niko nikolaZemeamboxe

mose mwyemsad idga. ucbaT, moSorebiT, dainaxa: mayvlis buCqs cecxli ekida da ar iwvoda. ifiqra: waval, vnaxav, ra saswauli xdeba. miuaxlovda. moulodnelad gaigona _ mose, mose! gaixade xamli fexTagan. adgili, sadac dgaxar, wmidaa. mwyemsma saxeze xelebi aifara. SeeSinda uflis xilvisa. maSin mimarTa ufalma moses: vnaxe me egvipteSi Cemi eris tanjva-wameba. aw movel, raTa vixsna igi. Sen gamoiyvan egviptiT israelis Svilebs da waiyvan aRTqmul qveyanaSi.

_ ki, magram, vin var me, ufalo? _ ikiTxa gaognebulma da gancvifrebulma mosem. pasuxad miiRo: _ nu geSinia. me viqnebi SenTan. es me, ufali, RmerTi Seni gavaleb uSvelo Cems xalxs. egviptis tyveobidan ixsna.

ekida cecxli mayvlis buCqs da smenadqceuli mwyemsi cdilobda gaego, ra umZimes saqmes akisrebda ufali.

biWi kazematis laWanze1 iwva gatrunuli. mTeli nasxmani stkioda. Tavi ubruoda. rac ginda ifiqre da idarde, damTavrda studentoba. peterburgSi CamosvlisTanave netavi mainc ar gaefrTxilebinaT Wkuadamjdar studentebs.

`...Senc ise ar waxde, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe waxda. isic aq Sileris, baironisa da valter skotis kiTxvis mets aras Svreboda da daesxa Tavslafi. ise wavida, rom kursi ver Seasrula. udiplomod wabrZanda... aba, exla ra adgili unda miiRos iman?..~

ilias ra uSavs. oTxi weli mainc swavlobda. man ki erTi Tvec ver atara studenturi mwvane qudi. 15 seqtembers Caricxes peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis studentad, administraciuli dargiT, da 13 oqtombers daapatimres. arada, ra amayad miarTva gancxadeba reqtors, pletnovs petre aleqsandres Zes. im pletnovs, puSkinma `evgeni onegini~ rom uZRvna: Хотел xы я теxе преhстWвить зWлоj hостойнее теxя...

`umaRlesi ganaTlebis gasasruleblad msurs movismino samarTlis mecnierebaTa sruli kursi s.-peterburgis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. umorCilesad vTxov Tqvens aRmatebulebas Camricxos studentad, universitetSi Sesasvlelad dawesebuli gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg.

gancxadebas erTvis Semdegi sabuTebi: metrikuli mowmoba da gimnaziaSi mecnierebaTa kursis damTavrebis atestati.

nikoloz iakobis Ze nikolaZe.1861 weli, ivlisis 21~.vis aqvs cxra Tavi da vin etyvis axla quTaisSi iakob nikolaZes: Seni Svili universitetSi

swavlis magier cixeSi agdiao. da mere risTvis? xelmwife-imperatoris urCobisaTvis! misi Svili viRac Saraxvetiebs ahyolia da rus xelmwifes kanonebs uwunebs. RmerTo ki momkali da ra sWirs amxela imperiis baton-patrons, uganaTlebules adamians iakob nikolaZis cxvirmouxoceli Rlapis dasawuni? marTalia, aleqsandre meore gulSi arc iakobs moswonda, ojaxSiac xSirad uTqvams _ `mefuri mas araferi cxiao~, _ magram, rasac kaci Sin ityvi, is sajarod da saxalxod ki ar unda wamotortlo. joxi rom daayudon da mefe daarqvan, pativi unda sceo, _ ambobs Cveni xalxi. vin misca ufleba quTaTeli vaWris Svils am tradiciis darRvevis? rodis aqeT moiSala qveSevrdomis morCilebis zne-Cveuleba? mereda, visi qveSevrdomobis, dedamiwis zurgze uZlieresi ruseTis imperiis xelmwifisa. nikos arc nikoloz pirvelis xsovnis pativiscema da morideba unda daekarga. kadniereba ar unda Caedina. nametnavad uyvarda iakob nikolaZes nikoloz pirveli. icoda es nikom da mamis grZnobas frTxilad unda mopyroboda.

im dRes, nikoloz pirveli rom gardaicvala, gimnaziaSi mimaval nikos mamamisi bulvarSi Sexvda. iakobi tiroda.

`dabrundi, Svilo, _ uTxra man daRonebulis xmiT, _ dRes swavla ar geqnebaT. dedaSens uTxari: mogvikvda Cveni xelmwife, davrCiT oblad, upatronod. awi veRaravin mouvlis da uSvelis ubedur ruseTs. nikoloz pirvels is mermec didxans Tayvanscemda, rogorc bevri sxva, masze ufro naswavlic. mas nikolozi bevrjer enaxa CvenSi da ruseTSi da nametnavad moswonda~.

ras izam, mosaxdeni ukve moxda. rogor ar undoda iakobs Svilis peterburgSi gagzavna saswavleblad. Tavad mas didi swavla-ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram amas

xeli araferSi SeuSlia. niJni-novgorodSiac arxeinad dadioda savaWrod da laipcigSiac. arc angariSi SeSlia da arc vismes odesme moutyuebia igi. Cinebulad uZRveboda Tavis saqmes. ojaxic gadadilRvamebuli hqonda. imier saqarTveloSi Tu vinmes mokrZalebiT epyrobodnen da moridebiT Tavs ukravdnen, erTi maTgani iakob nikolaZec iyo. meti raRa undoda skandeli glexis STamomavals? daamTavrebda quTaisis gimnazias niko, Caibarebda mamis saqmes da mSvidad gaagrZelebda cxovrebas nikolaZeebis savaWro saxli. magram ara da ara, ar moeSva Svili: ginda Tu ara, saswavleblad gamiSvio. ra unda eqna iakobs? gamorCeviT uyvarda mas niko. unda daTanxmeboda Svilis survils. iakob nikolaZis jiutoba imanac gatexa, rom saqmeSi istorikosi dimitri baqraZe da generali grigol erisTavi Caerivnen. d. baqraZes moswonda nikos werilebi, `ciskars~ rom ugzavnida. erTxel grigol erisTavTan saubarSi uqia niko istorikoss, niWieri ymawvili uwodebia. g. erisTavi imxanad quTaisis general-gubernatorad msaxurobda. yuradRebiani kaci iyo da iakobisaTvis urCevia: biWs swavla-ganaTleba ar moaklo, xeli yovelgvarad Seuwyveo. raRa unda eqna ikobs? orives _ d. baqraZesac da g. erisTavsac _ did pativs scemda: erTs, rogorc mecniers, meores, rogorc saqmis kacs. maT xaTri veRar gautexa da daTanxmda Svilis peterburgSi saswavleblad gamgzavrebas.

am nagvianevma Tanxmobam niko did gasaWirSi Caagdo. im dros erTi wesi arsebobda: visac universitetSi swavlis gagrZeleba surda, mas gimnaziaSi laTinuri ena unda eswavla. Tu swavlis gagrZelebas ar apirebda, maSin laTinuri savaldebulo ar iyo. SeeZlo sum, es, est, sumus, estis sunt (var, xar, aris, varT, xarT, arian) zuTxviT tvini ar gaewyalebina. raki peterburgSi gamgzavrebis imedi ar WaWanebda, arc nikos Seuwuxebia laTinuris swavliT Tavi. axla viTareba Seicvala. imdeni laTinuri mainc unda aeTvisebina, ramdenic gamocdebis Casabareblad iyo sakmao. mTeli peterburguli zafxuli amas moandoma. Tumca Cvidmeti wlis ymawvils xSirad saxlSi guli ar uZlebda. ipareboda. peterburgis sanaxebSi daxetialobda. nevaze naviT seirnobda. Tvalwarmtac baRebsa da parkebSi CalisferTmian gogoebs earSiyeboda. Sin daRlil-daqanculi brundeboda. asakiT ufrosi megobrebis sayvedursa da gakicxvas imsaxurebda. gansakuTrebiT kirile lorTqifaniZis erideboda. kirile sul oTxi wliT ufrosi iyo nikoze, magram sidinjiT, muyaiTobiT da saqmianobiT gamoirCeoda. nikos laTinuris swavlaSic exmareboda. yvelaze metad nikos kiriles gawbileba awuxebda. darcxvenili isev laTinurs Caujdeboda. ori-sami dRe Tu gauZlebda mecadineobas.

`unda gamovtyde, CemisTana zarmaci ara gauCenia ra RmerTs swavlisaTvis. `urokis~ damzadeba da swavla yovelTvis JamaT mimaCnda. arc gawyromas, arc Segonebas, arc darigebas, arc xvewnas, arc datkbobas arasodes gavlena ar hqonia Cemze~.

mere isev zafxuli da sicocxle uxmobda gareT. isic garboda. jer pirtitvela ymawvils, visac bavSvoba quTaissa da foTSi hqonda gatarebuli, ajadoebda peterburgi, mis cxovrebaSi nanaxi pirveli namdvili qalaqi.

`...es peterburgi is qalaqia, sadac me pirveli axalgazrduli aRtaceba da ymawviluri ocnebis eSxi gamicvnia, sadac pirvelaT naTeli da mZlavri STabeWdileba Rirsebia Cems tvinsa da guls~...

nikos guls uxeTqavda fiqri: vaiTu laTinuri ver Cavabaro da universitetSi ar mimiRono. iyo erT gawamawiaSi; aqeT laTinuri, iqiT peterburgis jado. bolos gamocdebis dRec movida. nikos laTinuriT universitetSi Sesvla metad saeWvo iyo. magram cda bedis monaxevreao da niko nikolaZe sagamocdo komisiis winaSe warsdga.

`nu daiviwyebT, rom cidanaxevari tani mqonda, rom pirtitvela viyav, rogorc baRana, rom rusul enas Zlivs vamtvrevdi. nu daiviwyebT imas da warmoidgineT, rom peterburgis universitetis zalaSi, egzamenatorebis win wamomdgara am saxis baRana, oTxasiode wver-ulvaSian vaJkacebis Sua... bevrs egona, visme students pawia Zma mohyolia seiris sacqerlaTo...~

yismaTma gauRima: rusuli literaturis codniT moxibla egzamenatorebi. Tavi Tamamad igrZno, magram sabediswero kiTxvac gaigona: sxva sagnebic ase Cinebulad iciTo? ra unda eqna? tyuili ver uSvelida. isev simarTlis Tqma amjobina _ laTinurSi bevri araferi vicio, `iugurTas omebis~ aTiode Tavis garda.

egzamenatorma laTinuri enis saxelmZRvanelo gadaSala da TiTi im adgils daado, sadac ewera Bellum scripturus sum1 da waikiTxeTo, ubrZana nikos. sixaruliT cas ewia biWi. es Tavi zepirad icoda da sxapasxupiT Caabulbula.

_ oho, SesaniSnavad gcodniaT, _ Tqva gamomcdelma da nikos mis xmaSi dacinva moesma. _ kidev ra iciT?

_ kidev? cxra paragrafi. metis swavla veRar movaswari. _ gulis tkiviliT upasuxa nikom da ganabuli miaCerda egzamenators.

yvelafers moeloda niko, magram imas ki ara, rac gamomcdelma Tqva: _ sakmarisia esec. ra dagisvaT, sami Tu oTxi?

Secbunebulma biWma Zlivs amoRerRa: _ rac Tqveni neba iqnes, is damisviTo._ raki rusuli literatura kargad gcodniaT, oTxians gisvamT, _ da laTinuris

maswavlebelma nikos oTxiani dauwera.gadarCa.mere fizikac kargad Caabara, saRmrTo werilic. frangulSi isev waiforxila, magram

amas ukve mniSvneloba aRar hqonda. laTinurSi mopovebuli niSnis Semdeg, arsebiTad, nikoloz iakobis Ze nikolaZe sankt-peterburgis universitetis studenti iyo. ukve SeeZlo Tavdayira gadaSvebuliyo peterburgis studentur cxovrebaSi.

jer kidev quTaisSi icoda, ra ambebi trialebda peterburgSi.Tavdapirvelad yvelaferi mSvidobianad mimdinareobda. oden Jurnal-gazeTebSi iyo

kamaTi gaCaRebuli. TiTqmis yvelas aucileblad miaCnda umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganaxleba. ra Tqma unda, azri sxvadasxvaobda. erTni mcire cvlilebebiTac kmayofildebodnen. meoreni ki Zireul Secvlas iTxovdnen. ra aRwers da gadmoscems imas, rac maSin iTqva da daiwera. zRva masalaa es, dastambuli imdroindel Jurnal-gazeTebSi. ar darCenila beWdviTi organo, azri ar gamoeTqva, paeqrobaSi monawileoba ar mieRo. vin ar werda _ mwerali, pedagogi, mecnieri, publicisti, saxelmwifo moxele da... mefis ojaxis wevrebic ki. mTeli am xangrZlivi azrTa gacvla-gamocvlis, paeqroba-diskusiis azri mokled ase SeiZleba gamoiTqvas:

saWiroa universitetis avtonomia, aucilebelia studentebisa da profesorebis ganTavisufleba policiis meurveobisgan, ruseTis universitetis programa unda dauaxlovdes evropis universitetebis programas. mecnierebas Tavisufali ganviTarebis saSualeba mieces...

gacxarebuli davis dros profesor andria beketovs esec ki wamoscda: `sauniversiteto ganaTlebis umTavresi piroba is aris, rom codna SeZenili iqnes nebayoflobiT. adamiani, romelic iZulebiT muSaobs, SeuZlebelia kargad muSaobdes. es igive batonymuri Sromaa~.

viTareba TandaTanobiT iZabeboda. aSkarad Canda, rom sauniversiteto ganaTlebis 1835 wels miRebuli wesdeba irRveoda. Tavis droze igi saxalxo ganaTlebis ministrma grafma sergei simonis Ze uvarovma SeimuSava (im uvarovma, romelsac ekuTvnoda formula: TviTmpyrobeloba, marTlmadidebloba, xalxuroba). wesdeba aucileblad Tvlida yvela fakultetze eswavlaT RmrTismetyveleba, eklesiis istoria, moqmedi samarTali. universiteti mTlianad emorCileboda mTavrobis mier daniSnul mzrunvels. profesor-maswavleblebi da studentoba, rogorc universitetSi, ise mis gareT, imyofeboda policiis meurveobaSi.

am wesdebis gauqmebis winaaRmdegi aravin iyo, magram gaaCnda _ rogor ganxorcieldeboda reforma.

sanam xelisufleba reformis gasatareblad mSvidobian gzas eZebda, manam studentTa mRelvarebam daaswro da peterburgis saswavleblebSi proklamacia gavrcelda.

igi iwyeboda leqsiT:

nWш век железный, век цWрей,qтыков, зWконов xестолковыхoлоhит xез счету не люhей _lюhишек, hряненьких, hешевых.1

studentoba xarbad kiTxulobda mixeil mixailovisa da nikoloz SCelgunovis daweril proklamacias:

`mTavrobam xelTaTmani gvesrola. axla vnaxoT, ramdeni raindi moiyris Tavs mis asaRebad~.

......didi xania rusi xalxi gamoirCeva xangrZlivi moTminebiT. gvirtyamdnen TaTrebi da

Cven vdumdiT. gvcemdnen mefeebi da Cven vdumdiT, mokrZalebiT vuxridiT Tavs. axla gvibaguneben germanelebi da Cven vdumvarT, pativs vcemT maT! progresi!.. marTlac, ra Cveni saqmea igi? Cven xelgaSlili buneba gvaqvs. galeSilni mzad varT WuWyiani policiuri skandalebisaTvis. mxolod iq, sadRac dasavleTSi, arian darafeTebi, romelnic moyvass sagmirod mouwodeben raRac carieli sityvebisaTvis _ la gloire2 .

......Cven gvikrZalaven yvelafers. nebas gvaZleven mxolod ganabuli visxdeT skamebze.

SiSiT visminoT cenzuragavlili leqciebi. wesierad moviqceT, rogorc klasebSia es saWiro. CamorTmeuli gvaqvs ufleba gansjisa. iTxoven _ ar imsjeloTo. gesmiT _ ar imsjeloTo!

magram am Txovnis miuxedavad, azrad Tu mogviva, rom Cvenc adamianebi varT, rom Cvenc gvabia Tavi, rom vazrovnebT, rom ena imisTvis ki ar gvaqvs, rom davabezRoT, aramed imisTvis, rom vTqvaT is, rasac vfiqrobT _ maSin?

......Cven legioni varT! CvenTan aris saRi azri; sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba, literatura,

profesura, uamravi Tavisuflad moazrovne adamiani, dasavleTi evropa... yvelaferi saukeTeso da mowinave CvenTan aris. Cven bevrni varT, vidre jaSuSebi. vin aris Cveni winaaRmdegi? xuTi-eqvsi oligarqi, tirani, flidi da unamuso mparavi, mona, batonad yofnis msurveli... isini cdiloben SegvaSinon. magram maTi ar unda gveSinodes, Cvens winaaRmdeg aris ramdenime aTasi xiStic, magram isini ver gabedaven Cvens winaaRmdeg maT momarTvas. ra aris aq saSiSi? maS, visac ar eSinia, SekavSirdnen. de, moxdes, rac mosaxdenia. uaresi SeuZlebelia.

......erTi ram gwamdeT: ver gabedaven gvesrolon.

......energia, energia, energia!.. gaxsovdeT, rom Cven axalgazrdebi varT. am dros

adamianebi arian keTilSobili, Tavganwiruli. nu geSiniaT nurafris.~

......peterburgis quCebsa da moednebs amboxebuli studentoba moefina. proklamaciis

avtorebi ararus studentebs valad ar sdebdnen buntSi monawileobas. isini mxolod polonel studentebs mimarTavdnen dasaxmareblad.

`Cven Cvenebis imedi ufro naklebada gvaqvs, vidre polonelebisa. maTSi metia keTilSobili Tavganwirva. maT mamacurad ramdenjerme scades Tavisuflebis mopoveba. SeuZliaT uSiSrad wasvla sawameblad maRaroebSi. SeuZliaT tanjva-wameba ideisaTvis. amitom Cveni Zmuri mowodebaa maTdami _ erTob qmediTi monawileoba miiRon saerTo saqmeSi. gagviziaron TavianTi energia~.

qarTvelebs jer garkveuli ara aqvT _ rogor moiqcnen.`me ver warmomedgina, rom mTavroba, romelic kavkasiuri gagebiT, sibrZnis wyarod

meCveneboda, dauSvebda demonstraciis moxdenas quCebSi~.24 seqtembers, semionovis qalis ojaxSi, sadac qarTveli studentebi TveSi 7 maneTad

da 25 kapikad sadilobdnen, patara dava gaimarTa.

`n i k o l o z d a b e s a r i o n R o R o b e r i Z e e b i : `xval mTeli studentoba demonstraciaze gamodis da Cvenc gamouklebliv unda miviRoT monawileoba~.

d a v i T a b d u S e l i S v i l i: `Cven imisTvis varT aq Camosuli, rom unda viswavloT da ara mTavrobas vaswavloT. mTavroba Cven, rasakvirvelia, ar gagvigonebs da ukan saxlSi gagvabrunebs, rac CvenTvis gacilebiT uaresia, vidre cimbirSi wasvla. Cveni mSoblebi dagvamwarebs yovel lukmas tyvila xarjebis gawevisaTvis~.

n i k o l o z d a b e s a r i o n R o R o b e r i Z e e b i : `SeuZlebelia qarTvelebi CamorCnen, rodesac yvela saTvistomo demonstraciaSi monawileobas iRebs~.

k i r i l e l o r T q i f a n i Z e: `qarTvelebi sxvebs ver mibaZaven. ruseTSi, poloneTSi, malorasiaSi bevria naswavli xalxi. es qveynebi uinteligenciod ar darCeba, maTi axlandeli studentoba sulac rom aRigavos pirisagan dedamiwisa. CvenSi ki saqme sxvanairia. Cven qarTveli studentebis pirveli Taoba varT. Cven rom axla davbrkoldebiT, qarTvel mamebs Semdeg verc ki gaagoneb _ Svilebi universitetSi gagzavnon. Zveleburad sakadeto korpusebSi miabareben, miT umetes, rom es ufro advili saqmea da arc fulis daxarjvaa saWiro~.

didxans ikamaTes. gadawyvetileba ver miiRes. gabrazebuli nikoloz RoRoberiZe gareT gavarda. amxanagebs dacinviT miaZaxa _ `vinc mSiSara xarT, saxlSi darCiTo~ _ da universitetSi gaiqca.

mSiSara xarTo!.. qarTvelma studentebma ixuvles, quCaSi gacvivdnen da amboxebuli studentebis zRvas Seerivnen.

ramdenime dRea peterburgi studentebis xelSia. mitingebi imarTeba quCebSi, moednebze, universitetis auditoriebSi, ezoSi. vin ar gamodis sityviT, ras ar amboben, ras ar apireben, ra gegmebs ar adgenen, ra mowodebebs isvrian, ra saocnebo suraTebs xataven, xels aravin uSlis. universitetis mzrunveli Tu profesori, policiis ufrosi Tu rigiTi moqalaqe, xelosani Tu vaWari, qali Tu vaJi _ yvelani tkbilad, alersiT, dayvavebiT esaubrebian studentebs, iziareben maT Sexedulebebs, uwoneben ganzraxvebs. raSia saqme? ratom gaxda xelisufleba aseTi saTno? nuTu mTeli ruseTi iziarebs studentebis azrs?

imperatori ar aris peterburgSi. uimisod veravin bedavs raime gadawyvetilebis miRebas.

`xelmwife am dros saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, foTsa da quTaisSi. aq igi nadirobda Tavadebis baRebSi Sinaur jeirnebze. saqarTveloSi jer kidev mzaddeboda glexebis ganTavisuflebis proeqtebi. amitom saWiro iyo qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis gulis mogeba da datkboba~.

* * *imperators uyvarda kavkasiaSi stumroba. 1837 welsac axlda mamas cxrameti wlis

taxtis memkvidre. maSinac Semodgomaze mouwia Camosvla. axlac Semodgomaa. maSinac oqtomberi idga. axlac oqtomberia. kargi droa oqtomberi. yvelaferi oqrosfrad imoseba, yoveli foTlidan mzis Tvali iyureba. aremare ise icqireba, rogorc TveSi Camdgari qali _ siyvaruliT, SiSiT, ucnauris molodiniT aforiaqebuli.

kmayofilia xelmwife Zvelis gaxsenebiTac da axlandeli maspinZlobiTac. kavkasiis didi omi damTavrebulia. or weliwadze cota metia gasuli, rac 1859 wlis 23 agvistos Runibi ieriSiT aiRo da daatyveva daRestnisa da saCeCnos didi imami misma dRevandelma maspinZelma da sexnam kavkasiis mTavarmmarTvelma bariatinskim. leqsic ki gamoqveynda maSin `kavkazSi~ (1859 w., №80).

gеликий поhвиj свершился!kWвкWз торжественно смирилсяoереh нWместником цWряT пWл к ноjWм xоjWтыря!1

damcinavma Rimilma SesZra imperatoris tuCebi: vasili Jukovskis aRzrdilisaTvis didi veraferi Svili iyo es leqsi.

Sinasaqmeebic kargad midis. 19 Tebervals glexTa ganTavisuflebis manifesti gamoaqveyna. `gamaTavisufleblis~ Tikuni daimsaxura. saerTod iRbliani kacia. vinc mamamiss sisxls uSrobda, yvela misi Tayvanismcemelia.

enamowamluli frangi markizi de kiustini, visma damcinavma wignmac bevri gaacofa ruseTSi, moridebiT werda:

`misi Tvalebis gamometyveleba keTilia. igi xelmwifea, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. garegnobiT mokrZalebulia, magram ara gaubedavi. upirvelesi STabeWdileba ki is gaxlavT, rom igi Cinebulad aRzrdili kacia. mefis umSvenieresi nimuSia yvela maT Soris, vinc me odesme minaxavs~.

gerceni, nikoloz pirvels ucxoeTSi rom gaeqca da iqidan mosvenebas ar aZlevda, mas xotbas asxamda:

`aleqsandre meorem bevri gaakeTa, Zalian bevri. axla misi saxeli ukve dgas yvela misi winamorbedis saxelze maRla. adamianis uflebaTa saxeliT, Tanalmobis saxeliT igi ebrZoda damyayebuli aramzadebis mtaceblur brbos da modrika isini. amas mas ar dauviwyebs arc rusi xalxi da arc msoflio istoria. Soreuli gadasaxlebidan Cven mivesalmebiT mas saxeliT, romelic esoden iSviaTad gvxvdeba TviTmpyrobelTa Soris ise, rom ar iwvevdes mware Rimils, mivesalmebiT saxeliT _ gamaTavisuflebeli!..~

buntisTavi CerniSevskic ki adidebda:`axali cxovreba iwyeba axla CvenTvis. igi iqneba imdenad mSvenieri, keTilmowyobili,

brwyinvale da bednieri adrindelze, ramdenadac ukanaskneli asormocdaaTi weliwadi iyo ruseTSi maRali me-17 saukuneze. uwyinarTa da mSvidobismyofelTaTvis dapirebulma locvakurTxevam aleqsandre meore daagvirgvina bednierebiT, romelic ar Rirsebia aravis evropel xelmwifeTa Soris, bednierebiT martos daewyo da daemTavrebina Tavis qveSevrdomTa gaTavisufleba~.

(ase axlaa, Torem sul male nikoloz CerniSevskis daapatimreben da gadaasaxleben. xolo aleqsandre gerceni inatrebs _ `ratom ar mokvda es kaci im dRes, ra dResac man rus xalxs Tavisuflebis manifesti gamoucxada!...~).

isvenebs, erToba imperatori. quTaisidan gamovidnen da nadir-nadirobiT dahyvnen rions foTisaken (im dros am sanaxebSi uRrani tye iyo. Sig uTvalavi nadiri binadrobda da frinveli budobda. sagangebodac aSenebdnen da amravlebdnen). cota ki moqanca nadirobam. marTlac kargi hqnes, wylispiras cecxli rom aagizgizes. haerSi avardnili kadina gamSvidebs da momTenTav siTbos giRvris sxeulSi. ocnebis gunebaze gayenebs. verc SeamCnia, ise miuaxlovda mas aRelvebuli bariatinski. ukan adiutanti mohyveboda, ivane orbeliani, mananas vaJi.

_ Tqveno udidebulesobav!.. _ CurCuliT Tqva mTavarmmarTvelma. mefem moixeda da didi, naRvliani TvalebiT Sexeda bariatinskis.

_ Tqveno udidebulesobav!.. _ gaimeora feldmarSalma, _ peterburgSi studentTa SfoTia!..

ise Cumad Tqva, TiTqos tyesac ar unda gaego. moulodnelad bariatinskim dainaxa: imperators arayanma gadahkra da TvalebSi SiSi Caudga.

aleqsandre bariatinski megobrobda imperators. Tanac uwyoda, igi ar iyo mxdali mamakaci. piriqiT, vaJkacuri buneba hqonda.

1850 wels, mamis davalebiT, daRestanSi frontis xazs aTvalierebda. tyidan srola moesma. anazdeulad moaxta merans da Tavdamsxmelebs daedevna. Tavadi voroncovi iZulebuli gaxda TviTonac gadmomxtariyo etlidan. avadmyofobac daeviwyebina da siberec. cxeniT dasdevneboda brZolis JiniT atacebul cesareviCs. royio tyvias rom gaexvrita Subli taxtis memkvidrisaTvis, ra unda eqna mefisnacvals, riT emarTlebina Tavi?

maSin wm. giorgis jvriT daajildova mamam Svili.es nadirobisas SeemTxva. daTvs esrola. daWra, magram ver mokla. gaafTrebuli

nadiri misken gamoqanda. Tanmxlebi metyeve SeSinebuli, _ mefes araferi evnoso, _ meruliT ekveTa mxecs. gamZvinvarebulma tyiurma igi Zirs dasca da torebSi moigdo. elvis siswrafiT eZgera aleqsandre daTvs. bRanjebidan metyeve gamoglija da xeldaxel Seeba nadirs. ramdenime wuTic da daTvi aRar sunTqavda.

ara, mSiSara ar iyo. magram sakmarisi iyo buntis, janyis, amboxis xseneba, rom eniTauwerel SiSs Seepyro. verafriT ver xvdeboda bariatinski, ra emarTeboda imperators am dros. es mxolod mefem icoda Tavad.

kargad axsovs 1825 wlis dekembris civi, susxiani dila. maSin saSa Svidi wlis iyo. oTaxSi nikoloz romanov-gotorpi Semovida da biWs uxeSad uTxra: an dRes me imperatori viqnebi da Sen _ cesareviCi, an orives erTad Camogvakonwialebeno xeze. mere brZana, _ saSas husaris mundiri CaacviTo, _ da biWi aivanze gaiyvana. oTaxSi darCa sarecelze damxobili, aqviTinebuli deda, prusieli princesa Sarlote, momavali dedofali aleqsandra fiodorovna. sakuTari yuriT gaigona maSin saSam zarbaznebis quxili senatis moedanze. sakuTari TvaliT dainaxa zaTqiT SemoWrili mamamisis erTguli mxedrebi. mere yvelaferi erTmaneTSi airia da ailufxa. gayinul haers ayruebda yvirili, kivili, kvnesa, tirili, gineba, vedreba, gmoba, cxenebis Wixvini, TqaraTquri, xmlebis sisini... Semdeg dapatimrebani, dakiTxvani, gasamarTlebani, CamoxrCobani... muraviov-apostols, bestuJev-riumins, rileevs saxrCobelas Toki gauwydaT. roca isini meored ahyavdaT dasaxrCobad, sergei muraviov-apostolma Camtvreuli xorxiT amoixriala: `wyeuli qveyana, CamoxrCobac ar ician~. dResac yurSi uwivis es sityvebi. arc cnobierebidan amoSlia maSindeli suraTebi. vinc imperators piradad icnobda, adasturebs: aleqsandre meores yovelTvis awuxebda gaugebari momavlis da moaxloebuli katastrofis winaTgrZnoba.

uxerxulad, Secbunebuli misCerebodnen xelmwifes kavkasiis mTavarmmarTveli da misi adiutanti. verc erTi ver bedavda ekiTxa _ ras inebebda imperatori, saswrafod gaemgzavreboda peterburgs, Tu stumrobas gaagrZelebda? qveSevrdomisa da maspinZlis ridi boWavda orives. aleqsandre meorem TiTqos gaigonao maTi uTqmeli kiTxva, mokled mosWra _ dauyovnebliv!

* * *verc erTi universiteti ver aswavlis adamians imas, rasac axla niko swavlobs

peterburgis quCebSi. adamianTa Tvaluwvdeneli zRva tortmanebs, magram arsaiT midis. policia kondaxebiTa da maTraxebiT cdilobs gza gaikafos petre-pavles simagrisaken. dapatimrebuli studentebi mihyavT, magram verc mihyavT. nabijis gadadgma Wirs. quCa gaWedilia xalxiT, policia dabneulia. srola SeuZlebelia. yvela gareTaa: kaci da qali, didi da patara, aznauri da uazno, moxele da xelosani, vaWari da kalmosani, roskipi da maTxovari. RmerTma uwyis, vis moxvdeba gasrolili tyvia _ meamboxes Tu erTgul qveSevrdoms. mere adeqi da age pasuxi.

unda gauZlos policiam. ar dakargos moTmineba, TavSekaveba.yvelaferi erTbaSad Seicvala. ucbad damTavrda laRi dReebi. policiis yuramde miaRwia

miTqma-moTqmam: studentTa erTi jgufi apirebs Tavs daesxas carskoe selos, mZevlad moitacos taxtis memkvidre da aleqsandre meores warudginos konstituciis moTxovna. es ar iyo Wori. studentTa erTi nawili marTlac emzadeboda amisaTvis.

reforma reformad, magram cesareviCis motacebis ganzraxva ukve aRar hgavda ganaTlebaze zrunvas. amas janyis suni asdioda. SeiZleba revoluciisac. imperatori studentTa datusaRebas daTanxmda.

yvelas daaviwyda Tavisi Tavi. nikosac. erTi azriT arian Sepyrobilni: sulierad ajobon mTavrobas, xelisuflebas. ucbad studentTa boboqari talRa moaskda policielTa da jariskacTa kordons. gawyvita, gaarRvia igi. rogor moiqces policia? studentebi ar apireben daWerili amxanagebis gaTavisuflebas. ara. isini patimarTa rigebSi dgebian. aseTi ram jer ar yofila. es jer ar unaxavT. aravis aRar eSinia daWeris, cixis, katorRis. niko ukve kargad xedavs _ ratom aris adamiani diadi. aRaravin miZvreba virTxasaviT soroSi dasamalad. yvela mixvda Tavisuflebis azrs.

nemsi ar Cavardeba. moZraoba SeCerda. verc win wadgam fexs, verc ukan. policiam Tu raRac ar iRona, ase verasodes miaRwev petre-pavles simagres. sxva gza aRar aris. iaraRs unda mimarTon. vinRa daeZebs erTgul qveSevrdomsa da meamboxes. dundgodan rogorme unda gaaRwion da ucbad (aravis gaugonia, vin gasca gankarguleba) policiisa da Jandarmeriis cxenosani razmi xalxis zRvaSi Sevarda. aSxuildnen maTraxebi, asisindnen xmlebi, aWeqdnen dambaCebi. ganukiTxavad Cexavdnen, lewavdnen, Telavdnen. ugzo-ukvlod garboda xalxi, hkioda, tiroda, bRaoda.

nikom dainaxa: Tvalis daxamxamebaSi mozeime xalxi rogor gadaiqca ugunur da uZlur brbod.

ramdenime wuTSi dacarielda aremare. quCebSi eyarnen TavpirdaCexili adamianebi. sisxls SeeReba sulieri da usulo.

policiam datusaRebuli studentebi win gaigdo da petre-pavles simagris ezoSi Sereka.didxans idgnen studentebi ezoSi. elodnen: maTTvis saknebs aTavisuflebdnen.`Cven mogvaTavses rva dabal, bnel da notio TaRebian kazematSi, romlebic ise dabla

iyo moTavsebuli, rom TiTqmis mdinaris gaswvriv mdebareobda. kazematebi SeerTebuli iyo erTi-meoresTan, ase rom es rva kazemati erT did oTaxs warmoadgenda; ganaTebuli iyo odnav mbJutavi, TaRebSi dakidebuli farnebiT. araviTari aveji, arc sawoli, arc naali da sabani. cotaxnis dajdomis Semdeg, Cven daRlilobisagan jer CavsxediT da Semdeg ki davweqiT cariels, magram sakmarisad sufTa iatakze, vinc sad idga, uWmel-usmelebi. metad gauWirdaT es Rame maT, vinc ki im dilas CemsaviT uWmeli gamovida, marto pijakiT. mainc mgonia, rom im Rames, miuxedavad saSineli daRlilobisa, TiTqmis aravis eZina~.

erTi kvira gaatara nikom petre-pavles cixe-simagreSi.ver isvenebdnen studentebi. msjelobdnen, kamaTobdnen. bevri maTgani Cinebuli

mcodnea germanuli filosofiis, franguli literaturis, inglisuri politikis. floben ucxo enebs. uziareben erTmaneTs codnas. es saubrebi bevrad ufro sainteresoa, vidre universitetis amanaTgadasuli profesorebis leqciebi.

