmVM gm{hpË`H$ OJV AgVmo. `m n`m©daUmMo ^mZ Ë`mbm AgVo. gm{hË`mMm Ame`, ^mfm

Am{U gm¢X ©VÎdo `m gJù`m§À`m _wimer ho g_mO^mZ AgVo. CXm. J«m_rU gm{hË`, X{bV gm{hË`

{Z_m©U hmoV AgVmZm, g_mOmVrb {d{eîQ> n`m©daUmMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Aem arVrZo gm_m{OH$

n`m©daU hm gwÕm gm{hË`mda n[aUm_ H$aUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo Ago Vo åhUVmV.

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VoZ `m§À`m `m {ÌgyÌr {gÕm§Vm_Ü o gm{hË` hr EH$m ñdV§Ì ì`º$sMr ñdV§Ì gm¢X`m©Ë_H$

H$bmH¥$Vr Amho, Agm {dMma Z H$aVm, gm{hË`mMm EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ `m ì`mnH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ

{dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUyZM EImÚm gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ Ë`mÀ`m XoemMm, H$mimMm Am{U

gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmMm Aä`mg H$aVm oUo eŠ` hmoVo. B.g. 1864 _Ü o VoZ `m§Zr hm {gÕm§V B§J«Or

gm{hË`mbm bmdyZ XmIdÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio B§J«Or g_rjoda `m {gÕm§VmMm _moR>m n[aUm_

Pmbm. Ë`m_wio Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmbmhr MmbZm {_imbr.

1.3.3 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m CX`mMr ^maVmVrb nmœ© y_r

wamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§À`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUm_wio wamonmVrb B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, nmoVw©Jmb B. OoVr

(qOH$bobr) amîQ´>o Am{U Am{e`mVrb ^maV, MrZ, Aa~ñVmZ, BamU, B. {OV (qOH$ë`m Joboë`m

qH$dm nam yV) amîQ´>m§_Ü o g§nH©$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. EH$m g§nyU© Zì`m g§ñH¥$VrMm n[aM` `m Am{e`mB©

amîQ´>m§Zm Pmbm. `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^gaUm_Ü o `m XmoZ g§ñH¥$Vt_Ü o g§Kf© Am{U g§H$a Aem XmoZ

à{V{H«$`m Pmë`m. wamo{n`Z amîQ´>o hr àJV, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm Cƒ Am{U Am{e`m`r amîQ´>o AàJV Agm

EH$ ÑîQ>rH$moU hmoVm. nU ^maVmVrb ^mfm Am{U gm{hË` `m§À`m g_¥Õ na§naoH$So> H$mhr wamo{n`Z {dÛmZ

AmH${f©Vhr Pmbo. _Šg_w„a, {dë`_ OmoÝg, B. {dÛmZm§Zr ^maVr` ^mfm Am{U gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg

gwé Ho$bm. {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Zr B.g. 1784 _Ü o H$bH$Îmm oWo "E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm

Ho$br. B§S>m°bm°Or AWdm ^maV{dÚm hr Aä`mgemIm {Z_m©U Ho$br. {VÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^maVr` ^mfm,

gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. Ë`mVyZ Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr.

^maVmVrb doX, am_mÙ - _hm^maVmgmaIr g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì o, H$m{bXmg BË`mXr ZmQ>H$H$mam§Mr ZmQ>Ho$,

nmbrgma»`m àmH¥$V ^mfm§Vrb ~m¡Õ Y_©J«§W B. Mm n[aM` wamonbm Pmbm. CXmhaUmW© B.g. 1785

_Ü o Mmëg© {dpëH$Ýg `m§Zr ^JdX²JrVoMm B§p½be_Ü o AZwdmX Ho$bm. Vmo dmMyZ O_©Z H$dr JQ>o à^m{dV

Pmbm. Ë`mZo Am{e`mVrb loð> gm{hË`mMm wamonbm n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm. amîQ´>mamîQ´>m§V Ho$di ì`mnmamV

XodmUKodmU hmoVm H$m_m Z o, Va Ë`m~amo~aM gm{hpË`H$ XodmUKodmU ìhmdr, Agm g§Xoe Ë`mZo {Xbm.

Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo "{dœgm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. ga {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Zr B.g. 1789 _Ü o

H$m{bXmgmÀ`m "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb' `m ZmQ>H$mMm B§p½be_Ü o AZwdmX Ho$bm. B.g. 1867 _Ü o ga

AboŠPm§S>a J«±Q> `m§Zr \$moQ>© ZmBQ>br [aìh y _Ü o VwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌ d H$m © `mda EH$ {Z~§Y {b{hbm.

B.g. 1907 _Ü o Or. EM. doñQ>H$moQ> `m§Zr "H$~ra A±S> {hO H$~ran§W' hm J«§W {bhÿZ H$~ram§Mo M[aÌ

d gm{hË` `m§H$So> g_mOmMo bj doYbo. B.g. 1930 _Ü o OñQ>rZ B©. A°~Q> `m§Zr "The Life Of

Tukaram' hm J«§W {b{hbm.

B§J«Or ^mfm Am{U gm{hË` `m§À`m Aä`mgmZo à^m{dV Pmboë`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr B§J«OrVyZ n[a{MV

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Pmboë`m amo_°{Q>{gP_gma»`m dmL²>_`rZ {dMmaYmam, {Z~§Y, H$Wm-H$mX§~ar, `mgmaIo dmL²>_`àH$ma,

gm°ZoQ>gmaIo H$mì`àH$ma Aem AZoH$ ~m~tMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. Agm ñdrH$ma H$aV AgVmZm _yi

gm{hË`mnojm H$mhr ZdrZM d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Am{dîH$ma Pmbm. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr ^maVr` Am{U wamonr`

gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg gwê$ Ho$bm. CXm. ~§{H$_M§Ð MÅ>monmÜ`m` `m§Zr "emHw§$Vb, {_am§S>m Am{U

So>pñS>_moZm' hm Vm¡b{ZH$ {ddoMZ H$aUmam boI {bhÿZ ^maVmVrb Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmbm àma§

Ho$bm. Ë`m§ZrM "Hw$_mag§ d' Am{U "n°a°S>mB©O bm°ñQ>' `m§Mrhr VwbZm Ho$br. _amR>rV har ZmamÙ AmnQ>o

`m§Zr "emHw§$Vb' Am{U "X Q>|noñQ>' `m ZmQ>H$m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm.

`m Aä`mgnÕVrbm ~i XoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`º$s d g§ñWm§Zr OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$bo. adtÐZmW

Q>mJmoa `m§Zr "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_²' (g§nyU© n¥Ïdr ho EH$ Hw$Qw>§~M Amho) `m y{_Ho$Mo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. B.

g. 1906 _Ü o H$bH$Îmm oWo "amîQ´>r` {ejUg§ñWo'V Ë`m§Zr Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mda EH$ ì`m»`mZ {Xbo.

Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr "{dœgm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm {deX Ho$br. ^maVr` g_mOmbm Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr

{ZH$S> Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Aem Aä`mgmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r "{dœ^maVr' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ

Ho$br. B.g. 1910 _Ü o `mM g§ñWoV "^maVr` ^mfm§Vrb gm{hË`' `m {df`mda {dZ`Hw$_ma gaH$ma

`m§Mo ì`m»`mZ Pmbo. noZ (Poem, Essay and Novel) hr Am§VaamîQ´>r` nmVirda ^mfm Am{U

gm{hË` `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmar g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo B.g. 1945 _Ü o

^maVmV "ApIb ^maVr` boIH$ g§_obZ' âbo. Ë`mÀ`m AÜ`jñWmZr gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> `m hmoË`m.

`màg§Jr ~mobVmZm Ë`m§Zr {d{dY ^maVr` ^mfm§_Yrb gm{hË` EH$M Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. `m

dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AZoH$ ^maVr` ^mfm§_Ü o ^maVmVrb Am{U wamonmVrb {^Þ-{^Þ

gm{hË`mMm AZwdmX, AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>br.

`mZ§Va Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> ñVamda nwT>rb à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV

Ambo. B. g. 1949 d B. g. 1950 H$mobH$mVm {dÚmnrR>mV h|Ho$b `m§Mr `m {df`mda ì`m»`mZo

Pmbr. hr ì`m»`mZo B. g. 1952 _Ü o "The Study of Comparative Literature" `m ZmdmZo

à{gÕ Pmbr. B. g. 1956 _Ü o H$bH$Îmm oWo OmXdnya {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm. Ë`m_Ü o 'Vm¡b{ZH$

gm{hË`' hm Aä`mgH«$_ E_.E.gmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. B.g. 1974 _Ü o {X„r {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` ^mfm{d^mJm§V 'Vm¡b{ZH$ ^maVr` gm{hË` E_.{bQ>.Mm Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. B.g. 1976 _Ü o {X„r {dÚmnrR>mV ZJ|Ð `m§Zr `m {df`mda EH$ MMm©gÌ KoVbo. Ë`m_Ü o

amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mà_mUo

B.g. 1980 _Ü o {Za§OZ ao `m§Zr {X„r {dÚmnrR>mV "H§$n°ao{Q>ìh B§{S>`Z {bQ>aoMa Agmo{gEeZ' (Clla)

Mo CX²KmQ>Z Ho$bo. `m{edm` _w§~B©, h¡Ðm~mX, gwaV, n{V`mim, OiJmd `m {dÚmnrR>m_YyZ Vm¡b{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mgmMo H$mhr Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

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`mZ§Va {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m gh`moJmZo, nU {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$jo~mhoa H$mhr g§ñWm§Zr nwT>rbà_mUo

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r ñdV§ÌnUo H$m © gwê$ Ho$bo. B. g. 1883 _Ü o "B§{S>`Z Z°ebZ H§$n°ao{Q>ìh

{bQ>aoMa Agmo{gEeZ' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr g§ñWm Am{U "H§$ån°ao{Q>ìh B§{S>`Z

{bQ>aoMa'.

(CILA) `m g§ñWm nañnanyaH$ H$m_ H$ê$ bmJë`m. B. g. 1979 _Üò MoÞB© òWo

"A°Ho$S>_r Am°\$ H§$ån°ao{Q>ìh {bQ>aoMa' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr. Ë`mdoir Pmbobr ì`m»`mZo "H§$n°ao{Q>ìh

{bQ>aoMa' `m ZmdmZo B. g. 1980 _Ü o à{gÕ Pmbr. B. g. 1981 _Ü o åh¡gya oWo "g|Q´>b

BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`Z b±½doOog' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr. `m g§ñWoZo '{X Am`{S>`m Am°\$ A°Z

B§{S>`Z {bQ>aoMa' ho gw{OV _wIOu `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$bobo nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$bo. B. g. 1984 _Ü o

{VéAZ§Vnwa_ oWo "H§$n°ao{Q>ìh {bQ>aoMa gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. B. g. 1985 _Ü o _Xþa¡

oWo "Ð{d{S>`Z H§$n°ao{Q>ìh {bQ>aoMa Agmo{gEeZ'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. B. g. 1986 _Ü o {X„r

oWrb gm{hË` AH$mX_rZo "^maVr` gm{hË`mMm EH$mË_ B{Vhmg' hm àH$ën hmVr KoVbm. Ë`m§n¡H$s XmoZ

I§S>m§Mo boIZ {e{eaHw$_ma Xmg `m§Zr Ho$bo. B.g. 1987 _Ü o {e_bm oWrb "B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$

A°S>ìhmÝñS> ñQ>S>rO²' `m g§ñWoZo Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmda AmR>dS>`mMo MMm©gÌ KoVbo. Ë`mVrb

emoY{Z~§Y "H§$n°ao{Q>ìh {bQ>aoMa : {WAar A±S> à°ŠQ>rg' `m J«§WmV à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. A{_` Xod

Am{Y {e{eaHw$_ma Xmg `m§Zr Ë`mMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo. B.g. 1988 _Ü o (CILA : Comparative

Indian Literature) Am{U (INCL : Indian National Comparative Literature Association)

`m XmoÝhr g§ñWm EH$Ì oD$Z (CLAI : Comparative Literature Association of India) hr

g§ñWm gmH$ma Pmbr. {VÀ`m dVrZo H$moÅ>m`_ (Ho$ai), {X„r {dÚmnrR>, h¡Ðm~mX Am{U {Vê$AZ§Vnya_

oWo 1980 Vo 2001 `m H$mimV nmM n[afXm KoVë`m. `m{edm` gmZo Jwê$Or `m§Mr "Am§Va^maVr''

"^maVr` {dÚm^dZ', "X{jU ^maVr` J«§Wà{Vð>mZ', "gm{hË` AH$mX_r', "Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>', JUoe

Xodr `m§Mr "^mfm AH$mX_r' `m g§ñWm Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o H$m © H$arV AmhoV.

amîQ´>r` nmVirda Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m~m~V BVŠ`m KS>m_moS>r KS>V AgVmZm _hmamîQ´>mV _mÌ `m

~m~V H$mhrer {ZpîH«$`Vm {XgVo. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mV "Jwê$Xod Q>mJmoa' ho Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mgmR>r {Z_m©U

Ho$bobo AÜ`mgZ Amho. nU VoWo `m~m~VMr \$maer H$m_{Jar Pmbobr {XgV Zmhr. `m~m~V {Z{eH$m§V

{_aOH$a `m§Zr _m§S>bobo {ZîH$f© nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, OmJ{VH$ Am{U amîQ´>r` nmVirda

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m~m~VÀ`m KS>m_moS>tMo nS>gmX _amR>r_Ü o \$mago C_Q>bobo Zmhr. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg

hr g§H$ënZm d g_rjm nÕVr `m{df`r Zo_Ho$ ñnîQ>, {Z…njnmVr {ddoMZ H$aUmao EH$hr nwñVH$ _amR>rV

Zmhr. Or H$mhr AmhoV, Vr AY©dQ> kmZmZo, MwH$sÀ`m J¥{hVH$m§Zr Am{U AZmR>m`r A{^{ZdoemZo J«ñV

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AmhoV. _mÌ Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` g_rjoMm Cn`moOZmMo _mÌ H$mhr CÎm_ à`ËZ _amR>rV Pmbobo AmhoV.

gÜ`m H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§_Ü o nXì wÎma {d^mJmgmR>r Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm EH$ EopÀN>H$ Aä`mgH«$_

Zo_bobm {XgVmo.

`m~m~V {dÚmnrR>r` d g§ñWmË_H$ nmVirda Oar Ag_mYmZH$maH$ n[apñWVr Agbr, Var

H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr d¡ {º$H$ nmVirda H$mhr J«§W {bhÿZ Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m~m~VMr g¡ÕmpÝVH$ _m§S>Ur

d `m g_rjmnÕVrMo Cn`moOZ Ho$bo Amho. `m_Ü o dg§V ~mnQ>, {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a, AmZ§X nmQ>rb `m§Zr

`m g_rjmnÕVrMo {ddoMZ H$aUmao J«§WboIZ Ho$bo Amho. VgoM AmZ§X nmQ>rb, dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$

`m§Zr `m nÕVrMo àË`j Cn`moOZ H$ê$Z g_rjm Ho$br Amho.

Aem nÕVrZo OmJ{VH$, amîQ´>r` d àmXo{eH$ nmVirda Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m CX` Am{U

{dH$mgmMr hr à{H«$`m OmUyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ

KoUma AmhmoV.

1.3.4 VwbZm : g§H$ënZm

"VwbZm' `m eãXm_Ü o _yi YmVy ({H«$`mnX) "Vwi'Uo hm Amho. Ë`mMm "_amR>r ì wËn{ÎmH$moem'V

{Xbobm AW© Amho dOZ H$aUo, _moOUo, ~amo~a _mZUo. `m {H«$`mnXmnmgyZ "VwbZm' ho Zm_ V`ma Pmbo.

Ë`mMm `mM H$moemV {Xbobm AW© Amho gmå`, gmaIonUm, dOZ, VwbZm `m eãXmMm B§J«Or à{VeãX

Amho "Comparison". hm eãX "to compare" `m {H«$`mnXmnmgyZ ~Zbobm Amho. `m {H«$`mnXmMm

Am°Šg\$S©> B§p½be {S>ŠeZar_Ü o {Xbobm AW© Amho, estimate, measure, or note the similarities,

or dissimilarities between, liken something to, or have specified relationship with

another thing or person. `m {R>H$mUr VwbZm `m eãXmMm AW© ñWyb _mZmZo {heo~ H$ê$Z _moO_mn

H$aUo, gmå`- oXmMr Zm|X KoUo, AÝ` H$moUË`m Var dñVy qH$dm ì`º$ser Agbobo gmå` qH$dm

d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§~§Y Xe©{dUo Am{U _yë`_mnZ H$aUo Agm bmdy eH$Vmo.

VwbZm H$aUo hm _mZdr _ZmMm ghOñd^md Amho. VwbZm Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`mbm {dMma H$aUo,

H$mhr EH$ {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo Am{U Ë`m AmYmao H$moUVm Var {ZU© KoUo, `m _mZ{gH$ {H«$`m H$aVm

oUma ZmhrV. kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Va VwbZm Amdí`H$M AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ _mUyg gVV

OmUVm-AOmUVm VwbZm H$aVM AgVmo. Aem àH$mao VwbZm hr _mZdr {dMma{dœmbm ì`mnyZ

CaUmar Am{U ghO-gwb^ {H«$`m Agbr Var {VMr gyú_ nmVirda A{YH$ {M{H$Ëgm AZoH$

Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s S>ãë y. Oo. Q>r. {_Ëeob `m§Mo `m~m~VMo {ddoMZ AmVm AmnU

nmhUma AmhmoV.

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1.3.5 {_ËeobMo VwbZo{df`rMo VrZ {gÕmÝV

{dë`_ Om°Z Wm°_g {_Ëeob ho A_o[aHo$Vrb {eH$mJmo w{Zd{g©Q>r_Yrb B§p½be Am{U H$boMm

B{Vhmg `m {df`mMo àmÜ`mnH$. Ë`m§Zr {MÌH$bm, gm{hË`, dmñVwH$bm, {dkmZ Aem {d{dY {df`m§da

Am§Va{dÚmemIr` {ddoMZ H$aUmao AZoH$ J«§W {b{hbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr VwbZo~m~V gyú_ {dûcofU Ho$bobo

Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo AmnU Ooìhm XmoZ JmoîQ>tMr VwbZm H$aVmo, Voìhm VrZ eŠ`Vm AgVmV. g_Om "A'

d "~' _Ü o VwbZm H$amd`mMr AgVo, Voìhm VrZ {dYmZo g§ dVmV.

1. "A' hm "~'nojm _moR>m Amho.

2. "A' hm "~'nojm bhmZ Amho.

3. "A' hm "~'À`m ~amo~arMm Amho.

`mbmM "{Ì^mOZ {Z`_' Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. "A' hm "~'_Yrb gmå`m~amo~aM XmoZ àH$mao

Ë`mVrb oXhr Xe©{dVm oVmo. `mMm AW©, VwbZm åhUOo Ho$di gmå` emoYUo ZgVo. Á`m ~m~r g_mZ

{XgVmV, Ë`mVrb oX emoYUo Am{U Á`m ~m~r {^Þ {XgVmV, Ë`mVrb gmå` emoYUo, Aer hr Xþhoar

à{H«$`m Amho. `m VwbZoMo VrZ àH$ma {_Ëeob `m§Zr nwT>rb {gÕmÝVm§_Ü o gm§{JVbo AmhoV

1. OmUrdê$nr (g§doÚ) VwbZm OmUrd åhUOo kmZ. ho kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJm©Zo

_mUgmbm S>moio, H$mZ, ZmH$, Or^ Am{U ËdMm hr B§{Ð o {Xbr AmhoV. `m kmZ|{Ð`m§À`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ Or AZw yVr {_iVo {Vbm g§doXZm åhUOoM OmUrd Ago åhUVmV Am{U Aem

g§doXZm§À`m åhUOoM Om{Udm§À`m VwbZobm g§doÚ VwbZm Ago åhUVmV. Aem g§doXZm§À`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ kmZ {_idrV AgVmZm _mUyg H$iV-ZH$iV {VÀ`mgma»`m AÝ` EH$m qH$dm

AZoH$ g§doXZm§er VwbZm H$aV AgVmo. Aem VwbZobm {_Ëeob `m§Zr OmUrdê$nr qH$dm

g§doÚ VwbZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho. CXm. S>moio PmHy$Z Mmâ`mÀ`m \w$bmMm gwJ§Y AmoiIVmZm

_Zm_Ü o Ë`m gwJ§YmMr AZw dboë`m BVa \w$bm§À`m gwJ§Ym§er VwbZm Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mVrb

gmå`- oX bjmV KoD$Z _Z hm Mmâ`mÀ`m \w$bmMm gwJ§Y Amho, Agm {ZU© XoVo. AWm©V

hr à{H«$`m AË §V gyú_ Am{U J{V_mZ AgVo. ~è`mMXm Vr ZH$iV hmoVo. `mM àH$mao

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m Ñí` à{V_m, AmdmO, Mdr Am{U ñne© `m§Mo kmZ _mUgmbm hmoV AgVo.

Aem doir hmoUmè`m VwbZobm OmUrdê$nr, g§doÚ qH$dm AmH$bZmË_H$ VwbZm Ago {_Ëeob

åhUVmV.

2. {ddoMH$ VwbZm {ddoMZ H$aUo åhUOo EImÚm JmoîQ>rMm VmaVå`mZo, gdmªJrU {dMma H$ê$Z

CbJS>m qH$dm ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aUo. XmoZ dñVw§_Yrb gmå` oX eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnîQ>

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H$aUo, åhUOo {ddoMH$ VwbZm, Ago {_Ëeob åhUVmV. Aer VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dYAWm©b§H$mam§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Cn_m hm Ë`mVrb à_wI Ab§H$ma hmo . XmoZJmoîQ>t_Yrb gmå` dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn_o (Á`mMr VwbZm H$amd`mMr Vo) Cn_mZmgmaIo(Á`mÀ`mer VwbZm H$amd`mMr Ë`mÀ`mgmaIo) Amho, Ago dU©Z Ho$bo OmVo. Cn_o Am{UCn_mZ `m§À`mVrb gmå`mÀ`m dmT>Ë`m Vrd«VoZwgma Cn_oVyZM CËàojm, ê$nH$, ÑîQ>mÝV,AnÝhþVr, AZÝd`, ì`{VaoH$ Ago Ab§H$ma {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVmV. CXm. _wI ho Cn_o Am{U

M§Ð ho Cn_mZ `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {Z_m©U hmoUmao {d{dY Ab§H$ma nmhÿ `m. _wI ho M§ÐmgmaIoAmho, Ago åhQ>bo, H$s Cn_m, _wI hm OUy M§ÐM Amho, Ago åhQ>bo, H$s CËàojm, ho _wIZìhoM, hm Va M§ÐM, Ago åhQ>bo, H$s AnÝhþVr, _wI hmM M§Ð, Ago åhQ>bo, H$s ê$nH$,M§ÐmhþZhr _wI gw§Xa Amho, Ago åhQ>bo, H$s ì`{VaoH$ Ab§H$ma hmoVmo. _wImMr VwcZmXþgè`mer hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Ago åhQ>co H$s, AZÝd` Ac§H$ma hmoVmo. Aem {ddoMH$VwbZoMm dmna H$Yr H$Yr X¡Z§{XZ ^m{fH$ ì`dhmam_Ü ohr hmoVmZm {XgV Agbm Var AerVwbZm àm_w»`mZo à{V^mdmZ H$drÀ`m H$ënZmeº$sVyZ OÝ_ KoVo. Vr hoVwnyd©H$ Ho$br OmVo.{VÀ`m_YyZ gm¡ÝX ©{Z{_©Vr hmoUohr Ano{jV AgVo.

3. emór` àUmbr~Õ VwbZm darb XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m VwbZm `m EH$m ì`º$sÀ`m AZw dm§erAm{U H$ënZmeº$ser g§~§{YV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m ì`{º$gmnoj d åhUyZM Ag§Vw{bVAgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. CXm. "\w$bamUr' hr ~mbH$dtMr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§ZrKoVboë`m {ZgJm©À`m EH$m AZw yVrMr {ddoMH$ VwbZmM hmo . EH$ gw§Xa JdV\y$b Am{UEImXr _w½Y, {ZamJg ZdVéUr `mÀ`mVrb gmå` Xe©{dUmao Vo EH$ H$ënZmaå` ê$nH$Amho. hr ~mbH$dtÀ`m g§doXZerb, gO©Zerb Am{U gm¡ÝX`m©gº$ _Zmbm Ambobr ImgAZw yVr Amho. Vr AÝ` H$moUm ì`º$sbm AerÀ`m Aer oUma Zmhr. Aer ì`{º${d{eîQ>VmH$moUË`mhr emór` VwbZoV MmbUma Zmhr. {dkmZmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr joÌmV Ooìhm EImXm{gÕmÝV _m§S>md`mMm AgVmo, Voìhm Vmo gmd©{ÌH$ AgVmo. H$moUmbmhr, H$Yrhr Vmo _mÝ`hmoÊ`mgmaIm Agmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo VH©$gwg§JVnUo _m§S>mdm bmJVmo. Aemdoir

Ho$bobr VwbZm hr emómÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma nÕVeranUo H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mVyZ ñnîQ>, Zo_H$m{ZîH$f© H$mT>mdm bmJVmo. `m VwbZobm emór` àUmbr~Õ VwbZm Ago {_Ëeob `m§Zr åhQ>boAmho. `m VwbZoMo EH$ CXmhaU XoVm oB©b. à{gÕ _mZd d§e emók S>m{d©Z `m§Zm _mUygAm{U _mH$S> `m§À`mV H$mhr gmå` OmUdbo. Ë`m§Zr VwbZoÀ`m AmYmao `m XmoKm§_Yrbgmå` oX emór` nÕVrZo Vnmgbo. Am{U Ë`m AmYmao _mUyg hm _mH$S>mnmgyZ CËH«$m§VPmbobm àmUr Amho, hm {gÕmÝV _m§S>bm. hr Ë`m§Mr H$ënZm qH$dm j{UH$ AZw yVr Zmhr,

Va Ë`m§Zr àXrK© H$mi Ho$boë`m emór` àUmbr~Õ VwbZoMm VH©$gwg§JV {ZîH$f© Amho.

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Aem àH$mao {_Ëeob `m§Zr VwbZoMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. `mZ§Va AmnU VwbZoMo gm{hË`ì`dhmamVrb

_hÎd Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

1.3.6 VwbZm Am{U gm{hË`ì`dhma

gm{hË` Am{U VwbZm `m§Mm AË §V OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr, Ë`mMo AmH$bZ,

AmñdmX Am{U _yë`_mnZ `m gd© {H«$`m§_Ü o VwbZm g{H«$` AgVo. boIH$ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo, Voìhm

Ë`mMr à{V^m gmVË`mZo oUmè`m Ag§»` AZw yVt_YyZ H$mhr Img AW©nyU© AZw yVrMr {ZdS> H$aVmo.

Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao H$mhr EH$ Ame`gyÌ {Z{üV H$aVmo. Vo _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r `mo½` Agm dmL²>_` àH$ma {ZdS>Vmo.

{d{eîQ> AmH¥${V~§Y, Ë`mVrb KQ>H$, {d{dY H$ënZm, eãX `m§À`m AmYmao Vmo Amnbr gm{hË`H¥$Vr

gmH$ma H$aVmo. `m gd© {H«$`m§_Ü o Vmo VwbZoMm AmYma KoV AgVmo. ho H$aV AgVmZm Vmo ñdV…M

{Z{_©boë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMr g_rjmhr H$aV AgVmo. `mM AWm©Zo "gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr EH$mM doir

{H«$E{Q>ìh Am{U {H«${Q>H$b AgVo', Ago Q>r. Eg. B{b`Q> `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. `m gm{hË`H¥$VrMo dmMZ

H$aVmZm dmMH$mÀ`m _ZmV Ë`mZo àË`j KoVboë`m, nm{hboë`m, dmMboë`m, EoH$boë`m AZw yVter

gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Yrb AZw yVtMr VwbZm gwê$ AgVo. gm{hË`g_rjoV gm{hË` H¥$VrÀ`m ~mø g§X^mªMr

VwbZm AQ>i AgVo. VgoM _yë`_mnZmgmR>r dmnamd`mMo {ZH$f OwÝ`m-Zì`m {ZH$fm§Mr VwbZm H$ê$ZM

{ZdS>mdo bmJVmV. gm{hË`H¥$VrMm XOm© R>adVmZm {VÀ`mer g_Vwë` Aem AÝ` gm{hË`H¥$Vrer {VMr

VwbZm H$amdr bmJVo. gm{hpË`H$ Am{U Ë`mMr gm{hË`H¥$Vr `m§Mo na§naoVrb ñWmZ {Z{üV H$aUo

VwbZo{edm` eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. gm{hË`g_rjoVrb VwbZoMo ñWmZ ho Ago An[ahm © Amho. åhUyZM

VwbZm Am{U {dûcofU hr Q>rH$mH$mamMr _w»` gmYZo Amho, Ago Q>r. Eg. B{b`Q> `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

BVHo$M Zìho, Va g_rjm åhUOoM VwbZm H$aUo, Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. Varhr àË oH$ g_rjobm Vm¡b{ZH$

g_rjm åhUVm oUma Zmhr. H$maU BVa g_rjmnÕVrV VwbZm hr AZwf§{JH$ d AàH$Q> AgVo. Vm¡b{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o VwbZm ho àmU yV VÎd AgVo. _w»` gmYZ AgVo. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo

ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoD$ `m.

1.3.7 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg : g§H$ënZm

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m^mgmMr g¡ÕmpÝVH$ _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY

ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. dg§V ~mnQ> `m§Zr Ë`mMr gmYr-gmonr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho, Vm¡b{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mg åhUOo VwbZoÀ`m gmømZo EH$mnojm A{YH$ gm{hË`m§Mm Aä`mg. `m ì`m» obm OmoSy>Z

Ë`m§Zr `m Aä`mgmMr gmYå ©, d¡Yå ©, CX²J_ Am{U à^md hr Mma A§Johr gm§{JVbr AmhoV. `m

{R>H$mUr ~mnQ> `m§Zr _hÎdmMr JmoîQ> Zm|X{dbr Amho. Vr åhUOo, Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r EH$mnojm

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A{YH$ gm{hË`mMr CnpñWVr Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gm{hË`m§_Yrb gmå`, oX `m~amo~aM Ë`mVrb EH$

gm{hË`H¥$Vr Xþgè`m gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m CX² dmgmR>r åhUOoM {Z{_©VrgmR>r H$maUr yV Amho H$m`, Ë`mVrb

EH$m gm{hË`H¥$Vrda Xþgè`m gm{hæH¥$VrMm à^md Amho H$m`, ho nmhUo `m Aä`mgmV Ano{jV AgVo.

{Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a `m§À`m_Vo hr ì`m»`m Aì`má Amho. åhUOoM `m nÕVrMo ñdê$n g§nyU©nUo

{VÀ`m_YyZ ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr. Vr \$º$ `m Aä`mgmMr nÕV dU©Z H$aVo.

`m ÑîQ>rZo Eg. Eg. àmda `m§Zr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m `m Aä`mgnÕVrda A{YH$ àH$me Q>mH$Vo.

Vr ì`m»`m Aer EH$mnojm A{YH$ ^mfm§Vrb gm{hË` H¥$VtMr (gm{hËèmó Am{U g_rjm `m§darb

J«§Wm§gh) d¡Yå ©, gmYå ©, _ybòmoV qH$dm à^md `m§Mm emoY Ho$bobr g_rjm åhUOoM Vm¡b{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mg hmo ; VgoM XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ {^Þ-^m{fH$ g_mOm§_Yrb dmL²>_`rZ g§~§Y Am{U

AmXmZàXmZ `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Ë`mV A§V y©V Amho. `m ì`m» o_Ü o ~mnQ> `m§À`m ì`m» onojm A{YH$

gm§{JVbobr JmoîQ> hr H$s, Agm Aä`mg XmoZ {^Þ ^mfm§Vrb gm{hË`H¥$VtMm H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. H$maU

^mfm ho g§ñH¥$VrMo Ho$di dmhZM ZgyZ {VMm Ame` YmaU H$aUmar Amho. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o

XmoZ gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XmoZ g_mOm§_Yrb dmL²>_`rZ g§~§Y Am{U XodmUKodmU

`m§Mmhr Aä`mg H$aUo J¥{hV Amho. hr ì`m»`m Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m ì`márda àH$me Q>mH$Vo.

hr Aä`mgnÕVr Ho$di XmoZ {^Þ^m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$arV Zmhr, Va Ë`m

gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§X^mªMmhr Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVo, hr JmoîQ> `m ì`m» o_Ü o ñnîQ> hmoVo.

`mM {XeoZo A{YH$ Zo_Ho$nUmZo {ddoMZ H$aUmar hoZ«r EM. EM. ao_H$ `m§Zr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m

{dMmamV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho. Vr Aer Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` åhUOo {d{eîQ> XoemÀ`m ~§{XñV gr_onbrH$S>Mm

Aä`mg hmo . Ë`mV EH$sH$So> gm{hË`m_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Va Xþgè`m ~mOybm H$bm (åhUOoM {MÌ,

{eën, dmñVwaMZm, g§JrV), VÎdkmZ, B{Vhmg, gm_m{OH$ emóo (åhUOo amÁèmó, AW©emó,

g_mOemó), {dkmZ, Y_© Aem kmZ d lÕmjoÌm§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, hr EH$m gm{hË`mMr

Xþgè`m EH$m qH$dm AZoH$ gm{hË`m§er Am{U dmL²>_`mMr BVa _mZdr Am{dîH$majoÌm§er Ho$bobr VwbZm

AgVo. `m ì`m» o_Ü o Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o g_m{dîQ> Agbobm gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$

g§X^m©Mm ì`mnH$ n[aK A{YH$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho. gm{hË`mMm gm_m{OH$ emóo, H$bm Am{U {dkmZ `m

kmZemIm§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aUo ho gm{hË`mÀ`mM Zìho, Va OrdZmÀ`mhr AmH$bZmgmR>r

Amdí`H$ Amho, Am{U Vr Amdí`H$Vm nyU© H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o Amho, hr

JmoîQ> hr ì`m»`m AYmoaopIV H$aVo.

`m ì`m»`m§dê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo, H$s Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm {d{eîQ> ^mfm§À`m d Ë`m`moJo

{d{eîQ> Xoem§À`m gr_m oXÿZ {d{dY kmZjoÌm§Zm gm_mdyZ KoUmam, _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m d¡{œH$ EH$mË_VoMo

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Xe©Z KS>{dUmam Aä`mg Amho. Aem àH$mao Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va

AmnU `m Aä`mgnÕVrMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoD$`m.

1.3.8 Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n

Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o XmoZ qH$dm AZoH$ {^Þ^m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm dm gm{hpË`H$mMr

VwbZm Ho$br OmVo, ho AmnU n{hbo. nU Aer VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m gm{hË`m§_Ü o H$moUË`m Var

àH$maMm g§~§Y Agbm nm{hOo. H$moUVmhr g§~§Y Zgboë`m gm{hË`m§Mr VwbZm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Hw$Ur

Vgm à`ËZ Ho$bm Var Vmo dmL²>_`rZ AWdm gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm \$bXm`r R>aUma Zmhr. VwbZr`

gm{hË`m§_Ü o dm gm{hpË`H$m§_Ü o H$moUË`m àH$maMo g§~§Y Agbo nm{hOoV, `m~m~V {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a

`m§Zr Cn wº$ Am{U g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo VwbZr` gm{hË`m§n¡H$s EH$mMm Xþgè`mda

à^md Agob, XmoÝhr gm{hpË`H$m§Mo àoaUmñWmZ EH$ Agob, Ë`m§Mr VÎdàUmbr EH$ Agob, Ë`m§À`m

gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm H$maUr yV R>aUmar n[apñWVr g_mZ Agob, Á`m Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$,

KQ>Zm, ì`º$s `m§À`m AmYmao gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho, Aer AmYmagm_J«r EH$ Agob, Á`m§Mo

Ame`gyÌ gyÌ EH$ Agob, Aem gm{hË`m§Mm qH$dm gm{hpË`H$m§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$moUË`m Var

AàH$m{eV dmL²>_`rZ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ VÏ`mda àH$me Q>mHy$ eHo$b. `m AWm©Zo hr EH$ AmÝVa{dÚmemIr`

Aä`mgnÕVr Amho.

Aem àH$maMm Aä`mg ho EH$ gmYZ Amho. gmÜ` Zmhr. Ho$di VwbZr` gm{hË`m§_Yrb gmå`

AWdm oX XmIdyZ XoUo, ho `m Aä`mgmMo C{ÔîQ> Zmhr. `m gmå` oXmMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$ê$Z Ë`m

AmYmao H$mhrVar \$bXm`r {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo Ano{jV Amho. `m VwbZoMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z H$moUVmhr

gm{hpË`H$ qH$dm gm{hË`H¥$Vr loð> qH$dm H${Zð> R>a{dUo ho `m Aä`mgmMo C{ÔîQ> Agy Z o. VwbZmH$mamMr

ì`{º$JV {dMmagaUr, AmdS>-{ZdS> qH$dm ng§V-Zmng§Vr, A{^{Zdoe `m§Zm oWo ñWmZ Zmhr. hm

Aä`mg dñVw{Zð>nUo, {Z:njnmVrnUo H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. hm Aä`mg _ZmÀ`m H$jm {dñVmaUmam

Agbm nm{hOo. gm{hË`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo qH$dm CËH¥$îQ> gm{hË`mMo {ZH$f R>a{dUo, ho `m Aä`mgmMo

C{ÔîQ> Zmhr.

`m Aä`mgmÀ`m _wimer AmYma yV J¥{hVH$ Amho H$s, {^Þ {^Þ Xoem§V, {^Þ {^Þ ^mfm§V

{Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gm{hË`m§_Yrb _mZdr _ZmMr A{^ì`º$s hr gmaIrM Amho. _mUyg hm A§{V_V: EH$M

Amho. Aem d¡{œH$ EH$mË_VoMo ^mZ ZgÊ`m_wio gm{hË` ì`dhmam_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbobr g§Hw${MV d

AmJ«hr d¥Îmr Zmhrer hmoD$Z gm{hË`mMr Am{U EHy$U OrdZmMrhr OmUrd A{YH$ {dH${gV hmoÊ`mgmR>r

hr Aä`mgnÕVr AË §V Cn wº$ d åhUyZ _hÎdmMr Amho.

