M e ^ a m m o ti& m o e 'W im u M · 2015. 3. 2. · nPO E JIE M A Y H H BE PC A JIH B H K JIAC CH O H K AIJH fl H 3LIK O B * B. H. Hpi^eea Ilp n yrjiyöjiorriioM H3yqeHHH h3bikob

AKAAEMHH h a y k c c c pH H C T H T yT H 3H K 03H aH H H

H a y q H u ä c o b o t n o T e o p iin c o B e ic K o r o H3H K 03HaHHH

*

y H M B E P C A J I M M

M T M n O J I O r M ^ E C K M E

M C C J I E f l O B A H M H

M e ^ a m m o t i & m o e 'W i m u M

7 7 8 2 7 9

H3,n;ATEJTbCTBO «HAYKA» M ocK B a

1974

"13 CTaTbHx coopHHKa bmhbjihwtch H3biKOBbie ynHBepcajnui (oömne KilTOrOpmi, CBOHCTBa H 3aK0H0MepH0CTH) II HX MeCTO B TlIIIOJIOni'ICCKnX iicc.[L'AOuaiuuix n KJiaccii4)HKauiiH pasHOCTpyKTypHux h3i>ikou Miipa.

PoflKOJIJK'rimli ju'iiij-Koppi'cnoiiAeiiTbi All C(Xl>

H. II. JIl’UIillA (OTltCTCTBl'UllblH piviaKTup), A. li. ^l,ECIIIIli,KAfl, tl>. II. 11.11II11, jjoKTop (ji'iJiojiorii'iocKiix nayK li. 1IAII1I. IOB

7D101 -o :«;8 .w,.* 012 (01)—74 l ̂ 1 Cj II:);;aTc.ii.CTBü «Hayna», 1974 r.

T I P E ß M C T O B H E

MaTepnajiOM ji;jih HacTOHnjero cßopHHKa nocnyjKran ro - KJia^Bi, caejiaHHMe Ha «Mem;aHmioBCKiix ^ to h h h x » b 1 9 7 0 ti 1 9 7 1 r r . Y a te b 3 0 - x h 4 0 - x ro^ax b cobgtckom H3BiK03Ha- hiih fleßaTHpoBajiCH Bonpoc o tom, KaKne oömne KaTeropnn OÖHapyJKHBaiOTCH B p a 3HOCTpyKTypiIBIX H3BIKaX Mnpa. B 3T 0Ö CBH3IT MO>KHO npHBeCTH H/jeiO «nOHHTHHHBIX KaTeropHH», BH-jlBHHyTyto aKaA. TT. II. MeiuaHimoBBTM *, a TaK>Ke OTflenb- TiBie cooßpaHieHiiH, BBicKasBiBaBmiiocH ApyniMH co b gtck iim it jiiiHrBHCTaMH b pnp;e CTaTeii h «OKnaflOB n o noBo;o;y rpaMMa- THHeCKHX (rJiaBTIBIM 0ßpa30M CHIITaKCiraeCKHx) yiTKHOpCa.’IL- hbix K aTeropiiii.

I l o c j i e ny6jinKan,iiH « M e M o p a n ^ y M a o h 3 b ik o b b ix yiiHBep- c a n n n x » , Haniicannoro 3>k. rp iinßeproM , TI. O cry jjo M n fl>K . f ln te n K iiH C O M 2, Teiia yin iB epcam rii Bonuia b o ß irx o p ; mh- poBoü H a y m i . 0 ß o j ib r a o M nnT epece k s t o h npoßjieMe roBopHT h nocTaH O BK a n a X I M c/K flynapoA H O M K o n r p c c c e j i n n r a n - c t o b ( I l T a m r a , 1 9 7 2 r . ) ,n;0K Jiaß0B o h s b t k o b b t x ymiBGp- cajiHHX 3 > k . T p i iH ß e p ra , H . K ypH JioB H *ia, E . K o c e p u y h T . 3 a Ü H o p a . T o m i i c M e u e e b 3 t o m B o n p o c c ocT aoT C H M iio ro iieHCHOCTCÖ. M e T o ^ B i BBiHBJieHHH o 6 ih ;h x c b o h c t b h TeH,n;eH- i^hh, n p n c y m n x BCeM hjih ß o jiB n iH H C T B y h s b ik o b Mnpa, co - CTaB h 3 b ik o b b ix ynHBepcajm ö, onpe^eneHHe Toro H e o 6 x o p ; ii - M o ro H a ß o p a n p n 3 H a K O B , n a 0C H 0B e k o t o p l i x m o jk h o O T iiecT H t o r a n i iH o e H B Jie H n e k pa3pH,ny yniiBepcajiHii — bc g s t o n p o fto ro K ao T n o p o w ^ a T B ocT pL ie cn o p B i c p e ^ i i jiiiHraHCTOB.

1 H. H. M e m a h n h o b. Hnem i npefljioHceHHH n 'lacm penn. M.— JI, 1945.2 Cm.: 3,®. T p i iH S e p r , H. O c r y s , f t* . f ls e H K H H c . MeMO- panflyM o h3hkobbix ymiBepcajninx. «HoBoe b jnmrRwcraKe», V. M.. 1970.

3

B c r a T te B. H. H p q eB o ä c t 3b h t c h B onpoc o b 03M05K H0- CTH HCH0JIb30B aH H H O T f le jt tH t lX yH H B e p c a JIHH B K a ^ e C T B e n a p a M e T p o B K J ia c c n t^ H K a q iiH h 3b i k o b , M . M . T y x M a H p a c - C M a T p u B a e T y n n B e p c a j m H b C B eT e T H n o j io r iF ie c K H X n p o T H B O - n o c T a B jie H H H h 3h k o b b i x CHCTeM. A. B. BoH^apKO aHajiH3Hpy- eT c e m a n t i i q e c k t i e $ y H K n ;H H sjieM eH T O B h o j i h a c n o K T y a j i t - h o c t h , n p e ^ C T a B JT H io m c fi co6oä p c a j r H 3anHK> o n p e ^ c j ie H H B ix r j iy ß n H H L ix i i o h j i t h h h b i x K a T e r o p n ä . B c T a T t e B. C. X p a K O B - C K o ro orrTTCMBaiOTCH n a c c n B H L ic K O H C T pyK innH , o n p e n e n n e M B i e n o T n n y c o o T H o m e H n a s j i g m g h t o b c e M a H T in e c K o r o h c h h - TaKCH’i e c K o r o y p o B H e ä . K . E. M a a T H H C K a a n o K a 3B iB aeT 06- m n fi JI.TTK H3MKOB JIVTB B03HHKH0BeHHH MeCTOHMeHHBIX CJIOB H a 6o jiB m o M M a T e p n a j i e p a 3H0C T p y K T y p H B ix h 3b ik o b . T aK H M 0ß p a 30M, b y K a 3aH H B ix CT aTB H x n p o ß j i e M a y H H B e p c a jiB H B ix K a T e ro p H Ö p a c c M a T p i iB a e T c n b o c h o b h o m b m i a n e T n n o j io r H H , n o cK O JiB K y B B i/ je jie H n e yH H B e p c a .n i i i i h T i m o j r o r j t ^ e c K o e h c - c jie ß O B a H H e H 3B iK a — B3aH M 0CBH3aH H B ie h n e p e K p e n p r a a i o - JIJTTeCH H B JieH IIH .

B cTaTi,e C. f l . KamiejiBcoHa flOKa3BiBaeTCH, hto cy6i>eKT n p e p ;n o jK e H H H — 3 t o c o p ;ep } K a T e :iB H a H rpaMMaTiraecKan KaTe- IOpiTH, KOTOpaH CKJiaSBIBaeTCH H3 MBICJIHTGJIBHBIX (ceM aH T H - K O -C H IIT aK C H ^eC K H x) H KOMMyTTHKaTHBHBIX SJieM eH TO B. B CTa- TBe M . A. K y M a x o s a an a jin 3 H p yeT C H c T p y K T y p a npe^JioJKe- h h h b H 3 B iK ax n o jm c H H T e T H q e c K o ro T H n a H a M a T e p n a j ie H a u - 6 o n e e h p k h x b 3 to m n j i a n e h 3 b ik o b 3 an a ,n ;H o ro K aB K a3 a . H .

n P O E J I E M A Y H H B E P C A J IH B H K J IA C C H O H K A IJ H fl H 3 L IK O B

*B . H . H p i^ e e a

I lp n y r j iy ö j io r r i i o M H 3 y q e H H H h 3b ik o b c o 3 jia e T C H s n e ^ a T J i e - Hne h x ßecKOHeîHoro pa3Hooöpa3HH. I lp n cpaBHeHHH A s y x a3biKOB n a nepB B ifi n jia H B c e r ^ a B t ic T y n a iO T h x p a 3jiHHHH. O flH aK O e c j i n m l i n o c T p o n M j i o r H q e c i m M M CJiH M yio c n c T e M y BapnaHTOB KaKoro-jraßo h o h h t h h h jih n p e f lC T a B jie n n H , on a OKaiKeTCH Bcerfla ß ojiee MnoroHJieHHoii, neM Ta, KOTopa« peajitHO cym ecT ByeT b H3biKax. BosHitKacT ßBa B onpoca. K au B H H B H T b THHLI HOHHTHH, IfOTOpWe WMOIOTCH B H3BIK3X MHpa, HJIH, HHbIM H CJI0B3M H, K a lt flaT B THnOJIOrHIO flaH H O rO nOHHTHH b H3tiKe? KaK yM em aeT ca b c c p a 3 n o o 6 p a 3 n e jiornêcK iix Ba- pnaHTOB A3HHoro h o h h t h h b (cpaB nnT ejibno c h h m h ) He- M HOrOHHCJieHHBIX H 3H K 0B M X T H n a X ?

IlepBbiH Bonpoc CBHsan c caMOH motohitkom Hccjiep;oBa- hhh — Haô jih Ha^HiTaTb c jjeTajibHoro H3y'ieiiHH MaTepnajia Ka?Kfloro H3biKa no jitituih tom hjih hhoh KaToropiiH hjih cjie^yeT H36paxb hokvio aßcTpaimiyio ceTKy napaMeTpoB, K0T0paH KaK 6m HaKjiaHbiBaeTCH na Ka>Kfli>ii’r H3biK ii hughkh KOTopoä OKaHtyTCH (ftJiH flaiinoro H3bma) sanojinonnbiMH HJIH nyCTbIMH? B H3BCCTnOH MOpc 3Ta HACH OTpa3IIJiaCI, B no- HCKax «H3biKa-3Tajiona», nocTyjinpycMoro HCKOTopbiMiT co- BpeMeHHBiMH JiHnrBHCTaMH. BTopoi'r Bonpoc cansan c lipoßjie- moh H30M0pc|)H3Ma njiaiia coflcp?KanHH h njiana impa/Keiiim ii nojiiiceMaHTiniecKiix iiotchijhh nocjie,n;Hcro.

I l p n n o c T y j i i ip o B a H in i y H H B e p c a j iH ii K a u 3a K o n o M e p u o - CTCii, O X B aT blB aiO m H X B C e H3bIKH M H p a (lIJIII ÖOJIbmilHCTBO 113 h h x ) , c j i e f ly e T B b m e jiH T b flB e c e p n n n p o ß j ie M .

1 . H t o Boo6nj;e m o j k c t 6b iT b b H3b iK e , t . e. h t o n e n p o T H - BopeHHT npnpofle caM oro o ß 'b e K T a n a m e r o H a y ’T e m ij i — H3b i- Ka? 9 t o t Bonpoc m o j k c t 6b i t b K0H K p eT H 3H p 0B a n b n p H M e H e - HHH K nOHHTHXO: a ) CHCTeMIIOCTH H B JieH H H B H3b IK e, T. 6 . B b l- HCH6HHK) Toro, KaK M OHteT yjIOJKHTbCH naHHaH yHHBepcajiHH

5

b npe,n;ejiax chctcm h CBH3efi aaHHoro H3HKa n He n p n x o - flHT jih OHa b npoT H B opeqne c 3ai h 3hkom? 3 to mojkho K0HKpeTH3np0BaTB npn- MeHHTeJIBHO K COAepJKaTOJIBHOH CTOpOHe H3MKa H K CTOpOHe $OpMajIBHOH. Be/JB B H3BIKe JIOJIJKHa ÖBITB OmyTHMaH MaTe- pnajiBHan oßojionKa, jjojijkhbi öbitb opmbt, a $opMBi rojijkhbt pasjin'iaTbCH.

Croâ npnMBTKaeT h B onpoc, nocTaBjieHHBin Korâ-To fl?K. rpnH ßeproM : oßnsaTejiBHO jih ojrna yHH Bepcajinji BJieneT 3a co 6 o ü /tp yrv io (n n a n e npoßjioMa B3anM006ycji0BJieHH0CTn, m rn n e p a p x n n , y n H B e p ca jim i) .

Ecjih BopHa nocjiejjHHH nên — B3anMOo6yc;noBJieHHocTB, h jih nepapxnnH ocT B yHHBepcajiHH,— t o UMeHHO 3Ta nepTa êjiaoT y n n B ep ca jin n npirro^HBiMH jtjtst KJiaccncfmKannH h sb i- k ob , TaK itait neT H eoßxojinM ocTn nepeîncitHTB Bce HajiiranBie B JianHOM H3BIKO 3aK0H0MepH0CTH, a HajIO BBIJjeJIHTB nnm B HeKUH hx MHHHMyM, KOTopBifi 6yji;eT onpejjejiHTB cynjecTBO- Bam re B cex ocTajiBnBix. BMecTe c TeM b KaJKôM H3LiKe JTerito ßyayT oTMC îaTBCH oTKJionenHH o t neK oero n a 6 op a napaM eT- poB KaK *iepTBT, Hn,iHTii'rKyajin3HpyTnrHTtc nanm.Tii hsbtk hott naronnre n p a B O jijiji nepeBojia ero H3 ojjHoro Kjiacca b jip y ro n ( t . e. b npyrv io rp y n n y hsbtkob) .

CaMa npoßjieM a Kjraccn$HKanHH hsb ik ob npnBjieKajra BHHManne yîPHBix H annH an c a n o x n Bo3po?K;i;eHnji. OßnaKo TOJIBKO B XTX B. B03HHKJTH HayHHO oßoCHOBaHHBie CHCTeMBl KJiaCCncflTTKanHH H3BIK0B. B03pnCTaj0m;nH of)T.PAT ri!OT[OTTHH imHSBiTtaM paxirrnrnBix cT pan, .no>Kam;Hx 3a npeôjraMH EBpom.T. BBissaji iTpoftxnjtttmoctb h x CHCTeMaTH3aqnH. PaRBHTire n a- nHOHajTT>TTT>Tx jiiTTPpaTypnLTx F3BIKOB, nocTaBHBinee nopo/i rpaMMaTncTaMH n JieKCHKorpaifiaMH npaKTiraecKHe sajim tr H3BIKOBOTO C.TponTPJTBCTBa, HOCJiyJKHJTO JTa.TTBHPHTnHM CTTIMy- JIOM JIJIH HSyqpHHH JKHBBIX H3BTKOB H HX HC.TOpHH.