`isini maZlevdnen pasuxs yvela im sakiTxze, romelic maSin mainteresebda. Tumca maTi axsna sxvadasxvanairi iyo da zogjer erTi meoris sawinaaRmdegoc. magram esec momwonda, radgan maiZulebda fxizlad vyofiliyavi da mec gamenZria tvini~.

azrad daebadaT, miemarTaT leqsiT mixailovisTvis. poeti ukve dapatimrebuli iyo. roca studentebi cixe-simagris ezoSi Semorekes, maT mohkres kidec Tvali saknis kveboSi1

mixailovs. poeti maSin xelis aweviT miesalma studentebs. male daiwera leqsi _ `tyves (mixeil larionis Ze mixailovs)~. ganwyobilebiT, xasiaTiT igi puSkinis _ `cimbirSi, dekabristebs~ _ hgavda. studentebi alalad, gulwrfelad esalmebodnen poets, uwodebdnen maswavlebels.

oроклятым jнетом сWмовлWстьяnWм не нWhо теxя оxнятьT hWнь люxви и hWнь учWстьяrеxе, учитель нWш возhWть!1

ymawvilebs Tbili sityviT surdaT SeemsubuqebinaT poetisaTvis mZime xvedri. imedi miecaT, rom dadgeboda Tavisuflebis dRec. keTili Tesli nayofs gamoiRebda da dro asgzis miuzRvavda samagieros mters.

T рWзорвет позорW цепи,Jорвет с челW ярмо рWxW,T призовет из снежной степиJынов нWроhW и теxя.2

aRtacebulma poetma upasuxa studentebs: mogexveodiT, gulSi CagikravdiT, TqvenTan erTad gaviziarebdi imedsac da wyevla-krulvasac, magram boRma da mtroba mdevnis, maRaroebis wyvdiadsa da siciveSi mimerekeba. ltolvilobis usixarulo wkvaramSic mtkiced davucdi sinaTles.

nо и тWм нW зло jоненьюgеру лучшую моюg молоhое поколениеg серhце свято сохрWню.3

`advili warmosadgenia, Tu rogor imoqmedebda es leqsi Cvenze: Cven gavizardeT Cvensave TvalSi da kidev ufro gavmtkicdiT Cvens gadawyvetilebaSi gvebrZolna srul gamarjvebamde~.

msgefsi miiwura. Semodgomis civi, susxiani dRe dgas. TovlWyapia. CrdiloeTis qari Zvalsa da rbilSi atans. azvirTebuli neva urtyams talRebs petre-pavles simagris kedlebs, ZvelisZveli, danjRreuli gemi uaxlovdeba cixes. dadga. tusaRi studentebi gamoiyvanes da gemze aasxes. nikos aZagZagebda. kbilebs wkriali gahqonda. Txeli pijaki ver ikavebda peterburgis sicives. gemi nela daiZra da gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT wavida. TiTqmis oTxi saaTi icures. vai-vaglaxiT miaRwies kronStadts. studentebi gemidan gadmosxes da kronStadtis cixe-simagris ezoSi Seiyvanes. TiTqos zafxulis mzem gamoanaTao, gayinul, gaToSil, galurjebul biWebs usaSvelo siTbo CaeRvaraT sxeulSi. kronStadtis simagris ezoSi, alayafis karebidan kazematebamde, orive mxares idga qalebis grZeli mwkrivi. isini sagangebod iyvnen morTul-mokazmuli. xelSi yvavilebi eWiraT. idgnen Cumad, xmisamouReblad da studentebs yvavilebs esrodnen. yvavilebi Tovda... rogor, sad iSovnes amdeni yvavili? maTi gza ifareboda yvavilebiT. midiodnen nela, taatiT kazematebisaken. yvavilebis Tova ki ar Tavdeboda.

niko kazematSi Sevida. karebi daixura. daRlil-daqanculi biWi laWanze daeca.saknis kveboSi moCanda baltiis nacrisferi cis nagleji.

da ezmana nikos ZilisSorisi.igi mwyemsad idga. rioni mzeze laplapebda. mefis Wala dumda. CamiCumic ki ar

ismoda. TeTri, TeTri cxvrebi Zovdnen velad. arc mayvlis buCqi iwvoda da arc RmerTi xmobda. niko misCereboda cxvrebs, rions, mefis Walas da uZlurebisagan tiroda.

* * *gamoZieba daiwyo. organoebSi 1861 wlis 14 oqtombers braldebis sagangebo

kiTxvari Seadgines. sxvebTan erTad, igi nikosac misces. yoveli kiTxvisaTvis pasuxi zustad unda gaeca. ramdenjerme waikiTxa dakvirvebiT. pasuxisas pawia Secdomac SeiZleboda Zvirad dajdomoda. icoda, 16 oqtombers sredne-meSCanskaiaze policiam rixteris qvrivis saxli gaCxrika (nikos gaeRima: ucnauria. kaci cixeSi TiTqos mowyvetilia mTel qveyanas. aravisTan aqvs kavSiri. mainc yvelaferi ician. TiTqos qars moaqvs ambavi). am saxlSi binadroben niko da kirile lorTqifaniZe. bevri eZebs, magram saeWvo veraferi ipoves. meore nawilis mesame kvartlis zedamxedveli beksalovi xelcarieli dabrunda ukan. axla nikos gamWriaxobazea damokidebuli misi bedi. Tu kiTxvebs damajerebeli pasuxi misca, SeiZleba wylidan mSrali amovides.

Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza yvelafris uaryofa iyo.niko axsna-ganmartebis weras Seudga.12 oqtombers, dilis 10 saaTze, Sinidan gamovedi da piradi saqmis gamo Cems

amxanag vasil savanelTan gavwie. igi vasilis kunZulze cxovrobs, Sua prospeqtisa da nevis sanapiros kuTxeSi. roca universitetis Senobas Cavuare, davinaxe _ ramdenime studenti policiis moxeles elaparakeboda.

maTTan rom mivedi, gavigone, rac im moxelem studentebs uTxra: aq nu ikribebiT, daiSaleT da, Tu gindaT, sadme, qalaqgareT, SeiyareTo Tavi. ramdenime xans isaubra da wavida. xuTi wuTis mere mobrunda da gviTxra: amJamad peterburgis oberpolicmaisters TqvenTan mosasvlelad ar scaliao. moxele isev ukan gabrunda.

Cven gavagrZeleT saubari. male patar-patara jgufebi Segrovdnen. Cven vlaparakobdiT studentur saqmeebze, mSvidad da uxmaurod. aTi wuTic ar gasula mas mere, rac moxelem gviTxra, _ oberpolicmaisters mosvla ar SeuZliao, _ rom es ukanaskneli movida. misi saxeliT gvibrZanes _ daiSaleTo! davemorCileT brZanebas. bevri Cvengani didi nevis sanapirosaken wavida. danarCen studentebs, romlebic nel-nela iSlebodnen, myisve alya Semoartyes gorodovoiebma. maT exmareboda qveiTebisa da Jandarmeriis jari.

batonma oberpolicmaisterma brZana: dauyovnebliv Semortymodnen alyad im studentebs, romelnic didi nevis sanapiroTi midiodnen. cxenosani Jandarmebi dagvewien, Segvipyres da studentebis pirvel jgufTan SegvaerTes. daapatimres gamvlel-gamomvlelnic.

gorodovoiebma da saldaTebma mujlugunebis cemiT universitetis ezoSi Segvrekes. iq daiwyes daWerili studentebisa da kerZo pirebis gvarebis Cawera.

saaTnaxevars grZeldeboda Cawera. am xnis ganmavlobaSi ar gviSvebdnen bunebrivi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofilebladac. didi xvewna-mudaris Semdeg, JandarmTa oficris an gorodovois TanxmobiT, zogierTs aZlevdnen nebas wasuliyo `mosasaqmeblad~. Tan gvayvedridnen: `Tqveni wyalobiT aris, rom aq daRamebamde unda vidgeT. CvenTvis Sesvenebac ar ariso~. male srulebiT agvikrZales universitetis ezodan gasvla. `meti aRarsad gauSvaTo eg pirutyvebi~, _ brZana policiis moxelem.

Cawera rom damTavrda, isev mujlugunebis cemiTa da ZaldatanebiT quCaSi gamogviyvanes. Cven davinaxeT, trotuarze idgnen Cveni amxanagebi, nacnobebi, xalxi. isini Cvens gasacileblad iyvnen mosuli. policias ki egona _ Cvens gaTavisuflebas apirebdnen. SeeSindaT da cema-tyepiT, sirbiliT, gagvrekes. petre-pavles cixe-simagrisaken mimavalT saldaTebi da Jandarmebi Seuracxgvyofdnen fizikurad da sityvierad. mTeli gzis manZilze daucveli msxverpli viyaviT gaborotebuli da gaRizianebuli saldaTebis TavSeukavebeli siSmagisa.

gipasuxebT damatebiT kiTxvebze, romelnic sagamomZieblo komisiam dasva:1. arc minaxavs da arc gamigonia, rom vinmes surda matrikulantebisaTvis

matrikulebis warTmeva.2. rac Seexeba policiis moxelis rCevas _ daiSaleT da qalaqgareT SeikribeTo, _ amaze

ukve vupasuxe.3. rac universitetis ezosTan movedi da SevCerdi, arc me da arc sxva vinmes

universitetis ezoSi Sesvla ZaliT ar ucdia. ar minaxavs da ar gamigonia, romelime students adre amgvari ram gaekeTebinos.

4. arc me da arc sxva studentebi Jandarmebsa da saldaTebs ar mivardnian. am dros meca da Cemi amxanagebic imiT viyaviT dakavebuli, rom rogorme Tavi dagvecva saldaTebisa da Jandarmebis Tofebis kondaxebisagan.

5. ar gamigonia yvirili studentebis mxridan _ `xalxi CvenTan aris vaSaa~. ar daminaxavs, rom vismes xelis qneviT an qudebis sroliT xalxSi TanagrZnoba gamoewvia. amisaTvis Cven maSin ar gvecala.

6. joxi arasodes mqonia xelSi da arc aravis, vinc Cems axlomaxlo idga, igi ar hqonia.7. aravis usrolia mowodeba: `eciT saldaTebs da Jandarmebs! garekeT isini!~ arc me

da arc sxva studentebs raime Seuracxmyofeli an uwmawuri sityva saldaTebis an Jandarmebis mimarT ar uTqvamT.

8. ar gamigonia, rom romelime students eTqvas: Cveni gvarebi daibeWdeba sazRvargareT `kolokolSi~. policielebi da mTavroba pasuxs ageben STamomavlobis winaSe studentebis dasjisaTvis...

nikom gadaikiTxa werili da xeli moawera. kmayofili iyo _ petre CareqiSvils arc ise cudad uswavlebia misTvis rusuli.

`... mimabares tfilisis gimnaziidan daTxovnil ufrosi klasebis Segirds petre Careqovs, romelTan nasadileobiT daviarebodi yovel dRe, oriod sam saaTis vadiT. mas unda aexsna CemTvis, rasac saswavlebelSi dilaobiT gvaswavlidnen. is saSineli pranWia iyo. tanisamoss icvamda iseTs, rogoric quTaiss aravis enaxa, gaxamebul perangebs atarebda da mbzinav waRebs. pirs yovel cismare dRes iparsavda da ulvaSebs sadgisebiviT iwkipinebda. CvenTan Tavi ampartavnaT ekava. sul rusulad, brZanebis kiloze gvelaparakeboda. qarTuls sanam Zlier ar gauWirdeboda, sulac ar xmarobda~.

gamoZiebis pasuxs didxans ar dagvianebia. ganaCeni male gaxda cnobili. meamboxe studentebi oTx kategoriad dahyves da sxvadasxva sasjeli argunes. niko meoTxe kategoriaSi moxvda. es imas niSnavda, rom igi Tavisufldeboda mSoblebis TavdebobiT. policiisaTvis unda waredgina mSoblebis xelwerili dapirebiT: arasodes miiRebda monawileobas raime areulobaSi. magram nikos aramc da aramc ar undoda quTaisSi dabruneba. kargad warmoedgina, rac moxdeboda iakob nikolaZisa da elisabed lorTqifaniZis ojaxSi. mTel duniaze moeWrebodaT Tavi. naTesav-axloblebSi, mezobel-mokeTeebSi, mter-moyvareSi aRar gamoesvlebodaT. maTi sanaqebo biWi, peterburgSi saswavleblad gagzavnili, universitetidan gamogdebuli, uswavlel-ucodinari miadgeboda kars. vera, ase niko Sin ver dabrundeboda. meore mizezic iyo, rac aiZulebda peterburgSi darCenas. imperiis dedaqalaqSi Tavidan iwyeboda mRelvareba.

`... rogor wavsuliyav, roca uCemod SesaZloa revolucia momxdariyo?! gadavwyvite riski gamewia, amovweriliyavi wignebidan, rogorc samSobloSi gabrunebuli. namdvilad ki gadavsuliyav qalaqis iseT raionSi, sadac policia arc ise iwuxebda Tavs, iq mcxovrebi Cinovnikebisa da samxedro elementebis didi ricxvis gamo~.

gadawyvita, akaki wereTlis binaSi gadasuliyo da iq damaluliyo. gareT iSviaTad gamodioda. eSinoda, meezoves ar SeeniSna da ar daebezRebina. rogorc wesi, peterburgeli meezoveebi policiis jaSuSebad msaxurobdnen. Sin ijda da `sovremennikis~ Zvel nomrebs Cahkirkitebda. gandegili martoobidan erTma SemTxvevam gamoiyvana.

`Sobis dResaswaulebis win CemTan movida ori axalgazrda da momxibvleli mandilosani. erTma maTganma, ufrosma miTxra, rom is aris CerniSevskis meuRle da mTxova meTxovebina misTvis samaskaradoT Cemi Cerqezuli kostumi.

TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom me maSinve Sevasrule misi Txovna... rodesac midioda, brZanebis kiloTi damavala _ xvalve mivsuliyavi masTan kostumisaTvis da Caize. `me Tqven gagacnobT CerniSevskis~. me ar mjeroda Cemi bednierebis. sixarulisagan kinaRam goneba davkarge~.

ase gaecno niko nikolaZe nikoloz CerniSevskis.

xetiali

patimrobidan gaTavisuflda, magram sanamde ecxovra malulad? adre Tu gvian policia mainc daiWerda da peterburgidan gaaZevebda. erTaderTi saqme, rac ruseTis areul-dareul imperiaSi Sveicariuli saaTiviT iyo awyobili, policiis meTvalyureoba gaxldaT. marTalia, rasac axla giambobT, uSualod niko nikolaZes ar exeba, magram imas ki naTlad xatavs _ ra pirobebSi cxovrobdnen eWvmitanilni.

Cveni saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, petrogradSi safrangeTidan stumrad qalaq bulonis meri morize Cavida. qalaqSi seirnobisas dekabristebis moedanze moxvda. senatis yofil SenobaSi `oxrankis~ arqivi daaTvaliera. iman, rac iq naxa, miamiti frangi kinaRam SeSala. Sin, safrangeTSi rom dabrunda, wigni gamosca (am wignis rusuli Targmanic arsebobs. a. mоризэ _ oоезhкW в pоссию, 1921 j., m-o). bulonis meri aRtacebuli wers:

`ra Cinebuli wesrigia, ra brwyinvale sistema! me vxedav aq rusuli revoluciuri moZraobis devnis mTel istorias, `oxranka~ mowiwebiT aregistrirebda mas yoveldRe. yovel saqmes axlavs sakuTari TvalsaCino sqema: yoveli devnilis saaRricxvo baraTSi aris yvela monacemi misi cxovrebis, yvela misi sityvis, yoveli misi moZraobis Sesaxeb... ai, yovelkvireuli Jurnali, ai, im angariSebis pirebi, `oxranka~ mefes rom ugzavnida... yvelaferi Camwkrivebul-Cawikwikebulia rigebad umSvenieres ydebSi. alalbedze aRebul yovel tomSi naxavT mefis xeliT gakeTebul SeniSvnebs. Tu mindvrebze ar aris amgvari SeniSvna, maSin uTuod SeamCnevT xazs, gasmuls wiTeli fanqriT. es tradiciuli niSania, maCvenebeli imisa, ramden yuradRebas aqcevda uavgustesi Sefi policiis moxsenebebis Seswavlas~.

sad unda gaqceoda am sistemas Tvrameti wlis biWi? masac xom kudSi dasdevdnen jaSuSebi. marTalia, es gvian moxda, aTi wlis mere, magram niko nikolaZis mdgomareobas cxadad daganaxvebT. 1872 wlis 31 marts peterburgSi oberpolicmaisteri SeSfoTebuli auwyebda mesame ganyofilebis sammarTvelos: wels, 9 marts, sazRvargareT wasvlis mizniT, quTaisidan peterburgs wamovida n. nikolaZe, magram sataxtoSi jer ar Camosulao. rogorc Cans, sadRac gzaSi niko nikolaZe darils gausxlta. aman policia daabnia da SeaSina. magram, rva dRis Semdeg, ukve damSvidebul-dawynarebuli policmaisteri mesame ganyofilebas atyobinebda: 8 aprils n. nikolaZe Camovida peterburgSi. dabinavda bolSaÁa konÁuSnaÁas quCaze, 29-e saxlSi. imyofeba policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS. nu dagaviwydebaT, rom general mixeil tarielis Ze loris-meliqovis TxovniT, 1869 wlis 16 Tebervlidan, imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom niko nikolaZes policiis zedamxedveloba TiTqos mouxsna.

* * *droebiT Txroba unda Sevwyvito da mogaxsenoT, rom qarTuli aristokratiis istoriaSi

arsebobs erTi jgufi, romelsac SeiZleba qarTul-somxuri Tavadaznauroba vuwodoT. esenia arRuTaSvilebi, bebuTaSvilebi, loris-meliqiSvilebi da sxvani. isini Zveli droidanve

saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da qarTul samefo kars emsaxurebodnen. eniT, zne-CveulebebiT, zogjer sarwmunoebiTac gaqarTvelebuli iyvnen. Tumca arc mSobliur somxeTs iviwyebdnen. amierkavkasiaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis mere qarTuli aristokratiis es nawilic ruseTis mefis samsaxurSi Cadga da gvarebic rusul yaidaze gadaikeTa. arRuTaSvili argutinski gaxda, bebuTaSvili _ bebutov, loris-meliqiSvili _ loris-melikov...

meliqi arabuli warmomavlobis sityvaa. qarTulSi mmarTvelis, mouravis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda. arsebobda goris meliqi, anu goris mmarTveli, loris meliqi, anu loris mmarTveli. lore, qalaqic da olqic, saqarTvelos samefos ekuTvnoda. CvenSi rom mefoba gauqmda da rusebma mmarTvelobis axali sistema SemoiRes, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo xuT mazrad dahyves _ qarTlSi iyo goris, loris da duSeTis, xolo kaxeTSi _ Telavisa da siRnaRis mazrebi. istoriuli loris olqi daaxloebiT amJamindel stefanavanis (q. lores nangrevebic mis axlos aris) da kalininos raionebs udris.

loris olqis mmarTvelTa Zveli wridan iyo gamosuli grafi mixeil tarielis Zec. igi TbilisSi daibada (1825 w.) da nicaSi (safrangeTi) gardaicvala (1888 w.), magram dakrZalulia TbilisSi, wmida sargisis eklesiis ezoSi. mas ruseTis imperiaSi didi Tanamdebobebi eWira (premier-ministric iyo), magram arc qarTuli saqmeebi dauviwyebia. kerZod, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis daarsebas mniSvnelovani Rvawli dasdo.

* * *universitetidan garicxulTa da gasamarTlebul studentTa mdgomareoba iman

Seamsubuqa, rom peterburgis general-gubernatorad dainiSna Tavadi suvorovi, aleqsandre arkadis Ze. man areuli viTareba daamSvida. qalaqSi wesrigi daamyara. saswavleblebmac mecadineoba ganaaxles.

`misi keTili gulis ambis gamgonem, gavbede da mivarTvi Txovna, neba daerTo peterburgSi davrCeniliyav. roca Txovnaze Cemi gvari waikiTxa, man qarTulad mkiTxa: `qarTuli ici?~ Cem pasuxad, rom rasakvirvelia, vici meTqi, man qarTuladve miTxra _ `kargia~, da adiutants ubrZana gankarguleba moexdina, raTa moecaT CemTvis saTanado mowmoba~.

* * *Tavadi aleqsandre arkadis Ze suvorovi, generalisimus aleqsandre suvorovis SviliSvili

iyo. mas ganaTlebuli da lmobieri kacis saxeli hqonda gavardnili. man uari Tqva xeli moewera misasalmebel adresze, romelic egzavneboda Crdilo-dasavleTis mxaris general-gubernators muraviovs. muraviovma poloneTSi sisxlis zRva daayena. amisTvis Tikunad gешWтель (CamomxrCobeli) daimsaxura. suvorovis saqcielma maSin bevri gaakvirva, bevric gaanawyena. tiutCevma ironianarevi leqsi miuZRvna.

dумWнный внук воинственноjо hеhW,oростите нWс, нWш симпWтичный князь,fто русскоjо честим мы люhоеhW,mы, русские, vвропы не спросясь!.....rWк xуhь и нWм позорной уликойoисьмо к нему от нWс, еjо hрузей!nо нWм сhWется, князь, вWш hеh великийvjо скрепил xы поhписью своей.1

Tu imjerad ironia ikmara, mere tiutCevis mZvinvarebas sazRvari ar hqonda, roca 1866 wlis 4 aprils karakozovi Tavs daesxa aleqsandre meores. maSin man generali suvorovi pamfletiT `Seamko~. xelmwifeze Tavdasxmis danaSauli suvorovis liberalizmsa da rbil politikas daabrala.

eвW рWзнороhные стремленьяg сеxе соеhиняешь ты:

Zроhство xез hушеспWсеньяT шутовство xез остроты.2

1826-28 wlebSi al. suvorovi kavkasiaSi msaxurobda. saCeCnosa da daRestnis dapyrobebSi monawileobda. maSin Tu iswavla qarTuli.

* * *1862 wlis TebervalSi niko nikolaZem TavdebiT peterburgSi darCenis ufleba miiRo. es

saSualebas aZlevda qalaqSi Tavisuflad evlo, biblioTekebSi emecadina, sxvadasxva sja-baass daswreboda. didad gaaxara sajaro kiTxvaTa kursebis gaxsnam. amis nebarTva studentebma general-gubernator suvorovisagan gamoiTxoves. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis SenobaSi ikribebodnen leqtorebica da msmenelebic.

`TiTqos yvela Cvenma daTxovnilma profesorebma miiRes monawileoba am sajaro kiTxvebSi, e. i. ganaaxles Tavisi universitetis kursebi. msmenelebs unda gadaexadaT ara yvela leqciis fasi, aramed mxolod imisa, romelzedac Caewerebodnen. am `Tavisufalma universitetma~ Tavis gaxsnisTanave didi gavlena moipova studentTa Soris da amasTanave mTel ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi, metadre maRal sazogadoebis mandilosanTa Soris. yoveli Cvengani usmenda dReSi or-sam leqcias mainc, swored ise, rogorc universitetSi, e. i. scdilobda Seegno da Caewera maTi Sinaarsi~.

Tavisufal dros niko CerniSevskebis ojaxSic dadioda stumrad. iq TavSeyrili sazogadoebis saubarsac gatacebiT ismenda. nawilobriv amiTac ikmayofilebda codnis wyurvils.

erTxel olga sokrates asulma, CerniSevskis Tanamecxedrem, Zalian Seacbuna da yurebamde gaawiTla.

CerniSevskis ojaxSi qarTveli studentebi magidas usxdnen da Cais svamdnen. oTaxSi nikoloz gabrielis Ze Semovida. stumrebs miesalma. olgam qmars stumrebi gaacno. roca niko warudgina, uTxra: am ymawvilis Zalian madlieri unda iyoT da gansakuTrebiT giyvardeTo. nikom Tvalebi daaWyita, xolo CerniSevski RimiliT misCereboda cols. olga sokrates asulma gaagrZela: _ imitom, rom es erTaderTi kavkasielia, romelic me ar mearSiyebao. nikos lamis miwa gauskda da Sig Cavarda. CerniSevski gulianad icinoda. sxvebic xarxarebdnen. Sin rom brundebodnen, amxanagebi gajora, magram ra: vis SeuZlia gadaaCvios qarTveli rusi qalis siyvaruls?

`CerniSevski iyo Suatanisa, blondini, beci, oqros saTvalebiT. dadioda yovelTvis Zalian swrafad, aCqarebiT. dilidan SuaRamemde sul muSaobaSi iyo garTuli. axloblebis sityviT, man araviTari garToba ar icoda: ar dadioda arc TeatrSi, arc koncertebze, arc klubSi da arc nacnobebSi. karti, romelic im xanad mainc metad gavrcelebuli sayovelTao gasarTobi iyo, arc ki icoda _ rogor daeWira xelSi. raRa mosaxsenebelia, rom igi ara Tu ar svamda, aramed Tambaqosac ar eweoda. coli da Svilebi _ saSa da miSa _ gagiJebiT uyvarda, pirdapir aRmerTebda. TviT olga sokrates asuli zrunavda CerniSevskize ise, rogorc mxolod dedas SeuZlia izrunos ZuZuTa bavSvze...

CemTan damokidebulebaSi CerniSevskis ise eWira Tavi, rogorc bavSvTan. me es arc mwyinda. me srulebiT bunebrivad mimaCnda, rom aseTi mcodne adamiani ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo Cemi toli, romelmac jer araferi vicodi. me arc ki momwonda, roca stumrebi ar iyvnen, raki martos mxedavda, damiwyebda xolme saubars. miyvarda misi laparakis yuris gdeba, roca is sxvebs emusaifeboda. saubeduroT, mis saubars met wilad ironiuli xasiaTi hqonda. igi yovelTvis xumrobiT an alegoriebiT laparakobda an iseTs pasuxs iZleoda, rom maTi gageba asec SeiZleboda da isec, da zogjer ki srulebiT veras mixvdebodi~.

CerniSevskis ojaxTan urTierToba didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1862 wlis 12 ivniss (Zveli stiliT) CerniSevski daapatimres. qarTvel studentebze damTrgunavi STabeWdileba moaxdina CerniSevskis dapatimrebam. 1863 wlis noembris 26-s simon RoRoberiZe swerda moskovidan Zmas daviT RoRoberiZes peterburgSi:

`... marTla kinaRam damaviwyda, rac CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa _ nu daiviwyeb da oriode sityva mogvwere CerniSevskized. aq amboben, rom Wkuaze Seirya wvalebisagano~.

CerniSevski ar SeSlila, magram is yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom mas didxans aRar gaaTavisuflebdnen. misma ojaxma peterburgi datova da sacxovreblad saratovSi gaemgzavra.

* * *amis metad niko nikolaZe CerniSevskis ojaxs aRar Sexvedria, miuxedavad imisa, rom

20 wlis Semdeg, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, swored qarTveli publicisti Seasrulebs gadamwyvet da arsebiT rols CerniSevskis ganTavisuflebaSi. Cven ar viciT, ramdenad madlieri iyo CerniSevski nikolaZisa am zrunvisaTvis. jerjerobiT sabuTebi ar Cans. ise ki qarTveli mkvlevarebi amtkiceben _ uTuod didi madlobeli iqnebodao. SemorCenilia mxolod erTi pawia baraTi 1884 wlisa. am weriliT CerniSevski sTxovs nikolaZes _ Cemi vaJi mixeili palaSkovskisTan an sxvasTan, visTanac Tqveni rekomendacia gasWris, samuSaod moawyveTo. niko nikolaZes, rogorc mkvlevarebi gvarwmuneben, es Txovna daukmayofilebia. merec exmareboda igi Turme CerniSevskis Svilebs, mamis TxzulebaTa gamocemaSi, kerZod, 1895 da 1907 wlebSi.

ufro gvian ki, 1923 wels, roca londonSi n. nikolaZe werda `mogonebebs samocian wlebze~, gaixsena CerniSevskis colisdac ana sokrates asuli vasilieva. magram ratomRac, anas magier am qals minadoras eZaxis (albaT drom waSala mexsierebaSi CerniSevskis colisdis namdvili saxeli). roca rusi poetis kuroCkinis sayvareli vnaxe, vfiqrobdio _ igonebs niko _ `rogor SeuZliaT iseTi maRali niWis patronebs, rogoric kuroCkinia, cxovreba amisTana harpiebTan, roca qveyanaze imdenia maTi Rirsi angelozebi, ai Tund, magaliTad, minadora sokratovna, romelic iZulebulia icxovros miyruebul alagas, sadac arc ki vis esmis, ra uZiro siyvarulis zRva aris misi wminda guli~.

ana sokrates asuli dobrolubovs unda SeerTo colad. es qorwineba olga CerniSevskaiam CaSala. niko nikolaZisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar yofila maRali warmodgenis dis sulier Tvisebebze. _ es qarafSuta gogo dobrolubovs colad ar gamoadgebao, _ daiCema da anas ufleba ar misca dobrolubovs misTxoveboda. yoveli kaci sakuTari TvaliT uyurebs meore adamians da Zneli misaxvedria _ romelia marTali da romeli mtyuani. is ki faqtia, rom ana vasilievna saratovSi viRac vigindaram SeirTo da sicocxlis bolomde ubeduri iyo.

* * *ra Tqma unda, universitetSi studentad aRdgenis yvela imedi gadawuruli iyo. sajaro

kiTxvaTa kursebic daxures. CerniSevskebis ojaxis karic gamoiketa. niko grZnobda, rom peterburgSi darCena, win da ukan xetiali uazro xdeboda. erTaderTi, rac darCenoda, garToba iyo. Tumca arc garToba Canda axla peterburgSi uxifaTo. 1862 wlis zafxulSi, imperiis sataxtoSi, gagania sicxe idga. xanZrebi gaxSirda. xan erT ubanSi agizgizdeboda cecxli da xan meoreSi. mTel qalaqSi seiris mayurebeli brboebi daZrwodnen da pirdabCenili misCerebodnen gamZvinvarebul saxmils. erTxel imperatoric mobrZanebula.

`... cecxls guzguzi gahqonda da zRvasaviT farTovdeboda yovelmxriv `tolkuCi rinokis~ uzarmazar midamoze, roca gaisma xma, `mefe mobrZandao~. Ramis pirveli an ori saaTi iqneboda, yvelaferi ganaTebuli iyo brwyinvale, Tvalis momWreli sinaTliT: Cven yvelani, da CvenTan erTad simwriT gagiJebuli vaWrebic, mivcvivdiT saxelmwifo bankis WiSkars sadovaiaze, romlis win idga mefe Tavis amaliT. geCvenebodaT, rom isini ufro aRtacebuli arian am grandiozuli sanaxaobis mSvenierebiT, vidre fiqroben imazed, rom gankarguleba gascen cecxlis sawinaaRmdegoT brZolisaTvis...~

brbom xanZrebis gaCena meamboxe studentebs daabrala. Tu sadme students mohkravdnen Tvals, iWerdnen da cecxlSi Cagdebas upirebdnen. policiam aRar icoda ra eqna _ brbo gaereka Tu udanaSaulo studentebs gamosarCleboda. tkbili sityva rom ar gasWrida, maTraxebs aazuzunebdnen. iyo erTi cema-tyepa. Tavpirdasisxlianebuli doylapiebi kedel-yures awydebodnen. nikos Seecoda isini da qomagoba dauwyo. aramkiTxe moambes policiam xeli staca da daiWira. roca nikos policielebi miaTrevdnen, brbos egona, cecxlis gamCaRebeli daiWireso da policias miesia. niko xelidan gamoglija,

aitaca da xanZrisaken gaaqana. cecxlSi Cagdeba ar ascdeboda, viRac RvTisnieri xelosani rom ar gamoCeniliyo. igi brbos win gadaudga, rogorRac moaxerxa da dundgo daarwmuna _ es ymawvili udanaSauloao. eg Tqven gicavdaT da policiam imitom daiWirao.

niko gadarCa. im wuTs mas RmerTma gadmoxeda mowyale TvaliT.uazrod xetiali kargs arafers uqadda. gaurkvevelma viTarebam afiqrebina: moTxroba

daewera da peterburgeli studentobis yofacxovreba daexata. marTlac, sul mokle xanSi karga mozrdili moTxroba SeTxza, saxelwodebiT `peterburgis mxareSi~. imdroindeli modis Tanaxmad, yuradReba studentis socialur mdgomareobas miaqcia.

moTxroba, anu rogorc Tavad uwoda `studenturi cxovrebis narkvevi~, mxatvrulad susti iyo. arsebiTad es pirveli vrceli Txzuleba iyo, kalmosnobaSi jer gamoucdeli ymawvili kacisa. arc peterburgis studentobis yofas icnobda igi imdenad kargad, rom yvela kuTxe-kunWulSi mTeli siRrmiT, sigrZe-siganiT, yvela saidumlo amoecno da samzeoze gamoetana. bolos da bolos, mas peterburgSi cxovrebis erTi wlis gamocdileba hqonda. arc is aris dasaviwyebeli, rom moTxrobas rusulad werda. miuxedavad yvelafer amisa, `peterburgis mxareSi~ mainc sayuradRebo informaciaa.

moTxrobis protagonisti simon petres Ze oglobinski Raribi studentia. Tavi rom irCinos, an raime Txzuleba unda iSovnos gadasawerad, an romelime mestambem koreqtura misces gasasworeblad. magram am samuSaos Sovna ioli saqme ar aris. bevria msurveli. oglobinski xSirad ulukmapurod rCeba. SimSili, sicive, siRatake, mudmivi wanwali mas daasneulebs. igi samadlo saavadmyofoSi moxvdeba. oglobinskis siyvarulisac ki eSinia. icis, verc Tavs Seinaxavs da verc satrfos. siyvarulze fiqri Tavqarianobad da sisuleled miaCnia. marTalia, igi avadmyofobas Tavs daaRwevs, magram ra? isev Zveleburad, vai-vaglaxiT unda iarsebobs.

sul sxvanairad cxovroben studentebi, romelnic mdidari, aristokratiuli ojaxis Svilebi arian. maT fulic Tavze sayreli aqvT da drosac qeifsa da roskipi qalebis alersSi atareben.

moTxrobaSi yvela imdroindeli Stampi iyo gamoyenebuli. guSindeli meamboxe sxvanair moTxrobas verc dawerda. protesti xom unda gamoecxadebina! me Sen getyvi da, redaqtorebs protestantobis SeeSindebodaT da soroSi daimalebodnen? ubedureba is iyo, protestanti Tu ar iyavi.

dawera da dasabeWdad Jurnal `iskras~ wauRo. maSin beWdva maincadamainc Zneli ar iyo. redaqtorebi axalbedebs ndobiT uyurebdnen da xels uwyobdnen. nikosac ase Sexvdnen.

`iskram~ niko nikolaZis `peterburgis mxareSi~ 1862 welsve gamoaqveyna.literaturuli saqmianoba daiwyo, magram peterburgSi darCena mainc ar SeeZlo, 1862

wlis agvistoSi samSobloSi dabrunda.Turme tyuilad eSinoda mSoblebis mrisxanebisa. biWi dagveCagrao da yvela Tavs

evleboda. nikolaZeebis ojaxis umTavresi sazrunavi nikos swavla gaxda. saqme rTulad iyo. arc kievis universitetSi Sesvla moxerxda da arc yazanis. niko iseTi mowmobiT iyo garicxuli, rom kievisa da yazanis universitetebma misi miReba ar isurves. isev peterburgSi unda dabrunebuliyo da bedi Tavidan ecada. Tan peterburgSi misi keTilismyofeli aleqsandre suvorovi eguleboda.

