Master English Grammar Tác giả: Hoàng Văn Nam Trường Đại học Hàng hải Việt Nam, 2010

8/13/2019 Master English Grammar Tác giả: Hoàng Văn Nam Trường Đại học Hàng hải Việt Nam, 2010

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VIET UC CENTER80 - Tran Dai Nghia Street– Hai Ba Trung District – Hanoi city

Nam Hoang Van Email: [email protected] Vietnam Maritime University – Shipbuilding Faculty http://www.ebook.edu.vn

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MASTER

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2nd

edition

Vietnam Maritime University

Nam Hoang Van





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INTRODUCTION

Master Grammar là giáo trình do tác giả biên soạn để giúp các học sinh, sinh viên “master” lại

toàn bộ chươ ng trình ngữ pháp Tiếng anh, để có một hệ thống ngữ pháp logic tr ướ c khi bướ c vào

các khoá học luyện thi TOEFL, IELT, GMAT… , giáo trình cũng phục vụ r ất tốt cho học sinh, sinh

viên luyện các k ỹ năng trong tiếng anh, đặc biệt là reading comprehension và writing. Giáo trình

đượ c trình bày một cách tổng quát mà ngắn gọn, logic để cho học sinh, sinh viên dễ hiểu, dễ nhớ và

có thể nhớ lâu.

Giáo trình bao gồm 12 bài lý thuyết và có bài tậ p đi kèm tươ ng đươ ng trình độ Intermidiate, học

trong 36h. Trong đó, 24h lý thuyết và 12h bài tậ p, trong quá trình học có các bài Test tiế p cận vớ i

dạng bài thi của TOEFL, IELT.

Trong quá trình biên soạn không tránh đượ c sai sót, kính mong sự góp ý của bạn đọc. Mọi thông

tin xin gửi về theo địa chỉ sau.

Xin Chân thành cảm ơ n!

Hoàng Văn NamEmail: [email protected] Phone No: 0989817762Yahoo ID: [email protected]







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6. Parallel structure...................................................................................................................... 357. Inverted subjects and verbs ..................................................................................................... 36

Unit 10: PREPOSITION ............................................................................................................. 37

1. Time prepositions.................................................................................................................... 372. Place prepositions.................................................................................................................... 383. Movement prepositions ........................................................................................................... 404. Other prepositions ................................................................................................................... 41

Unit 11: SPECIAL FORMS ....................................................................................................... 41Unit 12: IDIOMS........................................................................................................................ 44

Phần II EXERCISESUnit1: TENSES .......................................................................................................................... 47Unit 2: VERB PATTERNS......................................................................................................... 55Unit 3: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES...................................................................................... 57

Unit 4: COMPARISON.............................................................................................................. 59Unit 5: PASSIVE SENTENCES................................................................................................ 62Unit 6: REPORTED SPEECHS ................................................................................................. 66Unit 7 MODAL VERBS ............................................................................................................ 68Unit 8: SENTENCES WITH MUTIPLE CLAUSES................................................................. 69Unit 9: OTHER PROBLEMS ................................................................................................... 70Unit 10: TOEFL TEST................................................................................................................ 77

Phần III ANSWER KEY





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PHẦN I

Unit1: TENSE

1. Present simple tense

a. Form:am do/does have/has V

be are don’t/doesn’t haven’t/hasn’t Vis V-s/V-es

V-s

\ hầu hết các động từ chia ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít bằng cách thêm ‘s’. Đốivớ i các động từ mà phiên âm cuối cùng là: /p, f, , t, k/. Thì khi thêm‘s’, đọc là /s/. Ex: stops, baths, starts, makes…các tr ườ ng hợ p còn lạiđọc là /z/. Ex: learns, decides…

V-es

\ đối vớ i những động từ mà đuôi là: ch, sh, s, x, o khi chia ở ngôi thứ 3số ít bằng cách thêm ‘es’, khi đó ‘es’ đọc là /iz/ ngoại tr ừ tr ườ ng hợ pV-oes, đọc là /z/.\ V-es: V-y: → V-ies. (quy tắc này tươ ng tự đối vớ i quy tắc thêm ‘ed’,‘ly’, ‘er’, ‘est’. Ex: studied, heavily, easier, luckest…).\ V-ie: → V-ies.\ V-NA-y: Đối vớ i các động từ mà kêt thúc là ‘nguyên âm + y’ thì vẫngiữ nguyên ‘y’ và chỉ thêm ‘s’ mà thôi. Ex: plays, destroys, enjoys, buys…

b. Use:- THTD dùng diễn tả 1 sự thật hiển nhiên đúng, luôn luôn đúng.- THTD dùng diễn tả 1 thói quyen, 1 hành động lặ p đi lặ p lại nhiều lần.- Các tr ạng từ thườ ng dùng (Adv): every day, every time..., always, often, usually,

sometimes, ordinary, rarely, seldom,…really, actually…c. Examples:

\ The river is 70 km long.\ The moon runs around the earth.\ I usually get up late.\ I really feel hot, It is about 37 degree centigrade.

2. Present continuous tensea. Form:

Be <are, is, am> + V-ing





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V-ing

\ V+ing → V-ing. Ex: teaching, learning…\ V-e: → V-ing (bỏ ‘e’). Ex: making, stating, loving…\ V-ie → V-y-ing: lie → lying, tie → tying, die → dying…

\ V-y → V-ying. Ex: studying, trying…\ V-‘PA-NA-PA: đối vớ i các động từ mà k ết thúc là 1 nguyên âmđứng giữa 2 phụ âm và tr ọng âm r ơ i vào âm cuối, khi chuyển sangdạng V-ing chúng ta phải đôi phụ âm cuối. Nếu như tr ọng âm khôngr ơ i vào âm cuối thì không gấ p đôi. Quy tắc này cũng đúng vớ i việcthem các đuôi: ed, er, est. (1.1)

Ex: running, stopping, beginning, … (gấ p đôi).entering, following… (không gấ p đôi).

b. Use:

- THTTD dùng diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra tịa thờ i điểm nói, hoặc xung quanh thờ i điểmnói.

- THHTD cũng dùng để diễn tả 1 hành động sắ p xảy ra ở tươ ng lai, có k ế hoặch, sắ p đặttr ướ c, gắn liền vớ i 1 thờ i điểm cụ thể.

- Adv: now, at the moment, at present…c. Examples:

\ What are you doing now? I’m reading newspaper.\ We are learning English at the moment.\ I’m studying master degree at Hanoi University of technology.\ He is working for a foreign company.

Note: Một số động từ chỉ cảm giác, hay tính chất của sự vật không chia ở dạng tiế p diễn bất k ỳ

thì nào. Tuy nhiên khi nói đến hành động của động từ thì có thể chia ở dạng V-ing: Các động từ đó bao gồm:

know believe hear see smell wishunderstand hate love like want soundhave need appear seem taste own

Ex:\ He has a lot of books.\ He is having dinner now. (Động từ hành động: ăn tối)\ I think they will come in time\ I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (Động từ hành động: Đang ngh ĩ về)

3. Present perfect tense

a. Form: V-edhave/has + PII been, had, done.

V-BQT < tra ở cột thứ 3 trong bảng động từ bất quy tăc>







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- TQKD dùng diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và đã k ết thúc trong quá khứ.- Adv:

yesterday

last

\ week\ month\ season\ summer\ year\ decade…

\ 3 days\ 5 weeks

\ 7 months\ 10 years\ 2 centuries…

ago

in

(≥ month): sau in là mốc thờ i gian tính từ ≥month.\ in march 1999\ in 2000\ in 19th

century…

on(≡day)\ on march 4th 1999

at

(≤ hour)\ at 8.00am yesterday\ at 8.30am on on march 4th 1999

Cần chú ý một số tr ườ ng hợ p đặc biệt, đó là khi chỉ các buổi trong ngày ngườ i ta dùng: in themorning, in the afternoon, in the evening. Hay các tr ườ ng hợ p khác như: at noon, at middlenight, at weekend.

c. Examples:

\ Yesterday, We met him in the cinema.\ I came back Vietnam in 1999.\ When did you start studying English? 5 years ago.

Note: - Khi diễn tả một chuỗi hành động trong quá khứ, ngườ i ta thườ ng dùng thì quá khứ đơ n.

Ex. He came home, turned TV on, but after that, he felt tired, he went to bed.- Khi diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra lặ p đi lặ p lại trong quá khứ, nhưng hành động đó không

còn tiế p tục diễn ra nữa thì chúng ta dùng cấu trúc: ‘Used to’\ I used to play football when I was a student, now I’m very busy working, I don’t have free

time to play football.\ I used to live alone when I was a student, now I live with my family





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5. Past continuous tense

a. Form:were/was + V-ing

b. Use:- TQKTD dùng diễn tả 1 hành động đang xảy ở 1 thờ i điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ, thì này

tậ p trung vào quá trình diễn ra hơ n là thờ i điểm xảy ra hành động.c. Examples:

\ I was playing chess at 8.00am yesterday.\ What were you doing at that time? I was watching TV.\ At this time last year, I was studying at Vietnam Maritime University.

Note:- Ngườ i ta thườ ng sử dụng TQKTD để diễn tả 1 hành động đang diễn ra thì có 1 hành

động khác xen vào trong quá khứ. Các liên từ thườ ng sử dụng là:when ≈ while ≈ as: khi, lúc

\ When I was teaching English, he came in.\ When we watching a film on TV, electric went off.\ While my mother was cooking, my father read newspaper.

- Khi diễn tả 2 hành động song song cùng xảy ra (cho dù hiện tại, quá khứ, hay tiế p diễn...)chúng ta thườ ng dùng liên từ ‘while: trong khi, đang khi’.

\ While he is studying Enlish, his brother is listening to music.\ He answers the phone while he drives to his office.\ My mother was cooking while my father was watching TV.

6. Past perfect tense

a. Form:

had + PII

b. Use:- TQKHT dùng diễn tả 1 hành động diễn ra tr ướ c 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ.- Các liên từ thườ ng sử dụng: before, after, when...

c. Examples:\ Before I came here, I had completted my homework.\ I went home after I had closed the office doors.\ When I came back, he had gone out

7. Perfect continuous tense

a. Form:

have/has + been + V-ing b. Use:

- THTTD dùng diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và còn tiế ptục xảy ra.

c. Examples:\ We have been working on this project for 3 months.\ We have been waiting for her for 30 minutes.

Note: Khác vớ i THTHT, THTTD không tậ p trung vào k ết quả hành động mà tậ p trung vào quá trình

diễn ra.





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8. Past perfect continuous tense

a. Form:had + been + V-ing

b. Use:- TQKHTTD dùng diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra kéo dài (dai giẳng) tr ướ c 1 hành động khác

trong quá khứ.c. Examples:

\ I had been waiting for her for 45 minutes before she came.(she came 10 minutes ago).\ After she had been waiting for the Bus No 26 for more than 1 hour, the bus came

9. Future tense

a. Form:- Will/shall + V(withou to)- Be + going to

- Be + V-ing (dùng thì hiện tại để nói về một k ế hoạch trong tươ ng lai) b. Use:

- Will/shall (shall chỉ sử dụng vớ i ngôi thứ nhất I, We)\ Dùng diễn tả 1 hành động sắ p xảy ra ở tươ ng lai (dự đoán).\ Khi diễn tả 1 sự quyết định tại thờ i điểm nói ta dùng ‘will’.\ Dùng để sai khiến ai đó làm gì.\ Will còn dùng diễn tả một quyết định tại thờ i điểm nói

- Be + going to:\ Dùng diễn tả 1 hành động sắ p xảy ra ở tươ ng lai (dự đoán) nhưng khả năng xảy ra cao hơ n

‘will’.\ dùng diễn tả 1 hành động sắ p xảy ra ở tươ ng lai, khả năng xảy ra lớ n hơ n ‘will’, thườ ng

gắn liền vớ i 1 thờ i điểm cụ thể.- Future tense: Đôi khi ngườ i ta dùng thì hiện tại tiế p diễn để diễn tả một hành động sắ p

sảy ra ở tươ ng lai, có k ế hoạch sắ p đặt tr ướ c, thườ ng gắn liền vớ i một thờ i điểm cụ thể.Khả năng xảy ra cao hơ n ‘will’ và ‘going to’.

c. Examples:\ We will attend the party.\ It will rain.\ It is going to rain.\ I’m going to phone him later.\ I’m flying to London tomorrow.\ I will help you (that means I help you right now)

Note: Khi dự đoán 1 hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tươ ng lai có thể dùng ‘will’ hoặc ‘going to’,nhưng khả năng xảy ra của ‘going to’ là cao hơ n ‘will’.

“Poverty of good is easily cured, poverty of soul, impossible” – Michel De Montaigne. Nghèo vật chấ t d ễ chữ a, nghèo tâm hồn không chữ a đượ c.

“A true friend is one who overlooks your failures and tolerates your successes” - DougLarson. Ng ườ i bạn thự c sự là ng ườ i bỏ qua nhữ ng thấ t bại của bạn và khoan dung nhữ ng thành công

của bạn.





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“Remember that great love and great achiverments involve great risk”

M ột tình yêu tuyệt vờ i và một thành t ự u vĩ đại luôn bao g ồm cả sự mạo hiể m.

Unit 2: VERB PATTERNS

1. V-ing

b. V + V-ing:Động từ đi sau các động từ mô tả sự yêu ghét, chỉ sắc thái tình cảm có dạng: V-ing.

Ex: Love, like, enjoy, mind, hate, dislike, can’t stand, don’t mind, can’t help, avoid, consider…Examples:

\ I love reading specialized books.\ I like watching action movies.\ We can’t stand living in Hanoi city.

\ I can’t help loving him, although he is selfish and stupid.\ He doesn’t mind cleaning house.

c. V + V-ing:Động từ đi sau các động từ chỉ sự bắt đầu, k ết thúc, trì hoãn hay tiế p tục của hành động códạng: V-ing

Ex: Begin, start, open, stop, finish, give up, deny, postpone, put off, cary on, continue, keep…Examples:

\ He started learning English 7 years ago.\ I have given up smoking for 2 weeks.\ They continue doing homework until mid-night.\ They stop supplying electric.

\ The children finished leaning, then they went to the cinema.d. Preposition + V-ing: đi sau giớ i từ động từ có dạng là ‘V-ing’.- To be good/bad at...- To be keen on/ interested in...- To be afraid/frightened/scared of …

Examples:\ She is good at speaking Chinese.\ My son is keen on reading detective stories.\ I am afraid of walking in the evening.

e. V-ing: Những động từ đứng đầu câu làm chủ ngữ đượ c chia dướ i dạng V-ing.Examples:

\ Swimming in summer is very ịnjoyable.\ Walking in the morning is a good way to keep our healh.f. Một số cấu trúc đặc biệt sử dụng V-ing:

- It’s no use crying.- It’s no worth reading this novel.- There is no point in arguing.

2. V + to + V

a. V + to + V: agree, decide, hope, want, refuse, wish, manage, promise…\ He hopes to pass the exam.\ The boy manages to climb up the wall.





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\ I wish to have a lot of money.\ Many vietnamese people want to work for foreign company because of high salary.

b. V + O + to V: Dùng để sai khiến, ra lệnh, đề nghị, khuyên bảo, mờ i ai làm việc gì: tell, ask,

advise, invite, allow, offer, order, permit, remind, teach…Examples:\ Could you remind me to phone John tomorrow.\ I teach them to learn English.\ I told him to stay but he didn’t.\ Our company doesn’t allow us to smoke in the office.

c. to be + Adj + to + V: đi sau tính từ động từ có dạng ‘to V’- to be happy/glad/good/bad…- to be possible/impossible/difficult/easy/hard…- to be interesting/nice/…- …

Examples:\ It is very good to eat much fish.\ You are possible to complete all things before the deadline, I think.\ It is very interesting to talk with her.\ It’s nice to meet you again.

Note:- Sau động từ ‘like, love’ có thể dùng cả 2 ‘V-ing’ hoặc ‘to V’ mà ngh ĩ a của chúng không

khác nhau lắm.\ She likes watching action movies.\ She likes to watch action movies.

- Một số Động từ có thể dùng cả 2 dạng: ‘V-ing’ và ‘to V’ nhưng ngh ĩ a của chúng khác

nhau:Bảng 1:

V-ing (làm gì) V + to + V(để làm gì)Stop +V-ing( ngừng làm gì) Stop + to +V (ngừng để làm gì)

- We stop learning at 11.30 am - We stop to take a restForget + V-ing (quyên làm gì) Forget + to + V(quyên sẽ làm gì)

- I forget sending the letter - Don’t forget to send the letterRemember + V-ing (nhớ đã làm gì) Remember + to + V(nhớ để làm gì)

- I remember locking it - You must remember to sign your nameTry +V-ing (thử) Try + to + V (cố gắng)

- I tried starting the car but it didn’t work - I tried to pass the exam but I couldn’t

Regret + V-ing (hối hận đã làm gì) Regret + to + V ( r ất tiếc phải làm gì)- I really regret saying what I heard - We regret to inform you that we areunable to offer you the job.

3. V + O + V

- let sb do: để ai làm gì.- Make sb do: khiến ai làm gì.- Help sb do: giúp ai làm gì.

Examples:\ Let me pick you up at the gate.





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\ I make students learn much about grammar.\ She helps me play guitar.