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1.4 g_mamon

Aem àH$mao `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm AmnU Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg nÕVrMr nyd©nr{R>H$m

àW_ g_OmdyZ KoVbr. wamon_Yrb à~moYZH$mimV Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ KS>m_moS>t_wio

`m Aä`mgnÕVrMm CX` Pmbm, ho AmnU nm{hbo. `m Aä`mgnÕVrMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VoWrb

{d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr _m§S>bobo _hÎdmMo {gÕmÝV Aä`mgbo. wamonmVrb gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ

^maVmV `m Aä`mgnÕVrÀ`m CÚmgmR>r AZwHy$b n[apñWVr H$er {Z_m©U Pmbr, ho nm{hbo. `m

Aä`mgnÕVrbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY ì`º$s Am{U g§ñWm `m§Zr H$moUVo `moJXmZ {Xbo, ho OmUyZ

KoVbo. AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobr `m Aä`mgnÕVrMr g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n d _hÎd g_OmdyZ

KoVbo. `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio Vw_Mm gm{hË`{df`H$ d OrdZ{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ A{YH$ ì`mnH$

d n[an¹$ hmoB©b, `mV e§H$m Zmhr.


1.5.1 dñVw{Zð> àíZ

1.5.1.1 `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. hm J«§W H$moUr g§nm{XV Ho$bm"Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg : VÎdo d {Xem'?

(A) AmZ§X nmQ>rb (H$) M§ÐeoIa OhmJraXma

(~) dg§V ~mnQ> (S>) ^mbM§Ð Zo_mSo>

2. 19 ì`m eVH$mV \«$mÝg_Ü o O_©Z d \«|$M gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$moUr Ho$bm?

(A) JQ>o (~) nmoÁZoQ> (H$) _mXm_ ñQ>ob (S>) Xm§Vo

3. {d{dY ^mfm§_Ü o dmL²>_`rZ AmXmZàXmZ ìhmdo, `mgmR>r adtÐZmW Q>mJmoa `m§Zr H$moUVrg§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br?

(A) Am§Va^maVr (H$) ^maVr` {dÚm^dZ

(~) {dœ^maVr (S>) gm{hË` AH$mX_r

4. H$m{bXmgmMo "emHw§$Vb' Am{U eoŠg{nàMo "X Q>oånoñQ>' `m ZmQ>H$m§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgH$moUr Ho$bm?

(A) h. Zm. AmnQ>o (~) ~§{H$_M§Ð MQ>Ou

(H$) _°Ï y AZm}ëS> (S>) {dO`Hw$_ma Xmg

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5. ^maV{dÚm (Indolojy) hr kmZemIm H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br?

(A) gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> (H$) ga {dë`_ OmoÝg

(~) adtÐZmW Q>mJmoa (S>) bm°S©> _oH$m°bo

6. "gm{hË` hr H$mi, d§e Am{U n[adoe `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AgVo' hm {gÕmÝV H$moUr _m§S>bm?

(A) {hnmo{bQ> VoZ (~) {_Ëeob (H$) Om°Z S´>m`S>Z (S>) Q>r. Eg. B{b`Q>

7. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`' `m g§koMm dmna gd©àW_ H$moUr Ho$bm?

(A) _mXm_ ñQ>ob (~) Xm§Vo (H$) nmoÁZoQ> (S>) Eg. Eg. àmda

8. H$m{bXmgmÀ`m "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vb_²' `m ZmQ>H$mMm B§J«Or AZwdmX H$moUr Ho$bm?

(A) Mmëg© {dpëH$Ýg (~) AboŠPm§S>a J«±Q>

(H$) Or. EM. doñQ>H$moQ> (S>) ga {dë`_ OmoÝg

9. "{dœgm{hË`' `m g§H$ënZoMm nwañH$ma gd©àW_ H$moUr Ho$bm?

(A) adtÐZmW Q>mJmoa (H$) gamo{OZr Zm`Sy>

(~) JQ>o (S>) gmZo JwéOr

10. "gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr EH$mM doir {H«$E{Q>ìh Am{U {H«${Q>H$b AgVo', ho {dYmZ H$moUmMo?

(A) Q>r. Eg. B{b`Q> (H$) A{_` Xod

(~) hoZ«r EM. EM. ao_mH$ (S>) JUoe Xodr


1.6.1 XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmœ© y_r {deX H$am.

2. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

1.6.2 bKwÎmar àíZ

1. {_Ëeob `m§Mo VwbZo{df`rMo VrZ {gÕmÝV ñnîQ> H$am.

2. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o ñnîQ> H$am.

3. gm{hË`ì`dhmamVrb VwbZoMo ñWmZ ñnîQ> H$am.

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1.7 CnH«$_

1. {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg nÕVrMo Cn`moOZ H$ê$Z {b{hboë`m J«§Wm§ModmMZ H$am.

2. {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgmÀ`m {df`m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.

3. Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b, Aem g§ mì` {df`m§Mr dJm©V MMm© H$am d `mXr H$am.

4. H$moUË`mhr EH$m {df`mda Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMo Cn`moOZ H$ê$Z {H$_mZ EH$emoY{Z~§Y {bhm.


1. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg', dg§V ~mnQ>, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 1981

2. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg : VÎdo Am{U {Xem', g§nm. M§ÐeoIa OhmJraXma, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>bàH$meZ, nwUo, 1992

3. "^maVr` g§X^m©V Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg', JUoe Xodr, gm¡a^ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 1992

4. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` : Zdo {gÕm§V Am{U Cn`moOZ', AmZ§X nmQ>rb, gmHo$V àH$meZ,Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1998

5. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`', {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a,

6. "Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` Am{U _Ü` wJrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`', a. ~m. _§MaH$a, à{V_m àH$meZ,nwUo, 2003

7. "VwbZmË_H$ gm{hË`', ZJ|Ð, Z°eZb npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {X„r

8. "^maVr` gm{hË`mMr g§H$ënZm' (S>m°. M§ÐH$m§V ~m§{XdSo>H$a Jm¡adJ«§W), g§nm. X. {X. nw§So>,àW_m àH$meZ, nwUo, 1990

9. "gm{hË`-{gÕmÝV', aoZo doboH$ Am{U Am°ñQ>rZ dm°aZ, AZw. g. J§, _mbeo, _hmamîQ´> amÁ`gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©, 1982.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-2

amîQ´>r` gm{hË`, {dídgm{hË` Am{X ^maVr` gm{hË` g§H$ënZm/MMm©

2.1 C{ÔîQ>o

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ

2.3.1 amîQ´>r` gm{hË`

2.3.2 {dídgm{hË`

2.3.3 ^maVr` gm{hË`

2.4 g_mamon



2.7 CnH«$_


2.1 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUm§g,

1. amîQ´>r` gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm H$er CX`mg Amcr ho H$ioc.

2. Y_© {ejU ^mfm Am{U gm{hË` `m gmè`m§er {_iyZ Ë`m-Ë`m amîQ´>mMr na§nam {Z_m©UhmoVo.

3. amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo JwU{deof åhUOo H$m` Vo H$ioc.

4. ^maVr` gm{hË` Am{U {dídgm{hË` `m§Mm ~moY hmoB©c.

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

doJdoJiçm amîQ´>mVrc gm{hË`mMr VwcZm H$aUo hm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmVrc \$ma _hÎdmMm

àm.S>m°.{ZVre gmd§V/à_wI _amR>r {d^mJ/O`qgJnya H$m°boO, O`qgJnya



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^mJ Amho. gm{hË` hr ~mocyZ MmcyZ ì`pŠVà{V oVyZ gmH$ma hmoUmar dñVy Amho. amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMr

VwcZm CWi hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mcm H$mhr nÏ o nmimdr cmJVmV. gmd©{ÌH$ Am{U

An[adV©Zr` Aem "amîQ´>r` JwUY_m©da cj H|${ÐV Ho$co Va Vmo VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg dadaMm Am{U

CWi hmoB©c' åhUyZ gm{hË`mÀ`m {dH$gZ àd¥Îmrda VwcZm H|${ÐV H$aUo cm^Xm`H$ R>aVo.'

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ

2.3.1 amîQ´>r` gm{hË`

doJdoJù`m amîQ´>mVrb gm{hË`m§Mr VwbZm H$aU§ hm Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Yrb EH$ \$ma bmoH${à`

Aä`mgH«$_ Amho. \«|$M gm{hË` Am{U O_©Z gm{hË` qH$dm \«|$M gm{hË` Am{U B§p½be gm{hË` `m§Mo

Ago VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bo Jobobo AmhoV. Ë`mVyZM "amîQ´>r` gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm CX`mg Ambobr

Amho. amîQ´>r` gm{hË` åhUOoM EH$m XoemMo, EH$m ^mfoMo Am{U EH$m g§ñH¥${VMo gm{hË` Ago Ë`m

g§H$ënZoMo ñdén Amho. `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m CÚmnmgyZM {VÀ`m {damoYmVrb gya Vrd« Pmbobo AmT>iVmV.

hr g§H$ënZm ñd §g§Hw${MV AgyZ {VMr AW©H$jm _wimVM N>moQ>r Amho Ago VoìhmnmgyZ åhQ>bo Jobo Amho.

H$maU _wimVM "amîQ´>' hr g§H$ënZmM H$ënZoZo aMbobo EH$ "a{MV' Amho.

amîQ´>o hr Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m {Z_m©U Pmbobr ZgyZ B{VhmgmVrb KQ>ZmH«$_mZwgma _mUgmZo {Z_m©U

Ho$bobr AgVmV. Vr OÝ_VmV, ââmQ> nmdVmV Am{U ZîQ>hr hmoVmV. Hw$é, nm§Mmb _JY BË`mXr

àmMrZ ^maVmVrb amîQ´>o AmO Hw$R>o AmhoV? 1947 nydu nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U 1971 nydu ~m§½bmXoe `m

amîQ´>mMo AmpñVËd Hw$R>o Amho? _mZdr d§emMm dm§{eH$ KQ>H$, yàXoe Am{U hdm_mZ `m§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$

KQ>H$, bmoH$g§»`m Am{U ì`dgm` ho Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ VgoM H$m`XoH$mZy Am{U emgZ §ÌUm ho amOH$s`

KQ>H$ `m gdmªZr {_iyZ "amîQ´>' hr g§H$ënZm gmH$mabobr AgVo. Y_©, {ejU, ^mfm Am{U gm{hË`

`m gmè`m§Mr {_iyZ Ë`m Ë`m amîQ´>mMr na§nam {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr ~mø AmKmVmZo dm§{eH$,

^m¡Jmo{bH$, Am{W©H$ AWdm amOH$s` KQ>H$m§_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo H$s, "amîQ´>' `m g§H$ënZoMr n[aUm_o

~XbVmV.

""gm{hË` hr ~mobyZ MmbyZ ì`pŠVà{V oVyZ gmH$ma hmoUmar dñVy Amho. Va _J EImÚm amîQ´>mVrb

AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gm{hË` g_wÀM`mbm H$mhr g_mZ JwUY_© AgVmV ho _mZUo

{H$VnV g§ wpŠVH$ Amho? "amîQ´>r` d¡{eîQ>ço' ZmdmMr dñVwM _wimV ApñVËdmV AgVo H$m`?'' Ë`m

Ë`m amîQ´>mMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ, Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§nam, ^m{fH$, {deof gm{hË`mMr {dH$mg na§nam BË`mXtÀ`m

ghmæ`mZo amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo JwU{deof gm_mÝ`V: {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVmV. {edm` àË oH$ amîQ´>mVrb _mZd

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g_mOmMr EH$ {d{eîQ> OrdZgaUr AgVo. Ë`mVyZ Ë`mMm OrdZ{df`H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ AmH$ma KoV AgVmo.

`m OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo à{Vq~~ amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mV C_Q>Uo An[ahm © AgVo.

doJdoJù`m amîQ´>m§Mo AmË_VËd Ë`m Ë`m amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYmao R>a{dÊ`mMm à`ËZm§Zm

Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎd Amho. EH$mM ^mfoVrb gm{hË`mV doJdoJù`m amîQ´>m§À`m gm{hË`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Voìhm amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo àíZ A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo hmoVmV. CXmhaUmW© B§p½be `m ^mfo_Ü o {~«Q>re

gm{hË`, Am`[ae gm{hË` Am[U A_o[aH$Z gm{hË` `m VrZ doJdoJù`m amîQ´>r` gm{hË`m§Mm g_mdoe

hmoVmo. "B§p½be gm{hË`' `m EH$m N>ÌmImbr Am`[ae gm{hË` Am{U A_o[aH$Z gm{hË` `m§Mm EH${ÌV

{dMma H$amdm, Va amîQ´>r` gm{hË` åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m_Yrb S>moù`mV âUmè`m doJionUmMo H$m` H$amdo

Agm àíZ, {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ""nydu A_o[aHo$V {b{hbo OmUmao gm{hË` "dgmhVrMo B§p½be' åhUyZ

AmoiIbo OmV Ago nU H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m Q>ßß`mnmgyZ Vo Vgo AmoiIbo OmV

Ago, nU H$mimÀ`m Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m Q>ßß`mnmgyZ Vo Vgo AmoiIbo OmÊ`mMo ~§X Pmbo d ñdV§Ì amîQ´>r`

gm{hË` åhUyZ Vo Ho$ìhm JUbo OmD$ bmJbo, ho R>a{dUo Vgo gmono Zmhr. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` {_imbo

EdT>çm_wioM ho KSy>Z Ambo Amho H$m ? H$s IwÔ boIH$m§Zm Pmbobr amîQ´>r`VoMr OmUrd Ë`mÀ`m _wimer

Amho H$m ? H$s amîQ´>r` boIZ{df`H$ d ñWm{ZH$ _mVrMm a§J' `m§Mm Cn`moJ Ë`mbm H$maUr yV

Amho ? H$s {ZpíMV ñdénmÀ`m amîQ´>r` e¡brMm CX² d Pmë`mMo Vo \${bV Amho ? Ago _ybJm_r àíZ

aoZ doboH$$ `m§Zr `m g§X^m©V C o Ho$bo AmhoV. AemM VèhoMo àíZ ^maVmVrb qgYr gm{hË` Am{U

nm{H$ñVmZmVrb qgYr gm{hË`, ^maVmVrb ~m§Jbmgm{hË` Am{U ~m§½bmXoemVrb ~m§Jbmgm{hË`

qH$dm ^maVm_Yrb Vm{_i gm{hË` Am{U lrb§Ho$Vrb Vm{_i gm{hË` `m§À`m~m~V C o Ho$bo OmD$

eH$VmV.

amîQ´>r` gm{hË`m§Mr VwbZm CWi hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mbm H$mhr nÏ o nmimdr

bmJVmV. gmd©{ÌH$ Am{U An[adV©Zr` Aem "amîQ´>r` JwUY_m©' da bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Va Vmo VwbZmË_H$

Aä`mg dadaMm Am{U CWi hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio EH§$Xa amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo {dh§J_mdbmoH$Z H$éZ {d{eîQ>

H$mbI§S>mda AWdm Ë`m Ë`m amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mÀ`m {dH$gZ àd¥Îmrda VwbZm H|${ÐV H$aUo bm^Xm`H$

R>aVo. B§p½be Am{U \«|$M gm{hË`mÀ`m gmVË`mZo {dH$grV hmoUmè`m gm{hË`mMr VwbZm gmVË`mZo

{dH$grV Z hmoUmè`m O_©Z gm{hË`mer Aem VèhoZo H$aUo Cn w³V R>aob, Ago Eg. Eg. àmda `m§Mo

åhUUo Amho. Ë`mVhr `m VwbZoMm ~hþVm§er ^mJ B{VhmgmVrb EImÚm {d{eð> H$mbI§S>mer Am{U

EImÚm {d{eð> dmS²>_`àH$mamÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mgH«$_mer g§~§Y Agmdm Agohr Ë`mZr ~Omdbobo

Amho. amîQ´>dmXmMo ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr ñdén Am{U dmS²>_`B{Vhmg boIZmVrb AmYw{ZH$ àd¥Îmr `m§À`m_Ü o

{ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Agë`m_wio amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$ënZobm OmñV dmd {_iV Jobm, Ago aoZ doboH$

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`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. am° nmñH$b `m§Zr Ho$bobr B§p½be H$mX§~ar Am{U O_©Z H$mX§~ar `m§Mr VwbZm amîQ´>r`

gm{hË`m§À`m VwbZoV EH$ Z_wZm åhUyZ Eg. Eg. àmda `m§Zr CXmhaUmXmIb {Xbobr Amho.

2.3.2 {dídgm{hË`

"{dídgm{hË` hr g§km n{hë`m§Xm JQ>o `m§Zr dmnabr Ë`m§Zr `moObobr _yi O_©Z g§km

"Weltlitaratur' Aer hmoVr, {Z`m B§p½be AZwdmX "World litarature' Agm H$éZ Vmo g_rjH$m§Zr

àM{bV Ho$bm. ^maVm_Ü o aqdÐZmW R>mHy$a `m§Zr 1921 _Ü o EH$m ì`m»`mZmV "{dídgm{hË`' hr

g§H$ënZm _m§S>br VoìhmnmgyZ ^maVr` g_rjH$m§Zr "{dídgm{hË`' hr g§km àM{bV Ho$br. _mÌ

doJdoJù`m g_rjH$m§Zm "{dídgm{hË`' `m g§koÀ`m A{^àoV Agboë`m AW©N>Q>m {^ÞM AmhoV. Am{U

Ë`mZwgma `m g§koÀ`m AW©H$jmhr {^Þ hmoVmV. JQ>o `m§Mo ñdßZ hmoVo H$s, OJmVrb `ƒ`mdV gm{hË o

H$YrVar EH$mË_ hmoVrb. ""EH$m d¡pídH$ H$m`m©b`mV àË oH$ amîQ´>mZo Amnmnë`m dmQ>çmbm Ambobr

y{_H$m dR>dmdr'' d gd© gm{hË`m§Mo EH$mË_{H$aU hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ EH$ _hmZ g§íbofU {gÕ ìhmdo Ago

Ü o hmoVo. ho Ü o gmH$ma hmoVmZm Am{U Pmë`mZ§Va OJmVrb gm{hË`mMo Oo ñdén Agob Ë`mbm JoQ>

`m§Zr "{dídgm{hË`' ho A{^YmZ {Xbo Amho.

VWm{n H$mhr g_rjH$m§Zr - {dídgm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm "A{Ib OJmVrb _hmZ gm{hË`H¥$VtMo

^m§S>ma' `m AWm©Zo Cn`moOrbr Amho. hmo_a, eoŠg{nAa, JQ>o, H$m{bXmg, VwH$mam_, Q>m°bñQ>m`, MoH$m°ìh

`m§À`mgmaIo gm{hË`H$ma Am{U "am_mÙ, _hm^maV, B©pb`S>>, Amo{S>gr, JrVm§Obr, AmD$Q>gm`S>a' `m

gma»`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr gmè`m OJmV à{Vð>màmßV AgVmV Am{U Vr à{Vð>mhr H$mbO`r AgVo. `m Aem

gJù`m gm{hË`mbm {_iyZ {dídgm{hË` Ago H$mhr g_rjH$ g§~moYVmV. Z. {M. Ho$iH$a `m§Zr

_m§S>bobr "Aja gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm `mM àH$maMr Amho. ""àË oH$ {nT>rMr A{^éMr Am{U

ñ_aUe³Vr `m OmoS>MmiUrVyZ Jmië`mda Oo {eëbH$ CaVo Vo Aja dmS²>_`'' Ago Z. {M. Ho$iH$am§Zr

åhQ>bo Amho. Voìhm OJâmVrb Aja dmS²>_`mMo ^m§S>ma åhUOo {dídgm{hË` Ago `m AW©N>Q>oZwgma

R>aVo. aqdÐZmW R>mHy$a `m§Zr XoIrb øm _mUgmV "{dídgm{hË`' hr g§km àm`: `mM AWm©Zo dmnabr

hmoVr. Aja dmS²>_` Am{U {dídgm{hË`' `m g§km§À`m AW©H$jm_Ü o WmoS>mgm \$aH$ H$aVm oB©b. "Aja

dmS²>_`' ho ñ_¥Vr Am{U A{^éMr `m§À`m gr_maofm Amobm§Sy>Z OmV Agbo Var Vo Ë`m Ë`m amîQ´>mnwaVoM

Agy eH$Vo. na§Vw "{dídgm{hË`' _mÌ amîQ´>mÀ`mhr gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z A{Ib OJmV H$m¡VwH$mMm, AmXamMm

d gÝ_mZmMm {df` ~Zbobo AgVo Ago åhUVm oB©b. "{dídgm{hË`' `m g§koMr AmUIr EH$

A{Vì`mßV AW©N>Q>m Amho. "{dídmVrb gJio gm{hË`' Aem AWr©hr H$mhr g_rjH$ hr g§km dmnaVmV.

{dídmVrb gJù`m gm{hË`mMo {_iyZ Oo EH$ g§Hw$b V`ma hmoVo, Ë`mbm CÔoeyZ hr g§km dmnabr OmVo.

qH$dm Xþgè`m nÕVrZo gm§Jmd`mMo Va "{dœgm{hË`' g§km "gm{hË`{díd' `m AWm©Zo J¥{hV Yabr OmVo.

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{dídgm{hË`m_Ü o amîQ´>mÀ`m gr_m Amobm§S>Umè`m gm{hË`m{df`H$ MiditMm VgoM Zì`m nÕVtMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo, Va Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m§_Ü o XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ gm{hË`m§_Yrb nañnag§~§YmMm

Aä`mg A§V y©V hmoVmo, Agm \$aH$ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. `m y{_Ho$Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Va {díd gm{hË`

Am{U Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË` eodQ>r nañnam§V {d{bZ hmoVmV, Ago _mZmdo bmJVo.

2.3.3 ^maVr` gm{hË`

"^maVr` gm{hË`' hr g§km àW_V: nmíMmË` ^maV{dÚmemómÀ`m (Indologists) Aä`mgH$m§Zr

dmnabr. ^maVmVrb dmS²>_ o{VhmgH$mam§Zr gwédmVrbm `m g§koMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. {dgmì`m

eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V {d{dY ^maVr` ^mfm§Vrb dmS²>_ o{VhmgH$mam§Zr Amnbm ^mfoVrb gm{hË`mMm

ñdV§ÌnUo B{Vhmg Jmoim H$aÊ`mVM g_mYmZ _mZbo. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$m§Vrb àmÀ`{dÚmemó `m§À`m

"Orientalists'' ÑîQ>rZo "^maVr` gm{hË`' åhUOo g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V d An «§e `m ^mfm§_Ü o {Z_m©U

Pmbobo gm{hË`, EdT>mM gr{_V AW© hmoVmo. _oH$m°bmo Am{U _°³g_wëba `m XmoKm§Zrhr `mM AWm©Zo

"^maVr` gm{hË`' `m g§koMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. _°H$m°bo `m§Zr Vmo Hw$MoîQ>oZo d VwÀN>VoZo Ho$bm Amho Am{U

_°³g_wëba `m§Zr àegZoZo d lÕoZo Ho$bm Amho; nU XmoKm§À`m dmnamVrb AW©H$jm EH$M Amho. "amîQ´>r`

gm{hË`' `m g§H$ënZoMr Or gd©gmYmaU AW©H$jm Amho, Ë`mnojm "^maVr` gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm IynM

doJir Amho. [H§$~hþZm Vo "amîQ´>r` gm{hË`' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m R>am{dH$Vobm EH$ AmìhmZM Amho. Am{U

`mbm H$maU åhUOo ^maVr` OrdZm_Ü o eVH$mZweVHo$ _wabobr Am{U ^maVr` OrdZe¡brMm A{d^mÁ`

^mJ ~Zbobr AZoH$Vm ho hmo . `m XoemV EH$ XmoZ Zìho Va AJ{UV ^mfm EH$Ì Zm§XV AmhoV. ^maVr`

amÁ`KQ>ZoZo àma§ r Mm¡Xm ^maVr` ^mfm ^maVmÀ`m à_wI ^mfm åhUyZ _mÝ` Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. H$mbm§VamZo

`m `mXrV â nS>V Jobobr {XgVo. nwÝhm `m gd© ^mfm§À`m doJdoJù`m ~mobr ^mfm `m Ag§»` {d{dY

^mfm EH$mM doir ^maVmV {nT>çmZ{nT>çm JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo Zm§XV AmhoV. B§p½be_Ü o Á`mbm 'Love-

hate relationship' åhUVmV. ^maVr` ^mfm§_Ü o nmañn[aH$ g§~§Y AmhoV. ^m{fH$ dmS²>_`rZ Am{U

gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV AmXmZ àXmZ d ào_nyU© ghOrdZ AZw dmg oVo Am{U XþgarH$Sy>Z nmañn[aH$ ñnYm©,

H$Qw>Vm Am{U Ûof `m§Mm àË`` oVmo. _amR>r Am{U H$moH$Ur, _amR>r Am{U H$ÞS>, H$ÞS> Am{U Vm{_i,

Ag{_`m Am{U ~m§½bm, {~hmar qhXr Am{U Bbmhm~mXr qhXr, `m§À`m_Ü o ào_-K¥Um wŠV g§~§Y

gmVË`mZo AmT>iyZ oVmV. Aem VèhoMo ny{d©Ü`nyU© ^m{fH$ ghOrdZ {_adUmao ^maV ho OJmÀ`m

nmR>rdarb EH$_od amîQ´> Amho.

^maVm_Ü o gm{hË`g¥OZ H$aUmao gm{hË`H$mar ~hþ m{fH$ Agë`mMo Am{U AZoH$ ^mfm§_YyZ

ghOVoZo gm{hË`mMo g¥OZ H$arV Agë`mMo {MÌ nhmd`mg {_iVo. g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr gmVeo dfm©nydu

_amR>r Am{U qhXþñWmZr `m XmoÝhr ^mfmV Amnë`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw yVrbm H$mì`én {Xbo hmoVo.

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Xþgao _Ü` wJrZ H$dr {dÚmnVr `m§Zr AdhV (àmH¥$V) g§ñH¥$V Am{U _¡{Wbr Aem VrZ ^mfm§_Ü ob

H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. gwà{gÕ H$WmH$ma, ào_M§X `m§Zr àW_ H$mhr df} CXÿ©_Ü o H$WmboIZ Ho$bo,

Z§Va Vo qhXr_Ü o H$WmboIZ H$é bmJbo. H$mH$m H$mboH$am§Zr _amR>r, JwOamVr Am{U qhXr `m VrZ

^mfm§_Ü o gm{hË`mMo g¥OZ Ho$bo Am{U `m {VÝhr ^mfm§À`m gm{hË`na§nao_Ü o ñdV:Mo ñWmZ {Z_m©U

H$éZ R>odbo. H$_bmXmg `m§Zr _ë`mi_² Am{U B§p½be `m XmoÝhr ^mfm§_Ü o H$mì` Am{U JÚ boIZ

Ho$bo. AéU H$mobQ>H$a `m§Zr _amR>r Am{U B§p½be `m XmoÝhr ^mfm_Ü o H$mì`{Z_m©U H$éZ ñdV:Mm

doJim R>gm C_Q>{dbm. "^maVr` gm{hË`' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AmìhmZmË_H$VoMm hm EH$ n¡by Amho.

^maVr` gm{hË`m_Ü o Ho$di gm{hË`H$maM Zìho, Va gm{hË`H¥$VrXoIrb ~hþ m{fH$ Agë`mMo AZmoIo

Ñí` nhmd`mg {_iVo. H$m{cXmgm§Mo gwà{gÕ ZmQ>H$, "A{^kmZ em§Hw$Vb_²' Ho$di g§ñH¥$V_Ü o

{b{hbobo ZgyZ g§ñH¥$V em¡agoZr, _hmamîQ´>r Am{X _mJYr `m Mma doJdoJù`m ^mfm§_Ü o Ë`mVbr

{^Þ {^Þ nmÌo ~mobVmV, Aem VèhoMr ~hþ m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$Vr ^maVmV {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo `mMm

AW©M Agm H$s, ^maVm_Ü o Aer EH$ ~hþ m{fH$ pñWVr {dÚ_mZ hmoVr H$s {OÀ`m_Ü o {^Þ ^mfm

bmoH$m§Zm {^Þ EH$m§{VH$ JQ>m§_Ü o {d^m{OV H$arV ZìhË`m. Va bmoH$m§Zm nañnam§er g§dmX H$aÊ`mg Am{X

^mfm§Mo AS>Wio Cëb§KyZ OmÊ`mg CÚw³V H$arV hmoË`m. ~m¡Õ` gm{hË` ^m§S>mamVrb "WoarJmWm' _Yrb

H$mhr aMZm g§ñH¥$V_Üò AmhoV, Va ~mH$sÀ`m ~hþVm§e aMZm nmbr_Üò AmhoV. kmZoídam§À`m

A_¥VmZw dmVrb "àma§ rMo nmM íbmoH$' g§ñH¥$V_Ü o AgyZ ~mH$s gd© J«§W _amR>r_Ü o Amodr d¥VmV

Amho.

"_ë`mi_' gm{hË`mV "_{Uàdmi_²' ZmdmMm EH$ H$mìàMZmàH$ma Amho. Ë`m_Ü o H$mì`mMr

EH$ Amoi _b`mi__Ü o Am{X EH$ Amoi g§ñH¥$V_Ü o Aer g§nyU© H$mì`mMr aMZm AgVo. hr

_{Uàdmi_ aMZmàd¥Îmr Ho$di _ù`mi_ ^mfonwaVrM gr{_V Zmhr. Vr AÝ` ^maVr` ^mfm§V XoIrb

nmPabobr {XgVo. g§V Zm_Xodm§Mr "Jm¡iUr R>H${dë`m & Jm¡iUr R>H${dë`m' Aem àma§ mMr EH$ Jm¡iU

Amho. JmoqdXmZo Ho$bobm Jmo{ndñÌhaUmMm àg§J `m Jm¡iUrV dU©Z Ho$bobm Amho. _mÌ `m nmM Jm¡iUr

nmM doJdoù`m ^mfm ~mobUmè`m, nmM {^Þ àH$maMr AmoiI {_idUmè`m _amR>r H$mdS>r _wgb_mZr

H$moH$Ur Am{U JwOar Aem AmhoV. JmoqdXmbm Ë`m Amnbr dóo naV H$aÊ`mMr {dZdUr Amnmnë`m

^mfoV H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r H$ÞS>, \$mgu, _amR>r, H$moH$Ur Am{U JwOamVr Aer nmM ^mfm§Vrb {dZdUrMr

nmM H$S>dr Zm_Xodm§Zr `m Jm¡iUrV Jw§\$br AmhoV. _Uràdmi_ aMZoMo _amR>rVrb ho gdm©V OwZo Am{U

gdm©V CËH¥$îQ> CXmhaU Amho. ~§{H$_M§Ð MÅ>monmÜ`m` `m§Zr "AmZ§X_R>' `m H$mX§~ar_Ü o g_m{dîQ> Ho$bobo

Am{U nwT>o amîQ´>JrVmMm XOm© àmßV Pmbobo "d§Xo_mVa_' ho JrV ~m§Jbm Am{U g§ñH¥$V `m ^mfmVrb Amoir

EH$Ì Jw§\y$Z {b{hbobo Agë`m_wio, Vr EH$ àH$maMr _{Uàdmi_ aMZmM Amho. gmdaH$am§À`m

ñdV§ÌVoMo ñVmoÌ `m H${dVoV -

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""O`mo@ñVw Vo lr_hÝ_§Jbo& {edmñnXo ew Xo& ñdV§ÌVo ^Jd{V& Ëdm_h§ èmo wVm d§Xo''

ho Y«wdnX ewÕ g§ñH¥$V_Ü o AgwZ H${dVoÀ`m ~mH$s gd© Amoir _amR>rV aMë`m AmhoV. àË oH$

_amR>r H$S>ì`mZ§Va g§ñH¥$V Y«wnX oV Agë`m_wio hr XoIrb EH$ àH$maMr _{Uàdmi_ aMZmM Amho.

^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` XoemV àmMrZ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V {d{dY VèhoÀ`m Ym{_©H$

amOH$s` gm_m{OH$, àmd¥{VH$ Am§XmobZmÀ`m g_doV gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV am{hbr Amho. {d{^Þ

^m¡Jmo{bH$, ^m{fH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ Apñ_Vm OnUmè`m `m XoemZo EH$m {d{eîQ> nmVirda EH$mË_Vobm

Onbo Amho. {d{dYVoVrb EH$Vm ho `m XoemMo OrdZgyÌ Amho. {d{dY ^mfm§_YyZ {d{dY àH$mam§Zr

A{^ì ³V Pmboë`m gm{hË`mVyZhr ho OrdZgyÌ H$go Jw§\$bo Jobo Amho `mMr {M{H$Ëgm "^maVr` gm{hË`'

`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m _wim§er Amho. 1945 _Ü o "noZ' PEN g§ñWoÀ`m A{Ib ^maVr` g§_obZmÀ`m

n{hë`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m AÜ`jm gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> `m§Zr åhQ>bo hmoVo, "^maV EH$ Amho, Am{U AI§S>

Amho, ^maVr` àOm AZoH$ ^mfm§V ~mobV Agob nU gdmªMo öX` EH$ Amho.' Am{U S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ

`m§Mo dMZ (Oo gm{hË` AH$mX_rZo Amnbo ~«rX dmŠ` åhUyZ ñdrH$mabo Amho) Va gd©lwV Amho.

"^maVr` gm{hË` EH$M Amho, na§Vw Vo AZoH$ ^mfm§_YyZ {b{hbo OmVo.' AWm©V ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY

^mfm§_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmboë`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Ü o AmT>iyZ oUmè`m gmå`ñWim§Mr gyMr åhUOo ^maVr`

gm{hË` Zìho. gmå`ñWim§À`m emoYmBVHo$M qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mnojmhr WmoS>o OmñV _hÎd àË oH$ ^mfoVrb

gm{hË`mÀ`m doJionUmbm Amho. àË oH$ \w$bm§Mr ñdV§Ì AmoiI d gw§XaVm `mMo ^mZ R>odyZ doJdoJù`m

'w$bm§Mm nwînJwÀN> ~Zdbm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`mer "^maVr` gm{hË`' `m g§H$ënZoMo gmYå © Amho.

^maVr` gm{hË`mMr nmíd© y_r AË §V g_¥Õ Am{U ~hþAm`m_r Amho. gd© ^maVr` ^mfm§_Ü o `m

nmíd© y_rVyZM gm{hË`mMm CX² d Pmbobm Amho. `m nmíd© y_rÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr doXm§V VËdkmZ Amho.

nwZO©Ý_, H$_©{dnmH$ Am{U {Z`VrdmX ho `m VËdkmZmMo VrZ n¡by AmhoV. ^maVr` gm{hË`mVrb

H$moUË`mhr ^mfoVrb H$moUVrhr gm{hË`H¥$Vr KoVbr Var {VÀ`m Ame`gwÌmV Am{U AmH¥$Vr~§YmV ho

VËdkmZ {Z{hV Agbobo AmT>iob. AWm©V ^maVr` gm{hË`mV {Z{hV Agbobo ho doXm§V VËdkmZ

ApñVH$njr Agob qH$dm ZmpñVH$njrhr Agob. H$maU doXm§V VËdkmZmMm AmXa H$aUmar EH$ _moR>r

H$mbì`mnr na§nam Oer ^maVmV Amho, VerM doXm§V VËdkmZmbm {damoY H$aUmar d Ë`m{déÕ ~§S>

H$aUmar Mmdm©H$ ~wÕ, 'w$bo, Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr hr EH$ _moR>r à^mdr na§nam ^maVmV Amho. EH$ Va d¡{XH$

VËdkmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$éZ AWdm Ë`mbm {damoY H$éZM VoWrb bmoH$m§Mr OrdZgaUr eVH$mZweVHo$

KS>V Jobobr Amho. åhUOoM `m Zm Ë`m ñdénmV, gH$mamË_H$ AWdm ZH$mamË_H$ arVrZo, d¡{XH$

VËdkmZ ho ^maVr`m§À`m OrdZYmaUoV Am{U åhUyZ ^maVr` gm{hË`mV, AZwñ wV AgVo. nmMì`m

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eVH$m§Vrb V{_i Ab>dmam§nmgyZ {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb AaqdX - {dZmo~m - VwH$S>moOr - aOZre

AmR>dboemór `m§À`m_m'©$V ³VrMr Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo ^pŠVgm{hË`mMr EH$ Ymam ^maVm_Ü o dmhV

am{hbobr Amho. Vr EH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ - gm_m{OH$ nm`mda C^r am{hbobr Xoeì`mnr dmS²>_`rZ Midi

Amho. EH$m Abm¡{H$H$ AZw wVrMr CËH$Q> Yw§Xr hr `m ^pŠVgm{hË`mMr àoaUm Amho. "ào_{ngo âbo

A§Jr' Aem ^mdmdñWoV `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. nwÝhm nwÝhm OÝ_mbm `mdo Am{U

na_oídamÀ`m CËH$Q> ³VrMo gwI ^moJmdo, hr _{Zfm `m ^pŠVH$mì`mVyZ H$dtZr ì ³V Ho$br Amho.

""^moJmdar Amåhm KmVbm nmfmU & _aUm _aU Am{U`bo''

Aem {da³V OrdZd¥ÎmrZo ho g§VH$dr OrdZmbm gm_moao Jobobo AmhoV. ^pŠVH$mì`mMr hr CËH$Q>

na§nam ho ^maVr` gm{hË`mMo EH$ A{^Þ A§J Amho.