HecMOTpji Ha 3nannTpjiBHoe KOJimecTBO paßoT, hoobh- TIXeHHBTX npoflJOMO KJiaCCH$HKaHHH H3BIKOB, JJO HaCTnrnTTnro BpeMPHH n e ynajiocB co3jjaTB TaKyio cncTeM y pyßpm tinirrn, n o KOTopon mojkho 6bijio 6 bi Re3 HaTHHceK h npoTHBopo'mir p a c- HPOJTOJTHTT) BCe H3BeCTHBie HaM JT3LIKH.

TTpn paspaSoTK e e p r n o n KjiaccH$HKan^m H3MK«>n n o sn n - KaiOT ßojiBrane Tpyji;H0CTH. Hefl0CTaT0HH0 H 3ynon M.iTpppraji.

6

nojyieJKamHH KJiaccHiiKan,HH. H en3BecTH 0 caMO KojinnecTBö h 3h k o b , cym ecT B yiom H x Ha 3GMHOM m a p e . Mapno r ie ii y u a - su B aeT , *ito Hapoflbi M apa ynoTpeöjiH ioT 2 7 9 6 pa3JiiraHbix h 3h k o b *, OAHaKO flp y r n e HccjieAOBaTenii c h h tü io t , h to b Miipe HMeeTCH ßojiee 3 0 0 0 h3m kob, a M iioriie y^ieiibie a o b o ^ h t 3Ty u,HK/l,eHIIC BOOOTaiiaB.TIHBa- IOTCH C ÖOJIblHHM T p y ^ O M . E C T eC T lseiH IO , HTO n p n p a ß o x e c M epTBblM H H 3H K aM H yUOHblii HMOeT ftOJIO HO ÖOJIbmefi xia c T i i c HH(|)opM aii,iieH OAHocToponnoH, h B o c cT a H o n jie im e $ o n e T i i - n e c K o r o o ö jiH K a H3biKa n p n o n ep H p o B a n n n TOJibiw naM HTHH- K am ii i i i ic b M e n n o ftu H cer^a ;;a cT noBo/u.i c om u oh h h .

3. Pa3JiiriH e MOJKfly H3biKaMii b cijiepe iix ofMuocTBeniio- ( j ) y i iK U ,n o o a j ib i io ro n c i i0 J ib 3 0 i i a H im . J F io f ia n jc ib iK o iia n c h c tc Ma cjiy/KHT uejiHM KOMMymiKanini, 110 (|)opMi.i 11 vcjiom hh 00 npHMCIlCIIllH CBHSaHbl C KOIIKpCTITOH ofnUCCTlIOIIHO-HCTOpHHe- CKOH oflCTailOBKOli. B IIOCJIOA1IOO Bpt'MJI JI3I,IK01)IVU>1 y;i,ÜJI>I10T ß o j i b i i r o c B H iiM a in ie c o p iia jih n o -o n T n i 'C 'T B C 'im i.iM y c j io ju m M (|)yHKn,IIOHHpOBaUIIH H3I.IKOB. TcpMUII «3KOJIOI'IIH», HailMCTBO- BaiiHbiii coqnajibnHM H /[HCiuiiuniiiaM ii 113 ßnojiorii'iccK H x n a y K , n o j i y ^ a e T p a c u p o c T p a i i e m u ' 11 b J i i n i r B n r n i K e . ü o ; ( d t h m n 0 a p a 3y m 0 n a e t (1 h B sa n M O sa B iic u M O C T b jk h . i i ;a h c r o OKpyjKeiiHH. E cjih HOKOTopuo j in n rB H C T i.i, n a n p m ii'p B o r j iH -

1 M a r i o P e i . The story of language. London, 1952.7

HH 2, npHMeHHIOT 3T0T TepMHH TOJIBKO K CHTyai^HHM flByH 8H - hhh hjih MHoroH3HHHfl h oßpanjaiOT rjiaB H oe BHHMaHne Ha H3yneHHe Bcex h3bikob, ynoTpeßjiHeMHX Ha flaHHoä TeppHTO- pna, to flpyrne, H a n p n M e p E . X a y r e H 3, npnHHMaiOT TepMHH «3K0Ji0rnH» b 6ojiee nmpoKOM CMMCJie, BKJiio’iaH B3aHM00TH0- ineHue KOHTaKTHpyiona,Hx h3mkob h flHajieKTOB.

O c o ß e n H O a K T y a j i b H a n p o ß j i e M a y c j i o B H i i $ y H K n ; H 0 H H p 0 - B3HHH H3tiKa hjih CTpaH c MHoroH3biHHMM H a c e j i e H H e M . TaK, ü . IlaHflHT yKa3biBaeT, hto h3hkh H h ^h h bxosh t b neTupe 0CH0BHue ceMba: HHfloeBponeücKyio, .npaBHflCKyio, raßeTO-ÖHpMaHCKyio h Mynâ. Ecjih oöpaTHTbCH k a&hhhm nepenHCH H a c e j i e H H H Mh,o;hh, to oiKeTCH, h to HOCHTejra Jiioöoro hsm- Ka p a c n p o c T p a H e H b i no B c e n C T p a n e : ohh co x p a H H K )T cboh pOflHOH H3bIK H BJiaêiOT TaK JK e H3BIK0M flaH H O H MeCTHOCTH. H anpnM ep, n o c H T e j i e ä r y ^ J K a p a T i i (o c n o B H a H JioKaijHH ko - T o p o r o Ha c c B e p e o t E o M Ö eH no 3ana,n;noMy ßepery H h ^ h h ) MOJKHO BCTpeTHTb HOBCKJ^y. E H JIIIH rB H 3M B 3T0M C J I jn ia e BeCB- M a y c -T o friH B — c o x p a H e H i i e pofluoro f l 3 i i n a n o /m e p JK H B a e T C H T3KHMII C O IJliaJIbH blM H IIHCTIITyTaMH, KaK CeM bH , KacTa, pofl- CTBCIUtbie OTHOHICHIIH, T p aflim ,H O H H b ie 3aiIflTHH, a T aK JK e HO- C T O H Jiiib iM K o n T a K T O M ( b n a / ( e / K f l e B e p n y T b C H ) c po flH b iM K p a c M . HacTo flBa n.'si.i i;a — poîioii h mcctiimh — coothocht- ch no ^huiocchh c pasflejieiiHeM c

B03M 0JK H M M . ü p a B f l a , B HCTOpHH H 3N K 03H aH H H ßb lJIH H H O rfla n o m iT K H oß ^H C H A T b n e K O T o p t ie $ O H O T ira c c K H e HBJieHHH r e o - rpayHKHHH. I l p n h oji- iio ii pa3o6m;eHHocTn c

fiiuiHHnsajibHoro nojraeKTHBa C03,n;aeTC>i bo3m o)k hocti. npHMe- iieHUH jiiiöo poflHoro H3tiKa, jihöo pyccK oro b o a h o h h t o h JKe c $ e p e , HanpiiM ep b c.ie B b im e o m i- caH iib iM , He M o ry T cJiyJKHTb o c h o b o h ajih KJiacciiHKan,HH H3bIKOB, TO BO BCHKOM C J iy ia e OHH flOJIJKHbl yHHTblBaTbCH Iip H OIIHCaHHTT H3HKOBOH CH TyaqH H B M H pe, TaK KaK KOMMyHHKa- TH BH aa p o jib h 3h k o b — KaK c y m n o c T b H3b iK a — p e a jiH 3y e T - CH B o n p e ^ e jie H H H X yCJIOBHHX H 3aBHCHT OT HHX. K pO M e T o ro , n p n nOCTOHHHOM KOHTaKTHpOBaHHH H 3bIK0B B yCTOH^IHBblX npe,o;cjiax o ji,h o ii TeppiiTopHH b pe3yjibTaTe h x B3a iiM O fle ii- CTBiiH w o ry T B03iin K a T b npon ;eccb i K O H B epreH n ira h 3h k o b ii noflBHTbCH n eK O T op b ie oßn^ne T eH fleH q n n b h x p a 3BHTHH, * it o

IiaßjIIOflaCTCH B TaK na3bIBaOMBIX H3bIK0 BbIX C0103ax.Y n te 113 B cero BbiniecKa3aHHoro bh,o;ho, ^ to jiHHTBHCTy

3,aJKe npn npeftBapiiTejibnoä «3ar0T0BKe» MaTepnajioB n p n - x o ^ h tc h iiMeTb He.no c (JaKTiinecKHMn jjaHHbiMH, o'ieHb p a 3 - JIHTIIIblMH H HeCXOflHblMH. H a OflHOM n o jiio ce CTOHT COBpeMeH- nbie H3WKH, oßjiasarom ne MHoroBOKOBOH h h cb m oh h oh TpaflH- i^hgh h ßoraTpii jiH TepaTypoö, Ha flpyroM n ojiioce c t o h t m horo 'm cjien n b ie G ecnncbM ennbie h 3 b ik h A 3 h h , Aphkh, A ß C T p a- JIITH, OKCaHHH, H3bIKII KOpeHnOTO HacejieHHH AMepHKH, KaK lO jK noü, tb k h C eB ep n oö , KOTopbie pacnoJiaraiOT jinm b jiHTe- paTypoii (JiojibKJiopnoro Tiina i i o nponuiOM K0T0pbix (n p H T O M flajieuo ne b cg x ) imeiOTCH T0JibK0 oTpbiBO’qHbie h BectM a fle- (}ieKTHi,ie sannen cjiyqaiinbix nyTemecTBenHHKOB. H ch o , t t o oTeyTeTBHe e^nnoo6pa3HH b MaTepnajiax n o pa3HHM H3biKaM ocoöenHO pe3i;o BbiflBiiraeT Ha nepBtiö njiaH Bonpocbi MeTO- flHKH H3bII!OBOrO OnHCaHHH H HCHOJIb30BaHHH npH 3TOM Onn- caHHii Tanoii cxeM bi, n o T o p a n M o r j ia 6 b i c j iy n tH T b y;i;a'iHoii 6 a 3 o ä fljm conocTaBJienna h 3 h k ob .

M n o r n e T p y jjH o c T H o 6 t > h c h h i o t c h caM oä c n e ip H ^ H K O H H 3 b iK a , K aK o ß t e K T a i t r s y t ie n n f r . C j i o j k h o c t b C T p y K T y p w , m h o - > K e cT B e H n o cT b n p n 3 HaKOB h h x p a 3 H o x a p a K T e p H o c T t T H n m i- H b l RJIH H 3bIK a K aK H BJieH HH fleÖCTBHTeJIbHO CTH, m i a H y c o - f lep JK aH H H npOTHBOCTOHT n j i a i l B b ip aJK eH H H , HO M O flejIH 3TOTO n o c j i e ^ n e r o p a c n p e f l e j i e n b i n o pa3 jiH T iH b iM a c n e K T a M c u c T e M b i H 3 b iK a , h j i h y p o B H H M H3MKOBOH c T p y K T y p b i , K aK h x * ia m e H a - 3bIB aiO T B COBpeMeHHOH JIH IirB H C T H K e. rpaHHn;BI H C O O TH O m e- i r a e 3 T iix y p O B i ie n — ( f io n c T U 'ie c K o ro , r p a M M a T m c c K o r o h j ie K C H q e c K o ro — c n e i jH f J ra ’iH H h C B o e o 6 p a 3 H b i js,aa K a a t f lo r o O T f le j ib n o ro H 3 b iK a . 9 t o p e 3 KO BW HBJiHeTCH n p n C p aB H eH H H

10

H3UK0B, b pe3yjibTaTe ’iero eAHHHn,bi o,o,Horo ypoBHH b flan- uom H3MKe M oryT He HMeTb 3KBHBajieHTOB b npeflejiax T o ro 3K e ypoBHH Apyroro H3biKa. l ia n p H M e p , BbipaHtennoe b Moptjbojio- r im p y c c K o r o H3bii6u,Tb ii to fa ll in love — to love (h j ih to be in lo v e ) — to fa ll out of love. To, * ito Bbipa- >KeHO b oflHOM H3HKe b npeflejiax cjioisa n o c jie ;;o B a T e jib u o c T b io uecaMOCTOHTejibHbix axiaiOIII,HXCH B 3T0M n3biciKaioin;aH HAeio „ßercxBa“ , -m - oßosnanaex npHqunnocTb b oTn om eH H H oAymeBJieHHoro ouijCKTa; -oht- BbipajKaeT AcäcTBHe b nojib3y cy6T.eKTa (TaK ua3bii)aeMMH „cpeAnnii“ hjih „MeAHO-HaccHBUbin“ 3aJior n o -rpe iie cK ii); -a li - ecTb 3jieMeHT B33HMH0CTH, „oauh APyroro“ ; -w a -c h ( i ) - ecxb xpe- Ti>e j ih i jo OAynieBJiennoro MnoJKecxBennoro ( -w a - npn3naK MuoJKecxBeHHoro HHCJia, -c lii- npii3HaK jmn,a) xaK Ha3biBa- oMbix „cocjiaraxejibHbix“ $opM. Gjiobo b n,ejioM MOHtex öbixb n ep e B eA en o ßojiee ö yK B a jib H o (h Bce >ko b CMMCJie rp aM M a xn - H ecK o ro oin,ym;eHHH j in n ib n p H 0JiH3H x eJ ib iio ) cjieAyiom,HM 0 6 - pa30M: „T orA a o h h (o A y m e B jie H H b ie ) upiinyAHJiu neKoe0AynieBJieHH0e cymecxBo cKHTaxbca, yöe raa xo ot o a h o to , xo o t Apyroro H 3 h h x “ » 6.