Note: Đối vớ i các động từ chỉ giác quan như: see, watch, hear, smell, feel…động từ theo sau có

thể chia ở dạng V/V-ing: Tuy nhiên có sự khác nhau giữa chúng. Nếu sự chứng kiến là từ đầu đếncuối chúng ta dùng dạng ‘V-ing’, nếu sự chứng kiến đột nhiên xuất hiện, và trong 1 thờ i gian khôngtr ọn vẹn thì chúng ta dùng dạng nguyên thể ‘V’.

S + V + O/sb/sth + V/V-ingExamples:

\ Yesterday, I saw a thief breaking into the bank near my house.\ I feel some one spy on me.\ Yesterday, I saw her walking near my house.

“Never laugh at anyone‘s dream” Đừ ng bao giờ cuờ i nhạo giấ c mơ của bấ t cứ ai.

”Talk slowly but think quickly”Có thể nói chậm như ng hãy suy nghĩ thật nhanh.

“Remember the 3 re’s : respect for self , respect for others and responsiblity for your actions” Hãy nhớ 3 đ iề u: kính tr ọng chính mình, kính tr ọng nhữ ng ng ườ i khác và hãy có trách nhiệm

vớ i nhữ ng việc làm của mình.





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Unit 3: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Zero conditional sentences

a. Form:If /when + S + VHT, S + VHT

b. Use:- Dùng diễn tả các hành động mà nếu vế 1 (vế if) xảy ra thì vế 2 chắc chắn xảy ra, cùng

xảy ra trong hiện tại.c. Examples:

\ If you eat a lot of yelly-fish, you get allergy.

\ If you work too much, you feel tired.\ If you go out now, you get wet (It is raining).\ If you really want to learn English well, you need to learn pronunciation and grammar

first.

2. First conditaional sentences

a. Form:If /when + S + VHT, S + will + V

b. Use:- Dùng diễn tả những điều kiện có thể xảy ra và có k ết quả ở hiện tại hoặc trong tươ ng lai.

c. Examples:

\ If I see it, I will tell you\ When I get home, I will phone her\ If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home\ If you come here, I will take you to the cinema

Note: if …not = unless: tr ừ khi\ If you don’t study harder, you will fail the coming exam\ You will fail the coming exam unless you study harder

3. Second conditional sentences

a. Form:If + S + VQK , S + would + V

Note: be → were/was: (đôi khi ngườ i ta dùng ‘were’ thay cho ‘was’).

b. Use:- Diễn tả điều kiện không thể nào xảy ra đượ c (không có thực), nhưng đang đượ c nói ở

hiện tại hoặc tươ ng lại.- Dùng diễn đạt những mong muốn, những ướ c mơ , hay lờ i khuyên…

c. Examples:\ If I were you, I wouldn’t go\ If I were you, I would not let him go\ If I were 5 years younger, I would choose an other university\ If it were summer now, we would go swimming





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4. Third conditional sentences

a. Form:If + S + VQKHT, S + would + have + PII

b. Use:- Diễn tả những hành động, điều kiện không thể nào xảy ra trong quá khứ.- Thườ ng dùng diễn đạt 1 sự hối tiếc.

c. Examples:\ If I had known how difficult the job was, I wouldn’t have taken it\ If she hadn’t been ill, she would have gone to the concert\ If I had looked the motorbike last night, It wouldn’t have been stolen\ If I had worked hard, I wouldn’t have failed the exam.\ I wish I had known John was ill, I would have gone to see him

Note:

- Đối vớ i câu điều kiện loại 3 cũng có thể dùng: could, might, should thay cho ‘would’.- Khi diễn tả một sự nuối tiếc có thể k ết hợ p một vế của câu điều kiện loại 3 và một vế của

thì quá khứ đơ n:- If + S + VQKHT, S + would + V- If + S + VQK , S + would + have + PII

Ex:\ If he didn’t study, he wouldn’t have become a University student now.\ if he had gone out yesterday, he wouldn’t meet accident.

“Robbing life of friendship is like robbing the world of the sun”.

Cuộc số ng thiế u đ i tình bạn như thế giớ i mấ t đ i mặt tr ờ i.

“Hold a true friend by hands”.Giữ bạn thân bằ ng cả hai tay.

“A friend is the one who come in when the whole world has gone out” Bạn là ng ườ i đế n vớ i mình khi cả thế giớ i đ ã bỏ đ i t ấ t cả..





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Unit 4: COMPARISON

1. Adjective comparison1.1. More comparisona. Form:

- Be + Adj(short) - er + than- Be + more + Adj(long) + than

- Short adjective: Bao gồm các tính từ 1 âm tiết và các tính từ 2 âm tiết mà có đuôi là: y,er, le, some, ow. Ex: pretty → pretier, clever → cleverer, noble → nobler, handsome → handsomer, marrow → narower…

- Long adjective: bao gồm các động từ có 2 âm tiết tr ở lên và các động từ 2 âm tiết mà k ếtthúc không phải là các đuôi: y, er, le, some, ly, ow. Ex: tired, boring, useful…

- Adj(short)-er:

\ Adj(short) + er\ Adj(short)-e → Adj(short)-er ( chỉ thêm ‘r’)\ Adj(short)-y → Adj(short)-ier (chuyển ‘y’ thành ‘i’ r ồi mớ i thêm ‘r’)\ Đối vớ i các tính từ mà k ết thúc là 1 phụ âm đứng giữa 2 phụ âm và tr ọng âm r ơ i vào âm

tiết cuối thì chúng ta phải gấ p đôi phụ âm cuối tr ướ c khi thêm ‘er’. Ex: bigger, hotter, fatter…- Note: chú ý 1 số dạng đặc biệt xem ở bảng 2.

b. Examples:\ Today is hotter than yesterday\ Nam is taller than his sister\ He is cleverer than any one in my class\ My younger brother is lazier than I

1.2. Less comparisona. Form:

- Be + not + so/as + Adj (short/long) + as- Be + less + Adj (short/long) + than

b. Examples:\ Korea films now are not as interesting as they used to\ Korea films now are less interesting than they used to

1.3. Equal comparisona. Form:

Be + as + Adj (short/long) + as b. Examples:

- Hang is as tall as Thuy- I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous

1.4. Superity comparisona. Form:

- Be + the + Adj(short)-est + (N) + in/of- Be + the most + Adj(long) + (N) + in/of

Note: - Quy tắc thêm ‘est’ tươ ng tự như quy tắc thêm ‘er’.- Các giớ i từ thườ ng sử dụng trong câu so sánh nhất là:

\ in: sau ‘in’ là 1 tậ p thể \ of: sau ‘of’ là 1 số lượ ng





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b. Examples:\ Amazon is the largest river in the world\ He is one of 10 the most famous scientists in the world

\ That bulding is the biggest in Viet nam1.5. Một số giớ i từ cần lư u ý trong câu so sánh

- Similar to sth : Ex: Her story is similar to my story. - Different from: Ex: Vietnamese culture is very different from American culture. - The same… as: I study the same University as Hung- To look like: he looks like his father.

2. Adverb comparison

2.1. Note- Quy tắc so sánh tr ạng từ cũng tươ ng tự như quy tắc so sánh tính từ, khác vớ i tính từ, các

tr ạng từ không thườ ng xuyên đi vớ i ‘to be’ mà thườ ng đi vớ i động từ.

\ V + Adv(short) + er + than\ V + more + Adv(long) + than\ V + less + Adv(short-er/long) + than\ V + as + Adv(short/long) + as\ V + the Adv(short)- est\ V + the most + Adv(long)

- Đối vớ i cấu trúc không so sánh thì tr ạng từ đượ c thành lậ p bằng cách thêm đuôi ‘ly’ vàosau tính từ: Ex: quickly, badly…, tr ừ 1 số tr ườ ng hợ p vừa là tính từ vừa là tr ạng từ. Ex:fast, hard, early…Hay một số từ khác bản thân nó là tr ạng từ. Ex: now, then, there…

- Đối vớ i cấu trúc so sánh của tr ạng từ ngắn, dạng của tr ạng từ ngắn có dạng như dạng củadạng của tính từ ngắn (Adj(short)-er).

- Đối vớ i cấu trúc so sánh của tr ạng từ dài, các tr ạng từ dài đượ c thành lậ p đượ c thành lậ p bằng cách thêm đuôi ‘ly’ vào cuối tính từ dài. Ex: carefully, beautifully, correctly…2.2. Examples:

\ I speak louder than my friends\ My father drives more carefully than I do\ In this company, he works less harder than any one\ He dances as beaytifully as his girl friend\ She finishes the job best

Note: Cần chú ý một số tính từ và tr ạng từ bất quy tắc.Bảng 2:

Adjective or adverb Comparative Superlative

far Farther(distance)Further(abstract) The farthestThe furthestLittle Less The leastMuchMany

More The most

GoodWell

Better The best

BadBadly

Worse The worst





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3. Double comparison

- The Adj(short)-er/the more Adj(long), the Adj(short)-er/the more Adj(long): càng làm gìthì càng sao…

- Adj(short)-er and Adj(short)-er: càng ngày càng làm sao…- more and more Adj(long): càng ngày càng làm sao…Ex:

\ the cheaper, the better.\ the more expensive, the better.\ The more you study, the smarter you will become.\ it is getting hotter and hotter.\ price is more and more expensive.

Note:- Khi viết câu ở dạng so sánh có thể áp dụng các dạng: rút gọn, đầy đủ hay đảo ngữ. nhưng

phải tuân theo quy tắc ‘song song’ (sẽ nói k ỹ hơ n trong bài sau)

\ My sister spends more hours in the office than John (rút gọn)\ My sister spends more hours in the office than John does (đầy đủ)\ My sister spends more hours in the office than does John (đảo ngữ)

- Quy tắc song song ngh ĩ a là: more…than-er…thanless…thanas…asthe same…as

Same structrure

similar…to

Same structrure

Ex:

\ What he did the same as what I did (not…the same as I did).\ Music in my country is similar to music in your country (not …similar to your country).

“It is better to have loved and lost than never to have lost at all” – Samuel Butler.Yêu r ồi mấ t mát còn hơ n chẳ ng mấ t gì bao giờ .

“First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of curiosity” – G. Bernard Shaw. M ố i tình đầu chỉ là một chút khờ d ại và nhiề u tò mò.

“A man can hide all things, excepting twains: that he is drunk and that he is in love” – AntiPhanes

Ng ườ i đ àn ông có thể d ấ u mọi thứ , tr ừ 2 đ iề u này: say r ượ u và đ ang yêu.





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Unite 5: PASSIVE SENTENCES

1. Form:Be + PII + (by)…

- HT: am/are/is + PII

- QK: were/was + PII

- HTHT: have/has + been + PII - Modal verbs: will, can, may, might, must, could, should, ought to…

modal verb + be + PII - TD: be(am, are, is) + being + PII

2. Examples:

\ Is this room cleaned every day?

\ I’m not often invited to parties (active form: they often don’t invite me to parties).\ This house was built in 1930 by my grandfather (active form: my grandfather built this

house in 1930).\ HIV medicine has been found by scientists (active form: scientists have found HIV

medicine).\ He should be broght to a near hospital (active form: we should bring him to a near

hospital).\ The letter must be written in English (active form: you must write the letter in English).\ The stolen car is being looked for by the police (active form: the police are looking for the

stolen car).

3. Use:- Khi chuyển sang câu bị động, tân ngữ của câu chủ động đượ c chuyển lên làm chủ ngữ

của câu bị động, còn chủ ngữ của câu chủ động chuyển thành tân ngữ của câu bị độnghoặc đượ c bỏ đi.

- Tân ngữ của câu bị động đứng sau ‘by’, đối vớ i các tân ngữ mang tính chung chung như:‘people, someone, something, they’ thì bỏ ‘by’ và tân ngữ sau ‘by’. Còn đối vớ i ‘I, we,you, she, he’ thì tuỳ từng tr ườ ng hợ p mà có thể bỏ đi hay giữ nguyên. Chúng ta chỉ giữ lại tân ngữ khi nó ngườ i hay vật xác địng.

Ex:\ this book must be picked up (by some one).\ this building was destroyed in 1954 by american soldiers.

- Thông thườ ng ngườ i ta dùng câu chủ động là nhằm tậ p trung (nhấn mạnh) vào chủ ngữ,còn dùng câu bị động thì tậ p trung (nhấn mạnh) vào tân ngữ, xem nhẹ chủ ngữ hoặckhông xác định đượ c chính xác chủ ngử.

Ex:\ A lof money was stolen in a robery yesterday (some one stole it but we don’t know who)\ My mother cleans this room every day (empathise at subject (my mother))\ This room is cleaned every day ( some one clean this room but we don’t care who does it).

- Ngườ i ta thườ ng dùng câu bị động trong các văn kiện khoa học khi ta muốn nói cái gìđượ c làm từ cái gì, hay làm như thế nào. Ngườ i ta cũng dùng câu bị động để nói về lịchsử của sự vật.

\ Paper is made from wood.





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\ This car is made of steel.\ The bridge was built in the 19th century.

4. Note:- Các nội động từ không có dạng bị động mà chỉ có ngoại động từ mớ i có dạng bị động,

một số động từ vừa là nội động từ vừa là ngoại động từ thì cũng có dạng bị động.Phân biệt nội động từ và ngoại động từ :Nội động từ : Diễn tả hành động nội tại của ngườ i nói hay ngườ i thực hiện hành động. Nộiđộng từ không cần có tân ngữ tr ực tiế p đi kèm. Nếu có thì phải có giớ i từ đi tr ướ c và cụm từ này sẽ đóng vai trò trạng từ chứ không phải là tân ngữ tr ực tiế p.

Ex:\ He walks, (he walks in the sun).\ Birds fly, (birds fly in the sky).

Ngoại động từ : Diễn tả hành động gây ra tr ực tiế p lên ngườ i hoặc vật. Ngoại động từ luôn

có tân ngữ đi theo sau để hoàn thành ngh ĩ a của câu.Ex:\ I give him a book.\ My mother shouts at me.

Sự phân biệt nội động từ và ngoại động mang tính tươ ng đối, một số động từ có thể lànội động từ trong câu này, nhưng cũng có thể làm ngoại động từ trong câu khác.

Ex: Nội động từ Ngoại động từ The Train stopped The driver stopped the TrainHe runs He runs the machineMy job begins at 8.00 am I begin my job at 8.00 am

- Nếu là ngườ i hoặc vật tr ực tiế p gây ra hành động thì dùng ‘by’ nhưng nếu là vật gián tiế pgây ra hành động thì dùng ‘with’.

Ex:\ The bird was shot with the gun.\ The bird was shot by the hunter.

- Chúng ta có thể dùng ‘get’ để thay thế cho ‘be’, dạng này thườ ng gặ p trong văn nói khimuốn diễn đạt cái gì đó xảy ra đột ngột, mà ít khi gặ p trong văn viết.

Ex:

\ I got hit by a car (I was hit by a car).

\ I often get asked this question (we are often asked this question).- Một số cấu trúc trong tiếng anh trông có vẻ như bị động nhưng không phải là bị động:

+ Sb have/get sth done: thuê ai làm việc gì đó.

Ex:\ I had my cell phone repaired yesterday (hôm qua tôi đưa điện thoại di động đi sửa).\ I got my hair cut last Friday (thứ sáu tuần tr ướ c tôi đi cắt tóc).+ Sth need/needs V-ing: cái gì đó cần phải làm.

Ex:\ This room needs cleaning (∼ this room needs to be cleaned).





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Unit 6: REPORTED SPEECHS

1. Reported Statementsa. Form:

S1 + said/told (Sb2) + (that) + S + V-one tence back.

- V-one tence back: ngh ĩ a là lùi lại một thì so vớ i câu trích dẫn tr ực tiế p. Tham khảo Bảngsau:

Bảng 3:

ThìHiện tại thườ ng HTT → QKT → QKHTHiện tại tiế p diễn HTTD → QKTD → QKHTTDHoàn thành HT → QKHT → QKHT

Hoàn thành tiế p diễn HTTD → QKHTTD → QKHTTDTươ ng lai To be going to → were/was going to

Modal Verbs

Will → WouldCan → CouldMay → MightMust → Had toShall → ShouldShould → ShouldCould → Could

- Khi chuyển sang câu gián tiế p các tân ngữ cũng đượ c chuyển đổi cho phù hợ p.

- Các tr ạng từ chỉ thờ i gian và không gian cũng đượ c thay đổi như sau:\ Now → then\ Today → That day\ Yesterday → The day before/the previous day\ The day before yesterday → Two days before\ Tomorrow → The next/ the following day\ The day after tomorrow → In two days later\ Next + year/month/week… → The following + year/month/week…\ Last + year/month/week… → year/month/week… + before/The previous +year/month/week…

\ 3 years/5 months… ago → 3 years/5 months… before\ This, these → That, those\ Here, Overhere → There, Overthere

b. Examples:\ “I love you”, he says.→ He said that he loved her.

\ “The weather is fine to day”, she says.→ She said that the weather was fine that day.

\ “I’m going to buy a laptop for you tomorrow”, he tell his daughter.→ He told her that he was going to buy a laptop for her the next day.

\ Helen: “I was writing a letter at 8.am yesterday”





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→ Helen said told me that she had been writing a letter at 8.am the previous day.

2. Reported questions

a. Form:- S1 + asked (Sb2) + Wh/how + S + V-one tence back. (1)- S1 + asked (Sb2) + if/whether + S + V-one tence back. (2)

Note:

- Công thức (1) áp dụng cho câu hỏi có từ để hỏi như các câu hỏi: ‘what, which, where,when, why, how’; còn công thức (2) áp dụng cho câu hỏi ‘yes/no’, khi đó ‘if/weather’mang ngh ĩ a là ‘liệu’.

