Manual Laminas Curso Control Lógico Secuencial

Control Lgico Secuencial

Cdigo: STI-CLS-A-V

CONTROL LGICO SECUENCIAL

Programa del Curso Control Lgico Secuencial Pag 1/3

PROGRAMA DEL CURSO CONTROL LGICO SECUENCIAL

1. Da Lunes

o Presentacin de los participantes e instructores.

o Evaluacin inicial de los participantes al curso.

o Unidad N 1, Conceptos de Control Lgico Secuencial.

Introduccin al Control Lgico Secuencial.

Evolucin del Control Lgico Secuencial.

Operaciones Lgicas Bsicas.

- Algebra Booleana.

- Sistema de numeracin.

- Operadores Lgicos.

Objeto.

Secuencias.

Mquinas Secuenciales.

Diagramas de Estado.

Concepto de Estado.

o Unidad N 2, Dispositivos de Control Lgico Secuencial.

Dispositivos Lgicos de Entrada.

Dispositivos Lgicos de Salida.

Automatismos.

Controladores Lgicos Programables.

2. Da Martes

o Unidad N 3, Controladores Lgicos Programables.

Que son los PLCs.

Componentes del PLC.

- Mdulo CPU.



- Memoria del PLC.

- Fuente de Alimentacin.

- Mdulos de entradas y salidas.

Adecuacin de seales analgicas.

- Entrada.

- Salida

Conexiones de seales discretas.

- Entrada.

- Salida

Ciclo de Ejecucin.

o Unidad N 4, Lenguajes de Control Lgico secuencial.

Lenguajes Lgicos de Programacin.

Lenguaje Booleano.

Lenguaje en Bloques.

Lenguaje en Escalera.

Lenguaje Estructurado.

3. Da Mircoles

o Unidad N 5, Desarrollo de Diagramas de Estado.

Conceptos (Secuencia, Estado, Acciones y Condiciones).

Desarrollo de Diagramas de Estado.

- Generacin de Narrativa del Proceso.

- Identificacin de los posibles Estados.

- Identificacin de las Acciones.

- Identificacin de las Condiciones de Transicin.

- Generacin de la Tabla de Estados.

- Generacin de los Diagramas de Estados.

- Generacin de la Aplicacin.



4. Da Jueves:

o Unidad N 5, Desarrollo de Diagramas de Estado.

Desarrollo del Controlador Secuencial.

Programacin del PLC.

- PLC Virtual.

- Estructura del PLC Virtual.

- Definicin de las ventanas.

- Definicin de las Instrucciones.

- Ejercicio con el Simulador.

Tarea de Aplicacin.

5. Da Viernes:

o Presentacin de Aplicacin Desarrollada (Tarea de Aplicacin).

o Unidad N 6, Los PLCs en Sistemas de Control.

Redes de Control para PLC.

El PLC como integrador operacional.

PLC y su uso como RTU en SCADA (aplicacin).

o Evaluacin Final.

o Evaluacin del Curso.


Unidad 1 Pgina: 1 De 31

UNIDAD 1Conceptos de Control Lgico

Secuencial

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Conceptos de Control Lgico Secuencial

Desde la dcada de 1960 hasta nuestros das, se ha evolucionado en la forma de implantar el control lgico secuencial.

Introduccin

Esta evolucin ha estado de la mano con el desarrollo tecnolgico en el rea de la electrnica, comunicaciones e informtica.

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Antes de 1960 el control secuencial se plante a travs de la lgica por cadenas de rels. Es fcil apreciarlo revisando los planos desarrollados por los ingenieros electricistas de entonces.

Evolucin del control lgico secuencial

Posteriormente se desarrollaron dispositivos electrnicos de compuertas lgicas tambin alambradas.

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Cadenas de rels y contactos

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Es a finales de la dcada de 1960 cuando la General Motors plantea el desarrollo de estos controles va dispositivos no alambrados sino programables.


Aparece por primera vez el concepto de Controlador Lgico Programable (PLC). Este dispositivo permita ajustar los controles lgicos de forma rpida y segura.

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Estructura del PLC de GM

Primer PLC para GM

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Los primeros PLC se programaron siguiendo las estructuras de las lgicas en escalera, tal como si fuera una substitucin directa de los diagramas de contacto.


Posteriormente el uso de nuevas tcnicas en informtica permiti la programacin por objetos. Estas tcnicas en conjunto con la teora de grafos se aplican al control lgico secuencial.