^maVmMm B{Vhmg AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m d¡{dÜ`nyU© amOH$s` g§Kfm©Zr w³V Amho. AemoH$mMo gm_«mÁ`,

{dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ`, _wKbmMo gm_«mÁ`, _amR>çm§Mo gm_«mÁ` Aer AZoH$ gm_«mÁ` `m XoemV ââmQ>

nmdbr Am{U b`mg Jobr. N>ÌnVr {edmOr, N>ÌnVr g§ mOr, {Q>ny gwbVmZ, amUr bú_r~mB©, amUr

MÞ_m `m§À`mgmaIo namH«$_r amÁèmgH$ `m XoemV Amnë`m aUH$m¡eë`mZo AOam_a Pmbo. {~«Q>rem§À`m

_hmgÎmo{déÕ ^JVqgJmXr H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr, {Q>iH$mXr bmoH$ZoË`m§Zr, Am{X Jm§Yr gma»`m _hmËå`m§Zr

à^mdr bT>o {Xbo. `m gJù`mVyZ EH$ g§H${cV amOH$s` CbmT>mbrMm B{Vhmg `m Xoembm bm^bm

Amho. VgoM amOmam_ _mohZam° , n§{S>V B©ídaM§Ð {dÚmgmJa, _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO,

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, _hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d}, ñdmV§Í`dra {d. Xm. gmdaH$a, S>m°. Za|Ð Xm^moiH$a

`m§À`mgma»`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr naIS>nUo à~moYZ H$éZ `m XoemVrb g_mO T>diyZ H$mT>bm Amho d

àJVerb ~Zdbm Amho. ho gJio amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§{MV ^maVr` gm{hË`mV `m Zm Ë`m

ñdénmV à{Vq~~rV Pmbo AmhoV. _J Vr _m_moZr am`g_ Jmoñdm_r `m§Mr "{N>Þ _aVm gmaIr Amg{_`m

H$mX§~ar Agmo qH$dm ^mbM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Mr "qhXÿ' gmaIr _amR>r H$mX§~ar Agmo, H$s Aé§YVr am° `m§Mr

"Jm°S> Am°\$ ñ_m°b qW½O'gmaIr B§p½be H$mX§~ar Agmo. gmdaH$am§Mr _amR>r H${dVm Agmo gw~«h_Ê`

^maVrMr V{_i H${dVm Agmo, H$s gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ `m§Mr qhXr H${dVm Agmo. ñdmV§Í`nydu Jm§YrOtZr

"IoS>çmH$S>o Mbm' hm g§Xoe ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zm {Xbm hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmMo PnmQ>çmZo Am¡Úmo{JH$aU

hmoD$ bmJbo n[aZm_Vm: IoS>çmH$Sy>Z BVam§H$S>o bmoH$m§Mm AmoK gwé Pmbm. eham_Ü o bmoH$g§» oMm ñ\$moQ>

hmoÊ`mMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Am{U PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm V`ma Pmë`m. {VH$S>o IoS>çm§Mo doJmZo eharH$aU

hmoD$ bmJbo Am{U Ë`mMo ñdËd hanbo. Ë`mVyZ IoS>o Am{U eha Agm EH$ {ÛY«w{d` g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbm

hm g§Kf© ^maVr` gm{hË`mÀ`m Ame`gwÌm§n¡H$s EH$ _hÎdmMo Ame` gyÌ Amho.

^maVmVrb g_¥Õ nwamUH$Wm§Zr ^maVr` gm{hË`mbm AZoH$nXar {_WH$m§Mm g_¥Õ dmagm {Xbobm

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Amho. H$moUË`mhr ^mfoVrb gm{hË`H$ma ghOVoZo `m {_WH$m§Mm dmna H$aVmo, Ë`mMr nwZa©MZm H$aVmo

Am{U Zì`m AW©N>Q>m§À`m n[adoemV Ë`m§Mo AmH¥$Vr~§Y Jw§\$Vmo. ^maVr` {_WHo$ hr ^maVr` gm{hË`mÀ`m

g¥OZà{H«$ oVrb {ZË`ZyVZ ImU Amho. ^maVr` gm{hË` _ybV: _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo àg¥V Pmbo. doXm§Mo

{d{eð> ñdamdamohmV nR>U H$éZM doX {Od§V R>odbo Jobo. EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m {nT>rH$S>o àg¥V Pmbo.

g§VmMo A §Jhr _m¡{IH$ na§naoZoM àg¥V hmoV am{hbo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMr hñV{b{IVo V`ma Pmbr Am{U

Ë`mÀ`m àVr V`ma Ho$ë`m OmD$ bmJë`m Var _m¡{IH$ àgma na§nam {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr. hñV{b{IVo V`ma

H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$îQ>àX Agë`m_wio Am{U àVrMr g§»`m _moOH$s Agë`m_wio, EH$m nwam{UH$ ~wdmZo

J«Wm§Mo dmMZ H$amd`mMo Am{U ^modVmbr O_boë`m, lmoV¥dJm©Zo ldU H$amd`mMo Aer nÕV nS>br.

`m àgmanÕVrMo à{Vq~~ kmZoídar Am{U Xmg~moY `m gma»`m J«§WmÀ`m aMZm~§YmV nS>bobr {XgyZ

oVo. `m XmoÝhr J«§WmMr aMZmM d³Vm-lmoVm g§dmX `m nX²YVrMr Ho$bobr Amho. kmZoída Am{U am_Xmg

ho XmoKohr `m J«§Wm_Ü o lmoË`m§er g§dmX H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm AdYmZmMr {dZdZr H$aVmV Ë`m§Mr ñVwVr

H$aVmV. lmoVo àíZ CnpñWV H$aVmV {df`m§Va hmoD$ bmJbo Va XQ>mdVmV. `mo½` {R>H$mUr a{gH$VoZo XmX

XoVmV. g_yhm§VJ©V J«§WdmMZmMr Or àgmanÕVr éT> hmoVr, Ë`mVyZM hm aMZm~§Y `m J«§WmV ñdrH$mabobm

Amho. gm{hË`mÀ`m àgmaUm§Mr AmUIr EH$ nÕV ^maVm_Ü o ApñVËdmV hmoVr Vr åhUOo, gmXarH$aU.

gm{hË`H¥$Vr lmoV¥dJm©nwT>o gmXa H$aVmZm Vr A{^Z` g§JrV, Z¥Ë` {MÌ BË`mXr AÝ` H$bm§À`m ghmæ`mZo

A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ Am{U A{YH$ _Zmoa§OH$ ñdénmV àñVwV H$aUo. H$sV©Z V_mem, Jm¡iU,

gm|JrÔZ, ^méS>r, Jm|Yir Am»`mZ, nmodmS>o, bmdUr {MÌH$Wr hr Aem gmXarH$aUmMr {d{dY éno

hmoVr Ë`mZ§Va _wÐUmMm emoY bmJbm, _wÐUm_wio gm{hË`mMm àgma doJmZo Am{U _moR>çm à_mUmV

hmoÊ`mMr e³ Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. VerM gm{hË`mMr AmñdmXà{H«$`mhr ~Xbbr. gm{hË` hr g_whmZo

gmd©{ÌH$nUo AmñdmXÊ`mMr JmoîQ> hmoVr. Vr EH$Q>çmZo ImOJrnUo AZw dÊ`mMr ~m~ ~Zbr Ë`m_wio

gm{hË`mMr n[a_mUo ~Xbbr. nwT>o B§Q>aZoQ>Mm O_mZm Ambm.

^maVr` gm{hË`mV H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV H$mhr dmL²>_` àH$ma n[anwîQ> Pmbo, H$mhr énm§VarV Pmbo,

Va H$mhr {dbwßV hmoD$Z Jobo. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mV _hmH$mì` hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm H$mì`àH$ma hmoVm.

H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Vmo bwßV Pmbm. ~m§Jbm_Ü o _YwgwXZ XÎm `m§Zr "_oKZmXdY' ho am_mÙm{Y{ð>V

_hmH$mì` {b{hbo, na§Vw Ë`mMo ZmVo g§ñH¥$V _hmH$mì`mer ZgyZ B§p½be _hmH$mì`m§er hmoVo. _amR>rVrb

n§S>rV H$dtZr {b{hbobr Am»`mZo hr _hmH$mì` `m dmL²>_` àH$mamMr «îQ> Z³H$b hmoVr. V{_i_Yrb

"na{U' hm H$mì`àH$ma _hmH$mìÒ{ZV Agbm Var _hmH$mì`mMr ^ì`Vm Ë`m_Ü o Zmhr _amR>r H$dr

èd§V `m§Zr "N>ÌnVr {edam`' ho _hmH$mì` aMbo, Ë`mMo _hÎd Ho$di dmL²>_ oB{VhmgmVrb Zm|XrnwaVoM

am{hbo. g§ñH¥$V_Yrb nmM {dX½Y _hmH$mì o Am{U XmoZ V{_i _hmH$mì o EdT>çmnwaVmM "_hmH$mì`'

hm dmL²>_`àH$ma ^maVr` gm{hË`mV {g_rV Pmbm. ^maVr` ZmQ>H$mMm _yi YmJm hadyZ Zdo ^maVr`

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ZmQ>H$ CX`mg Ambo. H$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m {H$ñgm, XmñVm, H$hmÊ`m ho _wimVbo ^maVr` H$WmàH$ma bwßV

Pmbo. brim hm àH$ma _amR>r _hmZw md gm{hË`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Ë`mVM Vmo {déZ Jobm. EH$mo{Ugmì`m

eVH$mV H$Wm H$mX§~ar ho dmL²>_` àH$ma nmíMmË` gm{hË`mVyZ ^maVr` gm{hË`mV Ambo b{bV {Z~§Y

àdmgdU©Z, AmË_M[aÍ` ho dmL²>_` àH$mahr AgoM nmíMmË` gm{hË`mVyZ Ambo. ^maVr` gm{hË`mZo ho

Amnbogo Ho$bo.

eodQ>r gmaénmZo Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, ^maVr` gm{hË`mV Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMr EH$ EH$mË_Vm Amho.

H$maU {^Þ ^mfm§Vrb boIH$m§Mo ñ\y${V©ñWmZ g_mZ Amho. Am{U Ë`m§Mr ^mdZmË_H$ d kmZmË_H$

AZw yVrhr g_mZ Amho. `m XoemV Mm¡\o$a gmaIoM VmUVUmd H$m ©aV AgyZ Ë`mVyZ g_mZ dmL²>_`rZ

à{V{H«$`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV d gdmªZm g_mZ Aem àmŠH$Wm d à{V_m§Mm EH$ I{OZm {Z_m©U Pmbm

Amho. ^m{fH$ _mÜ`_ H$moUVohr Agmo, ^maVr` boIH$ d¡{eî`nyU© Agm ^maVr` ñdamV ~mobV AgVmo

Am{U Vo AJXr gmh{OH$M Amho.

namH$mîQ>oÀ`m {d{dYVoVyZ Am§V[aH$ EH$Vm XmI{dUmao ^maVr` gm{hË` BVa H$moUË`mhr amîQ´>r`

gm{hË`mnojm n¥WJmË_ Am{U Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm EH$sH$Sy>Z nmofH$ Am{U XþgarH$Sy>Z

AmìhmZmË_H$ Amho.

2.4 g_mamon/gmam§e

amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMr VwcZm CWi hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ "amîQ´>r` JwUY_m©da cj H|${ÐV Ho$co Va Vmo

VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg dadaMm Am{U CWi hmoB©c Ë`m_wio EH§$Xa amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo {dh§J_mdcmoH$Z

H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mda AWdm Ë`m-Ë`m amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mÀ`m {dH$gZ àd¥Îmrda VwcZm H|${ÐV H$aUo

cm^Xm`H$ R>aVo. {dídgm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm n{hë`m§Xm JVo `m§Zr dmnacr, Ë`m§Zr `moOcocr _yi O_©Z

g§km Weltilitaratur Aer hmoVr. H$mhr g_rjH$m§Zr {dídgm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm A{Ic OJmVrc _hmZ

gm{hË` H¥$VrMo ^m§S>ma `m AWm©Zo Cn`mo{Ococr Amho. ""{dídgm{hË` åhUOo {dídmVrc gJio gm{hË`

Aem AWuhr H$mhr g_rjH$m§Zr g§km dmnacocr Amho.


1. {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a : "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`', à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo.

2. dg§V ~mnQ> : "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg', _m¡O àH$meZ, nwUo.

3. AmZ§X nmQ>rc : "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` Zdo {gÜXm§V Am{U Cn`moOZ', gmHo$V àH$meZ, nwUo.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-3

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

3.0 C{ÔîQ>o

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 VwcZm-gm{hË`mä`mgmMo gmYZ

3.2.2 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd

3.2.3 VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n

3.2.4 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm CÔoe

3.2.5 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n

3.2.6 gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$ AmXmZàXmZ

3.2.7 AmXmZàXmZmMr H$maUo

3.3 g_mamon

3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©



3.7 A{YH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

3.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1. VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd g_OmdyZ KoUo.

2. VwcZm-gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ H$go Amho Vo g_OmdyZ KoUo.

3. dmL²>_` na§nam d dmL²>_`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd g_OmdyZ KoUo.

4. A{^ì`ŠVr ho gm{hË` {Z{_©VrMo gmYZ Amho, Vo g_OmdyZ KoUo.

5. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` d gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$ AmXmZàXmZmMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aUo.

àm.{dÇ>c Zm_Xod amoQ>o, _mohZamd nV§Jamd nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, ~moaJm§d, Vm. dmidm



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3.1 àmñVm{dH$

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hr gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr EH$ Zdr emIm Amho. "Vm¡c{ZH$' `m

{deofUm_wio `m gm{hË`mä`mgmcm Oo doJio n[a_mU àmßV hmoVo. VodT>çmnwaVrM MMm© _hÎdmMr Amho.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV VwcZm AmYma yV Amho, ho ñnîQ>M Amho. gm{hË`mä`mgmcm VwcZm hm _yc yV

AmYma Amho, hr JmoîQ> ghO cjmV oÊ`mOmoJr Amho. VwcZogmR>r EH$mnojm A{YH$ gm{hË`mMr Anojm

AgUma ho CKS> Amho. B§J«Or_Ü o 'Comparative Literature' Agm eãXà`moJ ê$T> Pmë`m_wio `m

{df`mÀ`m A{^YmZmdaM nwîH$i Q>rH$m Pmcr.

VwcZm hmM EH$ ñdV§Ì {gÜXm§V Amho Ago S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rc `m§Mo _V Amho. Vo åhUVmV,

""VwcZm hmM EH$ ñdV§Ì {gÜXm§V Amho. hr y{_H$m, EH$Xm R>m_nUo ñdrH$macr, åhUOo VwcZm hmM

dmL²>_` {Z{_©VrMm nm`m H$gm Amho, `mMm CcJS>m hmoV OmVmo.'' H$moUVmhr coIH$ {d{eîQ> {df`,

Vnerc, nmÌo d¡Jao {ZdS>VmZm VwcZm H$arVM AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m eãXm§À`m {ZdS>rVhr VwcZmË_H$Vm

A§J yV AgVoM.

gm{hË`mÀ`m {dMmamV VwcZo{edm` nmZ hcV Zmhr. gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m VwcZo_YyZM Amnë`m

Amnë`m _ZmVrc gm{hË`m{df`rMo VmaVå` {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJVo. gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV Oa VwcZm hr

Zoh_rM AmYma yV AgVo. Va H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mä`mgmcm, Vm¡c{ZH$ åhUmd`mg H$m` haH$V Amho,

Agm Amjon oWo ghOM {ZînÝZ hmoB©c. {d{eîQ> gm{hË`mä`mgmV AZwñ yV Agcocr VwcZm hr ghgm

AàH$Q> AgVo Am{U nwîH$idoim J¥{hVhr Yacocr AgVo. gm{hË`mMo CÎm_-_Ü`_-AY_Ëd R>a{dUo

Am{U _yë`H$ënZm {ZpíMV H$aUo. EdT>mM hoVy Aem VwcZo_mJo AgVmo. Šd{MV XmoZ coIH$m§À`m

àd¥ÎmtMr, {Z{_©VrMr VwcZm hmoV Zmhr Ago Zmhr. VodT>çmnwaVr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm§Mr nÜXVr

Adc§{~cr OmV Agochr. nU {d{eîQ> gm{hË`mä`mgmV hm ^mJ Jm¡UM AgVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m-

ä`mgmV _mÌ EH$mnojm A{YH$ gm{hË`m§À`m g§X^m©V àmU yV VÎd åhUyZ VwcZoMm CKS> A§JrH$ma

Ho$cocm AgVmo.

VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË` Aä`mgmMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$aVmZm _°cmoZ åhUVmV, ""dmL²>_`mä`mgmVrc

n[anyU© Anojm Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§Mo ^mZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mV R>odco OmVo. åhUyZ ho joÌ A{YH$

\$cXm`r Amho.'' VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmMo _hÎd AmO {ZpíMVM {Z{d©dmX Amho. AmOÀ`m wJmV

VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {d{^ÝZ ^mfm, e¡cr, amîQ´> VgoM Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXtZm AmnU

EH$mMdoir Aä`mgmgmR>r KoD$ eH$Vmo.

XmoZ {^ÝZ amîQ´>o AWdm XmoZ nañna {^ÝZ g§ñH¥$Vr ømV AmXmZàXmZ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZìhVr.

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nU {OV OoVo g§~§Ym_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{Z_` hm ^mfm, gm{hË`, AmMma{dMma Aem AZoH$ joÌm§V KSy>Z

oVmo. Ë`m_wio VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd, dmL²>_`mMm Aä`mg, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$

AmXmZàXmZ à{H«$`m Aä`mgUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

{^ÝZ ^mfmVrc gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo hm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm EH$ CÔoe Amho, Á`m_wio Ë`m

gm{hË`mMo CÀM A{^kmZ d agmñdmXZ hmoB©c. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m ^mfm§Vrc gm{hË`m{df`r gd©g_mdoe

Aem {dMmaYmaoMm {dH$mg hmoB©c. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o àmMrZ qH$dm AmYw{ZH$Vocm \$mago

_hÎd Zmhr. dñVwpñWVr Aer Amho H$s, Oo VwcZm H$aUmao AgVo Vo Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo {df`

~ZVo.

3.2.1 VwcZm-gm{hË`mä`mgmMo gmYZ

H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmMm Aä`mg H$aVodoir VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmcm _hÎd àmßV hmoVo.

g§emoYZ Am{U VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_Ü o H$mhr {deofVm {XgyZ oVmV. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o

J§ ra AÝdofU, narjU, {ZîH$f©, gm{hpË`H$, g_rjm B. à{H«$`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo.

VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``ZmMr Cn`mo{JVm ñnîQ> H$aVmZm S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rc åhUVmV, ""OJ EH$ Amho

Ago {dkmZ åhUVo, nU AmnU Ka H$ê$Z amhVmo Vo OJ EH$ Zmhr, Ë`mV gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ dJ¡ao nÜXVtMr {d{dYVm Amho. Aem {dKQ>Z nmdcoë`m OJmV AZoH$mV EH$Vm emoYm`cm

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` Cn`moJr nS>Vo.'' dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc "dmL²>_`' dm gm{hË` Am{U VwcZm

`m§À`m gmhM`m©VyZ {dH${gV Pmcocr "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V

à{VîR>m nmdcocr Amho.

_mUgmMo {dMma VwcZoÀ`m AmYmam{edm` ApñVËdmVM oD$ eH$V Zmhr. "A' hm "~' Amho

qH$dm "A' hm "~' Zmhr. hr VH©$emñÌmVrc H$moaS>r {dYmZoXoIrc VwcZm_wŠVM AgVmV. gJio VH©$

H$ënZm{díd ho VwcZo{edm` eŠ`M Zmhr. H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr Amncm AmË_{ZîR> {dMma Xþgè`mcm gm§Jy

BpÀN>Vo. Voìhm gmå`-d¡î`_mMm AmYma KoD$ZM dñVw{ZîR> åhUyZ ê$T> hmoVo. AmnU dmnaVmo Vo àË oH$

{deofU gmnoj Am{U åhUyZ VwcZm{YpîR>V AgVo. gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV Va CŠV Am{U AZwŠV VwcZm

gd©ì`mnr Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. _mZdr _ZmÀ`m ì`dhmamV VwcZmVËd AZmXr H$mimnmgyZ A{Ve`

_hÎdmMo R>aco Amho.

gm{hË`mÀ`m VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgm{df`r dg§V ~mnQ> åhUVmV, ""H$moUË`mhr H$dr{df`r AWdm

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coIH$m{df`r hmoUmar Amncr YmaUm Zoh_r AÝ`gmnojM AgVo. g§ñH¥$V H$dtÀ`m _m{cHo$V ì`mg,

dmpë_H$s, ^mg, H$m{cXmg, ^d yVr BË`mXtZm AmnU _hÎd XoVmo Vo àH$Q> qH$dm AàH$Q> VwcZoÀ`mM

gmhmæ`mZo Am{U Vo _hÎd BVam§Zm XoV Zmhr `mMo H$maUhr VoM. AmnU dmMcoë`m gm{hË`mMm EH$

CR>mdmMm ZH$mem Amnë`m _ZmV V`ma hmoVmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m_Ü o CÎmw§J {eIao H$moUmgmR>r, gnmQ>rda

dñVr H$moUmMr Am{U Xè`mImoè`m§V H$moUmcm Q>mH$md`mMo `mMm AmnU ZH$iV {dMma Ho$cocm AgVmo.

`mMmM AW© Agm H$s, Ë`m gm{hË`mÀ`m A§VJ©V Agcoë`m gm{hpË`H$m§Mm VgoM gm{hË`H¥$VtMm AmnU

VwcZoZo {dMma H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mMo ñWmZ R>adVmo.'' åhUOoM _yë`_mnZmË_H$ ÑîQ>r AmnUmOdi

Agë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mMr g_rjm Aä`mg hmoV Zmhr.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` `m g§H$ënZocm dmL²>_` d dmL²>_`mä`mgmÀ`m AW©nyU© g§H$ënZoMo `moJXmZ

cm^mdo. hm A_o[aH$Z VwcZmH$mam§Mm AmJ«h am{hcm Amho. H$maU Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm Iam \$m`Xm

EH$mnojm A{YH$ amîQ´>m§Vrc gm{hË`H¥$VtMm {dMma H$aÊ`mV Amho. XmoZ ^mfm§V H$m_ H$aÊ`mV

VwcZmH$mam§Mr H$gmoQ>r cmJVo. {H$_mZ XmoZ ^mfm§À`m AmYmao VwcZm H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr. hoM Ë`mMo

hË`ma Amho. nU Ë`m hË`mamMm dmna H$gm H$amdm ho Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` gm§JV Zmhr. åhUOo

"VwcZm' hm gmYZmda Aä`mgH$m§Mm Vm~m am{hcm nm{hOo. Aä`mgH$mZo Amncm H$ãOm KoVm H$m_m

Z o. dmL²>_`mä`mgmnmgyZ "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`' H$go doJio Amho, ho Ë`m g§H$ënZoV ñnîQ> ìhm`cm

hdo.

S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rc Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r Mma J¥{hVHo$ gm§JVmV Vr WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rc

à_mUo :-

1) Aä`mg d g§emoYZmV gm{hË`H¥$Vrda àH$me nS>mdm, {VMo agJ«hU ìhmdo ho J¥{hV AgVo.

dmL²>_`mVrc H$cmH¥$Vrda Zdm àH$me nS>V Zmhr, Vmon ªV Aer {M{H$Ëgm Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mMm ^mJ ~ZV Zmhr.

2) gm{hË`H¥$VrMo {dícofU {VÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m©VM H$amdo, ho J¥{hV Yaco OmVo. ho g§X ©

Ho$di ^m{fH$ qH$dm amOH$s` _`m©Xm§n ªV Wm§~V ZmhrV. VwcZmH$mamcm H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m

~m¡pÜXH$ d dmL²>_`rZ g§X^m©À`m {demc Mm¡H$Q>rMo ^mZ Agmdo cmJVo.

3) gm{hË` hr _mZdr H$ënZmeŠVrMr {Z{_©Vr Amho. Vr àË`jmW©dmXr (Positivistic)

{M{H$Ëgocm ~ir nS>V Zmhr. _m{hVr g§H$cZmV àË`jmW©dmXr {dkmZmVrc V§ÌmMo \$m`Xo

~è`mM doim hmoVmV. na§Vw Ho$di àË`jmW©dmXr nwamdo Am{U nÜXVrda {dg§~yZ gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m

AW© d _yë`_mnZm{df`rÀ`m {ZîH$fm©àV nmohmoMVm oV Zmhr.

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4) dmL²>_`H¥$VrMm g§nyU© AW© d A§{V_ _yë`_mnZ Ho$di VwcZoÛmamM {gÜX hmoUo eŠ` Amho.

nmíMmË` dmL²>_` EH$ Amho, n[anyU© Amho, Agm Xmdm VÁk H$aVmV, na§Vw Vo EoŠ` àdmhr

Amho.

darc J¥{hVH$m§Zm g_moa R>odyZ Aä`mgH$m§Mo AW©nyU© H$m_ VwcZm H$aÊ`mMo Amho. Ë`mMm hoVy \$ŠV

gm{hË`mH¥$Vr g_OÊ`mV d {VÀ`m AmñdmXmV â KmcÊ`mMm Agcm nm{hOo. _°cmoZZo gm{hË`H¥$Vr

g_OyZ KoÊ`mda OmñV â {Xcocm Amho. à^md {M{H$Ëgm, dmL²>_` nH$mam§Mm B{Vhmg, H$ënZm d

X§VH$Wm§Mr H$ma{H$X© Aem Aä`mgmnojm Vmo XmoZ gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ dmMZmVyZ e¡crVrc,

gmä` oX, Z_wZo d H$ënZm§Vrc \$aH$ `mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mda Omoa XoVmo. EH$m g§{hVoV à{VH$mË_H$VoZo

ì`ŠV Pmcoë`m AZw dm§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Am{U ì`m{_lVm `mMr VwcZm Xþgè`m g§{hVoV ì`ŠV

Pmcoë`m AZw dmÀ`m n[aUm_H$Voer Am{U ì`m{^lVoer H$aUo åhUOoM gm{hË`mMo _yë`_mnZ hmo .

AmXe© VwcZmH$ma EH$ g§{hV Xþgè`m g§{hVm§er OmoSy>Z Vm¡c{ZH$ _yë`_mnZ H$am`cm A{YH$ `mo½`

AgVmo. EH$mnojm A{YH$ ^mfm§Vrc qH$dm amîQ´>m§Vrc dmL²>_` Aä`mgVmo, åhUyZ Vmo H$mhr VwcZmH$ma

R>aV Zmhr. XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ amîQ´>m§Vrc dmL²>_`mer Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` {ZJS>rV AgVo. dmL²>_`mä`mgmVrc

n[anyU© Anojm Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§Mo ^mZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mV R>odco OmVo, åhUyZ ho joÌ A{YH$

\$cXm`r Amho, Ago Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMo OmoaXma g_W©Z _°cmoZZo Ho$co Amho.

3.2.2 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo {dídgm{hË`mcm EH${ÌV AmUco OmD$ eH$Vo Am{U H$_rV H$_r

H$îQ>mV {dídgm{hË`mMo kmZ {_idy eH$Vmo. VgoM Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_wio Aä`mgH$mcm Amnë`m

gm{hË`m~amo~aM BVa ^mfoVrc qH$dm BVa gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m JwUXmofm§Mr _m{hVr Va hmoVoM na§Vw

Ë`mÀ`m~amo~aM Amnë`m gm{hË`mMr C§Mr qH$dm loîR>Vm gwÜXm _m{hVr hmoVo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_wio

Aä`mgH$m§Zr ÑîQ>r ì`mnH$ ~Zy eH$Vo. VgoM Aä`mgH$ {M{H$ËgH$ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

{^ÝZ ^mfm§Vrc gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm _yi CÔoe Amho. `m Aä`mgmZo

gd© gm{hË`mMo CÀM A{^kmZ d agmñdmXZ hmoD$Z Ë`m ^mfmVrc gm{hË`m{df`r gd©g_mdoeH$

{dMmaYmam {Z_m©U hmoB©c. VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_wio {d{dY amîQ´>, amÁ` VgoM XmoZ g§ñH¥${V_Ü ohr

AmXmZàXmZ eŠ` Amho. VwcZo_Ü o EH$ loîR> Xþgar H${ZîR> Agm amoI ZgyZ gmYå © d¡Yå`m©À`m

VwcZo_YyZ XmoÝhr gm{hË`H¥$VtMo A§Va§J A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m[aVrZo g_OyZ KoUo Ano{jV AgVo. VgoM loîR>

Aem gm{hpË`H$m§Mo AmH$cZ H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo nyd©J«h Xw{fVVm Z R>odVm A{YH$ dñVw{ZîR>nUo H$aVm

oVo. VgoM XmoZ loîR>H$cmH¥$VtÀ`m Aä`mgmZo d¡pídH$ _yë`m§Mr OmUrd hmoVo. gm{hË` {Z{_©VrVrc

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AZoH${dYVm, AZoH$Vm `mMo ^mZ oVo. Amnë`m ^mfo~ÔcMm, gm{hË`m~ÔcMm ZH$mamË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ

~Xcy eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio BVa ^mfoMm d gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hmoUo, gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ

~XcUo `m {H«$`m AmnmoAmn KSy>Z oVmV. BVa gm{hË`mMo H$m¡VwH$ d g{hîUwVm H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U

hmoVo.

VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmMo _hÎd AmO {Z{d©dmX Amho. AmOÀ`m H$mimV VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmZo

{d{^ÝZ ^mfm, e¡cr, amîQ´> VgoM Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXtZm AmnU EH$mMdoir Aä`mgmgmR>r oD$

eH$Vmo. Amncm n[aga qH$dm EH$m _`m©{XV joÌmVyZ ~mhoa oD$Z g_mZ qH$dm amîQ´>mÀ`m ì`mnH$

àXoemn ªV nmohMy eH$Vmo. AmnU ñdV:cm loîR> g_OÊ`mÀ`m ^mdZoMm cmon hmoVmoM nU VwcZmË_H$

Aä`mgmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Xþgè`m§À`m gm{hËH¥$VtZm loîR> R>a{dVmo.

VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo ^maVr` gm{hË` d nmíMmË` gm{hË`mVrc loîR>-H${ZîR>, Mm§Jco-

dmB©Q>, ñV[a`-AñV[a` Ago _yë`_mnZ H$aVm oVo. Aem nÜXVrZo Aä`mg Pmë`mg Amnë`m ^maVr`

gm{hË`mcm loîR> d XOm©Ë_H$ ñdê$n àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$di gmå`

d¡få` àH$Q> H$aUmam ZgyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ àd¥ÎmtÀ`mÛmam _mZdr` H$m ©joÌmVrc AÝ` joÌmVrc nma§n[aH$

g§~§YmVyZhr àmßV hmoUmam AgVmo. VgoM XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfm d gm{hË`mVrc gm{hË`H$mam§Mr VwcZm

Ho$ë`mZ§VaM Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, _mZ{gH$ qH$dm d¡Mm[aH$ B. JmoîQ>tMm, Ë`m§À`m IaonUmMm

nÎmm cmJVmo.

Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgm_wio amîQ´>mÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü o Omo \$m`Xm hmoVmo, Ë`m g§X^m©V dg§V ~mnQ>

åhUVmV, ""_mZd{dÚm_Ü o (Humanities) `m {dÚoMo AmJio ñWmZ Amho, AmVm Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o

{^ÝZ-{^ÝZ _mZdg_mO AmnAmnë`m dVw©imV Zm§XUma ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mm nañnam§da gVV n[aUm_

hmoUma Amho Am{U `m n[aUm_m§Mo dm à^mdm§Mo _w»` dmhZ gm{hpË`H$ AgUma AmhoV. `mMr OmUrd

Á`mcm Amho Ë`mcm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd nQ>oc.'' VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmMo _hÎd g§nyU©

_mZdOmVrÀ`m EH$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m H$ënZocm OmoSy>Z dg§V ~mnQ>m§Zr `m Aä`mgnÜXVrMo _hÎd ñnîQ>

Ho$co Amho.

3.2.3 VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n

XmoZ ì`ŠVr, dñVy, àd¥Îmr, g_mO, dJ©, g§ñH¥$Vr, na§nam, YmaUm, _mÝ`Vm AmXr {df`m§_Yrc

gmå` oXm§Mr _r_m§gm H$aUo åhUOo Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hmo . VwcZm H$aUo hm _mZdmMm ñdm^m{dH$

Y_© Amho. VwcZm _mZdmcm àJVrerc ~Z{dVo. VwcZoVyZ H$moUË`mhr EH$m dñVyMr, ì`ŠVrMr Xþgè`m

dñVy AWdm ì`pŠVÀ`m JwUXmofm§Mr VwcZm H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc loîR> H${ZîR>Vocm A{^ì`ŠV H$aUo hmo .

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VwcZoMo ho g§X © ì`mdhm[aH$ Agco Var gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm VwcZoZo A{YH$ ì`mnH$Vm àmßV

hmoVo. AmnU VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mg H$aVmZm AmnUmcm A{YH$ Xj ahmdo cmJVo. gm{hË`m_Ü o

g_rjH$mMr Or y{_H$m AgVo, VerM y{_H$m Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgH$mMr Agmdr cmJVo. Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mg H$aVmZm H$mhr gyÌo hmVr oVmV :-

1) Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` hr gm{hpË`H$ B{VhmgmMr emIm Amho. Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda hr emIm

~¡Q>Z Am{U nwñH$sZ, JQ>o Am{U H$mcm©B©c, ñH$mQ> Am{U {d½Or Aem coIH$m§_Ü o

AgUmè`m WoQ> gm{hpË`H$ g§nH$m©da ^mî` H$aVo. - Or. E_. H$a}.

2) Am§VaamîQ´>r` gm{hpË`H$ AZw~§YmMm B{Vhmg åhUOo Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` hmo . - J`mS>©.

3) Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Z ho Zdo {dkmZ AgyZ Vo àm_w»`mZo {d{dY gm{hË`mVrc nañna AÝ`moZ

g§~§YmVrc g_ñ`m§da g§emoYZ H$aVo. - Aå_m g¡Q²>Q>mao{d½Zmg.

4) Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Z hr gm{hpË`H$ g_ñ`m§Mr Aä`mg H$aUmar emIm Amho. Á`mV EH$mhÿZ

A{YH$ gm{hË` Jw§Vcoco AgVo. - Zaoe Jwhm.

darc gyÌm§Mm {dMma H$aVm EH$g_mZ VÎd {XgVo Vo åhUOo- gm{hË`mä`mg. hm EH$mnojm A{YH$

gm{hË`H¥$Vter g§~§{YV AgVmo. `mdê$Z Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg åhUOo {d{dY Xoe AWdm doJdoJiçm

^mfoer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m coIH$m§_Ü o MmcUmè`m gm{hpË`H$ XodmU-KodmUmMr g_rjm hmo . nU

`mMm AW© Agm Zmhr H$s, nañna g§nH©$ Zgcoë`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMo Vm¡c{ZH$ nÜXVrZo Aä`mg hmoD$ eH$V

Zmhr. AcrH$S>o Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm ñdê$nm_Ü o ~Xc hmoD$Z XmoZ nañna {^ÝZ AWdm nañna

Añn{e©V H¥$VtMohr Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo.

VwcZmË_H$ AÜ``ZmMo ñdê$n R>a{dV AgVmZm g¡ÜXm§{VH$ _m§S>UrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {^ÝZ

^mfm§Vrc ^m{fH$ gm{hË`mVrc A§V:g§~§Y emoYUo ho Ho$di Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Zm_wioM gmÜ` hmoVo.

gm{hË` AWdm gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``ZmgmR>r H$moUVrhr {Z{X©ñV Mm¡H$Q> AgV Zmhr. `mgmR>r

Vm¡c{ZH$ {ZH$fm§Mr aMZm Amdí`H$ AgVo. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo Imcrc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao VwcZm Ho$cr OmD$

eH$Vo.

1. H$mcI§S>mÀ`m AmYmao :-

`m_Ü o XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc AWdm EH$mM H$mcI§S>m_Ü o {c{IV gm{hË` AWdm gm{hpË`H$

àdmhmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. CXm. "_hmamîQ´>mVrc dmaH$ar g§VH$dtMm CÎma ^maVmVrc Voamì`m,

Mm¡Xmì`m d n§Yamì`m eVH$mVrc VÎdkmZ Am{U dmL²>_`mda nS>cocm à^md.' qH$dm qhXrVrc "qhXr

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Am¡a _amR>r Ho$ CnÝ`mgm|_o Zmar OrdZ H$m {MÌU (1880 Vo 1940 B©. VH$) AemàH$mao H$mcI§S>mÀ`m

AmYmao VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_Ü o H$moUË`mhr H$mcI§S>mMm AmYma KoD$Z VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mg

H$aVm oVmo.

2. {df`mÀ`m AmYmao :-

XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc AWdm EH$mM ^mfo_Ü o EH$mM {df`mda {c{hë`m Jocoë`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMm

Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo AWdm {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc qH$dm EH$m ^mfoVrc, EH$mM {df`mda coIZ

Ho$coë`m gm{hpË`H$m§Mo AÜ``Zhr `m àH$mam_Ü o Ho$co OmVo. na§Vw Aer VwcZm H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m

gm{hpË`H$m§_Ü o cjUr` g§~§Y AWdm g_mZm§e AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. CXm. "_hm^maVmdarc _amR>r d

H$ÝZS>_Yrc H$mX§~è`m§À`m Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg' qH$dm "_amR>r g§VdmL²>_`mda `moJdm{gîR>mMo Pmcoco

n[aUm_' Aem nÜXVrZo _yi {df`mÀ`m AmYmao VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.

3. ^mdZoÀ`m AmYmao :-

^maV Xoem_Ü o amhUmè`m gd©M gm{hpË`H$m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm OdiOdi EH$gmaIr AgVo. Var

nU Amnë`m _mZ{gH$Vocm gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$dr qH$dm coIH$ ^mdZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

A{^ì`ŠV H$aV AgVmV. AemM XmoZ g_mZ ^mdZm§Zm KoD$Z VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. CXm.

"gwaXmg A{U g§V EH$ZmW `m§À`m gm{hË`mVrc H¥$îU ^ŠVrÀ`m ^mdZoMm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg' qH$dm

"Jmoñdm_r VwcgrXmg Am{U g_W©Jwê$ am_Xmg `m§Mm ^pŠV^mdZoMm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg.'