- Chú ý khi chúng ta dùng mẫu câu: ‘whether…or’ thì không dùng ‘if’ để thay thế cho‘whether’.

- Sau khi chuyển đổi sang dạng gián tiế p, thì k ết thúc câu là dấu chấm ‘.’, chứ không phải

là dấu hỏi ‘?’ b. Examples:

\ “what are you doing now?”, she asked me.→ She asked me what I was doing then.

\ “why didn’t you go to newyork last year?”, John asked me.→ John asked me why I hadn’t gone to newyork the year before.

\ “do you know her address?”, Jane asked David.→ Jane asked David if he knew her address.

\ Robert: “do I have to sign this contract?”→ Robert asked me if he had to sign that contract.

3. Reported commands, requests, advices, invitation

a. Form:- S1 + asked/told + Sb2 (not) + to do sth: ra lệnh/yêu cầu ai đó làm hay không đượ c làm

gì.- S1 + advised/encouraged + Sb2 (not) + to do sth: khuyên/động viên ai đó làm hay

không làm việc gì.- S1 + invited + Sb2 + to do sth: Mờ i ai đó cùng làm gì đó.- S1 + warned + Sb2 + not + to do sth: cảnh báo ai đó không đượ c làm gì.

b. Examples:\ “Could you close the window!”, he said.

→ He asked me to close the window.\ “Don’t run so fast”, she said to his son.

→ She told her son not to run so fast.\ “don’t worry”, he told me.

→ He advised me not to worry.\ “would you like to go to the cinema”, he said to his girl friend.

→ He invited his girl friend to go to the cinema.\ “you mustn’t go out tonight”, Jonh said to his son.

→ John warned his son not to go out that night.Note:





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- Khi nói lại lờ i của ngườ i khác đã nói, mà hiện nay điều đó vẫn còn đúng thì chúng takhông cần chuyển đổi dạng của động từ:

Ex:

\ Swimming in the summer is my favourtite, Ana.→ Ana said that swimming in the summer is her favourite.\ “I want to get married.”→ She said she wants to get married.

- Chú ý sự khác nhau của ‘tell’ và ‘say’:Chẳng hạn: ‘Go home!’

\ không nói: ‘He said me go home’, or ‘He told, go home’.\ Mà hãy nói: ‘He told me to go home’, or ‘He said, Go home!’.

“Love is not getting, but giving”.

Tình yêu không phải là đ iề u ta nhận đ uợ c mà là nhữ ng gì ta cho đ i.

“Love gegets love”.Tình yêu sản sinh ra tình yêu.

“Bried is life but love is long”.Cuộc đờ i ng ắ n như ng tình yêu thì tr ườ ng cử u .

Unit 7 MODAL VERBS





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1. Form:

Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should. Ngoài ra Ought to,used to, dare và need cũng đượ c sử dụng như động từ khuyết thiếu, dare, need: có thể sử

dụng như là động từ thườ ng.- S + modal verb + V.- Modal verb + S + V?

Note:

- Các động từ khuyết thiếu có cùng một dạng đối vớ i tất cả các ngôi (không thêm ‘s’ ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít).

- Động từ đi sau động từ khuyết thiếu có dạng là nguyên thể không có ‘to’.

- Không dùng 2 động từ khuyết thiếu đứng liền nhau trong 1 câu.

- Trong câu hỏi, chúng ta không dùng tr ợ động từ ‘do’, mà đảo động từ khuyết thiếu lên

đầu câu. - Các dạng viết tắt:

can not → can’tcould not → couldn’twill not → won’tmust not → mustn’tshall not → shan’tmight not → mightn’twould not → wouldn’tshould not → shouldn’tought not → oughtn’t

Tuy nhiên trong Amarican English để nhấn mạnh vào động từ khuyết thiếu, các động từ khuyết thiếu sau thườ ng ở dạng đầy đủ mà viết tắt: must not, shall not, might not, and oughtnot.

2. Use:

2.1. Can: dùng để nói về khả năng, khả năng có thể xảy ra, hoặc xin phép.Ex:

\ I can swim very well.\ It can rain.\ Can I leave now.

2.2. Could: dùng yêu cầu/đề nghị ai đó làm gì nhưng mang tính lịch sự.

Ex: \ Could you help me learn Grammar.2.3. May: Dùng diễn tả về khả năng xảy ra của hành động, nhưng mức độ thấ p hơ n ‘Can’,

‘May’ thườ ng đượ c dùng trong câu xin phép mang tích chất lịch sự.\ May I go out.

2.4. Will/Shall:

- Dùng diễn tả một hành động sắ p sửa xảy ra, dùng dự đoán, hay dùng diễn tả một quyếtđịnh tại thờ i điểm nói.

- ‘Will’ sử dụng vớ i tất cả các ngôi, còn ‘Shall’ chỉ sử dụng đối vớ i ngôi thứ nhất(I, We).Trong anh Mỹ ngườ i ta r ất hiếm khi sử dụng “Shall’.









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a. Form:S + V +…, Coordinate Connector + S + V +…Các mệnh đề đượ c nối vớ i nhau bằng một liên từ và dấu phẩy “,”.

b. Examples:- He stays at home, for he was so ill.

- Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.

- John is tall, but Davit is short.

- Robert must cook the dinner, or Linda will do it.

- His jacket was very durty, so his mother was very angry.

- Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.2.1. Subordinate Connectors: after, before, as, as soon as, as if, since, until, how, why, when,

whenever, where, wherever, while, because, if, incase, unless, whether, although, eventhough, though,…

a. Form:- S + V + subordinate Connector + S + V- Adverb Connector + S + V, S + V

Các mệnh đề đượ c nối vớ i nhau bằng một liên từ. Khi liên từ đứng giữa 2 mệnh đề thì khôngcần dấu phẩy. Khi liên từ đầu câu thì có dấu phẩy “,” ngăn cách giữa 2 mệnh đề.

b. Examples:\ After I go home, I will phone you.\ As soon as he arrived to Paris, he went to visit the highest tower.\ I have tought this unversity since My moved to Hai phong city.\ We stayed up and waited for him until he came home.\ I don’t know when he can arrive.\ You should bring the coat with incase it rains.\ Although he feels better, he can’t work today.\ …

Note: Đối vớ i một số liên từ như: before, after, although, when, while…: thì mệnh đề đứngsau những liên từ này có thể viết dướ i dạng rút gọn: V-ing or V-ed (PII). (mệnh đề rút gọn xemthêm ở mục 2 sau đây).Ex:

\ Before leaving, He gave me this key and told me to stay at home.\ After given a meal, They were questioned why They fled the country.\ Although not selected for the team, He attends all of the games as a fan.

\ When giving your speech, you should speak loundly and distinctly.

2. Relative clauses with: who, which, that and reduced clauses

- Khi cần đưa thêm thông tin về ngườ i hoặc vật chúng ta sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ vớ i cácđại từ quan hệ là:

\ Who – dùng cho ngườ i.\ Which – dùng cho vật.\ That – có thể dùng cho ngườ i hoặc vật.

Ex: \ The woman who/that is waving to us is the tour guide.\ The book which/that I gave you last time is my father’s.





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1.1. Defining relative clauses: (mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định).Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định đưa thêm thông tin để giải thích về ngườ i hoặc vật mà chúng ta

cần đề cậ p tớ i. Khi sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định cần lưu ý:

- Không sử dụng dấu phẩy “,”.

- Có thể dùng ‘That’ thay cho ‘Who’ or ‘Which’.

- Khi Who, Which, That: là tân ngữ thì có thể lượ c bỏ .Ex:

\ The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.→ The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday (bỏ Who).\ Have you found the keys which you lost.→ Have you found the keys you lost (bỏ Which).\ is there anything that I can do?→ is there anything I can do? (bỏ That).

Note: Ta thườ ng sử dụng ‘That’ làm chủ ngữ sau các từ như: something, anything, all, little,much, none and superity comparsion Trong các tr ườ ng hợ p này ‘Which’ ít dùng hơ n.2.2. Undefining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định).

Một số mệnh đề quan hệ đượ c dùng để đưa thông tin về ngườ i hoặc vật nhưng thông tinnày không cần thiết giải thích ngườ i hoặc vật mà ta muốn nói. Những mệnh đề đượ c gọi là quanhệ không hạn định. Khi sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định cần lưu ý:

- Có dấu phẩy “,” ngăn cách giữa danh từ và mệnh đề quan hệ, giữa các mệnh đề quan hệ.

- Không dùng ‘That’ để thay cho ‘Who’ or ‘Which’. (đôi khi ‘That’ có thể thay cho‘Which’, nhưng có ý kiến cho là không đúng, vì vậy lờ i khuyên là không dùng).

- Không đượ c lượ c bỏ Who, Which. Ex:

\ These drugs, which is used to treat stomach ulcers, have been withdraw from sale.\ The master course, which I am taking, is more than one year left.\ John, who lives in japan, is a doctor.\ He tole me about his job, which he is enjoying very much.

2.3. Reduced clauses:Các mệnh đề quan hệ có thể viết dướ i hai dạng rút gọn như sau:

- V-ing: Mệnh đề mang ý ngh ĩ a chủ động.- V-ed (PII): Mệnh đề mang ý ngh ĩ a bị động.

Mỗi câu có thể đượ c viết dướ i dạng đầy đủ, hoặc dạng rút gọn. Khi viết dướ i dạng rút gọnchúng ta lượ c bỏ đại từ quan hệ ‘Who, Which, That’ cùng vớ i động từ ‘to be’. Hoặc đối vớ i

mệnh đề quan hệ động từ không phải là ‘to be’ mà là động từ thườ ng ‘V’, thì chúng ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ và biến đổi động từ về dạng V-ing.Ex: \ Do you know the man who is speaking Chinese.

→ Do you know the man speaking Chinese? (bỏ Who is)\ The bridge which was built in 1954 was damaged yesterday.→ The bridge buit in 1954 was damaged yesterday (bỏ Which was).\ The case that is on the table is mine.→ The case on the table is mine (bỏ That is).\ I don’t know the man who stands in front of us.→ I don’t know the man standing in front of us (bỏ Who, stands → standing).





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Note:- Không phải lúc nào chúng ta cũng có thể viết câu dướ i dạng rút gọn. Chúng ta chỉ có thể

rút gọn khi động từ đứng ngay sau đại từ quan hệ. Trong tr ườ ng hợ p động từ không đứng

ngay sau đại từ quan hệ (giữa chúng có 1 tân ngữ chẳng hạn) thì không thể viết câu dướ idạng rút gọn.\ The man That you have just met is a tour giude.\ The letter Which you sent me arrived yesterday.

Tuy ở 2 ví dụ trên vì đại từ quan hệ là tân ngữ cho nên có thể bỏ ‘That’ và “Which’.\ The man you have just met is a tour giude.\ The letter you sent me arrived yesterday.

- Cuối cùng cần chú ý: Đối vớ i mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định cũng có thể viết dướ idạng rút gọn. Xem ví dụ sau:

\ The White House, Which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.→ The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.

→ Located in Washington, The White House is the home of the president.\ The president, Who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors.→ The president, now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors.→ now preparing to give a speech, The president is meeting with his advisors.

“Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing” – Franklin. Khi chọn bạn hãy t ừ t ừ , khi thay đổ i bạn càng t ừ t ừ hơ n.

“There are three faithful friends: an old wife, an old dog and ready money” – Franklin.Có ba ng ườ i bạn trung thành: một ng ườ i vợ t ấ m cám, một con chó nuôi t ừ bé và một số

tiề n d ự tr ữ .

“True love will never die”. Tình yêu thự c sự sẽ không bao giờ chế t.

Unit 9: OTHER PROBLEMS

1. Expression of quantity: all, most, some, half, none.

a. Form:All/most/some/half + of + the/this/that/my/her…+ (subject) + V

All, most, some, half: đi cùng vớ i danh từ khác làm thành cụm danh từ. Trong tr ườ ng hợ p nàycụm danh từ có thể là danh từ số nhiều hay số ít phụ thuộc vào danh từ theo sau. Nếu danh từ từ





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theo sau là danh từ số ít thì cụm danh từ là danh từ số ít. Nếu danh từ theo sau là số nhiều thìcụm danh từ là danh từ số nhiều.

b. Examples:

\ All of this book is interesting.\ All of these books are interesting.\ Some of the animals from the Zoo were released into the animal preserve.\ Most of the people in America now are from Erope.\ Half of the food that we bought yesterday smells.\ None of this money is mine.

Note: - Các từ định lượ ng như: “all, some, no, any, most, much, many, little, few” cũng có thể đi

cùng vớ i danh từ tạo thành một cụm danh từ. Cụm danh từ là số ít hay số nhiều phụ thuộc vào danh từ theo sau. Nếu danh từ từ theo sau là danh từ số ít thì cụm danh từ làdanh từ số ít. Nếu danh từ theo sau là số nhiều thì cụm danh từ là danh từ số nhiều.

Ex: \ All cars have wheels.\ Some people hate eating fish.\ No ones in my class can play tenis as well as john\ Most people want to be rich.\ Many things can change.\ We only have little sugar left.

- Nhưng chúng ta cần chú ý sự khác nhau giữa 2 cách dùng ở trên. Chẳng hạn:\ All of the flowers in the garden are beautiful: tất cả hoa trong vườ n đều đẹ p.\ All flowers are beautiful: tất cả các loài hoa đều đẹ p.

2.

Singular and plural nouns/ countable and uncountable nouns

For singular nouns each every single one aFor plural nouns both two many several various

For countable nouns many number few fewerFor uncountable nouns much amount little less

Note: - Đối vớ i các từ sau luôn luôn là danh từ số ít:anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun)

anyone everyone no one someone evry (+ noun)anything everything nothing something

- Hầu hết các danh từ khi chuyển sang số nhiều thì chúng ta thêm ‘s’, hoặc thêm ‘es’ đốivớ i các danh từ tận cùng là: -s, -sh, -ch, -x,-o. Ex: classes, matches, washes, boxes…Tuynhiên có một số danh từ khi chuyển sang số nhiều không tuân theo quy tắc trên.

Ex:\ Vowel change:

man/men, woman/women, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, mouse/mice.\ Add –en: child/children, ox/oxen.\ same as singular: deer, fish, salmon, sheep, trout.\ -is → -es: analysis/analyses, axis/axes, crisis/crises.





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3. A/an and The

a. A and An- Chúng ta dùng ‘a’ tr ướ c danh từ đếm đượ c số ít nếu như danh từ đó bắt đầu bằng 1 phụ

âm. Ex: a book, a man, a page…- Chúng ta dùng ‘an’ tr ướ c danh từ đếm đượ c số ít nếu như danh từ đó bắt đầu là bằng 1

nguyên âm (a, e, i, o, u), hoặc danh từ đó bắt đầu là 1 phụ âm ‘h’ câm: Ex: an orange, anAutomobile, an unhappy man, an hour, an honest man, an umbrella…

Nhưng chú ý r ằng: ‘a University’ chứ không phải là ‘an University’ vì phiên âm của nó:/ju:ni’vε:s∂ ti/.Đôi khi để nhấn mạnh chỉ một điều gì đó, thay vì dùng ‘a’ hay ‘an’ ngườ i ta dùng ‘one’.Ex: close one eye, and then the other.

b. The‘The’ đây gọi là mạo từ xác định, nó đứng tr ướ c danh từ mà danh từ đó đã xác định. Khi

danh từ đi cùng vớ i ‘the’ tạo thành cụm danh từ, sử dụng cụm danh từ này như là danh từ số

ít. Các tr ườ ng hợ p danh từ đã xác định như sau:- Cấ p so sánh nhất: the best, the biggest, the most expensive…- Vật duy nhất: the sun, the earth, the north…- Khi đề cậ p đến các các danh từ vớ i ngh ĩ a chung chung: the whether, the climate, the

human race, the atmosphere, the sea, the public, the environment, the sky, the ground, thewind, the future, the past,…Tuy nhiên khi muốn mô tả những tr ườ ng hợ p cụ thể chúng ta phải dùng ‘a’ hoặc ‘an’. Xem ví dụ sau:

\ She could hear the wind whistling through the trees outside.\ There is a cold wind blowing from the north.

- Tr ướ c danh từ đã xác định tính chất, đặc điểm, vị trí: the girl in blue- The + Adj: mang ngh ĩ a của một giai cấ p, sử dụng như một danh từ số nhiều: the old, the

young, the poor, the rich…- Khi vật hoặc ngườ i định nói đã xác định rõ:

Ex:\ what do you think of the book. (the book you are reading).\ This tastes lovely. What is in the glass.

- ‘The’ thườ ng đượ c sử dụng cùng cụm từ: the… of…the of…Ex:

\ Pictures can help students learn the meaning of new words.\ The war has killed a quarter The Population of the country.\ He was woken by the sound of gunfire.

- ‘The’ cũng thườ ng đượ c dùng vớ i các cấu trúc:

\ all of the… ,some of the…(xem ở mục 1).\ the…of…: the back of…, the beginning of…, the bottom of…, the end of…the middleof…, the side of…, the top of…Ex: at the top of this paper, there is a wide spot.- Không dùng ‘the’ vớ i các danh từ: home, bed, church, court, prison, hospital, school, class,university…khi chúng thực sự mang ngh ĩ a công dụng của chúng, trong tr ườ ng hợ p chúngmang ngh ĩ a khác vớ i công dụng thông thườ ng của chúng thì chúng ta cũng có thể dùng ‘the’.