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Operacin OR

Operaciones Lgicas Bsicas

Operacin AND

Operacin NOT

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Operaciones Lgicas BsicasLa Operacin OR o Suma Lgica:

TRANSMISORDE

TEMPERATURA

TRANSMISORDE

PRESION

FUNCIONOR

Lmite de Temperatura

Lmite dePresin

>

>

X = A + B

A B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

X = A + B

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Operaciones Lgicas BsicasLa Operacin AND o Multiplicacin Lgica: X = A . B

A B

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

X = A . BNO HAY

ALARMA DE BAJO FLUJO

NO HAY ALARMA DE

ALTA PRESION

FUNCIONAND

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Algebra BooleanaLas Leyes del lgebra Booleana son:

yxyx

yxyx

Teoremas de De Morgan00 x

xx 1

xxx

0 xx

xx 0

11 x

xxx

1 xx

00 x xx 0

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Algebra BooleanaLas Propiedades del lgebra Booleana son:

xyyx

xyyx

zyxzyxzyx

zyxzyxzyx

zxyxzyx )( yxxyxx

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Sistemas de numeracinSistema Binario:Posicin: bn+1 bn bn-1 . b3 b2 b1 b0

Peso: 2n+1 2n 2n-1 ......... 23 22 21 20

Por ejemplo para el nmero binario 1011 se tendra una representacin decimal de la siguiente manera:

1 0 1 1

23 22 21 20

8 4 2 1

El resultado ser: 1 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 11

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Sistemas de numeracinSistema Hexadecimal:Consideremos el nmero decimal 182110 , el cual tiene la representacin binaria 111000111012.Este nmero se puede representar en hexadecimal como:

Este nmero se representa en hexadecimal como 71D16.

Hexa Decimal Binario0 0 00001 1 00012 2 00103 3 00114 4 01005 5 01016 6 01107 7 01118 8 10009 9 1001A 10 1010B 11 1011C 12 1100D 13 1101E 14 1110F 15 1111

0111 0001 11017 1 D

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Sistemas de numeracinSistema Octal:

Consideremos el nmero decimal 182110 , el cual tiene la representacin binaria 111000111012.Este nmero se puede representar en octal como:

Octal Decimal Binario0 0 0001 1 0012 2 0103 3 0114 4 1005 5 1016 6 1107 7 111011 100 011 101

3 4 3 5

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Operadores LgicosOperador Lgico AND:

Operador Lgico OR:

Operador Lgico NOT:

A B BAX =0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 1

A B BAX +=0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 1

A AX=0 11 0

A

BX

A

BX

A X

A

BX

A

BX

A

BX

A

BX

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Operadores LgicosOperador Enclavamiento:

R

R

FALLASEGURA

ARRANQUE

Operador Memorias:

SET

SARRANQUE

RSET

RPARADA

S

RQ

ARRANQUE

PARADAX

Arranque

Falla segura

X

X

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Operadores LgicosContador hacia arriba: Contador hacia abajo:

Fotocelda

RSET

ReponerContador

CupC101

6

C101

I EmC101

1 2 3 4 5 6

Entrada

Salida Contador

Reposicin

Fotocelda

CdwnC101

6

I EmC101

RSET

ReponerContador C101

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Conceptos de Control Lgico SecuencialOperadores LgicosTemporizador ON Delay: Temporizador OFF Delay:

Contacto

InTC5

200

T5 B

Contacto

B

20 segundos

TC5

Contacto

InTD5

200

T5 B

20 segundos

Contacto

B

TD5

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Un objeto es cualquier elemento al cual puede ser asignado una serie de atributos, condiciones y propiedades.

Objeto

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Un ejemplo de objeto

Un motor puede ser un objeto, al cual se le puede asignar atributos: Color, Voltaje, Dimensiones, RPM, Potencia y otros

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Otro ejemplo de objeto:Un conjunto de eventos o estados de un proceso tambin puede ser un objeto.

Estado Cargando PaletaEn este caso se considera la permanencia, trnsito, acciones y condiciones.

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Una secuencia es una coleccin de objetos o elementos ordenados de acuerdo a su ocurrencia en el tiempo.

Secuencias

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Ejemplo de Secuencia

Un ejemplo de secuencia es el proceso de carga de paletas en un transportador.

FC2 On ?

INICIO

M1= ONM2= ON

M2= OFF

FC2 y FC1 On ?

M1= OFF

FIN

SI

NO

SI

NO

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Mquinas Secuenciales

Esta mquina se convierte en una Mquina de Estados cuando existen transiciones entre estados, dependiendo de los valores de las entradas y las salidas.

Una Mquina Secuencial se representa como un sistema en donde el conjunto de acciones est ordenado de forma secuencial.