4. dmVmdaUmÀ`m AmYmao :-

XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc AWdm EH$mM ^mfoVrc coIH$m§Zr gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Ü o {M{ÌV Ho$coë`m

dmVmdaU `m KQ>H$mcm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ Ho$coco AÜ``Z åhUOo dmVmdaUmÀ`m AmYmamda Vm¡c{ZH$

AÜ``Z hmo . Ogo "aU{OV XogmB© Am{U {edmOr gmd§V `m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mX§~è`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmao

dmVmdaU' qH$dm H$ÝZS>_Yrc "{Jare H$Zm©S>' Am{U {dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§À`m ZmQ>H$mVyZ à{Vq~{~V

hmoUmao dmVmdaU' Aem {df`mVyZ dmVmdaU `m KQ>H$mYmao Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$aVm oVo.

5. Ame`mÀ`m AmYmao :-

doJdoJiçm coIH$m§À`m gm{hË`mVrc Ame` H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV doJdoJio Agy eH$VmV.

na§Vw H$mhr doim ^mfm doJir AgyZgwÜXm Ame` _mÌ EH$gmaIo AgVmV, Voìhm Aem {df`m§À`m AmYmao

VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. CXm. "ñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrc H$mX§~arVrc

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Ame`gyÌm§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg' qH$dm _wpŠV~moY Am{U ^m. am. Vm§~o `m§À`m H${dVm§Mm Ame`mÀ`m

AmYmao VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg.

6. H$WZmÀ`m AmYmao :-

{d{dY coIH$m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc H$WZ {df` H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV doJdoJio Agy eH$VmV.

~è`mMdoim ^mfm doJdoJir Agcr Var H$WZ{df` EH$gmaImM AgVmo. Voìhm Aem gm{hË`H¥$VtMm

Aä`mg `màH$mao H$aVm oVmo. CXm. "h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§À`m nU cjmV H$moU KoVmo? Am{U H$ÝZS>_Yrc

~moima ~m~wam` `m§Mr dm½Xodr `m H$mX§~è`m§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg.'

7. e¡crÀ`m AmYmao :-

Hw$Urhr H$cmH$ma Amnë`m H¥$Vrcm AmH$f©H$ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r aMZoMo Zdo doJdoJio à`moJ H$arV

AgVmo. {d{dY ^mfoVrc gm{hpË`H$m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m Ë`m§À`m aMZm H$m¡eë`mMm VwcZmË_H$

Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. CXm. "_amR>r Am{U qhXrVrc H$mX§~è`m§Mm e¡crÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg' qH$dm

"_amR>rVrc gw{ZVm§Mm e¡crÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg.'

AemàH$mao darc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao gm{hË`mMm qH$dm gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVm

òVmo.

3.2.4 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm CÔoe

_mZdd§emÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm OodT>r H$mhr VÎdo AmYma^yV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mgmV g_mdoe H$am`cm hdm. dg§V ~mnQ>m§À`m _Vo, ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm hoVy H$m`?

`m àíZmMo CÎma BVa _mZdr {dÚm§Mm Omo hoVy AgoM Úmdo cmJoc.'' Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo

g§emoYH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ ì`mnH$ ~Zy eH$Vmo. amîQ´>r` d Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU d {dícofU

hmoD$ eH$Vmo. EH$m {dñV¥V n[aàoŠË`mVrc {d{dY ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z H$aUo Á`mVyZ Ë`m

gm{hË`mMo A{^kmZ, agmñdmX hmoB©c Am{U Ë`m ^mfoVrc gm{hË`m{df`r {d{eîQ> {dMmaYmam§Mm {dH$mg

hmoB©c.

VgoM AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm_wio OJ Odi oV AgVmZm `m {d{^ÝZ Xoem§_Ü o _mZdVmdmX, {díd-

_mZdVmdmX, _mZdmVrc ~§Yw mdmMr ^mdZm d¥pÜX¨JV hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmX²dmao

AmnU hm {díd_mZdVmdmX Omonmgy eH$Vmo. VgoM EH$m gm{hË`H¥$VrMr Xþgè`m gm{hË`H¥$Vrer VwcZm

H$aUo hm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm CX²Xoe Amho. na§Vw `m VwcZoX²dmao gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc loîR> H${ZîR>Vm

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XmI{dUo J¡a Amho. CcQ> {d{dY ^mfoVrc gm{hË`H¥$VtÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Zm_wio Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

EH$ê$nVm, g_mZVm VgoM {d{^ÝZVoMo {dícofU H$aVm oVoh. Oo kmZmMr H$jm ê§$XmdÊ`mg _XV

H$aVmV.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg§~§Yr Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Zm_wio kmZmMm {dñVma

hmoVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ AÜ``Zm_wio ì`ŠVr Amnco amÁ`, Xoe, ^mfm Am{U H$mimMr ~§YZo PwJmê$Z {díd

gm{hË` d _mZd AmXr g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao {díd~§YwVm hr g§H$ënZm éOdy eH$Vmo. VgoM Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ XmoZ OrdZ e¡ctMm n[aM` hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$

VÎdm§Mo kmZ gm{hË`mVyZ {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVr, g_mOOrdZmÀ`m AmYmao hmoVo. nañnam§À`m AmMma-

{dMmam§Mr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. nañnam§À`m ^mfoMo gm_Ï © cjmV oD$ eH$Vo. XmoZ {^ÝZ ^m{fH$

gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg åhUOo XmoZ {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg åhUOo XmoZ {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ g_mOmÀ`m

g§ñH¥$VrMmM Aä`mg AgVmo. `m ÑîQ>rZo àmXo{eH$ ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ ^maVmVrc {Za{Zamiçm

àXoemVrc g§ñH¥$VtMr AmoiI hmoD$Z ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV àmXo{eH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo ñWmZ

cjmV oVo. Ë`mVyZ amîQ´>r` EH$mË_VoMm ^md {dH${gV hmoVmo.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ AÝ` ^mfoMr àH¥$Vr Am{U gm{hË` na§naoMo kmZ AmnUmg hmoVo.

Ë`mVyZ XmoÝhr ^mfoV g_¥ÜXVm oD$ eH$Vo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV XmoÝhr ^mfoVrc åhUr, dmŠàMma

`m§À`mVrc gmYå ©-d¡Yå`m©Mm {dMma H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo. dmŠàMma Am{U åhUr `m§À`mV g_yhOrdZmMm

AZw d Am{U na§namJV ehmUnU Wisdom gmR>{dcoco AgVo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo C{ÔîQ>

ñnîQ> H$aVmZm S>m°. {Z{eJ§Ym ì`dhmao åhUVmV H$s, ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ ^maVmVrc {d{^ÝZ

^mfm§Zm nañnam§À`m Odi AmUVm oVo. EH$_oH$m§Zm g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVm oVo. VgoM

doJdoJiçm ^mfoVrc gm{hË` na§nam§Mr _m{hVrhr hmoVo. _mÌ, `mgmR>r Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgH$mcm

~hþ mfH$ hmoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Amnë`m _mV¥ mfoMr Apñ_Vm OmonmgV ~hþ mfH$ hmoUo hr

AmOÀ`m H$mimMr VgoM Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr JaO Amho.'' VgoM _amR>r ^mfm Am{U

gm{hË`mnwaVo ~mocm`Mo Pmë`mg _amR>r gm{hË`mcm g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V, AY©_mJYr `m ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mÀ`m

àoaUm cm^coë`m AmhoV. B§J«Or gm{hË`mH$Sy>Z d gm{hpË`H$mH$Sy>Zhr AmnU gm{hË`{df`H$ H$mhr EH$

KoVcoco Amho. _amR>r gm{hË`mcm EH$ g§nÝZ Am{U g_¥ÜX na§nam Amho. hr na§nam A{YH$ d¥pÜX¨JV

H$amd`mMr Agoc, g§nÝZ ~Zdm`Mr Agoc Va AÝ` ^mfoVrc gm{hË` na§naoMr d gm{hË`mMr AmoiI

H$ê$Z KoUo hohr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo C{ÔîQ> R>ê$ eH$Vo.

Am{U EH$ _hÎdmMo C{ÔîQ> åhUOo {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm

Ë`m gm{hË`mMr gO©ZmË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ço cjmV KoD$Z Amnë`m ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mÀ`m gO©ZmË_H$

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d¡{eîQ>çm§er Ë`m§Mr VwcZm H$ê$Z H$mhr EH$ doJionU AmT>ië`mg Ë`mMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aVm

oB©c. VgoM "EH$mnojm A{YH$' hr g§H$ënZm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV ê$Oy eHo$c. åhUOoM

_amR>r-B§J«Or-\«|$M Aem VrZ qH$dm A{YH$ ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg hmoD$ eHo$c.

VgoM {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc gm{hË` na§nao~amo~aM Ë`m ^m{fH$ g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr d yàXoemMrhr

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mcm _m{hVr hmoB©c. H$maU gm{hË` g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`mVrc

nañnag§~§Y {ZH$Q>Mo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm yàXoe,

g_mOdmñVd d g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. g_mOmÀ`m OS>UKS>Urda, ^mfoda,

H$cm{dîH$mamda, B{Vhmgmda ^m¡Jmo{cH$ n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo d `m gmè`mMo à{Vq~~

gm{hË`mV nS>V AgVo.

3.2.5 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r Zo_Ho$ gm{hË` H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo Agmdo `m~m~V S>m°. {Z{eJ§Ym

ì`dhmao nwT>rcà_mUo {ZH$f cmdVmV.

1) g_H$mcrZ gm{hË`.

2) g_H$mcrZ coIH$.

3) gm{hË`mÀ`m g_mZàd¥Îmr.

4) gm{hË`mVrc g_mZ {dMmagaUr.

5) g_mZ gm{hË`àH$ma.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmgmR>r XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc g_H$mcrZ _hÎdmMo coIH$, H$dr d

Ë`m§Mo gm{hË`, g_H$mcrZ {dMmaàUmcr, nwañH¥$V gm{hË`, g_H$mcrZ gm{hË` na§nam, àoaUm

Am{U àd¥Îmr_ycH$ gm{hË`mMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc gmYå ©-d¡Yå`m©Mr VwcZm Ho$cocr AgVo.

CXm. _amR>r qhXrVrc g§VH${dVm, g§V VwH$mam_ dg§V H$~ra `m§À`m H$mì`mVrc gm_m{OH$Vm,

VgoM g_H$mcrZ {dMmaàUmcr, g_mO OrdZmMo {MÌU, gm{hË`mÀ`m àd¥Îmr hr VÎdo ñdrH$mê$Z XmoZ

{^ÝZ ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. CXm. _amR>r d H$ÞS> ^mfoVrc nm¡am{UH$

dmL²>_`.

EImXm {d{eîQ> gm{hË`àH$ma KoD$Zhr Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$,

H${dVm§Mm XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfoVrc coIH$m§À`m {dMmamda AmYm[aV Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aoc. CXm. _amR>r-

H$mZS>r H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$ H${dVm, _amR>r-qhXrVrc gm{hpË`H$m§Mr AmË_M[aÌo, _amR>r-JwOamWrVrc

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AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm dmL²>_` VgoM XmoZ {^ÝZ g§ñH¥$VrVrc, {dMmaYmaoVrc coIH$m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm d

Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ nÜXVrZo H$aVm oB©c, Ë`m§À`m gm{hË` {Z{_©VrVrc àoaUm,

Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n-{deof, gm{hË`mMo doJionU, gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moZ B.

dmL²>_`rZ {M{H$Ëgm Vm¡c{ZH$ nÜXVrZo H$aVm oB©c. CXm. _amR>r-qhXrVrc H$Wmco{IH$m. _amR>r-

B§J«OrVrc ZmQ>çcoIH$.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {ZH$fm~m~V S>m°. {Z{eJ§Ym ì`dhmao åhUVmV, ""Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mg'' hm XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfm§Vrc gm{hË`mMm VwcZr` KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao Ho$cocm g_rjUmË_H$

Aä`mgM AgVmo, Ago åhUVm oVo. gm{hË`-g_rjm ì`dhmamV gm{hË`_yë o, OrdZ_yë o, H$cmË_H$Vm

BË`mXr AmYmao AmnU gm{hË`H¥$VrMo VwcZmË_H$ _yë`m§H$Z H$arVM AgVmo. EImXr gm{hË`H¥$Vr Mm§Jcr

Amho, loîR> Amho qH$dm H$cmË_H$ÑîQ>çm gm_mÝ` Amho, Ago Ooìhm AmnU Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m g_rjoV

Amncm A{^àm` Zm|X{dVmo Vmo AmnU {ZpíMV Ho$coë`m VwcZr` KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao, gm{hË`_yë`m§À`m

AmYmao, VgoM Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ g_mOmÀ`m gm{hË`mVrc gmå` ñWim§Mm emoY

KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm A{^àoV AgVo. VgoM g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`m doJionUmMm gm{hË`mda

H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo, `mMm doY KoUohr A{^àoV AgVo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV XmoZ {^Þ ^mfo_Yrc

gm{hË`mVrc gmaIonUm d doJionUm H$moUH$moUË`m gm{hË`m§VJ©V VgoM gm{hË`~mø KQ>H$m§VyZ Amcocm

Amho `mMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mcm _hÎd AgVo.

3.2.6 gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$ AmXmZàXmZ

gm{hË`mVrc AmXmZàXmZ ho _Zmoa§OH$ d CX²~moYH$ AgVo. hr AmXmZàXmZmMr à{H«$`m A{VàmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcocr Amho. na§Vw `m à{H«$ oMm doJ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dmT>ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

gm{hË` ho {c{IV d _m¡{IH$ Agë`mZo _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mV AmXmZàXmZmMr eŠ`Vm OmñV AgVo.

CXm. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrc H$Wm-H$hmÊ`m§Mr Pmcocr XodmUKodmU {Za{Zamiçm cmoH$g_yhmV cmoH$-

OrdZmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ åhUyZ _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr d àMcZ Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ Vo

AmVmn ªV {Q>Hy$Z am{hcoco Amho. doXH$mi, am_mÙ-_hm^maV, nwamUH$mi, B{VhmgH$mi, _Ü` wJrZ

H$mi Vo Adm©MrZ H$mi Agm _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMm àdmg Pmcocm Amho. VgoM ^maVmVrc ~è`mM

H$Wm nmíMmË` XoemV Joë`m VoWrc ^mfoV `m H$Wm§Mr ^mfm§Vao hr Pmcocr AmhoV. EH$m ^mfoVrc H$Wm

Xþgè`m ^m{fH$ g_yhmV Agohr `m gm{hË`mMo AmXmZàXmZ hmoVmZm {XgVo. ^maVmVrc gm{hË`XoemV

^mfm§VarV Pmcoco Amho. ~¥hËH$Wm, n§MV§Ì, H$Wm-g[aËgmJa, OmVH$H$Wm B. H$Wm gm{hË` wamon_Ü o

Joco, Va {ZH$S>À`m BgmnH$Wm, Aao{~`Z ZmB©Q>À`m H$Wm ^maVmV Amë`m. `m AmXmZàXmZmMr H$maUo

AZoH$ AmhoV.

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3.2.7 AmXmZàXmZmMr H$maUo

1. ^Q>Ho$ Am{U {\$añVr cmoH$gy_h ({Oßgr) :-

OJm_Yrc ^Q>Š`m O_mVtMr BH$S>À`m H$hmÊ`m {VH$S>o nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ A{Ve` ì`mnH$

à_mUmda Ho$coco Amho, Ë`m§Zm {Oßgr åhUVmV. Am§Y«àXoemnmgyZ amOñWmZ, ~cw{MñVmZ `m _mJm©Zo _Ü`

Am{e`mV, VoWyZ npíM_ Am{e`mV nwT>o CÎma Am{\«$H$m d X{jU wamon_Ü o «_§Vr H$arV AgV, AmOhr

H$aVmV. `m ^Q>H§$VrVyZ cm¡{H$H$ g_OwVr, gm_m{OH$ AmMma-{dMma, cmoH$JrVo, H$hmÊ`m, ^m{fH$

{deof `m JmoîQ>tMr XodmUKodmU hmoVo. VgoM Amnë`m XoemV _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo cmoH$mZwa§OZ H$aUmao

{Za{Zamiçm àH$maMo H$cmd§V nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ AmhoV. Ë`mV àdMZ H$aUmao, cmoH$monXoe H$aUmao,

emhra oVmV. gyV, MmaU, ^mQ>, emhra, Jm|Yir, {MÌH$Wr, S>dar, âmS>r, nwam{UH$, Io{i o, ~hþê$nr,

gm|JmS>o, ^m§S> Ago AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV. eoVH$è`m§À`m Am¡Xm`m©da hr _§S>ir Cn{OdrH$m H$arV Agë`mZo

hr _§S>ir JmdmoJmdr {\$aV AgV, Ë`m_wio emñÌkmZ, B{Vhmg, nwamUmMr XodmUKodmU hmoV Ago.

H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamîQ´>, Am§Y« àXoemV cmdUr, nmodmS>o `m§Mo AmXmZàXmZ {XgVo. draJmWm, l¥§Jm[aH$ JrVo,

gm§àXm{`H$ JrVo, ^pŠVJrVo `m§À`m {d{Z_`mcm nwîH$iM g§Yr hmoVr. `mV AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ZmQ>H$

_§S>itMr â nS>cr. hr _§S>ir {\$añVr AgVmV. `m§Mo naXoe Xm¡ao hmoVmV. `mVyZM eoŠg{nAaMr ZmQ>Ho$

wamon_Ü o nmohmoM{dÊ`mV ZQ>g§M Am{U ZmQ>H$ _§S>ù`m§Mm _moR>m dmQ>m Amho. eoŠg{nAa O_©ZrV {à`

Pmcm. \«$mÝg_Ü ohr amo_±{Q>H$ g§àXm`mV Ë`m§À`m ZmQ>H$m§Zm A{Ve` AZwHy$c à{VgmX cm^cm.

XmoZeo dfmªnydu V§OmdaÀ`m _amR>r amÁ`mV X{jUoH$S>rc Z¥Ë`H$cm, "Hw$ad§Or' Zm_H$ ZmQ>çàH$ma

Am{U _hmamîQ´>mVrc XemdVma, cirV `mgmaIo Ioi `m§Mm {_cm\$ KSy>Z Amcm. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc ZmQ>H$

_§S>ir_wio _hmamîQ´>mV nm¡am{UH$ ZmQ>Ho$ AdVacr Va Am§Y«_Ü o ZmQ>çcoIZmMr àoaUm _amR>r ZmQ>H$mVyZ

{_imcr.

2. ì`mnmar/Y_m}nXoeH$ :-

ì`mnma CÚ_m_wio ehamVyZ {d{dY ^m{fH$ g_mO dñVrcm oVmV. Ë`m_wio Am§VaàXoer` qH$dm

Am§VaamîQ´>r` XodmUKodmU hmoVo. n°[ag, c§S>Z, Ý y m°H©$ hr ehao OmJ{VH$ _hÎdmMr {d{Z_` H|$ÐoM

AmhoV. Amnë`m XoemV {Xëcr, H$cH$Îmm, _w§~B©, ~|Jcmoa, h¡Ðm~mX, _Ðmg Aem eham§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$,

amOH$s` AWdm gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maUm_wio ~hþ m{fH$ H|$ÐmMo ñdê$n Amco Amho. Aem ehamV gm{hpË`H$

d gm{hË`mMo AmXmZàXmZ hmoVo. {Û^m{fH$ qH$dm ~hþ m{fH$ ehamV hr XodmUKodmU AmnmoAmnM

KS>V. `m_Ü o qhXr Am{U D$Xÿ©, H$mZS>r Am{U VocJy, H$mZS>r Am{U _amR>r Aem nÜXVrZo hr

XodmUKodmU hmoVo.

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Á y ì`mnmè`m§À`m «_§VrVyZ ^maVmVrc ~aoM H$Wmgm{hË` nmíMmË` XoemV Joco. ^maVr` H$Wm

gm{hË`mÀ`m wamon, Aa~ñVmZ `m XoemV Pmcoë`m àgaUmcm nmpíM_mË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr XþOmoam {Xcocm

Amho. ~m¡ÜX Y_m©À`m àgmamgmR>r AZoH$ Y_©àgmaH$ OJmVë`m AZoH$ XoemV Joco hmoVo. ^maVr` Y_©

Am{U VÎdkmZm~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr H$Wmgm{hË` Amnë`m gmo~V Zoco hmoVo. {V~oQ>, MrZ, {gcmoZ Aem XoemV

Amnë`m H$Wm Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZM cmoH$OrdZmV àM{cV Pmë`m. Am © Am{U AZm © `m§À`m Amcoë`m

g§nH$m©VyZhr _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMr XodmUKodmU Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> nwamdo ^maVr` gm{hË`mV {_iVmV. ~è`mM

Aä`mgH$m§Zr cmoH$H$Wm§Mm EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ, àXoemVyZ, XoemVyZ AÝ` {R>H$mUr àgma hmoVmo, ho _mÝ`

Ho$coco Amho. ^maVmVrc "n§MV§ÌmMo' àmMrZ H$mimVM BamU_Ü o ^mfm§Va Pmco. Z§Va n§MV§Ì {g[a`_

Joco. Ë`mZ§Va n§MV§ÌmMm Aa~rV "H$crch-{X_Zh' `m ZmdmZo AZwdmX H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

3. ^maVmV Amcoco doJdoJiçm XoemVrc àdmgr :-

àmMrZ H$mir Ho$di n ©Q>ZmgmR>r, BVa XoemVrc OZOdrZ, g§ñH¥$Vr d yàXoe nmhÊ`mÀ`m

CÔoemZo Amcoë`m øy-EZ.qgJ, \$m{h`mZ, _°JoñWo{Zg `mgma»`m AÝ` XoemVyZ Amcoë`m àdmem§Zr

Amnë`m XoemVrc gm{hË`mMr XodmUKodmU Ho$cocr {XgyZ oVo. Ë`mH$mimV XiUdiUmMr gmYZo

ZgVmZmhr àdmg hmoV AgV d Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`mMr XodmUKodmU hmoV Ago. B§J«Om§À`m ^maVmVrc

AmJ_ZmZo ^maVr` gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. O_©Z {dX²dmZ em¡noZhmoAa, VoaS>oa, JQ>o, BË`mXtZr

^maVr` gm{hË`mda à^m{dV hmodyZ Aä`mg Ho$cm. H$mQ>, em¡noZhmoAa, hmQ>©_Z, eoqcJ, hoJoc `m§Zr

^maVr` VÎdkmZ {df`H$ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. Ë`mMm à^md ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§dahr Pmcm. `m

AmXmZàXmZ à{H«$ oVyZ {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gm{hË` {dídmV g_¥ÜXVm oVo. gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr

EH$ Zdr ÑîQ>r àmßV hmoVo. ~hþg§ñH¥$VrVrc OrdZ {deof cjmV oVmV. hr à{H«$`m OJmVrc AZoH$ XoemV

KS>V Jocr d gm{hË`mV âM nS>V Jocr.

4. ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm :-

gm{hpË`H$ AmXmZàXmZmMo H$m_ S>moignUo Am{U hoVynyd©H$ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g§ñWm `m§Mo

`m joÌmVrc _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. Am§VaamîQ´>r` gm{hpË`H$ {d{Z_`mcm dmhÿZ KoUmè`m 'PEN'

`mgma»`m g§ñWm Jocr AZoH$ df} Amnco H$m_ H$aVmV. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmZ§Va ApñVËdmV Amcoë`m

" wZoñH$mo' g§KQ>ZoZo AmXmZàXmZmÀ`m joÌmV ârd H$m_{Jar Ho$cr Amho. VwH$mam_ qH$dm H$~ra `mgma»`m

g§Vm§Mo gm{hË` OJâ nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ wZoñH$mo_wioM eŠ` Pmco. Amnë`m XoemVhr {díd^maVr,

Am§Va^maVr, ^maVr` {dÚm^dZ `mgma»`m g§ñWm AmXmZàXmZ à{H«$ oV AJ«oga AmhoV. VgoM àH$meZ

J¥ho, {Z`VH$m{cHo$ hr Ü o dmXr d¥ÎmrZo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. H$mhr ì`pŠV§Zm nmíMmË` d Amnë`m

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gm{hË`mMr _hÎm_Vm H$iVo, gm{hË`mVrc Cn wŠVVm H$iVo. Aem ì`ŠVr AmXmZàXmZ à{H«$ oV

_hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. `m g§X^m©V S´>m`S>Z, oQ²>g, EÃm nmC§S>, dm°ëQ> pìhQ>_Z, B_g©Z,

aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa, gmZoJwê$Or Aem ì`ŠVtZr AmXmZàXmZmMo H$m_ Ho$coco {XgyZ oVo. ^maVmV XoIrc

{^ÝZ-{^ÝZ àm§Vm_Ü o AmnAmnë`m ^mfoV {dcjU _moR>r H$m_{Jar H$aUmao Oo coIH$ AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m

ñd^m{fH$ g_mOmcm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ho$di coIH$m§À`mV Zìho Va gm{hË` àd¥ÎmtMm,

gm{hpË`H$ Am§XmocZmMm, Zd{Z{_©VrMm, V§ÌmMm d gm{hË` ì`dhmamMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo _hÎdmMo

Amho.

5. naH$s` gÎmm :-

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimV H$mhr amOgÎmm CX`mg Amë`m. naH$s` AmH«$_Um§Mr cmQ>M ^maVmV

Amcr. naH$s` amOgÎmo~amo~aM, cmoH$g_¥ÜXr ^maVmV Amco. Ë`mVyZ {^ÝZ g§ñH¥$VrMm dmda Pmcm.

amOgÎmo~amo~a gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^gmaUmg JVr {_imcr. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mMo AmXmZàXmZ H$aUmè`m_Ü o

_mJY, gyV, ^mQ>, MmaU `mgma»`m nma§n[aH$ g§ñWm B{Vhmg, H$mimV {Za{Zamiçm amÁ`mV {\$ê$Z

Amnë`m amOmMo d amÁ`mMo JwUJmZ JmV. Ë`mVyZhr gm{hË`mMo AmXmZàXmZ Pmco. _moJcm§À`m H$mimV

^maVmMm _wpñc_ g§ñH¥$Vrer g§~§Y Amcm. Ë`mVyZ _moJcm§À`m {MÌ, g§JrV, dmñVyH$cm, ^mfm, gm{hË`

`m§Mo AmXmZàXmZ Pmco. _wëcm _m¡cdr, Aa~r, nmaer OmUH$ma, coIH$, H$dr `m§Zr `mV _hÎdmMr

y{_H$m ~Omdcr. _moJcm§À`m ^maVmdarc gÎmoZo \$maer ^mfoMm _moR>m n[aUm_ _amR>rda Pmcocm {XgyZ

òVmo.

_Ü` wJrZ H$mimV cmoH$Jm`H$m§À`m g§ñWm§Mmhr amOXa~mamV g§Mma Ago. ho cmoH$Jm`H$, nwamU,

H$sV©Z, àdMZ, Y_©{dMma, dra namH«$_r nwéfm§Mo namH«$_ cmoH$m§Zm EoH${dV. CÎma ^maVmVrc am_crcm,

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc `jJmZ, Am§Y«mVrc ZmQ>çna§nam B. XodmUKodmU Pmcocr {XgVo. gmVdmhZ, dmH$mQ>H$

`mgma»`m amOgÎmo_wio _hmamîQ´>mMm, _amR>r _wcwImMm AZoH$ àXoemer g§~§Y Amcm. VgoM `mM H$mimV

_hmZw md, dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo H$m © _hÎdmMo Amho. `m XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§Mm BVa amÁ`mer g§nH©$ hmoVm.

g§V Zm_Xodm§Mo A §J WoQ> n§Om~n ªV OmD$Z qhXr d n§Om~r ^mfoV A §J aMco.

B§J«O, S>M, nmoVw©JrO, \«|$M `m§Mo dmñVì` ^maVmV hmoVo. nwT>o B§J«Om§Zr {XS>eo df© amOgÎmm ^moJcr.

Ë`m_wio B§J«Or ^mfoMm, gm{hË`mMm Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMm ^maVr`m§da à^md nS>cm. VgoM ^maVr` OrdZ,

H$cm, gm{hË`mV B§J«Om§Zrhr aghr XmI{dcm. B§J«Om§Zr ^maVr` cmoH$OrdZ, g§ñH¥$Vr, H$cm, gm{hË`,

VÎdkmZ Am{U ^mfm `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$cr. VgoM wamo{n`Zm§Zrhr ^maV, MrZ, BamU,

Aa~ñVmZ `m XoemVrc H$cm, gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg gwê$ Ho$cm.

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6. ñWcm§Va :-

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mcI§S>mV gm{hË`-g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmXmZ-àXmZmcm JVr Amcr. ^maVmVrc {d{dY

àXoemV VgoM OJmVrc AÝ` XoemV {ejU, CÚmoJ, ZmoH$ar, ì`mnma Am{U n ©Q>ZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo.AmXmZ-

àXmZ hmoVo. ZmoH$ar, {ejUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ^maVr` OJmVë`m {Za{Zamiçm Xoem§V OmD$Z dmñVì` H$ê$

cmJco AmhoV. AmOÀ`m KS>rcm XmoZ H$moQ>r ^maVr` {Za{Zamiçm XoemV dmñVì` H$ê$Z am{hcoco AmhoV.

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ZmoH$ar d {ejUmV â_gmR> {dH$mg Pmcm. Ë`m_wio

_w§~B©, H$cH$Î`mgmaIr _moR>r ehao {dH$mgmMo H|$Ð ~Zco. ^maVmÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mVyZ `m eham§H$S>o cmoH$

dmñVì` H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`mVyZ {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ g_yh {Z_m©U hmoD$Z g§ñH¥$Vr d gm{hË`mMr AmXmZàXmZ

hmoD$ cmJcr. ^maVm~mhoahr B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m, gm¡Xr Aa~ `m XoemVyZ _amR>r _§S>io ñWmnZ Pmcr

AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ {dídgm{hË` g§_ocZmMo Am`moOZ hmoD$ cmJco Amho.

7. AZwdmXH$ :-

Amnë`m gm{hË`mIoarO AÝ` ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMr AmoiI hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio {d{dY

OmJ{VH$ ^mfm§V gm{hË`mMo AZwdmX hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm n[aUm_ gm{hË`mda hmoV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamVyZ

{d{dY ^mfm, {d{dY g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {^ÝZ {^ÝZ ^mfm§Vrc gm{hË`, gm{hË`mMo AZwdmX CncãY hmoV

AmhoV. na§Vw OmJ{VH$ g§X^m©V {MZr, OnmZr, a{e`Z, O_©Z, \«|$M, ñn°{Ze B. ^mfm§Mo AZwdmX hmoÊ`mV

AS>MUr AmhoV. ^maVr` Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ Amncr _Oc XmoZ-Mma ^mfm§ncrH$S>o Zmhr.

8. g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ>, do~gmB©Q> :-

AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmV Pmcoë`m {dH$mgmVyZ g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ>, do~gmB©Q>, Xÿa{MÌdmUr, «_UÜdZr

Am{U {d{dY dm{hÝ`m Aem _mÜ`_mVyZ OJmVë`m AZoH$ Xoem§er EH$m jUmV g§nH©$ hmoV Amho. `m

V§ÌkmZm_wio H$_r doimV OJmVë`m gm{hË`mer AmnU OmoS>co Jocmo. {Za{Zamiçm ^mfoVrc gm{hË`

B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmam Amnë`m§Zm Ka~gë`m {_iy cmJco. VgoM B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{dY ^mfoVrc gm{hË`

^mfm§Va H$ê$Z {_iy cmJco Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcocr gm{hË`mÀ`m AmXmZàXmZmMr à{H«$`m AmOhr KS>VmZm

{XgVo Amho. ~XcË`m H$mimà_mUo, OrdZ àdmhmà_mUo `m AmXmZàXmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mV ~Xchr KS>V

Amcoco AmhoV. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`ä`mgmÀ`m dmQ>MmcrV AmXmZàXmZ _mÜ`_m§Mo _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ

cm^coco Amho.

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3.3 g_mamon

EH§$XarV `m KQ>H$mV VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo gmYZ H$go Amho, VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo

ñdê$n, VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o, gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n, AmXmZàXmZmMr H$maU_r_m§gmMo

{ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmcm _hÎd àmßV Pmcoco Amho. VwcZmË_H$

Aä`mgmZo ì`pŠVÀ`m kmZmV â nS>Vo. Ë`m{edm` amîQ´>r` EH$mË_VoMm ^md {dH${gV hmoVmo. Voìhm

ì`pŠVOrdZ, gm{hË`mMo joÌ, amîQ´>r` ^mdZm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmMo _hÎdmMo

`moJXmZ AgVo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ^m{fH$ g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Ë`m§À`m

{dMmagaUrMr, Ë`m§À`m OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrMr AmoiI hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ Amnë`mcm gm{hË`mV

g§nÝZVm AmUVm oVo.


3.5 ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

❏ Imcr {Xcoë`m n`m© mVyZ `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. "Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm AZoH$ gm{hË`m{Y{îR>V Aä`mg AgVmo' ho {dYmZ H$moUr Ho$coAmho?

(A) dg§V ~mnQ> (H$) S>m°. {Z{eJ§Ym ì`dhmao

(~) S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rc (S>) M§ÐeoIa OhmJraXma.

2. ^mfm, àXoe, Xoe, H$mc, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`m gr_m Amocm§Sy>Z Ho$coë`m Aä`mgmcm ...........gm{hË`mä`mg Ago åhUVmV.

(A) dU©ZmË_H$ (~) Vm¡c{ZH$ (H$) Eo{Vhm{gH$ (S>) ^md{ZH$.

3. {dídgm{hË`mMr, gd©g_mdoeH$VoMr g§H$ënZm H$moUmÀ`m gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoVAmho.

(A) àmda (H$) M±S>ca

(~) B§ÐZmW Mm¡YarH$ (S>) dg§V ~mnQ>.

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4. "_amR>r-qhXr H$mì`mVrc ^pŠV{dMma' hm g§emoYZ {df` H$moUË`m gm{hË`mä`mgmVàH$meZ oVmo?

(A) Vm¡c{ZH$ (~) dU©ZmË_H$ (H$) Eo{Vhm{gH$ (S>) gm§ñH¥${VH$.

5. 'The Budhist Stories' hm J«§W H$moUr {c{hcm Amho?

(A) M±S>ca (~) èhrg S>opìhS>g (H$) ~oZ\o$ (S>) \$m°ñQ>a.

6. OJm_Yrc ^Q>Š`m O_mVr H$hmÊ`m§Mr AmXmZàXmZ H$aVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm .............åhUVmV.

(A) {Oßgr (~) emhra (H$) {\$añVo (S>) {^jy.

7. \$mXa ñQ>rìhÝgZo H$moUVm J«§W {c{hcm?

(A) {¼ñVnwamU (H$) The Budhist Stories

(~) A°Zm H°$ao{~Zm (S>) Comparative Literature.

8. "gd©loîR> kmZmMr àmßVr VwcZodaM AmYm[aV Amho' ho _V H$moUmMo Amho?

(A) dg§V ~mnQ> (~) _°Šg_wca (H$) S>m°.AmZ§X nmQ>rc (S>) Q>m°cñQ>m°`.

9. ì`ŠVr OrdZ gm{hË`mMo joÌ d amîQ´>r` ^mdZm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV H$moUË`m Aä`mgmMo`moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho?

(A) dU©ZmË_H$ (~) Eo{Vhm{gH$ (H$) Vm¡c{ZH$ (S>) gm§ñH¥${VH$.

10. "n§MV§ÌmMm' Aa~rV H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AZwdmX H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

(A) H$crch {X_Zh (H$) ~¥hËH$Wm

(~) `jJmZ (S>) H$Wm g[añgmJa.

3.6 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1. (A) dg§V ~mnQ>.

2. (~) Vm¡c{ZH$.

3. (H$) M±S>ca.

4. (A) Vm¡c{ZH$.

5. (~) èhrg S>opìhS>g.

6. (A) {Oßgr.

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7. (A) {¼ñVnwamU.

8. (~) _°Šg_wca.

9. (H$) Vm¡c{ZH$.

10. (A) H$crch {X_Zh.


❏ {XKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎd d ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2. gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ AmXmZ-àXmZmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$ê$Z AmXmZ-àXmZmMr H$maUo ñnîQ>H$am.

❏ cKwÎmar àíZ.

1. VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o ñnîQ> H$am.

2. VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

3. VwcZm gm{hË`mä`mgmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ H$go Vo WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.

4. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg H$moUH$moUË`m KQ>H$mÛmao Ho$cm OmVmo Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

5. gm§ñH¥${VH$-gmm_{OH$ AmXmZàXmZmMo ñdê$n WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.


1. ~mnQ> dg§V : ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg'', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1 cr Amd¥Îmr, 1981.

2. nmQ>rc AmZ§X : ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` : Zdo {gÕm§V Am{U Cn`moOZ'', gmHo$V àH$meZ,Am¡a§Jm~mX, n{hcr Amd¥Îmr 1998.

3. S>m°. M§ÐeoIa Ohm{JaXma : ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg VÎdo Am{U {Xem''.

4. S>m°. {Z{eJ§Ym ì`dhmao : ""Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n''.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-4

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {Xem

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {Xem

4.2.2 ìX¡ m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mg

4.2.3 Ame` gyÌmm§Mm Aä`mg

4.2.4 dmL²>_`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg

4.2.5 dmL²>_`rZ H$mcI§S>mMm Aä`mg

4.2.6 dmL²>_`àdmh Am{U Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg

4.3 g_mamon





4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {Xem.

2. ìX¡ m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mg.

3. Ame` gyÌm§Mm Aä`mg.

4. dmL²>_` àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg.

5. dmL>>_`rZ H$mcI§S>mMm Aä`mg.

6. dmL>>_` àdmh Am{U Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg.



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4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {Xem

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hr dmL²>_`rZ Aä`mgmMr emIm hr H$mcnadm Amcocr Zmhr. AZoH$ df}

Pmcr Var _amR>r gm{hË`{dMmamV åhUmdm {VVH$m {dMma d Aä`mg nX²YVrMm Pmcm Zmhr. _wimV

Agm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo H$m? hm {dMmamM _wir AZoH$ {dìXmZm§À`m Jir CVacocm Zmhr. dfm©Zw_mJyZ

df} cmoQ>cr Var hr gm{hË` g§H$ënZm AmnUmg gwn[a{MV Iè`m AWm©Zo Pmcr Zmhr Ago IoXmZo åhUmdo

cmJVo. 18ì`m eVH$mV `m Aä`mg emIoMm àn§M _m§S>cm Jocm AmO 21ì`m eVH$mVhr AmnUmg Ë`m

{df`mda {c{hcr Jococr 5-6 nwñVHo$ d WmoS>go {cImU `m n{cH$So> H$mhr {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio

{Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$am§À`m _Vo _hmamîQ´>mVrc H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§Vrc à~§YmMr erf©Ho$ dmMyZ hgy oVo ho

åhUUo amñV dmQ>Vo.