\ I go to school at 6.am ( I’m a student).\ My father goes to the school to meet my teacher.

Note: có thể dùng this, that, these, those, my, her, his,…để thay thế cho the và ngượ c lại the cũng đượ c dùng để thay thế cho các từ trên.





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4. Position of Adjectives and Adverbs

a. Position of Adjective:

-

Tính từ đứng tr ướ c danh từ để giải thích bổ ngh ĩ a cho danh từ. (Ex: a lucky man, a happyman…)

- Tính từ đứng sau động từ linking veb:To appear: có vẻ To be: thì, làTo become: bắt đầu tr ở nênTo come: tr ở nên, đếnTo fall: tr ở nênTo feel: cảm thấyTo get: tr ở nênTo go: tr ở nên

To grow: tr ở nênTo keep: tiế p tụcTo look: trông có vẻ To prove: hóa ra, thành raTo remain: vẫn cứ To run: tr ở nênTo seem: hình như, dườ ng như To sound: nghe có vẻ To smell: có mùiTo taste: có vị To turn: tr ở nên

To stay: vẫn cứ To make: làm choTo get: tr ở thànhTo see: thấyTo find: nhận ra

Ex: \ Vietnamese people become independent and prosperos.

- Tính từ vị ngữ đứng sau động từ (không bao giờ đứng tr ướ c danh từ): alike, alive, alone,afraid, asleep.

Ex: That snake is still alive.Tính từ đứng sau những từ sau đây: something, everything,enything, nothing, none, anybody, everyone, anyone, someone.

Ex:

\ I have something new to tell you.\ There is nothing necessary to do now.

- Tính từ đứng sau từ chỉ đo lườ ng:Ex:

\ You are five minutes late.\ The rive 50 kilometers long.

Note: Các từ all, both đứng sau đại từ Ex:

\We all hope you will be successful.\You both go out!





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b. Position of Adverb:Thông thườ ng phó từ đượ c thành lậ p bằng cách thêm ‘ly’ vào sau tính từ, chẳng hạn: usually,

beautifully…; ngoài ra có một số từ bản thân nó có ngh ĩ a là tr ạng từ, chẳng hạn: here, there,

nowhere, often, always…; có một số từ vừa là tính từ vừa là tr ạng từ, chẳng hạn: fast, hard…- Phó từ có thể bổ ngh ĩ a cho động từ, tính từ hoặc phó từ khác. Nó có thể đứng đầu, đứng

cuối câu, và cũng có tr ườ ng hợ p nó có thể đứng giữa câu. Nhưng khi động từ có một tânngữ thì phó từ không đứng giữa động từ và tân ngữ. xem ví dụ:

\ He has taken recently an English course. (sai)Câu trên nên đượ c viết lại như sau:

\ Recently, he has taken an English course.\ He has recently taken an English course.\ He has taken an English course recently.

Note: Khi phó từ đứng giữa câu, thì nó đứng vào vị trí của ‘not’, nếu trong câu đã có ‘not’ r ồi thìnó đứng sau ‘not’.

Ex: \ I don’t fully understand.

- Phó từ chỉ nơ i chốn thườ ng đứng cuối câu, tuy nhiên trong một số tr ườ ng hợ p có thể để cuối câu.

Ex:\ There are a lot of books on the table.\ I go home, and he walks to work.\ Next to the window is a bookcase.\ on the wall is my family picture.

- Phó từ chỉ tần suất bất định như: often, usually, always, rarely, regularly, seldom,never,…thườ ng đứng ở vị trí giữa câu.

Ex:\ She regularly comes home after midnight.\ She is often late.Một số phó từ khác như: sometimes, occasionally, normally có thể đứng đầu, cuối hay giữa

câu.\ I normally get up after 6 o’clock., but sometimes I have to be up by five.

- Phó từ chỉ thờ i gian thườ ng đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu, mà ít khi đứng giữa.Ex: \ I went to Paris yesterday. Hoặc Yesterday I went to Paris.

- Phó từ chỉ mức độ như: very, too, extremely, quite, really, completely,…thườ ng đứngtr ướ c tính từ hoặc động từ.

Ex: \ They are extremely happy.\ I really hate travelling by plane.

- Phó từ chỉ bình luận, quan điểm như: personally, generally, chemically, technically… cóthể đứng đầu, cuối, hay giữa câu. Tuy nhiên ngườ i ta thườ ng đặt đầu câu hơ n.

\ personally, I don’t agree with you that solution.

- Phó từ chỉ sự tậ p trung chú ý như: ‘even, only’ thườ ng đứng giữa câu, nhưng khi chúngđề cậ p đến chủ ngữ thì chúng lại đứng tr ướ c chủ ngữ.

Ex: Only John solved the math problem (≠ John only solved the math problem).





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- Trong tiếng anh trang tr ọng, văn chươ ng, phó từ chỉ tần suất bất định có ngh ĩ a ‘phủ định’có thể đứng đầu câu. Khi đó chúng ta phải dùng cấu trúc ‘đảo ngữ’. Các phó từ kiểu này bao gồm: only, never, not once, barely, hardly, rarely, seldom, at no time, no sooner.

Ex:\ Only once did rhe manager issue overtime paychecks.\ Never has John taken a vacation.\ Not once was he at home when I phoned.\ Hardy ever does he take time off.\ At no time can the woman talk on telephone.\ Barely had he finished the exam when the graduate assistant collected the papers.\ No sooner had she hung up the phone than it rang again.

5. Word form:

5.1. Prefixes

- Thông thườ ng trong tiếng anh, chúng ta hay gặ p tiền tố đượ c sử dụng k ết hợ p vớ i tính từ tạo ra các tính từ khác vớ i ngh ĩ a đối lậ p. Các tiền tố hay gặ p như: un, in, dis. Ex:happy/unhappy, comfortable/uncomfortable, direct/indirect, convenient/inconvenient,loyal/disloyal, similar/dissimilar…

Note:\ ‘in’ tr ở thành ‘im’ đứng tr ướ c các tính từ bắt đầu vớ i ‘m’ hoặc ‘p’. Ex: immature,

impartial, impatien…\ ‘in’ tr ở thành ‘ir’ đứng tr ướ c các tính từ bắt đầu vớ i ‘r’. Ex: irreplaceable, irreversible…

\ ‘in’ tr ở thành ‘il’ đứng tr ướ c các tính từ bắt đầu vớ i ‘il’. Ex: illegal, illiterate…Tuy nhiên ‘in’ không phải lúc nào cũng cho ngh ĩ a đối lậ p. Ex: internal, import, insert,

income…

- Các tiền tố ‘un’, ‘dis’ k ết hợ p vớ i các động từ tạo ra các động từ vớ i ngh ĩ a đối lậ p. Ex:undress, unbend, undo,unload, unlock, unwrap, unzip, disagree, disapprove, disbelieve,disconnect, dislike, disprove…

- Sau đây là một số tiền tố khác:Prefix Meaning Examplesanti chống lại anti-war, antibiotic, intisocialauto tự động autogragh, auto-pilot, autobiographyBi hai, hai lần bicycle, bi-monthy, biannualEx tr ướ c, cũ, nguyên ex-wife, ex-president, ex-studentEx bên ngoài extract, exhale, excommunicate

micro nhỏ micro-computer, microwave, microscopicMis sai, nhầm misunderstand, mistranslate, misinformmono đơ n monotonous, monologue, monogamousmulti nhiều mutil-national, multi-purpose, mutil-racialover quá overdo, overtired, overeat post sau postwar, postgraduate, post-revolutionaryPro ủng hộ pro-governmet, pro-revolutionaryRe lặ p lại retype, reread, replace, rewindSub ở dướ i Subway, submarine,under chưa đủ underworked, underused, undercooked





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5.2. Suffixesa. Common noun suffixes:

- er/ or: sử dụng cho ngườ i thực hiện một hành động nào đó. Ex: writer, worker, shopper,teacher, actor, operator, sailor, supervisor…

- er/ or: cũng đượ c sử dụng cho vật. Ex: pencil-sharpener, bottle-opener, projector…

- ion: đượ c sử dụng để thành lậ p danh từ đượ c động từ. Ex: complication, pollution,reduction, admission…

- ist: đượ c sử dụng cho ngườ i chơ i các nhạc cụ. Ex: pianist, violinist, cellist…

- ness: đượ c sử dụng để thành lậ p danh từ từ tính từ, chú ý đối vớ i các tính từ đuôi ‘y’chúng ta thay ‘y’ bằng ‘i’ tr ướ c khi them ‘ness’. Ex: goodness, sadness, weakness,happiness, readiness…

- less: đượ c sử dụng để thêm vào sau danh từ tạo thành tính từ mang ngh ĩ a đối lậ p. Ex.Homeless, heartless…

b. Adjective suffix

- able/ible: Các hậu tố này k ết hợ p vớ i động từ tạo ra tính từ vớ i ngh ĩ a ‘có thể đượ c làm’.Ex: drinkable, washable, readable, countable, edible, flexible…

c. Verb suffix

- ise (or ize): dùng k ết hợ p vớ i tính từ tạo ra động từ. Ex: modernise, commercialise,industrialise, specialise.

d. Một số hậu tố khác

-

ment (n): enjoyment, replacement- ity (n): flexibility, ability, possibility

- hood (n): childhood, motherhood

- ship (n): friendship, partnership, membership

- al (n): refusal, arival

- ive (a): active, expensive, attractive

- al (a): legal, national, natural

- ous (a): delicious, furious, generous

- ful (a): hopeful, beautiful, useful- less (a): homeless, useless, harmless

- ify (v): beautify, purify, identify

6. Parallel structure

1. Tr ướ c và Sau các từ nối là cấu trúc song song: ngh ĩ a là tr ướ c và sau từ nối này có cùng mộtdạng cấu trúc. Chẳng hạn cùng là danh từ, cùng là động từ, cùng là tính từ, cùng là hiện tại,cùng là quá khứ, cùng là một dạng mệnh đề…

andSame structrure but

Same structrure





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orEx:

\ Yesterday, I met him and his girlfriend at the party.

\ The exam was short but difficult.\ You can stay at home or go to the cinema with us.Khi viết câu dướ i dạng liệt kê, số cấu trúc song song niều hơ n 2 thì có dấu phẩy (,) ngăn

cách giữa chúng. (Trong tr ườ ng số cấu trúc song song là 2 thì không cần có dấu (,) như trên).

and but(Same structure), (Same structrure)or

Same structrure

Ex: \ I have been to Hai Phong city, Ha Long bay, and Da Lat city.2. Cấu trúc song song đượ c áp dụng vớ i các thành ngữ sau:

both andeither orneither nornot only

(Same structrure)

but also

(Same structrure)

Ex:\ I know both where you went and what you did.\ Either Mark or Sue holds the book.\ The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.\ He is not only an intelligent student but also a handsome student.

3. Trong câu so sánh ngườ i ta sử dụng cấu trúc song song:

more…than-er…thanless…thanas…asthe same…as

Same structrure

similar…to

Same structrure

The-ermore

(Same structrure), The-ermore

(Same structrure)

Ex:\ what he did the same as what I did (not…the same as I did)\ Music in my country is similar to music in your country (not …similar to your country)\ The more we learn, the more we forget.\ The more we use the phone, the higher the bill will be.

7. Inverted subjects and verbs

1. Câu đảo ngữ có chứa tr ạng từ phủ định: Nhìn chung, câu đảo ngữ thườ ng đượ c dùng để nhấn mạnh tính đặc biệt của một sự kiện nào đó

và thườ ng đượ c mở đầu bằng một phủ định từ.

- Nhóm từ: never (không bao giờ ), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (hiếm khi).





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Câu đảo ngữ chứa những tr ạng ngữ này thườ ng đượ c dùng vớ i động từ ở dạng hoàn thành hayđộng từ khuyết thiếu và có chứa so sánh hơ n.Ex:

\ Never have I been more insulted! \ Seldom has he seen anything stranger.

- Nhóm từ: hardly (hầu như không), barely (chỉ vừa đủ, vừa vặn), no sooner (vừa mớ i), orscarcely (chỉ mớ i, vừa vặn).

Câu đảo ngữ chứa tr ạng ngữ này thườ ng đượ c dùng để diễn đạt một chuỗi các sự kiện xảy ra trongquá khứ.

\ Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang.\ No sooner had he finished dinner, when she walked in the door.

2. Nhóm từ k ết hợ p sau “Only” như: only after, only when, only then…

\ Only then did I understand the problem.3. Nhóm từ: So, Such

Form: So + tính từ + to be + Danh từ …Such + to be + Danh từ +…”

\ So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep.\ So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.\ Such is the moment that all greats traverse.\ Such is the stuff of dreams.

4. Dạng câu điều kiện có chứa đảo ngữ:Câu điều kiện có chứa đảo ngữ mang sắc thái trang tr ọng hơ n. Trong tr ườ ng hợ p này, thực hiện ở mệnh đề ‘if’ và chúng ta bỏ qua, không sử dụng ‘if’ nữa\ Had he understood the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes.\ Should he decide to come, please phone me immediately.

“Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear”. Tình yêu bắ t đầu bằ ng một nụ cườ i, l ớ n lên bằ ng một nụ hôn và k ế t thúc bằ ng một giọt nướ cmắ t.

“Never say goodbye if you still want to try - never give up if you still feel you can go on -never say you don't love a person anymore if you can't let go”. Đừ ng bao giờ nói t ạm biệt nế u như bạn còn l ư u luyế n, đừ ng nói bao giờ nói t ừ bỏ nế u như bạn cảm thấ y còn có thể tiế p t ục , đừ ng bao giờ nói anh không yêu em nử a nế u như bạn

không thể không nghĩ đế n ng ườ i ấ y nử a.

“It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don'tknow what we've been missing until it arrives”.

Unit 10: PREPOSITION

1. Time prepositions

a. At: chỉ thờ i gian chính xác (chính xác đến giờ ). Ex. at 8 a.m, at 12:15 p.m…

Note:\ at times = sometimes\ at first (lúc đầu) >< at last (cuối cùng)\ at the beginning of…Ex. at the beginning of the month…





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\ at the end of…: ở cuối. Ex. at the end of the year…\ at + tên ngày lễ: at chrismas, at thanks giving, at Easter…\ at midnight/noon: giữa đêm/giữa tr ưa

\ at once: ngay lậ p tức\ at present/the moment: bây giờ b. In: chỉ khoảng thờ i gian dài (thờ i gian đứng sau in >= month): month, season, quarter, year,

decade, century… Ex. , in may 1984, in summer, in 1999, in 19 th century…

Note:\ in the morning: vào buổi sang\ in the afternoon: vào buổi chiều\ in the evening: vào buổi tổi\ in the day: vào ban ngày\ in the night: vào ban đêm\ in the year of 2007: vào năm 2007

\ in + a period of time: 1 thờ i điểm trong tươ ng lai. Ex. I will have an exam in 2 months.\ in the end: cuối cùng, sau cùng (nói về k ết quả cuối cùng của tình huống). Ex. Tomcouldn’t decide where to go for holiday. In the end, he decided to go to France.

c. On: chỉ thờ i gian chính xác đến ngày. Ex. on Saturday, on the fourth of july. Note:

- Ngườ i ta r ất hiếm khi dùng at/in/on tr ướ c: last, next, every, this, that khi sau các từ nàylà các thành ngữ chỉ thờ i gian. Ex. see you next Friday (not on next Friday).

- Sự khác nhau giữa ‘on time’ và ‘in time’:\ on time: đúng giờ , không tr ể. Ex. the flight left on time.\ in time: vừa k ị p lúc (sớ m hơ n một chút). Ex. I have just sent her a birthday present. I

hope it arrives in time.d. Other time prepositions:

- By + time: tr ướ c… Ex. by 1999, by this morning Thursday, by the first war…

- For + a period of time: để nói một sự việc xảy ra trong thờ i gian bao lâu. Ex. for 2years, for 5 days…

- Since: từ…sau ‘since’ có thể là một thờ i điểm cụ thể hoặc một mệnh đề thờ i gian. Ex.since 200, since I was a 5-year-old boy…

- During + a noun: trong thờ i gian… Ex. during 1900s, during the war, during nineteenthcentury, during the last week…

\ There were millions of people killed during the second war.

- From…to…: từ…đến… Ex. I teach here from Monday to Saturday except Wednesday.

- Till/until + noun/clause: cho đến khi… Ex. till/until the end of the month, till/until thisevening, tomorrow, next week…

\ let’s wait here till/until it stops raining.

2. Place prepositions

a. At: Chỉ một địa điểm xác định cụ thể.Ta dùng ‘at’ nói về nơ i chốn mà ta ngh ĩ đến như là một địa điểm hơ n là một vùng, và về

một địa điểm lớ n đượ c xem là nơ i trung chuyển hay nơ i gặ p gỡ của nhiều ngườ i: Ex. at the





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conner of that building, at Hanoi station, at the Bus stop, at the conference, at the meeting, atthe party…Note:

\ at home: ở nhà\ at work: ở chỗ làm\ at the office: ở cơ quan, công sở \ at school:ở tr ườ ng học\ at university: ở tr ườ ng đại học\ at the top/bottom (of the page): ở đầu/cuối (trang)\ at the front/back (of the row): ở tr ướ c/sau (hàng))\ at the end of sth: ở cuối…Ex. at the end of the street, at the end of this building…\ at the age of…, at the speed of…: ở tuổi, ở tốc độ

b. In: Ta dùng ‘in’ khi muốn nói đến một vùng rộng hơ n.