1863 wlis maisSi niko isev peterburgSi Cavida. sxva gza raki ar hqonda, isev general suvorovs miakiTxa. Tavadi aleqsandre Zveleburad megobrulad Sexvda da Suamdgomloba iTava. man Sinagan saqmeTa saministros miswera:

nikoloz iakobis Ze nikolaZe peterburgs dabrunda. igi iTxovs, aznaur pavle qvarianis TavdebobiT, dedaqalaqSi cxovrebis ufleba mieces. raki mas aseTi ufleba ukve hqonda 1862 wels, axlac SesaZleblad mimaCniao uflebis ganaxleba. mas imedi aqvs kerZo gakveTilebis aRebiT, an raime sxva gziT iSovos cxovrebis saxsari da peterburgSi icxovros. Tu mas eqneba peterburgSi darCenis saSualeba, igi universitetSi leqciebs moismens da SesaZlebloba miecema daasrulos ganaTleba.

pasuxis molodinSi uqmad rom ar yofiliyo, nikom gadawyvita, isev literaturuli saqmianobisaTvis moekida xeli, vrceli moTxroba `provinciuli suraTebi~ daewera. deidaSvils, olRa besarionis asul xelTufliSvils miuZRvna. moTxroba Jurnalma `sovremennikma~ gamoaqveyna 1864 wlis agvistoSi. `provinciuli suraTebi~ maSindel sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareobas exeboda. qalTa emansipaciis problema niko

nikolaZis publicistikis erTi ZiriTadi Tema iyo. pirvelad swored am publicistur moTxrobaSi Seexo mas n. nikolaZe.

elene samsonis asuli lekimova mdidari ojaxis Svili iyo. ganaTlebac keTilSobil qalTa pansionSi miiRo. misi cxovrebac iseve mimdinareobda, rogorc misi wris yvela qalisa _ fuqsavaturad, bulvaruli romanebis kiTxvaSi da uazro maslaaTSi. mama-Svili diumas da pol de kokis romanebis kiTxviT gaRizianebuli elene siyvarulze ocnebobs. romantikul da vnebian mamakacs daeZebs. ufro angariSiani gegmebi aqvT mis mSoblebs. mdidari ojaxis Svils fedia isaevs uyvars elene da misi colad SerTva unda. marTalia, eloCkas belovzorovi ufro moswons, misi coloba enatreba, magram yurs vin aTxovebs franguli romanebiT gondaretianebul gogos. elene isaevs miaTxoves. isaevi civi, uvnebo, uenergio kaci aRmoCnda, Tavisi saqmiTa da fulebiT dakavebuli. vin gaaCerebs lamaz qals mSvidobianad, Tu qmars misTvis ar scalia? jer belovzorovma gaanaxla elenes trfoba. mere lovelasi fomiCevic Caeria saqmeSi. elenes arc pirvelisaTvis uTqvams uari da arc meorisaTvis. qmarma yvelaferi Seityo. jer apatia Ralati, Tuki elene fomiCevTan urTierTobas gawyvetda, isaevi hpirdeboda, rom yvelafers daiviwyebda. qalma fici misca, magram male usaqmobas da mowyenilobas isev sayvarlis xvevna-kocna amjobina. es ki veRar moTmina isaevma da coli saxlidan gaaZeva. elenes mSoblebTan dabrunebam qalaqSi didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. male qals vaJi SeeZina. isaevi daJinebuli imeorebda _ Cemi memkvidre ki ara, fomiCevis memkvidre gaaCinao. saqmeSi elenes naTlia Tavadi xramski Caeria. xramski ar apirebda Seuracxyofis patiebas. erT dRes isaevi da dedamisi policiam yelgamoWrili ipova. yvela mixvda, vinc Caidina es (xramski didi ostati iyo bneli saqmeebisa, magram policiam samxils ver miagno da namdvili damnaSaveni ar dasjilan).

ori simdidris memkvidre elene lekimova cxovrebas tkbilad atarebda.aseTia n. nikolaZis `provinciuli suraTebis~ Sinaarsi. axalgazrda publicisti niSnis

mogebiT ekiTxeboda mkiTxvelebs: aRSfoTebuli xarTo elene samsonis asulis saqcieliT? Seuracxyofiliao Tqveni zneoba, patiosneba? pasuxs Tavadve iZleoda.

`ra ufleba gaqvT moiTxovoT misgan zneobrivi cxovreba, roca Tqven TviTon, batono mkiTxvelebo, elene samsonis asuls ayenebT iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom mas ar SeuZlia iqidan Tavi daaRwios? gana misi gaCenis wuTidan Tqven ar mieCvieT ise ucqiroT mas, rogorc Tqvens momaval mona qals, rogorc manqanas, romelic daniSnulia Tqveni `vnebisa da survilebis~ dasakmayofileblad... imisaTvis, rom igi Tqveni meurveobis qveS imyofebodes, Tqven gamoswuwneT misi Tavidan tvini da gamouteneT igi raRac nagviT, waarTviT mas yovelgvari saSualeba azrovnebisa... amisTana mdgomareobas xom SeeZlo gamoewvia protesti, ajanyeba? Tqven ecadeT gageberaT igi garegani brWyvialebiT: am mizniT mas uwodeT Tqveni gulebis dedofali da a. S. TojinasaviT morTeT, xelSi saTamaSoebi mieciT da TandaTanobiT igi aqcieT molaparake da moZrav tikinad...~

`provinciuli suraTebic~, rogorc `peterburgis mxareSi~, ufro publicistika iyo, vidre proza, magram igi mgznebare protests warmoadgenda, mimarTuls maSindeli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, n. nikolaZe brals sdebda sazogadoebas, roca ambobda qalis garyvnis mTeli sistema arsebobso.

`Tu amgvar sazogadoebaSi moxvdeba qaliSvili, gamryvneli aRzrdiT xelSeuxebeli, romlis goneba ar CamWknara komplimentebis sazizRari gundrukiT, is an wyalSi unda gadavardes, anda iqces imad, rogoradac sazogadoebas surs ucqerdes mas. Cvens cxovrebaSi sul ufro da ufro Cndebian aseTi qaliSvilebi, magram isini WleqiT ixocebian, ixrCobian an wyalSi an Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WaobSi. me jer kidev ar Semxvedria qali, romelic sazogadoebriv wyobas gauZlebda, Tumca minaxavs bevri qaliSvili, patiosani cxovrebisaTvis rom emzadeboda: yvela, yvela aseTia da me ar mgonia, rom maT SeeZloT icxovron sazogadoebaSi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axlandel wyobaSi...

... qalTa gonebriv SesaZleblobas ar gaaCnia sruliad araviTari gamosavali, garda ocnebisa...~

ufro adre, 1864 wlis martSi, n. nikolaZes erTi patara werili _ `bokli da qalTa sakiTxi~ _ hqonda gamoqveynebuli `narodnoe bogatstvoSi~. es statia ingliseli istorikos boklis broSuris _ `qalTa gavlena codnis warmatebaze~ _ gamoZaxili iyo. n. nikolaZes

moswonda boklis wignaki. saerTod eTanxmeboda ingliseli avtoris daskvnas: qalebi floben azrovnebis deduqciur unars, xolo mamakacebi _ induqciurso. oRond dasZenda, rom:

`Cven srulebiT ar viciT, ra mimarTulebiT wavidodnen qalebi adamianis codnis sxvadasxva damuSavebisas, Tuki aRzrda, ganaTleba da garemo savsebiT Sesaferisi iqneboda maTi gonebrivi Zalebis swori ganviTarebisaTvis~.

ukve ocdaerTi wlisas Rrmad sjeroda, rom qals mamakacis Tanabari gonebrivi Zala hqonda. gonebrivi TvalsazrisiT, n. nikolaZisaTvis kacobrioba dedakacebad da mamakacebad ki ar iyofoda, aramed Wkvianebad da briyvebad. Wkvianebs Soris qalic bevri iyo da vaJic. aseve briyvebSic. samwuxarod, briyvTa armia arc mamakacebis naklebobas ganicdida da arc dedakacebisas.

universitetis ZebnaSi da qalaqidan qalaqSi mgzavrobisas aqtiurad werda. rogori energiiTa da TavdadebiT muSaobda n. nikolaZe imxanad, kargad Cans im werilebidan, 1914 wels rom gaugzavna Jurnalist vladimer baqraZes.

`viyavi ra, monacvleobiT, gazeTis TanamSromelic, koreqtoric, asoTamwyobic, eqspeditoric, TandaTanobiT, TviTon ar vici rogor, gavxdi faqtiuri redaqtori. albaT misi gamomcemlis mouclelobisa da ufulobis gamo. da bolos, me viyavi gazeTis mTargmnelic, kritikosic, feletonistic, rac gamomcemels aRtacebas hgvrida. ra Tqma unda, aRtacebas imdenad Cemi statiebis Sinaarsi ar iwvevda, ramdenadac is, rom isini iafi da muqTi iyo~.

axalgazrduli gambedaobiT yvelaferze werda: rusuli Jurnalistikis problemebze, safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciaze, inglisur literaturaze.

am pirvel werilebSi n. nikolaZe literaturas sarkes adarebda. rogorc sarkeSi Cans adamianis gamosaxuleba, aseve unda Candeso literaturaSic sazogadoebis cxovrebac. magram Tu sarke uvargisia, moklebulia saTanado sisqis SuSas, alag-alag gafuWebulia da sxva amgvari xarvezebi aqvs, bunebrivia, rom adamianic gonjad gamoCndeba masSi. asevea literaturac. arc mas SeuZlia yovelTvis sazogadoebis cxovrebis srulad asaxva. marto mwerlis niWierebas ar gulisxmobda. upirvelesad saTanado pirobebi miaCnda saWirod. es pirobebi ki _ rusul mwerlobasa da Jurnalistikas ar gaaCnda (`rusuli Jurnalistikis mimoxilva~).

saerTod pirobebs did yuradRebas aqcevda. ra anaTesavebda reformaciasa da safrangeTis burJuaziul respublikas, _ svamda kiTxvas (`ramdenime sityva erTi metad Zveli sakiTxis gamo~). upasuxebda: pirobebio. reformacia gamoiwvia iman, rom kaTolikuri eklesia veRar akmayofilebda im sulier moTxovnilebebs, romlebic luTeris epoqaSi gauCnda adamianebs. sulier SimSils axali sazrdo sWirdeboda. es luTerma moitana. xolo safrangeTis didi revoluciis win adamianTa materialur moTxovnilebebs sWirdeboda dakmayofileba, rac feodalizms aRar SeeZlo. amis gakeTeba burJuaziuli revoluciis saqme da amocana iyo. SimSilis pirobebma gamoiwvia rogorc erTi, ise meore.

1864 wels gamoqveynebul statiebSi mkafiod gamoCnda ori problema, romelic yovelTvis n. nikolaZis publicistikis zrunvis sagani iqneba: dedakacisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis problema da social-politikuri pirobebis Secvlis aucileblobis sakiTxi, raTa adamians niWis gamovlena sruliad Tavisuflad SesZleboda.

literaturuli saqmianoba TiTqos kargad midioda, magram umTavresi problema mainc gadauwyveteli iyo: umaRles saswavlebelSi Sesvla. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan pasuxis miuRebloba aSkarad imas adasturebda, rom niko nikolaZisaTvis rusuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis karebi samudamod daketili iyo. maSin man gadawyvita, ucxoeTSi samkurnalod wasvla eTxova. isev Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mimarTes. peterburgis samxedro gubernatori ekiTxeboda ministrs: nikolaZe 1861 wlis studentTa mRelvarebis monawilea. arsebobs 1861 wlis 15 dekembris uzenaesi gankarguleba, romlis Tanaxmad mRelvarebaSi monawile pirebs ar ekrZalebaT ucxoeTSi samkurnalod wasvla. gTxovT, gvipasuxoT _ migaCniaT Tu ara nikolaZis ucxoeTSi samkurnalod wasvla dasaSvebad.

rogorc iqna pasuxi miiRes: misi udidebulesobis sakuTari kancelaria ver xedavs raime saSiSroebas da SesaZleblad miaCnia nikolaZis sazRvargareT wasvla. marTalia, nikolaZe monawileobda studentTa buntSi, magram igi ekuTvnis damnaSaveTa im kategorias, visac winaswarganzraxviT ar miuRia monawileoba areulobaSi.

umaRlesi saswavleblebis karebi xom daketili da daketili iyo, magram arsebobda kidev erTi safrTxe, romlis gamoc nikos peterburgSi darCena mainca da mainc sasurveli ar iyo. es safrTxe loToba gaxldaT. niko xedavda, rogor iRupebodnen niWieri adamianebi usaSvelo loTobis gamo. gansakuTrebul naTel nimuSs poeti kuroCkini warmoadgenda, vasili stefanes Ze. kuroCkini nikos exmareboda, xels uwyobda, magram igi avadmyofi kaci iyo, alkoholiki.

`roca is fxizeli iyo, didebul STabeWdilebas axdenda, radgan niWieri da ganviTarebuli adamiani iyo. samwuxarod, me iSviaTad minaxavs igi fxizeli, redaqciis krebebis drosac ki. is mixsnida me, rom mec, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erT cvar Rvinos ara vsvam, ver gavZleb didxans da mec daviwyeb loTobas... uamisoT patiosani adamiani ver icocxlebs ruseTSi, gagiJdebao...~

nikos arc loTad gaxdoma undoda da arc gagiJeba. igi swavlaze ocnebobda.1864 wlis ivlisSi man ucxoeTSi wasvlis nebarTva miiRo. xolo imave wlis oqtomberSi

nikoloz iakobis Ze nikolaZe, parizSi, sorbonis universitetis studenti gaxda.nikos ise daemarTa, rogorc andaza ambobs: xarma xars urqina da sabalaxoze

miagdoo.

studenti

maSin studentoba sxvanairi iyo, swavlobdnen kidec da aqtiuradac TanamSromlobdnen presaSi. werdnen statiebs, wignebs, ekamaTebodnen maswavleblebs. cincxali da cocxali azri SehqondaT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Jurnal-gazeTebis kari Ria hqondaT. redaqtorebi xelgaSlili da gulRia egebebodnen axalgazrdebs. swavlaSi, paeqrobaSi, SemoqmedebaSi iRebdnen codnas da uyalibdebodaT msoflmxedveloba.

niko nikolaZec maSinve gadaeSva TaviT parizeli studentebis cxovrebis oromtrialSi.im weliwads, 1865 wlis ianvarSi, parizSi prudoni gardaicvala. imaT Soris, vinc frangi

moazrovne ukanasknel gzaze gaacila, nikoc eria. ymawvil kacs ar gahkvirvebia, rom prudonis ojaxs micvalebulis dasamarxi fuli ar aRmoaCnda. roca prudonisadmi miZRvnili statia dawera, ase daamTavra: `gana gasakvirvelia, rom kacma, romelmac ormoci weli dRe da Rame oflis RvraSi gaatara, ver moagrova Tavisi dasamarxi raRac asi maneTi? es yvelgan da xSirad xdeba da prudoni, rasakvirvelia, pirveli ar iyo da arc ukanaskneli iqneba am mxriv (es fxizeli dakvirveba ocdaerTis wlis ymawvilis azrovnebis mowifulobis niSani iyo)~.

niko nikolaZe imaT ricxvs ar ekuTvnoda, vinc prudonis Sexedulebebs iziarebda, magram moswonda kaci, romelic gulwrfelad iRvwoda imisaTvis, rom adamianTa sazogadoeba ukeTesi gamxdariyo. nikos sityviT, prudoni imiTac iyo gamorCeuli pirovneba, rom mikibul-mokibuli laparaki ar uyvarda. sagnebs Tavis saxels gulaxdilad da utyuarad arqmevda. amis gamo sZuldaT kidec da eSinodaT kidec.

prudons, Turme mternica da moyvarenic usayvedurebdnen _ angrevs da ar aSenebso. niko sxva azrisa iyo. mas arc prudonis damangreveli paTosi ukvirda da arc imas eTanxmeboda _ TiTqos frangi moazrovnis moZRvrebas pozitiuri programa ar gaaCnda.

prudonis warmomavlobis, aRzrdis, mdgomareobis adamians arsebuli wyobileba ar unda hyvareboda. proletaris Svils, vinc aTi wlidan mZime Sromas eweoda da lukmapurs daeZebda, ra unda dananeboda? ra iqneboda iseTi, rasac dasangrevad ver gaimetebda? da mainc, prudonis uaryofa ar yofila uaryofa uaryofisaTvis. `Tu igi uaryofs Tanamedrove ekonomiur uwesrigobas, imitom, rom mosurnea ekonomiur urTierTobaTa ukeTesi gonivruli Camoyalibebisa~, _ askvnida niko nikolaZe. prudons erTi mizani amoZravebda. mas undoda `safrangeTis mTeli kapitali Sromis iaraRad gadaeqcia da aeZulebina yvela miwaTmflobeli monawileoba mieRo miwis damuSavebaSi~. prudonis azriT, Tuki ekonomika ise moewyoboda, rogorc Tavad fiqrobda, amqveynad muqTaxora aRar iqneboda da yoveli kaci alali SromiT mopovebuli lukmapuriT dakmayofildeboda. es kaci, romelic Tavisi SeupovrobiT mqonebelTa sazogadoebas Tavzars scemda, erTi miamiti, meocnebe vinme iyo. misi naazrevi sakiTxavad iyo sasiamovno, Torem

praqtikul cxovrebasTan araferi akavSirebda. mere, ukve xandazmuli niko nikolaZe kargad dainaxavs _ es miamiti, meocnebe, keTilSobili azriT Sepyrobili adamianebi raoden saSiSi da Semzaravi arian, roca Zalauflebas Caigdeben xelSi, roca maTi ocnebis ganxorcieleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli xdeba da cxovreba maT gulubryvilo survilebs ukuagdebs. isini borotdebian. Tavis Tavs ki ar adanaSauleben primitiulobasa da miamitobaSi, aramed sxvebs abraleben _ xels miSliano. sisxlis zRvebs ayeneben da xocva-JletiT fiqroben ganuxorcieleblis ganxorcielebas. madloba RmerTs, prudons Zalaufleba ar Rirsebia. oden qaRaldze darCa sazogadoebis idealurad mowyobis miseuli ocobeda Teoriebi. saflavSi ise Cavida, rom kacobriobis gabednierebaze meocnebe, adamianTa sisxlSi ar yofila amoTxvrili.

prudonze narkvevs rom werda, nikos erTi stumari ewvia. am kacs, axla nikos oTaxSi rom idga da sxvenze mowyobil studentur sacxovrebels dakvirvebiT aTvalierebda, mTeli evropa icnobda. nikosac yvelaferi hqonda misi wakiTxuli, magram piradad arasodes unaxavs. ucnobma gaiRima da ikiTxa _ nuTu yvelaferi es unda waikiTxoT? nikos yvelaferi, rac ki prudons daewera, Seegrovebina da oTaxSi ewyo. imisTvisac Tavi moeyara, rac ki prudonze daeweraT, esenic iatakze, skamebze, taxtze mimoefanta. pawia oTaxi wignebiT iyo gaWedili.

_ aba, rogor?! _ gaikvirva axalbeda Jurnalistma, _ moZRvrebis arsi zustad da utyuarad rogor gadmovce, Tu yvelaferi ar Seviswavleo.

_ gana amisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris ori-sami ZiriTadi Txzulebis wakiTxva? yoveli moazrovne Tavisi moZRvrebis arss romelsame TxzulebaSi aRwers. mere ki erTsa da imaves imeorebs, oRond nair-nairi variaciiT. iqneb ar Rirdes gonebis gadaRla yvelafris kiTxviT?..

niko daibna. rasac es kaci ambobda, saR azrs moklebuli ar iyo. oRond aseTi siTamame da sxvisi Semoqmedebisadmi Tavisufali damokidebuleba did gamocdilebas da utyuar alRos iTxovda publicistisgan. aba, nikos es gamocdileba jer rogor eqneboda! muSaoba isev Zveli, misTvis xelmisawvdomi meTodiT sjobda. advili iyo Tu Zneli, wignebis es zRva mainc unda waekiTxa.

es stumari aleqsandre gerceni gaxldaT, man nikos `kolokolSi~ TanamSromloba SesTavaza da werilic daukveTa. gercens ainteresebda: rogor mimdinareobda kavkasiaSi saglexo reformebi. niko Secba da jer uari Tqva: am sakiTxze araferi vici, momzadebuli ara var da rogor davweroo. gercenma xmamaRla gaicina da isev axirebuli ram uTxra nikos: _ «eW,кто же из журнWлистов к чему-ниxуhь поhjотовлен. g том-то и их нWзнWчение, чтоxы писWть о новостьях, никому, нWчинWя с них, невеhомых».1

nikos uarma ar gaWra. werili unda daewera da `kolokolSi~ gaegzavna.gercenis stumrobas nikosaTvis unayofod arc sxva mxriv Cauvlia. saxlis patronma

frangma ifiqra: raki mTel evropaSi saxelganTqmuli da pativcemuli rusi sakuTari fexiT eaxla miyruebuli kavkasiidan Camosul biWs, Cans, igi mTlad ubralo vinme ar ariso da nikos didi mowiwebiT dauwyo laparaki. dilaobiT Caisac umzadebda da miarTmevda kidec. aRarc binis qiras axsenebda xSir-xSirad.

JurnalistikaSic qudbediani aRmoCnda niko. statia _ `pier Jozef prudoni~ maSinve daubeWdes `sankt-peterburgskie vedemosti~-Si (1865 wlis 21 ianvari). marTalia, narkvevi gercens ar moewona da cxare Sexla-Semoxlac mouvidaT, magram, samagierod, filosofosi petre lavrovi darCa aRtacebuli. maSinve gadabeWda mcire SemoklebiT emigrantul `zagraniCni vestnik~-Si; es ar iyo ubralo gamarjveba. prudonis Semoqmedebis Cinebuli mcodne petre lavrovi yasidad sityvas ar daxarjavda.

`saqarTveloSi glexTa ganTavisuflebac~ dauyovnebliv dabeWdes, rogorc ki miiRes `kolokolis~ redaqciaSi.

glexTa ganTavisuflebis manifesti niko nikolaZes ar moswonda. igi werda: `stambis melanma aitana da ar gawiTlda, roca dRis sinaTleze gamohqonda mZarcvelobisa da yaCaRobis, siyalbisa da danaSaulobis dakanoneba!~ riT iyo gamowveuli aseTi ukiduresi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba? amas bevri mizezi hqonda. erT-erTi isic iyo, rom ruseTis mTavrobam, niko nikolaZis azriT, ver gaigo _ ra mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba hqonda saqarTveloSi aznaurs. rusulad igi hворянин-ad iTargmna da mas garkveuli privilegia daukavSirda. Zvel saqarTveloSi aznaurobas samxedro funqcia hqondao, werda niko nikolaZe. mas qveynis dacva evaleboda. xalxi aznaurobas maSin arCenda, roca omi iyo.

sxva dros aznauri iseve eweoda xvna-Tesvas, amuSavebda miwas, rogorc glexi. qarTveli aznauri ar yofila muqTaxora. tvirTad glexs kiserze ar awva. roca me-19 saukuneSi igi rusuli hворянин-is badalad aRiqves, mas privilegia mianiWes da axal wodebad Camoayalibes. amiT glexs sarCenad gauxda mravalricxovani wodeba. es arsebiTad SeuZlebeli iyo. saqarTveloSi aznauruli proletariati Camoyalibda. Rataki muqTaxora, romelic siRaribis miuxedavad, Sromas gaurboda da sxvis xarjze cxovrebas ebRauWeboda.

marTalia, aznauris wodeba araviTar materialur keTildReobas ar iZleoda, magram adamianis cru pativmoyvareobas akmayofilebda. amitom yvela aznaurobas daeZebda. ragindara saSualebiT survils ikmayofilebda. amis magaliTisaTvis nikos Sors wasvla ar sWirdeboda. Sin hyavda. iakob nikolaZes aznauroba qonebrivad arafers matebda, magram glexoba mainc ar undoda. skandeli glexis STamomavalma manam iwvala, ijaxira, sanam nigoiTeli aznaurebis nikolaiSvilebis STamomavlad ar gaasaRa Tavi.

`mieca ese Cuen quemore amisa xelis momwerelTa quTaisis guberniis ozurgeTis uezdis TavadTa da aznaurTagan quTaisis mcxovrebT aznaurT iakob da ivane mamukas ZeT da daviT grigolis Zes nikolaiSvilebT misTvis romel eseni warmodgebian (aq sityva ver gavarCie _ a. b.) maT aznaurT nikolaiSvilebisgan romelnica cnobil arian umaRlesad dawesebulebis quTaissa Sina yovlis komisiisgan sofelsa nigoiTis mcxovrebni aznaurni nikolaiSvilebTagan... (nurafers damabralebT. aseTi qarTuliT aris dawerili _ a. b.).

mamuka daviTis Ze nikolaZe dakargula mcirewlovani da mere gors dasaxlebula, mere quTaiss~.

am dokuments xels awers ori Tavadi abaSiZe da xuTi aznauri kiknaZe.mogvianebiT, xelmwife-imperatoris gankargulebiT, iakob nikolaZes iunkeris wodebac

miuRia. arc iunkroba iyo didi bedena. puSkini imis dardma moinela _ iunkrobas Tavi ver davaRwie da kamerheri ver gavxdio. iakob nikolaZe sxvagvarad sjida _ yvavs kakali gaagdebineo _ da iunkrobas ar ukadrisobda.

ramdeni aseTi kaci iyo saqarTveloSi maSin, vin moTvlis. yvela isini aznaurTa razms emateboda. qveyanas usaqmuroba walekviT emuqreboda. aznaurTa aseTi mdgomareoba ruseTis mTavrobam ar gaiTvaliswina, saqarTvelo TiTqmis gamouval mdgomareobaSi Caagdo.

yvela xedavda, rom saqarTvelo saglexo reformisaTvis mzad ar iyo. TiTqos es imperatormac gaigo. dahpirda kidec qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas, saqarTveloSi reformis gatarebas jer ar vapirebo, roca CvenSi iyo stumrad 1861 wels. magram dapireba ar Seasrula. maSin enakvimat quTaTurebs simRerac gamougoniaT _ `megona, megona, ase rois megona, Tu xelmwife tyvils ityoda, ase rois megona~.

arc moxdenili simRera da arc guliani sicili saqmes ar Sveloda. sareformod moumzadebel qveyanas mZime gasaWiri adga.

`qarTvel xalxs, rogorc yovel sxva xalxsac, mTlad ara aqvs garkveuli ukuRmarTobis yoveli wvrilmani da zedmiwevniT ar icnobs mis winaaRmdeg gamosayenebel iaraRs. magram xalxs erTi ram kargad aqvs Segnebuli: vai-vaglaxiT cxovreba, rogorc aqamde cxovrobda xalxi, pirdapir autanelia. aseTi cxovrebis siduxWire moTminebis yovelgvar sazRvars scildeba da sjobs daiRupos igi, vidre eflobodes im WaobSi, romelic mas nel-nela sisxlsa swovs da Zal-Rones aclis~.

socialuri da erovnuli CagvriT gaRizianebuli qarTveli xalxi, rogorc ambobda niko nikolaZe, `dRiTi dRe da ufro da ufro metad imsWvaleboda Tavisi erovnuli damoukideblobis ideiT. mcireodenadac ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom ruseTis mTavrobas saqarTveloSi amJamad megobrebi da keTilis msurveli ara hyavs, garda didi mTavris karis erTi muWa klevretebisa da bobola moxeleebisa~.

romeli dampyrobeli gapatiebda erovnuli damoukideblobis ideas, ruseTis mTavrobas rom epatiebina? nikos es Zalian aSinebda. SeSfoTebuli werda kidec: `erovnul miswrafebaTa gadaWarbebas SeuZlia miiyvanos saqarTvelo im sasaklaoze, sadac amaswinaT tyavi gaaZres poloneTs da sadac mTlad sisxli gamoswoves Cerqezebs~.

es SiSi usafuZvlo ar yofila. sul cota xnis win provokatorebma da mabezRrebma `axalgazrda saqarTvelos da somxeTis~ problema gamoigones. TiTqos kavkasiaSi ori saidumlo organizacia Seiqmna. am organizaciebs miznad hqonda dasaxuli saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi ruseTis batonobis damxoba. rogorc mkvlevarebi fiqroben, es ambavi nikos

kirile lorTqifaniZem Seatyobina. nikom ki igi `kolokolis~ redaqcias miawoda. 1865 wlis 14 maiss niko nikolaZe nikoloz ogarÁovs werda: `xom ar SeiZleba `kolokolis~ Semdeg nomerSi CarToT erTi saintereso ambavi: mixeil nikolozis Zem, Cvenma salosma feldfebelma, ruseTi ixsna: man aRmoaCina raRac saocari SeTqmuleba, anu faruli sazogadoeba _ `axalgazrda saqarTvelo da somxeTi~. SegiZliaT warmoidginoT ori-sami gimnazieli, ori nastudentari _ Tavisuflad mosaubreni glexobis ganTavisuflebasa da damoukidebel saqarTveloze. maT, albaT, daxvreten. es nu dagaeWvebT, Tu iqamde ar CamoaxrCves~.

amis safuZvelze daiwera gercenis pawia, damcinavi SeniSvna `mixeilebi da mixeil nikolozis Zeni~. `kolokoli~ yurs uwevda graf mixeil muravÁovs, poloneTis jalaTs, romelic imJamad Crdilo-dasavleTis mxaris general-gubernatoris postidan gadaayenes, Jurnalist mixeil katkovs, visac yovel Rame saqarTveloSi SeTqmuleba esizmreboda da kavkasiaSi mefisnacvals, did mTavars mixeil nikolozis Zes.

erTi sityviT, axalgazrda niko nikolaZes saglexo reforma mTavrobis morig TvalTmaqcobad miaCnda. amiT iyo gamowveuli misi mrisxanebac.

erTdroulad swavla da Jurnalisturi saqmianoba Zneli iyo. magram niko Tavs verc pirvels daanebebda da verc meores. `kolokolSi~ TanamSromloba ara marto sapatio iyo, aramed materialuradac sasargeblo. `Tqvengan asi frankis miRebam miT ufro gamaxara, rom es fuli saerTo fondidan gamogigzavniaT. Tqveni ar vici da CemTvis es metad mniSvnelovania~, _ madlobas uTvlida igi ogarÁovs. honorari, romelsac Jurnali iZleoda, nikos cxovrebis pirobebs bevrad amsubuqebda. marTalia, iakob nikolaZe Svils exmareboda da sakmao Tanxasac ugzavnida, magram quTaTel vaWars cvalebadi guneba hqonda, xan moswonda swavluli Svili rom eyoleboda, xan ki eWvi epareboda _ saqmisaTvis iyo ki saWiro nair-nairi wignebis kiTxva da yovlad unayofo azrebiT Tavis gamotena?

`me vCqarob werilis es nawili davamTavro, rom Cem saarsebo sakiTxze gadavide. saqme is gaxlavT, rom icodeT, rom yovelmxriv Seviwrovebuli var da gamiZneldeba aq cxovreba. mamaCemma daxmarebis pirobad damido xeli momekida meqanikisa da teqnologiisaTvis ise, rom me gamosadegi vyofiliyav raRac fabrikisaTvis, romlis gamarTvasac igi apirebs quTaisSi. me, rasakvirvelia, davTanxmdi da amaze mivwere kidec, magram vidre Cemi pasuxi quTaisamde miva da vidre Cemi pasuxis pasuxad me fuls miviReb, _ sul cota sami Tve mainc gaivlis. es ki mTeli saukunea. am mdgomareobaSi sruliad sapatiebelia xavsis wapotineba da radgan me mxolod erTaderTi saSualeba mrCeba ubedurebisagan Tavis dasaRwevad, gadavwyvite aseTi nabijis gadadgma, Tumca CemTvis igi gansakuTrebiT mZimea, radgan amas SeiZleba Tqveni Cemdami keTilganwyobilebis dakargva mohyves. magram me arCevani ara maqvs. miT umetes, rom vici _ Tqven am werils cudad ar gaigebT. mokled, iZulebuli var viTxovo _ Tqven an batonma gercenma masesxoT xuTasiode franki. am TanxiT me gavistumrebdi valebs da Tavs gavitandi agvistomde. maSin ki mamaCemisagan fulsac miviReb da JenevaSic Camoval samiode wliT~.

amasac ogarÁovs werda.akaki wereTeli gviyveba xumrobiT: erTxel nikom mamas ucxoeTidan werili

gamougzavnao. `Zvirfaso mama!~ _ iwyeboda Turme baraTi. iakobs ar dauxanebia pasuxi gaegzavna SvilisaTvis: `Svilo, Zvirfasi me ki ara, Sena xaro. amdeni weliwadia gyidulob da ver miyidixaro~.

iakob nikolaZe yovelTvis xelgaSlili rom ar anebivrebda Svils, es kargad Cans erTi mogviano kerZo werilidanac, romelic niko nikolaZes gaugzavnia kirile lorTqifaniZisaTvis.

`mamaCemma maincdamainc moindoma, rom me samudamod quTaisSi davrCeniliyavi; es kidev araferia; magram `magari is aris~, rom misi azriT, advokatis xelobisTana xeloba RmerTs qveyanaze ar gauCenia: `arc sermia da Tanxa unda am xelobas, arc sxva davidaraba, Semosavali da mogeba ki _ milionian saqmesac ar eqneba magdeni, erTi sityviT _ kacuri saqmea, radganac sasaxeloc aris da sasargebloc~. es azri iqneba safuZvliani iyos. magram, ra vqna, me verafrisnairaT ver gavewyve amas. raRa bevri giTxra, me mag saqmisaTvis ar vracxdi Cems Tavs gamosadegaT da amis gamo CvenSi kargi ganwyobileba daikarga da TandaTan ukmayofileba `daifuZna~.

... roca me mamaCems gamoveTxove, rasakvirvelia, rom imas fuls veRar vTxovdi quTaisidan wasasvlelad. da Tugindac meTxova, is me fuls mainc ar momcemda. mivedi erTTan (l. loluasTan) da vTxove 50 maneTi, magram windawin ki uTxari, rom saqme ase da ase aris meTqi da ar vici, rodis SemeZleba gadaxda. loluam, romelsac kai Zali fuli Sinac aqvs da gasesxebulic... maSinve uari miTxra, fuli ar maqvso, da iqneba am dReebSi giSovnoo. ase matara iman ori kvira. mivadeqi pavle Tumanovs, imasac Cemi garemoeba vuTxari, man miTxra, marTalia, fuli maqvso, magram am dReebSi jvars viwero. vis ar vTxove, yvelam uari, uari da uari. mamaCemi amJamad foTs wavida da iqidan wigni momwera, rom Seni amxanagebi Tu kai kacebi iyvneno, roca fuli giWirda da Rritinebdi, maSin xels gagimarTavdneno. daanebe magaT Tavio da saqmes xeli mokideo. sxvebisaTvis Tavis mokvla da saqmis gaWirveba sisuleleze uaresic ariso~.

es maSin moxda, roca niko nikolaZe, ucxoeTSi swavladasrulebuli, Sin axaldabrunebuli iyo. adre iakob nikolaZe sxva guneba-ganwyobilebaze iyo. Svils sxva rasmes hpirdeboda. maSin niko peterburgis universitetidan iyo gamogdebuli. SeiZleba mama amxnevebda, guli rom ar gastexoda. `mama Cemma exlac mexvewa: karg wignis maRazias da biblioTekas gagixsnio, tipografiis fulebs mogcemo, Tu aq darCebio, Tu ara da, merme rom moxvalo, rasac ginda, imas mokide xelio, garda samsaxurisao~. esec kirile lorTqifaniZisadmi miwerili baraTidan SevityveT.

iakob nikolaZem fulis yadri icoda. imis mixedviT iqceoda, ra mogebasac ama Tu im saqmeSi xedavda. isic afiqrebda, niko daudegari bunebis adamiani rom iyo. viTom ras uwunebda parizsa da sorbonas, 1865 wlis Semodgomaze rom miatova da JenevaSi gadavida? JenevaSi `Tavisufali rusuli tipografia~ arsebobda. nikos rac undoda, imas dabeWdavda. xel-fexi gaxsnili eqneboda da mis azrs, survils, veravin SeboWavda. Tumca am mxriv nikos sawuwuno araferi sWirda. misTvis karl marqssac SeuTavazebia TanamSromloba _ amierkavkasiaSi `pirveli internacionalis~ warmomadgenlis roli ikisreo (Jurnali `droSa~, 1934 w. №14-15, gv. 7). nikos uari uTqvams.