{dÚmnrR>r` nmVirda Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` ^maVmV gwpñWa Pmco Amho. Ago S>m°. {Z{eH$m§V

{_aOH$a åhUVmV. Ë`mdoir `mhr JmoîQ´>rMm {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo H$s {H$Vr {dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm {df` {eH${dcm OmVmo? _hmamîQ´>mVrc {dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ {H$Vr {dÚmWr© hm

{df` KoD$Z Aä`mg H$aVm qH$dm g§emoYZ H$aVmV hmhr g§emoYZmMm _wX²Xm Amho. EH§$Xa _amR>r

gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$, g§emoYH$ d a{gH$ `m§À`m _Zm_Ü o `m Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg nX²YVrMr Mm¡H$Q>

ì`dpñWV V`ma Pmcocr Zmhr. XmoZ coIH$, XmoZ gm{hË`H¥$Vr, XmoZ H$mcI§S> XmoZ Ame`gwÌo

`m§À`m^modVrM g§emoYZH$m © {\$aVmZm {XgV Amho. EH$mM ^mfoVrc XmoZ coIH$, gm{hË`H¥$Vr qH$dm

H$mcI§S>mMm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mg nX²YVrV A{^àoV Zmhr Va {^ÝZ^m{fH$ gm{hpË`H$

d gm{hË`H¥$Vr `m Aä`mg nX²YVr_Ü o A{^àV AmhoV.

Aä`mgH$mcm {H$_mZ XmoZ ^mfm ì`dpñWV[aË`m oV AgVrc VaM Aem Aä`mgnX²YVr

{dH${gV hmoD$ eH$VmV. gmZoJwê$OtZr Am§Va^maVrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Ë`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo hrM àoaUm

hmoVr. ^mfm{df`H$ {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZo ^maVr` ^mfm {eH$mì`mV. ^maVmV {d{dYVoVrc EH$mË_

g§ñH¥$Vr g_OyZ ¿`mdr. {d{dY ^mfm, {d{dY àm§V, Ë`m§À`m Mmcr[aVr, na§nam `m§Mo kmZ AmnUmg

Agmdo VaM AmnU A{YH$ àJë^ hmoD$ eH$Vmo hr Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Zrhr

{dídgm{hË`mMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Ë`mnmR>r_mJohr d¡pídH$VoMr ^mdZm hmoVr.

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Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mcm g_H$mcrZ ñdËdmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ AmYmaaofm§Mo nŠHo$ A{YîR>mZ AgVo,

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMr g_rjm hr amîQ´>r`Vm d ^mfm§À`m gr_m N>oXUmar AgVo. dmL²>_`, H$cm, _Zmdr

A{dîH$ma joÌo `m§Mmhr {dMma Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o hmoVmo. nañnam§Mo ì`{_l g§~§Y d nmañnm[aH$

AmXmZàXmZo `m§Mm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o A{^àoV AgVmo. XmoZ gm{hpË`H$ qH$dm

H$cmH¥$Vr `m§Mm EH$_oH$mda nS>cocm à^md qH$dm à^mdmMr XodmUKodmU, Ë`m§À`mVrc g_mZ àoaUmñWmZo,

g_mO VËdàUmcr, dmL²>_`rZ gO©Zmcm H$maUrämyV hmoUmar n[apñWVr d g_mZ AmYmagm_J«r `m_wio

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg AJXr ì`dpñWV[aË`m H$aVm oVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`g_rjoMo Cn`moOZ ho

AmH$cZ, AmñdmX d _yë`_mnZ `m {VÝhr H$m ©joÌm§V _hÎdnyU© arVrZo H$aVm oVo Ago S>m°. {_aOH$a

åhUVmV.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {Xemhr S>m°. {_aOH$am§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m AmhoV.

(A) gm{hË`mÀ`m AZoH$VoMo ^mZ.

(~) g{hîUVoMm {dH$mg d¥Ym A{^{ZddoemMm {Zamg.

(H$) ^maVr` ñVamdarc EH$mË_ dmL²>_`Vo{Vhmg.

(S>) gO©ZercVoMm S>moig àË``.

(B) dmL²>_`àH$mam§Mm AmdmH$m.

(B©) {_WH$m§Mr AZoH$nXar g_¥ÜXVm.

(C) gm_m{`H$ àoaUmñÌmoVm§Mm gmjmËH$ma.

(D$) dmL²>_`mÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`rMr àJë^Vm.

A) gm{hË`mVrc AZoH$VoMo ^mZ :-

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`g_rjm gm{hË`mVrc AZoH$VoMo ^mZ gVV OmJ¥V R>odV AgVo. Amnë`mcm

EImXr JmoîQ> AmdS>cr Va Vr Xþgè`mcm AmdS>crM nm{hMo hm d¥Wm Ah§H$ma Q>mHy$Z Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

EH$mË_ g_îQ>rMo Xe©Z KS>{dUo Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ Amnco H$V©ì` AgVo. gm{hË`ì`mnmamgmR>r EH$ {ZamoJr

dmVmdaU V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc ~cñWmZo g_OmdyZ KoVm Amcr nm{hOoV.

~) g{hîUwVoMm {dH$mg d¥Wm A{^{ZdoemMm {Zamg :-

Amnë`m _ZmV AgUmè`m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r Amnë`mcm OemÀ`m Vem gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm VmSy>Z nmhVm

oV ZmhrV. {_aOH$a åhUVmV H$s, `m A{Vg§doXZerc ^mdyH$Vo_YyZ Aä`mgH$mZo g_rjH$mZo ~mhoa

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`m`cm nm{hOo. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUMo Xþgè`m§À`m _VmMm AmXa H$am`cm {eH$co nm{hOo. d¥Wm

A{^{Zdoe hm _mUgmcm _maH$ AgVmo VgmM gm{hË`ì`mnmamcmhr KmVH$ AgVmo. ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy

cjmV KoD$Z gm{hË`H¥$VrMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

H$) ^maVr` ñVamdarc EH$mË_ dmL²>_`Vo{Vhmg :-

^maVr` ñVamda EH$mË_ dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg {d{dY ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mÀ`m CXJ_ {dH$mg d

Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg Aä`mgV AgVmZm AZoH$ ZdZdrZ JmoîQ>r COoS>mV oVmV. gm{hË`mVrc loîR> H${ZîR>Vm

Z R>adVm Ë`m§À`mVrc OmoS>co Jococo Xþdo Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmZo ñnîQ> H$aVm oVmV.

S>) gO©ZercVoMm S>moig àË`` :-

dmL²>_`rZ gO©ZercVm hr ì`mnH$ g§km Amho. gO©ZercVoMo {d{dY n¡cy AmnUmg Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mä`mgmZo nS>VmiyZ nmhVm oVmV. gO©ZercVm d Ë`mMr à^mdê$n {M{H$Ëgm H$aVm oVo.

B) dmL²>_` àH$mamMm AmdmH$m :-

AZoH${dY ^mfm§_Ü o AZoH$ àH$maMo gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. Xþgè`m ^mfoVrc gm{hË` AmnU

dmMco Va ñd^mfoVrc gm{hË` AmnUmg ZrQ>nUo g_Oo eHo$c. `m_Ü o loîR> H${ZîR>Vm R>adm`mMr ZgVo

Va Ë`m XmoZ gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Yrc gmå`, oX, à^md `m§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm AgVmo. dmL²>_` àH$mam§Mr

g¡X²Ym§{VH$ _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`g_rjm hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr R>aVo.

B©) {_WH$m§Mr AZoH$nXar g_¥ÜXVm :-

gm{hË`m_YyZ oUmar {_WHo$, à{V_m, à{VHo$ hr WmoS>`m\$ma A§JmZo doJdoJir AgVmV. EH$mM

^mfoVrc EH$mM àm§VmVrc gm{hË`mV Aem àH$maÀ`m {_WH$m§Mm à{V^m§Mm, à{VH$m§M dmna _moR>`m

à_mUmda hmoVmo d EH$gwarnUm d EH$m§JrnUm coIZm_Ü o {XgVmo. {d{dY ^mfoVrc dmL²>_`mVyZ Amcocr

{_WHo$, à{V_m, à{VHo$ AmnUmg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`ä`mgmZo VnmgVm oVmV d ZdrZ gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Ü o

Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$aVm oVo.

C) gm_m{`H$ àoaUmñÌm|Vm§Mm gmjmËH$ma :-

H$moUË`mhr ^mfoVrc gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_mJo H$moUVo Zm H$moUVo àoaUmñÌmoV AgVoM. OmJ{VH$ H$m«§Ë`m,

_hm wÜXo, dranwê$f gm{hË`mMo àoaUmòmoV AgVmV. {ZJ«mo gm{hË`mVyZ oUmar gy © hr à{V_m X{cV

H${dVoZo pñdH$macr. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a X{cVm§À`m OrdZmVrc gy © åhUyZ Zmdmê$nmcm Amco

Ë`m_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho X{cV gm{hË`mMo àoaUmòmoV ~Zco Vo \$ŠV _amR>r gm{hË`mnwaVoM _`m©XrV

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am{hco ZmhrV Va g§nyU© ^maVr` gm{hË`mVyZ Ë`m§Mm JwUJm¡ad Ho$cm Jocm. _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$co amOfr©

emhÿ _hmamO hr àoaUmñWmZo gm{hË`mMr àoaUmñWZo ~Zcr. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo N>ÌnVr {edmOr

_hmamO _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m Apñ_VoMm _mZq~Xÿ R>aco Ago Zìho Va g§nyU© OJâ Ë`m§À`m H$`m© mMm Jm¡ad

Ho$cm OmVmo d Ë`m§À`m amOZrVMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. Aem gd© àoaUmñÌmoVm§Mm Aä`mg AmnUmcm

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`ä`mgmZo H$aVm oVmo. Ë`m_wio {d{dY ^mfmVrc gm{hË`mVyZ oUmao à^mdmMo g_mZ Xþdo

emoYVm oVmV _mZdmMo A§Vr JmoÌ EH$ `m CŠVrMm àË`` Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo oVmo.

D$) dmL²>_`mÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`rMr àJë^Vm :-

dmL²>_`mMo ñdê$n Zo_Ho$ H$go Agmdo `m~m~V AZoH$ Aä`mgmH$m§_Ü o _V _Vm§Vao AmhoV. H$cm

åhUOo H$m`? Vr OrdZmgmR>r AgVo H$s H$cogmR>r? `mdê$Zhr dmX {Z_m©U Pmmco. gm{hË`mMo ñdê$ß

H$go Agmdo ho R>adVmZm AZoH$ ^mfm§Vrc gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n R>adUo gmo rMo

R>aVo. dmL²>_`m{df`rÀ`m g§H$ënZm A{YH$ àJë^ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Vm¡cm{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg A{Ve`

_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. CXmhaU X`m`Mo Pmco Va _amR>r d qhXr H$mX§~ar dmL²>_`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$aVZm

AmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s _amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar hm dmL²>_`àH$ma _mZdm H$s ZH$mo

`m{df`r _V oX AmhoV. J«m_rU d àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~arV Zo_H$m oX H$m` Amho ho Aä`mgH$m§Zr XmIdyZ

{Xco Amho.

S>m°. aqdÐ R>mHy$a `m§À`mgma»`m `mCcQ> qhXr H$mX§~ar dmL²>_` àH$mam_Ü o àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~ar hm

dmL²>_` àH$ma Iyn _moR>`m à_mUmda Aä`mgcm Joë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Am±M{cH$ CnÝ`mgmMo ZJa

Am±Mc, J«m_ Am±Mc, garVm Am±Mc, gmJa Am°Mc Ago {d{dY àH$ma H$ënyZ Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mg

Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. Aem àH$mao Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Aem àH$maMo Aä`mg _hÎdmMo R>aVmV

d dmL²>_`rZ A{^ê$Mr dmL²>_`rZ _hmË_Vm d g§H$ënZmMr àJë^Vm dmT>dÊ`mg CnH$maH$ R>aVmV.

4.2.2 ìX¡ m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mg

gm{hË` {^ÝZ {^ÝZ ^mfm§_Ü o hmoV Agco Var A§{V_ÑîQ>`m Ë`mV _mZdr _ZmMm A{dîH$ma

Ë`m_Ü o AgVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgH$mMr ÑîQ>r VQ>ñW, dñVw{ZîR> Aer Agcr nm{hOo. Vm¡c{ZH$

{dMmam§Mr n[aUVr AmË_ícmKm qH$dm AmË_qZXm `mVrc EH$mV hmoVm H$m_m Z o. gm{hË`mMo JwU_mnZ

H$aUo AWdm CËH¥$îQ> gm{hË`mMo {Z`_ {gÜX H$aUo hr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o ZmhrV Va

{^ÝZ {^ÝZ na§nam§Mo ^mZ R>odUo gm{hË`mVrc gmå` Am{U oX `m§Mm emoY KoUo AnojrV Amho. gd©

gm{hË` åhUOo _mUgmÀ`m g_mZ Amem {Zamem§Mo gwIXþ:ImMo _ZmÀ`m ^mdZmË_H$ {H«$`m à{V{H«$`m§Mo

H$cmË_H$ Xe©Z Amho Am{U Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Vo EH$ê$n Amho hr lÜXm `m Aä`mg_mJo Agcr nm{hOo AmnU

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gm{hË`mcm OÝ_ XoUmè`m à{V^md§VmÀ`m _ZmMr ñn§XZo nmhV AgVmZm VoWo amîQ´>r` d ^m{fH$ gr_m

AmnU Amocm§S>ë`m VaM Ë`m ñn§XZmMo AmnUmg CËH$Q> ^mZ oB©c. gm{hË`àH$ma, gm{hË`mVrc

nwamH$Wm, gm{hË`mMo AmH¥$Vr~§Y Am{U BVa joÌm_Ü o AmT>iUmè`m gmå` d¡få`m_mJo H$moUVr g_mZ

gwÌo AmhoV. ho nhmVmZm H$coMr {jVrOo A{YH$ {dñVmaV OmVrc. Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aUo

JaOoMo Amho.

gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo coIH$mMr ì`pŠVJV à{V^m AgVo. àË oH$ gm{hË`H¥$Vr H$mhr à_mUmV

AZÝ`gmYmaU AgVo. Aer EH$ y{_H$m KoVcr Va gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV VwcZm g§ dV Zmhr VWm{n XmoZ

gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV VwcZm g§ dV Zmhr. VWm{n XmoZ gm{hË`H¥$Vr, XmoZ coIH$ `m§À`mV H$mhr gmå`

AmT>iVo Ë`m§À`m_mJo H$mhr g_mZ à^md AmhoV ho nm{hco nm{hOo Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mÀ`m ì`dhmamV VwcZm

ghOnUo d An[ahm ©nUo KS>Umar à{H«$`m R>aVo.

coIZà{H«$ oV coIH$ EH$m ~mOyZo gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOyZo {VMr g_rjmhr

H$aVmo `m AWm©Zo gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr EH$mM doir "{H«$EQ>rìh' Am{U "{H«$Q>rH$c' AgVo Ago Q>r. Eg.

B{c`Q> åhUVmo. dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm coIH$mg_moa AZoH$ n`m© AgVmV. gm{hpË`H$ hm {Zdm©V

nmoH$irV OJy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vmo Amnë`m àkoÀ`m d à{V oÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda g^modVrÀ`m CncãY

n`m© m§Mr VwcZm H$aVmo d gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo Ë`m_wio gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr EH$m A§JmZo gO©H$ {H«$`m

AgVo Va Xþgè`m A§JmZo Vm¡c{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm AgVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m Am§VaaMZoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm

{VÀ`m A§VJ©V KQ>H$m§Mo {dícofU H$amdo cmJVo d gwQ² m KQ>H$m§Mr nañnam§er VwcZm H$ê$Z gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

Am§Vag§~§YmMm ~moY ¿`mdm cmJVmo.

Aem àH$mao EH$m gm{hË`H¥$VrMo dmMZ AmH$cZ d AmñdmX KoVmZmhr a{gH$mMo _Z VwcZmì`mnmamV

JT>coco AgVo. `mdê$Z VwcZm hr coIH${ZîR> d a{gH${ZîR> (dmMH${ZîR>) Amho ho Amnë`m cjmV

òB©c.

EImÚm gm{hË`H¥$VrMo doJionU cjmV ¿`md`mMo Agoc Va BVa gm{hË`H¥$Vrnojm Vr H$er d

{H$Vr doJir Amho ho VwcZm H$ê$ZM R>admdo cmJVo. {Za{Zamù`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc gmåèmoYZ d

oX{ZXe©Z VwcZoZM eŠ` hmoVo. EH$m gm{hË`H¥$VrMr Xþgè`m gm{hË`H¥$Vrer Ho$cocr VwcZm ho VwcZoMo

_wi ê$n nU EH$m gm{hË`H¥$VrMr XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ coIH$, dmS²:_`àH$ma, dmL²>_`rZ àdmh ,na§nam

`m§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg VwcZoMo joÌ {dñVmaV OmVo.

AZoH$m_Yrc EH$Îd qH$dm gm_mÝ`Îd VwcZoZo H$iVo VgoM AZoH$m§Mo EH$_oH$mnmgyZ AgUmao

doJionUhr VwcZoZoM H$iVo. gm{hË`mÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmVyZ gm{hË`{gÜXm§V Am{U gm{hË`VÎdo

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emoYVm oVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo OwÝ`m gm{hË`{gÜXm§VmMr gË`mgË`Vm nS>VmiyZ Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$aUo gmono

hmoVo.

VwcZm ho gm{hË`m§Mo gd©Jm_r d gd©g§Mmar gmYZ Amho. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV VwcZoMm

dmna hmoVmoM nU Ë`mMr ì`mßVr nm{hcr AgVm {^ÝZ^m{fH$ gm{hË` na§nam Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X ©

`m§Mm ì`mnH$ g§X © cjmV KoD$Z Ë`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo Am§Va{dÚmempI` ÑpîQ>H$moZ, dmT>Ë`m

gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§H$amVyZ Amcocm ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$dmX PnmQ>`mZo hmoUmao OmJ{VH$sH$aU, BÝQ>aZoQ> Mm dmna

`m_wio dmL²>_`mH$So> nmhÊ`mMr Vm¡c{ZH$ ÑîQ>r {dH$grV Pmcr Am{U {Vcm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMo ê$n

Amco.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm g_rjoMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho. gm{hË`mMm ñdrH$ma, g§àojU, à^md,

AZwH$aU, gmå`ñWio, g§aMZm, {dMmaàUmcr, Ame`gyÌo, hoVy, {_WHo$, eãXH$im, e¡cr d AÜ`mË_

Aem gm{hË`mä`mgmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§Zm ñne© H$aUmar gm{hË`mä`mgmMr EH$ emIm Amho. g_mOemñÌ,

AW©emñÌ, Y_©emñÌ, _mZdemñÌ, B{Vhmg, ^mfmemñÌ, e¡cremñÌ d gm¢X ©emñÌ `m gd© {df`m§Zm

ñne© H$aVo.

gm{hË`mä`mg H$aVmZm EH$ cjmV ¿`mdo cmJVo H$s Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg hm EH$^m{fH$

gm{hË`mMmhr hmoD$ eH$Vmo VgoM ^mfm§Vao dmS²:_`àH$mam§Mr d¡{eîQ> o, Ë`m§À`m ñdê$nmVrc ~Xc,

dmS²:_`rZ Midir, dmS²:_`rZ g§àXm`, gm{hË`mMo Am§VaXoer` g§~§Y, dmS²:_`rZ H$mcI§S>, dmS²:_`mMm

B{Vhmg `m§Mm {dMma amÁ`, Xoe, H$mc, ^mfm Amocm§S>ë`m{edm` nyU© H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

gm{hË`mMm AmXe© Aä`mg hm Vm¡c{ZH$ Am{U ì`m{_l AgVmo Ago Istavan soter åhUVmo.

gm{hË`mMm AmXe© Aä`mg "Vm¡c{ZH$' AgVmo `mMm AW©© Agm H$s BVa gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíd©y_rda Vmo

amîQ´>r` gm{hË`mMo nyU© Xe©Z KS>dVmo d Aä`mg "ì`m{_l' AgVmo åhUOoM gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMr

BVa joÌo `m§Zm g_moam OmUmam AgVmo. gm{hË`mÀ`m AZoH$ joÌm§Zm ñne© H$aUmar Am{U doJdoJiçm

A§JmZr gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aUmar emImMm g§~§Y gm_m{OH$ d M[aÌmË_H$ n[apñWVrer OmoS>cm Var

MmcVmo H$maU H$moUVohr dmL²>_` {Zdm©V nmoH$irV dmTy> eH$V Zmhr. Vnñdr XoIrc g_mOmVrc EH$

{d{eîQ> àd¥Îmr XmIdVmo Ago ao_mH$ åhUVmo Ë`m_wioM Im{S>cH$am§À`m "H$sMH$dY' `m ZmQ>H$mda {~«Q>re

gaH$maZo ~§Xr AmUÊ`mMo H$maU Amnë`mcm g_OVo. H$P©ZÀ`m Owc_r amOdQ>rMo ê$nH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMo

H$m_ Im{S>cH$am§Zr Ho$co. Ë`mM H$mimV AmR> ~§Jmcr ZmQ>H$m§da ~§Xr Amcr Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$

n[apñWVrMm g§~§Y gm{hË`mer Amcocm {XgVmo. EH$m H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmao g_J« H$mcI§S>mVrc

g_mOmMo {MÌ V`ma H$aVm oUo H$R>rU Amho nU H$cmH¥$Vr hr _mZdr H$ënZoMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. {VMo

"ñdm`Îm' Ago AmVco {Z`_ AgVmV Ë`mMmhr {dMma VwcZoV ìhmd`mg hdm. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc g§~§Y

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emoYUo ho Amnco Ü o Agco Var {VÀ`mVrc Eo{Vhm{gH$ d gm¢X ©emñÌr` nwamdm åhUyZ ZmVog§~§Y

emoYUo A{YH$ Mm§Jco R>aVo. e¡cremñÌr`ÑîQ>`m Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mV ìhm`cm hdm. B{VhmgmMm

{dMma H$aVmZm e¡cr gmYZo H|$ÐñWmZr Agcr nm{hOoV. XmoZ coIH$m§Vrc gmå` oX emoYUo EH$m ÑîQ>rZo

\$m`ÚmMo AgVo _VàUmcr, e¡cr, aMZm EH$m AWdm XmoZ gm{hË`mVrc H$cmH¥$Vr Am{U {d{eîQ> qH$dm

{Za{Zami`m H$mcI§S>mVrc Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mr gdm©{JU VwcZm Amdí`H$ R>aVo. coIH$mÀ`m g_J«

gm{hË`H¥$VrMr VwcZm Ho$ë`mg {dídgm{hË`mVrc H$mhr {Ma§VZ à_mUHo$ {ZpíMV H$aVm oVrc. H$mhr

Xoe, g_mO V`ma à^md àjonH$ qH$dm pñdH$maH$ AgVmV. {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$

g§X^m©V gm{hË`H¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr Ë`m§Mo ñdmJV pñdH$ma `m§À`m gm§{KH$ Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Aä`mg

Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgm_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo.

AmVmn ©V gm{hË`mH$So> EH$m ì`ŠVrMr {Z{_©Vr åhUyZ nm{hco OmV hmoVo. nU gm{hË`mH$So>

Am§VaamîQ´>r` ÑîQ>rZo nhmÊ`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mZo {eH$dco gm{hË` hr EH$ Am§Vagm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U

Am§Va^mfm d¡km{ZH$ Ñí`KQ>Zm AgVo. Aem gm{hË`m§Mm B{Vhmg d VÎdkmZ d g_rjm `m§À`m

gmhmæ`mZo Ho$cocm g§ícofH$ Aä`mg åhUOo Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg Ago {nH$mñgmo Am{U ê$gmo `m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o doJdoJiçm àH$maÀ`m VwcZm d àíZ Am{U VÎdo `m§Mm g_mdoe

Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mÀ`m doJdoJi`m joÌm§Zm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` ñne© H$aVo. e¡cremñÌ,

_mŠg©dmX, ñÌrdmX, X{cV gm{hË`, J«m_rU gm{hË`, AW©emñÌ, B{Vhmg, g_mOemñÌ, _mZdd§eemñÌ,

VÎdkmZ d g§ñH¥$Vr, {dkmZ `m gdm©Mm A§V^m© d Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o Agë`mMo {XgVo.

H$moUË`mhr H$cmH¥$VrMm Vm¡c{ZH$ A§JmZo {dMma H$aVmZm `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo.

Ë`m_wio dmS²:_`mMm gdm©§{JU Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË` _XV H$aV Agë`mMo {XgVo. AmO

^mfm emñÌm_Ü ohr Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgnÜXVr dmnacocr {XgVo. `mMm AW© AmO àË oH$ emIo_Ü o

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmg _hÎd àmßV hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo.

Vm¡c{ZH$ ÑîQ>rZo gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUmao Aä`mgH$ _mÌ AmO H$_r AmhoV. qhXr_Ü o {OVHo$

VwcZoda g§emoYZ Pmco Amho. {VVHo$ _amR>rV Zmhr H$maU AmO _amR>r {df` {eH$dUmè`m {dÚmnrR>m_Ü o

Aä`mgH«$_ nm{hcm AgVm ¹${MV {R>H$mUr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm A§V^m©d Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. nXdr

{ejUm_Ü o Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMm A§V^m©d Ho$ë`mg nwT>o {ejU KoUmè`m d g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m

Aä`mgH$m§Zm Ë`mMm {ZpíMVnUo Cn`moJ hmoB©c. nXì wÎma {ejUm_Ü o gwÜXm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg

EopÀN>H$ Ho$ë`mZo {dÚmÏ`m©§Mm {VH$So> H$c AJXr H$_r à_mUmV Agë`mMo {XgVo. `mMo Xþgao H$maU Ago

hr gm§JVm oB©c. H$s Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mdarc _amR>r ^mfoV AgUmè`m J«§WmMr g§»`m H$_r Amho. _amR>r

^mfm {eH$Umè`m {dÚmÏ`m©cm B§J«Orgma»`m J«§WmMm AmYma KoD$Z Aä`mg H$aUo H${R>U R>aVo. AmO

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Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg EH$ Am§Va{dÚmemIm åhUyZ Zmdmê$nmcm oV Amho. `mMo lo nmR>r_mJrc

VwcZmH$mam§Zm Úmdo cmJVo. Ë`m_Ü o S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rc, S>m°. Ohm{JaXma, S>m°. a. ~m. _§MaH$a, S>m°. dg§V

~mnQ>, S>m°. ~§{XdSo>H$a, S>m°. JUoe EZ. Xodr, S>m°. e_m©, S>m°. Zdc{H$emoa B. Aä`mgH$m§Mr Zmdo

AJ«H$_mZo ¿`mdr cmJVrc `m {R>H$mUr gd© Aä`mgH$m§Mr Zmdo KoUo AeŠ` AmhoV. Varhr `m gd©

Aä`mgH$m§Zm YÝ`dmX {Xco nm{hOoV. AmO WmoS>`m\$ma à_mUmV Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V

Amho. Ë`mMo gmao lo `m ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zm Úmdo cmJoc.

Am§Va{dÚmemIr` g§ícofUmVyZ àmßV hmoUmar __©ÑîQ>r Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mV _hÎdmMr R>aVo. ho `m

Aä`mgemIoMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>` R>aVo, Ago Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Aä`mg Zd{Z_m©UmMr à{VVr XoVmV.

Ë`m_wio AZoH$ Aä`mgnÜXVr emoY joÌm_Ü o dmnaÊ`mMr _w m {_iVo d Ë`mVyZM Zdo H$mhrVar

Jdgë`mMm AmZ§X {_iVmo.

EImXm gm{hË`àH$ma {eH${dVmZm Ë`mMr gwê$dmV nmpíM_mË` XoemV H$Yr Pmcr AmnUmg

{eH$dco OmVo na§Vww ^maVr` ^mfm§_YyZ Ë`m Ë`m gm{hË`àH$mamMr gwê$dmVr H$Yr, H$moR>o H$er Pmcr `mMo

CËVa AmnUmg _mhrV ZgVo. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgm{edm` AmnUmg {_iUma ZmhrV

^maV XoemÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma Ho$cm Va AmnU VwcZm Ho$cr VaM Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maVr` gm{hË`mMm

Aä`mg Ho$ë`mMo g_mYmZ {_ioc. AmO AmnUmg eoŠg{nà, {cAmoZmXm}, {nŠH$mgmogmaIo gm{hpË`H$

{MÌH$ma kmV AmhoV nU eoOmarc àm§VmVrc _hÎdmMo coIZ H$aUmao gm{hpË`H$, H$cmd§V AmnUmg

_m{hV ZgVmV. hr XþX£dmMr ~m~ Amho Ë`mgmR>r gd© ^maVr` ^mfm§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aUo d Amncr

ñdV§Ì ^maVr` Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr nR>S>r V`ma H$aUo AË §V JaOoMo Amho. Z§VaM naXoemVrc

dmS²:_`mMm VwcZogmR>r A§JrH$ma H$amdm Ago dmQ>Vo.

VwcZoÛmao _mZdmg kmZmMr àmßVr hmoVo VwcZm hr àmH¥${VH$ g_mZVm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoVrc

g_mZVm Am{U à^md pñdH$maH$ d à^mdH$ `m gd© JmoîQ>rMr Ho$cr OmVo. VwcZmH$mam§Zo XmoZ ^mfoVrc

Xþdm åhUyZ Cn wŠV R>amdo ^maVr` {dÚmnrR>m§VyZ gm{hË`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm nmpíM_mË` gm{hË`mMrM

AmoiI H$ê$Z XodyZ MmcUma Zmhr Va Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` ^mfm§_Yrc gm{hË`H¥$VrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo

{VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Aä`mgH«$_mV ~Xc H$amdo cmJVrc nU hm ÑpîQ>H$moZ pñdH$macm

VaM ^maVr` àmXo{eH$ ^mfm§_Yrc dmL²>_`rZ H$cmH¥$VtMr AmoiI Aä`mgH$m§Zm {dÚmÏ`m©§Zm hmoB©c Ago

dmQ>Vo. AmO {dÚmnrR>mVyZ {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWr© Ë`m Ë`m àmXo{eH$ ^mfoVrc dmL²>_`mMm Aä`mg

H$aVmV hr g§Hw${MV d¥Îmr gmoSy>Z ^maVr` ^mfm§Mm d Ë`mVrc gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Aä`mg ìhmd`mg nmhrOo.

gmZoJwê$OtZr Am§Va^maVrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`m©§gmR>r ^maVr` CnI§S>mVrc

doJdoJi`m ^mfm§Mr _m{hVr ìhmdr. Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMm n[aM` ìhmdm. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ ìhmdm Ago

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Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m g§H$ënZoMm Oa ^mfm {d^mJm§Zr pñdH$ma Ho$cm Va Am§Va^maVrMr g§H$ënZm

AmnU gmH$ma H$ê$ eHy$. EH$mË_ ^maV KS>Ê`mg Ë`mÛmao _XVM hmoB©c Am{U Amnë`m `m ^maVr`

g§ñH¥$VrMr BVa XoemVrc g§ñH¥$Vrer VwcZm H$aUo A{YH$ gmo rñH$a R>aoc. Amnë`m Odi Oo CncãY

Amho Vo gmoSy>Z AmnU \$ŠV nmíMmË` dmS²:_èr VwcZm H$aÊ`mMr dmgmh{VH$ _Zmod¥Îmr gmoS>md`mg

hdr. `mMm AW© Agmhr Zìho H$s \$ŠV ^maVr` ^mfm§Zm hrZ ñWmZ {_iVo Amho. Ë`mMr C§Mr AmnUmg

OJmcm XmIdVm oB©c `m ÑîQ>rZo oWo Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.

"eodQ>r' _mZdm§Mo A§Vr JmoÌ EH$M `m H$drdMZmMm àË`` Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmZo oB©c `mV e§H$m

Zmhr.

❏ g§ñH¥${VgÝ_wIVm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç :-

g§ñH¥${VgÝ_wIVoVyZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm OÝ_ Pmcm. gm_«mÁ`{dñVma ho _hÎdmMo H$maU g§ñH¥$Vr

g§H$amnmR>r_mJo Agë`mMo {XgVo. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmnU _mZd g§ñH¥$VrH$So> nmhrco Va

gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AZoH$ cT>m`m Pmcoë`m {XgVmV. OJ qOH$Ê`mg {ZKmcocm {gH§$Xa Agoc

dm Zonmo{c`Z ~moZmnmQ>© Agoc Ë`m§Zr Amnco OJ‚moVonX {_iÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ gm_«mÁ o nmXmH«$m§V Ho$cr.

Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Xoem§À`m, amÁ`m§À`m gr_m Amocm§Sy>Z ^maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$co. AJXr ^maVr` amOoaOdmS> m§À`m{dMma Ho$cm Var gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r EH$_oH$mda MT>m`m H$aUo. Ë`m§Mo ämyàXoe Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMr EH$

àH$maMr Bî`m© {XgVo. noeì`m§Zr AQ>Ho$nma P|S>m amodcm. nm{ZnVMr cT>mB© hr AmnUmg Ë`mMrM gmj

XoVo. 1818 cm noedmB©À`m AñVmZ§Va B§J«Or gÎmoMr nmio_wio g§nyU© ^maVâ amodcr B§J«Om§Zr

{ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm, XiUdiUmÀ`m gw{dYm ^maVmV AmUë`m. Ë`m§Zr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>`m AmnUmg H§$Jmc

~Zdco ho {VañH$aUr` Agco Var Ë`m§Zr {Xcoë`m kmZmÀ`m àH$memV AmnU AmnUmg AmoiIy eH$cmo.

AmnUmg ñdV:Mo ^mZ Amco Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vrer Amnë`m ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMr VwcZm Ho$cr d Amnco

AmË_^mZ OmJ¥V Pmco. ho hr AmnUmg {dgaVm oUma Zmhr. B§J«Om§Zr XiUdiUmÀ`m gmo r {Z_m©U

Ho$ë`m Ë`m_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXmZ àXmZo dmT>cr. `mVyZM AmnUmg Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrMr B§J«Om§À`m

g§ñH¥$Vrer VwcZm H$aVm Amcr. ñdV:g nS>VmiyZ nhmVm Amco. Ë`m§À`m dmS²:_`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo

^maVr` VÎdkmZmZo Ë`m§À`mhr gm{hË`mda à^md nS>cm. Aem [aVrZo cT>m`m gm_«mÁ`m{dñVma,

dgmhVrH$aU, cmoH$g_yhm§Mo ñWcm§Va, àdmg Aem XmoZ {Za{Zai`m H$maUm§Zr XmoZ g§ñH¥$Vr g_moamg_moaCä`m R>mH$VmV. Voìhm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` ~Xcm_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmKmV hmoVmV. XmoZ g§ñH¥$Vr

àdmh Ooìhm nañnam§Zm gÝ_wI hmoVmV. Voìhm EH$_oH$m§H$So> S>moignUo nm{hco OmVo gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH$cZmgmR>r

Zì`m kmZjoÌmMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoVo. EH$m {M{H$ËgH$ Am{U Vm¡c{ZH$ ÑîQ>rZo XmoÝhr g§ñH¥${VH$ {dMma

hmoD$ cmJVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {M{H$ËgoMm ^mJ åhUyZ gm{hË`mÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmcm Ama§

Pmcocm {XgVmo.

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_Ü` wJm_Ü o qhXÿ d Bñcm_ `m XmoZ g§ñH¥$Vr g_moamg_moa Amë`m Voìhm EH$_oH$s¨Zm ZmH$maÊ`mnmgyZ

pñdH$maÊ`mn ©§VMo AZoH$ n{dÌo XmoÝhr g§ñH¥$VrVrc gm{hË`mV {XgVmV. B§J«O, \«|$M, S>M, nmoVw©{JO

`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMm g§~§Y ^maVr` g_mO_Zmda, dmL²>_`mda Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Pmco. Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥${Vg§H$amÀ`m

`m à{H«$ oMo gmX nS>gmX Vm¡c{ZH$ ÑîQ>rZo Ë`mhmiUo hr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMr EH$ {Xem Amho.

Iè`m d¡pídH$Vo_mJo OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ~hþ{dYVoMm g§J_ KSy>Z EH$ àmMrZ d ^ì` _mZdr

ñdßZ àË`jmV `mdo Aer AmoT> Amho. Xþgè`m _mZdg_yhm{df`r Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥${V{df`r _mUgmcm EH$

àH$maMr {Okmgm Am{U Hw$Vwhc AgVo. Xþgè`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àH$memV Amnë`m g§ñH¥$Vrcm VmSy>Z nhmVm

oVo. Amncm g_mO nhmVm oVmo Xþgè`mcm OmUÊ`mVM _mZdmcm ñdV:Mr Iar AmoiI hmoVo. Aem

g§mñH¥${VH$ Hw$VyhcmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm CX` Pmcm. Amnë`m Jmdmì`{V[aŠV Á`mZo

Xþgao Jmd nm{hco Zmhr. Ë`mcm Amnco JmdM Mm§Jco dmQ>Vo nU Ë`mcm Ë`mMo Jmd Var ZrQ> g_Oco

H$m? hm àíZ CaVmoM.

H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`mMo `WmW© AmH$cZ Xþgè`m gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©VM hmoD$ eH$Vo Aer Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mMr YmaUm Amho d `m YmaUodaM gm{hË`H¥$Vr EH$_oH$ser VmSy>Z nhmUo Ë`mMo Vm¡c{ZH$

AW©{Zê$nU d _yë`_mnZ H$aUo ho Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMo _yi ñdê$n Amho. `mÑîQ>rZo "ì §H$Q>oe

_mS>JyiH$a d \$UrídaZmW aoUw `m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg' hm {df` Aä`mgmgmR>r {ZdS>cm

Amho. ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc gm§Jcr {Oëh`mVco Va \$UrídaZmW aoUw ho {~hma_Yrc

ny{U© m `m {Oëh`mVco. `m XmoZ {^ÝZ ^mfmg§ñH¥$VrVrc gm{hË` H¥$Vr EH$_oH$ser VwcZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo

_yë`_mnZ H$aUo hm Aä`mgmMm _w»` {df` Amho.