- Dùng ‘in’ vớ i các địa điểm như làng, xã, quận huyện, thành phố, tỉnh, đất nướ c, châu

lục…Ex. in the village, in London city, in Korea, in Europe…

- Dùng ‘in’ khi muốn nói ở trong một không gian có ranh giớ i, phạm vị rõ rang. Ex. in the box, in the blue bottle, in my car, in her room, in the circle…

- Dùng ‘in’ khi nói về thờ i tiết: in the sky, in the rain, in the sun, in the sunlight, in themoonlight, in the shade, in the dark

- Ngườ i ta cũng sử dụng ‘in’ vớ i các tr ườ ng hợ p sau:\ in ink, in pencil…: viết bằng mực, viết bằng bút chì…\ in English, in Japanese, in Chinese…: nói bằng tiếng Anh, tiếng Nhật, tiếng Trung

Quốc.\ in one’s opinion: theo ý kiến của ai.\ in engineering field (trong l ĩ nh vực cơ khí), in mathematical (về mặt toán học)…\ in the book, in the dictionary, in the newspaper, in the magazine...\ in the middle of…/in the centre of…\ in cash: tr ả bằng tiền mặt.\ in that photogragh, in this picture, in the mirror.

c. On:

- Chúng ta dùng ‘On’ khi nói về sự tiế p xúc vật này nằm trên vật khác. Ex. on that table,on the floor, on the ceiling, on 1st page, on horseback, on the farm, on the beach, on thestreet, on the pavement…

- Dùng ‘on’ khi nói đến các phươ ng tiện mang tính phục vụ công cộng: on TV, on radio,

on the internet, on the phone…

- Dùng ‘on’ khi diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra: on fire (đang cháy), on business(đangđi công tác), on holiday (đang đi nghỉ), on diet (đang ăn kiêng). Ex. where is Tom, he ison holiday in Chicago.

- Chúng ta cũng nói:\ on the wall, on his face: trên tườ ng, trên mặt anh ta.\ on foot: đi bộ \ on the left, on the right: bên trái, bên phải.

d. Other place prepositions:





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- Above/over: ở trên, bên trên. Đôi khi chúng có thể thay thế cho nhau.Ex. \ Flags waved above/over our heads.

\ look! there is a plane flying above/over our village.

Tuy nhiên có sự khác nhau giữa chúng: ‘above’ chỉ vật ngay bên trên, còn ‘over’ chỉ vật cóthể ở ngay bên trên hoặc không. ‘above’ chỉ sự cao hơ n so vớ i vật khác, còn ‘over’ chỉ các lớ p,thứ tự các lớ p (quần áo).

\ there are 2 ceiling fans above our heads.\ I wear a jacket over a white shirt.

- Bellow/under: ở dướ i, bên dướ i. above >< bellow, over><under. Sự khác nhau giữachúng cũng tươ ng tự như sự khác nhau giữa ‘above’ và ‘over’.

\ It is hard to believe that there is a railway line bellow/under this building\ I was so hot, I stood under the air-condition for 10 minutes.\ They live bellow us.

-

Beside: bên cạnh. The bank is beside the hotel.- By: cạnh. (khi nói về thành phố, thị tr ấn ta không dùng ‘by’ mà dùng ‘near’).

- Near/close to: gần. We live near/close to the city centre.

- Next to: k ế cạnh. He is sitting next to his girl friend.

- Between: ở giữa. Their house is between the supermarket and the school.

- Front of: tr ướ c. Lan is front of Huong.

- Behind: sau

- Opposite: đối diện. who is standing opposite the teacher.

3. Movement prepositions

- From…to…: từ…đến

- To: đến

- Up/down: lên/xuống. he went up/down stairs.

- Across: qua. The children swam across the river.

- Along: dọc theo. I saw her walking along this street yesterday.

- Through: xuyên qua. They went through 3 forests

- About: về. talk about the topic

- Again: lặ p lại. do it again

- Against: chống lại.

- Off: khỏi (r ờ i khỏi). The plane took off at 8.am this morning.Note:

- Khi nói đi bằng phươ ng tiện gì chúng ta dùng ‘by’: by Bus, by car, by plane, by ship, bytrain, by bicycle, by coach. Nhưng ‘on foot’. Không nói ‘by the Bus’ mà nói ‘by bus’

- Khi nói đến các phươ ng tiện chuyên chở mang tính công cộng chúng ta dùng ‘on’: on the bus, on the plane, on the train, on the ship. Nhưng dùng ‘in’ đối vớ i ‘car’: in the car.





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- Các từ: home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs không dùng dướ itừ.

4. Other prepositions- According to/due to: theo…according to the Vietnamnews, techcombank lost $1000000

in a robbery yesterday.

- Instead of: thay vì. Tonight, I will go out instead of staying at home as usual.

- Regardless of: bất chấ p. we have to go to work regardless personal problems.

- Except: ngoại tr ừ. I like learning most of subjects except English.

“Freindship is like the light of fireflies. The darker it is, the brighter the light will be”.Tình bạn như ánh sáng đ om đ óm. Tr ờ i càng t ố i thì độ sáng càng rõ hơ n.

“Better an open enemy than a false friend”.Thà có một k ẻ thù r ộng l ượ ng còn hơ n là có một ng ườ i bạn xấ u.

“A friend that frowns is better than a smiling enemy”. Ng ườ i bạn cau có, thẳ ng thắ n còn t ố t hơ n ng ườ i bạn cườ i nham hiể m.

Unit 11: SPECIAL FORMS

1. Used to do sth: thườ ng làm gì.\ I used to fish with my father when I was a child.

2. Be/get used to V-ing: quyen vớ i…\ I am used to living alone.

3. Have/get Sb do sth: sai khiến, bảo ai làm gì.







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26. Try doing sth: thử làm gì.\ We tried running the machine, but it didn’t run.

27. Spend time/money doing sth/ spend time/money on sth: dùng thờ i gian/tiền làm gì.

\ I spend 2 hours learning English every day.\ We spent 100$ on that party.28. It takes Sb time to do sth: ai đó mất bao nhiêu thờ i gian để làm gì.

\ It takes me about 30 minutes to go from my house to school.29. Leave: để quyên.(≠forget = can’t remember).

\ I left it at home.30. Leave …for…: r ờ i…đến…

\ In 1999, I left Hanoi city for Ho Chi Minh city.31. Find it difficult to do sth: thấy khó để làm gì.

\ I find it difficult to pass all exams this semester.32. It is necessary for sb to do sth: đối vớ i…, làm gì đó là cần thiết.

\ It is necessary for you to explain to her.33. so as (not) to do sth/ in order (not) to do sth: để làm gì/ để không làm gì.\ He took the course in order to get a better job.\ The land was bought quickly not so as to delay building work.

34. So that/in order that Clause: để…\ She stayed at work late so that she could complete the report.

35. So … that…: quá …đến nổi.\ The thief ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch him.

36. Be made of: Đượ c làm bằng (vật liệu làm nên vật, không có sự biến đổi vật liệu)\ This table is made of wood

37. Be made from: Đượ c làm ra từ (vật liệu bị biến đổi hoàn toàn khỏi tr ạng thái ban đầu)

\ Paper is made from wood38. Be made with: Đượ c làm vớ i (nhiều vật liệu làm nên vật)\ This soup tastes good because it was made with a lot of spices.

39. Be sick/tired of doing sth = Be fed up with: chán (ngấy) làm gì.\ I am tired of doing the same job.

40. Because clause: sau ‘because’ dùng một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh. 41. Because of sth = due to sth:

\ The accident was because of/ due to heavy rain.42. despite/inspite of sth: bất chấ p, mặc dù.

\ Despite heavy rain, he stood in the rain without any raincoat until his girl friend camehome.

43.

Although/Even though/Though clause: Mặc dù (đi sau là một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh). 44. Be busy doing sth: bận làm gì. \ She is busy adtending the the meeting, leave maseges, please.

45. Not only ..... but also…: không những mà còn. \ He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

46. As well as: cùng vớ i (sử dụng vớ i hiện tượ ng đồng chủ ngữ).\ The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.\ My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.

47. As well as: cũng như (cấu trúc tr ướ c và sau cụm từ này thõa mãn cấu trúc song song). 48. both…and…: vừa…vừa…

\ He is both intelligent and handsome.





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49. It is time to do sth/It is time for sth: đã đến lúc làm gì. \ It is time to go home.\ It is time for lunch.

50. Be responsible for: chịu trách nhiệm về. \ The master is responsible for the ship.

51. Be Experiened in doing sth/ have experience in doing sth: có kinh nghiệm về. \ He is experienced in solving problems like this.

Unit 12: IDIOMS

- No need to say: không cần nói - More than any ever: hơ n bao giờ hết - However wanted or not: dù muốn hay không

- As far as: về phần. Ex. As far as my English is awful. - As for sb: còn về ai







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- Be put in prison: bị tống giam. Ex. he is put in prison.- Be related to: có bà con vớ i. Ex. He is related to me.- Be shocked at sth: bị xúc động về điều gì

- Be suitable for: thích hợ p vớ i. Ex. I think, this shirt is very suitable for you.- Be tired from: mệt nhọc vì. Ex. I’m always tired from hard work.- Be tired of: chán. Ex. He is tired of traveling.- Be to one’s taste: hợ p vớ i khẩu vị của ai. Ex. is it to your taste- Be to one’s liking: hợ p vớ i sở thích của ai.Ex. it is to my liking.- Be tired out: mệt lử, mệt lả - Be unfit: không thích hợ p vớ i.- Believe in: tin tưở ng vào. Ex. I don’t believe in what he said.- Belong to: thuộc về. Ex. That area belongs to John family.- Break into: đột nhậ p- Break off: tan vở

- Break out: bùng nổ. Ex. H5N1 flu broke out overall the world last year.- Brush it off: tống khứ - Call on sb: ghé thăm ai- Call for sth: kêu gọi- Call for sb: cho gọi ai- Call off = cancel: hoãn lại- Carry sth off = succeed in doing sth: thành công về - Carry on = go on = continue: tiế p tục- Catch a cold: bị cảm lạnh- Catch fire: bắt lửa. Ex. look! Your clothes catches fire.- Come about: xảy ra

- Come across: tình cờ gặ p- Come down with: ốm- Compare with: so sánh vớ i- Cut down = reduce: giảm- Cut off = stop supply: ngừng (cung cấ p)- Depend on: phụ thuộc vào. Ex. the national culture depends on each country.- Die down: giảm bớ t, suy giảm- Die of: chết vì. Ex. He died of cancer.- Do over: lặ p lại, làm lại. Ex. the drawing is bad, you should do it over.- Dream of: mơ về. Ex. I dream of you last night.- Fall off sth: r ơ i, r ớ t xuống khoi cái gì đó. Ex. he felt off horse back.

-

Feel like doing sth: thích làm gì. Ex. John feels like dancing.- Find out: tìm ra. Ex. I don’t find out your name in this list.- Get ahead: tiến về phía tr ướ c- Get along with sb = get on well with sb: thân thiết vớ i ai- Get at: ám chỉ, ngụ ý- Get back at sb: tr ả thù- Get better: tr ở nên khá hơ n.- Get by: cũng đượ c chấ p nhận.I’ve no formal clothes for the occasion, perhaps I can get

by in a dark suit.- Get along: tiến bộ. Ex. I hope that you will get along well in study English.- Get married to: lấy ai.





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- Get on: lên xe- Get off: xuống xe- Get over sth: vượ t qua cái gì.

- Get in touch with sb: lien lạc vớ i ai- Get rid off: vứt bỏ - Get to: đến nơ i, tơ i nơ i. Ex. When do you often get to your company?- Get up: ngủ dậy- Give sth away: cho ai cái gì (miễn phí)- Give sth back: tr ả lại- Give up: từ bỏ Hold off = put off = delay: trì hoãn- Hold off = put off = delay: trì hoãn- Hold still: giữ nguyên (ngồi yên, đứng yên)- Keep away from: tránh xa- Keep on: tiế p tục

- Laugh at: cườ i chế nhạo ai- Learn sth by heart: học thuộc lòng.- Look after = take care of: trông nom- Look at: nhìn vào, trông vào- Look into sth: điều tra- Look for: tìm kiếm- Look forward to V-ing/sth: mong mỏi. I’m looking formard to seeing you at your

company.- Look sth over: xem qua- Make friend: k ết bạn- Make up one’s mind = decide: quyết định

- Meet sb at (a place): đón ai. Ex. Shall I meet you at the airport.- Never mind = don’t worry: đừng lo lắng- Object to sth: phản đối điều gì. I object to the response that the teacher solved- Pay attention: chú ý- Play up: thổi phồng- Pick on: truê chọc, gẹo ai- Pick out: chọn- Pick up: nhấc lên, cầm lên. Ex. Help me pick up the pencil on the floor.- Pick sb up: đón ai- Point out: chỉ ra. Ex. you should point out mistakes in these lessons.- Prevent sb from doing sth: ngăn cản ai làm gì. Ex. what prevents you from coming to

her.- Pull sth off = succeed in: thành công về - Put off = delay: trì hoãn- Put on: mặc vào- Put up with: chịu đựng- Rejoice at/in sth: mừng về điều gì. Ex. We rejoice in our son’s education report.- Rely on: tin tưở ng vào ai. Ex. you can rely on me.- Remind sb of sth: gợ i ai nhớ điều gì. Ex. she reminds me of an old friend.- Respect sb for sth: kính tr ọng ai về điều gì. Ex. I respect her for her honesty.- Run into: tình cờ gặ p- Run out of: hết sạch









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PHẦN II

Unit 1: VERB TENSE

I. Choose the best answer





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1. I…….….to bed until I ……….…my homework.

A. went / finished B. didn’t go / didn’t finish

C. hadn’t gone / finished D. didn’t go / had finished

2. As soon as she found the number, she……….him at once.

A. had telephoned B. telephoned C. was telephoning D. will telephone

3. When he……….widely in Africa, he used to take notes on what he saw.

A. has been travelling B. had travelled C. was travelling D. travels

4. Did you post the letter you……………….

A. had written B. wrote C. will write D. have written

5. He………off the horse when it suddenly……..

A. had fallen / had stopped B. fell / stopped

C. was falling / had stopped D. fell / was stopping

6. He never knew what ………..around him when he was reading.

A. happened B. would happen C. was happening D. had happened

7. When you ………..the furniture, please tell me.

A. have finished moving B. have finished move

C. finish moving D. finish move

8. Only after she had graduated………...to get married.

A. she decided B. did she decide C. had she decided D. she had decided

9. He……..…more than 20 countries when he got tired of travelling and returned home.

A. visited B. had been visiting C. had been to D. had gone to

10. As soon as he……...the letter, he…..…...down to answer it.

A. reads / sits B. was reading/ sat C. had read /was sitting D. had read / sat

11. When he got home, he…..the radio.





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A. turned on B. had turned on C. was turning on D. turns on

12. “Who ………that terrible noise?” – “ It’s Tom practising the violin”

A. makes B. made C. is making D. have made

13. You………to be very glad about something.

A. are seemed B. are seeming C. seems D. seem

14. My dog always barks if he ………….anything unusual.

A. hears B. will hear C. would hear D. heard

15. We know you………to Paris three days ago.

A. have gone B. went C. had gone D. go

16. If the students……….….on time, they would have enjoyed the pictures.

A. come B. came C. have come D. had come

17. She………...here but she doesn’t work here now.

A. has worked B. had worked C. used to working D. used to work

18. The bus came after I………there for about twenty minutes.

A. standing B. stand C. was standing D. had beenstanding

19. Since 1970 Tim……in London, and he is still there now.

A. was working B. worked C. have worked D. has been working

20. I hope that……me when you come to London.

A. you’ll visit B. you’re visiting C. you would visit D. you visit

21. “When did you come here” – “ I………here since last Friday”

A. have been B. went C. came D. was

22. He wrote to her a month ago, but I’m sure he…………..since then.

A. hasn’t written B. didn’t write C. wasn’t writing D. wouldn’t write







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A. has done B. does C. did D. was doing

35. Mr. Smith said he would come, but he ……………yet.

A. did not come B. had not come C. does not come D. has not come

36. The girl weeps whenever she…………….such a story.

A. hears B. had heard C. will hear D. heard

37. The entrance examination………..in March.

A. begin B. has begun C. begins D. shall begin

38. Mr. Jones….………. decided to call a meeting ofuh the club tomorrow.

A. has B. will be C. has been D. is being

39. They…………… a lovely garden if they did some work in it.

A. will have B. would have C. have had D. had

40. That baby……………non-stop for the past hour.

A. cried B. was crying C. is crying D. has been crying

41. She came into the room while they…………….television.

A. have watched B. watched C. were watching D. have beenwatching

42. When you ………………the car, you’ll agree with me about it.

A. saw B. have seen C. see D. has been seen

43. He…………….the basic course before he took the advanced one.

A. had taken B. would taken C. has taken D. was taking

44. When he returned home, his wife…….............for him.

A. waited B. was waiting C. has been waiting D. had been waiting

45. I wish you………………..to her why she can’t go.

A. would explain B. to explain C. had explained D. will explain





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II. Guided sentence building .