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Ejemplo Mquina de Estados

Los Controladores Lgicos Programables PLCs son mquinas secuenciales que pueden comportarse como mquinas de estados.En los PLCs los eventos son ordenados dentro de una ocurrencia, y esta ocurrencia o secuencia es repetida indefinidamente una y otra vez.

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Un diagrama de estados es una representacin pictrica de un tipo particular de diagrama de flujo. Este diagrama muestra las acciones y las condiciones para transitar de un estado a otro.

Diagrama de Estados

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El estado identifica un periodo de tiempo del objeto (no instantneo) en el cual ste estejecutando o esperando por alguna operacin, realiza ciertas actividades o espera por ciertos eventos.

Concepto de EstadoUn estado define el comportamiento de un objeto durante un momento determinado entre dos o ms eventos.

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En este caso la actividad que est ocurriendo es la espera para cargar paletas.Se toman las acciones de apagar M1 y M2 y se transitar a otro estado cuando la fotocelda FC2 est desactivada.

Ejemplo de Estado

Esperando Cargar Paletas

Acciones M1 y M2

OFF

Condiciones

Condiciones

FC2 ON

FC1 ON

FC2 OFF

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En este caso se consideran todas las actividades y su orden de ocurrencia.

Ejemplo de estados encadenados

Cargando Trans 1

M1 ON M2 ON

Cargando Trans 2

Esperando Cargar

M1 ON M2 OFF

M1 OFF M2 OFF

FC2 OFF

FC1 ON FC2 ON

FC2 ON

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FIN UNIDAD 1

GRACIAS POR SU ATENCION

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UNIDAD 2Dispositivos de Control Lgico

Secuencial

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Dispositivos Control Lgico Secuencial

En control lgico secuencial se hace uso de una serie de dispositivos, los cuales en su mayora tienen dos condiciones: ON / OFF, Prendido / Apagado, Operado / No Operado.

En general estas dos condiciones estn definidas como normalmente abierto (NO) y normalmente cerrado (NC).

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De acuerdo al uso se tienen dispositivos de entrada y dispositivos de salida.

Los dispositivos de entrada estn relacionados con los instrumentos y sensores, mientras los dispositivos de salida estn relacionados con los elementos de accin final.

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Interruptores

Selectores

Detectores

Contadores

Pulsadores

Entre los dispositivos lgicos de entradas se tienen aquellos que establecen condiciones:

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialInterruptoresLos interruptores son usados para hacer o romper un circuito, permitiendo establecer una condicin de entrada.

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Los selectores permiten escoger la condicin entre dos o ms elementos, permitiendo establecer una sola condicin de entrada.

Selectores

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Los detectores permiten de acuerdo a un principio fsico generar una condicin del proceso que acte como entrada.

Detectores

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Los contadores permiten establecer el nmero de eventos que ocurren en un perodo. Estos generan condiciones que actan como entradas.

Contadores

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialPulsadoresLos pulsadores son usados para generar comandos temporales de arranque, parada, apertura, cierre u otras actividades asociadas a los procesos que las requieran.

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Relevadores (Rels)

Bobinas (Solenoides)

Pilotos

Entre los dispositivos lgicos de salidas se tienen aquellos que ejecutan acciones:

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialRelevadores (Rels)Los relevadores o rels son dispositivos lgicos que permiten hacer o romper circuitos de acuerdo a una accin sealada.

COMUNB

NC

NO

SEAL

SPDT

COMUN

B

NC NO

SEAL

NO1

NCCOMUN

DPDT

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialBobinasLas bobinas son un arrollado de alambre sobre un ncleo metlico. Al ser sometidas a un campo magntico generan una fuerza de atraccin o de repulsin segn sea el caso.

BOBINAS

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialPilotos Los pilotos se usan para indicar, mediante efecto de luz, las condiciones de operacin de un proceso.

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialAutomatismos

Se define como automatismo al dispositivo elctrico, electrnico, hidrulico y/o neumtico, que permite a un proceso funcionar de forma automtica.

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Dispositivos Control Lgico SecuencialControladores Lgicos ProgramablesEn la actualidad para realizar los procesos de automatizacin, se utilizan los PLCs(Programmable Logic Controller).

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FIN UNIDAD 2

GRACIAS POR SU ATENCION

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UNIDAD 3Controladores Lgicos Programables (PLCS)

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CONTROLADOR LGICO PROGRAMABLE

Qu son los PLCs ?

Los Controladores Lgicos Programables PLCsson dispositivos de control orientados a resolver problemas de control lgico secuencial.

Asimismo, los PLCs pueden ser usados en algunas aplicaciones de control regulatorio.