""V§Ì, ^mfm, e¡cr Am{U g§aMZm `m dmL²>_` KQ>H$m§À`m VwcZm Agy eH$VmV. gm{hË`mÀ`m

àoaUm, àd¥Îmr, àdmh, Midir g§àXm` A{^ê$Mr Aem dmS²:_` ì`dhmamVrc `m VwcZm Agy eH$VmV.

gm{hË`H¥$Vr, coIH$ dmS²:_` àH$ma H$mcI§S> Am{U dmS²:_`mÀ`m B{Vhmg Aem gJi`m _hÎdmÀ`m

Aä`mgàH$mamVrc `m VwcZm Agy eH$VmV. cmoH$gm{hË` , ^mfm§Va `mgh gm{hË`mMo gd© àH$ma Ë`mV

g_m{dîQ> hmoD$ eH$VmV.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o doJdoJio Xoe Ë`m§À`m ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U gm{hË`na§nam `m§Mm

Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`mg H$mimMo ~§YZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mr

Vm¡c{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wio VwcZoMm A_`m©X {dñVma Agë`mMo OmUdVo. gm{hË`m_wio BVa

H$cm§Zm {df` {_iVmV. XmoZ doJdoJi`m, ^mfm, XmoZ g_mO, Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr `m ñWcH$mcmÀ`m gr_m

Amocm§Sy>Z Aä`mgÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm_mJo Agë`mMo {XgVo. {d{dY kmZemIm§Mm

Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo. Y_m©À`m Hw$erVyZ d Y_© no«{fVm§À`m _werVyZ ~mhoa nS>coco

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gm{hË` AW©ì`dñWm, g_mOì`dñWm `m§À`m àoaUm§Zr à^m{dV gm{hË` Amnë`m OrdZ- Om{Udm§Zr

Am{U gm¢X`m©Zo {d{dY joÌmda Amncm R>gm C_Q>{dV AgVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË` Am{U OrdZ Y_©, {dkmZ

d AW© `m§À`m nañnag§~§YmMm Ë`m§À`m H«$s`m à{V{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo.

c{cVH$cm gm{hË` Am{U kmZemIm OrdZjoÌo `m§À`mVrc g§dmX {damoYmMm, g§~§YmMm Am{U

Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo. cm¡{H$H$ d Acm¡{H$H$ Aem XmoÝhr

ÑpîQ>H$moZmVrc g_mZ KQ>H$m§Mm emoY Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o KoVcm OmVmo. cm¡{H$H$ d Acm¡{H$H$

_V oXm§Mm _mJmodm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o KoVcm OmVmo. g_rjoV Á`m g§H$ënZm dmnaë`m OmVmV Ë`m§Mr

naH$s` gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V VnmgUr H$ê$Z g_rjm A{YH$ Zo_Ho$nUmZo H$er H$aVm oB©c `mMo

{XemXe©Z Ho$co OmVo.

_m¡pIH$ gm{hË`mMmhr Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mV Ho$cm OmVmo. _m¡pIH$ gm{hË`mMr J«§m{WH$

dmS²:_`mer hmoUmar Am§Va{H«$`m Ë`mVrc _ycmYmamMm emoY, Ame` ê$n `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Ama§ rÀ`m

H$mimV Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. AmO Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmMr joÌo {dñVmacr AmhoV.

gm{hË` hr _mZdr ì`pŠVH$aUmMr H$cm Amho. _mZdr ^mdñn§XZmMo EH$ Zd{Z_m©Uerc g¥OZj_ joÌ

Amho. {VMm Xoe ^mfm g§ñH¥${V{Zanoj {dMma H$ê$Z gd©gmYmaU VÎdm§Mm d Amd¥Îm g§aMZmMm emoY

KoVcm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV VwcZoÀ`m AmYmamZo Ho$cocm gm{hË`m§Mm Aä`mg Vmo Vm¡c{ZH$ g{hË`ä`mg Ago

AmnUmg åhUVm oVo.

wamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§À`m gm_«mÁèmhr _hÎdmH$m§jo_wio OJmV Pmcoco amOH$s` Owcy_ Am{U Am{W©H$

emofU {H$Vrhr {VañH$aUr` Agco Var gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m KS>m_moS>r_wioM g_mO g_mOmVrc gm§ñH¥${VH$

VQ>q^Vr H$mogië`m hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. {OV Am{U OoVo `m§À`m_Yrc {d{Z_` ì`mnma C{X_mnwaVm

ahmV Zmhr Va Vmo ^mfm, gm{hË`, AmMma-{dMma, Cƒma Aem AZoH$ joÌmV KSy>Z oVmo OoË`m§Mm à^md

{OVmda nS>mdm Am{U Ë`m§Zr OoË`mH$Sy>Z AZoH$ JmoîQ>r ñdrH$mamì`m ho Va ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. nU OoVo

hr {OVmH$Sy>Z H$mhr CMc H$aVmVM. XmoZ _mZdg_mO H$moUË`mhr H$maUm§Zo EH$Ì Amco H$s Ë`mV

gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{Z_` An[ahm © AgVmo åhUyZ Va {OV amîQ´>m§Mm An[a{_V gm§ñH¥${VH$ R>odm nmhÿZ

wamo{n`Z {dMmad§V WŠH$ Pmco Am{U n[aUm_r ^maV MrZ, Aa~ñVmZ Am{U BamU `m amîQ´>m§À`m

gm{hË` g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg ^maVm_Ü o hmoD$ cmJcm. amîQ>«o Amnë`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm emoY KoV AgVmZm

Amngm_Yrc gmå`mMmhr ~moY Ë`m§Zm hmoV hmoVm H$å w{ZñQ>m§À`m Om{haZmå`mV H$mc© _mŠg©Zo `mMr XIc

KoVcr {XgVo.

^maVr` Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr gwê$dmV cm°S©> _oH$m°coÀ`m VwÀN>VmnyU© nÌmZo Pmcr AgoM

åhUmdo cmJoc. Vmo åhUVmo ""nm¡dm©Ë`m§À`m {dÚoMr nm¡dm©Ë`M Or qH$_V H$aVmV Vr nËH$am`cm _r V`ma

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Amho. _r nwîH$im§Zm {dMmaco nU gJi`m§Mo _V EH$M EImÚm Mm§Jë`m wamo{n`Z J«§Wmc`mVrc

Ac_marV OodT>o kmZ^m§S>ma Agoc VodT>o nm¡dm©Ë`m§À`m g§nyU© gm{hË`mV Zmhr. wamo{n`Z H$mì`m§er VwcZm

ìhmdr. BVH$s cm`H$s Amnë`m H$mì`mV Amho Ago åhUUmam EH$hr ZoQ>rìh oQ>cocm Zmhr. H$mì` Va

ZìhoM nU emñÌr` kmZ XoUmam EH$hr J«§W wamo{n`Zm§À`m nmg§Jmcm XoIrc H$moUr nwam`Mo Zmhr. g§ñH¥$V

^mfoVrc EHy$U EH$ J«§WmVrc kmZmMr Jmoim~oarO Ho$cr Var {VMr qH$_V B§½c§S>_Yrc àmW{_H$ emioV

{eH$dë`m OmUmè`m B{VhmgmÀ`m MmonS>r EdT>rhr R>aUma Zmhr Ago åhUÊ`mV _r {~cHy$c A{Ve`moŠVr

H$aV Zmhr.... '' Aem [aVrZo _oH$m°coÀ`m `m Xnm}ŠVrMm H$moUrhr g_§Og _mUyg {YŠH$maM H$arc. na§Vww

`m VwÀN> {cImUmMr VwcZm wamo{n` gm{hË`m§er Ho$cr Ë`m_wio _oH$m°co gma»`m AhJ§S>mZo nN>mS>coë`mgmR>r

Ë`mÀ`m _VmMo I§S>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` d wamo{n`Z {dÛm§ZmMr coIUr CMccr.

gm{hË` {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ^mfm§V Agco Var A§{V_ÑîQ>çm _mZdr _ZmMm A{dîH$ma Ë`m_Ü o AgVmo.

ho OmUë`m{edm` XmoZ gm{hË`m_Ü o VwcZm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg H$aUmè`m

ì`ŠVrZo Hw$UmMrhr AdmñVd ñVwVr AWdm qZXm H$aÊ`mMm hoVy R>ody Z o. {^ÝZ {^ÝZ na§nam§Mo ^mZ

R>odUo, gm{hË`mVrc gmå` {damoYmMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aUo `m JmoîQ>tMm A§V^m©d Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o

hmoVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`ä`mgmV _mÌ EH$mnojm A{YH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V àmUämyV VÎd åhUyZ

VwcZoMm CKS> A§JrH$ma Ho$cocm AgVmo. EH$ gm{hË`m{YîR>rV Aä`mgmnojm AZoH$ gm{hË`m{Y{îR>V

Aä`mgmMr H$jm ì`mnH$ AgVo. Aem ì`mnH$ H$joV VwcZm H$aUo ho Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo EH$

à_wI cjU R>aVo. EH$^m{fH$ gm{hË`mMr gr_maofm Amocm§S>ë`m{edm` Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMr gwê$dmV

hmoUma Zmhr. `mMm AW© Agmhr Zìho H$s EH$m ^mfrH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o VwcZm g§ dV Zmhr XmoZ qH$dm

A{YH$ ^mfmgm{hË`m_Ü o {d{eîQ> àd¥Îmrcm, AmH¥$Vr~§Ymcm, àH$mamcm, àd¥Îmrcm, aMZocm g_mZVm

qH$dm {^ÝZVm H$er d H$moUË`m JmoîQ>r_wio Amcr `mMm emoY Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o KoVcm OmVmo.

à^md gmYå © d¡Yå © `m_mJÀ`m H$maUm§Mm emoY Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgm_Ü o KoVcm OmVmo.

VwcZm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Ü o Ho$cr OmVo AWm©V XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ amîQ´>r`

gm{hË`mVhr Vr H$aVo `m gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr ì`mßVr Amnë`m cjmV

oVo.`m Z§Va Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMo ñdê$n Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo cmJVo.

❏ XmoZ coIH$mVrc Am§VaH«$s`m§Mm Aä`mg :-

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg H$aVmZm XmoZ coIH$m§Mm Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`H¥$VrMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {dMma Ho$cm Va AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ oB©c H$s XmoZ AWdm A{YH$ à{gÜX

gm{hpË`H$m§_Ü o loîR>VoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ñWmZ R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r g§ñH¥$V d AÝ` ^maVr` ^mfm§À`m gm{hË`m_Ü o

VwcZm H$aÊ`mMr nÜXVr àM{cV hmoVr. hr VwcZm H$moUË`mhr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ AWdm emñÌr` nÜXVrda

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AmYmacocr ZìhVr H$maU Ë`mg ì`pŠVgmnojVoMm ^mJ A{YH$ Agë`mMo AmnUmg {XgVo. Ë`m_wio

VwcZm H$Yr H$Yr AàË`j Va H$Yr H$Yr nañna {damoYrhr AmT>iVmV.

Cn_m H$m{cXmgñ`, ^madoW© Jm¡ad_² &

XpÊS>Z, nXcm{cË`_² _mKo gpÝV Ì`moJwUm:&&

`m CXmhaUm_Ü o dñVwV: H$m{cXmg, ^ma{d, X§S>r d _mK `m d Mma g§ñH¥$V _hmH$dtMr VwcZmM

Agcocr {XgVo. H$m{cXmgmMo Cn_m d¡ d, ^madrMm AW©Jm¡ad, X§S>rMo nXcm{cË` Aem {d{eîR>

JwUm§Mm _mK H$dr_Ü o g_wƒ` Agë`mMo gm§{JVco Amho.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o Cƒ-ZrMVoMm g_^md XmIdcm OmV Zmhr Va Ë §mÀ`m_Ü o gmå o

H$moUVr AmhoV. Ë §mÀ`mVrc oX H$m` AmhoV d g_mZ à^d na§nam H$moUVr Ë §mMm à^md H$gm nS>cm

Aem Mmahr A§JmZr Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. d¡ pŠVH$ A{^{Zdoe, nyd©J«h, qH$dm {d{eîR> ÑpîQ>H$moZ `mVyZ

BVam§À`mnojm EH$ loîR> Ago XmIdÊ`mMo à`moOZ VwcZmË_H$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV g§ dV Zmhr. Iè`m

VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_Ü o XmoZ gm{hË`mÀ`m gm{hpË`H$ g§~§YmMr gå`H$ VwcZmM Ano{jV AgVo. Ë`mV

loîR>Vm, H${ZîR>Vm, CƒVm, {ZåZVm BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm {dMma A{^àoV AgV Zmhr.

XmoZ coIH$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm AmnUmg Agohr {XgyZ oVo H$s H$mhrdoim EH$M coIH$ {^ÝZ -

{^ÝZ ^mfm_Ü o coIZ H$aV AgVmo. àñVwV à~§Ym{df`mVrc \$UrídaZmW aoUw ho coIH$_hmoX` ~§Jmcr,

qhXr Zonmir dJ¡ao ^mfmH$mo{dX Agcoco {XgyZ oVmV. Ë`m§Mr `m ^mfmda nH$S> Agcocr {XgVo. Ë`m_wio

{d{dY ^mfm_Yrc AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$m§er Ë`m§Mm n[aM` AWdm g§~§Y Amcm AgUo gmh{OH$M Amho.

_amR>rVrc Zm_XodmgmaIo g§VH$dr hr _amR>r Am{U qhXr `m ^mfm§_Ü o coIZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio

{^ÝZ ^mfm_Yrc EH$mM coIH$mÀ`m gm{hË`mMm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mghr hmoD$ eHo$c.

XmoZ coIH$m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë §mÀ`m ^modVmcÀ`m gm_m{OH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ n`m©daUmMm hr {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. àñVwV

à~§YmVrc ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a Am{U \$UrídaZmW aoUw ho XÿaÀ`m àXoemVrc AgyZhr Ë`m§À`m

coIZm_Ü o _moR>`m à_mUmV gmå` Agë`mMo OmUdVo `mMo H$maU H$m`? `m {d{dY H$maUm§Mm emoY

KoVmZm _mZ{gH$ n[apñWVrMmhr {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m {dMmamZwgma Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr

g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm V`ma H$aVo. Ë`m_mJo \«$m°B©S>Mm _ZmodmX Agcocm {XgVmo. XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$

coIH$ Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _mZdr _ZmMo JmoÌ A§Vr EH$M `m CŠVrMm àË``

AmnUmg oVmZm {XgVmo.

g_mZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§MrVmMmhr AmnUmg XmoZ coIH$m§À`m Am§VaH«$s`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {dMma

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H$amdm cmJVmo. {^ÝZ {^ÝZ àXoem§V AgyZhr XmoKm§Mr ^mfm doJir AgyZhr Ë §mÀ`m_Ü o {dcjU gmå`

AmT>iVo `mnmR>r_mJo g_mZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§{MVmMm YmJm Agcocm {XgVmo. VwcZmä`mgm_Ü o gm{hË`mVyZ

coIH$mÀ`m {dMmmam_Ü o {XgUmao {dMma gyÌ _hÎdmMo Agco Var H$Yr H$Yr Ë §mMr OrdZnÜXVr,

OrdZmVrc KQ>Zm `mVhr `moJm`moJmZo BVHo$ gmå` AmT>iVo H$s Vo nmhÿZ AmíM © dmQ>mdo. ~è`mM doim

XmoZ coIH$m_Yrc EH$ coIH$ ~è`mM AJmoXa hmoD$Z Jococm Agoc Va Xþgè`m Z§VaÀ`m coIH$mda

Ë`§mMm à^md nS>Uo gmh{OH$ Amho. nU ~aoM doim Ago KS>Vhr Zmhr. n{hë`mMo dmS²:_`

^mfm{^ÝZVo_wio qH$dm H$mhr AÝ` H$maUm_wio dmMcoco Zgco Voìhm g_mZVm Agcocr {XgVo.

_mS>JyiH$a Am{U aoUw `m§À`m d`m_Ü o \$ŠV 6 dfm©Mo A§Va Amho. Voìhm g_mZVoMr AÝ`hr H$maUo

emoYmdr cmJVmV hohr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo g_OVo d Amncr ÑîQ>r A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ~ZVo.

Aem àH$mao XmoZ coIH$mVrc Am§VaH«$s`m§Mm Aä`mg Ë §mÀ`m g^modVmcMo g§nyU© n`m©daU,

Eo{Vhm{gH$, g_mOemñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moZ coIH$mZo _m§S>coco VÎdkmZ Ë`m§Mo d¡ pŠVH$ M[aÌ Ë §mMr e¡cr

`m§À`m AZwf§JmZo Aä`mg H$amdm cmJVmo.

4.2.4 dmS>_`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg/gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg

gm{hË`àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo AJË`mMo R>aVo. gm{hË`àH$ma g§H$ënZocm H$m§Q> d H«$moMo

`m XmoZ gm¢X © _r_m§gH$m§Zr VmpËdH$ {damoY Ho$cm Amho. ì`mdhmarH$ gmo H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU

gm{hË`àH$ma g§~moYVmo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. gd©gm_mÝ` a{gH$ dmMH$m§Zm Vo nwñVH$ H$moUVo Amho Vo

g_Omdo, J«§Wnmc, g§nmXH$, àH$meH$ `m§Zm dJr©H$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmono Omdo `mgmR>r gm{hË`mMo àH$ma

H$pënco OmVmV Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. H$moUË`mhr XmoZ gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr {H$Vrhr gyú_ N>mZZr Ho$cr Var

Ë`m_Yrc oX ho Ho$di dU©ZmË_H$ nmVirdaM amhVmV H$maU H$moUVrhr gm{hË`H¥$Vr nyU©V: Xþgè`m

gm{hË`H¥$Vrnojm doJir AgV Zmhr. Ë`mVrV doJionU H$mhr _wX`m§À`m AmYmao XmIdco OmVo. ho Oar

Iao Agco Var Aä`mgH$m§Zm, g§emoYH$m§Zm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË`àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm Aä`mg

H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË`àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo JaoOo R>aVo. àË oH$ H$cmH¥$Vr AZÝ`gmYmaU Agoc

Va H$moUË`mM H$cmH¥$VrMo dJr©H$aU H$aVm oUma Zmhr d {VMo Vm{H©$H$ {ZH$fhr gm§JVm oUma ZmhrV.

àË oH$ H$cmH¥$VrVMm KmQ> AZÝ` AgVmo Ago Oar Agco Var Vmo KmQ> {Z_m©U hmoVmZm gm_m{OH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, ^m¡Jmo{cH$, _mZ{gH$, dmL²>_`rZ JmoîQ>tMm à^md Ë`mda nS>VmoM Vgo

Pmco ZgVo Va gd© H$cmH¥$Vr gmMo~§X d EH$gwar OÝ_ë`m Agë`m. Om{V{Z[anoj \w$c Ogo AmnUmg

emoYyZ AmUVm oV Zmhr Vgm Om{V{Zanoj dmL²>_` àH$ma emoYVm oUma Zmhr. gd©gmYmaU gm{hË`ì`dhma

hm àH$ma{Y{îR>VrM AgVmo. gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr dm dmMZ ho EImÚm gm{hË`àH$mamÀ`m nyd© OmUrdoVyZM

hmoVo. Ë`m gm{hË`àH$mamÀ`m ~§{XemMr, EH§$Xa OS>U, KS>UrMr, Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmMr H$ënZm coIH$mcm

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AgVo Am{U dmMH$mcm hr H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`ì`dhmamMr Or EH$ nyd© na§nam AgVo {VÀ`m_YyZ ho

dmL²>_` àH$mam§Mo ^mZ C^`Vm§Zm Amcoco AgVo. Ë`mVyZM H${dVoMo H${dVmnU, ZmQ>H$mMo ZmQ>H$nU

AmoiIÊ`mMr IyU JdgVo Am{U AmñdmXZ, _yë`_mnZ Agm gm{hË` ì`dhma nwT>o dmQ>Mmc H$ê$

cmJVmo. Ago S>m°. gwaoe Omoer `m§Zr dmL²>_` àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aVmZm åhQ>coco Amho.

gm{hË` àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm g_Oë`mZ§Va Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMr gdm©§JrU CH$c H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Vnmgmdm cmJVmo. Vm¡cm{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü o Aem àH$maMo ZmVog§~Y VnmgUo ghO eŠ`

hmoVo. J«m_rU H$mX§~arMm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü o Aem àH$maMo ZmVog§~Y VnmgUo ghO

eŠ` hmoVo. J«m_rU H$mX§~arMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mV Ë`m ^mfoVrc J«m_rU d

H$mX§~arMr gwê$dmV Zo_H$s H$Yr H$er Pmcr `mMm Aä`mg H$cm OmVmo. ñÌrdmXr Agmo dm X{cV `m

gm{hË`àdmhmVrc Vr Vr H$cmH¥$Vr {VMm CXJ_ {dH$mg dmQ>Mmc `m Q>ßß`m§Mm Aä`mg AmnUmg

Vm¡cm{ZH$ gm{hË`ä`mgmÀ`m n[a{ecZmZo eŠ` hmoVmo. XmoZ ^m{fH$ gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m

Ë`m ^mfoVrc gm{hË`àH$mam§Mr g§H$ënZm {VMo ñdê$n `mMo AmH$cZ H$aVm oVo AmnU Amnco Ka H$Yr

nS>VmiyZ nmhÿ eH$Vmo Va Xþgè`mMo Ka ~{KVë`mZ§Va hr gd©gm_mÝ` g§H$ënZm Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m

Aä`mgmcmhr cmJy nS>Vo. `m {R>H$mUr VwcZm _hÎdmMr ZgVo Va Amnë`mgmaIo {VWo H$m` Amho?

Ë`m§À`mgmaIo Amnë`mH$So> H$m Zmhr? XmoKmV Zo_H$m oX H$moUVm ? Ë`m§À`m CXJ_ d à^md H$gm nS>cm

Amho `mMm emoY ZH$iVM AmnU KoV AgVmo. gm{hË`mMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm gmYå ©, d¡Yå ©,

CÒ_V Am{U à^md `m JmoîQ>tMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

gm{hË`àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm åhUOo _ycämyV JwUY_m©da AmYmacoco dJr©H$aU hmo . Zm°W«mon \«$m`

`m§Zr ÌrñVar` oXì`dñWm CcJSy>Z XmI{dcr Amho.

(A) {_Ï` aMZmcú`r oX gwImË_, emoH$mË_, Zmdc {dS§>~Z.

(~) àñVwVrH$aU cú`r ôX ZmQ>` ,nmR>`, Jo` d g§{hVm.

(H$) Zm`H$cú`r oX Zm`H$m§Mo ñd^mdJwU, nwamU, Zmdc, CËV_, AY_, X¡dr.

g§ñH¥$Vr {^ÝZVoà_mUo `m_Ü o \o$a~Xc hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. àË o g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdV:Mo Img

gm{hË`àH$ma AgVmV Ago aoZ docoHo$ n¥.262 `m§Zr gm{hË`{gX²Ym§V `m nwñVH$m_Ü o åhQ>coco Amho.

B§J«Or g_rjH$ B©. Eg. Ccmg `m§Zr ZmQ>H$, H$Wm d JrV Ago VrZM _ycämyV àH$ma _mZcoco AmhoV.

S>m°. X. {^. H$mocVo `m§À`m _Vo IamoIaM dmL²>_` àH$ma ho g_rjVo Am{U dmL²>_ o{VhmgmZo {Z_m©U

Ho$coc WmoVm§S> Amho. `m {dYmZmMm AmnU {dMma Ho$cm Va ho {dYmZ MwH$sMo Agë`mMo {XgyZ oB©c.

H$cmH¥$Vr AZÝ`gmYmaU AgVo Vr H$cmdñVy AgVo ho Oar _mÝ` Ho$c Var {_Mo dJr©H$aU Ho$ë`m{edm`

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gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$, a{gH$, Aä`mgH$ `m§Zm g_OmUma Zmhr. AmS>Zmd dS>rcm§Mo Zmd AmnU cmdVmo

AmVm AmB©Mohr Zmd cmdVmo Ë`mnmR>r_mJo EH$ {ZpíMV CX²Xoe AgVmo. Vgm Vr \$ŠV gm{hË`H¥$Vr Amho

åhUUo åhUOo _r \$ŠV _mUyg Amho Ago gm§JÊ`mgmaIo hmoB©c. Amncr AmoiI hr Amnë`m

AZÝ`gmYmaUËdmVyZ hmoUma Zmhr Va Amnë`mVrc H$mhr H$H$ JwUd¡{eîQ>`m§À`m Omoamda H$aVm oB©c.

åhUyZM H$cmH¥$VrMo {Z`_Z H$aUao Oo {Z`_ AmhoV ho AmnUmg cjmV ¿`mdo cmJVmV. C{MV Ame`,

A{^ì`ŠVr, e¡cr, V§Ì, KS>Uo `mMo {d{eîQ> g§Ho$V qH$dm {Z`_m§Zr Vr Vr H$cmH¥$Vr ~m§Ycocr AgVo.

S>m°. nmQ>UH$a åhUVmV H$s, `m dJr©H$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZm nwaoem cd{MH$ R>odë`m nm{hOoV.

dJr©H$aUmcm gd©ñdr {damoY H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr H$maU dJr©H$aUm{edm` VwcZm, VwcZo{edm` `WmW©

_yë`_mnZ d _yë`_mnZm{edm` g_rjmì`dhma g§nÝZ hmoUma Zmhr. nmíMmË` gm{hË`na§naoV gm§JÊ`mMm

XmIdÊ`mMm Am{U ^md{dÊ`mMm H$ama Ago VrZ H$ama AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio H$WZmË_, ZmQ>`mË_, Am{U

^mdH$mì`mË_ Ago {Vhoar dJr©H$aU H$aVm oVo. `m VrZ nm`mämyV H$amamVyZM AZoH$ gm{hË`àH$ma {gÜX

hmoVmV Ago S>m°. {_qcX _mceo `m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo {d{dY gm{hË`àH$ma H$m

CX`mcm oVmV, H$mhr AënOrdr H$m R>aVmV, `m àíZm§Mo CËVa emoYVm oVo. gm{hË`àH$mamMo àH$mamËZH$

H$go Pmmco {d{dY ^mfoVrc Aem àH$mamÝVa Pmcoë`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo

H$aVm oVmo. \$ŠV XmoZ ^mfoVrc H$cmH¥$VtMmM Zìho Va XmoZ H$mcI§S> XmoZ dmL²>_`àH$ma dmL²>_`àdmh

dmSy>`rZ Midir, dmL²>_` àH$mamVrc Ame`gyÌo `m§Mmhr Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Amho.

`m_wio {d{dY ^mfm§_Yrc gm{hË`H¥$Vr dmL²>_`àdmh dmL²>_`àH$ma Ë`mVrc Ame`gyÌo Ë`mda nS>cocm

à^md `m§Mm Aä`mg hmoB©c. d Agm Aä`mg EHw$U dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{Vhmgmcm ZdrZ ~Xcmcm MmcZm

XoD$ eHo$c Ago dmQ>Vo.

EHw$UM darc {ddoMZmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg dmL²>_` àH$ma, gm{hË` àH$ma AmnUmg nwT>rc àH$mao

nmhVm oVmV.

(A) H$mX§~ar (~) H$Wm (H$) H${dVm (S>) ZmQ>H$ (B) AmË_M[aÌ (B©) M[aÌ (C) {Z~§Y.

A) H$mX§~ar :-

H$WZmË_ H$amamVyZ hm gm{hË`àH$ma {gX²Y Pmcocm Amho. H$mX§~ar Mo AMyH$ cjU Am{U

_moOŠ`m eãXmV {d{eîR> JwUY_© nQ>dyZ XoUo Vgo AdKS> H$m_ Amho. Varhr H$mX§~arMr d¡{eîQ> o

AYmoaopIV H$amdr cmJVmV. H$mX§~ar ho H$WmË_H$ JÚmMo ânya cm§~r Agcoco ê$n AgVo. `m dmL²>_`

àH$mamV H$WZmcm d {ZdoXZmcm _hÎd AgVo. cKwH$Wm d cKwH$mX§~arnojm _mZdr OrdZ ì`dhmamMo

Xe©Z A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV KS>{dVm oVo. H$mX§~arVyZ KQ>Zm ì`ŠVr, dmVmdaU B. KQ>H$m§À`m

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ghmæ`mZo _mZdr OrdZmer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m dmñVdmÀ`m {d{dY ñVar`, Ë`m {_l ê$nmM§ Xe©Z

KS>{dVm oVo. cmoH$gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVm _m¡pIc gm{hË`m_Ü o H$Wm, H${dVm, nwamUH$Wm, X§VH$Wm,

cmoH$H$Wm, Zr{VH$Wm, àdmgH$Wm, gmhgH$Wm, AX yVaå` H$Wm Agm àdmh AmnUmg {XgVmo. H$mX§~ar

hm dmL²>_` àH$ma H$WmË_ dmL²>_`m_Ü o _moS>V Agë`m_wio darc H$WmË_ dmL²>_`mÀ`m na§naoer

H$mX§~arMo ZmVo {Q>Hy$Z Agcoco {XgVo, gd©gmYmaUnUo H$mX§~ar hr dmñVddmXr àd¥ËVrÀ`m {ZXe©H$

ZmhrV hohr AmnUmg OmUdVo. H$mX§~arcm cm^mUmam dmMH$dJ©hr _moR>m AgVmo. Ë`m_wio a§OH$ H$mX§~ar

hr _moR>`m à_mUmV dmMcr OmVo.

nmíMmË` Xoem_Ü o AR>amì`m eVH$mV H$mX§~arMr d¡{eîQ> o àH$Q> Pmcocr {XgVmV. EH$mo{Ugmì`m

eVH$mV EH$ _hÎdmMm dmL²>_` àH$ma åhUyZ H$mX§~arcm AmoiIco OmD$ cmJco. AmnU Á`m OJmV

OJVmo, dmdaVmo Ë`m gË` OJmMm Am^mg {Z_m©U H$aUmar eãXg¥îQ>r hr gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJrc _yi

àoaUm åhUmdr cmJoc. Ë`m_wio OrdZm{df`H$ AZw dm§Mr KS>U H$aUmar, H$ënZmàYmZ, a§OH$ H$mX§~ar

åhUyZhr H$mX§~arÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmH$So> nhmdo cmJoc. H${dVm Am{U ZmQ>H$ h`m§À`mBVH$m H$mX§~ar hm

dmL²>_` àH$ma ~§{XñV ñdê$nmMm Zmhr. åhUyZ hm dmL²>_`àH$ma pñWamdyZ XoIrc Ë`mMo H$mìèmñÌ

{Z_m©U Pmcoco Zmhr. hm S>m°. Cfm hñVH$ `m§Mm A{^àm` A{Ve` _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. H$mX§~arMo

H$mìèmñÌ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmMr Iar JaO Amho. H$mX§~arcm _yi KQ>H$

åhUOo {VMm {Z_m©Vm AgVmo Á`m àoaUmVyZ H$mX§~arMo _yV© ê$n gmH$ma Pmco Amho Ë`m àoaUm§Mm emoY

Vm¡cm{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo KoVm oVmo. H$moUVrhr H$mX§~ar Á`m wJm_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`m wJmMm R>gm

Ë`m H$mX§~arda nS>cocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m wJmMr ^mfm, na§nam, amhUr_mZ AmMma{dMma, g§ñH¥$Vr

Ë`m_wio Ë`m wJmMr ^mfm, na§nam, amhUr_mZ, nmoemI, OodUmVrc nXmW© `m§Mohr Xe©Z H$mX§~arVyZ

KS>Vo. ì`pŠV{MÌUmMr nX²YVr, {VMr ^mfm, {ZdoXZ `mVyZhr doJionU AmnmUmg emoYVm oVo. Ë`mgmR>r

Vm¡cm{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgnX²YVr _hÎdmMr R>aVo. H$mX§~arMo àH$ma nm{hco AgVm AmnUmg H$mX§~arMr

aMZmV§Ìo {ZdoXZnX²YVr, {VMr ^mfm, KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>r {XgyZ oVmV. Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$,

nm¡am{UH$, {dkmZ H$mën{ZH$, ào_àYmZ a§OZàYmZ H$mX§~è`m ~amo~aMo, H$mX§~arÀ`m aMZoZwgma d

cm§~rZwgma, cKwH$mX§~arÀ`m aMZoZwgma d cm§~rZwgma cKwH$mX§~ar d XrK©H$mX§~ar Agohr àH$ma H$pënco

OmVmV. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o XmoZ ^mfm§_Yrc H$mX§~arMr aMZmV§Ìo, Ame`gyÌo, ^mfme¡cr,

{ZdoXZ nX²YVr, `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

~) H$Wm :-

H$Wm hm H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mÀ`m na§naoer àXrK© d AVwQ> OmoS>cocm dmL²>_` àH$ma Amho.

_m¡pIH$ na§naoer ZmVo gm§JUmam hm dmL²>_` àH$ma Amho. nyU©V ^mdZm{da{hV Am{U dñVw{ZîR> Aem

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H$Wm§nmgyZ Vo AË §V ^mdKZ Aem gm_m{OH$ _ZmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m H$Wm, ì`ŠVtÀ`m _ZmVrc

Ii~irMo {MÌU Agmo H$s, _mUgmZo Am wî`mV H$go dmJmdo Ago gm§JUmè`m H$Wm, ì`ŠVtÀ`m

_ZmVrc Ii~irMo {MÌU Agmo H$s, _mUgmZo Am wî`mV H$go dmJmdo Ago gm§JUmè`m {Z{VH$Wm AgmoV

ZmZm àH$maÀ`m H$Wm {c{hcoë`m {XVgVmV. Xhm Vo n§Yam nmZmÀ`m H$WonmgyZ Vo nÝZmg gmR> nmZm§Mrhr

H$Wm AmnUmg {XgVo. Vr cKwH$mX§~ar dmQ>mdr BVH$s _moR>rhr AgVo. cKwH$Wm d XrK©H$Wm Ago H$WoÀ`m

cm§~rdê$Z AmnUmg dJr©H$aU H$aVm oVo. B§Xÿ_Vr eodSo> `m§Zr H$WoÀ`m ñdê$nm~m~V {c{hVmZm åhQ>co

Amho H$s, ñdV§Ì dmL²>_` àH$ma åhUyZ H$WoMo ApñVËd A~{YV Amho. {VMr n¥WJmË_Vm H$m`_ am{hcr

Amho. EH$ n¥WmemË_ dmL²>_` àH$ma åhUyZ {VMr ì`dÀN>oXH$ cjUo XmoZ EH$ {VÀ`mVrc AZw dmMr

EH$mË_H$Vm EH${OZgrnUm, EH$ {d{dYVm Am{U Xþgao `m JwUm§er g§c½Z Agcoco {VMo EH$ g§ñH$m[aËd

eodSo> B§Xÿ_Vr, _amR>r H$Wm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg _w§~B© gmo_`m npãcHo$eZ Va gwYm Omoer H$WoÀ`m

ñdê$nm~m~V åhUVmV, H$WoMo cKwê$n d {VÀ`m g§ñH$mamMr EH$Vm `m_wio {VÀ`m aMZoV, g§KQ>ZoV,

H$mhr {deof ñd^mdV:M oVmV. EH$H|${ÐVVm, {_ì``, g§jon, g§n¥Vm, H$mQ>oH$moa Zo_Ho$nUm ho H$WoÀ`m

H$cmV§ÌmMo Img {deof åhUVm oVrc. `mdê$Z AmnUmg EH$ JmoîQ> cjmV oVo Vr åhUOo H$WoÀ`m

{deofm§À`m dU©ZmË_H$ nam_e© KoUo eŠ` hmoVo. ^mcM§Ð Zo_mSo> `m§Zr cKwH$Wm hm H$_r cm§~rMm qMMmoim

^m{fH$ AdH$me nwa{dUmam, EH$gwar Ame`gyÌmVyZ ñWcH$mcmMo g§Hw${MV åhUyZ Vrd« g§doXZ XoUmam

àH$ma Amho. Ago H$WoÀ`m ~m~VrV gm§{JVco Amho. H$WoMr gwê$dmV _Ü` d eodQ> `mVyZ H$WoMm n[aUm_

gmYcm OmVmo. H$Wm hr H$_rV H$_r eãXmV OmñV Ame` gm§JVo H$mcMm d AdH$memMm EH$ _moR>m

n[aK {VZo ì`mncocm AgVmo. H$WoMo ñdê$n Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m cKw Agë`mZo Ë`mVyZ EH$M EH$ g§ñH$ma

C_Q>V AgVmo Ë`m_wio Ame`mÀ`m ì`mßVrcm _`m©Xm oVmV d AmH$amda AmnmoAmn ~§YZ oVo. H$Wo_Ü o

g_J« OrdZmVrc EImX`m VwH$S>`mMo {MÌU Ho$coco AgVo. gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmVrc {d{eîQ>

Q>ßnm, OrdZmZw d gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. H$Wo_Ü o aMZoMo d AZw dmMo EH$H|${XËd AgVo.

AZw dm§Mr EH$Vm Ë`m_wio AmnUmg nhmdmg {_iVo. J§JmYma JmS>Jri åhUVmV H$s, ^mdH$mì`mer ZmVo

gm§JUmè`m e¡crV cKwH$Wm {c{hVm oVo. na§Vw `m e¡crV H$mX§~ar {c{hUo AdKS> OmVo.

H$Wm hr H$WmZH$ nmÌo, dmVmdaU, {ZdoXZ nX²YVr, ^mfm `m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr gmH$maV AgVo.

ho gJio H$WoMo _ycKQ>H$ AmhoV. H$WmH$ma `m gdm©§À`m Aml`mZo Amncr H$Wm gmH$ma H$arV AgVmo.