Sveicaria niko nikolaZes imiTac xiblavda, rom SeeZlo bevri saWirboroto kiTxvisTvis pasuxi gaeca. Sveicariac patara qveyana iyo da saqarTveloc. iqac mravalnairi xalxi cxovrobda da aqac. isic mTagoriani iyo da esec. magram rogor gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan! Tu saqarTvelo CamorCenili, Rarib-Rataki da uZluri iyo, Sveicaria samoTxes hgavda _ mdidari, evropuli yofa-cxovrebis erT-erTi meTauri, Zlieri, didi qveynebic rom mowiwebiT epyrobodnen. ra iyo am gansxvavebis safuZveli? nuTu mxolod is, rom Sveicaria Tavisufali iyo, saqarTvelo ki _ damonebuli? Tu arsebobda sxva mizezic? SveicariaSi cxovreba nikos am kiTxvis pasuxis moZebnaSi daexmareboda.

ase iyo Tu ise, faqti is gaxldaT, rom niko nikolaZe ucbad Jenevis universitetis studentad iqca. aqac Tan swavlobda da Tan Jurnalistobda.

Tavdapirvelad niko nikolaZisa da `kolokolis~ urTierToba gulTbilad mimdinareobda. nikoc bejiTad TanamSromlobda da Jurnalic yvelafers ubeWdavda. moulodnelad viTareba Seicvala. maT Soris ganxeTqileba moxda. ra iyo mizezi maTi wakidebisa? amis zedmiwevniT zustad dadgena dRes ar xerxdeba.

ise, TviTon niko nikolaZes aqvs naTqvami: `kolokolSi~ TanamSromlobaze metad Jeneveli radikalebis organoSi _ `La Nation Suisse” _ muSaoba mitacebdao. aq niko miRebul kacad da swavlul Jurnalistad iTvleboda, magram erTxel patara iaRliSi mouvida. frang respublikels paskal diuprs 1848 wlis Secdomebi gauxsena da kritikuli kbili gahkra. Turme paskal diupri radikalebis partiis meTauris jems fizis megobari iyo. fizma moiTxova niko nikolaZes bodiSi moexada diuprisaTvis. nikom es moTxovna iukadrisa da gazeTSi TanamSromloba Sewyvita.

`kolokolSi~ raRac ufro seriozuli da mniSvnelovani moxda. rusi mecnierebi varaudoben, rom SesaZlebeliao ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia gercenis baraTma, romelic man aleqsandre meores miswera.

1865 wlis 12 aprils, nicaSi, ocdaori wlisa, meningitiT gardaicvala ruseTis taxtis memkvidre, aleqsandre meoris ufrosi Svili, cesareviCi nikolozi. gercenma gadawyvita Svilis kubosTan daemoZRvra mefe da 2 maiss, Jenevidan, imperators werili gaugzavna.

`xelmwifev, bediswera ulmoblad da saSinlad SegexoT. mrisxaned gagaxsenaT, rom, miuxedavad mironcxebisa, arc Tqven, arc Tqveni ojaxi ar aris Tavisufali saerTo kanonisagan. Tqven emorCilebiT mas.

... uricxv polonur ojaxs, Rrma mwuxarebiT moculs, Svilebdakarguls, miemata kidev erTi ZaZiTmosili ojaxi. es Tqveni ojaxia, xelmwifev. magram Tqven maTze bednieri xarT. Tqveni ojaxis mwuxareba ar iqneba Seuracxyofili. Cvens Soris, Tqveni xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris, ar moiZebneba arcerTi usulgulo aramzada, romelic gaacilebda Tqveni Svilis kubos dacinviT, vinc moindomebda Camoeglija ZaZa dedisa an debisaTvis, waerTmia cxedari mSoblebisaTvis, cremlebisaTvis _ saflavi... gaekeTebina yvelaferi is, rasac akeTeben Tqveni muravÁovebi poloneTSi.

adamianTa cxovrebaSi aris mrisxane sazeimo wuTebi. am wuTebSi adamiani iRviZebs yoveldRiuri amaoebisagan. mTeli simaRliT dgeba, ibertyavs mtvers _ da ganaxldeba. morwmune _ locviT, urwmuno _ azriT. aseTi wuTebi iSviaTia da daubrunebeli. vai mas, vinc am wuTebs dakargavs ukvalod, dabneulad. Tqven aseTi wuTi dagidgaT, xelmwifev. daiWireT igi. dartymis mTeli simZimis qveS SeCerdiT, Tqveni cocxali WrilobiT mkerdSi, da dafiqrdiT, oRond usenatod da usinodod, uministrebod da uStabod, _ dafiqrdiT ganvlilze _ imaze, sad xarT Tqven da saiT midixarT.

......gabedeT, nu moucdiT meore dartymas, _ SeiZleba maSin gvian iyos, SeiZleba

dartymac metismetad Zlieri gamodges.Tqven mkafiod xedavT da damalvac Zlivs SegiZliaT, rom Zveli manqana, daJanguli da

aWriWinebuli, mowyobili petres mier germanul yaidaze da germanelTagan morgebuli ruseTze, ukve aRar varga. Tqven xedavT, rom SeuZlebelia, rogorc divizia, marToT samocdaaTmilioniani xalxi.

......bedisweram, romelic sikvdilis civi xelebiT Seexo Tqvens ojaxs, SegaCeraT. isargebleT

amiT. Tqven emzadebodiT wasuliyaviT ufro Sors im saSineli gziT, romliTac midixarT 1862 wlis meore naxevridan. dabrundiT Tqveni Svilis dasaflavebidan adrindel gzaze, arsad aris monanieba ufro ioli da ganwmenda ufro sruli, vidre CvenTvis axlobel kubosTan. es aucilebelia CvenTvis imisaTvis, rom movemzadoT didi saero saqmisaTvis.

... magram upirvelesad SeaCereT jalaTis xeli. daabruneT gadasaxlebulni da garekeT ukanono mosamarTleni, romelTac Tavdebad edga mefis SurisZieba da usamarTlo devna.

yovlispatieba saWiroa ara Tqveni udanaSaulo msxverplTaTvis, ara tanjul-wamebulTaTvis. igi saWiroa TqvenTvis, maTgan amnistiis Tvinier Tqven veRar ivliT win.

xelmwifev, daimsaxureT igi!~am werilma didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia rus axalgazrda emigrantTa Soris. yvela

fiqrobda, rom gerceni mefesTan Serigebas cdilobda. niko nikolaZesac miuweria munaTis werili gercenisaTvis. samwuxarod, es werili ar Senaxula. ar viciT, konkretulad ras sayvedurobda igi gercens. ogarÁovma scada megobrisa da TanamebrZolis dacva. `kolokolSi~ gamoaqveyna pasuxi _ `mefisadmi iskanderis werilis gamo baraTi NN-s~. igi ganmartavda, riT iyo gamowveuli gercenis mimarTva aleqsandre meorisadmi. ar miaCnda es Zveli idealebis uaryofad da xelmwifesTan Serigebis cdad. niko nikolaZes arc es gamoqomageba moswonebia da ogarÁovisaTvis miuweria:

`Tqven mTavroba gamogyavT Zalad. es `imisTvisac ki cnobilia, visac es WeSmariteba kazematebSi ar SeuTvisebia~. magram am Tqveni werilis ganviTarebas gardauvalad mivyavarT daskvnisaken: raki mTavroba Zalaa, ex professo1 erTguli cru moRvaweobisa da radgan SeuZlebelia mis gverdiT iaroT, maSasadame, aucilebelia waxvideT sawinaaRmdegod. am gzaze mTavrobis cru moRvaweoba yovel nabijze sul axal da axal Zalas SesZens moZraobas, mimarTuls mis winaaRmdeg.

me vfiqrobdi, rom memkvidris sikvdili gamoiwvevda mcire, wminda fiqtiur Serbilebas im rkinis wesrigisas, romelic 1861 wlidan ruseTs tvirTad awevs. me vfiqrobdi da vfiqrob, rom saWiroa pawia biZgi, raTa mTavrobam gverdze gadasdos eSafoti. xeli mohkidos franguli sistemis gaumjobesebul formebs. erTi sityviT, gacveTil gamoTqmas Tu vixmarT, _ igi civilizirebuli gaxdes... me arc mifiqria dasjis aucilebloba damecva. amaze laparaki sasaciloa. me msurda, dasjis SeCerebas da dasjis civilizirebuli sistemis wveT-wveTad

moqmedebaSi Seyvanas ar moetyuebia Cveni sazogadoeba da gansakuTrebiT Cveni axalgazrdoba. me vimedovnebdi, rom `kolokoli~ ityoda _ `bolosdabolos, mTavroba, romelic aRmaSfoTebeli usamarTlobisa da veluri sisxlismsmelobis herkulesis svetebamde mivida, SeCerda. imitom, rom wasasvleli mas arsaiT hqonda, sxva gza aRar iyo~.

gana es WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameboda?Torem me ra mesaqmeba, sjera Tu ara iskanders xelmwifis adamianuri bunebisa?

amaSi mTavaria sazogadoebis darwmuneba, rom ukeTesisaken mobrunebis SemTxvevaSi is ar aris davalebuli xelmwifis keTili nebisagan, rom cvlileba sruliad ar xdeba keTili xelmwifis wyalobiT da, rom, bolosdabolos, Semdgom cvlilebebs unda velodoT sazogadoebrivi TviTmoqmedebisagan da ara zemodan. me vfiqrob, rom Tu yvelafers drois mdinarebas mivandobT, maSin, rasakvirvelia yvelaferi dasruldeba sayovelTao keTildReobiT... ase, aTasi Tu oriaTasi wlis Semdeg. me, rasakvirvelia sruliad Tanaxma var, rom istoriuli procesis svla da ganviTareba gardauvalia, rom isini wagviyvanen Tqvengan navaraudevi miznisaken, magram es srulebiT ar gaZlevT nebas Tqven da yvela niWier adamians uari TqvaT sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi monawileobaze, miT ufro, rom am uzarmazar samuSaoSi ar ikargeba yvelaze umniSvnelo moRvaweobis sruliad ubralo gakveTilebic ki. xolo Tqveni werilis im nawiliT, sadac laparakobT, rom sazogadoebis erTma nawilma ar icis, ra akeTos, meore ki srulebiT uunaroa, Tqven, mgonia, adasturebT axlaxan SemCneul ucnaurobas. maSin raRa saWiroa `kolokolis~ gamocema an laparaki? raRa saWiroa saerTod _ yovelgvari moRvaweoba? yvelaferi xom mainc progresis gziT wava, gamomdinare warsuli cxovrebidan, xolo adamianebs ver gamoasworebT~.

etyoba niko nikolaZisa da gercen-ogarÁovis polemikam iseTi xasiaTi miiRo, rom maTi Tbili urTierToba TandaTan gacivda da, bolos, isini gaiTiSnen. 1865 wlis seqtembridan niko nikolaZe aRarafers beWdavs `kolokolSi~, ufro gvian ki memuarebSi _ `namyo da fiqrebi~ _ gerceni nikolaZes ironiulad gaixsenebs memuarebis im TavSi, romelsac ewodeba `Lapinski _ colonel. Polles _ aide de camp” (`lapinski _ polkovniki, poles _ adiutanti~) da dawerilia 1867 wlis 3 maiss, sqolioSi moxseniebulia молоhой jрузин aseT konteqstSi:

`_ TqvenTan rCevis saTxovnad movedi _ miTxra me erTma ymawvilma qarTvelma, romelic axalgazrda vefxvs hgavda... garegnobiT.

_ me minda skariatini mivbegvo... Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom karlos V ... _ vici, vici!.. Tu RmerTi gwamT, nu momiyvebiT!.. da vefxvi, romelsac ZarRvebSi rZe uduRda, wavida~.

Zalian gvian, 1908 wels, roca gazeT `zakavkazieSi~ (9 Tebervali, №33) niko nikolaZe ekamaTeboda ivane jabadars, gaixsena _ risTvis uwoda gercenma mas тиjр с молоком в жилWх.

niko nikolaZes yovelTvis akvirvebda erTi ucnauri Tviseba rusuli `xalxosnuri socializmis~ warmomadgenlebisa. Tu saxrCobelas gadaurCebodnen, maTi fanatikuri siZulvili monarqisadmi xSirad Sebrundeboda da gadaiqceoda xelmwife-imperatoris aseTsave Tavdaviwyebul siyvarulad da erTgulebad. isini emigraciaSi RapaRupiT afrqvevdnen cremlebs da im dReze ocnebobdnen, roca xelisuflebas Seurigdebodnen.

`gulaxdilad Tu vityvi, Cven emigrantebs Zalian naklebad aqvT garkveuli im ukmayofilebis mizezebi, romlebiTac isini arian gamsWvaluli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. metic: Cven gvgonia, es mizezebi sul ar arseboben, rom ukmayofileba mxolod mogonebaa... es ukmayofileba srulebiTac ar uSlis xels maTi cxovrebis Cveulebriv mimdinareobas, romelTac saerTo araferi aqvs mTavrobasTan an misdami siZulvilTan. marTlac da rogor SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT, rom raime seriozuli siZulviliT iyos gamsWvaluli is xalxi, romelic ukve gulxeldakrefili zis da Tavis ukmayofilebas da grZnobebs gamoxatavs wvrilmani WorebiT mTavrobis pirebze, agreTve maRali frazebiT despotizmis Zalmomreobaze da mefis sazizRrobaze~.

mefesTan Serigebaze meocnebe erT aseT revolucioners vasil kelsievs niko nikolaZem tyavi gaaZro.

emigraciidan vasil kelsievi 1867 wels dabrunda. Tavis nebiT policias danebda. muxlmodrekilma patieba iTxova. wignakic gamoaqveyna _ «Tз пережитоjо и переhумWнноjо». swored am wignis gamo daiwera niko nikolaZis ori statia _ `ruseTis emigracia~ da `ori Taoba~. qarTvelma Jurnalistma gamokveTa fantazioris saxe,

romelmac warmoidgina, rom xelis erTi mosmiT gaabednierebda kacobriobas. erTi naxtomiT CamoiRebda mTvares cidan. magram rogorc ki mixvda, rom araferi SeuZlia, ucbad dafrTxa, tirili daiwyo da policiaSi gaiqca aRsarebis saTqmelad.

niko nikolaZis im orma werilma, romelnic `sovremennostSi~ gamoqveynda, rusi emigranti publicistebi aRaSfoTa. sakmaod cnobilma revolucionerma aleqsandre serno-solovÁoviCma wignaki gamosca _ `mikolka-publicisti~. ukve saTauri mowmobs, rogori damokidebuleba iqneboda gamomJRavnebuli niko nikolaZisadmi.

gerceni ki ogarÁovs uziarebda azrs: `me ar mjera, arc nikolaZis gamosworebisa (razec Sen mwerdi), arc serno-solovÁoviCis dezinfeqciisa, arc utinis `istoriul~ fenisa da arc misi romanisa. `kolokolSi~ maT `sovremennosts~ mivesalme ironiulad, vimedovnebdi ra mis dacemas. Sen ki miamiturad dardob~.

ramdenime Tvis mere imave ogarÁovisadmi baraTSi gerceni umatebda: `guldasawyvetia, rom Cerneckim xeli SeuSala somexs (dedanSia WрмяшкW. komentatorebi amboben, n. nikolaZe igulisxmebao _ a. b.) azri gamoeTqva. mouTmenlad veli, magram axla isini Searbileben mis ukmexobas. iniciativis nawili imaT ergebaT. moxaruli var da yovelTvis mzad vimyofebi gulmowyaled amovglijo erTi kbilis sanacvlod ori. sanam es gamonayari da es qoTao ruseTs ar moscildeba, araferi gamova. axla Cemi `bazarovi~ gasaRdeba. ra sawyenia, rom imaT xeli SeuSales~.

am konfliqtis mere gaCndao, _ gviambobs niko nikolaZe, _ gercenis memuarebSi _ `vefxi, romelsac rZe uduRda ZarRvebSi~.

arc ruseTSi da arc emigraciaSi rus revolucionerebs moqmedebis erTiani programa ar hqoniaT. yvela sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebda. vin kalmiT daobda da vin bombebiT dasdevda mefis moxeleebs. ubralo pirebs aRar sjerdebodnen da xelmwifis mosaklav gzebs daeZebdnen. 1866 wlis 4 aprils ganaxorcieles kidec Tavdasxma aleqsandre meoreze. amjerad uSedegod. teroristi dimitri karakozovi dasajes. am movlenam niko nikolaZes vrceli narkvevi daawerina _ `mTavroba da axali Taoba~. es naSromi JenevaSi daistamba rusulad, gamoqveynda fsevdonimiT _ `nikifore g~. epigrafad wamZRvarebuli striqonebi ukve mowmobda wignis ZiriTad ideas, `... WeSmaritad didi da sasargeblo miznebi yovelTvis miiRweva mxolod pirdapiri da Ria moqmedebis meSveobiT da ara saidumlo sazogadoebebis iribi gzebiT, romelnic yovelTvis uZlurni iqnebian da unda iyon kidec~. es striqonebi amoRebuli iyo n. CerniSevskis narkvevidan _ `lesingi~. dRevandeli mkvlevarebi n. nikolaZes usayvedureben, rom citirebuli striqonebi ar gamoxatavso n. CerniSevskis Sexedulebas. igi revolucioneri iyo da brZolis revoluciuri gzis momxre. n. nikolaZis moxmobil citataSi gadmocemuliao sxvisi azri. am munaTs imitom gamoTqvamen, rom n. nikolaZe wignSi ambobda: `maTs (CerniSevskisa da misi megobrebis _ a. b.) moqmedebaSi Sxamiani rom ara yofila ra da igi rom dRis sinaTleze da ara bneleTSi warmoebda, _ es saukeTesod sCans CerniSevskis im ramdenime striqonidan, am statiis garekanze rom aris dabeWdili~. magram `mTavrobasa da axal TaobaSi~ sayuradReboa ara n. CerniSevskis azri, aramed niko nikolaZis Sexeduleba. igi ki aSkarad pirdapiri da Ria moqmedebis momxrea. es mTel narkvevSic mkafiod Cans.

`Cven gulwrfelad da mwvaved gvZuls Tanamedrove wyobileba, magram Cven ver vbedavT da arc SegviZlia gavbedoT vTqvaT, rom am siZulvils iziarebdes Tanamedrove axalTaobis Tundac umetesoba~.

ara marto axalTaobas ar hqonda Seswavlili da garkveuli Seqmnili viTareba, aramed mTel sazogadoebas.

`sazogadoebis azrebi imdenad abneulia, rom mas ver SeuTvisebia sul ubralo da martivi azri: Tu mTavroba Tanamedrove wyobilebis ganxorcielebaa, es wyobileba ki aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba Raribi xalxis masaTa interesebs, cxadia, igi veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba imave dros am masis warmomadgeneli. marTali rom iTqvas, am sazogadoebas arca aqvs gansjis unari. misi gonebrivi ganviTareba ukiduresad sustia. igi mxolod imas grZnobs, rom mas cxovreba saSinlad uWirs. misi goneba da azri amaze Sors veRar midis~.

amgvar situaciaSi axalgazrda niko nikolaZes aucileblad miaCnia legaluri, Ria muSaoba xalxis aRsazrdelad da gasaTviTcnobiereblad. yovelnairi faruli SeTqmulebani, terorizmi da xocva-Jleta unayofo iyo, raki xalxs revolucionerTa moqmedebis azri ar

esmoda da arc iziarebda. n. nikolaZes mosawonad da misaRebad miaCnia 50-iani wlebis Taobis moRvaweoba, romelic mas Taviseburad esmoda.

`im epoqis saliteraturo moRvaweTa azriT dasaxuli miznis miRwevis umTavresi saSualeba iyo _ sazogadoebis zneobrivi ganviTareba. yvela sakiTxs, romelic wminda politikur mxares exeboda, gansakuTrebiT mmarTvelobis formaTa sakiTxebs, axali Taoba ganzrax gverds uvlida, vinaidan usargeblod miaCnda maTze laparaki im dros, rodesac sazogadoeba momzadebuli ar iyo sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis umartivesi cnebebis gagebisTvisac ki. amnairad, axali literaturis mTeli yuradReba miqceuli iyo mkiTxveli wreebis zneobriv ganviTarebaze, raTa amiT, Tavis mxriT, ganeviTarebinaT is masebi, romelTac saSualeba ar hqondaT wakiTxvisa da wanakiTxis Cafiqreba-Sefasebisa~.

niko nikolaZis Rrma rwmeniT, es marTali gza iyo da muSaoba am mimarTulebiT da am wesiT unda gagrZelebuliyo.

roca niko nikolaZis studentobis droindel naSromebs ecnobiT, ar SeiZleba TvalSi ar geceT erTdroulad ymawvili kacis Sromismoyvareoba da ganaTlebis diapazoni. Sromasac da codnis SeZenasac TiTqos erT adgilas jdoma da muyaiToba sWirdeba. nikos ki mousvenari xasiaTi aqvs. erT adgilas ver Cerdeba. parizidan JenevaSi wavida. bolomde verc iq gaCerda. Jenevac datova da ciurixs gaemgzavra. iqaur universitetSi gaagrZela swavla. Jenevidan ciurixSi wasvla ar iyo ubralo gadasvla erTi qalaqidan meoreSi. igi tovebda frangulenovan Jenevas da mkvidrdeboda germanulenovan ciurixSi. es damatebiT sirTules uqmnida mas, magram amas ar uSindeboda. Zvel megobars kirile lorTqifaniZes atyobinebda: `me nemencur enas vswavlob da wignebs vkiTxulob~. ise mSvidad wers, TiTqos cxare paeqroba ara hqondes gamarTuli didTan Tu patarasTan, nair-nair statiebsa da wignebs ar werdes. Jurnalebs ar scemdes da dRedaRames stambaSi ar atarebdes.

TavauRebel Sromasa da swavlaSi universitetis dasrulebis droc movida. ciurixis universitets, Cveneburad rom vTqvaT, sadiplomo Sroma warudgina frangulad _ `ganiaraReba da misi ekonomikur-socialuri Sedegebi~ (raki am naSroms Dissertation de doctorat aweria, gveSleba da Cvenebur sadoqtoro disertaciad miviCnevT. magram ase ar aris. `doqtori~ laTinurad `maswavlebels~ niSnavs. imaTeburad ki `sadoqtoro disertacia~ is naSromia, romelic uflebas ganiWebs swavlulad, anu umaRlesdamTavrebulad, iwodebode. Tumca es kia, n. nikolaZis `ganiaraReba da misi ekonomikur-socialuri Sedegebi~ marTlac udris dRevandel sadoqtoro disertacias).

rogorc Cans, ganiaraRebis sakiTxi sadiplomo Sromis Temad imitom airCia, rom maSin, gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, mTel evropaSi `saerTo ganiaraReba did sikeTed~ (Tavad n. nikolaZis sityvebia) miaCndaT.

n. nikolaZem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia ganiaraRebis problemis rogorc ekonomikur, ise fsiqologiur mxares.

iaraRis qarxnebis produqcia ara marto mwarmoebeli qveynis armiis aRWurvas xmardeba, aramed vaWrobis saganic aris. bevr qveyanas uzarmazari Semosavali aqvs iaraRiT vaWrobis Sedegad. am Semosavals xSirad arsebiTi adgili uWiravs qveynis ekonomikaSi. Tu iaraRis mwarmoebel qveyanas ar ecodineba, riT ainazRaurebs im danakliss, rasac moitans iaraRis warmoebis Sewyveta, arasodes daTanxmdeba ganiaraRebas. amasTanave iaraRis warmoeba mWidrod ukavSirdeba sxva produqciis damzadebasac. iaraRis warmoebis Sewyveta ki im sxva produqciis damzadebasac SeuSlis xels (Tu sul ar gaauqmebs). aqac seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTule iCens Tavs. esec winaswar unda iqnes mogvarebuli.

armiaSi da iaraRis qarxnebSi uamravi adamiania dakavebuli. armiis daSla da iaraRis qarxnebis gauqmeba gamoiwvevs umuSevarTa ricxvis usaSvelod zrdas. riT, ra saqmianobiT unda davakavoT armiidan daTxovnili jariskacebi, gauqmebuli iaraRis qarxnebis muSebi? Tu es problema ar mogvarda, uTvalavi adamiani saSimSilod gaiwireba, keTilis magier borots miviRebT. saSimSilod ganwiruli adamianebi Tavad staceben iaraRs xels da vin icis _ ra moxdeba.

arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom agresiuloba adamianis bunebaSia. Tu Tavs movityuebT ocnebiT, rom adamiani frTaSesxmuli angelosia da daTrgunvis saSualebani saWiro ar aris, maSin SesaZlebelia sabediswero Secdoma mogvivides. sazogadoeba imaT

Cauvardes xelSi, visac agresiuli buneba aqvs da srulebiT ar apirebs iaraRze uaris Tqmas. gaTavisuflebis magier damonebis msxverpli gavxdeT.

didi da arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom kerZo adamianis Tu mTeli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi armia ganasaxierebs damcvels, mSvelels, eris Rirsebisa da patiosnebis darajs, samSoblos damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis guSags. roca armia ar iqneba, ra an vin Secvlis mas? xom ar daeufleba adamiansa da sazogadoebas sayovelTao SiSi? xom ar daarRvevs es sazogadoebriv wesrigs da yvelafers moicavs anarqia? am problemis gadawyvetis moZebnac iyo saWiro.

ase da amrigad msjelobda n. nikolaZe da eZebda realur, utyuar safuZvels im keTilSobili ganzraxvis gasaxorcieleblad, rasac ganiaraReba ewodeba, magram imxanad igi ver xedavda amis SesaZleblobas da arc kacobrioba miaCnda mzad amisaTvis.

`is azri, romelic yovelsave zemonaTqvamisagan gamomdinareobs, SeiZleba ase movsWraT mokled: SeuZlebelia seriozulad xeli vaxloT samxedro organizacias, Torem maSinaTve SevaryevT da gadmovapirqvavebT saZirkvels, romelzedac damyarebulia Cveni sazogadoebrivi Senoba. sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis saxifaToa ise SevudgeT ganiaraRebis saqmes, Tu win da winve niadagi ar movamzadeT socialur urTierTobaTa radikalur da srul reorganizaciisaTvis. maSasadame, yvelam, visac arafris gulisaTvis unda xeli axlos Cveni socialuri organizaciis safuZvels da vinc Tavis Tavs momzadebulad ara hgrZnobs aseTis saqmisaTvis, sjobia Tavi daanebos ganiaraRebis sakiTxs~.

swavla-ganaTlebis miReba damTavrda. ukve samSobloSi unda dabrundes da saqmes Seudges. ojaxsac gaaxarebs da iakob nikolaZec damSviddeba. rogorc iqna, Zvirad Rirebuli Svili Sin brundeba, ganaTlebuli da ganswavluli. imdroindel saqarTveloSi bare ori kacic ver daikvexnis im codniT, rac nikom SeiZina, mgoni am codna-ganaTlebaze ufro Zvirfasi is aris, rac niko nikolaZem evropaSi sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rasac daakvirda, gazoma, aswon-daswona da daskvna gaakeTa.

evropam cxadad, uTuod da uTumcaod uCvena, rom ruseTis imperia usazRvrod CamorCenili saxelmwifoa. marTalia, ruseTSi arian adamianebi, romelTac surT Tavi daaRwion CamorCenilobas, magram isic naTeli iyo, rom evropa sxvagvarad apirebs cxovrebas, winsvlas, momavlis Senebas da ruseTi _ sxvagvarad. marTalia, evropaSic uxvad arian nair-nairi socialur-politikur moZRvrebaTa mqadagebelni, magram saqmiani evropa maT yurs naklebad ugdebs. saqmiani evropa Sromobs, namdvil faseulobebs qmnis da naklebad daborialebs abstraqtuli ideebis qaosSi. ruseTSi ki gauTaveblad laparakoben, mzad arian TavganwirvisaTvis (wiraven kidec), magram arsad Cans saqmis kaci. yvelaferi sityvis koriantelSi ixrCoba. ruseTSi yoveli axali azri, axali idea cimbiris katorRaSi igzavneba da iqaur maRaroebSi kvdeba. evropaSi ki axali idea da azri, Tuki praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs, maSinve axali saqmis safuZvelia.

mecxramete saukunis meore naxevaria. mecniereba da teqnika ukve gabatonebulia. Tvinier mecnierebisa da teqnikisa raimes keTeba, raime winsvla, raime ganaxleba SeuZlebelia. evropa momavlis ocnebas mecnierebisa da teqnikis Zalas ukavSirebs. marTalia, socializmis Teoria evropaSi Seiqmna, magram niko imasac TvalnaTliv xedavda, rom saqmiani evropa sruliad ar apirebda socializmis gzas gahyoloda. evropaSi igi Teoriis farglebSi rCeboda da piri ar uCanda, rom odesme mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas moindomebdnen, Tumca amis mosurnenic iyvnen, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi. ruseTSi ki gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvela mimarTuleba socializmis ama Tu im saxeobas scemda Tayvans. zogs Temuri socializmi moswonda, zogs _ anarqiuli, zogs _ sindikalisturi, zogs _ xalxosnuri, zogs _ kidev vin icis ra. magram arc erTi maTgani mkafiod da naTlad ar iTvaliswinebda mecnierebisa da teqnikis mniSvnelobas. amis gauTvaliswinebloba katastrofuli SecdomiT imuqreboda. xalxi, romelsac aRorZineba da winsvla surda, aucileblad unda daufleboda teqnikasa da mecnierebas. es niko nikolaZisTvis dResaviT naTeli da ueWveli iyo.

evropam niko nikolaZe imaSic Rrmad daarwmuna, rom kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobis pirobebSi, roca ekonomikis centralizebuli marTva gamoricxulia, kolonia (ra Tqma unda, Tu am koloniaSi Wkviani da saqmiani adamianebi cxovroben) SeiZleba iyos metropoliaze mdidaric, kulturulic da, Tu gnebavT, Tavisufalic ki. amis mkafio magaliTi aSS istoria iyo. ruseTis imperiaSic iyo nimuSi _ fineTi da poloneTi. erTica da meorec

bevrad ganviTarebuli da winwasuli qveyana iyo, vidre Tavad ruseTi. fineTica da poloneTic imperiis sazRvarSi mxolod ruseTis uzarmazar samxedro Zalas eWira.

evropaSi yofnisas niko nikolaZe Sromisadmi damokidebulebamac daafiqra. qarTvel glexs muSaoba ar ezareboda, miwasac Tavs aklavda, magram mainc Raribi iyo da upovari. evropaSi ki muSakaci welSi gamarTuli, kargad mowyobili da molxenili gaxldaT. Sveicariis verc erT kantonSi ver waawydebodiT im siRatakes, rasac saqarTveloSi xSirad SexvdebodiT, Tundac iseTs, giorgi wereTelma rom aRwera `kikoliksa, Cikoliksa da kudabzikaSi~. ram gamoiwvia es? riT SeiZleboda amis axsna? pasuxi, albaT, erTi iyo _ saerTo Sromis kulturis uqonlobiT. CvenSi ar icodnen naSromis gamoyeneba. im simdidris moxmareba, rac qveyanas hqonda. zomaze bevrad meti iyo muqTaxora, visac xelis ganZreva, saqmis keTeba eTakileboda da sxvis xarjze cxovreba erCia. Tu Sroma saerTo erovnul wesad gadaiqceoda, saqarTvelo siduxWires Tavs daaRwevda.

roca ganswavluli niko nikolaZe evropidan saqarTveloSi dabrunda, misi mrwamsi ZiriTadad Camoyalibebuli iyo. mere ganvlil dro-Jams mis kredoSi arsebiTad bevri araferi Seucvlia.

mrwamsi

sadac iyo da rogorc iyo, niko nikolaZe ficiviT warmoTqvamda:`mas aqeT, rac me Cems Tavs vicnob, me erTi wadilis meti ar mqonia, erTi RmerTis

garda sxvisTvis Tayvani ar micia... me Sen miyvardi, Sen mwamdi, Sen gemsaxurebodi, avaT Tu kargaT rogorc SemeZlo, rogorc Wkua miWrida. me Sen miyvardi, rogorc Cveni qveynis kaci, Cemi Tanamemamule da Zma, rogorc iseTi piri, romlis bedi da ubedoba, romlis avi da kargi, Cemi piradi bedi da ubedoba, Cemi sakuTari avi da kargi megona. me damivlia mTeli evropa da bevr Cinebul qveynebSi bevr aRmtac sazogadoebaSi gamitarebia Tveebi da wlebi, magram yvelgan da yovelTvis, sadac ki vyofilvar, erTi sagani mqonia: SenTvis damzadeba, SenTvis samsaxuri, Seni sargebloba. arc safrangeTis amRelvebel da aRmtacebel cxovrebas, arc peterburRis gansacdeliT mimzidvel sazogadoebas, arc italiis mSvenierebas, arc Sveicariis Tavisuflebas, arasodes, arc erTi wamis ganmavlobaSi, ar mouxiblavs Cemi grZnoba da guli, ar Seucdenivar da ar miuzidivar, Tumca axalgazrda kacis gulze gvariani gavlena aqvs iqauri didi saxelis da didi gavlenis imeds... imis magier, rom iqaurs cxovrebas mivebire da sxvebisaviT dameviwya Cveni erTi namceca qveyana, Cveni yvelasagan ucnobi xalxi, me niadag Senze vfiqrobdi, rom sadme, rogorme, sadac ki yofiliyo SenTvis cotaodeni sargebloba mainc mometana... sxvagan da CvenSi mwerali da gaCumebuli niadag Seni erTguli da Seni msaxuri viyavi~.

praqtikuli saqmianoba iqneboda Tu Teoriuli moZRvreba, misaRebad im SemTxvevaSi miaCnda, saqarTvelos Tu gamoadgeboda. iyo Tu ara mzad, Cveni qveyana da xalxi am moZRvrebis asaTviseblad, saqmis gansaxorcieleblad _ amgvar pozicias bevrjer iZulebuli gauxdia kritikulad Seefasebina bevri ram, rac piradad moswonda. amis gamo TanamedroveTa risxvac gamouwvevia da STamomavlobis sayveduric daumsaxurebia: xSirad meryeobdao. visac gamowvlilviT Seuswavlia n. nikolaZis publicistika, icis, rom es munaTi yovlad usabuToa. is ki SeiZleba, rom saerTod ar daeTanxmoT mis pozicias, magram meryeobaSi bralis dadebis safuZveli namdvilad ar gvaqvs.

sayvedurebi guls stkenda da zogjer bavSviviT imarTlebda Tavs.`me igive var dRes, rac Teqvsmeti wlisa vyofilvar da igive Caval saflavSi~.`yovelTvis igive vyofilvar, rac dRes var: erTguli, angariSiani mwyemsi qarTvelobis

sikeTisa, Seurigebeli mteri yoveli mimarTulebisa, romelic saqarTvelos qonebas sxvis, ucxoeTis mizans, Tu saqmes swiravs~.

an n. nikolaZes rad sWirdeba Tavis marTleba, an Cveni eWvianoba ram gamoiwvia? ase mgonia iman, rom Cven gagviWirda Tanxmobis moZebna n. nikolaZis cxovrebis faqtebsa, ganaTlebasa da nawerebs Soris.

raki peterburgSi swavlis dros studentTa SfoTSi miiRo monawileoba, xolo mere revoluciis samsaxuris gzas ar dasdgomia, es poziciis Secvlad CavuTvaleT.

raki `kolokolSi~ TanamSromlobda da aleqsandre gercens piradad icnobda, mere masTan ganxeTqilebac da TanamSromlobis Sewyvetac adrindeli Sexedulebisagan gandgomad miviCnieT.

raki nikoloz CerniSevskis usazRvrod did pativs scemda, Semdgom ki mis gzas ar gahyolia, amasac didi TemSaridan gadaxveva davarqviT.

raki me-19 saukunis evropis yvela social-politikur-ekonomikur moZRvrebas icnobda, maT Soris marqssa da mis Teorias, magram konkretulad arc erTi ar uqadagia saqarTveloSi, es Cven n. nikolaZis msoflmxedvelobriv meryeobad aRviqviT.

imis gaTvaliswineba ki dagvaviwyda: erTia, ra icoda da ra ara niko nikolaZem da meore _ ra sWirdeboda da ra ara saqarTvelos, risTvis iyo igi mzad da risTvis _ ara. n. nikolaZisaTvis amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. mas bevrjer gverdze gadaudvia piradi simpaTia-antipaTia, codna-arcodna, momxreoba-mowinaaRmdegeoba da is gauxdia erTguli samsaxuris sagnad, rac saqarTvelosaTvis aucileblad miuCnevia. qarTvel xalxs ki maSin, n. nikolaZis azriT, ar SeeZlo moumzadeblad, ucbad, myisve dasdgomoda im gzas, rasac evropa adga, gahyoloda im mimarTulebas, romlis gayolasac evropaSi apirebdnen. im moZRvrebaTa mimdevroba aerCia, romelnic evropaSi batonobdnen. es TandaTanobiT unda momxdariyo.