6 9 . C e n h p. H3hk, BBeßenne b H3yienne pena. IlepeB. c aHra. M., 1934, CTp. 55—56.11

f la /K e npH co B u a a cH iiii n o o6m,HM KoHTypaM eRHHHn; o flH o ro ii Toro >Ke ypoBHH b pa3HLix H3HKax npn ^ e T a ji tn o M IIX paCCMOTpeHHIl BbIHBJIHIOTCH cepbe3Hbie paCXOJKfleHHH B o o te M e n e p e fla B a e M tix SH a'ieH iiii. IIoK a3aTb s t o m ojkho Ha n p o cT e ö n iH x np H M epax. B pyccKOM H3biKe depeeo 03H anaeT h pacTemie h M a T ep n a ji ( cd e J ia n o U 3 d e p e e a , M e ö e jib npacH O - z o d e p e e a h t . a . ) , $ p . arbre, aeM. B a u m h a iir ji. tree y n o ip eö - JIHIOTCH TOJIbKO B 3IiaHeHHII cpaCTeHHe3, flJIH HOHHTHH MaTepH- a j ia cooTBexcTBenHO HMeeM H O n p e c j i e f l y e i ’ n ,e jiH K J ia c c H $ H K a n ,H H — o h o m o jk c t H M eT b h 3 p y r o e i i a ; i n a Ti e H j i e . O flH a K o e c j i n o m ic a i iH C h 3m k o b m h c j i h t - Cfl K aK H C O ßxO flH M blH H p e flB a p H T e JIb H b lH 3 T aH ftJIH HX K JiaC - C II(J )H K a m n i, OHO flOJIJKHO HpOBOflHTbCH TaK H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , ’ITOÖbl f lo ö b iT b ie n p n e r o n o M o m ,n M a T e p n a j ib i m o t j ih ß t iT b C B e^eH M

7 JI. B. m e p 6 a. IIpaKTHHecKoe, 06me06pa30BaTeni>H0e h b o c i i h - T a T e a tH o e a n a n e u H e H ay ^ ie n H « H H O C T paH H tix h 3 b ik o b .— B k h . : JI. B. m e p 6 a. rtpeno^aBaHHe h 3 b ik o b b cpe^Hen mKOJie. M.— JI., 1947, crp. 45.

12

BoeflHHo; n03T0My b npaKTHKe Hccjie^OBaiiHH h 3bikob npnH- HHH HX OHHCaHHH qaCTO HCH0JIb30BaJICH H KaK OCHOBa flJIH h x KjiaccHKe b X V II— X V III b b ., oflHaKo b pa3BepHyTOM BHfle oho 6hjio npeflCTaB- Jieuo b X IX b . b paßoTax B . (KHJia CTpyKTypa cjiOBa; THnojiorn'iecKaH ( hjih Mop^ojiorH H ecK aa) KJiaccH

K a/K ^O M H 3W K e n p n c y T C T B y iO T b c c y K a 3 a H H u e h b j i c h i i h , x o t h i i b p a 3 H b ix n p o n o p u ,H H x . H a n p i iM e p , r p a M M a T H ^ e c K a a (M o p - < J > o j io r H H e c i< a a ) u e o n p e , u , e j i e H H o c T b H 3 0 J i H p o B a H H o r o c j i o B aMOJKCT BCTpCTiaT b C H B p f l r te H3WKOBWX TIIIIOB H, B ’iaCTHOCTH,B e c b M a T i in i i ' iH a / y ifl h 3 m k o b a H a j iH T in ie c K o r o C T p o a . B co- B p e M e n iio M a H r j i i i i ic K O M c j io b o r o u n d MOJKeT B b ic T y n a T b K a K

c y m e c T B U T ü J ib H o e « K p y r » , K a n n p i u i a r a T e j i b H o e « K p y r j i b i ü » , K a K r j i a r o j i « o r n u a T b » » K a K u p e / y i o r h H a p e n n e « B O K p y r» . P a s 'b H c n e n i i c H a c T y n a e T n p i i y u o T p e ß jie H H H c j io B a b K O H TeK - C Te: t h e l a s t r o u n d «n ocjie ,H H H H K p y r » , r o u n d t a b l e « K p y r j i b iü c t o j i» , r o u n d t h e h o u s e « B O K p y r f lO M a » . Kan m m b h ^ i i m , m h - H iiM a j ib i ib i i i K O H T en c T , t . e . o 6 p a m ,e u i i e k f lp y r o M y y p o B in o — c i iH T a K c im e c K O M y , c o 3 fl,aeT o T H e c e H n o c T b ^ a H H o ii j ie K c e M b i k o n p e f l e j i e u n o M y K j ia c c y — n a cT H M p e xiu .

CxpeMHCb pacnpeflejiuxb H3biKii n o oupcflejiem ibiM rrnnaM , jiiiHrBncTbi BbiflejiHJin p a sjiii'in b ie npii3u aK ii KaK ocn oB y KJiaccn^HKai^uH. Ecjiii b M0p

j i h C T raT aT h B c n o M o r a T e j ib n b iä a jieM e H T i s b a H r jn rä c K O H (J)opM e i s c o m i n g caM O C TO H TejibH biM c j io b o m ? M e ;K ; iy y q e H H - m h H eT eflH H O flym H H b 3 t o m B o n p o c e . B c e n o n b iT K ii « y j i y q - in o H H fi» M o p ^ o j io r in ie c K O H i;jiaccH H K an;H H h 3 m k o b ( H a n p n - M op, B B e f le m ie 9 . C e n n p o M f t o n o j i m i T e j ib H o r o (J iy H K H iio H a jib - n o r o H p i iT e p i i f l ) n a T a j iK H B a j ii iC b n a H O B bie T p y u H o c r n .

ren ea jio r iig ecK a H KJiaccHc|niKaniiH, BoaniiKmaH necKOJibKO no3fliiee TH nojiorniiecK oü, n o n tcmoiiho X I X b . OTTOciiiiBmaH :>xy n ocjie fln io io , KjiafleT u 0CH0By pacnpeA cjicH iin h3m i;ob npii3naK oßm nocTH nponcxo>K,n;eHHH. 3 x a cxeM a Kjiacciii- rK a n H H . P e r n c T p a n n H K aK n u c b M o n n b ix , T a i ; n f i e c m ic b M e n - II bIX H3MK0B H03B0JIH6T {IBTOpaM BBeflOHHH K OTftCJIbHMM rj>ynnaM h3hiyr flp yry , bbihbjihiot unorjia nopasiiTejibiiMii napa.Ti.ie.ni3M i'liiiMMaTmecKHX npneMOB h i;oHCTpyKn,nn. Il03T0M y, napH /jy c irjiaccH(J)nKan;nen H3MK0B n o reneTnnecKOM y npn3naK y, n o-

10 «Hshkh Hapo,n;oB CCCP», t. I—V. M., 1966— 1968.15

J iy ^ a io T B ce ß o jib m e e p a c n p o c T p a H e H H e n o n c K n o 6 ’beK ?H B H H x K p H T e p u e B pacnpeflejieHHH H 3biKOB H a 0C H0Be h x C T p y K T y p - HLIX flaHHbIX .

CpaBHHTejIbHO-HCTOpH'ieCKHH MeTOfl HMejI h HM eeT r p o - MaflHoe SHa’ieHHe H e to j ib k o a j i h BHHCHeHHH n p o n c x o jK fle -HHH OTflejIBHBIX H3BIKOB H H3BIKOBBIX rpynn , HO H flJIH BHHC- H eH H H M HOrHX T eM H H X MeCT HCTOpHH H K y jIB T y p B I H apO flO B , nOCKOJIBIty CpaBHHTejIBHO-HCTOpH^eCKOe H3BIK03IiaHHe CBH-3aHo c 3KCTpajiiinrBHCTmecKHMH $aK TopaM n flH BepreH qnn h3bikobbix rpynn . B o sp a /K en n a npoTHB orpaHm eHHocTn b to - ro MeTojta, 6a3npoB aB m necH Ha yTBepjKfleHHH, h t o jijih 9

r p y n n H (p y M . s tu d e n itu l — s tu d e n tu lu i, rp;e - u l h - lu i — $ o p - M bl 3HKJIHTH1ieCKOrO apTHKJIH, B H M .-B H H . H pOR.-RaT. n aflC -a ta x efl. T O C J ia ) . X o t h , p a 3yM eeTCH , p o flC TB C H ntie h 3b ik hHM eiOT MHOrO CXOflHblX * ie p T , B ’iaCTHOCTH B OÖJiaCTH OCHOB- n o r o jieKCH TiecKoro $ 0Hp;a, Bce * e oß n jH ocTb n p o n c x o K jie H H H e m e H e n p e j i o n p e ^ c j i n c T h h o S h ih o c th n y x c ft f la jiL H e fim e ro pa3 B H T H H H3bIKOB, HH p e 3 y jIb T a T O B 3TOrO pa3B H T H H .

H aM KaweTcs, ’ito 3a ocHOBy HyJKHO ß p a Tb c y n j H O C T - H H e X a p a K T e p H C T H K H H 3 b I Ka , T O , HTO C O C T aB JIH eT cneqn$H Ky H3biKa KaK HBjieHHH. Ecjih b OcHOBy pacnpe/iejie- HHH H3bIKOB nOJIOJKeH KaKOH-JIHÖO ’iaCTHHH HpH3HaK, X O TH 6bl h HaxoflHMbiä bo m hothx H3biKax, ho He OTpaJKaronpiH cneijH- (J)hkh 'qejiOBeêcKoii pe^H, to 3to c HeH36e?KHOCTbK> äojijkho CKa3aTbCH b flajibHenmeM h npHBecTH k ßecnoîBeHHocTH camoh KjiaccH$HKan;HH.

KaKOBbi flOJiJKHbi SbiTb TpeßoBaHHH, npefl'bHBjiHeMbie k j n o ß o i i KJiaccH$HKaii;HOHHOH cxeMe? B 0CH0Be npouecca K Jiac- C H $H K an;H H s c e r f l a j i o k h t c p a B n e H H e . « C p a B H e H H o ojinoro n p e R M e T a c ;ipyrHM HBjraeTCH ojjhhm h3 n a n ß o j i e e MonjHbix e p e f le T B n o 3H aH H H O K p y jK a io m e r o Mnpa. Becb nporpecc T e o - peTHHecKon nojioBHHbi HejioBeîecKHx 3HaHHH o BHenraeä npnpofle,— n o flH e p K H B a e T C o ^ io h o b ,— j io c T H r iiy T , b c y n j H o - c t h , cpaBHeHneM npe^MeTOB h HBjieHHH no cxoßCTBy. Ilpn OTCyTCTBHH TaKOTO CBOHCTBa Tie jIO B e TICCKOH HCHXHKH, K aK n a - MHTb, B03HHKH0BeHHe HejIOBeêCKOrO H3bIKa 6bTJIO 6bl HeB03- M05K H0 . O ß o ß m e m i o e 3H a H H e c b o h c t b K J ia c c a npejiMCTOB HBHJIOCb B flajIbTToifHIOM OCHOBOH fljlff T1O3T7HKIT0B0HHH CJIOB»Cjieji;0B aT enbH 0 , p acnpeji;e jieH H e npeji;M eT O B n o K JiaccaM n a oc- n o B e n p H 3HaKOB, c x o ß H b i x y d th x npe^ M eTOB, h Bbijie.iteHHe caM H x K n a cco B Ha o c n o B e h x p a 3 jm q H H MeHt^y co ß o ü He h b - JIHIOTCH ’ieM -T O HCKyCCTBOHHbTM H npH B H eC eH H bT M H 3B H e, a n p n c y m e caM O M y n p o n ;e ccy n o 3HaHHH ’TO.TiOBeKOM oK p yjK aro- n je ro M H pa. K p o M e T o r o , 3 t h cxojjH b ie h p a n jirran w e qep Tb i o ß te K T H E H O c y n j e c T B y i o T y n p e j jM e T O B o K p y j K a r o m e ö j i e f i c T -BH TeJIbHOCTH, n p H C y n jH HM H M O ryT CJiyHCHTb HX X a p a K T e p H - c t h k o h . I l 03T0M y H e T n p H i H H o i p m a T b c a M y B 0 3 M 0 J K H 0 C T b K J i a C C H ^ H K a H H H H 3 bl K O B , K aK 3 T 0 fle jia iO T H eK O T O p bie JIHHTBHCTbT, B a 5K H 0 T O I b K O H 3 Ö p a T b n p a B H J i b H b i e n a p a M e i p H 3 t o h K J i a C C H $ H K a H H H .

11 « 0 6 m e e H 3 L iK 0 3 H a n n e . O o p M H c y m e c T B O B a m iH , (JiV HK m rn, h c t o - pHH H 3H K a» . M., 1970, c T p . 29.

17

EcTecTBöHHoe TpeSoBaHne k pan;HOHajibHOH KjiaccH$HKa- tjhh — bto CTonpoqeHTHBiH oxßaT aHajiH3npyeMoro MaTepna- Jia. IIpH 9T0M HeH3ÖeJKH0 B03HHKaeT Bonpoc: Haflo JIH ÖpaTb 3a 0CH0By KJiaccH(J)HKanHH o fl z h npiisnai; hjih hgckojibko h ecjin necKOJibKO, to KaKiie hmghho. K a 3 a j io c b 6bi, *ito H3- ßpasiie KaKoro jih6o o p o r o npii3HaKa oßecne^HBaeT npocTOTy h HenpoTiiBope^HBocTB pacnpeflejiHeMoro MaTepiia- jia. Ebijio neMajio iioiibitok pacnpeflGJiHTB B c e h3bikh Ha oc- HOBe KaKoii-JiH6o ofliioji HepTBi, 5e3ycJiOBHO npiicyTCTByioni,eii BO B cex H3BIKaX.