KQ>Zmàg§J nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr, AÝ` Vnerc ^mfm `m§Mr AW©nyU© [aVrZo Jw§\$U Ho$cocr AgVo. H$WoVrc

AZw d ho coIH$mcm àË`j Amcoco Agy eH$VmV qH$dm H$ënZmaå`VoMr OmoS> XodyZ AX yVaå`hr

Ho$coco Agy eH$VmV. `m ÑîQ>rZo ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§À`m, H$Wm AmnUmg nmhVm oVrc. _mUXoer

_mUgm§Mo {MÌU H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr AZw dcoë`m AZoH$ ì`ŠVr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$Wo_YyZ AmUcoë`m

{XgVmV Va qhXr gm{hË`mVrc \$UrídamZmW aoUy `m§Zrhr Amnë`m H$Wm_YyZ VimJmimVrc, {dH$mgmnmgyZ

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Xÿa Agcocm _mUyg H|$ÐñWmZr AmUcm Amho. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo _mS>JwiH$am§Mr gpìh©g _moQ>a d \$UrídaZmW

aoUy§Mr n§Mc°Q> hr H$Wm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMr R>aVo. H$WoVrc ì`ŠVr~amo~aM Vr

ì`ŠVr Á`m {d{eîQ> ñWcH$mcm§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rV, EH$m {d{eîQ> ^m¡Jmo{cH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[aKmV

KS>V AgVo Ë`mVyZ H$WoMo dmVmdaU KS>V AgVo. CXm. _mS>JyiH$am§Mr Y_m© am_moer, Vm§~moi`mMr

Imcm, am_m _¡c~ycr `mgma»`m H$Wm AmnUmg nmhVm oVrc. H$WoVrc nmÌ, KQ>Zm, àg§J, ZmQ>`,

g§Kf© `m~mVrV dmVmdaU hm A{Ve` _hÎdmM KQ>H$ Amho. {ZdoXZ hohr H$WoMo ì`dÀN>oXH$ cjU

åhUyZ nm{hco OmVo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m Vmo§Sy>Z H$Wm gm§JUo qH$dm V¥Vr`nwê$fr {ZdoXZ Ho$co OmVo. H$WoMr ^mfm

hr EH$m H$pënV {dídmMr ^mfm Agcr Var H$WoVrc ag, ê$n, J§Y g§doXZm gmH$ma H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï ©

^mfoV AgVo. ^mfoMo ê$T> g§Ho$V _moSy>Z qH$dm Zì`m ^m{fH$ A{^ì`ŠVrMm dmna H$ê$Z H$Wm {c{hcr

OmVo. \$UrídaZmW aoUy§Zr Amnco gm{hË`coIZ H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`m àXoemMr àXoe {d{eîQ> ~mocr dmnacr

Amho. qhXrVyZ Oar Ë`m§Zr coIZ Ho$co Agco Var {~hma_Yrc Cn~mocr _¡{Wcr, ZonmiÀ`m gr_mdVr©

^mJmV ~moccr OmUmar ~mocr `m gdm©§Mm dmna Ho$cm Amho. gr_mdVr© ^mJmVrc coIZ H$aUmè`m

coIH$m§À`m coIZmVyZ VoWrc ^mfm hr gm{hË`mVyZ oV AgVo. AmO S>m°. Z§XHw$_ma _moao d S>m°. amOZ

Jdg `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m àXoemVrc M§XJS>r ~mocrcm d¡ dmMo {Xdg AmUco AmhoV. wOrgrÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_m_Ü o

VrMr XIc KoVcr Joë`mMo {XgVo. M§XJS>r ~mocr_Yrc Img eãX, dmH²$àMma, åhUr, cmoH$g_OwVr,

cmoH$ «_ ho VoWrc coIH$m§À`m H$Wm gm{hË`mVyZ AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVrc. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmVyZ

Aem {d{dY ~moctMm n[aM` Aä`mgH$m§Zm hmoVmo. PmaI§S>_Ü o ~moccr OmUmar ZmJnyar ~mocr d

_hmamîQ>m_Ü o ~moccr OmUmar ZmJnyar ~mocr `mVrc gmå` oX à^d à^md AmnUmg Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo nS>VmiyZ nmhVm oB©c.

H$) H${dVm :-

H${dVm hr _mZdr A{^ì`ŠVrMm AmÚ Am{dîH$ma JUcr Omdr BVH$s àmMrZ Amho. JrV

JwUJwUZo hm _mUgmMm ghO ñd^md Amho. l_ {dgaÊ`mgmR>r EH$m {d{eîQ> Vmc gwa d c`rV H$hmrZm

H$mhr JwUJwUZo hm _mUgmMm ñd^md Amho. _m¡pIH$ na§naoVyZ MmcV Amcocr H${dVm lr. g§V

kmZoídamÀ`m A_¥V_` eãXmVyZ gmH$ma hmoD$Z g§V Zm_Xodm§À`m AdrQ> ^ŠVrVyZ _amR>r _mUgm§À`m

_Zmda A{YamÁ` JmdV nwT>o Amcr _hmZw md n§WmMo `moJXmZhr Ë`m_Ü o A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. g§V

VwH$mo~m§À`m gmÜ`m gai d AW©dmhr eãXmVyZ EH$ZmWm§À`m cm¡{H$H$ Acm¡{H$H$ OrdZmÀ`m _m§S>UrVyZ

cmoH${ejUmMo H$m_ H$arV Amcr Amho. n§{S>V H$dtÀ`m H$mimV Ac§H$ma àmMw m©Zo ZQ>cocr H${dVm,

em{hamÀ`m S>\$mVyZ e¥§JmamMr CYiU H$arV B§J«Or ^mfoMo à^md PocrV _mJ©H«$_U H$arV am{hcr.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc H${dVm Ho$edgyVm§Zr Zì`m _ZmVrc Zì`m X_mMm eya {enmB© ~ZyZ ~XcmMr VwVmar

\w§$H$cr H${dd © ^m. am. Vm§~o, Hw$gw_mJ«O, H$dr A{Zc, H$dr ZmamÙ gwd}, Zm. Ymo. _hmZmoa, ~m.

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^. ~moaH$a H$dr J«og `m§Zr H${dVocm Zdm Ame` Am{U n[aK {_idyZ {Xcm. _amR>r H${dVoVrc Zì`m

dmQ>m d Zdr diUo `m H$dtZr _amR>r H${dVocm ~hmc Ho$cr. dg§V ~mnQ>, qdXm H$a§XrH$a, _§Joe

nmS>Jm§dH$a, gwaoe ^Q>, ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar, AmZ§X `mXd, {dR²>R>c dmK `m§Zr _amR>r _ZmMo Am{U _amR>r

H${dVoMo Añgc gm¢X © CcJSy>Z XmIdÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$co. Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVr `m XmoÝhr A§JmZr

_amR>r H${dVm àm¡T> hmoV Jococr {XgVo. àm¡T>Ëdr {ZOe}dmg OnUmar _amR>r H${dVm ZD$ agm§~amo~aM

gË`, {ed, gm¢X ©, ñdmV§ , g_Vm, ~§YVm, ào_, {dídmg, g§Kf©, ì`Wm, doXZm, {dÐmoh ZH$ma `m gd©

OrdZ_yë`m§Mm Xe©Z KS>{dV _amR>r a{gH$m§À`m _Zmda A{YamÁ` JmOdy cmJcr Agë`mMo {XgVo.

H${dVoÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo CËñ\w$V©Vm Am{U ghOàoaUm Amho. AZw dmMo AmH$c, g§àofU Am{U

pñdH$ma `m gmè`mcm H${dVm c` àmßV H$ê$Z XoVo. H${dVoÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Va Amnë`m

hr JmoîQ> cjmV oVo. ghOñ\y$V© ^mdZm§Mm CËH$Q> d c`~X²Y A{dîH$ma åhUOo H${dVm AgVo. H${dVoMo

gdm©V _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>` åhUOo {VMo AënmjaËd hmo . EH$ Agr_ d {damQ> Agm AmH¥${V~§Y, AZw d

H$_rV H$_r eãXmV _m§S>Ê`mMo gm_Ï © H${dVo_Ü o AgVo. S>m°. {Z{eH$m§V {_aOH$a Amnë`m gm{hË` a§J

Am{U AVa§J `m nwñVH$mV H${dVoM d¡{eîQ>ç gm§JVmZm åhUVmV, H${dVm hm Agm {dcjU gm{hË`

àH$ma Amho H$s, Ë`mV A{V gr{_V Aënmjar AmH¥$Vr~§YVm AZw dmMo Ho$dT>o Var {damQ> ñdê$n

gm_mdco OmD$ eH$Vo. AË §V CËH$Q> E|{Ð` g§doXZm, Ë`m g§doXZmZr OmJ{dcoë`m CËH$Q> ^mdZm, E|{Ð`

g§doXZmÀ`m ncrH$So> nmoMUmar ^mdZm§Mr PonZ, àË`j AZw d Am{U Ë`m AZw m{df`r _ZmV

C_Q>coë`m à{V{H«$`m {d{eîQ> Am{U gmd©{ÌH$ `m§Zm qdYUmam OrdZmMm AmcoI ì`pŠVJV Am{U

{dídmË_H$ ñVam§da Pmcocr AZw dmMr gai {_gi, OrdZXe©Z Am{U OrdZ^mî` ho gJio EH$mM

doir H${dVoÀ`m gr{_V AmH¥${V~§YmV gm_mdVo.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo {dídmË_H$ ^mfoVrc Ago AZw d d `m AZw dmMr {dídmË_H$

ñVamda Amcocr àVrVr `m§Mm doY KoVm oVmo. {d{dY {H«$`m à{V{H«$`m, AZw dm§Mo g_îQ>rH$aU Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo AmnUmg OmUyZ KoVm oVo. {d{eîQ> H$mì` na§nam, H$mì` àdmh, H${dVoMr

{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m AmnUmg {d{dY ^mfoVrc H${dVm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao cjmV

KoVm oD$ eH$Vo. OnmZr H${dVoVrc hmìy d _amR>r H${dVoVrc hm`Hy$ `m§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg A{Ve`

gw§Xa [aVrZo H$aVm oB©c Ë`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$mc OnmZr d _amR>r `m XmoÝhr ^mfm AdJV Agë`m

nm{hOoV. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`mMo AZwH$aU H$aUmao ^mfoMm d¥Wm R>m¡c {_adUmao H¥${Ì_ aMZmgm¢X`m©À`m Amhmar

Jococo Ago {d{dY H$dr AmnUmg g§ñH¥$V Am{U _amR>r H${dVm§À`m Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmZo A{YH$

Mm§Jë`m àH$mao g_OyZ KoVm oVrc. 1920 Vo 1930 `m H$mcI§S>mVrc ñdmV§ ào_mZo ^macocr H${dVm

1940 Z§Va n{hë`m _hm wÜXmMo d Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMo ^mrfU g§hma {Q>nUmar H${dVm, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU,

dmT>Vo eharH$aU, ^m§S>dcemhr gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr `m gmè`m§Mm à^md _amR>r H${dVoda nS>cm.

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"{nnmV _oco Amoë`m C§Xra

_mZm nS>Ë`m _aJië`m{dU'

qH$dm

"Vw EH$ _w§Jr _r EH$ _w§Jr'

hr _mZdr OrdZmVrc OJÊ`mV {Z_m©U Pmcocr {d\$cVm ^maVr` BVa ^mfoV H$er àH$Q> Pmcr

Amho. ho Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo nmhUo AJË`mMo R>aVo. AmO Amnë`m eoOmar AgUmè`m amÁ`mV

AZoH$ kmZnrR> {dOoVo gm{hpË`H$ AmhoV nU Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mM gmYm J§Yhr AmnUmg Zmhr. `mMo

H$maU H$m`? ho emoYÊ`mMr JaO Amho. _amR>r, H$ÝZS>, _ë`mi_, VocJy, V{_i, ~§Jmcr, AmoS>rgr,

JwOamWr, qhXr, Amgm_r Aem ~hþ{dY ^mfm§_Ü o gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Amho. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm

Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm XmoZ ^mfm§Vrc H${dVm§Mm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg _J Vmo XmoZ H$dtMm, XmoZ dmL²>_`

àH$mam§Mm, àdmhm§Mm qH$dm H$mcI§S>mMm Agmo H$aUo A{Ve` JaOoMo Amho. ^maVr` ^mfm§_Yrc ì`ŠV

hmoUmè`m EH$mË_ ^maVr`VËdmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Ago Aä`mg Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.

d¥ËVN>§X _wŠVN>§X {d_wŠVN>§X Agm aMZm~§YmMmhr Vm¡cm{H$ Aä`mg AmnUmg H$aVm oVmo. à{V_m

d à{VHo$ `m§Mm Ho$cm Jococm dmna hmhr pìX^m{fH$ H${dVm§Mm ^m{fH$ A{dîH$ma Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmV

H$aVm oB©c. H${dVoÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm CXm. ^pŠVJrV, ^mdJrV, ZmQ>`JrV, ñ\w${V©JrV, {MÌnQ>JrV

~mcJrV, ~S>~S>JrV, Hw$Q>JrV, H$moirJrVo, ñÌrJrVo, cmoH$JrVo, AmaË`m, JU, Jm¡iU, cmdUr, Am`m©,

nmodmSo>, JPc, hPmc, hm`Hy$, dmÌ{Q>H$m, Mmd{Q>H$m, cmoM{Q>H$m, H${UH$m, Jm|Yi, ^mê$S>, gdmc-

Odm~, ícmoH$, gw{ZV, \$Q>H$m, ê$~m`m, Mmamoir, _amR>r emàr, H$Wm H${dVm, qMVZJ ©, H${dVm,

{dS§>~Z Ago _amR>r H${dVoVrc {d{dY àH$ma AmnU BVa ^mfoVrc H${dVm§er VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmZo

Aä`mgy eH$Vmo d Aem Aä`mgmMr _amR>r gm{hË`mcm Iar JaO Amho.

H$) ZmQ>H$ :-

"H$mì ofw ZmQ>H§$ aå`_²' Ago g§ñH¥$V gm{hpË`H$m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. âVmMo ZmQ>èmñÌ Va à{gX²Y

Amho. àmMrZ d Adm©MrZ H$mìèmñÌkm§Zr ZmQ>H$mcm XmIdÊ`mMm àH$ma åhUyZ g§~moYco Amho. _amR>r

gm{hË`mVrc ZmQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {dYrZmQ> o hr MmcV Amcocr {XgVmV.

A{cH$S>rc H$mimV OÝ_mg Amcoco n{hco ZmQ>H$ åhUyZ {dîUyXmg ^mdo `m§À`m {gVmñd§ da `m

ZmQ>H$mMm AmnU C„oI H$aVmo. åiUyZM gm§Jcr ehamcm ZmQ>`n§T>ar åhUVmV. na§Vw `m ZmQ>`n§T>arnojm

gdm©V OmñV ZmQ>Ho$ H$moëhmnya eham_Ü o hmoVmV hohr dmñVda ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. Jmo. d. XodV,

AmÊUmgmho~ {H$cm}ñH$a, `mgma»`m ZmQ>`àämyZr ZmQ>H$cm Jm¡admMo {Xdg AmUco. ZmQ>H$ hm g_OmÀ`m

A{^ê$Mrcm AmdmhZ H$aUmam geŠV H$cmàH$ma Amho. _hmË_m \w$co `m§Mo V¥Vr` aËZ ho ZmQ>H$

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g§{hVmàYmZ ZmQ>H$ Amho. cmoH$a§OZ, à~moYZ AmhU OrdZXe©Z `m VrZ nmVù`mda ZmQ>H$ H$m ©aV

AgVo. Ago S>m°. {h_m§ey ñ_mV© åhUVmV. ZmQ>H$ hr à`moJê$n d {_l H$cm Amho. {cpIV g§{hVoMm

{X½Xe©H$, ZQ>g§M, V§Ìghm`H$ `m§À`m g_Ýd`mVyZ à`moJ hmoV AgVmo. cmoH$ZmQ>ço d _wH$ZmQ>ço `m§À`m

{cpIV g§{hVm A^mdmZoM nhm`cm {_iVmV.

ZmQ>H$m§_Ü o gm{hË` g§{hVm, g§JrVm, a§J_§M gOmdQ>, a§J yfm, ZonÏ`, A{^Z`, nmÌaMZm, `m

ZmQ>H$mÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r åhUyZ JUë`m OmVmV. âVmZo Amnë`m ZmQ>çemñÌ `m J«§WmV {d^md,

AZw md d ì`{V^Mmar ^md `m§À`m g§ moJmVyZ agmMr {ZînËVr hmoVo ho gyÌ _m§S>co Amho. Ë`m `m

~m~tÀ`m AmYmamdaM _m§S>co Amho. 1843 Vo 1900 `m H$mimV AZoH$ ê$nm§VarV d AZwdm{XV ZmQ>Ho$

a§J_§Mmda Amcr. eoŠg{nà, H$m{cXmg, ^d yVr, ~Zm©S> em° Am{X ZmQ>H$H$am§À`m ZmQ>H$m§Mm nJS>m

Ë`mda _moR>çm à_mUmda Agcocm {XgVmo. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo ZmQ>H$m§À`m g§{hVm d

Ë`m§À`mda nS>coco à^md AmnUmg Aä`mgVm oVmV. 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Ama§ _Ü o gm_m{OH$

gwYmaUm, {ejU àgma, Zd_VmMm AmJ«h `m_wio ZmQ>çg§{hVoV AZoH$ ~Xc hmoV Joco. ^m.{d. daoaH$a

{d. O. H$sV©Zo Ë`mZ§Va AÌo, nw. c. Xoenm§So>, {dO` V|Sy>cH$a, gVre ^mioH$a, _hoe EcHw§$Mmdma

`m§Mogma»`m ZmQ>H$H$am§Zr _amR>r ZmQ>`XmcZ g_¥ÜX Ho$co.

X{cV a§J y_rdarc ZmQ>H$ na§nam cjmV KoVmZm AmnUmg ào_mZ§X JÁdr, XËVm ^JV, Q>oŠgmg

Jm`H$dmS>, am_ZmW MìhmU `m§À`mgmaIo ZmQ>H$H$ma ZOaogm_ao oVmV. àm`mo{JH$ ZmQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm

g§{hVm Am{U à`moJercVm, H$WmZH$ {df`, g§dmX, a§J_§M `m§À`m dmnam_Ü o Amcocr àJë^Vm,

ZdVoMm AmJ«h, AmYw{ZH$ {dMma _VàdmhmMm AmXa d OrdZXe©ZmMm pñdH$ma `m JmoîQ>r {XgVmV. Va

X{cV a§J y_r_Ü o g_Vm{Y{îR>V _yë`ì`dñWoMr _m§S>Ur, emofUm{dê$ÜX ~§S>, _mZdVmdmXr Ame`gyÌm§Mm

dmna, ~wÜX, \w$co, Mmdm©H$ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m VËdkmZmMm AmYma Aer H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço {XgVmV.

EHy$UM `m gd© JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$ma H$aVm

oD$ eH$Vmo.

❏ M[aÌ/AmË_M[aÌ :-

AmË_M[aÌ hr g§H$ënZm AmO _amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o Iyn _moR>`m à_mUmda à{gÜX Pmcr Amho.

AmË_M[aÌmnojm AmË_H$WZ hm gm{hË`àH$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV a{gH$_mÝ` Pmcm Amho. _hÎdmMr

H$m_{Jar H$aUmè`m cmoH$_mÝ` ì`ŠVrMo M[aÌ {c{hco OmVo. Va ñdV:Mo AZw d AmË_M[aÌ AmË_H$WZmVyZ

_m§S>co OmVmV. _amR>r_Ü o _hmZw md n§Wm_Ü o JmoqdXà yM[aÌ AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVo Va Zm_Xodm§À`m

A §JdmUr_Ü o g§V kmZoída `m§Mo M[aÌ AmnUmg ñ\w$Q> ñdê$nmV nhmd`mg {_iVo. M[aÌcoIZmMm hm

Ama§ nwT>o _amR>r gm{hV`mV ~haV Jocm. 1960 Z§Va M[aÌ coIZmnojm AmË_M[aÌ AmË_H$WZo _moR>çm

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à_mUmda {c{hcr Jocr. "_mñVam§À`m gmdcrV' H¥$îUm~mB© gwd}, "_cm CXÜdñV ìhm`M`' _pëëH$m

A_aeoI "OrU Am_M§' ~o~r H$m§~io, "Am`XmZ' C_r©cm ndma Aer H$mhr R>iH$ AmË_H$WZo M[aÌo

ñÌrcopIH$m§Zr {c{hcr AmhoV. "~cwV§' X`m ndma, "AmR>dUrM njr' à. B©. gmoZH$m§~io, "CMë`m'

cú_U Jm`H$dmS>, "Cnam' cú_U _mZo hr AmË_H$WZo _amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o _mocmMr â KmcVmZm

{XgVmV.

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {d{dY ^m{fH$ AmË_H$WZm§Mm d M[aÌm§Mmhr Aä`mg

_amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV _mocmMr â Kmcoc. Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo {^ÝZ ^m{fH$ M[aÌ d AmË_M[aÌm§Mm

Vm¡cm{ZH$ Aä`mg hmoU A{Ve` JaOoMo Amho.

4.2.6 dmL²>_`àdmh Am{U Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg

Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgm_Ü o dmL²>_` àdmh d dmL²>_`rZ Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg A{Ve`

_hÎdmMm Amho. ^maVr` ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Pmcm Va gd©M ^maVr` gm{hË`mMm

àdmg EH$gmaIm Zmhr. dmL²>_`mVrc {d{dY àdmh d Midir `m§Mm à^md d àdmgmhr H$_r A{YH$

\$aH$m§Zo nS>cocm Amho. nmíMmË` XoemVrc dmL²>_`rZ Midir d dmL²>_`rZ àdmh ^maVr` gm{hË`mda

_moR>`m à_mUmda à^md Q>mH$VmV Ë`m_wio {VH$So> g§nwîQ>mV Amcocr Midi ^maVr` gm{hË`mV Zdr

åhUyZ pñdH$macr OmVo. ^maVr` ^m{fH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o dmL²>_`rZ g§H$ënZm§Mr _m§S>Ur Zì`mZo {H$VrXm

Ho$cr OmVo `mMmhr {dMma ìhm`cm hdm. AmO n`m©daUdmXr g_rjoMr g§H$ënZm _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc

Aä`mgH$m§Zm {H$Vr à_mUmV _m{hVr Amho hm g§emoYZmMm _wX²X²m Amho. H$maU _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m

Aä`mgmV n`m©ddaUdmXr g_rjoMr g§H$ënZm AmVm _yi Yê$ cmJcr Amho Ë`m_wio {dÚmnrR>r`

Aä`mgH«$_mV hr g§H$ënZm Hw$R>oM {XgyZ oV Zmhr. `m g_rjo{df`r {c{hcocr nwñVHo$hr AJXr ZJÊ`

AmhoV. `mMm AW© dmL²>_` àdmh d Midir `m gd©M ^mfm_Ü o EH$mMdoir CX`mg Amcoë`m ZmhrV.

`m gdmªMm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mgmZo H$aVm oVmo.

❏ dmL²>_` àdmh Am{U Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg

_amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. _hmH$mì o,

nwamUH$Wm `mVyZ dmL²>_`mMm àdmh g_¥ÜX hmoV Jocm. Ym{_©H$ J«§W, Q>rH$m, `m~amo~aM n§{S>V H$dtÀ`m

H$mì`mVyZ em{ham§À`m cmdÊ`m d nmodS>çmVyZ hm àdmh CÎmamoÎma ~haV Jocm. B§J«Om§À`m AmJ_ZmZ§Va

^mfm§Va wJ gwê$ Pmmco. _amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o gm{hË`g§H$ënZm _yi Yê$ cmJë`m Ë`mda {dMm_§WZ gwê$

Pmco Ë`mVyZM gm{hË`m{df`rMr EH$ Zdr OmUrd V`ma hmoD$ cmJcr.

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_amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va {deofV: 1960 Z§Va H$mhr R>iH$ dmL²>_` àdmh CX`mg

Amco. {d. g. gwIR>UH$am§Zr gømÐrÀ`m nm`Ï`mer hm H$Wm g§J«h {c{hcm Am{U J«m_rU gm{hË`mVrc

Zdo OJ dmMH$m§g_moa Amco Ë`m AJmoXa J«m_rU OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmao gm{hË` à_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoV

hmoVo. na§Vw ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr "~ZJadmS>r' hr H$mX§~ar àH$m{eV Pmcr Am{U J«m_rU d àmXo{eV

gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV {VZo Ii~i CS>dyZ {Xcr. AmnU "~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arcm _¡cmMm XJS> åhUyZ

g§~moYVmo. VgmM àH$ma qhXr gm{hË`m_Ü ohr AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmo. "XohmVr Xþ{Z`m' Z§Va

\$UrídaZmW aoUy `m§Mr "_¡cm Am±Mc' hr H$mX§~ar à{gX²Y Pmcr Am{U qhXr gm{hË`m_Ü o Vr _¡cmMm

XJS> R>acr.

_hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$co `m§Zr XoemVrc ewÐ A{VewÐ g_mOmÀ`m CÝZVrgmR>r EH$ {dMmaUgaUr

_m§S>cr Ë`m {dMmagaUrg AZwgê$Z S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr "{eH$m, g§Kf© H$am, g§KQ>rV ìhm'

hm _yc_§Ì {Xcm d ì`Wm, doXZm, {dÐmoh, d ZH$ma _m§S>Ê`mMr Apñ_Vm OmJdcr Ë`m_wio _amR>r

gm{hË`mV J«m_rU X{cV d ñÌrdmXr ho VrZhr àdmh g_m§VanUo {dH${gV hmoV Joco.

❏ J«m_rU gm{hË`mMm àdmh :-

J«m_ `m eãXmMm AmnU ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$cm Va AmnUmg Ago OmUdVo Vo åhUOo J«m_

åhUOo Jmd hmo . _J _yë`dmMH$ d dU©ZdmMH$ åhUyZhr `m eãXmH$So> nhmdo cmJVo. J«m_OrdZmMo

ñdê$n, Om{V~Õ g_mO aMZm, Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWm, VoWrc Mm{c[aVr, ê$T>r na§nam, g_mO OrdZ ^mfm,

nmoemI, Z¡g{J©H$ d ^m¡Jmo{cH$ n[apñWVr `m§Mm {dMma oWo A{^àoV AgVmo. J«m_rU Am{U ZmJa `m

XmoÝhr g§km {^ÝZ AmhoV. Ë`m nañnam{damoYr AmhoV. OrdZmÀ`m gd© nmVù`mda Ë`m ñdV:Mo ñdV§Ì

ApñVËd d AW© KoD$Z Cä`m AmhoV. J«m_rU ^mJmVrc g_ñ`m d ZmJar g_ñ`m, doJdoJi`m AmhoV.

J«m_rU ^mJmV AgUmao CÚmoJ d ZmJar ^mJmVrc CÚmoJm_Ü o V\$mdV, {ejU qH$dm BVa g_ñ`mhr

doJdoJù`m AmhoV. AmO 21 ì`m eH$VH$mV OJ ho ½cmo~c IoSo> Pmco Amho Ago AmnU åhUVmo Vahr

Iè`m {dH$mgmnmgyZ Xÿa Agcocm drOoer gmo Zmhr Eg. Q>r. Mr gmo Zmhr. añVo, nmUr Aem H$mhrhr

gmo r ZmhrV Agm ^mJhr `m 21 ì`m eVH$mVrc _hmgËVm hmoUmè`m ^maVm_Ü o AmhoM. AmOhr

AmnUmg EH$m ~mOycm ^maV d Xþgè`m ~mOycm B§{S>`m Agcocm {XgyZ oVmo. AmnUmg ^maVmVrc

J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.

J«m_ Am{U ZJa OwÝ`m g§H$ënZm Agë`m Var dmT>Vo Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, gmd©{ÌH$ {ejU d Ë`m§Mo

XÿaJm_r n[aUmm_ `m_wio `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZoVrc \$aH$ OmñV ñnîQ> hmoV Jocm. _amR>r gm{hË`mMm àdmh

gmYaUV: 1920 Z§Va gwê$ Pmcm Ago åhQ>co OmVo. H$maU 1920 À`m Xaå`mZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo R>iH$

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doJionU Zm|Xdco Omdy cmJco. _hmË_m J§mYrZr "IoS>çmH$So> Mcm' hr hmH$ {Xcr Am{U AZoH$m§À`m

ZOam `m J«m_rU ^mJmH$So> dië`m. cmoH${hVdmXr `m§Zr `mM H$mimV J«m_aMZm hm J«§W {c{hcm.

Vmam~mB© qeXo `m§À`m ñÌr-nwê$f VwcZm `m J«§WmVhr H$ma{JatMm H$mam{Jar g§nV Agë`mMm {ZX}e Pmcm.

_hmË_m \w$co `m§À`m "Jwcm_{Jar', "~«måhUm§M H$g~', "eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>'_YyZ eoVH$è`mÀ`m

hmcIrMo {MÌU Amco. _amR>r_Ü o "OmZnX' JrVm§À`m ê$nmZo J«m_rU H${dVm {c{hcr OmD$ cmJcr.

`m JrVm§Zm {H$gmZ JrVo qH$dm JmonJrVo Agohr åhQ>co OmV hmoVo. H$Wm, H${dVm, H$mX§~ar `m VrZhr

dmL²>_` àH$mamVyZ J«m_rU gm{hË` _moR>`m à_mUmV {chÿ cmJco OmD$ cmJco Ë`m_Ü o J. c. R>moH$i,

a. dm. {XKo, _mS>JyiH$a, {d. dm. hS>n, gmonmZXod Mm¡Yar, e§H$a nmQ>rc, AmZ§X `mXd, am. a§. ~moaSo>,

CÕd eoiHo$, {dídmg nmQ>rc, ^mñH$a M§XZerd, Zm. Ym|, _hmZmoa, B§Ð{OV ^mcoamd, M§ÐHw$_ma ZcJo

Aer H$mhr gcJ na§nam AmnUmg {ZX}{eV H$aVm oVo.

J«m_rU ^mJmMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vr hmo . `m H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vrer g§nyU© Jmd

~m§Ycocm {XgVmo. J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n nhmV AgVmZm eoVr hm J«m_rU ^mJmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Agë`mMo

{XgVo. eoVrÀ`m ^modVrM gJir J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr ~m§Ycocr Amho. Ë`m_wio IoS>çm§Mr Am§VaaMZmhr

eoVr_wioM V`ma Pmcr Amho. hr J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr ñdV§Ì d d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. ~mam ~cwVoXma hm AcwVoXma,

~«måhU, dVZXma, Mm¡Jwcm d nmQ>rc `m gdm©§Zr J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMo YmJo EH$_oH$m§V {dUco AmhoV.

ì`dgm`mVyZ H$mê$ d Zmê$ hr g§H$ënZm CX`mg Amcr. eoVH$ar åhUOo Jm` d H$mê$ Zmê$ åhUOo dmgê$

hr g§H$ënZm Ë`m H$mir ê$T> Pmcr. `mVyZM eoVH$ar d Ë`mda AmYm[aV ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§Mo EH$Ëd

Agë`mMo {XgVo. OmVr-nmVr Añn¥í`Vm hr Ë`m H$mimV _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVr Ago Agco Var

JmdmVrc _hÎdmÀ`m àg§Jr gd© OmVr EH$Ì oD$Z JmdmJmS>m MmcdV Agë`mMo {XgVo. JmdmVrc

J«m_X¡dVmÀ`m nmcIrcm H$mnS> H$moUr AmUm`Mo gmgZH$mR>r H$moUr AmUmdm`mMr? Voc H$moUr

Kmcmd`mMo? AãXm{Jè`m N>ÌMm_ao H$moUr Yamd`mMr? dmÚo H$moUr dmOdm`mMr? hm EH$ A{cpIV

{Z`_ hmoVm. Ë`mZwgma àË oH$ OmVrcm JmdJmS>çmVrc ê$T>rna§naoV Oncoë`m {XgVmV.

❏ J«m_rUVm d àmXo{eH$Vm

J«m_rUVm d àmXo{eH$Vm `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm doJdoJi`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o H$mhr A§er gmå`

Agco Var _hÎdmMo doJionU åhUOo àmXo{eH$ gm{hË`m_Ü o g_yh H|$ÐñWmZr AgVmo Vgo J«m_rU

gm{hË`m_Ü o hmoV Zmhr. àmXo{eH$ gm{hË` ho àXoem{d{eîR> AgVo. _mUXoe hm H$moUVmhr Xoe Zmhr Va

gmVmam, gm§Jcr d gmocmnya {OëømVrc _mU ZXrH$mR>Mm hm XþîH$mir àXoe hmo . VoWrc g§ñH¥$Vr hr

_mUXoer g§ñH¥$Vr åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. J«m_rU ì`dgm` d J«m_g§ñWm `mVyZ J«m_rU OrdZ {Z`V

Pmcoco AgVo. Vgo àXoemÀ`m ~m~VrV hmoV Zmhr. J«m_rU OrdZ _w»`Ëdo eoVrZo ~m§Ycoco AgVo. Va

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àXoemMm {dMma H$aVm eoVr~amo~aM BVa ì`dgm` d Ë`m§À`m åhUyZ EH$ Mm{c[aVr AmnUmg nhmd`mg

{_iVmV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU d àmXo{eV gm{hË` ho doJdoJio R>aVo.

❏ J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr Midi

_hmË_m \w$co `m§À`m H$mimnmgyZ J«m_rU gm{hË` {c{co OmV hmoVo. `m H$mimV doJi`m

gm{hË`mMr XIc KoVcr Jocr Zgcr Var 1920 Z§Va J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr XIc ~è`mn¡H$s KoVcr Jocr.

gXm{ed noR>r dmVmdaU, {VWcr ^mfm `mMm dmMH$-a{gH$m§Zm H§$Q>mim Amcm hmoVm. Yw_«nmZmÀ`m

dc`mV, _ÚmMo KwQ>H$ KoV _Ü`_dJr© m§Mm àmU-{MÌUo dmMyZ a{gH$m§Zm C§~J Amcm hmoVm. Ë`mM

H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmH$So> cj XoÊ`mMr JaO _hmË_m Jm§YrOrZr nQ>dyZ {Xcr Ë`mdoir J«m_rU ^mJmH$So>

coIH$m§Mo cj dico Omdy cmJco. na§Vw Iè`m AWm©Zo 1970 Z§Va J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m MidirMr

^mfm gwê$ Pmmcr. S>m°. ZmJZmW H$moÎmmn„o åhUVmV 1970 Z§Va EHw$U _amR>r gm{hË` J«m_rU

MidirÀ`m, J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m ~m~VrV à{VHy$c A{^àm` Zm|Xdco OmD$ cmJco. àH$Q> AàH$Q>nUo

`m gm{hË`MidirÀ`m {damoYr gwê$ cmdy cmJcm.

1970 nydr© J«m_rU gm{hË` d BVa gm{hË`m_Ü o \$mago A§Va ZìhVo. à`moJercVm, _Zmo{dícofU

`mVyZ H$mhr gm{hË` cmoH$m§À`m ZOaoV âV hmoVo. coIZmMo g§Ho$V d àñWm{nV A{^ê$Mr `m§Mo g§~Y

nañnanyaH$ hmoVo. 1960 Z§Va `m àñWm{nV A{^ê$Mr `m§Mo g§~§Y nañnanyaH$ hmoVo. 1960 Z§Va `m

àñWm{nV A{^ê$Mrer EH$ àH$maMm g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Or J«m_rU ^mJmVrc {nT>r {chÿ

cmJcr hmoVr {Vcm dada {c{hë`m Jocoë`m gm{hË`mMm {VQ>H$mam oD$ cmJcm AmnU Hw$R>o AmhmoV.

Amncm Jmd Hw$R>o Amho. Amncm g§Kf© Amnco OJUo ho Hw$R>o Amho ho emoYÊ`mÀ`m Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ gwê$

Ho$cm Am{U dmñVdmMr AZw dmMr à{VH¥$Vr J«m_rU gm{hË`mV C_Q>cr Am{U J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr

Midi Omoa Yê$ cmJcr.

❏ X{cV gm{hË`mMr Midi

X{cV gm{hË`mÀ`m àdmhmcmM Zdo Zm_{Y_mZ cm^co Amho Vo åhUOo \w$co Am§~oS>H$ar àoaUoMo

gm{hË` ho hmo . S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {dMmam§Zo, H$m`m©Zo àoarV Pmcoë`m, OmJ¥V hmoD$Z {e{jV

~Zcoë`m ZdVê$Um§Zr ZdOm{Udm Am{U _mZdr _yë o `m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m AZw dm§Zm

eãXm§À`m ê$nmVyZ gmH$maco d hm X{cV gm{hË`mMm àdmh gwê$ Pmcm. ñdmV§ m|Va H$mimVrc hm àdmh

J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m~amo~a g_m§Va dmQ>Mmc H$aVmZm {XgV Amho. Ame`, A{^ì`ŠVr, AZw d,

^mfme¡cr `m§À`m doJionUm_wio X{cV gm{hË` AmH$mamcm Amco Amho.

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X{cV OmUrd hr X{cV gm{hË`mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. dfm©Zwdf}AÝ`m`, AË`mMma d Jwcm_{Jar

`m§À`m JV}V {MMV nS>coë`m g_mOmcm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Zdg§OrdZr {Xcr. {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm nmÊ`mnmgyZ

{ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV Agcoë`m Jwcm_m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Jwcm_{JarMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr Ë`m_wio gdm©Wm©Zo

X{cV R>adcoë`m _mUgm§Mo doXZmXm`r {MÌU eãX~X²Y Pmco.