1. They / now / talk / what / they / do / last few years //.……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. I / teach English / this university / since / graduate / 1990 //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. When / we / get / theatre / play / already / start //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Her illness / serious / than / we / think / first //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Taxi / stop / station / and two / man / get / it //.……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I / see / film / twice / and / not / going / see / again / tonight //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. While / run/ after / bus / this morning / he / fall down / hurt / his leg //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Yesterday / it / not take / us / long / find / their house //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Where / you / be / all morning? //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Father / want / retire / next year / because / want / have / more free time//.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

11. She / suddenly / realize / she / travel / wrong / direction //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

12. She / like / work / foreign company / after / graduate / university //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………13. He / refuse / climb / tree / because / afraid / fall //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

14. They / give / her / massage / as soon as / she / arrive //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

15. They / now / look / new house / country / because / not like / live / city //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………





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III. Complete Harry and Kate’s conversation in A and sentences in B using the verb in

brackets in the correct form (will or going to )

A. Harry: ………………..(you go) on holiday at Easter’s?

Kate: Yes, but we haven’t booked it yet.

Harry: Where are you thinking of going?Kate: Oh, I don’t know. In the summer we………..(visit) friends in Italy, so Ithink perhaps we…………..(stay) in this country at Easter. What about you?

Harry: We …………..(rent) a cottage near Edinburgh. It……….(be) our first visit toScotland. Jane ………….(have) a baby in the summer, so we can’t do anything tooadventurous or tiring.

Kate: Scotland- What a good idea! May be we …………….(do)the same.

B. 1. Why are you wearing your old clothes? Because I ………. (wash) the car.

2. “I’ve got a headache. Have you got any aspirin?” “ yes, I …..…(get) it for you.

3. Would you like a game of tennis next Thursday? I can’t I’m afraid. I……… (go) to Bristol.

IV. Give the correct past tense to the verbs in brackets.

1. I (not have) ………..an umbrella, but that didn’t matter. The rain (stop)…………….

2. He (sit) ……………on a chair while I (paint)…………….it.

3. We rushed to the station, but it (be) ……….too late. The train (go)…………………..

4. The boss (invite)…………me to lunch yesterday, but I had to refuse the invitation. I

(already eat) ……………..my sandwiches.

5. As he (run) …………..for the bus, he (collide)……………with a lamppost.

6. It (happen) …………...last August at the airport. A few weeks before, a group of us

(decide)………….to go to Greece together for a holiday. We (wait) ………..in the

queue at passport control when suddenly I (realize )……….that I (leave) …………my

passport at home. It (be)……….quite a shock. I (hurry)………….to a phone and

(ring)…………my parents. They (work) ………in the garden, but luckily my mother

(hear) ………the phone. They (find)…………the passport and immediately

(drive)……….to the airport with it. I (meet) ………….them at the information desk.







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VII. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the first, using the

given words.

1. It isn’t true that I made a mistake. ( didn’t )

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The boys were in the middle of a game of cards (playing)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. No one told me about the change of plan (know)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. My friend was the winner of the competition (won)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Is it a fact that the Romans built this wall? (did)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I didn’t want to go without taking a photo (until)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. The computer has been mine for four years (had)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. In the middle of our lunch, there was a knock at the door (when)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Nigel felt sick from eating too many cakes (because)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

10. We had dinner, and then we went out for a walk (after)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

VIII. Correct the mistake in each of the following sentences





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1. It was peaceful, and the birds were sing………………………………………………….2. I washed my hair when the phone rang…………………………………………………...3. You came not to the club last night……………………………………………………….

4. The coach has already gone when I got to the coach stop at nice yesterday……………...5. We tried to keep quiet because the child sleeping………………………………………...6. As I was watching him, the man was suddenly running away…………………………….7. Michelle looked really sunburnt. She’d lie in the sun for too long………………………..8. It was my first day back at work. I was on holiday………………………………… …….9. I had to sit down. I had been having a shock………………………………………………10. The robbery happened at midnight. Lots of people walked along the street outside……....

Unit 2: VERB PATTERNS

I. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, infinitive (with or without to), or –ing.

1. I enjoy ………………(walk) in the rain.

2. Would you like ………………(have) something to eat ?

3. My family is trying ………………. (decide) where to go on holiday.

4. I’d like to ……………….. (go) somewhere different for a change.

5. But my children hate …………….( sightsee).

6. They refuse …………… (go) out on trips if it’s too hot.

7. Last year, we managed ……………. (find) a holiday that suited everyone.

8. We decided ……………….. (rent) a house with a swimming pool.

9. A woman from a travel agency helped us …………..(choose) a nice house.

10. When we arrived, the people next door invited us …………….(have) a drink with them.

11. We began ………..(talk) about next year’s holiday two months ago.

12. Everyone hopes ……………… (enjoy) themselves on holiday, but it isn’t always easy.

13. My wife and I are starting …………….( think) we should stay at home.14. He agreed …………… (start) the job as soon as possible.

15. I stopped ……………(read) my book and went to bed.

16. My teacher always expected me ……………(do) well in exams.

17. Let me ……………..(pay) for the meal. You paid last time.

18. The dentist told me ………….(be) more careful when I brush my teeth.

19. I asked Monica …………..(buy) some stamps.

20. I never liked ………………(go) to church when I was a child.





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21. Have you finished ………………..(write) that letter yet ?

22. You can’t …………….. (park) your car outside the hospital.

23. They denied ………………(steal) the money.24. He seems ……………… (have) lost the money.

25. I avoid ………………(travel) in the rush hour if I can.

26. Have you considered ………………….. (work) abroad ?

27. I’ve arranged ………. (collect) Kate from school at four o’clock.

28. I can’t help ……………(love) him, even though he is selfish and inconsiderate.

29. I offered …………….. (give) David a lift but he said he’d rather walk.

30. I can’t get used to ……………… (see) my daughter driving a car.

II . Choose the correct verb form

1. He invited me stay/ to stay/ staying at his house.

2. I can’t stand cook/ to cook/ cooking .

3. Write soon and let me know/ to know/ knowing what your plans are.

4. Joe forgot post/ to post/ posting the letter.

5. I don’t mind cook/ to cook/ cooking as long as I don’t have to do the shopping.

6. The climb was very long and tiring, so we often stopped have/ to have/ having a rest.

7. He’s a very funny person. He always makes me laugh/ to laugh/ laughing .

8. His mother told Ben wash/ to wash/ washing his hands before the meal.

9. I love visit/ to visit/ visiting old temples.

10. I’m pleased hear/ to hear/ hearing that you are having a good time in London.

11. Akiko’s family was incredibly kind and hospitable and wouldn’t let I pay/ me pay/ me to

pay for anything.

12. We managed get/ to get/ getting to the airport with plenty of time to spare.

13. We even tried get/ to get/ getting an earlier flight but it wasn’t possible.

14. They wanted us stay/ to stay/ staying with them for three days more.

15. Marie made/ wanted/ asked her son turn down his music.

16. I would like/ refuse/ can’t stand going on long walk.

17. We must/ ‘d love/ enjoy to go shopping.

18. She wanted/ made/ asked me do the cooking.

19. I have stopped smoke/ to smoke/ smoking many times but it is impossible.

20. The children continued to make/ make/ making noise despite our warnings.





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Unit 3: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense

1. If he (work)………………hard today, can he have a holiday tomorrow?

2. Where………………you………………(go) if the beaches are crowded?

3. If it……………(not rain) yesterday, we……………...(go) out together.

4. If the sea level………………(rise), there……………(be) floods in many parts of theworld.

5. What……………..you(do)………………if the plane is late?6. If he didn’t work in the evening, He (have)……………….time to play with his children.

7. If they (water)………………the plants they (not die)………………..

8. Where will you stay if the hotel (be)……………full?

9. if I (have)………………a car, I could give you a lift.

10. The water………………(freeze) if you (put)………………..it in the fridge.

11. I (go)……………out if I (not be)………………so tired.

12. If I (know)……………that you (be)………… ill last week, I …………..(go) to see you.

13. What will happen if my parachute (not open)………………

14. He (look)…………….a lot better if he shaved more often.

15. We’ll have to move upstairs if the river (rise)……………..any high.

16. If I (be)…………….you, I (tell)……………her the truth.

17. If He had known the whole story, he (not be)……………...so angry.

18. She won’t open the door unless she (know)……………..who it is.

19. If I had realized that traffic lights were red I (stop)…………….

20.

He would have been arrested if he (try)……………to leave the country.

II. Sentence transformation

1. She doesn’t have a watch. She is always late.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. She bought a lot of clothes. She didn’t have any money.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I might see her tomorrow. I’ll tell her the truth.





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If……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. They worked very hard. They passed the exam.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………5. I don’t know her number. I don’t phone her.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. It rains so much in Britain.

I wish ………...……………………………………………………………………………

7. John is in Hanoi now.

John wishes ……………………………………………………with his wife in England.

8. I regret eating so much.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………9. I always go to bed late. I am tired in the morning.

If……………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Translate into English

1. Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu thang máy bị k ẹt giữa 2 tầng.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Nếu tớ thấy hộ chiếu của cậu tớ sẽ gọi điện cho cậu ngay.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Nếu tôi là anh, tôi sẽ không nói sự thật vớ i họ.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Nếu tôi biết r ằng bạn ở bệnh viện thì tôi đã tớ i thăm anh bạn r ồi.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Nếu cô ấy cần 1 chiếc radio, cô ấy có thể mượ n của tôi.

Unit 4: COMPARISION

I. Circle the best answer

1. The weather is…………..today than yesterday.

A. much better B. very better C. more good D. not so good





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2. She is the……………member in the family.

A. taller B. tallest C. tall D. most tall

3. This box is the………………….of these two ones.

A. more heavy B. heaviest C. heavy D. heavier

4. He was only nine, but he ate ……………his father did.

A. much than B. as much as C. much more D. as much than

5. Somsak is 28, but Somsri, his sister, is only fourteen.

A. He is older than his sister two times.B. He is twice as old as his sister.C. His sister is twice as old as him.D. He is two times as older as his sister.

6. The ………….the room is, the …………….furniture it needs.

A. smaller.…....less B. small ……fewer C. smaller..…fewer D. small……less

7. Liz is two years ……..than Jane.

A. old B. older C. elder D. eldest

8. Every one looks much ……….today than he did yesterday

A. Happy B. more happily C. happier D. more happy

9. “Which woman are you going to vote for?”

“I’m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is………”.

A. the smartest B. more smart C. the smarter D. more smarter

10. “I don’t like to talk to Mr. Davis.” - “He speaks ……….. ,doesn’t he?”.

A. more fast B. too much fast C. fastly D. fast

11. There is now much…….. water in the lake than there was last year.

A. smaller B. fewer C. less D. too many

12. Why don’t you buy bananas when they are………. apples.





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A. less expensive than B. not expensive than

C. less expensive as D. not so expensive than

13. February has………….days than March

A. Less B. lesser C. few D. fewer

14. “Is he a good student?” – “Yes, he speaks English……..…of all”.

A. the fluentest B. the most fluently C. the most fluent D. more fluently

15. He is ………..…in my class.

A. The most intelligent B. the more intelligent

C. more intelligent D. the intelligent

16. This apartment…………... in the building.

A. is biggest than any other one B. is bigger than any other one

C. is bigger than any other one D. the more big than any other one

17. The weather has been bad this week. Next week it will probably be even………..

A. more badly B. worse C. worst D. worser

18. “ Do you know that beautiful girl over there?”

“Yes, that’s Linda. She is..................in her group”.

A. more beautiful than any girl B. more beautiful than any other girl

C. so beautiful as other girl D. beautiful more than another girl

19. “That’s a nice bike”

“We bought................one we could find because we don’t plan to use it”

A. cheapest B. a cheapest C. the cheapest D. the cheap

20. Jim seemed to be…………….about the future than Peter.

A. more exciting B. much excited C. much exciting D. more excited





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II. Sentence transformation

1. He is the most intelligent student in our class.

No one…………………………………………….............

2. Janet arrived latter than John.

Janet didn’t……………………………………………….

3. Rome has more old buildings than London.

London has………………………………………………

4. She knows more about them than I do.

I……………………………………………………………

5. They now live more happily than they used to.

They used to……………………………………………….

6. She likes Paris very little, and Rome less.

She thinks Rome…………………………………………...

III. Guided sentence building

1. People / now / spend / much / money / food / than / 10 years ago.

………………………………………………………………………………………….....

2. She / look / old / but / beautiful / than / used to / when / we first / meet / university.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. That / most / beautiful / place / Viet Nam / I / visit.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Travelling / car / fast / comfortable / than / motorbike.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

5. He / seem / busy / than me / but / in fact / have / more free time / me.





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……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Unit 5: PASSIVE SENTENCES

I. Choose the best answer

1. So far three houses…………………

A. are built B. were built C. have built D. have been built

2. They’ll be given a meal and then ………… to find out why they fled their country.

A. questioned B. are questioned C. question D. will question

3. My watch is broken’ - ‘Why don’t you……….?’

A. have it repair C. have it repaired

B. have it repairing D. have it for repairing

4. He ………… a man who keeps his words.

A. is known B. knows C. is known as D. knew

5. Butter ………… in the fridge.

A. ought to keep C. should be kept

B. had better to be kept D. is kept as usual

6. The accident ………….While he was driving to the office.

A. occurred B. was occurred C. occurs D. was being occurred

7. The floor in the room was so dirty as if it …………for days.

A. hadn’t swept B. haven’t been swept

C. hadn’t been swept D. wouldn’t have swept

8. We’re working hard, so the job …………by tomorrow evening.

A. has done B. has been done C. will do D. will be done

9. The film was …………… on the book of the same name.

A founded B. constructed C. based D. built

10. Nobody saw me come in. I came without …………





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A. anybody saw me B. being seen C. anybody sees me D. been seen

11. As a result, war …………. Out ten years later.

A. broken B. was broken C. broke D. had broken

12. She is one of the girls who …………. Money.

A. enjoys to spend C. enjoys spending

B. enjoy to spend D. enjoy spending

13. My sister is busy ………….a letter.

A. in writing B. writing C. to write D. at writing

14. The textbook…………… to my teacher.

A. belong B. is belonged C. belonging D. belongs

15. He ………driving a blue car yesterday.

A. was seen B. saw C. had seen D. has been seen

16. Look! These shoes need ………….

A. to clean B. to be clean C. cleaning D. to be cleaning

17. The club ………… 2 weeks ago.

A. open B. opened C. was opened D. opens

18. We……… followed. Be careful!

A. are B. have been C. was D. are being

19. They………that story yet.

A. hasn’t told B. wasn’t told C. haven’t been told D. didn’t tell20. I want this exercise………in ink.

A. write B. writing C. to write D. written

21. Do you often get your car………?

A. wash B. washed C. to wash D. washing

22. only one person was………in the accident yesterday.





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A. died B. hurted C. injured D. damaged

23. I was………some money from my handbag.

A. stolen B. got C. taken D. robbed

24. That’s the boy………by police 2 years ago.

A. to be arrested B. was arrested C. arrested D. being arrested

25. The number of motorcycles in Hanoi………risen.

A. has B. have C. is D. are

26. This portrait is thought………painted by Leonardo Da Vinci

A. to have been B. being C. was D. to be

27. When they came, the tree………down across the railway.

A. had been fallen B. was fallen C. had fallen D. has fallen

28. He said that he………his tooth pulled out the week before.

A. had B. had had C. would have D. was having

29. That boy is said………swim across the river.

A. can B. could C. to be able to D. was able

II. Guided sentence building

1. This radio / repair / several times / this year //.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The letter / must / write / English.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Their car / steal / a few weeks ago / it / not find / yet.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Lot / new books / sell / that book shop / recently?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. All / them / catch / police / by tonight.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. When / I / finish / come / town / hotel / build.





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……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. I / have / eyes / examine / next Monday.

……………………………………………………………………………………………8. Switches / should / turn off / before leave / workshop.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. They / have / house / paint / white / now.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Building / upgrade / next year.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Rewrite the following sentences using the passive voice

1. We use this room only on special occasion.

This room ..........................................................................................................................

2. They are pulling down the old theatre.

The old................................................................................................................................

3. People are spending far more money on food now than they spent 10 years ago.

Money on food ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Has someone posted my parcel?.Has .....................................................................................................................................

5. You should have taken those books back to the library.

Those books .......................................................................................................................

6. All the ministers will see him off at the airport.

He will ...............................................................................................................................

7. No one has taken the table away.

The table …………………………………………………………………………………

8. People say he has been in the French foreign legion.

He is ………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Sally’s parents gave her a micro–computer for her birthday

Sally……………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Mr.Dryden mended the washing machine for me

I……………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Henry founded a wallet with no name in it.





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A wallet which…………………………………………………………………………....

12. The doctor should have signed my insurance form.

I should……………………………………………………………………………………13. The garden hasn’t been dug yet.

The garden…………………………………………………………………………………

14. They will have to postpone the date of the picnic.

The date………………………………………………………………………………….

15. People think Mr Harry is going to make a speech at the wedding party.

Mr Harry…………………………………………………………………………………

16. It is said the owner of the house has gone aboard.

The owner………………………………………………………………………………..17. They have just sold the house in the corner of the street

The house………………………………………………………………………………...

18. You must finish all the exercises before going to class.

All………………………………………………………………………………………..

19. She has just drawn this picture for me.

He………………………………………………………………………………………..