A p a6cK n e fliiajiGKTBi hmgiot Tpn ajieMGHTa, a KJiaccH'ie- CKHH JiaTHHCKHH H HTajIbHHCKHH JI3BIKH, TaKJKe HpHHaflJIGJKa- hijig k THiiy Tpeyro.TbHou KOHiJmrypanHH KpaTKiix rjiacH bix, ITMeiOT C00TBGTCTB6IIH0 UHTb II CeMb 9JieMGHTOB. H3BIKII C npHM oyrojiBiiofi KOH(|)Hrypan;Heü cncTeMbi KpaTKrrx rjiacHBix TaKJKe hmgiot p a 3 iio e tihcjio 9JieMeHTOB, rianpTTMcp qeTbipe b TOHKaBa, BOC0MB B Typen,KOM H flOBHTb B HGKOTOpblX flHaJICK- Tax aHrjiHiicKoro H3biKa I2:

ApaÖCKHÖ i u

a

JiaTHHCK HH i i ie o

a MTajIbHHCKHH

i ue o

e oa

M ojkho H c n 0 J ib 3 0 B a T b c a M H e p a 3 j iH i? H b ie n p H 3 n a K H flJiH p a c n p e f le j i e H H H h 3 m k o b n o g ä h h o h n n ta j iG . H a n p n u iG p , p a c n o - JIOJKHTb Bce H 3B6CTHBie H3MKI1 B n o p f l f lK e yÖblBaHHH B 03M 0JK - h h x ctg^ghhh c o r j i a c H B ix b c j i o r o . C j i o r n C T p o e im a « c o r a a c - H blH — r j i a c n b i n » GCTb BO BCGX H 3b IK aX . H o GCTb H 3bIK II, rflG 9to n o c T p o c r m e T H n n ^ n o n K O T o p b ie , K aK , nanpHMGp, (fm ;u K ii, H3Ö6raioT ctghghhh c o r i i a c H b i x b c j i o r o . H hohckhh hsbik T aK -

12 W. P. L e h m a n n . Historical linguistics: an introduction. N. Y., 1962, cTp. 55—56.

T oiiK aB a i oe a

T yp eijK H ä i ü i n g ö a o

AHrJIHHCKHH (HHaJieKTbl)1 >i ue 9 0

se a 0

18

jKe HMeeT npocTyio CTpyKTypy cjiora, ho b aHrjiHHCKOM h He- Men,KOM MOJKHO BCTpeTHTbCH CO 3HaHHTeJIbHBIM CTeHeHHeM corjiacH bix KaK b Haaajie, TaK h b Komje cjiora (cp. arnji. strengths, neM. sprieh st). B o m h o th x KaBKa3CKnx a3HKax cTe’ieHHH corjiacH tix flaioT rp y n n b i, npeflCTaBjiaioiii,He Henpe- O flO JIIIM bie TpyflHOCTH np0H3H0meHHH flJIH JIHH;, pOflHbIM H3bl- KOM KOTOpblX HBJIHIOTCH H3bIKH C HpOCTOH CTpyKTypOH CJIOra. H o eCJIII II MOJKHO C HOJIHOH y6e,n,HTejIbHOCTbIO H oSteKTHB- uocTbio noi;a3aTb pacnpeflejieHHe cjioroBbix th h o b h 3ByKO- liblX KOMÜJieKCOB B pa3JIHHHbIX H3bIKaX H paCHOJIOJKHTb BCe H3biKii Miipa no eflHHoii nmajie, B03HHKaeT Bonpoc — *ito 3 to MOJKeT flaTb flJIH a3bIKOBCfl1ieCKOH TeopHH H HpaKTHKH?

HBjineTCH jih n o f lo Ö E b in npn3Han c y m e c T B e H H b iM flJIH H 3b ii< a, n o M o r a io m iiM n o H H T b n p n p o f l y h o c n o B o n o j i a r a io n ] ,H e saKonoMepaocTH, xapaKTepubie f l j i a flaHHoro H 3bii< a? K p o M e Toro, Bcerfla OKaJKeTCH, *ito tot hjih h h o h H3biK na 0CH0Be o f l i i o r o n p i i3 H a K a flo ji>K eH öbitb 3 a ii n c j i e H b o f l i i y r p y n n y , a no KaKOMy-jnißo ApyroMy npH3naKy ßyfleT THroToib coBceM k H H o ii r p y n n e . Ecjih n o r a n y c T p o e n n n c h c t o m m KpaTKHX r j i a c H b ix ( « n p a M o y r o j i b i i a H » K O H (J)H ry p an lH H ) anrjiHÜCKiiii n T y p e m tH i i H 3biK H n o u a f la iO T b o f l i i y r p y n n y , to n o rpaMMa- m q e c K O M y C T p o io ( a i i r j m n c K i i H — a n a j iH T i i 'i e c K i i i i n T y p e u ,- k h h — arrjiiOTHnaTHBiibiii) o n n n p iiH a f lJ ie J K a T c o B c e M p a 3 - jn iH H b iM r p y n n n p o B K a M . B M e c T e c T eM o ^ e B H f li io , h t o oiihcbi- » a T b b c e n p H 3 n a K H , x a p a K T e p H 3 y io m ;H e tot iijih h i i o h H 3bIK , HpaKTHHeCKII I10B 03M 0JK H 0 II flUH UCJICÜ K JiaC C Il(|)IIK a- uith H c n e J i e c 0 0 6 p a 3 H 0 . n o a T O M y M H o rn e jinnrBHCTbi n p H n u iH 1{ 3aKJIIOTTCimfO, lITO K;iaCCIl(|)I-III,IipOBaTL H 3bIK Il no KaKOMy-JIH- 6 0 o f ln o M y n p H 3 i ia K y , ' i a c T o n e 0 CH0 BU0 M y h i io caM O M y 3 n a - 'i i iT e jib H O M y fljiH f l a n n o r o a s b iK a , n e B b iro f lH O , 11 n a f l o i i c n o j i b - 30Baxb neKiiii n a ö o p npH3HaK0B, c y M M y TimHiiHbix h 3w k o b m x n p H M e T , flocTym iux h K O Jiim ecT B O irab iM H 3 M e p e m iH M .

ü o 3 To ii J in n iiii n o n ie j i ,Q,jk . T p H H 6 ep r , b s h b 3a ocHOBy KJiaCCH(|)HKaniIH H eK 0 T0 p 0e qHCJIO pa3H bIX , HO CBH3aHHbIX M eJKfly c o ß o ii npH 3H aK0B {J on o jio rH aecK O H h ip a M M a T iiu o c K o ii G T pyK T ypb i c jioB a (arrjnoTH H au ,H H , $ y3 H H , npo

■raKOH npon,esype aHajiH3a noKa3aTeneM CHHTe3a ßjia aHaM- CKoro H3HKa nojiyqaeM HiiêKC 1,06, fljia acKHMOccKoro 3,72. AHajiorBraHMM nyTeM cooTHociiTejiLiioro noflcêTa ycTanaB- jimaiOTCH h flpyrae HHfleKcu (ßcero corjiacHo Teopnn TpHH- öepra h x uhtl) 13. H a nepBtin B3rjiHfl nofloGuue npoiê^ypLi flaiOT TO’iHoe h oßteKTüBHoe onncaHHe fl3HKa. O/jHaKo Becb Bonpoc saKJHonaeTca b tom, Kanne cxopoHbi H3MKa HyatHo B3HXB flJIH XapaKTepHCTHKH HO HOCKOJIbKHM HOKa3aXejIHM Bcero öoraxcxBa CTpoa Ka>Kfloro a3biKa h Bcero pa3Hoo6pa3Ha Mnoro’iHCjieHHi.ix a3LiK0B MHpa. llocjieflnee othochtcb k h 3m - kobb im 3HaKaM jiioßbix ypoBiieü. H3mk b nepßyio oêpeflb 3xo — 3ByitoBaa peqb. CaMa (J)H3H0Ji0rnqecKaa npnpofla pe- aeßoro h cjiyxoßoro annapaxa yenoBCKa nawiaßbiBaex onpe- flejieHHbie orpaniiqem ia na thum np0H3B0flHMbix h BocnpanM- MaeMbix 3B ynoB . H o 3B yK 0 Bbie b o 3m o jk h o c x h a3HKa floJiJKHbi ßbixb 0praHH30BaHbi b flocxaTotiHo rnÖKyio h nocxoaHHo b o c - up0H3B0flHMyi0 cHCTeMy, npuroAHyio fljia n,ejieii KOMMyuHKa- n,HH. ll03T0My xiiiibi CTpyKxypupoBaniia, HajraaHbie b a3MKe, MOJKHO C H H TaTb He aeM-XO B U em H H M HO OTHOHieHHIO K H3bl- Ky, a OTpaateHHOM cymHocxn a3biKa KaK KOMMyHHKaxHBHOü CHCXeMH.

E cjih BbiflejiuTb tc uoH aTH a, noTopbie Bcerfla H axo flaT CBoe BbipaateHHe b a3H K e, u onpe;i,ejiHTb KOHk h o öy jjex 6 a - 3npoB aTbca n p n h 3ij k o b l ix x h h o b n e n a c jiyH aii-h u x npH3HaKax, a n a cym n ocx iib ix xapaK T epncxH K ax H3bma. H oacH H X b 3to m ojkho npocxeüiHHM n p n iiepoM . f la t . F p m iö e p r yKa3biuaeT, iit o K aT e rop u a a iic jia CBOÜCTBenua a3biny . 0 ;i,na - ko THUbi an cjioB b ix npoTHBonocTaBJiem iii b a3 b in ax pasjiHHHbi. /],jia K H xaäcK oro a3biK a d to mo?kho npej;cTaBHXb KaK (1 , 2, 3 .. . ) , xait KaK uhcjxobm x HpoTiiBonojiojKeHHii b HeM He c y m e - cxB yex; fljia aHrjiHHCKoro, p a s jiH ia io m e ro eflim ciB eH H oe h MH0>KecxBeHH0e hhcjio KaK (1 ) (2 , 3, 4 . . . ) ; fljia flpeBHerpeae- CKoro, HM eiom ero eflHHCXBeHHoe, ßBoficxBeHnoe h MHoatecxBeH- Hoe an c jio , KaK (1 ) (2 ) (3 , 4, 5 ...) u . B oTflejibHbix H3biKax

13 J. G r e e n b e r g . A quantitative approach to the morphologi- cal typology of language. Method and perspective in anthropology. M innesota, 1954.14 J. G r e e n b e r g . Language universals: a research frontier.— B k h .: J. G r e e n b e r g . Language, culture and communication. Essays by J. H. Greenberg. Selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil. Stanford, California, 1971, exp. 301.

20

m o j k h o H a n r a e n ; e n p O T H B o n o c T a B j ie H H e f lB o ö c T B e H H o r o h H e - ; ( B o ä c T B e H H o r o ^ a c j i a ( 1 u 3 h j i h ö o j i b i u o ) .

3 a T p y f l H e H H e n p n K J i a c c n ^ H K a i p i H B 0 3 H H K a e T , 0 f lH a K 0 , n e H 3 - 3 a K O J in n e c T B a t h h o b ( h x q i i c j i o Bcerfla 6yfleT i ;o n e < i - 11 m m ) , a H 3 - 3 a p e m e H H H Bonpoca, K a K H e H te C M b ic j io B u e K a T e - 1’O p H H B 3H T L K a K H C X O flH M H H y H K T fl JIH paC C M O T peH H H M a T e - p n a j i a p a 3 j r a * iH M x h 3 m k o b ; h h m m h c jiO B a M H , ^ t o c ^ iH T a n . n e - p n (J )e p H H H H M , a HTO H p H H H M aT b K aK OCHOBHOe B nO H H TH H H O H i ( |) e p e H 3 b iK a .

IIocjieflHee BpeMH npncTajibHoe BüHM anne jinnrBHCTOB M H o r n x CTpaH HpHBjieKaeT n p o ö j i e M a T a K H a 3 H B a e M M x «yHH- nepcajiHH», t. e. 3aKonoMepnocTeii o6h;hx ajih Bcex >i3ukob hjih f l j i a a ß c o j i io T H o r o ßojibniHHCTBa h3mkob MHpa. C a M a n o ceße n p o S j ie M a n e jib juictch hoboh: c p a 3 H b ix ctopoh h c pa3HHX TO^eK 3penHH k neii noflxoflHjin bo Bce oiioxh pa3BH- thh HayKH o H 3b iK e . H o e c j iH K a p T e 3H a H C K a a rpaMMaTHKa no- r i y j i n p o B a j i a H a j m a n e o ö m e ’ie.'ioB CH C CK H x j i o n r i e c K i i x 3aKO- KOB, OTpa>KaeMbIX H3bIKOM, TO COBpeMeHHbie JIHHrBHCTLI HC- xoflHT n p e a t f l e B cero H3 thhob h3mkobmx CTpyKTyp, uoneM y p a ö o T b i n o H 3biK 0 BMM y n H B G p c a jiH H M n a c T O n e p e n jie T a iO T C H ( ranojiorHHecKHMH HccjieflOBaHHHMH. B «M eMopanflyMe o H3MK0Bbix yHHBepcajiHsx», npeflCTaBJieHHOM fl>K. TpHH6 ep - roM, H . O c ry flO M h fl?K. fljK enK H H C O M n a nepBOH KOH$epeH- jj,uh n o ynHBepcajiHHM b 1 9 6 1 r . , C K a3 a n o : « 3 a 6 ecKoneqHbiM nopa>KaiOHi,HM MHoroo6pa3HeM h3mkob MHpa CKpuBaiOTCH 0 6 - JUne f l j i a Bcex hx CBOHCTBa. n P H bccm Cesrpam ranoM H e c x o f l - CTBe 0 K a 3M B aeT C H , ^ i to h3hkh c o 3 f l a n M K aK 6 b i n o 0 flH 0 M y 0 6 - pa3ii,y... H3biKOBbie yHHBepcajiHH no C B o e ii ni)iipoflc hiulaiotch o6 o6m,eHHbiMH BbiCKa3biBauHHMii o Tex c B o i ic T B a x n T e i i f l e n - HI1HX, KOTOpHC HpHCyiHH JIIOÖOMy H3bIKy II p a 3 f lC J lf lK )T C H uceMH roBopniHHMH na 3tom hsliko. IloaTOMy ohu cocTaBjm- iot caMbie o6m,He 3aK0Hbi jiHHrBiiCTHKn h npoTnuoiiocTaiuiH- h)tch o T fle jib H b iM qacTiibiM MeTOflHKaM HJiH p e . 'iy j i i / r a T a M KOH- KpeTHblX HCCJieflOBaUHH» lr’.

M m n o j i a r a e M , h t o o o n t n i H n c T B o c o B e T C K n x jiH H rB H C T O B u e C M o rjiH 6 m c o r j i a c H T b c n c y T B ep jK flO H H eM a B T o p o B «M eM o- p a H f l y M a » , »i t o y H H B e p c a jiH H c o c x a B J iH iO T c a M b ie o ö m n e 3 a - K O H H JIH H TBH CTH K H , nO C K O JIL K y O Ö lU H e 3 a K 0 H M p a 3 B H T H H H C y - IfleC T B O B aH H H H 3 M K a K a K H B JieH IIH O Ö 'beK TH B H O H fleH C T B H -

15 J. G r e e n b e r g . Memorandum concem ing language universals (in collaboration with Ch. E. Osgood, and J. J. Jenkins).— B k h .: J. G r e e n b e r g . Language, culture and communication, CTp. 143.

21

TeJIbHOCTH — 3TO 3 a K 0 H b I flH aJlC K TH K H , II M apKClICTCKOe H 3 H K 0 - 3 H a H H e n c x o f l i iT i i3 DOMOJKeHiiH, h t o h 3 m k n o A 'i i m e i i 3aK O H aM f l u a a e K T i im i K a u H e n p e jio H tiib iM 3 a n o H a M p a 3 U H T iia n p n p o A b i i i o ö m e c T H a . M o j k i i o y n a 3 a T b n u a t o , h t o i i o a T e p M im « y m i - B e p c a n i iH » no flB op ,H T q a c T O o n o H b p a 3 n o x a p a K T c p i i b i e H B jie - h i i h : o t B b ip a J K e n i i a n p o c T p a n c T B e n u b i x o T u o i n o n i i i i b p a 3 - i i u x H 3 b ii< ax a o c o o T iio i i ie i iH H u o c o b m x i i H e H o c o iib ix r j i a c i i b i x b $ o H e T im e c K o ü c u c T e M e H 3biK ois.