`yovelgvari ybedobisa Tu laTaiebis gareSe unda vaRiaroT da dabejiTebiTac unda davicva is faqti, rom Cemi Sexedulebani, romelic odiTganve gamomiTqvams Tu werilobiT, Tu zepirad, iotis odenadac ar Semicvlia am bolo ormoci wlis manZilze. amasTan, arasodes da aravis winaSe ar damimalavs Cemi mrwamsi. Cveni axalgazrdobis TvalSi ki _ saubari xom swored mas Seexeba, romel partiasac ar unda ekuTvnodes igi, _ me yovelTvis viyavi da dRemdec vrCebi, ubralo `meTanTanobiTed~, Zveli yaidis liberalad, inglisuri dinastikuri gagebiT, e. i. iseT adamianad, romelic reformebs mxolod zemodan moelis xolme, principuli mowinaaRmdegea revoluciebisa, Tu rom aRarafers vityviT boloJamindel umsgavsoebaze. a x a l g a z r d o b a s a v s e b i T m a r T a l i i y o a m T a v i s S e g n e b a S i d a a m i t o m v e r c C e m s T a v s v a k a d r e b d i d a a r c a m a x a l g a z r d o b i s a T v i s m i k a d -r e b i a , r o m T a v i s x v a g v a r S u q z e m e C v e n e b i n a ~ (xazi Cemia _ a. b.).

am striqonebSi Tanxmobac aris da gulnatkenobac. amitom n. nikolaZis Sexedulebas nabij-nabij unda gavecnoT. maSin davinaxavT naTlad mis mrwamss da gavarCevT mtyuansa da marTals. magram manamde uTuod unda mivaqcioT yuradReba erT garemoebas. mas ar uyvarda spekulatiuri, anu, rogorc Tavad ityoda, metafizikuri azrovneba. igi praqtikulad moqmedi pirovneba iyo. azrsac imdenad afasebda, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo misi realurad ganxorcieleba.

Tavad n. nikolaZe metafizikur azrovnebas ase ganmartavda:`metafizikuri azrovneba isaa, romelic damyarebulia ara cxovrebis Seswavlaze, ara

cdaze, aramed azrovnebaze, silogizmebze, varaudebze, ara imaze, rac am qveynad namdvilad arsebobs da keTdeba, aramed imaze, rac Cven kargi, samarTliani an gonivruli gveCveneba~.

social-federalistTa partiis wevrTa Sexedulebis nakladac is miaCnda, rom `maTi politikuri moazreba metafizikazea aSenebuli. aixireben raRac survils, sakuTar gemovnebaze arCeuls da romelsac moiwoneben _ `princips~ arqmeven, xatad aqceven, Tayvans scemen. darwmunebuli arian, es Tilisma yovelTvis, yvelgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi erTnairad saswauls moaxdenso. realur politikas ki arc erTi amgvari avgarozi ar swams da es ZvelTa Zveli rwmena didi xania arxivebSi daumarxavs, rogorc gamoucdel gonebis bavSvuri Secdoma~.

metafizikur WeSmaritebaTa qadagebas, n. nikolaZis fiqriT, arasodes mohyolia xalxis yofa-cxovrebis realuri gaumjobeseba da zneobrivi amaRleba. roca `krebulSi~ TanamSromlobda da `mnaTobs~ edaveboda, maSin werda: `...mSvenieri WeSmaritebebi, romelTac gabriel episkoposi qadagebs dRes CvenSi, aTi aTasjer gamouTqvamT pirvel mamamTavrebs da zneobis maswavleblebs. maS ra mizezia, rom

exla kidev saWiro gamxdara maTi xelmeored gamoTqma?.. Jurnals unda scodnoda, rom xalxis znisa da Cveulebis SecvlaSi an gaumjobesebaSi umTavresi gavlena am xalxis mdgomareobas da wyobilebas aqvs. imas ar unda daviwyeboda, rom xalxis zneobis aRzrdisaTvis, qadagebebis garda, sxva ramecaa saWiro, da es `sxva rame~ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zneobis kanoni damyarebuli iyos adamianis bunebis Tvisebebze, rom mas miznad am bunebis dakmayofileba hqondes~.

ukve gamoikveTa n. nikolaZis mrwamsis ori sayrdeni: pirveli _ ra gamoadgeba da ra ara saqarTvelos da meore _ saWiroa arametafizikuri azrovneba. vargisia azrovneba, romelic sinamdvilis moTxovnebs upasuxebs da daakmayofilebs.

raki es ori sayrdeni gamovyaviT, SegviZlia konkretuli kiTxvebic davsvaT da pasuxic movZebnoT.

revoluciis momxre iyo Tu evoluciis? erTisac da meorisac, oRond gaaCnda qveyanas, xalxs da viTarebas. am kiTxvis pasuxad aseTi magaliTi mohyavda: `gonier eqims hkiTxeT _ aba, qinaqinas uaryofT Tu TayvanscemT-Tqo? SebralebiT SemogxedavsT da im kiloTi, romliTac ToTo bavSvs rasmes uxsnian, gipasuxebT: zogierT avadmyofs uxdeba xolme, zogs sxvas swyens, zogisTvis sawamlavic ariso! midiT inJiners hkiTxeT _ uroze ra Sexedulebis brZandebiT-Tqo? mogigebT: marjve ostatis xelSi kai mogeceso, kargi iaraRia, magram balRs Tu sacelqod gauxdia, Tavsac gaurejgvso~.

Semdeg msjelobas agrZelebda da safrangeTisa da TurqeTis konkretuli nimuSi mohqonda.

didebuli, mSvenieri, aRmtaci movlena iyoo 1870 wlis 4 seqtembris revolucia safrangeTSi. amboxebulma xalxma qveynis damRupveli mmarTveloba eqvs saaTSi nagaviviT moxveta da mousavleTSi gadauZaxa. xalxma axali xelisufleba daamyara. mas mTeli eri gahyva, ganurCevlad wodebisa, rjulisa, partiebisa. es revolucia n. nikolaZes misaRebad miaCnda, raki xalxi momzadebuli da momwifebuli iyo amgvari cvlilebebisaTvis. magram revolucia osmaleTSi aseTi ar aRmoCnda. Cveni Taoba sxva revoluciasac moeswro, _ agrZelebda igi saubars, _ Cvens mezoblad osmaleTSi. saubedurod, araferi keTili imas ar mohyolia. jer erTi, uamravi xalxi imsxverpla. meorec, osmaleTma TiTqmis yvelaferi dahkarga, rac moeZeveboda: tripoli, xmelTaSua zRvaSi upiratesoba. waago omi italiasTan. CamoSordnen ara marto qristianebi, mahmadianebic _ arabuli qveynebi, albaneTi.

`aqedan sCans, _ askvnida n. nikolaZe, _ rom revoluciac, qinaqinis ar iyos, zogan rgebs, zogan vnebs, safrangeTSi gamodga, osmaleTSi ara. ar gamodga imitom, rom xalxi daumzadebeli yofila cvlilebisaTvis, morig saqmeebze erTi azri, erTi rwmena mas ar hqonia~.

da, miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTSi revoluciam ivarga, iqac ar miaCnda n. nikolaZes igi aucileblad.

`safrangeTis revolucia didia ara sisxlis ricxviT, romelic cotaT Tu bevrad usafuZvlod iqna daRvrili mis mier, ara omebiT da gamarjvebebiT, ara brbos gaSmagebiT, aramed, im `kodeqsebiT~, romlebmac arsebiTad Sescvales safrangeTis ekonomikuri, politikuri da moraluri yofa. da am kodeqsebSi _ romelnic exla miRebulia mTeli evropis mier _ ar aris arc erTi pwkari, arc erTi statia, romelic revoluciamde naxevari saukuniT adre ar yofiliyos mofiqrebuli da damtkicebuli mecnierebis an literaturis mier.

......safrangeTSi is (axali wes-wyobileba _ a. b.) moxda ZaldatanebiTi wesiT, magram

SesaZlo iyo momxdariyo, Tumca ufro gvian, sruliad mSvidobiani gziT. raki mogonebulia axali wyobileba, Zvelma yovel mizezs gareSe, adre Tu gvian, unda dauTmos mas adgili. ZaldatanebiT Tu mSvidobiani gziT, es sxva sakiTxia, magram ase Tu ise, adre Tu gvian, es Secvla aucilebelia, rogorc sikvdili~.

imis nimuSad, rom qveyanas SeuZlia revoluciis Tvinier aRorZindes ekonomikur-socialur-politikurad, n. nikolaZe asaxelebda iaponias. man 1894 wels Jurnal `moambis~ mecxre wignSi gamoaqveyna werili _ `iaponiis brZola CineTTan~. qarTvel mkiTxvels uambo _ rogor aRorZinda iaponia ganaTlebiT, codniT, SromiT, discipliniT da daaskvna: `Zala da Zleva ricxvs da sivrces ki ara, codnas da organizacias ekuTvnis, iaraRs, wess, disciplinas~.

is ki, rac statiis dasasruls aqvs naTqvami, SeiZleba dRes winaswarmetyvelebad aRviqvaT.

`iaponias Cinurad ji-pen hqvia, ese igi: `amomavali mzis samefo~. uwin ra iyo, vin icis da exla ki marTla amomaval mzesaviT hfens iaponia codnis da wesis sinaTles, rogorc gandegilis senakSi, ise garSemoc, mezoblebSi~.

Tu es SeiZleboda eTqvaT me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, raRas vityviT dRes? iaponiaSi ar momxdara araviTari socialuri revolucia. ubedurebac didi daatyda Tavs: damarcxda meore msoflio omSi da epoqis yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRic am qveyanaSi gamoiyenes. magram mainc iaponia Tanamedrove civilizaciis, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis etaloni gaxda. es Sedegia iaponeli xalxis Tvisebebisa: niWis, codnis, Sromismoyvareobis, disciplinis, erovnuli Rirsebis da Tavmoyareobis Segnebis.

iaponia utyuari sabuTia imisa, rom n. nikolaZe marTali iyo, roca dabejiTebiT iTxovda eris aRzrda-ganaTlebas, momzadebas, Tvisebebis gardaqmnas, TandaTanobiT aTvisebas imisas, rasac kacobriobam ukve miaRwia.

`sazogadoebis keTildReoba SeiZleba miRweuli iqnas mxolod erTdrouli da mravalmxrivi ganviTarebiT: yvela im elementebisa, romelTaganac Sedgeba xalxis cxovreba~.

sanam erTdrouli da mravalmxrivi ganviTarebis gzas daadgeboda qarTveli xalxi, manam ori kiTxva iyo pasuxgasacemi. pirveli _ rogori tipis moRvawe unda gaZRoloda ers win da meore _ ranairad unda aRezardaT xalxi.

roca n. nikolaZem 1894 wlis Jurnal `moambis~ meoTxe nomerSi dastamba werili _ `koSuTi da deaki~ _ cxadi gaxda xalxis Tavkacis is ideali, romelzec qarTveli publicisti ocnebobda.

igi werda: `...sasargeblo iqneba mis (koSuTis _ a. b.) dramas davakvirdeT marto gulis-mosafxanad da asaRelveblad ki ara, gonebis gasaxsnelad, swavlisa da gamocdilebis SesaZenad, istoriis kanonebis gasagebad, iqneba am swavliT da gamocdilebiT vixelmZRvaneloT sxvadasxva istoriuli da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis axsnisa da dafasebis dros~.

ratom unda gamxdariyo koSuTis cxovreba qarTveli xalxisaTvis Wkuis maswavlebeli? saqme is gaxlavT, rom laioS koSuTi ungreTi xalxis gamoCenili saxelmwifo da sazogado moRvawe iyo. man mTeli cxovreba ungrelTa Tavisuflebas Seswira. mas am Tavisuflebis miRweva iaraRiT, brZoliT, sisxlis RvriT undoda. ibrZoda kidec. magram damarcxda. uamravma msxverplma araviTari dadebiTi Sedegi ar moitana. amboxebulma ungreTma ver sZlia avstrias da habsburgTa batonobas Tavi ver daaRwia. Tavad koSuTi ki iZulebuli gaxda samSoblo daetovebina da Tavi ucxoeTSi Seefarebina.

koSuTs ungreTSi meore gamoCenili saxelmwifo da sazogado moRvawe ferenc deaki upirispirdeboda. igi sruliad sawinaaRmdego gzas adga da principulad ar iziarebda koSuTis Sexedulebas. n. nikolaZe ase gadmogvcems deakis gezsa da miswrafebas:

`...deaki da misi partia mtkiced icavda ungreTis erTobas habsburgebTan da hqadagebda _ mudam erTgulni unda viqneT Cveni Zveli kavSirisao. adre Tu gvian Cveni simarTle gasWris, habsburgebi WkuaSi Cavardebian da Cven Cvensas mogvaniWebeno. Cveni simarTle ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cvens enaze samarTali da mmarTveloba warmoebdes, Cven sakuTari jari da finansebi gvqondes, Cveni arCeuli kanonmdebloba, parlamenti da saministro. Cveni mefe Cvens sataxto qalaqSi, peStSi unda gvirgvindebodes wminda stefanes gvirgviniTao. amas yvelafers, adre Tu gvian, uTuod veRirsebiT, Tuki Cvens simarTles ar gadavudgebiT da kanonieri gziT, marto kanonebis saSualebiT veZiebT Cvenis uflebebis aRdgenaso~.

marTlac, deakis mSvidobianma, momTmenma da gonivrulma politikam miaRwia mizans. 1867 wels ungreTma miiRo yvelaferi is, rasac deaki da misi partia iTxovda da rac koSuTma brZoliTa da sisxliT ver SeZlo.

n. nikolaZes moswonda deakis moRvaweoba da, roca dasWirdeboda magaliTi imisa, rogor unda gaamarjvebino ers uomrad da usisxlod, igi am saxelmoxveWil ungrelze uTiTebda.

deakis saqmianobis mowoneba TavisTavad gulisxmobda imasac, rom n. nikolaZe arc klasobrivi brZolis momxre iyo. evropeli istorikosebis da filosofosTa naazrevis Cinebulad

mcodne, cxadia, kargad icnobda klasobrivi brZolis Teoriasac da praqtikasac, magram mainc miuReblad miaCnda igi iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTvelo iyo.

`iqneba zogma amis Taobaze ifiqros _ rogorc mwerlebi kidec hqadageben ruseTSi _ rom aznaurobaze zrunva, misi daxmareba, xelis gawyoba, Cveni drois saqme rodiao: mTel xalxs, mTel ers ra mouxdeba _ amaze unda iyos miqceuli mwerlobisa da qveynis yuradReba da mecadineobao. erTi gankerZoebuli wodebis saqme gana mTeli eris saqmeao? es cxadi WeSmaritebaa ruseTisaTvis da ruseTSi, saca aznauroba eris erT-fiora nawils Seadgens. iq aTas, zogan aTi-aTas adamianze marto erTi aznauri iTvleba. Cvens qveyanaSi ki aznaurobis ricxvi, danarCen xalxis raodenobasTan SedarebiT, erTob didia: mTels saqarTveloSi aT adamianze, zogan rva adamianze, erTi aznauri iTvleba. saca aznaurobis ricxvi amodenad gamravlebula, iq mas pirdapiri gavlena aqvs xalxis cxovrebaze da erisa Tu qveynis bedze...~

niko nikolaZes `saqarTvelos proletariatisa da mSromeli glexobis grandiozuli brZola~ ki ar afrTxobda, rogorc amas bralad sdebdnen, aramed saqarTvelos erovnuli yofa-cxovrebis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebas iTxovda. eSinoda TuTiyuSiviT gazepirebul dogmebs qveynisa da xalxisaTvis gamousworebeli ubedureba ar moetana. is, rac, ase Tu ise, gamarTlebuli da swori iqneboda sxva qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCeniliyo. `roca aznauroba meaTed nawils Seadgenda mTeli erisas, maSin mTavrobam da mwerlobam yoveli RonisZieba unda ixmaros am veeba wodebas misces patiosani SromiT Tavis rCenis saSualeba~. miT umetes, rom qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis didi umravlesoba, garda carieli titulisa, qonebrivad arafriT gansxvavdeboda glexisagan. xSirad glexze bevrad Ratakic iyo. `Cveni aznaurobis umetesi nawili raodenobiTac, SeZlebiTac da TviT swavliTa da gamocdilebiTac swored imnairive `xalxia~, rogorc danarCeni nawili Cveni erisa. bevrgan SeZlebiT, cxovrebiT, miwa-wyliT Cveneburs aznaurs glexi sjobnis. male, roca mama-papuri miwa-wylis ukanaskneli nakveTi Semoeyideba Tu xelidan gamoecleba aznaurobis umetes nawils, CvenSic, poloniasaviT, `umiwawylo~, `bogano~ wodeba (пролетWрий), umiwawylo aznauroba (hворянский пролетWриWт) gaCndeba da gamravldeba~.

n. nikolaZis azriT, Tavadaznaurobis gamravleba SemTxveviT ar momxdara. igi saqarTvelos istoriuli cxovrebis kanonzomieri Sedegi iyo.

`Cvens mefeebs arc danarCeni jildoebi hqoniaT: did-Zali fuli, an Tavisufali mamuli, an Cinebi, an ordenebi. dasjis saSualeba bevri, uTvalavi iyo maT gankargulebaSi: Tavis mokveTa, Tvalis daTxra, mklavis moWra, cocxalis miwaSi Caflva da Cakirva, tyved gayidva, ymad gacema da sxv. da sxv. dajildovebaSi ki marto TavadiSvilobis an aznauriSvilobis Rirseba hqondaT miniWebuli. amis namsaxursac ajildovebdnen da Tan samxedro wodebis ricxvsac umatebdnen, jariskacT amravlebdnen. amas isic unda davurToT, rom Sinauri uwesobis da gareSe mtris mecadineobis gamo, CvenSi erTob xSirad icvlebodnen mefeebi da mTavrebi. avidoda Tu ara romelime maTgani mitacebul taxtze, maSinve yvela Tavis damxmares ajildovebda, rasakvirvelia, Tavadis an aznaurobis RirsebiT. uwindel mefeebisagan gaTavadebul an gaaznaurebul gvarebs ki axali mefe Rirsebis CamorTmevas ver ubedavda: mtrad raze movikidoo~.

n. nikolaZes ar moswonda Tavadaznaurobis uqnaroba. `misi (Tavadaznaurobis _ a. b.) vneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uSromod, uwarmoeblad, qveynis qonebis moumateblad, sxvis xarjze cxovrobs, bevrad ukeTesad, vinem mSromeli an SemZeni~. magram, imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom `es wodeba, umravles SemTxvevaSi mainc, narCeni naSTia qarTvelobis umjobesis warmomadgenlobisa. mravali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis brunvas gulmodgined uuRlebia, TiTqo gangeb, modgmis gasaumjobeseblad~... amitom Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebis magier, imaze unda gvefiqra da gveocneba _ rogor Cagveba igi saerTo erovnul saqmianobaSi. Torem sasacilo viTareba iqmneboda: qarTuli muSaTa klasi jer ar arsebobda da misi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze fiqri gviburRavda tvins. qarTuli Tavadaznauroba arsebobda da misi ganadgureba-mospobas visaxavdiT miznad. ise ar gamogvivideso, _ afrTxilebda qarTvel sazogadoebas n. nikolaZe, _ rogorc andaza ambobs: wamkidebelo wahkide, orives Tavi waswyviteo.

n. nikolaZis azrovneba erTi TvisebiT gamoirCeoda. mas ar sCveoda raime moZRvrebis an debulebis pirwmindad uaryofa an xelaRebiT absolutur WeSmaritebad

gamocxadeba. misTvis yovel Zalas, yovel sagans da adamianis yovelgvar naazrevsac SefardebiTi mniSvneloba da Sinaarsi hqonda. `qveyanaze arc erTi Zala ar arsebobs iseTi, rom mxolod sasargeblo iyos, an marto mavnebeli. yoveli Zala, rogorc yoveli sagani, zogjer sasargebloa kacisTvis da zogjer mavnebeli. misi sicude da sikarge xmarebaze hkidia. mcodne da moxerxebuli kacis xelSi sawamlavic ki mkurnalobs da utvino bavSvi rZis saWamandSiac ki daixrCoba~. amisaTvis igi bevrs skeptikosadac hyavda monaTluli. magram es misi saRi da fxizeli gonebidan momdinareobda da ara skepticizmidan. mravalferovan samyaroSi, sadac nairnairi rasebi, xalxebi, social-politikuri, ekonomikuri sistemebi, urTierTdamokidebulebani, interesebi, cxovrebis wesi, zne-Cveulebani, warsuli tradiciebi, geografiuli garemo, temperamenti, Tviseba, buneba arsebobs, yovlad SeuZleblad miaCnda raime erTi moZRvreba, ragind keTilSobili da Wkvianuric yofiliyo igi, yvelas Tanabrad gamosdgomoda, yvelasaTvis lxena da Sveba moetana. rogorc Wkviani adamiani irCevs tansacmels, mas ra moergeba da mouxdeba, sakuTari sxeulis aRnagobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve unda moiqces eri, ama Tu im moZRvrebis arCevisas. jer erTi, Tu SeuZlia is moZRvreba, rac mas sWirdeba, man TviTonve unda Seqmnas. meorec, Tu amisaTvis Wkua-goneba ar yofnis da aucileblad sxvas unda daesesxos, maSin is unda aiRos, rac mas ueWvelad gamoadgeba. Tumca amasac didi goniereba sWirdeba. Tu amas ver mixvda, ise mouva, rogorc im adamians, vinc modas ahyveba, Seufereblad moirTveba, moikazmeba da xalxis TvalSi sasacilo gaxdeba. eric aseve SeiZleba gaxdes sasacilo kacobriobis TvalSi, Tu igi revoluciisa da klasobrivi brZolis modas gamodevnebuli, sxvas wabaZavs, sxvis dudukze icekvebs.

`CvenSi, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi, is Semcdari azri mefobs, viTom aznaurobaze sja da cda `modna~ rodiao. exla `modna~ Turme qarxnebis muSebze zrunva yofila. warmoidgineT Cveni ubedureba: qarxnebis muSebze unda vizrunoT, arc qarxnebi gvabadia, arc qarxnis muSebi! es ubedureba swored imas udris, rogorc boqaulebis colebs emarTebaT xolme, sofelSi. amoikiTxaven sabraloebi `nivis~ modebis aRwerilobaSi: «плWтье из jофрировWнноjо крепонW цветW hWлии» da sxv. arc is ician, es kreponi raa, arc is, sad iSovnon an riT gaarCion jофрировWнный неjофрировWнный-sagan, an es ucnauri feri цветы hWлии, _ ra feria, mouxdeba is maT Savgvreman an TeTrgvreman saxes Tu ara da sxv. eseebi araferi gaegebaT, magram mainc, dRe-da-Ram, RviZavT Tu sZinavT, sul jофрировWнный крепон цветW hWлии elandebaT Tvalwin. sanam, amgvarad, Cvenc am uarsebo qarxnis muSebze vanTxevT cremls da sxva umodno rameze zrunvas vTakilobT, Cven sakuTar mSromels, miwis muSas, an meagures, an mekramites, an xuros, an mWedels an durgals _ esenic xom jофрировWнный крепон, ukacravad, sxva-da-sxva qarxnebis muSebi arian _ lukma puri ver CaudviaT pirSi ise, rom vinmem ZaladobiT ar gamostacos. vidre Cven `modna~ sagnebs veZebT ucxoeTSi, Sin `umodno~ sarCobela agvmarTia, rogorc erTad-erTi RonisZieba Cveneburi sazogadoebrivi kiTxvebis garCevisa, Cveni `umodno~ wylulis garCevisa...~

niko nikolaZe ara marto bevrs werda, bevrsac akeTebda. kalmis kacTan erTad, saqmis kacic iyo. n. nikolaZis praqtikuli saqmianoba, bunebrivia, gavlenas axdenda mis Teoriul Sexedulebebze. Tu saWiroeba, saqme da aucilebloba moiTxovda, SeeZlo Teoriuli Sexeduleba gverdze gadaedo da is ekeTebina, rasac konkretuli viTareba ayenebda. misTvis upirvelesi iyo saqme. amis gamo ver itanda e. w. permanentul revoluciaze molaybeebs.

`amboxeba, revolucia qveynierebis arsebobaSi iseTive iSviaTi `erT-wuTi~ movlenaa, rogoric elva, mexi. SesaZloa gana, adamiani sul imas natrobdes, rom Weqa-quxili da mexis texa ganuwyveteli iyoso, rom sxva Zala qveyanaze ar moqmedebso da mudam mexis mzadebaSi levdes Tavis Rones? gana mexi, furTvna, miwisZvra kacis xeliT mzaddeba? ueWvelia, Rvino ver dadgeba, Tu SfoTiani duRili ar gamoiara. tkbili rom duRs, misi sibinZurec zedapirze qafad farfaSebs, daduRebis Semdeg ki Txled Seiqmneba da Rvinos ZirSi moeqceva. iqac rodi daitoveba, Torem Rvinos aamyralebs da dasWangavs. duRili, SfoTiani duRili, amnairad saWiroc aris, keTilmyofelic. nuTu aqedan is azri gamodis, rom Rvino niadag unda duRdes? kai Svilic dadgeba!

......

brZolas ar uarvyof, vambob brZolas Sesaferisi mzadeba unda-meTqi...~revoluciisa da klasobrivi brZolisadmi n. nikolaZis damokidebulebas kidev ori sakiTxi

ukavSirdeba. pirveli: rogoria n. nikolaZis SexedulebaTa da rusuli revoluciuri demokratiuli azris urTierTmimarTeba da, meore: n. nikolaZis damokidebuleba saerTod omisdami.

SevexoT erTsac da meoresac.ki batono, niko nikolaZe iyo `sovremennikis~ erTguli da gatacebuli mkiTxveli, n.

CerniSevskisa da n. dobrolubovis pativismcemeli. dauweria kidec es da verc veravin uaryofs amas. arc aravin apirebs. oRond yvelaferi es iZleva gana imis uflebas, rom vTqvaT `n. nikolaZe Tavis Tavs Tvlida CerniSevskis orTodoqsalur mimdevrad~ da `n. nikolaZes gulwrfelad sjeroda, rom is am ideebis (CerniSevskisa da dobrolubovis _ a. b.) poziciaze idga da maTi erTguli damcveli iyo?~ vfiqrob, rom ara. amis uflebas maZlevs Tavad n. nikolaZis gulRiad da gulwrfelad naTqvami.

roca gazeT `imereTs~ epaeqreboda, qarTveli revoluciurad ganwyobili axalgazrdobis naklad maTi metafizikuri azrovneba miaCnda. `am movlenis mizezi is ariso _ ambobda n. nikolaZe, _ rom socialur da politikur sagnebis maswavleblad axalgazrdobas ruseTSi kantisa da hegelis metafizikiT gaJRenTili mwerlebi belinski, gerceni, CerniSevski, lavrovi, struve da sxva hyavda. am skolis gavlenisagan Tavis daxsna da Tanamedrove mecnieruli ekonomikis Tu politikis SeTviseba metad Znelia, miT ufro, rom jer kidev gadauTargmnelia rusulad TiTqmis yvela is Txzulebani, romelT meoxebiT es ori disciplinac am ukanasknel xuTmeti, oci wlis ganmavlobaSi mecnierul meTodze aSenda. ai ra mizeziT bevr Cvens memarcxenes Tavi metad dawinaurebulad miaCnia da is ki ver SeumCnevia, rom misi azrebi marto maZZinis dros, am samoci wlis winaT, epatieboda im drois mowinaves. exla ki mcodne kacis TvalSi uvicobad iTvleba~.

rogorc xedavT, n. nikolaZe sruliad mourideblad ambobs, rom belinski, gerceni, CerniSevski da sxvani metafizikur moazrovneebad miaCnia da Tanac sxvaTa metafizikis mimdevrebad. xolo metafizikuri azrovneba rom yovlad miuReblad miaCnda, es ukve vnaxeT. amasTanave sakiTxavia isic _ rogor unda yofiliyo imaTi mimdevari, romelTa mowafeobasac sxvas uwunebs? kidev erTi daskvna gamodis citirebuli striqonebidan: yoveli adamiani fexdafex unda mihyvebodes epoqis azrovnebas, Torem uvicobis msxverpli SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

isev mivubrundeT zemoT moxmobili striqonebis gagrZelebas da yuri davugdoT niko nikolaZes: `... ra SedarebiT vxsnidi im brZolis unayofobas, romelic mowinave rusis partiam am ocdaaTi wlis winad moaxdina da waago, vadarebdi ruseTis da sazRvargareTul wreebs (aq n. nikolaZe acitirebs 1906 wels «bылое»-Si dastambul Tavisive mogonebas. №9. gv. 254):

`aq (ruseTSi) iseTi pirebi meTaurobdnen, romelTac sruliad araferi gaegebodaT arc finansebis, arc teqnikis, arc vaWrobis, arc TavianTi qveynis eTnografiis. samxedro an sazRvao saqmeze xom raRa laparaki unda. swavla TiTqmis yvelas hqonda _ raca ebada _ marto literaturuli, filologiuri an iuridiuli, isic viwro samsajulo mxris. sazRvars gared ki yvela politikuri partiis kadri da Stabi sxva da sxva specialistebis saCino moRvaweebisagan arian Semdgarni. partiebs iq metad rTuli sasicocxlo saqmeebi morigad udgaT win, romlis marTva erTob marjve Ronisa da codnis moxmarebas Txoulobs. amitomac meTaurebs gavlenis SerCena rodiRa SeuZliaT marto frazebis raxa-ruxiT an miuwvdomeli simaRlisaken frTebis farTxaliT. ruseTSi ki TvalsaCino sazogado, TviT mwerluri meTauroba _ TiTqmis `fiqrT meufeba~ _ erTob Raribi codnis patronebs ebaraT. eseni TavianT Tavs da sazogadoebas mudam marto im sakiTxebs gardauSlidnen, romelic Jan-Jak rusos, an kidev masze ufro Zvelebsac gadaReWili hqonda~ (`Cems politikaze~).

Tu n. nikolaZis naTqvams gulmodgined davakvirdebiT, sul cota sam daskvnas mainc gamovitanT.

pirveli: n. nikolaZis sityviT, rusuli revoluciuri demokratiuli azri praqtikulad unayofo aRmoCnda. cxadia, Tu azri unayofod migaCnia, misi mimdevari ver iqnebi.

meore: n. nikolaZe did upiratesobad miiCnevs imas, rom evropul partiebSi sxvadasxva teqnikur-mecnieruli specialobis adamianebi Tavkacoben da ara marto humanitarebi, rogorc es rusul partiebSi iyo. maSasadame, qarTveli publicisti mxars uWers teqnokratiul mmarTvelobas (aqac winaswarmetyvelis rolSi gamovida igi). esec

imas metyvelebs, rom n. nikolaZe ver iqneboda rusuli revoluciuri demokratiuli azris mimdevari.

mesame: Jan-Jak rusos moxsenieba ironiul konteqstSi ukve mowmobs imas, rom n. nikolaZisavis rusuli revoluciuri demokratiuli azri sakmaod moZvelebulad gamoiyureboda.

rogorc kargad cnobilia, rusul revoluciur demokratias socializmis saukeTeso safuZvlad miaCnda ruseTSi SemorCenili Temi da Temuri miwaTmflobeloba.

rusuli Temuri socializmi SeuZlebelia yofiliyo n. nikolaZisaTvis ideali. saqarTveloSi, rusuli gagebiT, arc Temi arsebobda da arc Temuri miwaTmflobeloba. socializmis Temuri safuZveli ucxo iyo CvenTvis. Temuri socializmi an mibaZviT, an ZaldatanebiT SeiZleboda dawesebuliyo saqarTveloSi. n. nikolaZe kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo rogorc mibaZvis, ise Zaldatanebis. yovel xalxs sakuTari ZaliT, sakuTar niadagze, sakuTari SexedulebiT unda moewyo momavali wes-wyobileba da cxovreba. `yvela xalxs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi da zne aqvs, rom russ veravin gaanemecebs, qarTvels verakaci gaarusebs, SesaZlebelia qarTvels Coxis magier zipuni Caacva, boxoxis magier Sapka daaxuro, qalamnis magier _ waRa misce, magram xasiaTi da zne, sisxli da buneba ki mainc qarTvelis darCeba... da roca am bunebas Zalas daatan, roca moindomeb, rom rusma francuzsaviT ixtunaos, an nemecsaviT iSromos... maSin xifaTs Seeyrebi, saqmes waaxden, qveyanas avneb...~

Tu rusuli revoluciur-demokratiuli azris erT-erTi ZiriTadi ideali (Temuri socializmi) n. nikolaZisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, raRa mimdevrobaze SeiZleba laparaki?

n. nikolaZe yoveli xalxis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebis momxre iyo. dasaSvebia, zogierTma xalxma ganviTarebis gza swrafi nabijiT gaiaros, zogierTma _ taatiT, magram ganviTarebis TandaTanobiToba ar unda dairRves. `nabij-nabijad idgams fexs kacobrioba da win midis... marTalia, zogi xalxi advilad an ucfad gairbens am nabijebs, zogi ki lokokinasaviT forTxviT gadaCoCdeba am gzaze. zogi am erTi-ori nabijis gadadgmas ocs, ocdaaTs weliwads moaswrebs, zogi ki or-sam saukuneebsac miialevs am gavlas... magram e s k i a y o v e l T v i s , r o m a R n i S n u l i g z a d a n a b i j e b i a u c i l e b l a d g a s a v l e l i a q v s y o v e l x a l x s (xazi Cemia _ a. b.), r o m e l i c g o n e b i T s c x o v r e b a s e C v e v a a n s a z o g a d o e b r i v C v e u l e b a s i T v i s e b s...~

rusul revoluciur-demokratiul azrs es TandaTanobiToba aucileblad ar miaCnda socializmis dasamyareblad. raki ruseTSi Temi arsebobda da Temuri miwaTmflobeloba, revolucioner-demokratebi fiqrobdnen, rom Temisa da Temuri miwaTmflobelobis wyalobiT ruseTs SeeZlo naxtomis gakeTeba da sruliad ar Tvlida aucileblad social-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis im gzis gavlas, rac evropam gaiara.

