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Materiales y técnicas no convencionales
con base em recursos naturales como una
contribución para aplicación in
Habitaciones y Infraestructura
Octubre 21, 2016
VISIÓN 2016
USMP, Lima Perú
Holmer Savastano Jr. Professor, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
FZEA USP
Partial view of Pirassununga campus 1st Brazilian Biosystems Engineering Undergraduate Course
Mestrado e Doutorado
Research Nucleus on
Materials for Biosystems
http://prpg.usp.br/biosmat/
MATERIALS:
Main structure: bamboo culms
Walls: Earth + natural fibers
Local materials, particle boards, fibercement
Local labor/ cooperation
Architectural Project
NOCMAT Excellence Center , campus USP, Pirassununga - SP
First architectural studies
Highlights
• Challenges to propose sustainable, scalable and
affordable materials solutions
– To help solving housing and infrastructure problems
– To use local available resources
– To save energy
– To optimize appropriate processing
– To generate durable constructive elements
• Engineering solutions for natural resources
applied to solve basic problems
The need to reduce embodied energy
of Engineered Cement Composites
Energy Consumption per Metric Tonne of Concrete and ECC
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Concre
teE
CC
Megajoules
Cement
Gravel
Sand
Rebar
PVA fiber
Super-plasticizer
Motivation
• Collaboration with the fiber-cement industry
– Asbestos-free Composites
– Brazilian market equivalent to 300 Mm2
– Less expensive and more sustainable fibers
– Experiment with non-conventional curing procedure
• Cooperation with other academic and research
institutions
– Synergic and multidisciplinary approach
– Improved performance
– Optimal use of regionally available resources
Corrugated and flat sheets for housing
Fibercement's industry
Fibercement roofing products.
Vegetable fibers as reinforcement of
cement-based materials
Inorganic matrix
- without reinforcement - reinforced with fibers
Vegetable plant fibers and treatments
The Curauá Plant (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius)
Terrestrial bromeliad small to medium sized
Erected leaves, with flat, leathery and stiff faces
Purple color with red inflorescences
The leaves are 4-5 cm width and
~ 1.5 m in length
The Curaua natural occurence
Distribution (yellow line)
Mostly in the Amazon Region
Aspect of curaua plantation
CURAUA PROPERTIES &
CHARACTERISTICS
Cross section of the curauá leaf
FB: fiber
bundle
associated
with the
vascular
system
Fiber bundle from
the top of the sheet
Fiber bundle
below the
vascular
system 250 μm
Macro fiber
Bundle of unitary cells
20 μm
Fiber bundle composed of unitary cells Sheath fibers associated with the
vascular bundle
20 μm
Transversal and lateral surfaces of the
curaua fiber after extraction
Fiber characterization
Fiber mechanical proprieties
Curaua * Sisal Jute Piassava Coir
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Te
ns
ile
Str
en
gh
t (M
Pa
)
Fibers
Work results (Curaua *)
Curaua * Sisal Jute Piassava Coir
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yo
un
g's
Mo
du
lus(G
Pa)
Fibers
CURAUA PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS
Fiber Physical and chemical properties
Curaua * Curaua Sisal Jute Coir
0
30
60
90
120 Lignin
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Co
nte
nts
(%
)
Fibers
Low specific density
1420 ± 47 kg/m³
This work results (Curaua *)
Fiber and composite preparation for
strain-hardening behavior
Cooperative research
Fiber preparation
- Cleaning in hot water (80oC/12 h)
- Debunding by combing
- Thermal treatment (drying at oven at 80oC)
- Cutting 10-20 mm
Vegetable fibres were treated for 4, 10 and 20 min with
methane cold plasma in the plasma reactor
Cold methane plasma polymerization
Sample holder
Cathode
Interface adhesion
Untreated x treated vegetable fibers Treatments – cold plasma or silane, e. g.
Untreated Treated
Silane treatment Vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) 0.5% cement mass
Strain Hardening
Behavior
Ultimate tensile strength = 2.2 ± 0.2 MPa
Average tensile strain capacity of 0.8 ± 0.1 %
Average compressive strength of 12.3 ± 0.4 MPa
Multiple cracking pattern
Curaua-ECC
Direct tensile loading
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS
• The fiber bundles are composed of structures and
arrangements consisting of several fibers
– different morphologies systemically distributed in the
cross section of the curauá leaf;
• The curauá fiber presented a superior tensile
strength and similar Young’s modulus in
comparison to sisal and jute, natural plant fibers
with similar chemical compositions
• Multiple cracking, strain-hardening cementitious
composites
– discontinuous, natural curauá fibers as reinforcement,
– step toward versatile natural fiber composites for non-
structural applications
Nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement
of cement Composites
- Mechanical nanofibrillation from organosolv pulp
Specific surface area
Unbleached bamboo organosolv pulp
Unbleached nanofibrillated cellulose
Grinding
Width distribution of the unbleached nanofibrillated
cellulose after 5, 10, 15 and 20 cycles
Extruded cement-based composites
9% of bamboo organosolv pulp
Hybrid composite 8% of pulp + 1% of nanofibrillated
cellulose
31/10/2016 32
Extruded cement-based composites
0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.024
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Ten
sao
(M
Pa
)
Deformaçao especifica (mm/mm)
9% of pulp (28 days)
8% of pulp + 1% of NC (28 days)
9% of pulp - aged (200 cycles)
8% of pulp + 1% of NC - aged (200 cycles)
Strain (mm/mm)
Str
ess (
MP
a)
Cement matrix modification