P a i j i i o i i a j i b i i o e 3 o p n o u c e x p a c c y a t f lO H i i i i 0 6 y i u i B e p c a j m - HX COCTOHT B TOM, HTO AOÜCTBHTeJIbllO CyiH,l!CTByiOT 3 IiaH eH IIfT , o 6 f l3 a T e j ib n o h ; ix o ;u im i> io b H 3 b ii ta x . 3 . C e n i i p o fliiaJK A b i o c t - p o y M i io 3 a M e T iiJ i , p a 3 ß i i p a f l n p i i M e p 13 e M . j i e d e j i e i { y ö u e a e r y r e H K a ' , h t o M i io r n e 3 H a 'ie i in > i , o 6 f l3 a T e j ib H b ie a j i h o f l i i o r o H 3 b iK a , b o b c c n o o o H 3 a T e j ib u o B b ip a w a io T C H b A p y ro M 1(i. K a - T e r o p i i « y M C H b m iiT e j ib n o c T ii (n p o T U B o n o c T a n -T o n iiH p y c c K . y r n a — y r e n o n , aH rji. d u c k — d u c k l in g ) o T c y x c T u y c T b K iiT a i i- c k o m , a b H 3b iK c iiH A e ü u .e is K y a K b io T J i i ie o ß x o A H M o o m j io 6 i>i b n p iiB eA en u o ü (J»pa3e e m e D b ip a 3 iiT b , n p i im i ; ( J i ( ‘>KiiT j i i i y T e - i i o k caM O M y 3C M Jie ;i,e jib ii,y h j i h K O M y -jn ifio A p y r o M y , r ^ e n a x o A iiT C H 3C M JieA e jieu „ y C i i B a io in u i i yT C U K a, b i i a h m o n h j i h H e B iifliiM 11 t . a . H h b i m h c-jiO BaM ii, e c T b M a c c a f lO T a jie ii i i o h h - t h h , K ü T o p b ie , ö y A y ,iH o f m a a t c j i i> i io ( J i iK c n p o u a n i i b i M i i b C T p o e O A iio ro H 3 b iK a , M o ry T n o j i n o c T b io i i r J io p n p o B a T b C H A p y r i iM H 3H K 0M . O A n a n o b ja o f io M h 3 m k o öyA O T i i e p e A a u o O T iio m e im t! c y o 'b e K T a 11 0 6 'b e K T a ji,o iic T iiii> i. H 11 o a h h h 3 m k , K a u n i im o T 3. C o n n p , 1 1c m o j k c t y B c p n y i b c J i o t OTBCTa 1 1a B o n p o c , k t o K o r o y o i i u a o T .

T o j i b k o n c b h 3 i i c o 6 iii,jim 11 m o/KCT G biTb l ib i f lp j io n o o t a c j i i » - i i o e . n p i i 3 n a m i e e f l i n io i i c h c t c m u n e i ic H J iio u a c T B i . i f l e j ie i in e u o A C iic T i'M , t u k >kü Kai< i i y m i B o p c a j i i m n e M e iu a io T B b if le j ic - 1 11 1 10 3 aK 0ii0 M ep ii0C T C * ii, A o iiC T B y io in iix n o o j i c c o r p a m n i e i i - i i b i x r p a i n m a x 11 t i h i h h u i . i x , u u i x o i i h j i h n n o i i > i3 i.iK oiso ii r p y n n u . I l o n o M y h m c i i i i o y i n n s e p c a j n n i n rp a M M a T iu te u p e A - j ia ra io T C H K a u b a j k 111.1 ii n a p a M c i p ; i j i >1 K jia cc ii({ )iiK a]i,iiH H 3 b i- k o b . ,IJ jih 3 t o i o p a i i b i n e uaA O o t h c t h t i j n a B o n p o c b i : 1 ) m oh< - h o j i i i b h o j i h x K J ia c c iu J ) i iK a n in i c o n e T a T b y i u i B e p c a j i i i i i 1 13 p a s n u x y p o B i i e i i H 3 b iK a ? 2 ) n e w y m i u e p c a j i i i i r r p a M M a T iin e - c k o t o y p o B H H y A o o i ib i p j m K J ia ( 'c i i ( |) i iK a n ii i i?

O T B eT b i MoryT ß b iT b cjieAyioiqHMH. E cjih b OcHOBy nojio- HKAy-

16 3. C e n H p . YKa3. coh., CTp. 72—73.22

ypoBHeßyio» HepapxiraHOCTb yHHBepcajimi. HanpnM ep, no- KH3aTt, xi t o HaJiHUHe flßyx 3HaqeHHH b aHrji. rjiarojie to rent ( cHHMaTb' h ‘câBaTb3) CBH3ano co cnem i$HKoii BbipaJKe- 11 iih 3ajioroBwx OTHomeHiiH b napaflnrMe CTpaâTejibHoro 3a- J lO ra HJIH HTO H C *ie3H O B eH H e HOCOBblX B pyccKOM H3BIKe CBH- 3ano c HC'iesnoBem ieM aop ncT nbix $opM .

K ai? y?Ko ro B o p iu io c b B b im e , KJiaccnKeiniH. 9 Toro HeT ü (|)0H0ji0rnTiecK0M ypoBiie, 011 y;nc, ße^Hce, ne mojkct o ß o ft- Tiicb fljiH CHOoro yrjiyßjienHH 6c3 ypoBnn Mopôjiornn. 1I to KacaeTGH jickciikh, to ec (JopMbi ßojiee necTpw, ßjiH Bbiji;ejie- fiiih 3iia'ieiiirii îacTO Tpyflno ofioiiTHCb 6e3 KonTeitcTyajibHO- ni KpnTepHfi. CucTeMiiocTb BHyTpn JieKcnnecKoro ypoBHH 30- ( TaTOHHO ne nccjieflOBaHa, no mojkho npeji;nojiaraTb, h to 3to nee JKe öojiee «pbixjibifi» MaTepnaji no cpaB neiraio c flpyrn-MII ypO B IIJIM H .

lloTiHTiie yiirtBepcajiHH cym ecT ByeT n e tojibko b jinHrBn- c.THKe. E m o b 1 92 3 r. b pa6oT e «HejiOBeK h KyjibTypa» Y h c - :iep Bbiflejiiui cjieflyrom ne «BceneJioBe’iecKHe ^ e p r a KyjibTy- pw : h 3h k , M aTepnajibnan KyjibTypa, ncKyccTBO, 3iiaHHe, p e - .inrHH, o6ni,ecTBo, coScTBem iocTb, rocyjjapcTBO, noifria» 17.

KaJKâH M cpT a H B jineT C H coc.T aB iib iM D jieM eiiTO M yHHBep- ( a j i b i i o i i M OflOJin K y j ib T y p b i , T art n a 3 b iB a e M o i i « u n iv ersa l c u l- lu re p a tto rn » . 06in ;iiii x a p a K T e p 3 t h x n e p T co3flaeT b o 3 m o jk - nocTb cpaBim BaTb B c e K y j ib T y p b i M eJK fly co6oft. F p n n ö e p r n n - in e T , h t o Jiioßan i ie j io B e n e c K a H r p y n n a , K a K o ii 6 b i n p n M H T H B - l io i i h i i öbijia e o T e x n o j i o r n H , o 6 j i a f l a e T neT K O C T p y K T y p n p o - naH H blM H H H C TH TyTaM H , K O T O pbie BKJIIOHaiOT n e p T b l , ( jy H K - H i io n a j ib H O O K B n R a jieH T iib ie b c c m o c h o b iim m K a T e ro p H H M T e x - mraecKH n a n ß o j i e e n p o f l B n n y T o r o o ß m ;e c T B a ,s .

CTaBH B o n p o c , h b j i h i o t c h j i h c n c T e M b i , p e a j i i .n o n a ß ji io f la e - M bie B H3bTKaX, C J iy H a ih lb lM B b lß opO M H 3 Bcex BO3M0JKHbIX, h j i h o h h M o ry T 6 b i t b o n p e f l e j i e n b i H a o c h o b o K a K 0 r0 -T 0 n p a -

17 C. W i s s 1 e r. Man and culture. N. Y., 1923.18 J. G r e e n b e r g . Language universals: a research frontier, d p . 295.

23

B H jia , JJ>k. T p H H 6 e p r y T B e p jK f la e T , h t o B e p H O B T o p o e : T a n ,

H 3 q e T B ip e x n p a B H j i o c m b ih h b ix c o r a a c H B i x b H 3H K e o c h o b h u m

ß y f le T t o , n o K O T o p o M y H a jr e r a a e 3 a ^ u n x c m b u ih b ix n o j ( p a 3 y M e -

B a e T K O p p e jIH T U B H B lfl p H fl n c p O f lH IIX CM BIH H BIX ,9.

X o th m b ic j ib TpHHßepra niiTepecHa n c n p a B e ß J iH B a , H aM Ka5KeTCH, h t o B a?K H ee f l p y r o e : c y m e c T B O B a H H e K aK 6 b i h b o h - H o r o pafla 3aKOHOMepHOCTen. G o a h o h c t o p o h b i , cymecTBO- B a H H e B H yT peH H O H c ß a j ia n c n p o B a H H o c T H c a M n x THnojionrae- c k h x yH H B e p ca jiiin , a c f lp y r o ö — oßycjiOBJieHHBiä cH CTeM oii K a T e r o p n ü A a H H o ro H 3B iK a B B iß o p t o h h j i h h h o h q a c T H T n n o - j io r n q e c .K o r o n a ß o p a y n j iB e p c a j iH H , t . e . c ß a j ia H c n p o B a H i io c T B pa3HBix y i iH B e p c a j iH Ü b n p e f l e j i a x c h c t o m i i b i x CBH3eü o ^ H o r o H 3B iK O B oro T i i n a . 3 t o h ^ a e T b o 3 m o > k h o c tb O T iiecT H n p n Kjiac- C H $H K an ,H Il H3BIK0B TOT HJIH HHOH H3BIK K O H peflO JieH IIO H p y ß - p n K e n o n e K O T o p o H c o B O K y n n o c T H B e jiy in ,H X h B 3 a H M 0 0 ß y c ji0 B - JieHHBIX n p H 3 I ia K 0 B . B OTOM npO H B JIH eT C H 33KOH CHCTeMHOCTH CTpOH H 3BIKa H DTHM OÖ^HCHHeTCH B03M 05KH0CTB HO n O K p B I- B aT B b KaJKßOM « 3 B iK e B ce M B icjiH M Bie B ap H aH T B i cymecTBy- iom ,H X n o iiH T H H . HHor^a O TcyTC TB H e B B ip a w e m r a b H3BiKe o f l- n o r o B a p n a H T a i i o h h t h h K O M n eiiC H pyeT C H n a J in q i io M p a 3 B e T B - j i e i m o r o B B ip a H tc in iH j i p y n i x n o H H T iif t.

M o j k c t 6 b i t b , H M e iin o o t h m 0 ß c T 0 H T ejn>cTB 0 M m o j k h o o 6 t> - H C H H T B , I IO ^ e M y IieK O T O p iJ C H 3 B1K H b b i h b j i h i o t n p o f l e j iB n o ß o - r a T y io cncTO M y (f)opM n a o t a o j i b i i h x y u a c T K a x H3BiiKji;y H3BiKaMH, n p n ^eM no nepTaM o ch o - B on ojiara iom ero xapaK T epa . M oaceT öb itb , n p n KJiaccnnKa- ii;hh Ba>KHce o tm c th tb pa3jinqnH MeJKfly rpynnaM H , K jiacca - mh h jih pa3pH saM n, rp;e HJieHBi rp yn n B i (KJiacca, p a3 p H ß a ) oß'BeflHHeHBi to jib k o MejKfly coßofi?

O fliia K O B C H K aa K j ia c c H ^ H K a i jn H — 9 t o b CBoeM n c x o f l e cpaBHeHHe, a c p aB H H B a T B m o jk h o t o j i b k o b n e M -T o c o n o c T a - BHM Bie B e m n . n o o T O M y a j i h c o n o c T a B J ie H H H T p e ß y e T C H H 3 y q e - H H e c x o a c t b K J ia c c n $ n n ;H p y e M B ix n p e ffw e T O B h j i h H B jieH H H h 3 a O cH O By ß e p e T C H h t o - j i h ö o b p a B H o ö M e p e b h h x n p n c y T - C T B y ro m e e .

19 J. G r e e n b e r g . Language universals: a research frontier CTp. 302—303.

24

9 t o no Jio > K eH H e n p e ^ y c M a T p H B a e T , o f lH a K o , H3Ö p a H H e c y - m e c T B e H H o ro , a H e c j i y ’i a f i H o r o h j i h n o ö o T H o r o n p n 3H a K a . C o - flepataTe^bHaH K aT eropna, HM eioman cbh3b c opMaMH n o 3- iraHHH h oTpajKeHHH o6i>eKTHBHoro MHpa, nocjieflOBaTejibHO iibipaJKaeMaa b H3tiKe cncTeM oü h 3 b ik o b u x $op M , MOH-pa3HOMy b pa3JMraHBix H3H K a x , no b paBH oii M epe b h h x BbipaHteHnaa, oHa MOJKeT 6b itb n p n - iiHTa K aK TOHKa o n o p u ,o;jih H 3y*ieH H H Ha $OHe exofleTBa p a s - »’IH'IHH B CpaBHHBaeMBIX H3bll

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f l3 M K 0 B b ie K a T e r o p n n n e ß c c n o ’q B e i r a t i . H . H . M e n ja H H iiO B n n c a j i , *i t o « (J jo p M a jib H o e B b if le j ie H n e T e x h j i h h h m x h 3b i k o b h x Ka T e r o p u H HBJiHeTCH pe3y.T ibT aT O M T o r o B b i f l e j i e n n j i , K O T o p o e y5Ko c y m o c T B y e T b o T f le j ib n o M h x B o e n p n a T H n i o k o c o ß o b o c - K p iiH H M ao M i.ix b c o 3 n a n n iT o ß n i,ccT B enH oi1 r c p e f l i . i . T o , ^ i to o c o 3 - u a e T C fl K a i; e flH H o e n ,e j io e , K aK eflH H aH K a T o r o p u H , t o h n o j i y - ■taoT c b o i i ( J o p M a j ib r io O T J iin in b ie i io K a a a T e .T ir . TT e c j i n s t it n o - ( .le flH T ie , t . e . oTJiiniiiTe.TTi.Tibie $ o p M a .T ib n b ie n o K a s a T e n n , b m - HB.’TnroTCH b rp a M M a T ii 'io c K i ix K a T e r o p i i n x , t o J ie jK a m n o b o c - ITOBO IIX COMailTHHOCKIT BT.IAO.THCMblC B H 3bIK P K aT C ro p iIT I MO?K- 110 fibijm 6bi na3BaTb noiifiTiinHbiMiT KaTcropnnMn»

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1 « U n iv e r s a ls in l in g u is t ic th e o ry » , ed . b y E. B a c h , R. H a rm s . N. Y., 1968.2 W. L. C h a f e . M e a n in g a n d th e s t r u c tu re o f l a n g u a g e . C h ic a g o , 1971, CTp. 6.— Cp. Tai«Ke n h b c k o jib k o 6oJiee ocTopo>KHHe BBicKa3HBa-

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M H3npya c jiirarBiicTaMH nejibCKoä niKOJiti, npoTHBonocTaB- jiHeT H 3yqeH ne ym iB epcaiiH H KOHn;enn;HHM, c,0rjiacH0 koto- pbiM «h 3likh MoryT 6e3rpaHHHHO OTJiHHaTtCH Apyr ot s p y r a , npHHeM pa3JinHHe 3to HenpeflCKa3yeMO» 3.