`me ver vxedav mizezs, ris gamoc ruseTma aucileblad unda gaiaros evropuli ganviTarebis yvela faza~ da `bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: movalea Tu ara ruseTi gaiaros evropuli ganviTarebis yvela faza Tu mas elis sruliad sxva revoluciuri ganviTareba? me mtkiced uarvyof amgvar gameorebebis aucileblobas~, _ ambobda gerceni.

vfiqrob, Zneli dasanaxi ar aris, rom n. nikolaZisa da rusi revolucioner-demokratebis Sexedulebani am sakiTxSic Zireulad gansxvavdeba.

miT umetes, ucxo iyo n. nikolaZisaTvis `xalxosnuri socializmis~ idea. igi terorisa da calkeuli gmirebis saSualebiT imedovnebda monarqiis damxobas da samarTliani wes-wyobilebis damyarebas. roca `xalxosnuri socializmis~ warmomadgenlebma n. nikolaZes TanamSromloba SesTavazes, man pirdapiri da aSkara uariT upasuxa: `mas (xalxosnur socializms _ a. b.) sWirdeba lirikosi, romelsac swams gmirobis SemoqmedebiTi Zliereba, terorisa da brZanebebis saswaulebrivi Zala. me ki aseTi ara var; Cemi azriT, progresi damokidebulia mxolod xalxis Zalasa da Segnebis Tanamimdevrul aRmavlobaze. rogorc erobis warmomadgeneli, me darwmunebuli var, rom ruseTis social-revoluciuri partia amaod xarjavs qveynis saukeTeso Zalebs im gmiruli brZolisaTvis, romelic aramc Tu aaxlovebs, aramed sul iqiT da iqiT swevs xalxis TviTmmarTvelobasa da keTildReobis eras~.

amasTan erTad, rogorc ukve iTqva, n. nikolaZes acvifrebda `xalxosnuri socializmis~ warmomadgenelTa ucnauri Tviseba _ monarqisadmi siZulvilis moulodneli da anazdeuli gadasvla xelmwifisadmi siyvarulSi.

ruseTis imperiis gardaqmnis mosurneTa xelmwife-imperatorisadmi erTgulebis SemaZrwunebel suraTs aRwers n. nikolaZe:

`arasodes damaviwydeba is sasowarkveTileba, romelic Cemze moaxdina gleb uspenskisTan wasvlam 1882 w. gazafxulze, q. Cudovos maxlobel sofelSi. Cven masTan wavediT, raTa SevTanxmebodiT adresis Taobaze, romelic yvela literatoris xelmoweriT unda mierTmiaT aleqsandre mesamisaTvis beWdviTi sityvisa da politikuri patimrebis sasargeblod. aq iyvnen m. a. antonoviCi, s. n. krivenko, n. k. mixailovski, n. v. SCelgunovi da zogi kidev sxvac. arc erT Cvengans miznad ar qonia, rogorc amas evropelebi sCadian saerTod, Seedgina moqmedebis gegma, romlis meSveobiTac arsebuli ZalebiT da saSualebebiT SeiZleboda migveRwia meti sargeblobisaTvis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da progresis saqmeSi. yvela erTimeoris miyolebiT sdevda qimeras _ me ufro meti da ufro ukeTesi SemiZlia visurvoo! gleb ivanes Ze Tavisi gaocebuli da mudam gancvifrebuli TvalebiT misCereboda molaparakes. _ araferi amis msgavsi araa saWiro, _ eubneboda is yvelas, _ CavicvaT frakebi da jgrod gaveSuroT imperatorisaken, rogorc glexebi midian xolme. glexebiviT CavuvardeT muxlebSi da vuTxraT: `Tqveno udidebulesobav, Cven araferi gvinda! mxolod cixeebi gaaReT da gaaTavisufleT yvela. maqsime aleqsis Zev, xom wamoxvalT? Tqvenc xom wamoxvalT, nikoloz konstantines Zev? _ iseve, rogorc sxva, arc me CamovrCebi maT! _ pasuxobda m. a. antonoviCi.

_ wavalT, uTuod wavalT! _ ganagrZobda gleb ivanes Ze _ glexebi xom dadian, Cvenc maTsaviT unda vimoqmedoT.

_ Tqvenc xom wamoxvalT, nikoloz iakobis Zev? _ sarkastulad gamomajavra m. a. antonoviCma. me ki cremlebi maxrCobdnen: ara, maT ar SeuZliaT qveynis gardaqmna!~

siyvarulsa da erTgulebaSi gardamavali siZulvili n. nikolaZes Tavzars scemda. ori mxriv iyo igi saSiSi. erTi mxriv, gasarkvevi iyo, monarqiis damxobis SemTxvevaSi rusuli revoluciuri azri Secvlida Tu ara despotias? Tu individualuri despotia Seicvleboda koleqtiuriT? meore mxriv, ruseTis monarqias safuZvlad edo kulturisa da progresis Seurigebeli mtroba. Tu mmarTvelobis despoturi arsi ar Seicvleboda, maSin arc kulturisa da progresis mtroba moiSleboda.

n. nikolaZe arsebiTad ganasxvavebda mmarTvelobis or formas _ bizantiur-rusulsa da evropuls. mmarTvelobis am or formas sapirispiro xasiaTi da Tviseba hqonda. Tu bizantiur-rusul mmarTvelobaSi `mTeli saxelmwifos cxovreba da triali marto mefis an despotis survilze, nebaze da Sexedulebaze iyo damyarebuli, evropaSi arsebobda sxvadasxvanairi simarTle, kanoni, tradicia, sistema da bolos mecnierebac...~ Tu bizantiur-rusul mmarTvelobaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda mefis pirovnebas, evropul mmarTvelobaSi xelmwifis pirovneba arsebiT rols ar asrulebda. magaliTad mohyavda lui XIII, romelsac n. nikolaZe uniaTos, jaglags, uxeiros, ususurs uwodebda. magram Tan dasZenda _ safrangeTSi mas araferi dauqceviao. raki qveyanas kanon-samarTali ganagebda, mmarTveli wrec am kanon-samarTlis safuZvelze moqmedebda. bizantiur-rusul mmarTvelobaSi ki saqme brma beds mihyavso. Tu mefe Wkviani da gonieria, maSin kidev ara uSavs ra: qveyanas SeiZleba ubedureba ar ewios. magram Tu xelmwife utvino da ugunuria, yvelafris daRupva SeuZlia, raki kanonsamarTali ki ar marTavs, aramed mefis pirovnuli neba-survili. ruseTis da saqarTvelos evropisagan CamorCena swored mmarTvelobis wesma ganapirobao, _ askvnida n. nikolaZe.

axla vrceli amonaweri unda gagacnoT, rom mkafiod davinaxoT _ ra gansxvavebaa, n. nikolaZis azriT, bizantiur-rusul (anu rac igivea, aziur) mmarTvelobasa da evropul mmarTvelobas Soris.

`bizantiaSi, da sazogadod aziaSi, sadac yvelas dedaazri is aris, rom `me var da sxva aravino~, yoveli axali Taoba, yovlad uazro, gauzrdeli, utradicio, uecrad spobs da lews winandeli Taobis naSroms. aq niadag Sinagani brZolaa erTi Taobisa meoris, uwindelis winaaRmdeg, brZola marto pirad madaze damyarebuli. yvelaferi marto erT kacze trialebs da dawesebulebaze. is kacic nel-nela im Sexedulebas iRebs, rom me var, sxva

aravino, yvela me unda memsaxuros da ara qveyanaso. qveynis, eris, idealis xseneba TandaTan qreba didSi da pataraSi. despotis samsaxuri da qveynis an idealis samsaxuri didad gansxvavdebian erTi-erTmaneTisagan. qveyanas yvela saxelisTvisac aklavs Tavs, despoti ki unda yidulobdes erTgul, Tavgametebul msaxurebs. evropeli mTavari, evropuli wes-wyobileba energias da entuziazms miT aRviZebs msaxurebSi, rom mamulis, idealis sargeblobas axsenebs. aziis despots ki marto oqroTi da vercxliT, marto Tval-margalitiT SeeZlo waexalisebina misi msaxurebi. aqedan warmoebs uaRresi Tviseba aziuri despotizmisa: simdidris gamofena, niadag abrwyineba Tval-margalitisa, oqroTi Semosva porfirisa... erTi sityviT, aziuri, bizantiuri xasiaTi cdilobs, dabados da gaavrcelos xalxSi Tayvaniscema brWyviala Tval-margalitisa, rom am Tval-margalitis dapirebiT an CuqebiT SeiZinos erTguli msaxurebi piradi mflobelobisa. raRa Tqma unda, rom es ganzraxva yovlad ausrulebelia, raki kacs, Taobas, ers uaRress wminda-wmindaTad oqro da Tval-margaliti eZleva, msaxurebi misi iqnebian, vinc umetess dahpirdeba, ese igi, dRes Cemi, xval sxvisi, zeg garayaniZisa da bolos _ gareSe mtris. ai ori uaRresi, uZleveli mizezi bizantiuri xasiaTis mavneblobisa da orive cariel piradobazea damyarebuli: piradi moqmedeba, piradi mizani, piradi sixarbe. raRa fiqri da lari unda, rom am wesiT morTuli qveyana verasodes ver mieweoda im qveynebs, sadac winaaRmdegi wesi sufevda: saerTo, sazogado, saero dawesebuleba qveynis samsaxuris gasawevad, qveynis simarTlis da sikeTis dasacvelad...~

n. nikolaZe, mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, Tavgadadebuli da Tavgametebuli damcvelia Tavisufali azris, codna-ganaTlebis, mecniereba-teqnikis, maT safuZvelze qveynis aRorZinebisa da xalxis yofa-cxovrebis amaRlebisa. rac boWavs, xels uSlis, abrkolebs Tavisufali azris arsebobas, codna-ganaTlebis SeZenas, mecniereba-teqnikis ganviTarebas, mas n. nikolaZe kategoriulad uaryofs. bizantiur-rusuli mmarTveloba boWavs, xundebs adebs, gasaqans ar aZlevs Tavisufal azrs, codna-ganaTlebas, mecniereba-teqnikas, maSasadame, igi (bizantiur-rusuli mmarTvelobis sistema) dasagmobia, mosaspobia. magram social-revolucionerebi, romelnic n. nikolaZes TanamSromlobas sTavazoben, sxvagvarad fiqrobdnen. maT SesaZleblad miaCndaT TviTmpyrobelobasTan Serigeba. Tavad n. nikolaZe ase ambobs: `ar arsebobs araviTari principuli dabrkoleba am socialuri moZRvrebis (xalxosnuri socializmis _ a. b.) sruli da gulwrfeli SerwymisaTvis TviTmpyrobelobasTan~. raki asea, n. nikolaZe verc bizantiur-rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemas miiRebs. igi momxrea evropuli mmarTvelobis sistemis.

yvela xedavs garegnul mxares: n. nikolaZe rusi revolucioneri demokratebis, social-revolucionerebis nacnobi da megobaria. zogjer TanamSromlobs kidec maTTan. magram Zalian cotani Tu amCneven imas, rom Sinaganad da arsebiTad n. nikolaZe maT azrs ar iziarebs, ar eTanxmeba. sruliad sxvagvari Sexeduleba aqvs. garegnulisa da Sinaganis SeuTanxmeblobis daunaxaobam gamoiwvia gaugebroba n. nikolaZis sicocxleSive da merec, misi memkvidreobis Seswavlisas. risi danaxvac bevrs gauWirda, iolad SeamCnia da amoicno Jurnalma `kldem~ (1913 w. №33, gv. 10). raki imas mTlianad viziareb, rac `kldem~ Tqva, Cemi msjelobiT Tavs aRar SegawyenT da srulad gagacnobT Jurnalis azrs:

`bevrjer davfiqrebulvar da dRemde ar mqonda kargad Segnebuli, Tu raT aiTvalwuna Cvenma inteligenciam saukeTeso Svili niko nikolaZe, axla ki mesmis. nikolaZe da ruseTSi naswavli inteligencia ori antipodia, sul sxva da sxva tipebi. nikolaZe suliTa da guliT evropelia, evropaSi naswavli, evropis ideebiT gamsWvaluli, evropis texnika-industriis mcodne, iniciativis kaci, praqtiki da saqmiani. Cveni inteligencia ki umTavresad aRzrdilia ruseTis skolaSi, am skolis monuri suliT, Cinovnikuri rutiniT da sxolastikiT gaJRenTili. amitom Cveni inteligentebi umTavresad arian Teoretikosebi, meocnebe, akademiuri msjelobis xalxi. amaTi sferoa Tbili kabineti, rbili savarZeli, uniadago Teoriuli msjeloba, meta-fizikuri morali da sxva da sxva partiul-politikuri ocneba-fantaziebi. nikolaZe ki uwinares yovlisa muSakia dakapiwebuli xelebiT, cxovrebis texniki da laboranti. igi realistia, realur politikis mawarmoebeli, cxovrebis mcodne, mis qartexilSi Cavardnili. Zala uneburad iqceva ise, rogorc ukarnaxebs mas cxovrebis sastiki sinamdvile. es ar esmis Cvens inteligencias da arc surs Seignos. n. nikolaZis aseT moqmedeba-politikas Cven cxovrebaSi ususuri inteligentebi naTlaven oportunizmad, qveynis Ralatad da TviT nikolaZes ki eZaxian renegats, rutiniors da reaqcioners~.

polemikis sagani iyo n. nikolaZis omisadmi damokidebulebac. raki iluziebiT cxovrebas ver eTviseboda, arc am sakiTxSi aurCevia meocnebis roli.

omi n. nikolaZisaTvis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawili iyo da ar uyurebda mas, rogorc mxolod da mxolod ubedurebas. omi kacobriobis progresis stimulic yofila.

`... kacobriobas omi rom ar gamoegona da aqomamdi ar gamoezoga, kacobriobis cxovreba daobdeboda da kacis tvins xavsi moekideboda.

marTalia, zogni amboben (da, gamovtydebi, mec xandaxan am azrisa var), viTom xalxebs Sua swavlis da xelovnebis asparezze unda iyos gamarTuli omio, viTomc es axalnairi omic moZraobaSi moiyvans kacobriobis tvins da mis cxovrebas gaaumjobesebso, magram...

magram, Cemo mkiTxvelo, es rodis iqneba, RmerTma icis, exla ki, jer-jerobiT, amisTana ucxo da usisxlo omis magierobas Cvens cxovrebaSi sisxlis mRvreli omi Svreba...~

bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi marto goniereba ar arsebobs. arsebobs ugunurebac, sixarbec, Zaladobac. ugunurs, xarbs, moZalades sxvisi samSoblos, sxvisi simdidris, sxvisi miwa-wylis miTviseba unda. adamianmac, xalxmac, qveyanamac amgvari moZaladisagan Tavi unda daicvas. TavdacviTi omi samarTliani da wmidaa. roca germania-safrangeTis omi daiwyo, safrangeTs napoleon III imperatorobda. n. nikolaZes arc napoleon III da arc misi mmarTveloba ar moswonda. magram omSi mainc safrangeTis mxare eWira. frangebi maSin samSoblos icavdnen da imitom. `... magram, vinc unda iyos exla safrangeTis mmarTvelaT, RmerTma xeli moumarToT imisTana wminda da mSvenier saqmeSi, rogorc mamulis dacvaa ucxo qveynelebis uRlidan...~

istoriam TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom Tu brZola da Tavdacva ar SeuZlia ers, sxvisi msxverpli gaxdeba. marTalia, bevri daiwera, bevri iTqva Tavisuflebaze, sxvadasxva xalxTa Tanasworobaze, magram `saubedurod, jerjerobiT erTob cotaa, ganaTlebul qveynebSi imaTi ricxvi, visac es swavla marTla sisxlsa da xorcSi gasjdomodes da moqmedebis kanonad gaxdomodes~. umravlesoba Zveleburi kanoniTa da zne-CveulebiT cxovrobs. sruliad ar ercxvineba susti xalxebis Zarcva-gleja. `imave mizezis ZaliT, romliTac me da Sen, Cemo kargo mkiTxvelo, ver vgrZnobT Cvens sakuTars usamarTlobas, danaSaulobas da sisaZagles, roca umanko kravs an xbos vklavT, an vakvlevinebT, Cvenis kuWis gasaZRomad. evropeli xalxi _ CvenTvis erTob saWiroa gavigoT, gonebaSi CaviWedoT da niadag gvaxsovdes es garemoeba _ evropeli xalxi-meTqi swored im TvaliT uyurebs yovels sxva ukan-CamorCenils, uZlurs da umecars xalxs, rogoriTac Cven TviTon cxvris faras davcqeriT~.

gasakreWi da dasaklavi cxvris xvedri rom aicilo, erTaderTi gza arsebobs: gaZliereba, ekonomikuric, politikuric, kulturulic. patara qveyanaa Sveicaria, magram mis xelyofas veravin bedavs. da ara imitom, rom uZleveli armia hyavs, aramed imad, rom uZleveli suli aqvs. gaZlierebuli, gamagrebuli da CaqviTkirebuli codniT, SromiT, simdidriT, kulturiT. sxva ki ara hyavs magaliTad dasaxuli, Tavad aris sxvisi magaliTi da nimuSi. amitom Zlieri da xarbi saxelmwifoebic ki moridebiT Sescqerian, verafers ubedaven. Sveicaria da misebr patara evropuli qveynebi xmamaRla gveubneba: `Tavisufleba, TviTarseboba marto maSin aris da marto manamdin aris am wminda saxelebis Rirsi, sanam xalxi tolsa da swors ar gamoakldeba da ukan ar CamorCeba, sanam misi cxovreba saZraxi da samarcxvino ar gamxdara sxva xalxebis TvalSi. sanam is keTilSobiluri grZnobebiT savsea: umjobesebs udrides swavliT, zneobiT, RirsebiT, sanam aravin Takilobs masTan saqmis dakavebas, daaxlovebas~.

n. nikolaZis naazrevSi omisadmi damokidebulebac SefardebiTia. es SefardebiToba gamowveulia imiT, rom saerTod arseboba brZolaa, iqneba es pirovnebis, eris Tu mTeli kacobriobis arseboba. arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi, marTalia, sxvis daCagvra-damonebas ar unda cdilobde, magram arc iseTi ususuri, uZluri da uRono unda iyo, rom sxva mogerios da qedze uReli dagadgas. es rom SeZlo, misTvis Zalac aris saWiro, codnac da Tavisi Tavis imedic.

`mTeli buneba, amaze trialebs da bevric rom vigodoT an viqadagdoT, am arsebiTs kanons adamianis Zala da goneba ver Secvlis, visac TavisTvis, Tavis eris da qveynis amaRleba da bedniereba hsurs, is arc TviTon iqneba sxvisi imediT, arc Tavisianebs SeaCvevs sxvis TvalebSi SeCerebas. is Tavis marcxs sxvas ki ar miawers, TavisTavs

daabralebs, rom mermisisaTvis mainc gaswordes da gaZlierdes. kerZo pirsac, sazogadoebasac, ersac Tavis cxovreba, bedi da imedi marto sakuTar Sromaze da Roneze unda hqondes dafuZnebuli. marto es saZirkvelia Seuryeveli, marto masze Sendeba mtkiced sakuTari SenaZenic da sxvisi danaxmaric~.

adamiani Tavisi Tavis imediT, sakuTari ZaliTa da SromiT im SemTxvevaSi iarsebebs, Tu zedmiwevniT zustad eqneba Seswavlili bunebis kanonebi, raki yvelaferi amqveynad am kanonebs eqvemdebareba da emorCileba. `bunebaSi yvelaferi bunebis kanons emoneba da misgan iRebs Tavis Zalas da sicocxles~.

holandielebi daWaobebuli zRvis napiris mZime pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. Sromac Zneli iyo iq da arsebobac. magram maT moaxerxes am mdgomareobidan Tavis daRweva. ara imiT, rom bunebis kanoni Secvales, aramed imiT, rom is kanonebi Seiswavles, garemo-pirobebis saidumlo amoxsnes da mere codniT SeiaraRebulni ise moiqcnen, rogorc amas bunebis kanonzomiereba iTxovda. imas miaRwies, rac dRes aqvTo, _ werda n. nikolaZe.

ruseTis buneba mdorea, umoZrao, erTferovani, mowyenili da miZinebuli. es Zneli asatania. magram imis magier, rom rusuli bunebis Taviseburebas Caswvdes, rusi `xSirad stovebs Tavis kunWuls, ufro da ufro xSirad cdilobs imgzavros, sxvebs ewvios, sxvebisas xangrZlivaT darCes...~

erTi cdilobs buneba Seiswavlos da mere am codnis Sesabamisad moawyos cxovreba. meore garbis, raTa sxvagan ipovos TavSesafari. `TviTon kacia Tavis bedis gamwyobi: Tu iman gaigo bunebis Tviseba da am Tvisebis SesabamisaT gamarTa cxovreba, is bednieri iqneba. sanam amas ar moaxerxebs, sabralo da gaWirvebul mdgomareobas ver ascildeba~. Tu adamianma ver gaigo, rom `buneba arc mteria kacisa da arc megobari, arc sikeTe unda misTvis da arc siave~, sinamdvilis Secvla-gaumjobesebas ver moaxerxebs. buneba mas daCagravs. adamianma unda gaigos, rom buneba misi arsebobis wyaroa. maSin buneba mas yovelive aucilebels miawvdis, adamianis marCenali iqneba. rac mTavaria, ganmaaxlebel Zalad moevlineba, winsvlis da gaumjobesebis gzas gaukafavs. es imitom moxdeba, rom maradiuli ganaxleba, gacxoveleba, sul winsvla bunebis Tvisebaa. `radganac yvelaferi qveyanaze izrdeba, xundeba da kvdeba, buneba didixania dalpeboda da gaqreboda, gamacxovelebeli da ganmaaxlebeli Zala rom ar hqondes, romelic gafuWebuli da daZvelebuli nawilebis magivraT axals, ukeTess umzadebs da aZlevs~.

adamianic da mTeli sazogadoebac ganaxlebasa da gacxovelebaSi bunebas unda hgavdes. magram amas rom miaRwio, codnaa saWiro. am codnas ki evropuli ganaTleba iZleva. amitom _ eubneboda n. nikolaZe qarTvel xalxs, _ `evropuli wesi da cxovreba, evropuli mecniereba Cven samagaliTod unda migvaCndeso~.

adamiani da sazogadoeba bunebas mudmivi cvalebadobiT, mudmivi moZraobiTac unda hgavdes. mxolod cvalebadoba, moZraobaa maradiuli ganaxleba-gaumjobesebis safuZveli. `yovelifers niadag gaumjobeseba eWiroeboda, uWirs da yovelTvis eWireba, yoveliferi niadag unda icvlebodes, axldebodes, da umjobesdebodes. amas Txoulobs bunebis moTxovnileba. kaci verasodes ver ewinaaRmdegeba, an Tund winaaRmdegoba SeeZlos, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes~.

rac ki ram arsebobs samyaroSi, arsebobs im saSualebiT, im iaraRiT, rac mas Tavad bunebam mianiWa. adamianisaTvis aseTi bunebisagan boZebuli saarsebo iaraRi gonebaa. goneba ki Tavis mxriv akeTebs, igonebs im saSualebebs, romliTac adamiani iadvilebs, iiolebs arsebobas. gardaqmnis, cvlis. ganaaxlebs yofierebas da midis sul win da win. arseboba mxolod winsvlaa. man ukan daxeva, ganvlilisaken Sebruneba ar icis. bunebac adamians gegmazomierad da kanonzomierad imis gamogonebisa da gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs, rac mocemul viTarebaSi aucilebelia. uromlisodac arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rac momavlis momzadebas da arsebulis Secvlas sWirdeba. am ganviTarebas TandaTanobiTi xasiaTi aqvs. socialuri sinamdvilec aseve TandaTanobiT unda ganviTardes. WeSmariti siaxle, cvlileba, winsvla mxolod mecnierebis da teqnikis mier motanil ganviTarebas moaqvs.

`axalma mecnierebam, Tavisi oriode mogonebis CvenebiT, mohkla Zveli mimarTuleba, Zveli suli da Taoba da, imedia, samudamodac mohklavs Zvel cxovrebas, Tu axalma Taobam axal mecnierebas xeli gauwoda da misi masalebi xeirianaT gamoiyena~.

nair-nairi religiuri mimarTulebani Seqmna kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, nair-nairi filosofiuri, socialuri, politikuri moZRvrebani, magram materialuri yofa-cxovreba ver gaiumjobesa, verc zneobrivad daxvewa moaxerxa. mecnierebisa da teqnikis aRorZineba ki aSkarad gvpirdeba ganxorcielebas im ocnebisas, rac yovelTvis gulSi hqonda kacobriobas da ueWvelad moaxerxebs kidec amas. is, rac religiurma da socialurma revoluciebma ver SeZles, xelewifeba mecnierebasa da teqnikas ise, rom arc sisxls daRvris da arc ngreva-rbevas moawyobs. dadgeba axali dro, axali yofa, axali urTierToba, dafuZnebuli gonebis Zalaze.

1886 wels, parizSi, n. nikolaZe daswrebia inJiner marsel depres mier eleqtrodenis gadacemas manZilze. waruSleli STabeWdileba mouxdenia am faqts qarTvel publicistze. `kreilis CanCqerma, romelic 47 verstiT daSorebulia parizze, am ukanasknel qalaqSi, telegrafis sada mavTuliT, auarebeli Zalis da sididis manqanebi aabruna~. Sindabrunebulma `novoe obozrenieSi~ (1887 w. 25 oqtomberi) werili gamoaqveyna _ (`TeTri naxSiris mnaTi imedi~ _ es statia1924 wels gazeTma `qarTulma sityvam~ gaixsena da 11 maiss xelmeored dabeWda). igi gatacebuli werda:

`vocnebob imis Taobaze, Tu ra bedi moelis Cvens mTian qveyanas axlo momavalSi, roca revolucia moxdeba... nu geSiniaT, saxeSi maqvs mSvidi, aucilebeli revolucia ekonomiur weswyobaSi, revolucia finansebSi, mrewvelobaSi, romelic ukve iwyeba Cvens Tvalwin. am revolucias arc afeTqeba, arc sisxlisRvra, arc taxtebis da arc sakurTxevlis lewva mosdevs, mainc misi Sedegi bevrad gadaaWarbebs safrangeTis 1789 wlis `did~ revoluciis nayofs.

......yvela SeiZlebs Seiyvanos Tavis sadgomSi telegrafis mavTuli, iyidos pawia manqana,

rogorc yvela iZens axla saker, sawer an saqsov manqanas. es gaxdis mas sruluflebian, Tanaswor metoqeT yvela sxva mwarmoeblebisa. eleqtruli Zala, TiToeul ojaxSi moZravaT Seyvanili, yvelas daujdeba Tanaswor iafad an ZviraT, rogorc dRes yvelas erTfasad uzis wyali an airi, mcxovrebis sadgurSi Seyvanili. sakuTari Rirebuleba TiToeuli calke wyvil windis, TiTo adli CiTis an maudis erTeulis gaxdeba srulebiT erTi da igive _ Tu warmoebis yvela sxva piroba msgavsia _ marto erT dazgas amuSavebs adamiani Tu ocs an ass. am arsebiT gansxvavebaSi eleqtrul da orTqlis Zalebs Sua budobs uaRresi msoflio revoluciis Tesli, romelic ki moswrebia aqamdi qveyanas. es gansxvaveba samudamod aTavisuflebs muSaTa milionebs, amJamad mkvdar manqanebis msaxurT, xorcSesxmul manqanebad naqcevT~.

n. nikolaZem dainaxa momavali, romelic ukavSirdeba mecnierul-teqnikur revolucias. am revoluciis wyalobiT adamiani Tavisufldeboda qonebrivi siduxWirisagan. es ki adamianis zneobriv amaRlebasac xels Seuwyobda. qonebrivi keTildReoba da zneobrivi daxvewa exeboda ara marto calkeul pirebs, aramed mTel ers, mTel kacobriobas. sikeTe da madli, romelsac moitanda mecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia, Tanabrad ergeboda yvelas, ganurCevlad rasisa, erovnebisa, klasisa. am SexedulebiTac gansxvavdeba n. nikolaZe me-19 saukunis meore naxevris rusi da qarTveli moazrovneebisagan. ra Tqma unda, codna-ganaTlebis momxre, qomagi da propagandisti yvela iyo, magram mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis sikeTe misebr bejiTad aravis uwamebia.

`niko nikolaZe udogmato kaci iyoo~, _ ambobs geronti qiqoZe. es marTalia, magram erTi kerpi masac hyavda: mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi. Tu yvelafer imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rac ukve gaakeTa mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma da momavalSic moimoqmedebs, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT, rom n. nikolaZe marTalic aRmoCnda da winaswargamWvretis niWis mqonec.

redaqtor-gamomcemeli

niko nikolaZes imTaviTve uzomod izidavda sagamomcemlo saqme da Jurnalistoba. oci wlis ymawvili, 1863 wlis 13 maiss swerda kirile lorTqifaniZes:

`exla agixsni, Tu ra azri maqvs Cveni aq Sekrebis Semdgom... Tu bedma mogviyvana quTaiss, Cven, ese igi Sen, zogierTi Cveni studentebi: baqraZe, abduSeli, me, minda aq gavxsnaT erTi tipografia da davbeWdoT SiT xalxisTvis azbukebi, ariTmetikebi, saxalxo wignebi, erTis sityviT, da patara politikuri, literaturuli da satirikuli gazeTi, fulebi me maqvs...~

didi xnis mere, ukve samocdaTerTmeti wlis moxuci, isev ocnebiT Sepyrobili, 1914 wlis 20 aprils, sofrom mgalobliSvils SesCioda:

`RmerTo, rodis meRirseba Cemi azris ganxorcieleba, romelzedac vnatrob 1880-dam, _ gamocema qarTuli «nивW»-si? maSin vTxove levan meliqiSvils, romelic namestnikobda droebiT, moeca CemTvis neba `kandelis~ gamocemisa: wyeulma uari mtkvlica!.. jer kidev ar gamovTxovebivar am ocnebas da iqneba exla meti imedi mqondes misi ganxorcielebisa, vinem uwin~.

zogjer didi vai-vaglaxiT axerxebda ocnebis ganxorcielebas. ufro xSirad ki xelmocaruli rCeboda. bevri ram uSlida xels _ dro, mTavrobis politikuri fandebi, sazogadoebis moumzadebloba, usaxsroba. rogorc ki xelsayreli pirobebi gaCndeboda, maSinve Seudgeboda saqmes. jer swavlac ar hqonda moTavebuli, rom mixeil konstantines Ze elpidinTan erTad n. CerniSevskis TxzulebaTa gamocemas Seudga.

1866 wlis 10 marts n. nikolaZe kirile lorTqifaniZes sTxovda Sveicariidan peterburgSi:`exla SenTan erTi Txovna maqvs: rogorc unda iyos, gaicani vinme pipinis

(peterburgis universitetis profesori, CerniSevskis naTesavi _ a. b.) nacnobi da miSove sruli, Zalian sruli sia `ra vqnaT~-is avtoris Txzulebebisa: am siis garda, miSovne gamoSvebuli alagebis, _ es Zalian, Zalian saSinlaT saWiro da sasargebloa. me vici, rom advilia giTxra `miSovne~ da Sovna ki Znelia, magram... Tu nacnobi ver gaicno, aiRere Tavi da wadi pirdapir, uTxari, ase da ase, erTi C-kis Tayvanismcemels surs Seagrovos misi Txzulebebi-Tqo, da imedi maqvs, rom ar damikavebs Tqveni siis da gamoSvebuli alagebis Tqveni Tvalebis win gardaweras-Tqo. RmerTmani, amnairi pirdapiri Txovna niSans miaRwevs. Sinje mainc.

me kargad vici, Zmao kirile, rom SenTvis es Znelia, _ Sen xasiaTs sZuls amnairi moqmedeba _ magram es ise saWiroa, rom Seni wyena ar meSinia. es icode, kargaT, ubralo saqme rom iyos, ar gTxovdi. da radganac gTxov _ Zalian saWiroa. amas garda, ar dagaviwydes, rom es saqme mouTmenelia, ese igi saCqarod unda aRasrulo. Tu maincadamainc ar ginda am Txovnis asruleba, xamaSuriZes (beJan xamaSuriZe, n. nikolaZisa da k. lorTqifaniZis studentobis megobari, WleqiT gardaicvala 1869 w. n. nikolaZem mas nekrologi miuZRvna, _ a. b.) mainc gadaeci da Txove, rom male gamomigzavnos, rasac ki iSovis~.

(kirile lorTqifaniZis mimowera gamosca eliso abramiSvilma _ `masalebi XIX s. 60-90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebidan~).

Tavdapirvelad Tormeti tomis gamocema hqoniaT ganzraxuli, magram mxolod erTi tomi gamovida. marTalia, gamomcemlebi ikvexnidnen _ `am gamocemas Sevudeqi tkice gadawyvetilebiT, rom rac unda iyos, bolomde miviyvanoT igi~, _ magram pirveli wignis meti aRar gamosula. marto ufuloba-usaxsrobis brali ar unda iyos n. CerniSevskis TxzulebaTa gamocemis CaSla.

n. nikolaZesa da m. elpidins Soris maincdamainc tkbili urTierToba, rogorc Cans, ar sufevda. xani rom gamoxda, 1873 wels, sxvaTa da sxvaTa SemTxvevis gamo, n. nikolaZem is Zveli ambavi gaixsena.