Unit 6: REPORTED SPEECH

1. “It is a quiet flat, and the neighbours are nice”.

Mrs. Mawby said................................................................................................................

2. “You’ll have to make up your mind soon”. Said John.

John said.............................................................................................................................

3. “Do you have a car?”

She asked me......................................................................................................................

4. “What sort of heating is there?”I asked Sally .......................................................................................................................

5. “Can I move the furniture round?”.

Mrs. Brown asked me.........................................................................................................

6. “I’ve replaced all the carpets”.

She told me that..................................................................................................................

7. “Has Ann bought a new car?”.

Sue asked her sister ............................................................................................................





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8. “Tom said “I am feeling ill”.

Tom that said......................................................................................................................

9. “I am going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back.Paul said to his girl friend that ...........................................................................................

10. “Don’t shout”. I said to Jim.

I told ..................................................................................................................................

11. “Please don’t tell anyone what happened”.

Anna asked me ...................................................................................................................

12. “Will you be there on time?”

I asked him .........................................................................................................................

13. “I’ll tell Jim I saw you”.He said to me that...............................................................................................................

14. “Has Brian been playing tennis a lot recently”.

Brian’s mother asked me ...................................................................................................

15. “She asked her little baby “Who did you see at the party?”.

She asked her little boy ......................................................................................................

16. “How many hours a day did he work?”. She asked me.

She asked me......................................................................................................................

17. “Tom had an accident but he wasn’t injured”.

Bill said ..............................................................................................................................

18. Joan: “The boss must sign the letter”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

19. Emily: “My teacher will go to Paris tomorrow”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

20. Robert: “I was writing a letter yesterday”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................21. Christopher: “Do you want to dance?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

22. Betty: “when did you come?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

23. Mark: “Has John arrived?”

............................................................................................................................................

24. Elisabeth: “Did you watch the latest film?”.





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............................................................................................................................................

25. Barbara: “Must I do the homework this week?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................26. Andrew: “Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

27. Jackson: “Who gave you the book yesterday?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

28. Linda: “May I come in?”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

29. Mark: “I am going to buy a laptop for my daughter”.

. ...........................................................................................................................................

Unit 7: MODAL VERBS

I. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the first, using the

given words.

1. Jenny looks really happy (must, miss, boyfriend).

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Where’s Kate ? It’s eleven o’clock in the morning (can’t, still, sleep)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Where are all the lights in their house? (could, have, party)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. It’s been snowing all night. (might, difficult, drive, work)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. I’m sure you didn’t work hard for your exams (can’t)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I think they’ve gone to Paris (could)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Perhaps I left my umbrella on the train (might)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. She has probably been on a diet (might)

……………………………………………………………………………………………

9. It’s possible that they got married in secret (could)







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10. The car …………last month has just been found.A. stole B. stealing C. stolen D. was stolen

11. There were many scientists at the meeting, several of ………… were very young

A. which B. who C. that D. whom12. The village…………we are going to visit next week is far form here.A. where B. to which C. which D. both A and C

13. The man ………spoke yesterday is the director of that factory.A. who B. for whom C. whom D. to whom

14. The company…………employees are on strike is closing down for two weeks.A. which B. whose C. that D. A&C are correct

15. She said she’d married a man…………..had been married twice beforeA. which B. what C. who D. whose

16. She gives her children everything……………they wantA. that B. who C. whom D. what

17. Tell me………………you want and i will try to help youA. that B. what C. who D. which 18. The place………………we spent our holiday was really beautiful

A. what B. who C. where D. which 19. What was the name of the girl…………………passport was stolen?

A. whose B. who C. which D. when 20. The bed………………I slep in was too soft

A. whose B. which C. what D. who 21. 11. What was the name of the people………………car had broken down

A. which B. who C. whom D. whose 22. I recently went back to the town………………I was born

A. what B. where C. who D. which 23. The reson………………I phoned him was to invite him to a partyA. what B. whose C. why D. which

24. I don't agree with …………………you have just saidA. what B. who C. when D. which

25. She told me her address…………………I wrote on a piece of paperA. what B. which C. when D. where

II. Join the following sentences using relative pronouns

1. Last summer we stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive.

The hotel ……………………………………………………………………………………

2. A man is making a speech at the wedding party. The man is my grandfather.

The man……………………………………………………………………………………

3. That film star gave his friend a party. The party cost $10,000

The party ………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Do you known the man? His house was on fire last night.

Do you know ………………………………………………………………………………







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1. Write your name………the top of the page

2. I like that picture hanging………….the wall…………..the kitchen

3. There was an accident…………the crossroads this morning

4. I wasn't sure whether I had come to the right office. There was no name………the door 5. …………the end of the street there is a path leading to the river 6. You 'll find the sports results………..the back page of the newspaper 7. I wouldn't like an office job. I couldn't spend the whole day sitting……….a desk 8. My brother lives……….a small village………the south-west England

9. The man the police are looking for has a scar……….his right cheek 10. Nicola was wearing a silver ring………..her little finger 11. It can be dangerous when children play………the street 12. If you walk to the end of the street, you 'll see the small shop………the corner 13. Is Tom …………the photograph? I can't find him

14. My office is…………the first floor. It 's…………the left as you come out of the lift

15. We normally use the front entrance but there 's another entrance…………the back 16. Is there anything interesting……….paper today?

17. I love to look up at the stars…………the sky at night 18. when i am a passenger in a car. I prefer to sit …………. the front

III. Fill in each blank with a preposition

1. “Could I speak…………Tom. please?“I’m afraid. Tom’s …………work, but Jacks………..Would you like to speak…….him.

2. “How do I get …….The air terminal?“Turn night ……..the end of this street and you’ll see………..front of you”.

3. He started going ……..school…..the age of five, so now he been …….school for ten

years. He’s leaving …………the end of this year.4. …………my surprise I was the only person……….the bar. Everyone else hadGone……….. the casino.

5. I think I left my umbrella…………the bus. I’d better write…….the Lost property office6. We arrived………the airport in good time ………the plane.7. I’m interested………chess. but I’m not very good……….it.8. Our train arrived …….York…….6.30, Paul met us ………the station.9. “Have you been……..the theatre recently?”. “yes I was …the old Vic last night”10. According………… the guidebook, there are three hotels……….the town11. I went ……bed early but I couldn’t get …….sleep because the people ……the next room

were talking so loudly.

12.

…….first I found the work very tiring, but ……… a few weeks I got used ………it.13. There are an accident……….the crossroads ……….midnight last night. Two men weretaken ……….hospital. I believe one of them is still…….hospital

14. ………the day time the streets are crowded but…..night they are quite deserted.15. I saw Tom………the bus stop this morning, but I couldn’t speak ………him because we

were standing………a queue, and he was………the front of it, and I was………the back.16. He’s always………a hurry. He drives……….a tremendous speed.17. He is looking forward…………seeing his uncle’s letter.18. …….the summer, we went…….the beach everyday. We stayed……a lovely hotel

right……the beach……the morning we would get up …….9:30, have breakfast, andthen spend four hours……the pool…….all the other guest……lunch we would eat





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something light like sandwiches and fruit…….the afternoon we would return to the poolarea.

III. Choose the correct form

1. Rarely ____ she made mistake since she was a manager.

A. have B. has C. is D. are

2. _____ the truth, she wouldn’t have given Mark the money.

A. She had known B. She has know C. Had she known D. Has she known

3. So beautiful _____ that the Queen is envious with her.

A. Snow White is B. Snow White are C. is Snow White D. are Snow White

4. Never _____ in such a strange situation.

A. has I been B. have I been C. am I been D. I have been

5. Seldom _____ dinner together.

A. do Mark and Juliet have B. does Mark and Juliet have

C. is Mark and Juliet have D. are Mark and Juliet have

6. Hardly _____ his wife presents on her birthday.

A. did James given B. does James gave

C. had James given D. do James give

7. Scarcely _____, the rain became much more heavier.

A. have I come in B. had I come in C. I have come in D. I came in

8. Only then ____ the letter from my son.

A. do I receive B. did I receive C. have I received D. has I received

9. No sooner ____ , when Mary came over.

A. have John gone out B. had John gone out

C. has John gone out D. John has gone out





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10. So frightened _____ the film that I couldn’t sleep yesterday.

A. is B. are C. was D. have

Unit 10: TOEFL TEST

I. Intermidiate Grammar - choose correct answer (20’)1.There is ________ that I may have to go into hospital next week.(A) an opportunity (B) bad luck (C) a possibility (D) fate2. Call for me at any time that ________ you.(A) fits (B) likes (C) suits (D) does3. He always wore a shirt with an open ________.(A) colour (B) tie (C) collar (D) top4. I have learned all the irregular verbs ________.(A) from memory (B) by the heart (C) in the memory (D) by heart5. The soldiers were put in prison because they ________ to obey orders.(A) refused (B) rejected (C) denied (D) objected6. I don't believe he can ________ it properly.(A) do (B) to do (C) is doing (D) doing7. I ________ as ill as I do now for a long time.(A) wasn't feeling (B) haven't been feeling (C) didn't feel (D) haven't felt8. If he ________ lucky, he can get the job.(A) is (B) had been (C) would be (D) would have been9. Does your new secretary ________ shorthand?(A) know to take (B) know how to take (C) know how take (D) know how taking10. Mary and John ________ to the parties at the Student Union every Friday.(A) used to go (B) use to go (C) are used to go (D) were used to go11. Mike had hoped ________ his letter.(A) her to answer (B) that she answer (C) that she would answer (D) her answering12. They forgot about ________ them to join us for lunch.(A) us to asking (B) us asking (C) our asking (D) we asking13. I really appreciate ________ to help me, but I am sure that I will be able to manage by myself.(A) you to offer (B) your offering (C) that you offer (D) that you are offering14. It's difficult to pay one's bills when prices keep ________.(A) rising (B) growing (C) gaining (D) raising15. We have no ________ in our files of your recent letter to the tax office.(A) account (B) memory (C) list (D) record16. They said they had the European rights for the product but it was a lie. They were acting underfalse ________.(A) pretences (B) eel (C) egg (D) wool17. The teacher says, "The time is up." This means that the period of time has ________.(A) begun (B) seemed long (C) ended (D) been interesting18. ________ we dislike him, he's efficient and we can't dismiss him.(A) Much (B) However much (C) Although much as (D) As much19. The examiners often ________ extremely difficult questions for the literature exam.(A) set (B) invent (C) write (D) create20. All we see is the ________ of the iceberg; six - seventh of it are underwater.(A) top (B) apex (C) summit (D) tip





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II. Advanced Grammar - choose correct answer (20’)

1. I can't understand how your father managed to ________ that man. He had deceived all the rest ofus.

(A) see against (B) see through (C) see to (D) see out2. Our car is much older ________ than yours.(A) model (B) pattern (C) manufacture (D) form3. I ________ in bed all night thinking about it.(A) laid (B) lay (C) led (D) lied4. According to the doctor, there's absolutely nothing the ________ with you.(A) wrong (B) problem (C) matter (D) illness5. I looked everywhere but I couldn't find ________ at all.(A) anyone (B) no one (C) someone (D) somebody6. It was ________ a simple question that everyone answered it correctly.(A) so (B) such (C) much (D) too7. I'm sorry, but I like my eggs soft ________, not hard.

(A) cooked (B) steamed (C) boiled (D) watered8. John was amazed when the train arrived exactly ________ time.(A) at (B) in (C) on (D) by9. I'd like to take this ________ of wishing you all the best of luck with your exams.(A) chance (B) possibility (C) occasion (D) opportunity10. Learners of English as a foreign language often fail to ________ between unfamiliar sounds in thatlanguage.(A) separate (B) differ (C) distinguish (D) solve11. ________ my opinion, French cheese is better than English cheese.(A) In (B) To (C) By (D) For12. Father would not ________ us to go there for the weekend.(A) let (B) permit (C) agree (D) consent

13. Every day the old man's dog goes to the shop to ________ him a newspaper.(A) carry (B) fetch (C) take (D) bring14. - Rex: It's already half-past six. - Hal: Good heavens, so it is! It's time we ________.(A) are gone (B) are going (C) were gone (D) shall go15. I drove around the town for half an hour but couldn't find a car ________.(A) park (B) garage (C) plan (D) parking16. The smell was so bad that it completely ________ us off our food.(A) set (B) took (C) got (D) put17. Although he hasn't said anything he ________ to be upset about it.(A) acts (B) shows (C) behaves (D) seems18. It's strange. His sister are blonde, ________ he is very dark.(A) therefore (B) in order to (C) whereas (D) however

19. We very much ________ that you will come to dinner next Friday.(A) wish (B) want (C) like (D) hope20. Crops are often completely destroyed by ________ of locusts.(A) bands (B) troupes (C) swarms (D) flocks

III. TOEFL – choose correct answer (20’)

1. When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work, ________.(A) his wife was sleeping (B) his wife slept(C) his wife has slept (D) his wife has been sleeping2. Kitchen appliances called blenders became ________ in the 1930s, when Stephen J. Poplawskideveloped a machine that excelled at making his favorite drink.





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(A) establish (B) establishing (C) established (D) which establish3. Sometimes ________ wears people out and is worse than the lack of sleep itself.(A) to sleep the desire (B) the desire to sleep (C) to desire sleep is (D) the desire to sleep

who4. John said that no other car could go ________.(A) so fast like his car (B) as fast like his car (C) as fast like the car of him (D) as fast as his car5. The attorney told his client that ________.(A) they had little chance of winning the case (B) the case was of a small chance to win(C) it was nearly impossible to win him the case (D) the case had a minimum chance to be won byhim6. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have been studying in thelibrary every night ________ the last three months.(A) since (B) until (C) before (D) for7. The Internal Revenue Service ________ their tax forms by April 15 every year.(A) makes all Americans file (B) makes all Americans to file(C) makes the filing of Americans (D) makes all Americans filing8. ________ pitched his first major-league game, Joe Nuxhall was only fifteen years old.(A) Because of he (B) He (C) When he (D) Surprisingly he9. ________ occasions for congratulations.(A) Birthdays that usually considered (B) Usually considering birthdays(C) Birthdays are usually considered (D) That considered birthdays usually10. _______, he would have signed his name in the corner.(A) If he painted that picture (B) If he paints that picture(C) If he had painted that picture (D) If he would have painted that picture11. There is evidence to suggest that, at certain times of the year, smog in the Arctic is thicker ________ anywhere else on earth.(A) of smog (B) that smog (C) smog (D) than smog12. The speaker is ________.(A) very well acquainted with the subject(B) recognized as an authority who knows a great deal in terms of the subject(C) someone who knows well enough about the subject which he has undertaken to do the speaking(D) a person who has close awareness of the subject that he speaks about so much13. Sedimentary rocks are formed below the surface of the earth ________ very high temperatures and pressures.(A) where there are (B) there are (C) where are there (D) there are where14. In his inaugural speech, John Kennedy ________ that we should not ask what our country could dofor us but what we could do for our country.(A) said (B) told (C) did (D) got15. There are three kinds of solar eclipses: one is total, another is annular, and ________ .(A) the another is partial (B) the partial is other (C) other is partial (D) the other is partial16. Keynes argued that to avoid an economic depression the government ________ spending and lowerinterest rates.(A) is (B) higher (C) increase (D) should increase17. A hero of the war of 1812, ________ President of the United States.(A) Andrew Jackson later became (B) that Andrew Jackson later became(C) who was Andrew Jackson (D) later became Andrew Jackson18. The various types of bacteria are classified according to ________ shaped.(A) they have (B) having (C) how they are (D) whose19. Franchising offers many advantages to small business owners ________ problematic.(A) however it is (B) even though it is (C) despite its (D) it is20. Jane changed her major from French to business ________(A) with hopes to be able easier to locate employment





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(B) hoping she can easier get a job(C) with the hope for being able to find better a job(D) hoping to find a job more easily.

IV. TOEFL choose incorrect answer(20’)

1. After he had ran for half a mile, he passed the stick to the next runner.(A) had ran (B) for (C) passed (D) the next2. Dislike the gorilla, the male adult chimpanzee weighs under 200 pounds.(A) Dislike (B) male (C) under (D) pounds3. When he took the ticket out of from his pocket, a hundred dollar bill fell to the floor without hisnoticing it.(A) the (B) from his pocket (C) to (D) without4. As a young man, Darwin showed little promising as a biologist.(A) showed (B) promising (C) as (D) a biologist5. Energy in a tornado is enormous by any set of standards.

(A) Energy (B) a tornado (C) any (D) standards6. Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, believed that the brain was an organ that cooled a heart.(A) the famous (B) the brain (C) an organ (D) a heart7. Each of the students in the accounting class has to type their own research paper this semester.(A) students (B) in the (C) their (D) own8. We thought he is planning to go on vacation after the first of the month.(A) is (B) to go on vacation (C) after (D) the first9. Antique auctions are getting more and more popular in the United States because increasing publicawareness of the value of investing in antiques.(A) auctions (B) more and more (C) because (D) the value of10. Not only Kingsley House Settlement nor all phases of the civic life of New Orleans keenly interested Eleanor McMain.

(A) nor all (B) civic life (C) keenly (D) interested11. In a federal form of government like that of the United States, power is divided between thelegislative, executive, and judicial branches.(A) like (B) that of the United States (C) is divided (D) between12. Gunpowder, in some ways the most effective of all the explosive materials, were a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.(A) in some ways (B) the most effective (C) all (D) were13. Despite of rain or snow there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the OSU footballgames.(A) Despite of (B) there are (C) than (D) at14. The flag of the original first colonies may or may not have been made by Betsy Ross during the

Revolution.