Il0Ka3aTejibH0H b 3 to h cbh 3h ßbijia caMa opraHH3aijHH em e b 1961 r. cneijH ajibH oii KOH$epenn;nn n o yHHBepcajinnM , MaTepnajiM k o to p o h b ouijih b H3BecTHbiii cßopHHK nofl pep;aK- n,Heä f l® . TpHHßepra (06 s to m cm. «H o ß o e b JiHHrBHCTHKe», Bbin. V . M ., 1 9 7 0 ) . CßopHHK cbirpaji onpeji;ojiCHHyio p on b b nonyjrapn3aijn H caM oft TeMaTHKH n npHBJieqeHHH k i ie i i b h h - MaHHH H3bIKOBeflOB pa3HbIX mKOJI h HanpaBJieHnü.

3 a OTHOCHTOJIbHO KOpOTKUH nepHOA nOHBHJICH Iie OflHH floc.HTOK paßoT, nocB H inem ibix yiinBepcaJinHM . Y iraB epcanH n oßiiapyJK nnajin m in nbiTajincb o 6Hapy>KHTb n a B cex ypoBHHX H3HKa; B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT JTHTepGCOB H BKyCOB HCCjieji;onaTe- j ien k ithm OTHOCHJIH npH3iiaKH pa3H oft CTeneHH o 6o 6 in;eH- h o c ti i: coMaiiTiiHGCKHe K aToropan p a s n o n 3HaqnM0CTH, (fiono- j io rm e cK n o h b jio iiiih , HepejiKO flOBOJibiro nacTHbie, o ß m n e xapaKTcpncTHKn H3biKa, CTaBmne y w e TpnBnajibHMMH4.

riocTpociTTTe noc.ucflOBaTO.TTbnoH n Cflim on k,iaccrrKH0: c .T r a m - kom necTp n H C flnopoflen n x c o c t3 b . K «no.Tini.iM y m iB o p ca - JIHHM» OTHOCHJIIi: 1) HOMCHKJiaTypy OCnOBTTMX OflHHIin; 2 )HeK0T0pi,ie n p on occb i, rrnrpoKo npejicTaBJienm .ie b nasnbTx H3biKax (MeTaTosy, acenM njiH nm o, cMbicjiOBOO «BbTBPTpHBa- n n e » ) ; 3 ) pa3Hbio Tirabi oT n om en n n , flencT B yiom iie b n p o - n e c c e (^ynKi^HonnpoBamiH jrsbTKa (npoTnBonocTaBJieraie h o - Boro n Kairaoro n a yp o B n e aK Tyajibnoro njieHeHHH npe^jTO- jk ch h h , M apnupoB anne roBopHm,ero n anpecaT a BHCKa3i.TBa- nnw , np0H3B0AnTejiH n p n sn aK a n t . ji;.); 4) onpen;eJienHbie Tnnbi rm a w m m (aTpnßyTHBiiocTb, npHHa/pieJKHOCTb, yi

CATCH K K j i a c c y «H en O JIH H X HJIH H M njIH K an,H O H H U X y H H B e p e a -j i h h » .

0 Tie B H f lH o , n e c T p o T a b f l e K J i a p n p y e M b i x H a ß o p a x y H H B e p - c a j i H i i O T p a /K a e T o n p e f l e j i e i i H y i o H c y c T o i i 'iH B O C T i , h p a c n j i M B - ' la T O C T b c a M o r o h o i i h t h h . B i t J i i o ^ e H H e 3 t o h n p o ß j i e M b i b o c - iioBHyio TeMaTHKy X I MeacflynapoflHoro noiirpecca JiHHrBH- c t o b C B i i f l e T e j ib C T B y e T o m n p o K O M H H T e p e c e k y H H B e p c a j iH H M . A CTpeMjiemie a H T o p o B CTaTeii, o n y ß j i H K O B a H H b i x b «P r e - p r i n t s » 5, y T O Ti id i iT b c o f l e p j K a H H e 3 T o ro h o h h t h h , o T r p a H H H i m rro o t cxofliibix 0 Ö b e K T 0 B h o n p e f l e j i H B M O T O flH K y o ß H a p y w e - una h o n n c a H H H y H H B e p c a j i H i i , H O -B H jjH M O M y , n o i t a s a T C J i b i i o p a CO C TO H H H H p a 3 p a ß O T K H O C H O B H blX BOUpOCOB, OTHOCHIH,HXCH K 3 T 0 H C (J )e p e H C C J ie f lO B a H H H .

B M e c T e c TeM, 3H ai i3 H K a 6. M t o K a ca eT C H y m iB c p c a J iH H , ocoßeHno J io r H K o - c e M a n T H ^ e c K o r o n j i a H a , t o B onpoc d t o t 6 b u i nocTaBJieii c ß o j i b n i o i i rnnpoT on b paßoT ax Ii. M. M e m a H H H O B a b c b h 3 h c T e o p n e i i i i o h h t h h h h x KaTero- P h h , k KOToptiM o h o t h o c h j i noHHTHe a reH ca h n a ip e H c a , aTpHÖyTHBHOCTH, noceccHBHocTH h t . ,n.7 O ß p a n j a e T Ha c e ß a B H H M aH H e h B b if le jie H H e np H 3 H a K O B B e f ly m H x h n 0 3 T 0 M y n o - CTOHiiiibix, yuH BepcajibHbix ,h jih onpoflejieHHoro CHHTaKCH- M e c K o ro T i i n a 8, K O T o p w e H. H. M e m a n n H O B n a M e q a j i b c b o h x IICCJICflOBaHHHX n o 3 p ra T H B H 0 M y H HOMHHaTHBUOMy CTpoio. f l 0B0Jib ii0 jiioGonbiTiio, xi t o b co B p e M e iu ib ix paßoT ax n o yH H BepcajiH H M n oB Topa ioTC H fla a ce Te >ne n o im TH Ü H b ie eflH H H ijb i,

5 Cp. J. K u r y l o v i c z . Ü D i v e r s a u x linguistiques.— «Preprints»; H. S e i l e r. Universals of language.— TaM « c .8 B o T n o m e H H H c o i ^ o a o r n H ;i3W K a 3to neoflHonpaTno oTMO^ajioci» b p a ö o T a x C0BeTCKHx a B T o po B ; c p . : M . M . T y x m a h h H . H . C e m e - n io k . 0 c0n ,H 0 ;i0 rH q e cK 0 M a c n e K T e p a c c M O T p e H M h c m c h k o t o j i n T e p a - T y p H o ro A 3M K a.— B k h . : « H o p M a h c o u ,n a j ib H a n 3H (J)( |)ep en n H ar(H !i H 3H - K a» . M ., 1 9 6 9 , CTp. 5 — 7 ; cm. T aiO K e: A . JJ . H I b e h i ; e p . A M e p H K an c K a H COIIHOJIlIHrBHCTHKa. M ., 1 972 .

7 H. H. M e m a n h h o b . ^ jie H H npefljiow eH H H h n a c r a p e n n . M ., 1 94 5 , CTp. 1 95— 1 9 8 ; O e » e . IIonaT H H H H e i ta ie r o p u n . « T p y a u b o c h n o ro H H -Ta H H o c T p a n u u x h 3l i k o b », 1 94 5 , JV» 1.8 H. H. M e m, a h h h o b . Oßmee H3i»iK03HaHHe. JI., 1 9 4 0 ; O h a te . O p ra T IIB H a « KOHCTpyKIJHH B H3bIKaX pa3JIHHHBIX THHOB. JI., 1967 .

31

KOTopue obijiH b 30— 40-e roflti b ijeHTpe BHUMamiH H. H. MemaHHHOBa z ero yneHHKOB, npeHMymecTBeHHO b cbh3h c H3yneHHeM pa3Jizqzz b oôpMJieHHH cyßiieKTHO-npe- flHKaTHBHo-oG’beKTHBix 0TH0ffleHzö. H e MeHee jiHröoniJTHO, "ito BHHMaHne b h ob l upHBJieKaeT cooTHomeHze apraTZBHOz 11 HOMZHaTZBHOZ KOHCTpyKI],HH 9J OflHaKO B COBpeMeHHBIX 3a- pyöejKHHx paöoTax npooaeMa CTaBZTCs z peziaeTCH Ha 3Ha- qzTejiLHo 6ojiee orpaHHHemioM MaTepzaae c npzBjieneHzeM npezMymecTBenHo H30Jizp0BaHHLix HBJieHzz, 6ea paccMOTpe- HHH BCeii CHCTOMLI HpZ3HaKOB-KOOpflHHaT, HTO 6bIJIO CTOJIb xapaKTepHO hjih TpysoB H. H. M em anznoBa 10. H e06x 0flZM0 cflejiaTb enje ORHy oroBopKy: C0BeTCKze zccjießOBaTejiz, pa- ßoTaBmze b stom HanpaBjieHzz, cnzTajiz ochobhoz cboch 3a- flanen He ctojibko oßHapy>KeHze o6ni,ero, «yHZBepcajibHoro», ck ojilko pacKpbiTze npe>Kfle Bcero cnen,z(|)zHecKHx (JopM peajni3aijzH 3Toro o6m,ero. E c jiz Bbipa3ZTb 3Ty MHCJib b cob- peMeHHbix TepMHHax, to mojkho CKa3aTb, h to ycTäHOBJieHHö KaKoro-Jiz6o ZHBapzaHTa Ha jik>6om ynacTKe HejiOBenecKoro H3biKa OTHtoflb He pacn,enzBajiocb Torâ c to h k z 3peHHH B03M05KH0CTH HOCTpOeilHH HeKOH aÖCTpaKTHOZ MOflejIZ, OHOßbtjio j iz n it epeAeTBOM oÖHapyjKeHHH z jiynm ero no3HaHHHAHaJXOKTIIHeCKOÜ CBH3Z OOHJCro H HaCTHOTO. HMeHHO 3Ta qepra OTrpannniiBaeT coBCTCKze paöoTbi flannoro nanpaBJie- HZH He TOJIbKO OT JIOrHKO-rpaMMaTHHeCKHX HOCTpOeHHH CTpyK- Typajiz3Ma 30-x roflOB, ho z ot paßoT z o yHZBepcajiHHM no- cneflHero flecHTHjjeTnH.

IIH ajizn ze b coBpeMeHHbix p a 6 o ia x no yHHBepcajizHM

npHHn,znzajii.Hbix pasjiHHzii u noiizM aH zz o6T>eKTa zccjieflo- BanzH, a Taioice b MeTo^zKe ero oÖHapyjKenHH z ozzcaH za , nacTZiHO oö’bHCiiHeTCH TeM, ijto k aHajiii3y 3toz npoßaeiiH o6paTznzcb H3biK0Beflbi pa3Hbix zikoji h iiaiipaBjieH zz ot rpiinßepra, XoMCKoro z XoKKCTTa flo KypzjionzH a h êzcâ

9 Cp.: Ch. F i l l m o r e . The case for case.— B k h .: «Universals in language». N. Y., 1968; W. L. C h a f e. yKa3. ccra., cip . 232—233.

10 Cm. b 3 T o ii c b h 3 h x a p a K T e p u c T H K .v T in io j io r i i ' i c c K n x i i . 'iu c K a n n H H. H. MemaHHHOBa b C T a T te : M. M. I ' y x M a n . TniiojioruMecKHe mc- cjie;ioBaHiiH.— B k h . : «TcopeTiiwiKm« HpoGjiejuu cobctckoto h 3 l i k o - 3Haniifl». M., 1968, c ip .

11 Cp. J. H. G r e e n b e r g . Language un iv ersa ls. «Current Irends in linguistics», v. III . rl’he Hague — Paris, 1966; F p h i i 6 e p r.I le K O T o p t ie rp aM M aT H u ecK H e y H i iB e p c a a i in , n p e i iM y in e c T B e m m u a c a io -

32

OflHOH H3 TaKHX JJHCKyCCHOHHblX HpOOJieM HBJIH6TCH CO- OTHomeHae oHTOJiorHnecKoro h amicTeMOJiorH'iecKoro acneK- tob b TpaKTOBKe yiiHBepcajiHii. H3biKOBeAti, b dojibm efi h jih -MeHbmeü CTeneHH CBH3aiiHbic c TpaflHn.HHMH jiiiHrBHCTirae- CKoro 3MHHpH3Ma, CKjioHiibi noflHepKHBaTb b cbohx onpefle- JIOHHHX BTOPOH aC IieK T . G flOCTaTOHHOH OnpeflejieHHOCTbK» TanaH TOHita 3pemifl orpa3Hjracb b opMyjiHpoBKax H3BecT- noro «M eM opaiiflyM a»; «fl3biKOBbie yHHBepcajiHH hbjihiotch o6o6lU ,eH H B IM II BLICKa3bIBaHHHMH 0 TCX CBOHCTBaX H T C IIfleH - d,hhx, K 0 T 0 p b i e npncym n jiioßoMy H3biKy... IIooTOMy o hh COCTaBJIHIOT caMbie o6lI],He 3aK0HbI JIHHrBHCTHKII H HpOTHBOHO- CTaBJIHIOTCH OTflejIbHBIM HaCTlIblM MCTO^HKaM HJIH pe3yjIbTaT3M KOHKpeTHLix Hccjie^OBaHHH»12. Ecjih b dtom onpeji;ejieHHH flOBOJIbHO OTlieTJIHBO CMeiHHBaiOTCfl KHTürOpHH H HpHeMbl JIHIirBHCTHIfH C npH3HaKaMII, npHCymHMII OÖliCKTy 3T0H nayKH, to HecKOJibKO flajice yiiHuepcajiHH npocTO paccMaTpn- B a iO T C H KaK «J lIO Ö b ie B b IC K a 3 b IB a H I l f l 0 H 3 b IK e , OTHOCHIU,HeCH ko BceM H3biKaM Booßm e» 13. Hecisoßo^Hbi o t no^o6H oi HK. F p H n ö e p r , H . O c r y f t J J m . f l ;k e h k h h c . M e in o p a H jiy M o m b i k o b h x y H H B e p c a jiH H x .— Tarn >ko; N . C h o 111 s k y . A s p e c t s o f t h e t h e o r y o f s y n t a x . C a m b r i d g e (M ass.), 1 9 6 5 ; H . X o k - k e t t . ü p o ö J ie M a ji3 I> ik o b h x y H H B e p ca jiH H . « H o B o e b jiiin rB H C T H K e», b b ih . V ; J . K u r y l o v i c z . y n a 3 . c o h .; W . L . C h a f e . Y K a3 . c o h .12 fl>K. r p H E Ö e p r , M. O c r y f t f l®. f l >k e h k h h c . Y K a a . c o h ., CTp. 3 1 .