`erTxel me, eqvsiode amxanagis daxmarebiT, vbeWdavdi erTi metismetad gamoCenili mwerlis Txzulebas. erTma Cemma TanamSromelma daijina, rom am Cinebul TxzulebaSi erTi Tavi unda gadavakeToTo, Cven TviTon xelaxlaT davweroTo, radgan, Cemi azriTo, am TxzulebaSi gamoyvanili qali stiris, roca qmris sikvdils tyobilobs da xeirian da gulmagars qals rodi unda etirao. warmoidgine, mkiTxvelo, ra unda meTqva me am xeprul azrze? rasakvirvelia, me jer kerZoobiT mTeli erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi umtkicebdi am axirebul kacs, rom im qalis xasiaTi CinebulaT gaugia da mSvenivrad gamouxatavs avtors, rom Cven misi gasworeba da gadasxvafereba ar SegviZlia. sxva rom araferi iyos, mkiTxveli sazogadoeba masxraT agvigdebs da sxv. da sxv. roca amiTac ara gamewyo ra, uTxari kargi, sxva Cven TanamSromlebs vkiTxoT, Tu daTanxmdebian, iyos neba maTi-meTqi. movgrovdiT, iman Tavisi Tqva, me _ Cemi.

rasakvirvelia, rom TiTqmis yvelam, oris garda, xarxariT upasuxes: _ `ras mied-moedebio, es Txzuleba ise unda daibeWdos, rogorc avtors dauweriao!~ magram is ori piri am umravlesobis gadawyvetilebas rodi daeTanxma. Cven imaT, meti raRa Rone gvqonda, gza dauloceT, radgan imaT gamoacxades, rom Tu ar gadagvakeTebieT is Txzuleba, TqvenTan erTad Sroma ar gvindao. magram warmoidgine exla, mkiTxvelo, rom im orma pirma maSin Cemze xma daarxies, rom im Txzulebebis beWdva iman igdo xelSio, Tumca TviTon Zlier kargaT icoden, rom xarjis da gaWirvebis, wowialis da Tvalis sinaTlis dakargvis mets arc xeirs, arc sargeblobas, arc saxels me is beWdva arafers maZlevda~.

niko nikolaZes elpidini gulze rom ar exata, Cans im dokumentidanac, romelic 1877 wlis 23 ivniss kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis TanaSemwes gaugzavna. am sabuTSi n. nikolaZe gazeTis gamocemis uflebas iTxovs da uaryofs im braldebebs, rasac mesame ganyofilebis agentebi uyenebdnen:

cxovrebaSi arasodes Sevxvedrivar bakunins. ar viziarebdi mis Sexedulebebs, yovelTvis vibrZodi maT winaaRmdeg.

aseve arasodes saerTo mizniT ar vyofilvar daaxloebuli elpidinTan, ubralod misi pirovnebisadmi zizRisa da misi umecrebis gamo.

vicnobdi gercens, romlis literaturul niWierebas, mTel ruseTTan erTad, pativs vcemdi, magram mis SexedulebaTa winaaRmdeg araerTxel gamomiTqvams Cemi azri pirad saubarSic da dabeWdil sityviTac.

n. CerniSevskis TxzulebaTa gamocemis CaSlas n. nikolaZisaTvis guli ar gautexia. momdevno 1868 wels, igi, lev ilias Ze meCnikovTan erTad, patara Jurnalis `sovremennostis~ beWdvas Seudga.

lev meCnikovs uaRresad saintereso cxovreba hqonda gavlili. garibaldieli iyo da italiis ganTavisuflebaSi monawileobda. werda leon brandis fsevdonimiT.

n. nikolaZisa da l. meCnikovis `sovremennosti~, rogorc Tavad niko ambobs, gamodioda шWxлонное ромWнтическое революционерство-s1 winaaRmdeg da pirvelma iqadaga теория «xезпроиjрышной xорьxы» нW Wрене земствW и сWмоупрWвления2 .

arc am Jurnals ucxovria didxans. simon xundaZes sul Svidi nomeri unaxavs am Jurnalis. Tumca dasZens: `SeiZleba meti nomrebic iyo, magram amis Sesaxeb Cven xelT araviTari cnoba ar aris am Jamad~. gercens maincdamainc ar gaxarebia `sovremennostis~ gamosvla da dacinviT Sexvedria mas. roca 1931 wels s. xundaZem niko nikolaZis rCeul TxzulebaTa pirveli tomi gamosca, SeniSvnebSi dastamba kidec gercenis gamonaTqvamebi: «Jовременность»-is gasakilavad.

evropaSi swavlamiRebuli, samSobloSi rom dabrunda, pirveli, rac daapira, gazeTis an Jurnalis gamocema iyo, magram ver moaxerxa. ramdenjerac iTxova, imdenjer uari uTxres, ar endobodnen.

baroni nikolai, aleqsandre pavles Ze, aleqsandre WavWavaZis siZe, umcrosi qalis sofios qmari, kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosi, niko nikolaZes sando kacad ar miiCnevda.

aleqsandr pavloviCi 1870 wlis 22 dekembers sagangebod aRniSnavda:... mTavar sammarTveloSi miRebulia cnobebi, saidanac Cans, rom nikolaZe jer kidev

1861 wels, roca igi s.-peterburgis universitetis studenti iyo, monawileobda studentTa SfoTSi, magram, bevr sxvasTan erTad, isic umowyalesad Sebralebul iqna. 1864 wels mas nebarTva mieca wasuliyo sazRvagareT da mineraluri wylebiT esargebla, magram nikolaZe JenevaSi aRmoCnda, sadac bevr rus emigrants dauaxlovda, gansakuTrebiT elpidins. masTan erTad eweoda jer nairnairi WuWyiani broSurukaebis gamocemas, mere ki revoluciuri mimarTulebis furclebisas. da bolos 1866 wels nikolaZem, nikifore g.-s fsevdonimiT, dabeWda xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego broSura, saTauriT `mTavroba da axali Taoba~, romelic 1866 wlis 4 aprilis gasrolas exeba.

es codvebi sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom ruseTis imperatoris samsaxurSi Camdgar daniel barons yvela mkacrad gaefrTxilebina: fxizlad adevneT Tvali quTaTeli moqalaqis nikoloz iakobis Ze nikolaZis literaturul moRvaweobas. man gavlena ar unda moaxdinos kavkasiaSi arsebul Jurnal-gazeTebze.

darili1 dawesda.

niko nikolaZe gazeTis gamocemis imeds mainc ar kargavda, magram moulodnelad saqme kidev ufro gaurTulda. 1873 wlis maisSi igi ucxoeTidan Sin brundeba. qalaq voloCiskSi, sabaJoSi, niko nikolaZe gaCxrikes. sabaJos oqmSi Cawerilia, rom samarTlis doqtors nikolaZes upovnes liTografiuli dazga, ori fuTi wigni (umetesad filosofiuri da socialuri xasiaTisa) da, rac yvelaze saSiSi iyo, organizacia `uRlis~ sxdomis oqmi.

amis mere adamians sakuTari gazeTis gamocemis yovelgvari ginci2 unda daekarga. magram niko nikolaZe mainc arafers Seepua. dauRalavad utalaxebda igi kars kavkasiis mefis nacvals, gazeTis gamocemis nebarTva momecio. arc mTavroba ixevda ukan. uars TanxmobiT ar cvlida. cxadia, uars marto niko nikolaZis pirovneba ar ganapirobebda. saerTod ar miaCndaT mizanSewonilad kavkasiaSi nair-nairi gazeTisa Tu Jurnalis arseboba.

1876 wlis 9 aprils kavkasiis sacenzuro komiteti mefisnacvlis mTavari sammarTvelos ufross moaxsenebda:

ukanasknel xans kavkasiis mxareSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda rusul da adgilobriv enaze periodul gamocemaTa ricxvi. maT mkiTxvelebi rusul, qarTul, somxur da, Tqven warmoidgineT, TaTrul mosaxleobaSic hyavT. isini ki gonebrivi da zneobrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze dganan.

... presis sasurvel TavisuflebasTan erTad, ar SeiZleba ar viTxovdeT, rom beWdviTi sityvis xasiaTi da mimarTuleba gapirobebuli iqnes im mosaxleobis ganviTarebis doniT da sasicocxlo moTxovnebiT, romelsac es presa emsaxureba. am dros ki adgilobrivi kerZo gamocemebi arian im adamianTa xelSi, romelTa umravlesobas an ara aqvs seriozuli samecniero momzadeba, an gatacebuli arian, upiratesad, Tanamedrove cru moZRvrebiTa da idealebiT. ai, amitom aris, rom presis adgilobriv organoebSi sacenzuro komitets saqme aqvs statiebTan (sulerTia, iqneba igi sazRvagareTidan gamogzavnili korespondencia Tu presis sxvadasxva organodan amoRebuli an damoukidebeli SeniSvna), sadac aSkarad Tu qaragmulad gatarebulia Cveni saxelmwifos axlandeli weswyobilebis sawinaaRmdego azri, xolo is mamxilebeli werilebi, romelnic mimarTuli arian saxelmwifo an sazogadoebriv pirTa da dawesebulebaTa mier Cadenil borotmoqmedebaTa winaaRmdeg, xSirad miznad isaxaven ara WeSmaritebis dadgenas, aramed sistematurad cdiloben Wkua-gonebis aRgznebas da undoblobis danergvas. im aRwerebSi ki, romelnic exebian adgilobrivi cxovrebis raime mdgomareoba-viTarebas, Txrobis toniTa da formiT daSvebulia pirovnebis Rirsebis Seuracxmyofeli, uxeSi da uadgilo gamoxdomebi. adgilobrivi presis aseTi mimarTuleba SeuZlebelia mavne gavlenas ar axdendes mkiTxvelTa umravlesobaze. amasTan erTad, adgilobrivi kerZo gamocemebis redaqtorebi sargebloben sacenzuro wesdebis zogierTi muxlis aramkafioobiT, cotas an srulebiT ar cdiloben Caswvdnen kanonis saerTo azrs, ris gamoc gamudmebiT edavebian sacenzuro komitets.

(me-19 saukunis meore naxevris cenzurisa da presis urTierTobis amsaxveli dokumentebis erTi nawili a. iovaZem gamoaqveyna 1945 wels `saistorio moambeSi~, №1).

aseT viTarebaSi kavkasielebi _ qarTvelebi iqnebodnen isini Tu somxebi an azerbaijanelebi _ imis kmayofilnic unda yofiliyvnen, rac arsebobda. axali aRar unda eZebnaT. niko nikolaZec maSin droebiT damorCilda beds da gazeT `droebaSi~ daiwyo TanamSromloba. marTalia, sergei mesxisa da niko nikolaZis Sexedulebani ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, magram isini SeTanxmdnen _ gazeTis erT nomers Seadgenda s. mesxi, xolo meores _ n. nikolaZe. asec gamodioda gazeTi 1870 wlis zafxulSi. magram amnairi TanamSromloba didxans ver gagrZelda. 1870 wlis bolos axali Jurnali `krebuli~ daarsda. am Jurnalis sulisCamdgmeli niko nikolaZe iyo. `...Tu `saqarTvelos moambis~ analogiiT (romelsac ilia WavWavaZis Jurnals eZaxian) am Jurnalsac (`krebuls~ _ a. b.) visime saxels SevarqmevT, maSin mas, udavod, niko nikolaZis Jurnali unda vuwodoT, an, Tu es aucilebelia, n. nikolaZisa da g. wereTlis Jurnali~ _ samarTlianad wers aleqsandre kalandaZe.

`krebulis~ mesame wignSi n. nikolaZem mkiTxvel sazogadoebas Jurnalis mizan-daniSnuleba gaacno.

`krebuls iseve mizani aqvs, rogorc unda hqondes Tavis sicocxleSi yovel patiosan da xeirian kacs, ese igi Tavisi sazogadoebis bedniereba...~

Semdeg n. nikolaZes aucileblad miaCnda ganaTlebis propaganda. Cveni qveyana, mZime istoriuli cxovrebis gamo, CamorCao, _ wuxda igi, roca Cven iZulebuli viyaviT Tavis gadarCenisaTvis sisxli gveRvara, maSin qveynebi evropaSi dawinaurda, cxovreba moiwyo. axla Cven maT pirispir Ratakad da velurad gamoviyurebiTo. Cven uTuod unda gavuTanaswordeT maT. amas rom mivaRwioT, aucilebelia ganaTleba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebis zedmiwevniT codna. bunebisa da sazogadoebis arseboba erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli, orive sruliad mkafio kanonzomierebas emorCileba. `bunebaSi yoveliferi bunebis kanons emoneba da misgan iRebs Tavis Zalasa da sicxoveles, ise sazogado cxovreba, Tavis uneburaT da ucodnelaT, asrulebs sazogadoebis mecnierebis kanonebs da usayveduroT, uciloblad misdevs mas... buneba erTia, yoveli misi movlineba erT da imave umTavres bunebis kanons emoneba; kacis cxovrebac erTi am nairi movlenaTagani aris, romelic yvelaferSi bunebis kanons misdevs... am nairaT, bunebis mecniereba gul-xel dakrefil kacs Tavis filosofiiT amxnevebs da Tavisi wvrilmani dakvirvebebiT da codniT xelSi aTasnair iaraRs aZlevs cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad...~

codna rom gamoiyeno, aucilebelia Sroma. gaWirvebis, siRatakis, daCagrulobis safuZveli uSromlobaa, _ werda n. nikolaZe. yvela es ubedureba, _ agrZelebda igi, _ `hqreba TviTon kacis Sromis da moxerxebis win, emorCileba kacis tvinsa da xasiaTs...~

codna da Sroma unda SeerTdes maRal zneobriobasTan. `qveyanaSi jer arc erTi sikeTe, arc erTi sasargeblo saqme ar garigebula uxeiro da susti kacis xeliT, arc erTi amamaRlebeli azri ar dabadebula mis TavSi. rac kacobriobas saxeiro da sasargeblo ram Rirsebia Tavis sicocxleSi, es yvelaferi gaukeTebia misTvis maRali da patiosani xasiaTis pirebs, romelnic TavianTi azriT, moqmedebiT da xasiaTiT amSveniereben, aukeTeseben da asaxeleben kacobriobas. uwminduri xeliT wminda ram Tavis dReSi ar gakeTebula...~

da bolos n. nikolaZe askvnida:`raki kacis bedniereba qveyanaze SesaZlebelia, raki kacs bunebaze imodena Zala da

gavlena aqvs, rom SeuZlia am bednierebis gzis SemxuTveli dabrkolebebi moicilos, raki am saqmisaTvis aucileblad saWiroa xeiriani codna, Sroma da patiosani xasiaTi, _ ueWvelia, rom yovel patiosan kacs Cveni qveynisaTvis es sikeTeebi unda surdes da yoveli patiosani Jurnali mTel Tavis cdas da gonebas imas unda alevdes, Tu ra gziT da ranairad SeuZlia sazogadoebas am xeiriani codnis, Sromis da patiosani xasiaTis SeZena da sasargeblo moxmareba. ueWvelia, rom yoveli patiosani Jurnali niadag im mizans unda misdevdes, rom gaacnos mkiTxveli sazogadoeba dawvrilebiT xeirian gzas, Seayvaros imas Sroma da codna, Caudgas da aRzardos masSi patiosani xasiaTi da SeaZulos, Seazaros is ganxeTqileba, erTmaneTis gleja, erTimeoris Seubralebloba, SeazizRos is SesazizRebeli moqmedebebi, romelnic bolos uReben sazogado bednierebas da abrkoleben mis warmatebas~.

sanam `krebuli~ arsebobda, dasaxul mizan-daniSnulebas uRalatod emsaxura. arc n. nikolaZes dauzogavs niWi da Sroma. `krebulis~ sul Tvrameti wigni gamovida. aqedan cxra wignSi n. nikolaZes TiTo-TiTo werili aqvs dabeWdili, xolo xuTSi _ or-ori. `krebulis~ mxolod 4 wignia, sadac nikos araferi daustambavs. es, albaT, iman gamoiwvia, rom 1872 wels (gazafxul-zafxulSi) niko parizSi imyofeboda. marTlac, 1872 wlis martisa da ivlisis nomrebSi ar aris n. nikolaZis werilebi da mere kidev im or wignSi, romelic 1873 wlis oqtomberSi da 1874 wlis ianvarSi gamovida. amjeradac sazRvargareT wasvlam SeuSala xeli. 1873 wlis Semodgomaze n. nikolaZe mamis davalebiT ucxoeTSi wavida, tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoebis finansireba rom moegvarebina.

weris garda, aredaqtirebda redaqciaSi Semosul statiebs, asworebda koreqturas, zogjer asoTamwyobobda kidec. `Jurnals~ uwevda fulad daxmarebas. `me TviT var amis mnaxveli, rom man 1.000 maneTis oqro gadasca mestambes `krebulis~ beWdvis angariSSi. maSindeli `krebulis~ xelis momwerTa fuli marto redaqtors da qaRaldis fuls ar hyofnida. amas garda, sxva xarjic mravali hqonda redaqcias~ _ werda zaqaria WiWinaZe 1897 wels gamocemul wignSi `niko nikolaZe~.

sadac unda yofiliyo n. nikolaZe, ugazeTod ver isvenebda. 1873 wlis gazafxulze parizSi heqtografiuli gazeTi `droSa~ gamoucia. simon xundaZem am gazeTs sagangebo werili miuZRvna _ `samocdaaTiani wlebis aralegaluri gazeTi~ (es werili SegiZliaT ixiloT s. xundaZis wignSi _ `socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi~, t. II).

20-ian wlebSi n. nikolaZe gazeTis daarsebis ambavs ase auwyebda s. xundaZes:`pativcemulo amxanago simon!Tqven mekiTxebiT, Tu ra viTarebaSi vbeWdavdiT Cven, parizSi, 1873-is gazafxulze

qarTul socialur gazeTs `droSas~, romlis pirveli sami furceli sruliad ucabedaT aRmovaCine warsul dekemberSi britiS muzeumis sawyobSi. siamovnebiT gacnobebT, rom im gazafxulze movxvdiT parizs daTa miqelaZe, qarTul mwerlobaSi ufro cnobili `meveles~ saxeliT, pavle izmailovi, Semdeg myofi tfilisis qalaqis TavaT, da me. im dros me vmuSaobdi qarTuli Sriftis gamartivebaze da qarTuli stambis mowyobaze. am Ziebis dros gavecani axal aRmoCenas, romelic erTob aadvilebda litografiebis mowyobas da xmarebas, rac kavkasiis xalxebis areul da mouwyob anbanebs saSualebas miscemda moewyoT gaadvilebuli propaganda axali evropuli azrebis adgilobriv enebze. am mizniT ganvizraxeT da kidec avasruleT aTi samagaliTo furceli dagvebeWda `droSasi~. gazeTs vbeWdavdiT as-as cals da muqTad ugzavnidiT qarTvelebs da kavkasielebs, vinc gveguleboda ciurixs, JenevaSi, venaSi da sxvagan. gageba ara maqvs, vis CarCenia da Seuwiravs britiS muzeumisaTvis is sami pirveli furceli `droSisa~, romlis asli Tqven xelSi gaqvT.

`vrCebi sruli pativiscemiT n. nikolaZe~.`droSa~ gamomcemlebs `qarTul socialur gazeTad~ miuCneviaT da asec wauweriaT

saxelwodebis qveS. devizad ki auRiaT ilia WavWavaZis sityvebi, odnav Secvlili: `Tumca awmyo ar gvwyalobs, momavali Cvenia~.

pirveli nomeri 1873 wlis 1 (13) aprils gamosula. am nomers redaqciis uwyebac axlavs:

`droSa~, qarTuli socialuri gazeTi, gamoicema pariJSi aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, yovel dRe, saRamoobiT. am gazeTze arc xelis mowera miiReba, arc cal-calke furclebis gamowera. is marto redaqciisaTvis ibeWdeba. aTi dRis Semdeg, ese igi 11 (23) aprils 1873 w. `droSis~ beWdva moispoba~.

gamomcemelTa es gancxadeba aSkarad mowmobs, rom `droSa~ ZiriTadad beWdvis heqtografiuli wesis asaTviseblad icemoda. sxva ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovan mizans igi, etyoba, ar isaxavda, Torem misi mesveurni aTi nomris gamocemiT ar dakmayofildebodnen. arc marto redaqciaSi gaavrcelebdnen. Tumca s. xundaZe am gazeTs pirvel aralegalur socialistur gazeTad miiCnevda. aseve gadaWarbebulad fasdeba imave xanebSi, SveicariaSi Seqmnili sazogadoeba `uReli~. es sazogadoeba evropaSi moswavle qarTvel studentebs aerTianebda. `uRlis~ Seqmnis moTaveTa xelSemwyobni da damxmareni niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli arian. mere maT mxarSi sergei mesxic amoudga. Tavdapirvelad `uReli~ ciurixSi Camoyalibda. cota xanSi orad gaiyo: ciurixisa da Jenevis sazogadoebebad. misi ZiriTadi amocana iyo _ qarTveli studentebi erTmaneTs daxmarebodnen codnis SeZenaSi da rac SeiZleba farTo evropuli ganaTlebis miRebaSi. ra Tqma unda, codnis SeZenaSi socializmis Teoriis Seswavlac igulisxmeba. miT umetes, rom maSin, evropaSi, nair-nairi socializmis mqadagebelni yovel nabijze SegxvdebodaT. marTalia, ekaterine meliqiSvili werda sergei mesxs `socialistka gavxdio~, magram arc TviTon da arc romelime wevri `uRlisa~ Tavgadamkvdar socialistad ar gadaqceula. TavianTi niWi da ganaTleba maT sxva kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi daxarjes. amitom umjobesia imas davujeroT, rasac sazogadoebis wevrTa pirveli sxdomis oqmi gvauwyebs da mere niko nikolaZis statia.

`9 marts, 1873 w. ciurixSi mcxovrebi qarTveli moswavleebi Seikriben im kiTxvis gamosakvlevaT, Tu ra da ranairad SeiZleba imaTgan erTi iseTi wris da sazogadoebis Sedgena, romelSiac, rogorc axlandel moswavleebs SeeZloT monawileobis miReba egreTve axlad mosulebsac da sazogadoT yvela qarTvel moswavleebs, romelnic swavlis misaRebaT sazRvargareT arian wasulni... imaT urTierTSoris sakmao msvleloba da daaxloeba ara aqvT, erTmaneTze sakmao gavlena ver moupovebiaT, rom erTma meores swavlis miReba da gonebis gaxsna gauadvilos rCeviT, wyaroebis CvenebiT, erTmaneTis daxmarebiT da sxv. _ radganac erTad swavla TiToeuls wevrs mis saqmes uadvilebs, xangrZliv STabeWdilebas iZleva da ufro sasargebloa. es axalgazrdebi hfiqroben, rom sasurveli iqneba imaT Sua iseTi sazogadoebis daarseba, romelSiac TiToeul wevrs erTi romelime swavlis an ganyofilebis miTviseba SeeZlos da danarCeni wevrebisaTvis arCeul saganze Tavisi codnis da SeZenili cnobebis gadacema _ raki es

danarCeni wevrebi mis nawarmoebs ganixilaven da Tavis mxriT Seavseben da Seasworeben _ es nawarmoebi TfilisSi gaigzavneba _ qarTuli gamocemis redaqciaSi, anda calke wignebaT dasabeWdavaT. amnairaT SeerTebuli Sroma im mxriv gamosadegi iqneba, rom TiToeul axalgazrdas SeeZleba, rogorc Tavis sakuTari sagnis Seswavla, egreTve danarCeni wevrebis sagnebis da swavlis sdevna, maTi Sromis nayofis miReba, erTi sityviT, TiTqmis mTeli exlandeli cxovrebis da mecnierebis gadaTvaliereba da gacnoba~.

amasve atyobinebda qarTvel sazogadoebas, `krebulis~ saSualebiT, niko nikolaZec:`ciurixSi amJamad aTiode Cveneburi axalgazrda swavlulobs, zogi universitetSi da zogi

politexnikaSi. ar vici bedaT unda CaeTvalos imaT es, Tu ubedobaT, magram radganac maT ciurixel diploms CvenSi adgilis Sovnis Zala ar eqneba, es ymawvilebi namdvil swavlas, namdvil codnis miRebas unda cdilobdnen, Torem maTi Rvawli da mgzavroba fuWaT Caivlis. am mizeziTaa, Tu sxviT, _ ese igi Sveicariel cxovrebis waxedviT, imaT ganuzraxavT, iseT nairaT waiyvanon TavianTi swavla da iseTrigaT gamoiyenon urTierTis Zala da codna, rom yvelas maTgans Sroma gauadvildes da nayofaT xeiriani damzadeba da gonebis gaxsna darCes. am miznis misaRwevaT am ymawvilebs gadauwyvetiaT ufrazeboT, uSfoToT da uayal-mayaloT, iseTi Zmuri amxanagobis an sazogadoebis Sedgena, romelSiac TiToeul wevrs movaleoba eqneba erTi romelime sagani Seiswavlos da danarCen wevrebs Tavisi codna am saganze gauziaros. radganac marto cal-calke sagnis Seswavlis garda, kacs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis da cxovrebis codnac sWiria, imaT erTmaneTSi gaunawilebiaT axali istoriis Seswavla sxva da sxva evropeli xalxebisa, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis kiTxva sxva da sxva enebze, zogierTi Cven cxovrebaSi gamosadegi sagnebis gacnoba da sxv. da sxv.~

erTi sityviT, `uRels~ mxolod saganmanaTleblo mizandasaxuloba hqonda. sxva amocanis Sesruleba mas ar ganuzraxavs.

(vinc `uRliT~ dainteresdeba, igi vrcel masalas naxavs im SeniSvnebSi, romelic s. xundaZem daurTo 1932 wels gamocemul n. nikolaZis `rCeul nawerebs~, agreTve giorgi abzianiZis wignSi `narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan~, 1959 wels rom gamoica).

1875 wels, ucxoeTSi yofnisas, n. nikolaZis pirad cxovrebaSi cvlileba moxda. man coli SeirTo. nikos ukve hyavda Svili. 1872 wels, peterburgSi, makarovas qalTan uxsnieri asuli _ nino _ SeeZina. saerTod, niko nikolaZe qalebis motrfiale kaci iyo. arc qalebi iyvnen mis mimarT gulgrilni. `korseti, kekluci qalis tanze, swored sasiamovno ram aris, is tanze xelis Semoxvevas uadvilebs kacs da misi zonrebis xangrZlivi xsnisTana siamovneba cota ram gauCenia RmerTs sabralo kacobriobisaTvis, radgan jer qveyanaze iseTi korseti ar gamougoniaT, rom misi Sexsna SeuZlebeli iyos~, _ werda igi gulaxdilad da xumrobiT. makarova (misi saxeli ver davadgine) adre gardaicvala. nino nikolaZeebis ojaxSi izrdeboda. igi 1895 wels colad gahyva cnobil iuristsa da sazogado moRvawes ivane zurabaSvils.

bogumila (SinaurobaSi: botia) heliodoris asuli zemianskaia, viszec nikom jvari daiwera, im polonelTa STamomavali iyo, romelnic me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gadmoasaxles poloneTidan saqarTveloSi. maT `saSineli~ brali edebodaT _ ruseTis imperiis wmidaTawmida mTlianobis xelyofa da erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZola. ruseTis xelisufleba yvelafers aitanda, oRond erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis xeli aravis gaenZria. ruseTis winaaRmdeg amboxeba gabedeso da sul gacofda nikoloz pirveli. saxrCobelebiT mofina poloneTi. cimbirsa da kavkasiaSi umowyalod moerekebodnen datyvevebulebs. CvenSi Camosaxlebuli polonelebi ara marto qarTveldebodnen, aramed saqarTvelos gulmxurvale patriotebic xdebodnen _ poltorackebi, zdanoviCebi, volskebi, polikeviCebi da sxvani. bogumila zemianskaiac am wres ekuTvnoda. igi im pirvel qarTvel qalTa jgufSi Sedioda, romelic evropaSi gaemgzavra saswavleblad. botia sazogadoeba `uRlis~ wevric iyo.

ratomRac samecniero literaturaSi niko nikolaZis qorwinebis TariRi da adgili aRniSnulia SecdomiT.

n. nikolaZis TxzulebaTa pirveli tomis (1962 w. gamocemuli) winasityvaobaSi daviT gamezardaSvili wers _ `...sityvam moitana da vityviT: n. nikolaZe pirvelad 1873 wlis maisSi daqorwinebula. colad SeurTavs bogumila (botia) heliodoris asuli zemianskaia

(1854-1931). jvriswera q. venaSi momxdara~ (gv. 59. avtorma es Secdoma maSinac gaimeora, roca aRniSnuli winasityvaoba calke wignad gamosca, 1983 w. gv. 89).

niko nikolaZem da bogumila zemianskaiam iqorwines 1875 wlis 6 ivliss, parizSi, wminda samebis aleqsandre nevelis rusul marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi.

Jвиhетельство

eWно сие потийскому jрWжhWнину nиколWю nиколWhзе в том, что он, кWк виhно из преhстWвленной нWhписи нW зWjрWничном еjо пWспорте, выhWнным j.kутWисским dуxернWтором 20 феврWля 1874 jоhW зW № 23 вступил в первый зWконный xрWк с hочерью nWhворноjо JоветникW, hевицею bоjумилою Земянскою сеjо тысячW восемьсот семьhесят пятоjо jоhW июля шестоjо hня и оxвенчWн протоиереем eмитрием gWсильевым в Jвято-rроицкой aлексWнhро-nевской церкве в oWриже. g чем поhписью и приложением кWзенной печWти уhостоверяю. nояxрь 25 hня 1875 jоhW, jороh rифлис.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli, axaldaojaxebuli niko nikolaZe maSinve Seudga zrunvas axali gazeTis dasaarseblad. raki moqmedeba-saqmianobis sruliad naTlad gamokveTili sakuTari programa hqonda, sxvas Znelad eTviseboda da egueboda. aSkarad grZnobda, Tu sakuTari gazeTi an Jurnali ar eqneboda, saTqmels sruliad da bolomde ver ityoda. sakuTari gazeTis gamocemis aucileblobaSi kidev ufro metad daarwmuna `tiflisskiÁ vestnik~-is redaqciasTan momxdarma uTanxmoebam, igi `tiflisskiÁ vestnik~-Si bevrs werda. Tavdapirvelad gazeTis redaqtorTan, konstantine bebuTovTan, megobruli urTierToba hqonda. Semdeg urTierToba gamwvavda da ganxeTqilebiT damTavrda. ratom da rogor moxda konfliqti, amas Tavad gviambobs im werilSic, romelic iona meunargias gaugzavna.

1910 wels daviT erisTavis Txzulebani unda gamoecaT. ionas daviTis cxovreba-Semoqmedebis aRwera daevala. amisaTvis meunargia masalebs agrovebda. niko nikolaZesac sTxova mogonebebis dawera. pasuxi nikom piradi baraTiT Seatyobina.

`1873-Si Cven (n. nikolaZem, k. bebuTovma, d. erisTavma da sxvebma _ a. b.) piroba davdeviT erTad gveSroma saerTo kavkasieli droSis qveS da aramc da aramc saerTo uReli ar gagvewia erT mxriv, an qarTvelebis, an rusebis, an somxebis mxriv. omi rom dadga, 1877, da mis asawerad yarsisken gavemgzavre, bebuTovma am pirobas gadauxvia. daiwyo beWdva ucnauri statiisa «sчWстие Wрмян в зWвоевWниях русских нW kWвкWзе»1 , romelSiac TvalTmaqcurad amtkicebdnen, viTom somxebis meoxebiT da marto somxebisa, momxdara kavkasiaSi am mecxramete da meTvramete saukuneebSi yoveliferi rac momxdara da Tvinier maTTa ara ra momxdara. es statia bevrad ufro SemuSavebuli da dakvaraWinebuli daibeWda merme, mgonia 1897-Si, ezovis saxeliT. Tavdapirvelad ki daawerines is, mgonia, eriwovs, jроxокопWтель-s. roca es metad ostaturi da somxebisaTvis didad sasargeblo, xolo CvenTvis dammarxveli statia wavikiTxe, daTikosac da bebuTovsac mivwere yarsis winidan. biWo, sad es statia da sad Cveni piroba-Tqo? bebuTovma momwera, ras ayolixar akakis da sxvaso (qarTvelebs). `marTalia, Zalian sasargeblo xar gazeTisaTviso, magram nu daiviwyeb, rom gazeTic Zalian sasargebloa SenTviso~. am somxur qrTams, rasakvirvelia, maSinve vupasuxe otstavkis SetaniT. daTiko darCa gazeTSi...~

raki dainaxa, rom brZoliT araferi gamodioda, n. nikolaZem Tavi moikatuna. 1877 wlis 23 ivniss, kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis TanaSemwes Txovna miarTva. igi xelisuflebas umtkicebda:

kavkasiaSi Cemi aTwliani literaturuli saqmianoba TvalnaTlivi dadasturebaa Cemi zomierebisa da uvneblobis.

sacenzuro komitets sruli rwmeniT SeuZlia Tqvas, rom Cems werilebSi arasodes momiwodebia tomobriv vnebaTa gaRvivebisaken. ar mqonia sistematuri mtruli damokidebuleba Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis arcerTi movlenisadmi. umeteswilad mSvidad ganvixilavdi ekonomikur da literaturul sakiTxebs, romlebic CvenSi daismeboda.

da bolos askvnida:

Cemi sakuTari mimarTulebis safuZveli iyo da aris imedi: mivaRwio Cemi Sexedulebebis gamarjvebas erTaderTi gziT _ dajereba-darwmunebis da sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis gziT.

Tu gazeTis gamocemis nebas mainc ar momcemTo, _ dasZenda n. nikolaZe, _ maSin peterburgSi an ucxoeTSi cxovrebis ufleba mainc miboZeT, rom literaturuli SromiT Tavis rCena SemeZloso.

am Txovnam xelisuflebas guli moulbo. mefisnacvlis mTavarma sammarTvelom kavkasiis sacenzuro komitets daxasiaTeba mosTxova: ras warmoadgenso n. nikolaZis pirovneba da rogoria misi saliteraturo moRvaweoba. sacenzuro komitetis ufrosma cenzorma suleiman xan meliq-meRrabovma niko nikolaZes xotba Seasxa.

marTalia, warsulSi nikolaZes axasiaTebda arasaimedo gamoxdomebi, magram welTa svlam da cxovrebam mis niWs soliduroba SesZina, bunebrivi niWiT, literaturuli momzadebiT, mxaris codniT, sazogadoebrivi da wminda literaturuli sakiTxebis ganzogadebis unariT, gasagebi eniT gadmocemis talantiT nikolaZes adgilobriv publicistikaSi badali ar hyavs.

orive mxaris _ mTavrobis da mosaxleobis _ sasargeblod ruseTis imperiaSi arsad sxvagan ar arsebobs ekonomikuri da sxva saWirboroto sakiTxebis yovelmxrivi ganxilvis iseTi mwvave aucilebloba, rogoric kavkasiaSia. mxaris arc erT literaturul moRvawes ar ZaluZs am aucileblobis ise kargad dakmayofileba, rogorc nikolaZes.

(roca amas werda, meliq-meRrabovma ar icoda, ra mwared sananebeli da TiTze sakbenad gauxdeboda n. nikolaZis mxardaWera).

n. nikolaZis Txovnam da suleiman xan meliq-meRrabovis daxasiaTebam gasWra. 1878 wlis pirvel ianvars `obzoris~ pirveli nomeri gamovida.

(`obzors~ vrceli gamokvleva uZRvna Tamar maWavarianma da 1952 wels dabeWda `saistorio moambis~ meeqvse gamoSvebaSi).

gamosvliT ki gamovida `obzori~, magram daiwyo gauTavebeli dava cenzurasTan. saerTod, n. nikolaZe cenzuras ver itanda da rogorc ki saSualeba miecemoda, dauyovnebliv kbils gahkravda.