❏ CX` d dmQ>Mmc

6 {S>g|~a 1956 amoOr S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _hmn[a{Zdm©U Pmco. [anpãcH$Z njmZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m

níMmV `m MidirMo CËVaXm{`Ëd pñdH$maco. eoS> yëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ ~aImñV H$ê$Z [anpãcH$Z

nmQ>r© Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m ZmdmMm nj ñWmnZ Pmcm. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV J§JmYZ nmZVmdUo `m§Mo

Apñ_VmXe© ho Ì¡_m{gH$ gwê$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m _m{gH$m§Zo X{cV gm{hpË`H$m§Zm EH$ Mm§Jco Ý`m`nrR>

{_idyZ {Xco. Amåhr {dÐhmo `mgmaIr _m{gHo$ Omo_mZo nwT>o Amcr. 9 Owc¡ 1972 _Ü o X{cV n§Ya

Mm CX` Pmcm d X{cVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mcm dmMm \$moS>Ê`mgmR>r hr H$m«§VrH$mar g§KQ>Zm C^r

R>mH$cr. g§KQ>Zm ~m§YUr, _moM}, Am§XmocZo `mda â {Xcm Jocm. X{cV n§Wa ~m¡ÜX VËd àUmcrZwgma

Mmc{dcr nm{hOo d gmå`dmXmnmgyZ Xÿa am{hco nm{hOo hr amOm T>cmo `m§Mo ämy{_H$m Va T>gmim§Mr

_mŠg©dmXr y{_H$m `mVyZ Am§~oS>H$admX d _mŠg©dmX Agm dmX CËnÝZ Pmcm.

`m gmè`mMm n[aUm_ X{cV gm{hË`mÀ`m Midirda AmnUmg ñnîQ>nUo {XgyZ oVmo. gm{hË`

ho g_mO n[adV©ZmMo à^mdr _mÜ`_ Amho. àM{cV gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$aUo ho S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm _mÝ`

ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio 2 _o 1954 amoOr {dX © gm{hË` g§KmnwT>o Ë`m§Zr CXmËV OrdZ_yë o Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$

_yë o Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ A{dîH¥$V H$am. Amnco è AmHw§${MV _`m©{XV R>ody ZH$m, {VM§ VoO

IoS>`mnmS>`mVrc A§Yma Xÿa hmoB©c Ag§ namd{V©V H$am. Amnë`m XoemV Cno{jVm§Mo, X{cVm§Mo Xþ:pIVm§Mo

\$ma _moR>o OJ Amho ho {dgê$ ZH$m. Ë`m§Mo Xþ:I ì`Wm ZrQ> g_OmdyZ ¿`m. Am{U Amnë`m gm{hË`mX²dmao

Ë`m§Mo OrdZ CÝZV H$aÊ`mg PQ>m, Ë`mVM Iar _mZdmcm Amho hm g§Xoe {Xcm. `mVyZM nwT>o X{cV

gm{hË`m§Zo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm {dMmam§Mm gma àd{V©V Ho$cm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m àoaUoVyZ 15 Am°JñQ>

1949 amoOr X{cV gm{hË` godH$ g§KmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr hmoVr {Vcm nmR>~i {_imco.

X{cV gm{hË`mMr àoaUm hr \w$co, emhÿ Am§~oS>H$a `m§MrM Amho. MmVwd©Ê` ì`dñWoZo ZmS>cocm

àË oH$ _mZd hm X{cV Amho. doXZm, {dÐmoh, ZH$ma _mZdVmdmX, {dkmZ{ZîR>m `mda X{cV gm{hË`mMr

Midi C^r Agcocr {XgVo.

❏ ñÌrdmXr gm{hË` Midi :-

H$moUVrhr ñÌr hr ñÌr åhUyZ OÝ_mcm oV Zmhr. {Vcm ~mB© åhUyZ V`ma Ho$c OmV§ ho {g_m°Z

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X dmoìhm `m§Zr gm§{JVcoc§ {dXmaH$ gË` ñÌrdmXr gm{hË`mÀ`m MidirMo àoaUmñWmZ d H|$ÐñWmZ Amho.

dfm©Zwdf} ñÌr hr _mUyg Zmhr hoM BWë`m g_mO na§naoZo XmIdyZ {Xco Amho. "`W ZmW©ñVy nwÁ`ÝVo

VÌ a_ÝVo XodV:' `m g§ñH¥$V gw m{fVmZo ñÌrMr nyOm H$am`cm gm§{JVco Va "{nVm aj{V H$m¡_m },

«mVm ajmpÝV `m¡dZo ajmpÝV ñWm{dao nyÌ: Z ñÌr ñdmV§Í`_h©Vr' ho _ZyZo gm§{JVco. Ë`m_wio EH$Va

ñÌr hr Xodr Amho. Am{XeŠVr Amho Zgoc Va Vr Jwcm_ Amho. Xmgr Amho AgoM ^mg{dco Joco.

gmR>moÎmar hr _amR>r dmL²>_`m_Ü o {d{dY gm{hË`àdmh CX`mg Amho. `m_Ü o J«m_rU, X{cV,

Am{Xdmgr, ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV, ñÌrdmXr Aem {d{dY àdmhm§Mm àm_w»`mZo C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. ñÌrdmX

hm nmíMmË` XoemH$Sy>Z Amcocm àdmh Amho. ñÌr`m§À`m g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$aUmar hr Midi AgyZ

ñÌr hr {VÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. EHw$U gd©M OmVr Y_m©_Ü o ñÌrcm Xþæ`_ VËËdmMr dmJUyH$ {Xcr

Jocr. Ho$di Myc Am{U _yc hoM {VMo OrdZH$V©ì` AgyZ 7 À`m AmV KamV Amco nm{hOo H$maU ñÌr

hr H$mMoMo ^m§So> Amho. Ë`m_wio {VZo {VÀ`m ercmMo ajU Ho$co nm{hOo hm nmoH$i gm§ñH¥${VH$dmX ñÌrÀ`m

_Zmda R>gdcm Jocm. Am{W©H$ emofU, em[aarH$ emofU, _mZ{gH$ emofU Aem {d{dY emofUmcm d

AË`mMmamcm ~ir nS>cocr ñÌr hr AmYw{ZH$ g_rjmnX²YVr_Ü o n`m©daUr` ñÌrdmX `m ZmdmZo _yi

Yê$ cmJcr Amho. Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo {d{dY ^mfm§_Yrc Aem {d{dY ñÌrdmXr Midir

d dmL²>_` `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

ñÌrMo _mUyg åhUyZ OJUo, Ë`mÀ`m AmS> oUmao nwê$fr dM©ñd, {ddmhg§ñWo_wio ñÌr ñdmV§ mda

oUmar ~§YZo, `m ~§YZda ñÌrZo Ho$cocr _mV `mMm {dMma ñÌrdmXr gm{hË`m_Ü o Ho$cocm Amho. ñÌrdmXr

MidirMm CJ_ ñÌr_wŠVr Midir d ñÌrdmXr àUmcrVyZ Pmcocm Amho. OrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌmV

ñÌrcm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ {_imco hr ñÌrdmXmMr _hÎdmMr gyÌ Amho. pñÌ`m§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma {_imcm

_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {_imcm amOH$s` joÌmV AmajU {_imco ZmoH$arV AmajU {_imco ho gd© \$crV

Amho. nwê$fgËVmH$ ì`dñWocm ZH$ma XoV hr Midi C^r Agë`mMo {XgVo. ñÌrdmXr {dMmam§Mr ~rOo

`m MidirZo {~«Q>re copIH$m ìh{O©{Z`m dwë\$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z pñdH$macr AmhoV.

ñÌrdmXr {dMmagaUr ñÌrnwê$f g_mZVoMm AmJ«h YaVo. nma§nm[aH$ ê$T> g§Ho$VmZm ZH$ma XoVo.

ñÌrMm _mUyg åhUyZ {dMma H$aUmar, cmXcoco ñÌrnU Pw§JmaUmar, _mZ{gH$ d ~m¡pX²YH$ {dH$mg

gmYUmar ñdV:Zo ñdËd: Jdgcocr Aer hr Midi AgyZ Ë`mMo H$mhr àdmh hr AmnUmg {XgVmV.

1) A°½cmo A_o[aH$Z ñÌrdmX, 2) \o«$M ñÌrdmX, 3, H¥$îUdUr© `m§Mm ñÌrdmX `m~amo~a hmc_VdmXr

ñÌrdmX CXma_VdmXr ñÌrdmX, g_mOdmXr ñÌrdmX, _mŠg©dmXr ñÌrdmX Aem H$mhr H«$m§VrH$mar ñÌrdmXr

MidirMo ñdê$n AmnUmg Aä`mgVm oVo. ñÌrdmXr gm{hË`mÀ`m A^gH$ S>m°. _§Jcm daIoSo> `m§Zr

ñÌrdmXr g_rjm g§H$ënZm Am{U Cn`moOZ `m J«§WmV- 1) Ohmc ñÌrdmX, 2) _dmi ñÌrdmX 3)

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_ycVËddmXr ñÌrdmX, 4) n`m©dadmXr ñÌrdmX, 5) H¥$îUdUr© ñÌrdmX Ago nmM àdmh gm§{JVco

AmhoV. Va dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ `m§Zr g_mO ñÌrdmXr, {MÝhmW© ñÌrdmXr, _mZg ñÌrdmXr, _mŠg©dmXr,

ãc°H$ ñÌrdmX Am{U à{VgmX, ^mfU, H¥$Vr, {daMZmdmXr, w§JdmXr àmH$H$WZmË_H$, dgmhVdmX{damoYr,

CÎmag§aMZmdmXr, à{V-ñÌrdmXr Ago gmV àdmh gm§{JVco AmhoV `m gdm©§Mm Aä`mg Vm¡c{ZH$

gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$aVm oD$ eH$Vmo.

❏ ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠVm§Mr Midi :-

g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m KwgiUrVyZ gm{hË`ì`dhma hr KwgiyZ {ZKVmo Ë`m_wio g_mOmÀ`m ñVamZwgma

gm{hË`mMohr {d{dY àH$ma d àdmh OÝ_mcm oVmV. ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV§À`m gm{hË`mMr Midi hr

Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ hmo . gmR>moËVar _amR>r H$mcI§S>mVrc H$mhr àdmh R>iH$nUo Amnë`m ZOaoV âVmV.

Ë`mn¡H$s ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠVm§Mm gm{hË`àdmh hmhr hmo . AmO ^maV Xoe amOH$s` ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ EH$ {XgV

Agcm Var Ym{_©H$ÑîQ>`m AOyZhr Vmo EH$g§K Zmhr. VgoM OmVr ÑîQ>çmhr Vmo EH$g§Y Zmhr. Amåhr

gmao ^maVr` AmhmoV. EH$_oH$m§Mo ^mD$ AmhmoV Ago åhUm`Mo Am{U àË`j OmV Y_©, ^mfm, àm§V, àXoe

nmUr `mda ^m§S>U H$am`Mo hm BWcm {eañVm Amho. d¡{MÍ`nyU© _mZdr g_yhm~X²Xc gdm©§Zm AmH$f©U

AgVo Ë`m_wio B§J«O Aä`mgH$ _moŠgdW© Ho$ZoS>r, B§WmodoZ B.Zr Aem OmVr-O_mVtMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.

^maVr` Aä`mgH$ cmoH${hVdmXr, qM. Zm. AÌo, Jmo. _§. H$mcocH$a, ^. {X. \$S>Ho$, am_ZmW MìhmU,

cú_U _mZo `m§Mm C„oI H$amdm cmJVmo.

^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV O_mVr `mV VrZ eãX AmhoV. ^Q>H$m åhUOo ^Q>H$V amhUmam ApñWa AgUmam,

{d_wŠV åhUOo _moH$im Agcocm ~§YZ ZgUmam Va O_mVr åhUOo Ë`m§Mm g_wXm` hmo . `m§Zm JwÝhoJma

åhUyZ g§~moYco Joco. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ~è`mM O_mVr `m g_mOm_Ü o pñWa Pmë`m. H$mhr à`ËZ H$aV

AmhoV. nU \$mgonmaYr O_mVrgmaIr O_mV AOyZhr pñWamdcr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr ^mfm Ë`m§Mo

gm{hË` `mda AOyZ åhUmdo Vgo g§emoYZ hmoD$ eH$coco Zmhr. _hmamîQ´>_Ü o JmdJmS>çm§er g§~§{YV

Ë`m§Mo OrdZ ZgVo. H$m`_ ^Q>H§$Vr hoM OrdZ AgyZ Ë`m§À`mda JwÝhoJma åhUyZ {eŠH$m _macocm {XgyZ

oVmo. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o OmVn§Mm`Vrcm H$m`Úmnojm Ë`m§À`m OmVn§Mm`VrMo H$m`XoVyZ doJio OmVn§Mm`VrMo

dM©ñd H$_r Pmcoco Zmhr. ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠVmVrc OmVr nmoQ>OmVr ê$T>r, n§anam, H$m_ nmcmVco OrdZ

`m gdm©§Mo {MÌU ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠVm§À`m gm{hË`mVwZ oVo.

^Q>Š`m {d_wŠVm§Mr Midi hr g§H$ënZm \$maer ê$Ococr Zgcr Var AmVm _mÌ hr Midi

\$mo\$mdVmZm {XgV Amho. ApñVËdmgmR>r Agcocm g§Kf©, OmVn§Mm`Vr{dê$ÜX AmdmO, ^Q>Š`m

àd¥ËVr{dê$ÜX àMma, JwÝhoJmar {eH$H$m nwgmÊ`mgmR>rMr YS>nS>, CƒZrMVoÀ`m g§H$ënZmZm \$mQ>m,

na§naocm ZH$ma d ñdV:À`m àíZm§Mm d Ë`mdarc CËVamMm emoY `mVyZ hr Midir C^r am{hcr Amho.

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Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao {d{dY ^m{fH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ

AmnUmg hr Midir nmhVm oB©c.

❏ Am{Xdmgr gm{hË`mMr Midi :-

Amnë`m d¡{eîQ>`nwU© OrdZe¡cr, ~mocr^mfm, ê$T>r n§anam AmMma {dMma nmoemI d {ZgJm©Mr

Agcocr OdirH$ `m_wio Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm doJim åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. gmR>moËVar n[adV©ZmÀ`m

H$mcI§S>mV Am{Xdmgr cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ{MÌU H$aUmao gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJco Ë`mcmM nwT>o

Am{Xdmgr gm{hV`mMr Midi åhUyZ AmoiIco OmD$ cmJco. Am{Xdgr g§ñH¥$Vr, OrdZ ì`dhma,

Xþ:IrnUmMo ^md{díd, doXZm, {dÐmoh ZH$ma `m ^mdZoVyZ hm g_Om ñdV:Mo OJUo gm{hË`mVyZ _m§Sy>

cmJcm. Ia§Va ho gd© _yc{Zdmgr åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Z§Va Amcoë`m cmoH$m§Zr åhUOoMo Am`m©Zr

Ë`m§Zm gwnrH$ yàXoemVyZ {nQ>miyZ cmdco d Amncr gËVm àñWm{nV Ho$cr. ho ~mhoa nS>coco {J[aOZ

AWm©V {ZgJm©À`m gm{ZÜ`mV, _wio àXoemnmgyZ Xÿa, S>m|JanmarVyZ, àJVrnmgyZ eoH$S>mo _¡c Xÿa Joco.

n[adV©ZmÀ`m `m H$mcI§S>mV Amnë`m dmQ>`mcm Amcoë`m g§Kfm©Mo {MÌU H$ê$ cmJcm. _YwH$a dmH$moSo>

`m§Mr PocPnmQ> hr H$mX§~ar Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo C„oIZr` R>aVo. Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` ho dZg§ñH¥$VrMo {~agm_w§S>m,

V`m {^„ `m§À`m H«$m§VrH$maH$ MidirMo g§Kfm©Mo JrV Amho. Am{X_mVoÀ`m g§doXZmMm hw§H$ma åhUOo

ñdV:Mm ~Mmd H$aUmao Am{Xdmgr AmO AmYw{ZH$ ~w y{eV d cwQ>mê$ Zjë`m§À`m H$MmQ>`mV gmnSo>co

AmhoV. Ë`mMohr {MÌU Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ oVmZm {XgVo.

{ZgJm©er VmXmË_ nmdcocm, ñdÀN>§Xr, d ñdV§Ì d¥ËVrMm Am{U AmYw{ZH$ OJmÀ`m g§nH$m©_wio

«îQ> Z Pmcocm g_mO åhUOo Am{Xdmgr hmo Ago Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$VrMo S>r. EZ. _wOw_Xma åhUVm,

Am{Xdmgr åhUOo g_mZ Zmd YmaU H$aUmè`m EH$m {d{eîR> ämyàXoemda {Zdmg H$aUmè`m, EH$mM

àH$maMr ^mfm ~mocUmè`m {ddmh, ì`dgm` `m ~m~VrV g_mOZ {ZfoY {Z`_mMo nmcZ H$aUmè`m d

{ZpíMV Aem H$mhr _yë`m§Mr {dMmam§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm g_yh hmo . Am{XdmgtMo

g_mOemñÌ nmZ Z§.3 Aer {ZpíMV _yë o {dMma Am{Xdmgr gm{hË`mVyZ AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmV

{^ÝZ^m{fH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mgmZo A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao Am{Xdmgr gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg

H$aVm òD$ eH$Vmo.

àmMrZ Am{Xdmgr amÁ o, Ë`m§Mo amOo Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg Am{Xdmgr cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mm A{^_mZ Amho.

^maVr` ñdmV§ cT>`mVrc {dagm _w§S>m, V`m {^ëc `m§Mm namH«$_ Ë`m§À`m d¡ dmMr gmj Amho. ~m~m

Am`m_, ì §H$Q>oe AJm_, ZoVmOr amOJS>H$a, R>ŠH$a ~ßnm ho gm_m{OH$ ZoV¥Ëd d Am{Xdmgr

cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMr _yë o `m§Zm àoaUm _mZyZ Am{Xdmgr cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMr _yë o `m§Zm àoaUm _mZyZ Am{Xdmgr

OrdZ OJV AmhoV. \w$co, emhÿ, Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo g_OmdmXr {dMma ho Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` MidirMo

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_yi àoaUmòmoV Amho. 1960 Z§Va Am{Xdmgr ZmS>`m dñË`m {e{jV hmoD$ cmJë`m. ZmJar OrdZmer

Ë`m§Mm g§~Y oD$ cmJcm. g§{dYm{ZH$ AmajUm_wio OJÊ`mMm _mJ© Ë`m§Zm gmnS>cm. 10 d 11

Zmoìh|~a 1979 gmcr M§Ðnya {Oëh`mVrc ^ÐmdVr oWo S>m°. èd§V _Zmoha g§_ocZ âco. Am{Xdmgr

gm{hË`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vr EH$ _moR>r KQ>Zm R>acr.

Am{X_ g§ñH¥$Vrer ZmVo, Am{X_ gm_m{OH$Vm Am{XdmgrMo hmoUmao emofU, ^mfm{deof,

{ZgJm©gm{ZÜ`mV àXoem{d{eîR>Vm Ago H$mhr Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` MidirMo {deof AmnUmg gm§JVm

oVrc. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr gm{hË`mMr Midir _amR>r gm{hË`àm§Vm AmO pñWamdVmZm {XgV Amho.

❏ dmL²>_`rZ H$mcI§S>mMm Aä`mg :-

dmL²>_`rZ H$mcI§S>mÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü o H$mcI§S>mMm {ZpíMV H$mcq~Xÿ èd§VZo AdKS> Amho.

Ë`mgmR>r dmL²>_`rZ B{VhmgmMo Aä`mgH$. J. lr. OmoJ, d. {X. Hw$cH$Ur©, _. Zm. AídV, J. _.

Omoer, lr. Zm. ~ZhQ²Q>r, J. ~m. gaXma, à. Z. Omoer d Aä`mgH$m§À`m Aä`mgnyU© g§emoYZmMm

AmYma Úmdm cmJVmo. 1800 Vo 1960 `m {dñV¥V H$mcI§S>mMo dmL²>_` Aä`mH$gH$m§Zr 1) 1800

Vo 1874, 2) 1874 Vo 1920, 3) 1920 Vo 1960 Ago VrZ H$mcI§S> T>mo~i _mZmZo Ho$co AmhoV.

H$mhr Aä`mgH$ 1800 Vo 1874 `m H$mcI§S>mcm ^mfm§Va wJ 1874 Vo 1920 `m H$mcI§S>mcm

{Z~§Y_mcm wJ Va 1920 Vo 1960 `m H$mcI§S>mcm gwdU© wJ Ago åhQ>co Amho. àË oH$ H$mcI§S>mMo

doJionU g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m H$mcI§S>mMo ñdV§Ì d¡{eîQ>` d H$mcI§S>mMm H$cmQ>Ur XoUm-`m

gm{hpË`H$m§Mm VgoM Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoUo H«$_àmßV Amdí`H$ Amho.

❏ dmL²>_`mMo H$mcI§S> (1800-1894) :-

_hmamîQ>mÀ`m OS>UKS>Ur_Ü o gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` B. KQ>H$m§Zm _hËËdmMo ñWmZ

Amho. gm_m{OH$ pñWË §VamMm n[aUm_ g_mO_Zmda hmoUo ho AmoKmUo oVo. n[aUm_r àË oH$ H$mcI§S>mMo

ñdê$n, d¡{eîQ>çmZwgma Ë`m H$mcI§S>mVrc gm{hË` AmH$ma KoVo. B.g.1818 _Ü o noedmB©Mm AñV

Pmcm. d {~«{Q>em§Mm EH$N>Ìr A§_c g§nyU© ^maVmda gwê$ Pmcm. ^maVmV {~«{Q>em§Mo AmJ_Z Pmco hr

KQ>Zm gm{hË` {dMmam_Ü o ~Xc KS>dUmar R>acr. nmíMmË`m§Mo Zd{dMma, Zd{ejU `mH$So> ^maVmVrc

gm{hË` §ÌMo cj Joco. _wÐUHo$coMm emoY, B§J«Or emim§Mm _hÎd, Epë\$ÝñQ>ZMo CXma_VdmXr YmoaU,

{gÜX {gÜXm§V dyS>Mm I{cVm B. R>iH$ KQ>Zm§Mm à^mdVyZ _hmamîQ´>mVrc n{hcr gw{e{jV {nT>r CX`mcm

Amcr. Y_©àgmamÀ`m hoVyZo pI«íMZ {_eZ `m§Zr `m§À`m gm{hË`mMm _amR>r AZwdmX Ho$cm gmh{OH$M

_amR>r JÚcoIZmcm MmcZm {_imcr, X{jUm àmB©ggma»`m H${_Q>r_wio H$mì`{Z{_©Vrcm MmcZm

{_imcr. {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©_wio OJÝZmW e§H$a eoR>, _. \w$co, ~miemñÌr Om§ oH$a B. gma»`m

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g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mm OÝ_ Pmcm EHy$UM ZdrZ dmL²>_` wJmMm nm`m KmcÊ`mMo H$m_ ^mfm§Va wJ qH$dm

V_mo wJmV Pmco.

A) ^mfm§Va `wJ d¡{eîQ>ç :-

1. {edmOr _hmamO, ZmZm \$S>Udrg `m§Zr N>mnÊ`mMo §Ì _hmamîQ>mV AmUco hmoVo Ago

{~«{Q>enwd© g§X © AmT>iVmV _mÌ ^maVmV _wÐUH$coMm àgma H$aÊ`mMo lo nmíMmË`m§Zm

X`mdo cmJVo. _amR>r ^mfm {eH$Ê`m_Ü o {dë`_ H°ao, hm°c, Zm°Q> `m§Zr gh^mJ KoVcm.

Mmc©g² {~pëH$Ýg, n§MmZZ M_©H$ma, S>m°. H°ao `m§À`m à`ËZm_wio ~m`~c Mo _amR>r_Ü o

^mfm§Va Pmco. `mZ§Va XodZmJar {cnrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Y_©àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$

nwñVH$m§Mo _amR>r ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mV Amco. CXm. 1) n§Mmonm»`mZ-1822 2) {dXþaZrVr-

1823, 3) qghmgZ~{Oer-1824, 4) Ho$ZS>rMm H$moe-1824, 5) _hmamîQ´> ^mfmMo

H$moe-1829, 6) _oëgd`ŠVmMm H$moe-1831 B. _amR>r_Ü o ^mfm§Va Pmcoco gm{hË`

dmMë`m_wio ^maVr` cmoH$m§_Ü o OmJ¥Vr hmoD$ cmJcr åhUyZ _¥XZñdmV§ mda {~«Q>re

A{YH$mè`m§Zr AZoH$ ~§YZo KmVcr. B. g. 1882 _Ü o cm°S©> [anZZo Vr ~§YZo Xÿa Ho$cr.

_wÐUH$cm gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌm_Ü o Am_ycmJ« ~Xc hmoD$Z Amcr.

2. {~«Q>rem§À`m AmJ_Zmnwdr© ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmcm _hÎd ZìhVo. doX, nwamU,

emñÌmä`mgmMo {ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§À`m AmJ_Zm_wio AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm àgma

Pmcm. B. g. 1920 _Ü o Eopë\$ñQ>ZÀ`m nwT>mH$mam_wio ~m°ë_o Zo{Q>ìh ñHw$c ~wH$ A°ÊS>

ñHy$c gmogm`Q>r Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Ë`m_wio emco {df`mVrc nwñVH$ à{gX²Yrcm àmoËgmhZ

{_imco. _oOa H°S>rZo emñÌewX²Y {cImZmMo _hËËd nQ>dyZ {Xco. X{jUm àmB©O H${_Q>r_wio

AZoH$ coIH$ gd©n[a{MV Pmco `m H$mcI§S>mV S>m°. H°$ao `m§À`m à`ËZm_wio _amR>r ^mfoMo

ì`mH$aU 1809 àH$m{eV Pmco. VgoM Ë`m§Zr n§MV§Ìo, {hVmonXoe B. nwñVHo$ _amR>r

dmMH$m§gmR>r Iwcr Ho$cr.

3. {~«Q>rem§À`m AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaUgaUr_wio ^maVr` g_OmgwYmaH$m§Zr VËH$mcrZ g_mOì`dñWo_Ü o

~Xc H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ nwamoJm_r Midir C^maë`m CXm. 1) ~«måhmo g_mO-20 Am°JñQ>

1828, 2) _mZdY_© g^m-22 OyZ 1844, 3) na_h§g g^m-1849, 4) àmW©Zm

g_mO- 31 _mM© 1867, 5) gËèmoYH$ g_mO-28 gßQ>|~a 1873.

4. cmoH$OmJ¥VrÀ`m Midit_YyZ nwamoJm_r {dMma gd© _mZdOmVrn ©§V nmohM{dÊ`mMo _mÜ`_

`mVyZ d¥ÎmnÌ, {Z`VH$mcrH$m§Mm CX` Pmcm. _amR>rVrc n{hco d¥ÎmnÌ Xn©U B. g. 1832

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_Ü o ~miemñÌr Om§ oH$a `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmMo OZH$ åhUVmV.

`m{edm` _ww§~B© AI~ma, {X½Xe©Z, à^mH$a, kmZàH$me, gw~moYn{ÌH$m, à~moYZ Midir

~amo~a gm{hË`Midir_Ü o _hËËdmMo ñWmZ {_imco Amho.

5. ^mfm§VamÀ`m H$mimV kmZàgma OcX JVrZo H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVwZo {d{dY nwñVH$m§Mo ^mfm§Va

Pmco. Ë`m_wio `m H$mcI§S>mV c{cË`nwU© gm{hË`mMr C{Ud Amho.

6. cmoH$m§Zm AjakmZ ìhmdo, Ë`m§Zm dmMZmMr JmoS>r cmJmdr, Ë`m§Zm H$_r doioV AZoH$

{df`m§Mm n[aM` ìhmdm `mgmR>r AZwH$aUmMm gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Pmcr. ì`pŠVÀ`m A§JÀ`m

JwUm§Zm ^mfm§Vam_Ü o dmd {_imcm Zmhr.

7. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmH$So> {deof cj XoUmam hm H$mcI§S> ì`mH$aU, H$moe `m§Mr XoUJr

XoVmo.

8. Ý`m`_wVr© amZSo> `m§À`m _Vo, hm H$mcI§S> JwUdËVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo VodT>m g_mYmZH$maH$ dmQ>V

Zmhr. VWm{n `mM H$mcI§S>mV àm§VmVrc BVa ^mfm§À`m VwcZoZo _amR>r ^mfoZo Ho$cocr àJVr

{dñ_`mdh Amho Am{U AnojmnyVrnojm Anojm{Z{_©Vr ÑîQ>rZo hm H$mcI§S> _hÎdmMm Amho.

9. EHy$UM {Z~§YH$ma {MniyUH$a, H$mX§~arH$ma h. Zm. AmnQ>o, H$dr Ho$edgwV, ZmQ>H$H$ma,

Jmo. ~. Xodc `m§À`mgma»`m AZoH$ coIH$m§À`m nyd©V`marMm hm H$mcI§S> hmoVm.

~) 1874 Vo 1920 :-

^mfm§VamÀ`m H$mcI§S>mZ§Va B. g. 1874 _Ü o {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$am§À`m {Z~§Y_mcoZo

d¡Mm[aH$ {dMmam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^mfm{df`H$ {d{dY {df`m§Mr CH$c Ho$cr. {MniyUH$am§À`m naIS>

dmT>rZo ^mfm§VamMo OmoIS> \o$Hy$Z {Xco hm H$mcI§S> OmJ¥V {nT>rMm hmoVm. gw{e{jV {nT>rZo R>mognUo

Amnco {dMma ì`ŠV H$am`cm gwê$dmV Ho$cr. coI, {Z~§Y, cKw{Z~§Y, c{cV coI B. _YyZ ZdZ{dZ

d¡Mm[aH$ {df`mMm àMma Pmcm. nmíMmË`m§À`m {Z~§YdmS²_`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo _amR>rVrc XO}Xma

{Z~§YcoIZ hmo .

❀ d¡{eîQ>ç :-

1. àñVwV H$mcI§S>mV Jmonmiamd har Xoe_wI C\©$ cmoH${hVdmXr `m§Mr eVnÌo Y_©{dMma, ñÌr

nwê$f g_mOmV, ~«måhU{damoYr, AW©{df`H$ {dMmam§_wio Zmdmê$nmcm Amcr. cmoH${hVdmXtMm

108 eVnÌo à^mH$a d¥ËVnÌmVyZ à{gX²Y Pmcr. Amnco {dMma {Z{_©S>nUo _m§S>UmÀ`m

cmoH${hVdmXtZm AmX` {Z~§YH$ma g§~moYco OmVo.

80<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2. `m H$mcI§S>mV _. \w$co `m§Mo H$gXma coIZ _amR>r gm{hË`m_YyZ g_moa Amco. "V¥VràËZ',

"eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgwS>', "Jwcm_{Jar', "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©', "AI§S>' B. gmaIr J«§WgnXm

AmOhr g§emoYZmMm {df` åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmV Amho.

3. {dîUwemñÌr {MniwUH$amÀ`m {Z~§Y_mco_wio H$mcI§S>m CR>mdXmanUm Amcm. {MniwUH$am§Zr

{Z~§Y_mcoVyZ B{Vhmg, ^mfm, ^mfm§Va, Agë`m XoemMr pñWVr, _amR>r ^mfoMr gm§_VmMr

pñWVr, coIZewÕr B. {df`m§da à^mdr {dMma ì`ŠV Ho$co AmhoV. `mVyZ Ë`m§Mr ^mfm

{df`H$ _Vo ì`ŠV hmoVmV.

4. `m H$mcI§S>mV ~miemñÌr Om§ oH$a, ^mD$ _hmOZ, g.dJ. C\©$ ~mny N>Ìo, XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J

VI©S>H$a, Jmo. Zm. _m§S>JmdH$a, H¥$îUemñÌr {MniwUH$a, `m§À`mgma»`m {Z~§YH$mam§Zr

Zm{dÝ`nyU© {df`mZm coIZmVyZ Iwco Ho$co.

5. cmo. {Q>iH$, Jmo. J. AmJaH$a, {h. _. nam§Ono, Z. {M. Ho$iH$a `m gm{hpË`H$m§Zr naIS>,

àJVerc {dMmam§Mo ~hþ_moc `moJXmZ _amR>r {Z~§YdmL²>_`mcm {Xco Amho.

6. H$mi H$Vo {e. _. nam§Ono `m§Zr Amnë`m agnyU© coIZmVyZ {dZmXo, CnhmgmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

ñd{H$`, naH$s`, H$mën{ZH$, H$mì`Ë_H$, B.Mm _oi KmVcm.

7. A. ~. H$moëhQ>H$am§À`m g§Xoe d¥ËVnÌmZo _moR>çm Ajam§Mo _Wio XoÊ`mMr àWm gwê$ Ho$cr.

ho `m H$mcI§S>mMo _hËËdmMo d¡{eîQ>` åhUVm oB©c.

8. Ho$gar, gwYmaH$, {d{dYkmZ {dñVma B. {Z`VH$m{cH$m§Zr AZoH$ {Z~§Y coIZ, J«§Wg§nXm

`m§Zm ì`mgnrR> CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco.

9. S>m°. A. Zm. Xoenm§So> `m§À`m _Vo, ê$T>, cmoH${à`, gmVË` dmL²>_`rZ `mo½`Vm, cmoH$OmJ¥Vr

{Z_m©U j_Vm, nm[a^m{fH$ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m ZdZdrZ AW©j_ eãXm§Mm

doimodoir nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV XmI{dcocr VËnaVm `m gd© ~m~VrV Ho$garer Vwë`di R>aoc

Ago EH$ Var d¥ÎmnÌ 1880 nmgyZ AmOVmJmV`mÀ`m _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmV gmnSo>c qH$dm Zmhr

`m§Mr e§H$mM Amho. {MniyUH$am§À`m {H«$S>m{à` H$mo{Q>H«$_Hw$ec Am{U Cnhmg MVwae¡cr

{Q>iH$m§Mr gai, gw~moY Am{U gm{d {Zdoe e¡cr, AmJaH$amÀ`m àg§J {deof {dH$made

hmoUma AmdoenyU© e¡cr Ho$iH$am§Mr _Ü`_H«$_{à` Am{U nX_Ywa e¡cr Am{U J. {d.

Ho$VH$am§Mr _wË`X²Xo{earMo gyú_ 3 df}M diUmar e¡cr `m Ho$garVyZ A{dîH¥$V Pmcoë`m

{d{dY coIZ e¡ctZr AmYw{ZH$ _amR>tMr JÚcoIZ e¡cr {Z:g§e` g_¥ÜX Ho$cocr Amho.

A. _m. dm. B. I§S> n¥îR> 57 Vo

81<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$) 1920 Vo 1960 :-

S) 1960 Z§Va :-

1920 Vo 1960 `m Mmirg dfm©À`m H$mimV _hmamîQ>mV amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm ~aoM ~Xc Pmco, `m ~XcmMm n[aUm_ 1960 Z§Vahr Amogac Zmhr. amOH$s`,

gm_m{OH$ Midir {ejUmMm àgma `m_wio {dIwacoco OJ Odi Amho d cmoH$m§_Ü o d¡Mm[aH$ XodmU

KodmU _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Pmcr. 1947 Vo 1960 `m Zohê$ wJmÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV ñdV§Ì ^maVmcm

AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_Zm H$amdm cmJcm.

❀ d¡{eîQ>ç :-

1. 1960 Z§VaÀ`m H$Wm gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVm gË`H$Wm, A{^ê$Mr H$mcI§S>mV Or. E.

Hw$cH$Ur© `m§Mo {Zim gmdim, nmadm, {hado, amdo qnJim doi ho H$Wmg§J«h _mZdr _Zd

ApñVËddmXr {dMma KoD$Z gm{hË`m_Ü o AdVaco. `m H$mcI§S>mV {Xcrn {MÌo, kmZoída

ZmS>H$Ur©, Vmam dZmago, X`md§V Xidr, {dO`ma amOmÜ`j B. coIH$m§Zr _amR>r gm{hË`mcm

hmV V`ma cmdcm.

2. 1960 Z§VaÀ`m H$mX§~ar_Ü o Zì`m Om{Udm {Xgy cmJë`m. ApñVËdmX, kmZdmX, pñÌdmX,

J«m_rU, Eo{Vhm{gH$, X{cV B. dmL²>_` àH$me coIH$m§Zr g_¥ÜX Ho$co. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$,

AmÊUm^mC gmR>o, aU{OV XogmB©, CÜXd eoiHo$, e§H$a nmQ>rc, e§H$aamd IamV, ~m~yamd

~mJyc, {d. g. Im§So>H$a, Jmo. Zr. Xm§So>H$a, ^mcM§Ð Zo_mSo> B. coIH$m§Zr `m H$mcI§S>mV

ZdZdrZ à`moJ Ho$co.

3. AW©_wë`, «_{Zamg, ApñVËdmMm emoY, dmñVdnyU© coIZ, _Zmo{dícoeUmcm _hËËd,

dmgZoMo àË`j {MÌU, {dH¥$V _mZdr ñd^md `m d¡{eîQ>`m§Mm n[anmH$ åhUOo 1960

Z§VaMm H$mcI§S> hmo .

82<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

4. 1960 Z§Va AZoH$ àdmhmVyZ ZmQ>`coIZ Pmco. nmíMË` a§JämyVrÀ`m nmíd©ämy_rda

coIZm_Ü o g§JrV ZmQ>H$, ê$nm§VarV ZmQ>H$, cmoH$ZmQ> o, dmñVdmdmXr , _Zmo{dícofUmË_H$

ZmQ>Ho$, _amR>r_Ü o AdVacr. AZoH$ ZmQ>H$am§À`m S>moig ÑîQ>r_wio 1960 Z§Va a§Jämy{_da

ì`mnH$ ZmQ>`{df` Amco.

5. ZmQ>`coIZm~amo~a H${dVo_Üò qd. Xm. H$a§XrH$a, _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a, dg§V ~mnQ>, nw. {J.

aoJo, AmaVr ày, H$dr J«og, Zm. Ymo. _hmZmoa, ZmamÙ gwd}, X`m ndma, Zm_Xod T>gmi B.

coIH$m§Zr ào_, {ZgJ©, doXZm, {dÐmoh, ñÌr H|$Ðr H${dVm {c{hë`m AmhoV.

6. EHy$UM gm{hË`m_Ü o {ZgJ©, dmñVd, Eo{Vhm{gH$, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ, AmË_H$WZ Ë`m§Zm

Mm§Jco {Xdg Amco.

4.3 g_mamon





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M. A. II Marathi P. 12.2 & 16.2 TS Title - Shivaji University 2019/M. A. II... · >1 KQ>H$-1 Vm¡c{ZH$ gm{hË`mä`mg 1.1 C{ÔîQ>o 1.2