13 T aM H te , CTp. 3 5 .14 Ü M eeTC H b BH^y c 6 o p h h k «U niversals in lingu istic theory».

2 S an as J'ß 93 33

n CBOÖCTBa, npncym ne BceM hjih 6ojn>iHiracxBy h3bikob. TaKoe n o H H M a H n e yHHBepcajiHH h b j ih c x c h M e x o f lo J io rH H e c K H eflHHCXBCHHO n p a B H JIb J Ib lM , XOJIbKO OHO n p iI f la O T OO'bCKXIIB- n y i o H a y n n y i o u ,eH H 0C T b u c c jie flO B a H H K ) y j m n e p c a j i i i i i h i ia y H O iim o nx c o o x i i o m e i i n j i c ximojionniecKiiMH x a p a i t x e p n - CTHKaM H H 3 b iK a . O aK TH H O C K H , ii n p a K X H ite n a y n i i o r o n c c j io f lo - i ia m iH f l a i m a a x o ^ m a 3 p e iu iH , h o - b h a i i m o m y , ;i,oji>KHa pa3fl,ejiHTLCH u a iiT o p a M H M e w o p a im y iv ia .

B 3Toii CBJ13H cjit'AyeT KociiyTbcji u a p y r o r o Bonpoca. 3a n o c jie ,H H ire ro/u>r n a M c r H J ia c b T e n f le im i iH k jiasrpaiiipieiiino o6m nx H3biK0Bbix KaTcropiiii, oöiiapyjKotJiu.Tx u ])03yjibTaT0 l ia ß j i io f lo iu iH na;t pa3iiUMii >i3biK aM H , m Kaxeropiiii y m i B e p - c a j i b i i b i x , n p i i c y m i i x H 3 b iK y K a i; xaKOBOMy. B n e p B b i e x a n o c p a 3 r p a i n i ii e i n i o bhoc 3. Kocepuy, npoxiiBonocxaBjiHH «das e m p i r i s c h Allgomeine» (« a M im p i i 'ie c K H o ß i n c e » ) «dem U niversellen» ( « y i u i u o p c a j i b i i o M y » 15) . Kocepuy i io .n a r a j r , m to y n i iB o p c a j ib i iM M ii AOJiJKHbi c u n x a T b C f l T 0Jib K 0 T a n n e K a x e r o - j i i i h , K ü T o p b ie MoryT 6 u x b B U B e f le iib i 1 1 3 c a M o r o n o im x n H e c x e c x B e i m o r o H 3b ii K e H H H y u H B e p c a m i i i , n p iiM c m ic M O M y b a M C p H K a n c K o ii . i i i n n n i c T i i K e " 1. B ' l a c T i i o c x i i , o m i n o . i y 'm . ' i n p a s n n x i i c b ;i,o- K .xa;io K y p n j i o u i n a n a X I M e H tj ty n a p o f lH O M K O H rp e c c e J i n n r -BIICXOB.

ripiiMoiiHH aiia.Ttiixii'iccKyio nponojtypy, KypiuroB in , oßiMKO, H3uiipaex b KanecxBO iicxoftnoro nocxyjiaxa ne n p n 3 - naim , BxoflHmne b noHHxne ooi.oKxa, a neoöxo/i,HMbie jyiH H3bii;oBoro oßinciTiiH penoBbio ciiryaunn, Koxopi.ie h oöyc.’ioß- jiiiBaiox o6H3axejibHocri» (y iniBepcajibnocxb) xox hjih m ibix KaTcropiiii. ITpiiMcpoM Tanofi ynHBcpcajinn cjryjKiiT na;iii'inc b KajKflOM H3biKe cpeflcxu ofiosnaHCiiHH aßxopa BbicKasbina- hiih h aflpecaia, iiaxoflHiniixcH b onpeflejieiinoM mccto h b

15 E. C o s e r i u . Ü ber L eistung und G renzen der kon trastiven G ram m atik .— B kii.: «Problem e der ko n trastiv en G ram m atik». D üsseldorf, 19(19, CTp. 29—30.

16 Cp. ynoMirnaBniiiecn panee CTattii Kypiuiomiwa n 3aftjiepa.34

o n p e f l e j i e m i o e B peM H , t . e . p a c c M a T p H B a e T c n Ha6op jê iiK T iiH e-t'KHX 3JieMt'HT0B, TIOTTItMat'.MblX .HOCTaTOHHO miipOKO KaK pa3- i io e BonjiomeHHe o a h h x h Tex Hte c eM aH T H êc-K H x K a T e r o - p n ä 17. xJto KacaeiCH oßnapyjKeiinH yHHBepcajiHH 3Mnnpii'ie- ckhm nyTeM, to , no MireHino KypHJioBHHa, Hejib3H 6mtb yBe- peuHMM, saHte npn ycjiOBHH npHBjieneHHH (JanTOB Mnonix H3MKOB, HTO o6o6n],eHne 3THX (JiaKTOB BeêT K yCTailOBJieHHJO U‘iiCTBITTO:it,IIO IieoßxOflHMblX JI.TIH Jlioßoro H3MKS H nOTOMy

VHHBopcajibHbTX npH3HaKOB ii KaTeropnü. Eine 6ojioo pe3KO KpHTHKyGTCH nMHHpH'TOCKTI Ü MeTOJX OÖliapyJKCTIHH yilHfiepca- jinii b cTaTbe Bairjiepa 1S.

TaKiiM 0Öpa30M, b paßoTax no ynHBepcaJiHHM hbho na- MeTHJioci. TjBa no;ixo;in, ^bo MeTOflHKH, KOTopue ycjiomio mojkho oßoana'iiiTb Kai; DMnHpiraecKyio n jienyKTHBiiyio Teo- pHH yiiHnepcajiHH 19. B H3BecTiiOH CTenenn ohh cooTiieceiibT c pa3JiHxiHHMii b c.aMOM noH H M aiiH H yHHBepcajTbnbix K a ie r o - pHH.

ITo-B H flH M O M y, MOJKHO n p n 3 H 3 T b , HTO Jl,eHCTBHTCJIT>HO CyTHO- cT B yiO T Y H H B e p c a jiH H , n e T p e ß y i o m n e c o f in p a m i H ak t o b p a 3 - H b ix H3biKon TT K a u f)H BKJiioxieiiHLTo b coBpeMennoe n o n H T n o GyiHHOCTH ' l e j i o i i c ' i e c n 'o r o n sb iu a . K Tai; u m y im iionca:n,iTT,TM OHTOJIOrTI'ieCKTIM IipiT3TTaKaM OTITOCHTCH JlHCKpeTTTOCTb, H35bl- TOHHocTb, c T p y K T y p iT p o B a ii i io c T b ,, n ep ap xH H ecK H Ü x a p a K T e p o c n o B i i b i x n jio M e iiT o i! H 3bTK G Boro C T poH , 3iiai?O B O C Tb, npe,n;no- j ia r a io ip a a cyiHecTBOBanno AByx acnoKTOB ttjitt CTopon H3i,T- K a — c o jie p jK a T e jib H o ir h (fiop M a jib iiow . J (:ifr p e n e n o ro a ir ra , iipejr,CTaBJiH ioinero c o ß o ii ( f t y i iK in io n a jT . i iy io o / iH i in n y ji,rii,n;a, CTOJit m e yiiHBepcajibHT.i, ne TpeßyiO T npnMcneniiH nn/iyKTHB- n o r o a i i a j i n s a tt n p o a e p i m Ha MaTopnajic pa3nbix h st .ik o b T a - ktto npHSiiaKH Kai; JiiineHHOCTb, miTonaHnoTinaH opraim no-

17 J. K u r y l o v i c z . y i ; a 3 . cot., CTp. 20— 27.— K ^ ohkthkp aB - r o p o t i i o c t t t t i c to ji i> k o y K a3 aT eJiL H i)ic , n o i i J i i r r a M e MCCTOHMemiH, n a- p o 'i i iH M G cra ii BpeM CH ii, a T a iw iie o 6 o 3 H a T C n ii!i J i n n a t i BpeM OHii b r a a - r o j io .

18 II. S e i l e r . YKa.T. cm ., crp . 32.— I! 3T o ii c b h s h , b 'ia c T iio c T ii , o c o ß e H iio n o ^ n e p K iiB a o T C H » M n n p iiH e c K iii i x a p a K T e p p a d o x , o n y 6 j i jn ;o - B a n n n x b c fm p m tK O 06 y H i iB e p c a j im ix 1103; p e u a K ip ie i i JI>k. Fpnnßepra.

19 BapLiipyn H3BecTH0e nojio>Koinie JI. EjiyM(J>iiJi,na «E^nncTBeii- h h m h nojie3HHMii oin,einiHMii, KaparoiniiMiirH H3wi;a, nnjiniOTCH iih - jtyKTHBHBie o6o6meniifi» (JI. B ji y m $ it ji fl. H.'iuk. M., 1969, CTp. 34), M. X o k k c t cjicflyromiiM 00pa30M (JopM yjinpyeT SM im pinieciaiik acneKT paccMOTpemiH npoSjieMLi: «yTBep>K;icnno o cymecTBOBamiii n p e jp io jia - raeMOÜ yHHBepcajiHH npeflCTaBjiHCT coßon HeKOTopoe o6o6m eH ne o H3tiKe» (cm.: H. X o K K e i r . y n a 3 . co-q., c ip . 45).

35 2*

BaiiHOC-Ti., jionraecK ajj 'uieniiM ocTb. BM ecTe c TeM n ep eq n c - J ie H H t ie y i i n B e p c a j r a n n o C B o e ii c y T H H e o ß H o p o jp ib i : o j i t t t i h 3 h jix oöijOflnHHTOT npHsnaKH Tien3MeHHbTe, KaK 6bi naxoflH - m n e c s b h o BapbiipoBam iH , ne3aBHcnM bie no cnoeM y cy iijecT - By ot HHflHBHftyaJibHoii cncijH (J)H K H Toro h j i h n n o r o H3BTKa, A p yrne — npnsH aK n. nojiv^aiom ne ncoAHHaKonyio p ea jiii3 a - n m o b p a siib ix H3biitax. K ncpBbiM M oatno o t h o c t k AiiCKpeT- IIOCTb, nsfibTTOHHOCTb, 3HaKOBOCTb TT T. fl., T. e . TaK Iia3bIBaeMbTC «TpiTBIiaJIbTTbie yiTHBepCSJITTTI» , KO BTOpMM — IIITTOHamTOHIIYTO ojiranTiaoBaHiiocTT, BBTCKa3T>inannji; JiornKO-rpaMMaTHnecKOP n jic n e n iie npe/p ioH tem ra, p p ajin sy io n jp ecn n nopnji;Kc c j io b , b sajioroB i.ix (JiopMax, apTHK.njix, c n e q iia jib iiw x (fiopM araBax, HiiTOHai^HOHnoft 0praTiTT30BaTTTi0CTH' nppapxnqpC K yio n p n p o - j i y H3MK0B01T C T p y K T v p b i; k 3 to i"i B T o p o if r p y n n e o t t t o c h t c ^ n c p M a H T n n e c K a n y H r iB e p c a j i i iH , B B T A PjTennaR K y p n jiO B H H e M (c m . Bbimo, CTp. 3 4 ) . B b t o m b t o p o m c j i y q a c y n iiB p p c a .n iT P H OKa3T.iBapTCH i iP K n f t nocT v,T iT TpypM bifi m iB apnaiiT , o ß o ß m en - niiiir n p n s i i a K , aapnanTBi n M ojm fw K annn K O T o p o ro MoryT Pr ,HOJI>KHBI fibTTB TT3VTTPHbI Ha M a T P p n a j ie KOHKpeTIIIiTX 337.1- K O B 20.

Bo3TTH K aeT B o n p o c , o jin n a K O B .tti m p t o a o 6 n a p y > K e H jif i IT TT3y1TPTTTTK yTTTTBPpCa.TTTTT*T OflPTTX ppyIITT? KaKOBO rs.iecB COOTnO- m eiiT T e ,iP,iyK TiTBU Bi\" n nn,"(yKTiTBTTT>Tx n p n P M O B a u n n n a a ? J l n n i B b n p u M P tiP T T ira t: n e p i io i r r p y n n o y i iH B e p c a j i n i i c o s p e - MOHTibifr iTCC.neflOBaTGJib o n c p n p y p T t o j i t . k o n n c T O j ie n y K T n B - iib iM m ptojiom , n p n o r r o p b i n a K o i iK p p T n b in M a T p p p ra ji. Mbi nojT T PpK iT B aPM « c o B p e M P n i i i .i i i n c r jT e ji ;o B a T P jib » , T aK K aK p;e- jiv k th b tto norTyjrnpypM bip y n n B p p c a jib H B T p npnnHaKn n c b o i t - CTBa H 3 B ii;a ßbTJin b c B o e bppmh o 5 n ap y > K P H T .i b p e s y j iB T a T P paccM O T ppiT iT R t t iT 3Y 'ieiT H F K o n u p p T i io r o H3BTKOBoro M a T e p n a - jia . TTpnB.’ia, jt.tth h x (fiopMVJTnpoBKH ne T ppßoB airocb oftofnnp- n m i cfiaKTOB M n o r n x hbbtkob, t i b otom O T H o m e n n n n p n x o - A nTC fi c o r . ia o n T B C H c s a M P n a m ie M K o c e p n y , n p n B p jie iT H B iM bbtthp; . [ o c T a T o n n o f>Buio n a v n n o r o p a c c M O T p e n n H n a n a j i n s a o j i n o r o H3T.TKa, TTTof)i>i noHHTT. yTinBppcajibiTBiH x a p a K T e p 3 H a - KOBOCTn TT JITTCKpPTITOCTn. H Jin TT3f)BITOnilOCTH. B o BCHKOM

20 B itsnocT H oii C T eneiin c o o T n o m c in ie V H H B 0pcajitH 0r0 HHBapiiaTi- Ta ty K O H K poTH oro Mnoroo6pa3Hfi b pcajiH.'iaunn 3 T o ro HnBapnaHTa pac- CM arptiBaoT 3 a iijio p , B biR ejm a, c oftHoii C T op onu , yH H B epcajibH yio :ta- ,o;awy (task), cTonmyio n c p p ;t jiioGbim H3MKOM, h, c j jp y ro ft C T opoim , B apu aiiT iiocT b ee peraeH H H ( s o l u t i o n s ) — cm.: H . S e i l e r . ’VKan.'com. CTp. 31.