(A) original first (B) have been made (C) by Betsy Ross (D) during the Revolution15. Anyone reproducing copyrighted works without permission of the holders of the copyrights are breaking the law.(A) reproducing (B) are (C) breaking (D) the law16. It may be argued that modern presidents have far great responsibilities than their predecessorsdid.(A) argued (B) great (C) their (D) did17. In today's competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise on TV and radio inorder to gain a share of the market.(A) today's (B) to advertise (C) on TV and radio (D) to gain18. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.(A) drivers (B) speed limit (C) fewer (D) occur





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19. Sex's education is instituted to help the student understand the process of maturation, to

eliminate anxieties related to development, to learn values, and to prevent disease.(A) Sex's education (B) understand (C) to eliminate anxieties (D) related

20. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in such of a way that it was easily understood.(A) in (B) such of a way (C) was (D) easily understood

V. Choose corresct answer(15’)

1.If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the UnitedStates, a report needs ________ with the customs office.(A) file (B) filing (C) to file (D) to be filed2. Of Charles Dickens' many novels, "Great Expectations" is perhaps ________ to manyreaders.(A) the most satisfying one (B) most satisfying one(C) more than satisfying one (D) the more satisfying than

3. Rarely ________ to the movie because he prefers to watch films on his VCR.(A) going (B) does John go (C) John does go (D) John goes4. We all know that speaking foreign languages is the best way to learn ________.(A) them (B) it (C) ours (D) us5. Her grades have improved, but only ________.(A) in a small amount (B) very slightly (C) minimum (D) some6. All the cereal grains ________ grow on the prairies and plains of the United States.(A) but rice (B) except the rice (C) but for rice (D) excepting rice7. ________ the bones of prehistoric man, scientists hope to determine what their owners ate.(A) By studying (B) In study of (C) To study (D) Studying8. ________, Cart Sandburg is also well known for his multivolume biography of Lincoln.

(A) An eminent American poet (B) He is an eminent American poet(C) An eminent American poet who is (D) Despite an eminent American poet9. Modern industrial methods have supplanted individual crafts, ________ stonecarvers,coopers, and cobblers virtually extinct.(A) make blacksmiths, (B) made blacksmiths,(C) making them blacksmiths, (D) making blacksmiths,10. Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get ________ that benefits their groups.(A) Congress to pass the legislation (B) Congress passed the legislation(C) the legislation to pass by Congress (D) the legislation that Congress passing11. By careful seeding, weather makers can encourage two small clouds to merge into one bigcloud ________ produce a powerful thunderstorm.

(A) so (B) these (C) which (D) and12. It is usually ________ lava but gas that kills people during volcanic eruptions.(A) not only (B) not (C) neither (D) no13. The Disney amusement park in Japan is ________ Florida or California.(A) the largest than the ones in (B) larger than the ones in(C) larger the ones in (D) the largest of the ones14. Jackson, Mississippi, ________ capital, is the largest city in the state.(A) the (B) where is the (C) is the (D) it is the15. Anthropologists ________ within their environments and evaluate the adaptations theyhave made.(A) societies are studied (B) study societies





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(C) who study societies are (D) their societies are studied16. For thousands of years, people have used vast amounts of wood for building and ________their homes.

(A) they heat (B) to heat (C) heating (D) heat17. ________ of the United States grown during a Republican administration.(A) Rarely the federal government has (B) Rarely has the federal government(C) Has the federal government rarely (D) The federal government has rarely18. Overexposure to the sun can produce ________ can some toxic chemicals.(A) more than damage to the skin (B) more damage than to the skin(C) damage more than to the skin (D) more damage to the skin than19. Balinese cats, which are a cross between Siamese and long-haired cats, ________ mediumlength silky coats of fur.(A) they have (B) have (C) which have (D) having20. If one's suffering from a psychosomatic illness, that is, a disease contributed to by mental

anxiety, one may still feel very ________ .(A) badly (B) bad (C) worsely (D) worser

VI. Choose incorrect choice(15’)

1. Sloths spend most of its time hanging upside down from trees and feeding on leaves andfruit.(A) most (B) its (C) feeding (D) fruit2. All data in computer are changed into electronic pulses by an input unit.(A) in computer (B) into (C) by (D) unit3. Her application for a visa was turned down not only because it was incomplete andincorrectly filled out but also because it was written in pencil.

(A) for a visa (B) down (C) incomplete (D) in pencil4. The patient who was not supposed to be released until the end of the week was told todress in clothes and report to the nurses'station.(A) was not supposed (B) until (C) in clothes (D) the nurses'station5. Since the average age of families has fallen, therefore more and more women have been able to join the labor force.(A) has fallen, (B) therefore (C) have been (D) the labor6. The Rhode Island is the smallest state in the United States.(A) The (B) the (C) state (D) United States7. the lion has long been a symbol of strength, power, and it is very cruel.(A) the (B) long (C) a (D) it is very

cruel8. Fewest than half of all adults fully understand the kinds and amounts of exercise necessaryfor an effective physical fitness program.(A) Fewest (B) adults (C) kinds (D) effective9. Earwax lubricates and protects the ear from foreign matter such water and insects.(A) Earwax lubricates (B) foreign (C) such (D) insects10. Champlain founded a base at Port Royal in 1605, and builds a fort at Quebec three yearslater.(A) founded (B) in 1605 (C) builds (D) at Quebec11. Ester Forbes won the 1943 Pulitzer Prize in American history for her biographer of PaulRevere.





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(A) won (B) in (C) her (D) biographer12. New synthetic materials have improved the construction of artificial body parts byprovide both the power and the range of action for a natural limb.

(A) have (B) the construction (C) body parts (D) provide13. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming isdifferent other industries.(A) applied (B) successfully (C) farming (D) different14. Urban consumers have formed co-operatives to provide themselves with necessities such groceries, household appliances, and gasoline at a lower cost.(A) have formed (B) to provide (C) themselves (D) such

15. The function of pain is to warn the individual of danger so he can take action to avoidmore serious damage.(A) to warn (B) so (C) he (D) serious16. Although there are exceptions, as whole, the male of the bird species is more brilliantly

colored.(A) there are (B) as whole (C) more (D) brilliantly17. The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution gives women the right to vote in theelections of 1920.(A) The Nineteenth Amendment (B) gives(C) to vote (D) the elections18. The aims of the European Economic Community are to eliminate tariffs between membercountries; developing common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, andtransportation; and to abolish trusts and cartels.(A) are (B) developing (C) transportation (D) to abolish19. Most newspapers depend on the wire services from their international stories and

photographs.(A) Most (B) on (C) from (D) stories and photographs20. In the relatively short history of industrial developing in the United States, New YorkCity has played a vital role.(A) relatively (B) developing (C) in the United States (D) has played

VII. TOEFL TEST

1. TOEFL TEST 200201

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression (25’)Choose correct answers:

1. When __ from milk, the remainder is called skim milk.

(A)all the butterfat is removed (B)removing all the butterfat that

(C)is all the butterfat removed (D)the removal of all the butterfat

2. The Buffalo River in Arkansas was designated __ in 1972.

(A)a national river and (B)which a national river (C)a national river (D)being a nationalriver





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3. Much of northern Canada lies within the Arctic Circle, and __ ice or the sparse vegetation

known as tundra.

(A)it is permanently covered by (B)by permanently it is covered(C)is permanently covered by it (D)it is covered by permanently

4. Manipulation of the spinal column, massage, and dietary adjustments __ used inchiropractic therapy.

(A)the principal methods are (B)are the principal methods

(C)how are the principal methods (D)are there the principal methods

5. Giant corporations __ to dominate the United States economy in the late nineteenthcentury, grew steadily larger during the 1920%.

(A)which began (B)in which began (C)they began (D)which they began

6. The tradition of the bowhead whale hunt __ back a thousand years and is a vital part ofInuitculture.

(A)goes (B)if it goes (C)gone (D)that went

7. __ the son of an impoverished farmer, was born on Long Island.(A)The poet was Walt Whitman (B)When the poet Walt Whitman(C)The poet Walt Whitman (D)That the poet Walt Whitman8. The primary digestive function of the throat and esophagus is __ swallowed materials fromthe mouth to the stomach.(A)to transport (B)transported (C)for transportation (D)that transported9. Insulin is manufactured by specialized cells in the pancreas and released __ glucose reaches

a certain concentration in the bloodstream.(A)which (B)whenever (C)how (D)during10. One of the basic principles of wildlife conservation involves __ adequate natural food andshelter to maintain populations of each species in a given habitat.(A)the provision (B)that provision (C)to provide (D)providing11. In 1974 the space probe Mariner 10 discovered __ Mercury's surface is cratered bymeteorite impacts.(A)that the planet (B)of the planet (C)the planet that (D)which planet is12. In the diurnal type of tidal oscillation, the alternate rise and fall of sea level, a single high water anda single low water occur __ tidal day.(A)each (B)each of (C)each of the (D)of each13.The chief justice of the United States presides over the Supreme Court during oral arguments and

in conferences __(A)of which decisions concern (B)have important decisions(C)that important decisions (D)concerning important decisions14. By focusing on the interesting, __ the significant, the penny press newspapers of the 1830'shelped to change the concept of news.(A)which does not necessarily (B)not necessarily (C)was not necessarily (D)nor necessarily being15. Documentary evidence supports claims that __ the New World about AD 1000.(A)reached the Vikings (B)the Vikings reached(C)reaching the Vikings (D)the Vikings that reached

Choose incorrect answers:







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Section Two: Structure and Written Expression (25’)

Choose correct answers:

1 In 1796 investigations into the chemical nature of diamond concluded _________ a for

pure carbon.

(A) that it (B) is it (C) that it is (D) is that

2 The English colonization of Virginia was devised in 1606 by a group of merchants

_________ the Virginia Company of London.

(A) who formed (B) formed (C) who they formed (D) they formed

3 The hourglass, an instrument used _________, usually consists of two bulbs united by

narrow neck.

(A) measures time (B) time is measured (C) for measuring time (D) the time for measuring

4 A master is an electronic apparatus that _________ radio and light waves.

(A) generated and was amplified (B) generating and amplifying

(C) generates and amplifies (D) to generate and amplify

5 The human skin forms _________ against the ac tion of physical, chemical, and bacterial

agents on the deeper tissues.

(A) how protective a barrier is (B) a protective barrier

(C) a barrier protects (D) and which a barrier protects

6 Medical research at the cellular level, _ ________ research on the immune system, has been

made possible through twentieth-century advances in techniques of genetic research.

(A) which (B) whereas (C) such as (D) is also

7 Living organisms contain more water _________ substance.

(A) than do any other (B) does than any other(C) other than do they any (D) than they do any other





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8 The twentieth century has been a period of enor mous growth in mathematical research andinthe number of mathematicians and fields _________ them.

(A) they require (B) requiring (C) require (D) as required

9 Columbia University’s School of Public Health is _________ a handful of schools of public

health in the United States.

(A) one that (B) the one (C) one of (D) one

10 The United States Department of the interior designated the Brooklyn bridge _________in1964.

(A) was a national historic landmark (B) a national historic landmark

(C) which a national historic landmark (D) a national historic landmark which

11 In jazz music, a riff is a simple melodic figure, _________ and repeated several times.

(A) usually one or two measures lasted (B) lasted one measure or two usually

(C) is lasting one or two measures usually (D) usually lasting one or two measures

12 At its center, the sun has a density of over a hundred times _________ and a temperature o

10 to 20 million degrees centigrade.

(A) that of water (B) of water (C) than that of water (D) water

13 The United States Congress appropriates some four million dollars _________ the upkeep

of the White House grounds.

(A) year for a (B) for a year (C) a year for (D) a for year

14 The sea horse uses _________ to cling to the seaweed and other plants.

(A) it has a tail (B) a tail with which it (C) its tail (D) as its tail

15 In the years ahead, health professionals will be able to enhance or restore health far better

_________ at present.

(A) whereas (B) they can (C) than (D) that are







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1.In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, the United States developed the reusable space

shuttle ________to space cheaper and easier.A. to make access B and making access

C. which made accessible D. and made accessible.

2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is more similar to humans _______.

A. are than any other animal B. than is any other animal

C. any other animal is D. and any other animal is

3._______more than 65,000 described species of protozoa, of which more than half are

fossils.





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A. Being that there are B. There being C. Are there D. There are

4.The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 ___ nearly unanimously through the United States

Congress.A. passed B. in passage C. having passed D. passing

5.Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton of beams and columns ___a three-dimensional

grid.

A. forms B. from which forming C. and forming D. that forms

6.The average level of United States prices grew very little from 1953 until the mid-1960’s

when ____________.

A. did inflation begin B. inflation began

C. the beginning of inflation D. did the beginning of inflation

7.The basis premise behind all agricultural production is _____available the riches of the

for human consumption.

A. to be made B. the making C. making is D. to make

8.___to the united states House of Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel Macon remaine

office until 1815.

A. Election B. Why he was elected C. Elected D. Who was elected

9.________ of classical ballet in the united states began around 1830.

A. To teach B. Is teaching C. It was taught D. The teaching

10.The universe is estimated ___between 10 billion and 20 billion years old.

A. being B. to be C. which is D. is.

11. A situation in which an economic market is dominated by a ____ is known as a

monopoly.

A. single of a product seller B. product single of a seller

C. seller of a product single D. single seller of a product





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12.____ freshwater species of fish build nests of sticks, stones, or scooped-out sand..

A. As the many B. Of the many C. Many D. Many of them are

13.Newspaper publishers in the united states have estimated ___________reads a

newspaper every day.

A. nearly 80 percent of the adult population who

B. it is nearly 80 percent of the adult population

C. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population who

D. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population

14. The foundation of all other branches of mathematics is arithmetic, _ science of

calculating with numbers.

A. is the B. the C. which the D. because the

15.Nylon was ___the human-made fibers.

A. the first of which B. what the first of C. it the first of D. the first of






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In tile philosophical school of pragmatism, -----certainty and there are no absolutes.

(A) there is no (B) is there not (C) neither (D) no

2. The femur, or thighbone, is in the human body.

(A) the bone is longest (B) the longest bone that





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(C) the longest bone (D) that of which the longest bone

3.------- different kinds of beans are cultivated throughout the world.

(A) Many (B) Of the many (C) There are many (D) Many are the

4. A major source of rock salt is domes, ------of rock salt embedded in surrounding layers ofearth.

(A) are that vertical cylinders (B) that vertical cylinders

(C) cylinders are vertical (D) vertical cylinders

5. Hot springs are one of the most characteristic features of areas of recent volcanic activity,

although----- in other areas less abundantly.

(A) also to have occurred (B) their occurrence also (C) also occur (D) they do also occur

6. Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first they were suchas soap manufacturers.

(A) commercial companies by sponsored (B) companies commercial by sponsored

(C) sponsored by commercial companies (D) companies commercial sponsored by

7. In the early 1900's, Albert Einstein showed, under special circumstances, matter and energycan be converted into one another.

(A) in which (B) that (C) what (D) there are

8.------in the United States began in the eighteenth century, when individuals, merchants, andcolonial governments loaned money to one another.

(A) Banking (B) When banking (C) It was banking (D) Banking was

9. By performing specific motions, forager honeybees are able to recruit to gather at a recently

discovered foodsource.

(A) while their nestmates (B) so that their nestmates

(C) their nestmates (D) their nestmates are

10. Although the chemical elements niobium and tantalum are not quite zirconium andhafnium, the differences between them are slight

(A) as similar (B) as similar as (C) similar than (D) that similar





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11. ------both safety and reliability have always been primary goals of the railway mechanicalengineer.

(A) Railroad history (B) Railroad history includes

(C) Throughout railroad history (D) In railroad history there are

12. The trumpet is-----of most dance and jazz bands.

(A) a part is important (B) partly important (C) what part is important (D) an important part

13. Most whole milk undergoes homogenization, -------hot milk is pumped through valves to break up and permanently disperse the fat globules.

(A) a process (B) which process (C) a process in which (D) which is a process

14. A lingua franca is any auxiliary language, -------a rudimentary kind, used as a medium ofcommunication between people who speak different languages.

(A) of which usually (B) which usually of (C) is usually of (D) usually of

15. In 1865 the astronomer Maria Mitchell became appointed to the faculty of Vassar College.

(A) as the first woman (B) the first woman was (C) the first woman (D) being the firstwoman.






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Phần III ANSWER KEY

Unit1: TENSESS

Unit 2: VERB PATTERNSUnit 3: CONDITIONAL SENTENCESUnit 4: COMPARISONUnit 5: PASSIVE SENTENCESUnit 6: REPORTED SPEECHSUnit 7 MODAL VERBSUnit 8: SENTENCES WITH MUTIPLE CLAUSESUnit 9: OTHER PROBLEMSUnit 10: TOEFL TESTTOEFFL TEST 200201ACABA ACABD AADBB BADDD BCCBB ACBDC CCDCB DADCD

TOEFFL TEST 200308CACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBTOEFFL TEST 200405ABDAD BDCDB DCDBD CDCBA DCDCB CDCDA CBADC BDCBBTOEFFL TEST 200408ACADD CBACB CDCDC BBCDB ACABC BACDC DBDAC DBDAA

Documents

Master English Grammar Tác giả: Hoàng Văn Nam Trường Đại học Hàng hải Việt Nam, 2010