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Componentes del PLC

Circuitos de Salidas

Circuitos de Entradas

Puertos de Comunicacin

Fuente de poder

Expansiones de Entradas

y SalidasCPU

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Ejemplo de componentes de un PLC usando bastidores (chasis)

Fuente de Alimentacin

CPU

Mdulos de entradas y salidas

Mdulo de comunicaciones

Bastidor

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Riel

Elementos colocados sobre rieles

Mdulo CPUMdulos de

entradas y salidas

Fuentes de alimentacin

Mdulos de comunicaciones


Ejemplo de componentes de un PLC usando rieles como soporte

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El mdulo CPU es un microcomputador que ejecuta cclicamente el programa elaborado y almacenado por el usuario.


Modulo CPU

UNIDAD DE MEMORIA ROM

UNIDAD DE CONTROLCOMUNICACIONES

MICRO CONTROLADOR

UNIDAD DEMEMORIA RAM

UNIDAD DE CONTROL DE ENTRADAS Y SALIDAS

BUS INTERNO DE DIRECCIONAMIENTO, DATOS Y CONTROL

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La memoria del PLC permite almacenar el programa de aplicacin, los registros de datos del sistema, las tablas de entrada y salida, los registros de comunicacin y los registros de estados del sistema.


Memoria del PLC

Dependiendo el uso y funcin realizada la memoria del PLC puede ser de los tipos RAM, ROM y EEPROM.

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La memoria RAM se usa para almacenar el programa y los datos. Esta memoria usualmente est respaldada por una batera.


Memoria del PLC

La memoria ROM contiene los programas internos y sistema operativo propios del PLC.

En algunos casos se hace uso de memorias EEPROM con fines de no depender de una batera.

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En general la memoria est organizada en registros de 16 bits o dos bytes (word).


Arreglo de la memoria del PLC

LSBMSBV-2000V-2001V-2002

V-3007V-3010

Comnmente se hace uso del sistema octal para identificar los registros.La organizacin de la memoria est definida por el usuario, considerando las reglas propias del PLC usado.

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Las fuentes de alimentacin proporcionan la energa elctrica al PLC para su funcionamiento.


Fuente de alimentacin

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Los mdulos de entradas y salidas son circuitos electrnicos para la adquisicin y envo de seales desde y hacia el proceso.



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Mdulos de entradasLos mdulos de entradas son aquellos que se encargan de adquirir informacin de campo.

Los mdulos de salidas son aquellos que se encargan de enviar informacin a campo.

Mdulos de salidas

Entradas analgica

Entradas discretas

Salidas analgica

Salidas discretas



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CONTROLADOR LGICO PROGRAMABLE Adecuacin seales analgicas de entrada

Proceso

PLC

Valor de corriente4 a 20 miliamperios

Conversin valoresAnalgicos a digitales

Conversin de corriente a voltaje

Valor en voltaje1 a 5 Voltios

Valores en palabrasde 16 bits BCD

Deteccin porPLL


Seal de frecuenciaValor de voltaje-10 a 10 voltios

Transmisor4 a 20 miliamperios Pick-Up magnticos

Transmisor-10 a 10 voltios

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CONTROLADOR LGICO PROGRAMABLE Adecuacin de seales de baja energa de entrada

Proceso

PLC

Valor de Temperaturaen milivoltios

Amplificador de voltaje

Amplificador de voltaje

Valor en voltaje0 - 5 Voltios

Valor de resistenciaen ohmios

Conversin valoresAnalgicos a digitales

Valores en palabrasde 16 bits BCD

Termopar RTD

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Adecuacin de seales analgicas de salida

Proceso

PLC

Elemento final de control

Elemento final de control

Conversin valoresDigitales a analgicos

Conversin de voltaje a corriente


Valores digitales enpalabras de 16 bits BCD

Valor de corriente4 a 20 miliamperios

Valor en voltaje-10 a 10 Voltios

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Entradas discretas.

Se usan para sensar la condicin de entrada de los dispositivos lgicos que se conectarn al PLC.Estas entradas pueden ser conectadas en configuracin fuente (source) y en configuracin drenaje (drain).

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Conexiones de entradas discretas.

+ Vdc

- Vdc CONEXIN FUENTE

+ Vdc

- Vdc CONEXIN DRENAJE

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Salidas Discretas.

Se usan para ejecutar la accin de salida sobre los dispositivos lgicos que manejarel PLC.Estas salidas pueden ser conectadas en configuracin fuente (source) y en configuracin drenaje (drain).

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Conexin de Salidas Discretas.

B

+ Vdc

- Vdc

CONEXIN DRENAJE

B

+ Vdc

- Vdc

CONEXIN FUENTE

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Documents

Manual Laminas Curso Control Lógico Secuencial