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c j iy ^ a e Ha coBpoMeHHOM ypoBH e 3HaHHH 3th yHHBepcajiHH M oryT 6 b i t b ccôpM yjiHpoBaHBi b BHê o n p efle jieH H o ä cobo- KynHOCTH nocT y jiaT .

I T e p e x o f l k H s y i e m t i o n o n H c a im i o y i iH B e p c a jm n , b k j i to - n e H H t i x H aM H b o B T o p y io r p y n n y , n p e j i ; n o j i a r a e T n o c j i e b b i- f le j ie H H H o t h i o ^ b n e h h c t o ê ^y K T iiB H B iM nyTO M o n p e j i e j r e n - h b ix h b j i c t j h h n npnsiiaK O B , n o j i y 'm B i m i x n o M e T y « y n n B c p - r a j i n n » , n p o B e p K y n n s y ' i e n n e TKax. Ho o t o t n e p e x o ji o s n a n a c T B i t j i T o u e n n e t h - n o j io r n n e c K H X n a p a M e T p o B b H 3 y n e n n e y H H B e p c a j in n .

IIIO n p e ^ e j iH H m o c t o y n n B e p c a j i n i i b j i n n r B n c T m o c K n x n c -

C Jie f lO B a ilH H X , MOJKHO r .M fle J IH T B ^B O npOTHBOnOJIOJKriBTO 3 a - / l a n H , p o n T e n n o K 0 T0 p H x b t o h h j i h h t t o h C T e n e n n CBH.iano c yH H B epcajT T T H M T T . B t t t m i t s a ^ a ^ a M H h b j t h t o t c h : 1 ) n o c T p o e n n e y H H B c p c a .T iB H o n m o ; i o . i t t e c T e r T B o n n o r o s i3T>iKa n 2 ) n n y H o n n e Tex m o j i ;h t f ) H K a n n f r h B a p n a iiT O B , b k o t o p b t x p e a j i H 3y i 0 TC.fr M H orn e y H n B e p c a -H B iiB ie K a T e r o p n n , n p n 3 n a K n n C B on cT B a H 3 i . i K a . ü e p B a H s a n a n a o t i i o c h t c h k o ß m e i r T eo p n n H 3 i i iK a , B T o p a n — k c $ e p e T H n o j i o r n n . T a i ;n e « n o jiH B ie y n n B e p c a - j i h h » , i t a K j i o r n K O - r p a M M a T H H e c K o e H J i e H e i i n e n p e j iJ io J K e n n f i , h .h h K a T e r o p n n a r e n c a n n a n n o n c a . h j i h a T p n ß y T H B n o c T B h n p n H a f l j i e J K H o c T b , b p a B H o n C T e n e H H K a K h n p o T H B o n o c T a B - JieH ne c j i o r o B b i x 11 H ecjioroB bix (JiOHeM, h t . k. K a n 6 b i n e p e -

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xo .'un n j i p y r o i i e ; .t i to h , e c j i i i H s y n a o T C H c y m e c T B P n n a n B a p H - a n T iio cT b n j t x p oa .n n 3 an im . T lep exop , k T im o n o rn H o ö y cn o B - n eH n epeK J iioqeH rreM o t pacc.MOTpeHHH, K a n n e n p n m ia K H h b . t i h t o t c h y i m iu vp c a r r f . t tm m it , k a n a . n i s y , K a K p e a .n H 3 y T O T C H t c g j ie M e iT T b i u C B o n c T B a , k o t o p h m n p n n n o b i B a e T C H C T a T y c y i i H B e p c a j i i i H , T a K i ; a i ; T im o jio rrm : n p e w ^ e B c e r o 3 a n i i M a e T C H K a n e C T B C H N B IM H p aS JT n H IT T O .H b llb lM H X a p ,1 TtT0 p H C T H K aM IT . I I MOTT- h o b d t o m c j i y q a e y m r n e p c a j i n H B b i C T y n a e T n a K H p i m i i 0 6 0 6 - m e i i i i B i ü i i H B a p n a iT T , M o.’i m f m K a n m r K O T o p o r o M o ryT OKa- 3 a T b C H TnTT0 JT0 riT TiecK TTM iT n p n 3 i i a K a M T i h 3 b t k o b . T o m c u m b im n p i i s i i a o T C H , t t t o cym ;ecT B yeT s n a M iT T e jiB T iB in K J i a c c i t o j i i i b i x y n i T B e p c a . ’T u i t , k o t o p t . i p y q a c T B y i o T b n o c T p o e n i i i i o ß en x m o - A p j i p ü — y iiiT B P p ca .T iB T T o ii M o j i ;p j in H 3 i . iK a n T n n oT iorn ’ TPCKH x a p a K T e p n s o n a m T T iT X M O f lp j r e i i p a 3 T rb T x j i 3 b i k o b 21.

W n o e h o .tto/kpttttp 3ain rM aT O T T a i ; irasB T B aeM B io H M irjn iK a -HTTOTTTTBTe yiTTIBOpcajITITT TT TITTBIM HB.HHOTCH n x O T n o m p i in e KTiTTTOJToriTTT. ITo c a M o ir e iioC H c y m iT o cT iT ohtt npeflCTaB.TTfiTOT c o - 6 o ü ojuttt ttd K o n T p a c T i i b i x a a p n a i i t o b f to .n e e o 6 m ;e r o h .tth ; u i ;k o y n H B p p c a j iB iT o io n p n 3 n a i ; a itjiti C B o n cT B a , k o t o p b t ü M OHteTßbT T B npOTIIBOTIOCTaB.TTOTT f lp y rO M y , CTOJIB Mte BOSMOJKITOMyB a p n a iT T y . T a i ; , i r a n p i i M o p , c y m c c T B y P T o n p e f l e j i c n n a H 11, n o - Tin;(iiM OvTy, jia?K e o 6 n 3 a T P jiB n a f r 3aBHOHM OCTb M eJK fly C T a T y - c o m a r e n c a n n a n n e i r c a b H 3b iK e. H a ß m o f l e H n a n o K a 3 a j iH n a - jiTTHrre o n p p n p jT R im o n B s a n M H o ii sa B iic n M O C T n b n x C T p y K T y p - ht>i x x a p a K T o p n c T iT K a x . 3 t o m o jk g t fibiT B B b i p a w e n o b p a f l e H M njT H K annom T B T x y i iH B e p c a j i n i r .

■1. E c j i t t b H3BIKC T iM o io T cn p a s j m n n a b 0 $ 0 pM Ji0 T raw n a - flo>Ka n p o ii3 B o ^ n T e .n sT h j t t t nocnTPJiH n p n 3 n a K a y p a a n B i x K J ia c c o n r j ia m j iO B ( c p . b aB ap cK O M H3BTKe p a 3 .T rn n n e b oopM- jieniTTT n p o n s B o j in T C J in n p n 3 H a i ; a n p n n e p e x o j n n . i x t t n e n e p e - x o jin B T x r j r a r o j i a x , r j i a r o j r a x aK m o v i.p t BBTCTynaTB n p n O f l ira x r.TTaro.rrax b c J y n K n i in c y f r tP K T a ( n a n p i i M e p , n p n n e -

21 Bpn,a; j ih n 0 3 T 0 M y m o jk h o c o ra a c H T B c a c 3 a f in e p o M , k o t o p h h n c - KJUonaeT TiinojiorHMecKoe epaBHeHne n3 c $ e p H yHHBepcannä (cm ., H, S e i l e r . YKa3. coq., d p . 31).

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n e p e x o f l H b i x r j i a r o j i a x b G a c K c n o M a a b i K e ) , n p n ; i p y n i x r j i a - r o j i a x — b yiiKij,iin o ö b e K T a ( n e p e x o ; i , i iL ic r j i a r o j i b i n t o m >Ke h 3 l i k c ) . I 1 m i i j ih i i ,h th o 3 T a x a p a K T c p a c T i i K a c o o T i ie c e H a h j i h npoTHBonocTaBJieua f l p y r o ü 3 a K 0 n 0 M e p H 0 C T ii, n o a n n e i i GTOJib >kc o r p a m r a e n H b i i i x a p a K T e p .

2. E cjih b h.3i>i ko UMOOTCH c/i,iincTj)ciTHaji o6o6uj,o]inaH (JiopMa o 6 o 3 iia Tieiin>i ;i,o/itüjih n p n rjiaro jiax j i i o 6 o ü ceM a im i- kii, t o oöm 'iiio HMecTcn ii ciieu,iia;iH 3]ipoBajiiiaH (JiopMa 0603- H aa eu m i n p a .M o r o oßbCKTa. O i e B i i f l n o , 1111 o^ h h 113 d t i i x Ba- pnailTOB ILO MO/KOT ÖLITb D H JIIO 'ieit I! o6oüUl,CIIHylO MO/\üjrb OO T ecT ueim oro H3biKa, HOCKOJibKy i;a>i;;(a>i 113 upHBo;u‘HHWx«u eiio jiiib ix y in iB cp ca ju iii» jiiuihütch T i i n o j i o r n 'i e c K i i orpaiiH - lie iiiio ü — on a h w ;u 'j i> io t H3BeCTiiyio eoBOKymiocTb tiihojio- riiH ocKiix npH3iiaKOB, o o b e / u m m o m i i x ou p o ;;ejie iu iy io rp y n - Iiy H3I.1KOB B OTJIH'Ilie OT flp y rn x JI3BIKOB. VcJIOBnO TaKHC o o m n e 3a];oiioM epnocTii mojkho 6 bijio ui.i na3BaTi. T iiiiojiorii- yecKiiMH yiiiiBepcajiiuiiM ii.

0 ; ;n a K O C ( |) o p M y ji i ip o B a i in b ie n r a K o i i iJ io p M e T im o j io r H - 'lecK i-m y i iH B o p c a jn iH O T p a w a ro T j i i m i b c a M y io o f i o ß m e im y io c x e M y 3 a n i ic n M 0 C T i‘i i ; b p e a j ib i i b i x n3i.iKax ^ a u i i b i c c i p y i i - T y p i io -c e M a iiT H 'U H K iio oTiioinoiiiiH nojiyiaioT p a a n o e M a T e - p n a j i b n o e o (J )o p M J ic m io b aaBH CiiM O C Tii o t h x c r p o c B b ix o c .o - ß e in io c T ü i i , c p . b n p i i M e u e u n i i k a a i .iK a M a p ra T M B iio ro c T p o n : 1) i i a j i m i i e h j ih o T i'y T C T is iie i i 3 m c m u m iii}i 110 n a ^ M K a w ; 2) 11a- j u n i n e h j i h oT cyTC T B iu* i r o j i i i n e p c o m i o r o c n p H JK o iiH H ; 3) na- JIII'IIIC HJIH OTCyTCTBllC AOJ1CIIIIH 1IMOII H a K JiaC C bl 11 B CBH3H C 3TIIM l ia j I I I 'I I i e IIJ1H OTCyTCTBHl! B K JIIO 'ieilH H K j ia c c m .ix H O K a- 3 aT 0 .’i0 ii b c n p j i r a e M y i o ( |io p M y ; / i) na .T iiM ire p a s r i b i x r p y i m n - p o B o i ; r j i a r o J i o B , b .’h ih io ih m x na ocJjopM .’r e n n e a r e n c a ii iiann- e n c a ; 5 ) b o 3 m o >k iio c t l i io j i i io t o l u i n ' l a c T i i ' i i i o r o o x is a T a r j i a - r o j i b i i o ü iiM [)a;i,ni'M i,i a a i m o i i c x e M o ii . K TOM y j k c i i 0 CJie;i,0 B a - T O jib iio c T b p o a j in s a n H H B c c ir cyM M i.i n |)H 3 iia K 0 B , o T jr i i 'ia io - m u x K o i iK p e T iiy io T i i n o j i o r n ’i o c K y io y n i i B c p c a j i H i o , isecB M a OTIIOCIITOJIM ia B CTpOO H 3I.IK 0B , odl.C ^IIID IO M B IX B 0 '[ l l l l T im . Eine H . H . MemamiHOB ynasbiBaji, xapaitTepiisyn Tiniojrorii- n e c K i i rp y 3 H H C K in i j i s m k , m to b o t o m h 3 i .ik o « m m i ia o J i io ; ;a e M K a u 6 m 6 o p b 6 y i i o M u i i a T n u i i o r o c t | io h n p e ; i , j io /K e im H c n e p e - 5KHT0UI10 C O X pam iB IIIH M C H apraTTTBITblM nOCTpOCIIHOM» 22. B KanecTBO npoTiiBonojio>Knbix T i i n o j i n n n e c K i i x napaMCTpoB O T M O 'ia jin c b n e t o j i i . ko p a a i i o e o c J io p M jre n n e c y 6 7 .e K T i io - o 6 ri>eKT-

22 H. II. M e m i i 11 i i n o ii. OoiiU'O ii.'iHKo.'iiiauiie, c t | i . 217.— Eint1 p a n e e H. fl. M app yi;a.'si>iu:ur, u to « ' t t t c t l i x » t u no it a 3i,n;a nc cyni,ri ruyoT.

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h b ix oTHorneHHH b npe3eHTHoä h aopncTHOH r p y n n a x Bpe- MeH, h o h HajiHHHe CTpaflaiejiLHoro 3ajiora, k to m y Hte b aopncTe, r,n;e b aKTHBe roenofleTByeT apraTHBHoe nocTpoeHHe. H ajinnne >Ke naccHBa HapH^y c eflHHoä $ o pm o h o6o3HaneHHH areHca oöbihho hbjih6tch noKa3aTe:ieM HOMHHaTHBHoro CTpOH.

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M e ^ a m m o ti& m o e 'W im u M · 2015. 3. 2. · nPO E JIE M A Y H H BE PC A JIH B H K JIAC CH O H K AIJH fl H 3LIK O B * B. H. Hpi^eea Ilp n yrjiyöjiorriioM H3yqeHHH h3bikob