Use of mineral additions from agro-wastes to reduce calcium
hydroxide content
Pozzolanic reaction
S + CH = CSH
Amourphous
silica (SiO2) from
mineral additions
Calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2 from
hydration of
cement
Calcium silicate
hydrates =
Component with
cementitious
properties
Sugar cane bagasse
Sugar cane leaves
Bamboo leaves
Agro-wastes Mineral additions
Calcination
700 °C 1h
Calcination
600 °C 1h
Calcination
700 °C 1h
Sugar cane
bagasse ashes
(SCBA)
Sugar cane
leaves ashes
(SCLA)
Bamboo leaves
ashes
(BLA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Co
nd
uc
tiv
ity
(m
S/c
m)
Time (Hours)
Sugar cane bagasse ashes (SCBA) Bamboo leaves ashes (BLA)
Sugar cane leaves ashes (SCLA) Commercial amorphous silica (CAS)
Using ashes as partial substitutes of Ordinary Portland Cement –
Collaboration with UA COVACHIMM – Guadeloupe, FWI
Pozzolanic activity : BLA > SCLA > SCBA
Mechanical bending test Stress-deflection curves of the composites reinforced with eucalyptus
Pulp at 28 days and after 200 cycles of accelerated ageing
Magnesium based clinker free fiber cement
Dimensional stabilization by
curing at modified atmosphere
rich in CO2
39
WA: water absorption
BD: bulk density
Normal curing
Fast curing
b
b
a
Additional comments and
Future research
• Brittle concrete can be converted into durable ductile
concrete for sustainable infrastructure
• Experimental data suggest potential for plant fiber to
replace synthetic fiber in ductile ECC composites
• Broader sustainability implications:
– Curauá as a renewable fiber
– Absorbs CO2 while growing
– Potential enhancement of income for Amazon indigenous people
– Increase concrete infrastructure durability, reduce repair needs
– Locks up carbon thus becoming carbon negative system
Bamboo treatment and
structural use
Full culm bamboo treatment for structural
use Low cost and low environmental
impact treatment solutions:
Optimization of well-known preservatives:
• Optimum concentration for biological
degradation, fire and mechanical
resistance;
• The influence of treatment
methods
Development of new tannin-based
preservatives:
• The combination of Tannin extract with
sodium octaborate or copper sulfate;
• Increase the leachability resistance;
Physical and mechanical
properties correlation – paths to
quality control.
Engineered Bamboo for Structural Use
Development of Sandwich Panels
on Engineered Bamboo:
Proposals for Medium-Rise
Buildings Physical and Mechanical Characterisation;
Environmental Impact Analysis.
Promote Environmentally Friendly Construction
Materials
(Sharma et al., 2015) (Guadua Bamboo®)
Structural Panel Building
(Becker, 2011)
Multilayer Particleboard
Textile reinforced board
Naturals fibers Bio-resins
Multilayer
Processing
Particleboard
Performance
Particulate
Particle boards
Monolayer
Fibers
reinforcement
Physical, chemical, mechanical
and microstructural
Accelerated
aging
Initial age
Natural aging
Sample in real and
small scale
Durability
Fabrics
reinforcement
The use of Latex in
non-conventional particleboard
Coating
Binder
Sugarcane Waste Particleboard
Latex binder test
Thermal conductivity
(W/m.K)
Mechanical resistance to bending three points
MOR (MPa) LOP (MPa) MOE (MPa) SpEnergy (kJ/m2)
0.17 6.32 2.44 1275 3.58
Initial characterization test
Illustrative images of micrographs of the panels:
a) surface and b) fracture .
Latex Coating
0
5
10
15
20
Thickeness Swelling Water Absorption
Th
ickn
ess S
well
ing
(%
)
Control Latex0
20
40
60
Wate
r Ab
so
rptio
n (%
)
Sugarcane bagasse particleboard with
textile reinforcement for use in
packaging food transportation
Agriculture is the
basis of Brazilian
economy.
Brazil is the
largest producer of
sugarcane
worldwide.
Particleboard of
sugarcane bagasse is
good alternative to
food packaging.
Pallets for cargo
transportation.
Wood is a commonly
used material for food
transport packaging.
Transport containers
require high strength.
Textile reinforcement for particleboard:
jute and fiber glass
Increase of 13% for one layer of jute textile and 23% for two layers
Increase of 16% for one layer of fiber glass textile and 36% for two layers
MECHANICAL STRENGTH
Animal welfare and
constructed environment
Ashes from wastes generated from confined animal production:
Swine deep bedding as mineral addition
Intensive swine production
Minimization of environmental pollution
Saturation of the soil
Swine deep bedding ash Temperature 600oC Burning time 240 min Heating rate 10oC/min Natural cooling ~8 h
Rice rusk
Floor panel with heating system
(a) Floor panel (b) Pig’s house
Electric resistance
Analysis of piglets behavior
Enthalpy Behavior
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
H (k
J/k
g d
ry a
ir)
Period (hours)
Swine deep bedding ashes
External
Homogeneous sugarcane bagasse particleboards and
castor oil polyurethane resin
Density 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ Wooden structure reforestation, with 3 plates of particleboards
SOFT BODY IMPACT TEST
Structural assessment of modular panel
59
DYNAMIC TEST - Numerical Modeling
horizontal displacement in mm
Application in cattle handling facilities
60
Without modular panel With modular panel
Final remarks
• Non-conventional materials from local resources can be
appropriately engineered to solve housing and
infrastructure needs.
• Multilayer and textile reinforced particleboard based on
agriculture waste can play an important role on cladding,
ceiling, packaging and many other potential applications.
• There is an urgent need of worldwide collaboration to
make this happen in sustainable way.
Acknowledgements
• FAPESP PITE Project, PD Grant
• CNPq PDJ Program
• Research Assistants at USP
IIBCC 2016 – 7-11 Nov 2016
Fuzhou China http://www.iibcc.biz/