`xumroba gaSvebiT, SeuZlebelia warmoidginos kacma Cveneburi feletonistis da sazogado Jurnalistis mdgomareoba. yovelma, TiTqmis, misma striqonma, yovelma azrma aTasnair CixlixSi da WaxrakSi unda gaiaros, sanam mkiTxveli miuaxlovdeba, da mxolod maRalma RmerTma icis, ra fasad ujdeba imas es gavla... da roca gaknaWili da garujuli azri mkiTxvels miuva, yoveli mxridan kidev ayalmayali da samduravi stydeba!

warmovidginoT ubralo da sruliad umniSvnelo azri: `qalma quCaSi gaiara~. raa am azrze ufro uZluri da uvnebeli? xom araferi. aba, mibrZandiT da dabeWdeT. jer xom redaqtori xel-fex kankaliT gkiTxavs, Tu Zma xar, miTxari, mag azrSi saSiSi xom ara aris rao. mere amwyobi, sanam aawyobdes, orjer samjer mainc getyvis, vai Tu wasaSleli gamixdeso. bolos... bolos rogorc iqna daibeWda. darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom dabeWdil egzempliarSi ase ewereba: `erT ucxo qveyanaSi, erT suliers Turme quCaSi gauvlia; zogierTebi amboben, viTom es sulieri qali iyoo. magram es sagani jer kargaT gamokvleuli ar aris~.

es ar iyo ironia, xumroba. marTlac ase xdeboda. sanimuSod erT statias movuxmoT _ `5 martis procesi, palatis sxdomis fizionomia~.

statiaSi ewera: h-р aльxWнус... человек отменно-хорошо знWкомый с состоянием xольницы. cenzori dimitri furcelaZe iTxovda waeSalaT sityva отменно.

statiaSi ewera: h-р aльxWнус слеjкW крWснеет приосWнивWется и... furcelaZe iTxovda am frazis amoRebas.

statiaSi ewera: h-р aльxWнус xыл в оксWhистой xороhе. furcelaZe iTxovda am sityvebis amoRebas.

Tan es statia meliq-meRrabovs gauSvia: hозволено цензурой с исключениями. xolo furcelaZes ukan gamouTxovia werili da aukrZalavs: зWпрещено цензурой.

cenzura xSirad arRvevda kanonebs. TviTnebobda.sanimuSod moxmobil werilTan dakavSirebiT n. nikolaZe Cioda: ar ariso am statiaSi

cenzuris wesdebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli muxlebi darRveuli. CamoTvlida:araferia iseTi, rac marTlmadidebluri eklesiis moZRvrebis Seryevas isaxavdes miznad.araferia iseTi, rac Seuracxyofs uzenaes xelisuflebas anda imperatoris ojaxis Rirsebas.

ar aris ra Zireuli saxelmwifo dadgenilebebis sawinaaRmdego, keTili zne-Cveulebebisa da wesierebis damamcirebeli, pirovnebis Rirsebis Seuracxmyofeli uwmawuri gamoTqmebiT.

ar aris ciliswameba, romelic exebodes pirovnebis zneobriobas, an ojaxur cxovrebas.axsna-ganmartebebiT araferi gamodioda. cenzura mainc Tavisas ganagrZobda.

moTminebis fiala aivso da, erT dRes, SuaRamiT, niko nikolaZe saxlSi miuvarda meliq-meRrabovs. 1878 wlis 24 ivniss cenzori mefisnacvlis mTavar sammarTvelos moaxsenebda: nikolaZem Ramis oTx saaTze ojaxi amiforiaqa, isedac sneul Cem Svils kidev ufro auSala ZarRvebi, mezoblebi Semiwuxa da sajarod gamlanZRao. maiZula statiis dabeWdvis neba mimecao mcire SesworebebiT.

skandali amiT ar damTavrebula. meliq-meRrabovma isev gaaCera `sakvirao saubrebis~ morigi statia. werili akritikebda general Sulmans qrTamis aRebisaTvis. niko ar daemorCila cenzors. waSala misi gankarguleba da statia ucvlelad dabeWda. redaqtor-gamomcemlis es TviTneboba veRar aitanes da kavkasiis sacenzuro komitetma iTxova _ niko nikolaZe samarTalSi mieciTo.

am gawamawiaSi, SeumCnevlad, Turme ufro sabediswero konfliqti mwifdeboda.

* * *nikoloz simborskim icoda, rac xdeboda. bolos da bolos, igi sekundanti iyo da saqmis

viTarebas zedmiwevniT icnobda. magram mainc am uazrobis azrs verafriT mimxvdariyo. ratom unda daexocaT erTmaneTi? mereda, visa da vis _ ilia WavWavaZesa da niko nikolaZes?!

marTalia, is, rac `droebam~ dastamba, sawyenia, gulsatkenia, magram orivem xom Cinebulad icis _ ar gamoirCeva kavkasiuri presa (sulerTia, qarTuli iqneba, somxuri Tu rusuli) TavSekavebiT, TavazianobiT, moridebiT. ar zogaven, ar ufrTxildebian erTmaneTis Tavmoyvareobas, Rirsebas.

gana is, rac `droebam~ ikisra 1880 wlis 29 Tebervals, sxva dros ar momxdara?`...bat. nikolaZis gazeTis sityvas swored imdeni Zala da mniSvneloba aqvs

sazogadoebis TvalSi, ramdenic finia ZaRlis daudgromel da uvnebel yefas da qaqans.

......ra Zala da gavlena unda hqondes imisTana gazeTs, romelic yvelasa da yvelafers

Tavis kudabzikur TavmoyvareobiT uyurebs da SesCerebia; romelic aravis da arafers ar zogavs, oRond ki Tavisi suleluri azri daicvas da sulelTagan saxeli daimsaxuros.

yvelaze gasakvirveli da sasacilo amaSi kidev is aris, rom amisTana gazeTi sxvas aZlevs darigebas, sxvebs aswavlis literaturul wesebs da zrdilobas: ase unda moiqceT, literaturuli patiosneba amas moiTxovso. nikolaZe, `obzori~ da literaturuli patiosneba _ modi da nu gagecineba! erTad dasdeviT cecxli da wyali... afsusi ar aris, rom imisTana kargi sityva, rogoric `literaturuli patiosnebaa~ nikolaZis kalmis wveridam gamodiodes da WuWyiani `obzoris~ Tabaxze ibeWdebodes!~

niko nikolaZem icis, rom es ilias dawerili ar aris, magram gazeTs, rogorc redaqtori, sergei mesxTan erTad, WavWavaZec awers xels. es ewyina swored nikos: xom icoda, rac ewera da ratom dabeWdao.

arc `obzori~ darCa valSi. meore dResve, pirvel marts, aaxla pasuxi `droebas~.`sxva saqmea bat. WavWavaZe, avtori `kacia-adamianisa~, yofili redaqtori

`saqarTvelos moambesi~. am literatorma unda icodes, ra ibeWdeba mis gazeTSi. Cven siamovnebiT viyenebT SemTxvevas swored mas davakisroT pasuxismgebloba Cveni literaturis momavali istoriis winaSe gazeT `droebaSi~ fexmodgmuli yvela sacodavi ileTis sisaZaglis gamo. igi Cven gagvigebs. odesRac man icoda, rom namdvili mwerlebi, aiReben ra xelSi kalams, movaleni arian miaRwion ara wamier gamarjvebas, sicruisa da Cawyobis gziT, aramed presaSi iseTi uapelacio ganaCenis damkvidrebas, romlis uTuo samarTlianoba momavalSi ratificirebuli iqneba literaturis miudgomeli istoriis mier. Cven gvsiamovnebs davamtkicoT, rom praqtikuli cxovrebis viTarebam aiZula bat. WavWavaZe daviwyoda es. CamoeqveiTebina igi im adamianebis donemde, romelnic

tyuian, Tumca Segnebuli aqvT, rom maTi sicrue xvalve iqneba mxilebuli. surT erTi tyuilisagan Tavi ixsnan meore tyuiliT, kidev ufro sacodavi sicruiT...~

am werilSi `obzorma~ sergei mesxs, ivane maCabels, giorgi TumaniSvils `solisebrTaviani adamianebi~ («клиноjоловые люhи”) uwoda da Tan dasZina _ `maTi Wkua TviTon RmerTis mier isea mowyobili, rom ar SeuZliaT ori azri, Tu isini ar arian gamoxatuli erTi da imave gamonaTqvamiT, erTmaneTs Seupirispiron ise, rom maTSi ar dainaxon winaaRmdegoba. maTTvis miuwvdomelia azrTa kavSiris saidumloeba~. `obzori~ amasac ar dasjerda da daamata _ nuTu batoni WavWavaZe gonebrivad egzom dabla daecao?

dueli gardauvali gaxda.axla isini erTmaneTis pirispir dganan. ramdenime wuTic da erT-erTi maTgani aRar

iqneba. gadarCenili ki SeZlebs amis mere arsebobas?ara, simborskis araferi esmis _ ra xdeba da ratom.niko nikolaZe ar iyo, yvelas rom umtkicebda _ arc erTi qarTuli saqme warmatebiT ar

dagvirgvindeba, Tu ilia ar meTaurobso. ramdenjer avida duSeTSi, ramdeni exvewa ilias, _ saadgilmamulo bankis Tavkacoba ikisreo. rogor uxaroda, roca ilia daiTanxma.

axla sasikvdilod imetebs da xeli ar ukankalebs. ar enaneba.ilia WavWavaZe ar iyo, kinaRam rom gadairia, roca Seityo _ niko nikolaZe

mkiTxvelebs gamoeTxova da Jurnalistobas Tavs anebebso. sayveduriT aavso maSin iliam niko da manam ver moisvena, sanam igi isev ar daubruna mwerlobas.

axla sasikvdilod imetebs da xeli ar ukankalebs. ar enaneba.(dro rom gaivlis, niko nikolaZe romanoz xomlels kerZo baraTiT Seatyobinebs:

`sazRvagareTidan rom davbrundi da qarTuli Jurnalistikis gacxoveleba ganvizraxe, ilia WavWavaZe duSeTs cxovrobda, saca momrigebeli mosamarTlis Tanamdebobas asrulebda. Cemi pirveli nabiji is iyo, rom yvela maSindeli axalTaobis momxreni Sevagrove da davajere, duSeTSi avideT, ilia WavWavaZe moviyvanoT da isev qarTul mwerlobas davubrunoT, qarTuli saqmeebis saTaveSi CavayenoT-meTqi. am azriT da mizniT 1871-1873 wlebSi xuTjer mainc avsulvarT duSeTs `groviT~ qarTuli mwerlobis aRorZinebis motrfialeni (luarsab anu Saqro maRalaSvili, sandro erisTavi `amerikeli~, giorgi yazbegi, niko mesxiSvili, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, akaki, niko RoRoberiZe da Tqveni umdablesi mosamsaxure), bevrjer dagvipatiJnia: modiT, meTaurad gagvixdiT, gviwinamZRvreT, gvemsaxureT-meTqi~.

am siyvaruliTa da erTianobiT aRtacebuli ilia werda:

`Cemo kargo qveyanav, razed mogiwyenia?awmyo Tu ara gvwyalobs, momavali Cvenia,Tumca Zvelni dagvSordnen, axali xom Senia...maT axalT aRgidginos Sen didebis dRenia~.

nikoloz simborski warmoSobiT polonelia da kargad esmis _ rac uRirs saqarTvelos rogorc erTi, ise meore. ra iRonos? orive usaSvelod jiutia. oriveni, Tu gabrazdnen, maSinve iaraRs staceben xels.

(gvian, roca ilia aRar iqneba cocxali, grigol yifSiZe gaixsenebs: `ilias rva-cxra dueli hqonda, xan mwerlobis niadagzed gamowveuli da xan sabanko moRvaweobis gamo gaCenili. SeuZlebelia vifiqroT, rom duelSi gasuli kaci mudam mSvidobiT gadarCenis imediT iyos. maSasadame, ilias mudam Tavi hqonda ganwiruli im saqmisaTvis, romelic marTali egona da sakeTilo qveynisaTvis~. egeve iTqmis n. nikolaZezec).

dRes arc ise ubralod aris saqme, zereled mayurebel kacs rom moeCveneba. maT Soris uTanxmoeba karga xania daiwyo. pirvelad TergdaleulTa erTianoba 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaiTiSa.

1871 wels kavkasiaSi aleqsandre meoris Camosvlas elodnen. dava atyda: ra SevevedroT xelmwifes, ra wyaloba gamoviTxovoTo. paeqrobam qarTveli sazogadoeba orad gahyo.

erTi nawili fiqrobda, yvelaze metad umaRlesi saswavlebeli iyo saWiro da swored misi gaxsna unda eTxovoso. es azri pirvelad giorgi wereTelma gamoTqva. iliamac mas dauWira mxari.

meore wyeba samxedro saswavleblis daarsebas amjobinebda. qarTveli sazogadoebis umravlesoba (aristokratiuli warmomavlobisac ki) Rarib-Rataki iyo. universitetSi swavlis qiris gadaxda uWirda. samxedro saswavlebelSi, anu kadetTa korpusSi ki swavla xelisuflebis xarjze SeiZleboda. amitom universitets kadetTa korpusi erCia bevrs.

niko nikolaZe arc pirvel nawils miemxro da arc meores. man mesame, sruliad gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqva: yvelaze upriani da gonivruli is iqneba, xelmwife-imperators saqarTveloSi erobis SemoReba SevevedroTo. daistamba kidec werili 1871 wels `krebulSi~ _ `eroba, misi daniSnuleba da wesdeba~.

mefis xelisuflebam eroba 1864 wels SemoiRo, magram mxolod sakuTriv ruseTSi. imperiis danarCeni nawili erobis wesdebis Sesabamisad ar imarTeboda. Tumca, aleqsandre meoris gankargulebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros unda Seekriba cnobebi poloneTSi, fineTSi, cimbirsa da kavkasiaSi da gamoetana daskvna _ SeiZleboda Tu ara am regionebSic erobis daweseba.

niko nikolaZe uyveboda qarTvel sazogadoebas:`ruseTSi, magaliTad, erobis xelSia uTvalavi saxalxo Skolebi... es Skolebi im rigaT

arian ganwyobilni, rogorc moundomebia TviTon erobas da maTSi aswavlian erobisagan moZebnili da daqiravebulni maswavleblebi. Skolebis garda, erobas zedamxedvelobaSi aqvs saxalxo puris naklulovanebis dros xeli gauwyos gaWirvebul xalxs da asesxos imas dasaTesi marcvali an saWmeli puri. SimSilis dros erobas sxva uflebac aqvs: SeuZlia miiRos Sinagani saqmeebis saministrodan naRdi fuli im fondidan, romelic daniSnulia damSeulebis dasaxmareblad. neba aqvs iyidos, sadac mouxdeba am fuliT puri da gadasces is sesxaT Tavis mazris mcxovreblebze...

erobas ekuTvnis, gzis garda, saxalxo simrTeleze zrunva, ruseTSi eroba imiT asrulebs am movaleobas, rom iaffasian afTiaqebs awesebs didron soflebSi da iqidan iafaT aZlevs wamlebs SeZlebul mcxovreblebs, Raribebs ki sul muqTad da ufasod urigebs. amave soflebSi erobas dayenebuli hyavs Tavisi xarjiT eqimebi da ferSlebi, romelnic movaleni arian ueqimon ufasoT yvelas, visac ki amaT mazraSi da wreSi eqimoba sWirdeba...

ruseTis eroba sxva da sxva guberniebSi Cinebul bankebs awesebs (saerobo bankebs), romlis SemweobiT maRldeba da vrceldeba adgilobrivi meurneoba da aReb-micemoba...

raki eroba xedavda, rom arc rkinis da arc ubralo gzebi zecidan damzadebuli ar cvindebodnen mazraSi, iman ikisra erobis xarjiT gzebis gavleba, rogorc ubraloebis, agreTve rkinisa...

erTi sityviT, ruseTSi erobam Tavi gamoiCina, umetes nawilaT, rogorc xeirianma da gonierma mepatronem...~

niko nikolaZes xiblavda da ajadoebda erobis aseTi aqtiuri saqmianoba. magram gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasa da Rirebulebas aniWebda igi erobas TviTmmarTvelobis uflebis gamo.

`erobis yvelaze ufro uZvirfasesi Rirebuleba is aris, rom Cven sakuTar saqmes Cvenve gvavlevinebs, Cven patronaT Cvenve gvxdis da es garemoeba, marto es, _ es Cven arasodes ar unda daviviwyoT, _ gvamaRlebs kacebis xarisxze, adamianis Rirsebas gvaZlevs da gvaCvevs umjobes, kacur cxovrebas~.

igi fiqrobda, rom Tu saqarTveloSic SemoiRebdnen erTobas, qveynis winsvla-aRorZineba erTbaSad moxdeboda. niko nikolaZe rwmeniTa da imediT amTavrebda statias:

`maS, imedi viqonioT, rom, roca Cven qveyanasac eRirseba erobis daweseba da, roca saqmeebis mmarTva TviTon Cven xelSi gadmogvecema, Cveni sazogadoebac imnairve sargeblobas gamoitans am dawesebisagan da imnairive gonierebiT moixmars imas, rogorc ruseTis sazogadoeba. erobis dawesebamdi, rusuli sazogadoeba exlandel Cvens sazogadoebaze ufro win ar idga, is maSin yvelas imnairive mouxerxebel da gaunaTlebel sazogadoebaT miaCndaT, rogoriTac exla sTvlian Cven sazogadoebas~.

maSin niko nikolaZe martodmarto darCa. mis winadadebasa da azrs mxari aravin dauWira, garda erTi kacisa, somexi moRvawis napoleon amatunisa.

(da mainc erobis SemoRebis aucileblobis azri n. nikolaZes arasodes Seucvlia. 1914 wlis 7 ianvars igi Jurnalist vladimer baqraZes swerda: eroba `qveynis ganviTarebis gardauvali pirveli nabijia, pirveli safexuria, radgan manamde da uimisod SeuZlebelia

miaRwio xalxis yofis raime myar gaumjobesebas. ar SeiZleba xalxi gaizardos ugzebod, uskolebod, ueqimebod, ukreditod, organizaciis Tvinier. yvelafer amas ki eroba iZleva. amasTan erTad, xalxs aswavlis disciplinas, TandaTan aCvevs TviTmmarTvelobas, damoukideblobas~).

paeqroba _ universiteti, kadetTa korpusi Tu eroba _ daSoSminebuli ar iyo, rom axalma davam ifeTqa. 1872 wels, gazeT `kavkazis~ damatebad, rusulad gamovida wigni «Á сушестве нWционWльной инhивиhуWльности и оx оxрWзовWтельном знWчении крупных нWроhных еhиниц».

avtori wigns xels ar awerda, magram sazogadoebisaTvis ucnobi ar yofila misi vinaoba _ giorgi konstantines Ze muxran-batoni, senatori, saidumlo mrCeveli.

ganurCevlad erovnebisa, wera-kiTxvis mcodne romel kavkasiels ar hqonda maSin es wigni wakiTxuli? nikoloz simborskimac icoda, rasac werda dеорjий bWjрWтион-mухрWнский.

adamianis bunebrivi da Tandayolili Tvisebaa ltolva, miswrafeba sulieri da materialuri srulyofisaken. iaraRi, riTac sulieri da materialuri srulyofa miiRweva, aris codna-ganaTleba. misi miRebis saSualeba ki enaa. magram mcirericxovani xalxebis enebs ara aqvT unari, Zala, Rone aiTvison Tanamedrove codna. isini ar gamodgebian ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebad. Tanamedrove codnas sruli saxiT da mTlianad flobs mxolod mravalricxovani xalxebis enebi, mxolod im enebis saSualebiT SeuZlia adamians WeSmariti ganaTlebis miReba, codnis SeZena (evropaSi aseT enebad g. muxran-batons miaCnda inglisuri, franguli, italiuri, espanuri, germanuli, rusuli). raki asea, mcirericxovani xalxebis enebs sxva araferi darCeniaT, garda mravalricxovani xalxebis enebTan Serwymisa da gaqrobisa. marTalia, es mtkivneulia, magram aucileblobaa. gvinda Tu ara, unda SeveguoT mas. Tu mcirericxovani xalxebi TavianT mSobliur enebs CaebRauWebian, ar daTmoben, maSin maT maradiuli CamorCena eliT, radgan codna-ganaTlebiT ver gauTanabrdebian mravalricxovan xalxebs. maradiuli CamorCeniloba, sulieri da materialuri siduxWire gacilebiT ufro didi da xangrZlivi tanjvaa, vidre im enis dakargva, romelic araferSi gargiaTo.

am wignma qarTveli sazogadoeba saSinlad aRaSfoTa (Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia, 1877 wels, giorgi muxran-batoni didi pativiT daekrZalaT sveticxovlis taZarSi). ama Tu im saxiT bevrma upasuxa avtors. niko nikolaZem ratomRac dumili arCia. mogvianebiT, 1876 wels, mxolod es Tqva: `am saganze me sruliad sxvanairi azrebi maqvs, romelic arc im broSuris damwers eTanxmebian, arc `droebis~ azrs. magram saqme imaSia, rom sazianod davinaxe Cveni axalgazrdobisaTvis Cemi mxriT am brZolaSi gareva. am azris naTlad gamoxatva me ar msurs~. ratom? gaugebari darCa.

maSin, 1872 wels, niko nikolaZis dumilisaTvis aravis miuqcevia yuradReba. 1876 wels ki gauxsenes da 8 seqtembers `droebaSi~ siCumisaTvis mwared gahkres kbili. `ramdenime wlis winaT erTi usaxelo avtori ubedurs momavals umzadebda saqarTvelos. marTalia, imas qarTuls enaze ar dauweria, magram misi hazrebi qarTul sazogadoebisagan ucnobad ar darCenilan... sad iyo maSin `krebul-droebis~ Zvirfasi publicisti? ratom araferi hsTqva?~ iqneb arc 1876 wels gaxsenebodaT n. nikolaZis dumili, rom im xanebSi principulad ar dasmuliyo kiTxva _ sad unda emuSava qarTvel moRvawes da romeli eniT unda ewera.

1875 wlis 29 oqtombers `droebaSi~ sergei mesxma pawia werili gamoaqveyna _ `Cveni mecnierebi~. igi mkiTxvels atyobinebda vasil petriaSvilis odesis universitetis docentad arCevas. axsenebda agreTve, rom peterburgis samedicino akademiaSi ivane TarxniSvili muSaobso, xolo universitetSi qarTul enas aleqsandre cagareli aswavliso.

am ubralo uwyebis mere s. mesxi principul kiTxvas svamda da kategoriul pasuxsac aZlevda.

`rasakvirvelia, yovel kacs SeuZlia im saqmes mohkidos xeli da iseTi mizani airCios Tavis cxovrebisaTvis, romelic imis xasiaTs ufro Seefereba, romelic imisaTvis ufro sasiamovnoa da an hgonia, rom mometebul sargeblobas moitans.

magram am mosazrebis winaaRmdeg SegviZlia vsTqvaT, rom mamulis yovel namdvil Svils yvelaze pirvelad Tavis sasiamovno da sasargeblo SromaT mxolod is unda miaCndes, rac am mamulisaTvis sasargeblo da gamosadegia. kerZoobiTi midrekileba,

sakuTari, pirovnuli siamovneba xSiraT unda daiviwyos, Tu es sazogado samSoblos sargeblobasTan ar Tavsdeba.

... yoveli adamiani da gansakuTrebiT goneba-gaxsnili, ganaTlebuli kaci Tavis sakuTar samSobloSi, Tavis xalxSi unda muSaobdes, unda moqmedebdes.

Tu yvela, vinc ki cotaTi wridam gamova, vinc Tavis Tavs, vsTqvaT, peterburgSi an parizSi gamosadeg kacad icnobs, Tu yvela amisTana ganze gadga da uimaToTac namdvil kacebiT mdidar qalaqebSi gadaixvewa, _ vinRa unda darCes, maS, Cvens qveyanas, romelsac kacuri, Taviani da sazogado saqmeebis TanamgrZnobi kacebi ase eWirveba?!

Cven vambobT, rom yoveli kaci iq unda cxovrobdes, iq unda moqmedebdes da muSaobdes, sadac imis muSaoba ufro sasargeblo, ufro nayofieri iqneba, da radganac yoveli kacis muSaoba iq ufro nayofieri da sasargebloa, sadac is dabadebula, sadac is yvela garemoebas icnobs, amis gamo yvela Tavis samSobloSi unda muSaobdes~.

ase marto sergei mesxi ar fiqrobda. es TergdaleulTa umravlesobis azri iyo. maT Soris iliasi da akakisac. zogadad am azrs arc niko nikolaZe emijneboda, magram misi Sexeduleba mainc gansxvavebuli iyo.

`sad unda Sromobdes Cveneburi axalgazrda, romelsac Cveni qveyana uyvars?Cemi azriT, mTeli Cveni axalgazrdoba da mTeli Cveni qarTveloba or nawilad gaiyofa.

umravlesobas marto erTi mizani da midrekileba aqvs: Tavisi kerZo sargeblobis dacva da Zieba. `jer Tavo da Tavoo, mere colo da Sviloo~. es aris umravlesobis saxareba. meore nawili, erTi iotis tola, imisTana pirebisagan Sedgeba, romelTac sakuTar sargeblobaze umal sazogado sikeTe da mamulis siyvaruli miuZRvisT. Cemi azriT, sadac unda cxovrobdes umravlesobis wevri _ sulerTia: qveyanasa da sazogadoebas imaTgan araviTari xeiri ar moelis, gind SorapanSi icxovron, gind pariJSi. yvelgan da yovelTvis eseni muqTa mWamelebi da uxeiro wevrebi iqnebian TavTavianTi qveynisaTvis, sworeT amnairaTve, sadac unda icxovros an imoqmedos mamulis moyvare pirma, Cemi azriT, yvelgan sasargeblo iqneba Tavis qveynisaTvis, Tuki, survilis garda, imisaTvis bunebas niWi, codna da Zala miuniWebia. riTime, rogorme yovelgan moutans is xeirs Tavis qveyanas, aq iyos, gind stambols, gind madrids. sibriyvea, erTi romelime urigo da uniWo kaci Tfilisis moedanze usargebloT daeTreodes da Tan vinme mSromels da xeirian pirs, romelic pariJis biblioTekaSi Sromobs, mamulis usiyvarulobas abralebdes marto imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi CemsaviT usargebloT ratom ar daRoRialobso. sadac gindaT iSromeT, sadac gsurdeT iswavleT, rac gindaT hqeniT, oRond ki Tqveni mamuli giyvardeT, oRond ki mis sasargebloT iSromeT, oRond ki misi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze, misi saxelis gadidebaze, misi keTildReobis moaxlovebaze imecadineT. ecadeT gonieri, swavluli, Zlierni da patiosanni gamoxvideT. marto amiTac SegiZliaT saqarTvelosaTvis xeiris motana. marto imiT, rom masSi kacebi cxovroben da ara veluri mxecebi, rogorc exla mTels evropas hgonia. marTalia, Cveni qveynisaTvis is ufro emjobineba, rom misi CinebulaT naswavli da daxelovnebuli Svilebi masSive Sromobdnen, danarCen mis Svilebs pirdapir exmarebodnen, magram esec rom ar iyos, me ocdaaTs Sinaurs umecars erTi `gasuli~ naswavli mirCevnia. sxva rom ara iyos ra, Cveneburi kaci, ruseTSi profesorad gamxdari, erTs Cveneburs students xels mainc gauwyobs, erTs Cvens ymawvils mainc daifaravs da Semweobas miscems Tavis gavleniT~.

(niko nikolaZe ar cdeboda. SveicariaSi saswavleblad wasul olRa aleqsandres asul guramiSvils, 1875 wels, odesidan, vasil petriaSvili swerda: mapatieT, 200 frankze mets rom ver gigzavniT. nu SewuxdebiT, me rom papirosis wevas mivatoveb da TeatrSic aRar vivli, dazogil fuls Tqven gamogigzavniT. seqtembridan `mdidari~ gavxdebi, 80 maneTs gimnaziaSi miviReb, 70 maneTs _ universitetSi. me TveSi 40 maneTze meti ar mWirdeba. ase, rom momwereT ramdeni gWirdebaT da imdens gamogigzavniT).

aseve gansxvavebulia niko nikolaZis azri sakiTxze _ romeli eniT unda weros qarTvelma moRvawem.

`Cveni qveynis bedi ruseTTan aris SeerTebuli. garemoebam ase moitana... Cveni xalxi cxovrobs ruseTis kanonis qveS, ruseTis mmarTvelobis gankargulebis qveS. mgonia, es ueWvelia. me rodi vsji, imas vambob, rac aris... vin swers da scems kanonebs, romliTac unda imarTebodes Cveni qveyana? vin irCevs im pirebs, romelnic

am kanonebs unda asrulebdnen da Cvens qveyanas unda mmarTavdnen? ruseTis mTavroba, ese igi, ruseTi. nuTu sasargebloa Cveni qveynisaTvis, rom ruseTma ar icodes Cveni mdgomareoba? nuTu saWiro ar aris, rom Rirseuli azri Cvenze Seadginos ara Tu marto ruseTma, aramed mTelma evropamac? maSasadame, nuTu saWiro ar aris, rom qarTvelebi swerdnen rusul da evropul enebze, agebinebdnen ruseTs da evropas Cvens xasiaTs, Cvens mdgomareobas, mimarTulebas, survils, lxinsa da dards?

kacma rom Tqvas, marto rusul an marto evropul enebze unda vweroTo, qarTuli ki sruliad mivatovoTo, _ es, rasakvirvelia, sibriyve iqneba. Cveni mdgomareoba Cveni qveynis moyvareTagan orgvar Sromas moiTxovs. erTis mxriT Cven unda vSromobdeT TviTon Cveni xalxis gasanaTeblad, misi gonebis gasaxsnelad, misi xasiaTis gasamagreblaT. ueWvelia, rom amgvari Sroma marto qarTuls enaze SeiZleba. magram amasTanave Cvenve unda vSromobdeT rusulsa da sxva enebzedac, im azriT, rom sxvebs Cveni mdgomareoba, Cveni saWiroeba da survili gavacnoT. es ukanaskneli Sroma yovelTvis, visac ki cotaodeni esmis politikuri cxovrebis moTxovnilebebi, TiTqmis imdeniTve aucilebeli da saWiroa, rogorc pirveli~.

(am azrs n. nikolaZe 1913 welsac gaimeorebs. maSin igi mkacri kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca. foTSi rusuli gazeTis daarseba ganuzraxavs da rogor bedavso _ sayvedurobdnen mowinaaRmdegeni. im dros, SavizRvispira mosaxleobas, soWisa da novorosiiskis gazeTebTan erTad, baTumisa da soxumis rusuli gazeTebic emsaxurebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi, _ Tavs icavda niko nikolaZe, _ `avnebs Tu argebs qarTul saqmes, am xalxisaTvis daniSnuli gazeTi Cemis TaosnobiT rom gamodiodes da ara b. palmis an b. germanis meTaurobiT? es kiTxvac rom sadaoT scnoT, sicruis gamWeds riT ver gaugia, rom Cveni swavla, marTveloba, msajuloba, gzebi, naosnoba, misvla-mosvla, aReb-micemoba, erTi sityviT, mTeli cxovreba, iseTi pirebis xelSia, visac qarTuli ar esmis. maSasadame, Tu qarTvelobis saboloo damxoba ar gvinda, rusuladac unda vweroT am cxovrebis brunva, dardi, wamali, saxsari~).

niko nikolaZis arc am azrs iziarebdnen. iziarebdnen ki arada, mwared amunaTebdnen. ase mkafiod nikos Tavis Sexeduleba SeiZleba arc ki gamoeTqva, aleqsandre Wyonia rom ar dasxmoda Tavs. 1876 wlis 8 seqtembers `droebaSi~ aleqsandre Wyoniam (maWaxeliZis fsevdonimiT) gaabiabrua niko nikolaZis frangulad dawerili wigni `La presse de la dиcadence” (`dacemulobis presa~).

`evropas~ `Wiebis~ specialistebi ise sWiria, rogorc publicistebi. magram gana qarTvelebi eWirvebaT maswavleblebaT? vgoneb, ara. romeli evropeli ar etyvis im qarTvels, romelic evropaSi, moswavleobas ki ara, maswavleblobas moindomebs, romeli evropeli ar etyvis amisTana qarTvels: `Zmao, Sens saxlSi daetie, is sjobs. Tu risime gakeTeba gsurs da SegiZlia, Sens qveyanaSi bevri gaqvs gasakeTebeli, Torem aq mxolod gakeTebulis gamkeTeblad vargixar. amisTana kaci ki Cven ar gvWirian~.

`Wiebis specialistebSi~ aleqsandre Wyonia gulisxmobda qimikos vasil petriaSvils da fiziolog ivane TarxniSvils, raki maWaxeliZes arc maTi saqmianoba moswonda saqarTvelos gareT.

niko nikolaZes frangebis Wkuis swavleba ar ufiqria. wignis dawera ubralo SemTxvevam gamoiwvia.

1874-75 wlebSi nikos safrangeTSi cxovreba mouwia. igi tyibulis qvanaxSiris finansirebis gzebs eZebda. parizSi igi xSirad xvdeboda Zvel nacnobs marius martens. es kaci mamamisis, iakob nikolaZis, megobari iyo. martens Tbilissa da quTaisSi sastumroebi hqonda. karga Zali fulic daagrova. ukan, samSobloSi, gamdidrebuli dabrunda, magram, male, saqarTveloSi moxveWili fuli gaflanga da gakotrda. marius martenis ojaxSi gaecno niko nikolaZe safrangeTis erovnuli krebis or marselel deputats delpeSsa da ruvies (sul mcire xanSi ruvie jer finansTa ministri gaxda da mere mTavrobis Tavmjdomarec). am sazogadoebaSi erTxel, saubrisas niko nikolaZes wamoscda: franguli presa cudad icnobs imas, rac safrangeTs gareT xdeba. ruseTs gacilebiT meti interesi akavSirebs germaniasTan, vidre safrangeTTan, amitom, frangul presas tyuilad aqvso didi imedi ruseT-safrangeTis kavSirisa. am azrma frangebi Seacbuna. maSinve sTxoves _ rac TqviT, werilobiT CamoayalibeTo. nikomac dawera. wignic dauyovnebliv gamosces da ZiriTadi azric saswrafod gadabeWda emil de Jirardenma, maSindeli franguli presis Tavkacma, gazeTSi `La France”.

niko nikolaZis wigns sxvebic gamoexmaurnen. lui blani aqebda:`ar vici, iqneb frangulma presam Tqveni msjeloba miiCnios ramdenadme mkacr

Sefasebad, magram Tqveni wigni uTuod unda mivakuTvnoT iseT naSromTa ricxvs, romlebic frangma Jurnalistma unda waikiTxos da gaiazros~.

iv gio uxerxulad Tavs imarTlebda:`Zvirfaso batono TanamoZmev! Zalian madlobeli var Tqveni uaRresad saintereso

broSuris `dekadenturi presis~ gamogzavnisaTvis, aras gziT ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom igi aris dawerili ucxoeli Jurnalistis mier. Zalian cota frangi Jurnalisti SesZlebda amis daweras aseTi eniT, aseTi siZlieriT da sisworiT. Tqveni sayvedurebis umetesoba franguli presis mimarT marTebulia. magram dameTanxmeT, rom amaSi Cven brali ar gviZevs. Tqven gindaT, rom presa iyos iaraRi codnis gavrcelebis. Tqven marTali xarT. magram daufiqrdiT safrangeTSi xelisuflebrivsa da administraciul dabrkolebebs, romlebic Cven gveRobeba. yoveli depeSa gaivlis upirveles yovlisa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris xelSi, romelic mas aferxebs, Tuki moesurveba. havasis saagento mTavrobis monopoliiT aris aRWurvili~.

(es werilebi pirvelad natalia orlovskaiam da giorgi abzianiZem gamoaqveynes).ucnauri Tviseba aqvs am xalxs: Tan eamayebaT, roca romelime qarTvels ucxoelebi

aqeben, Tan Suri axrCobT. `droeba~ mainc ar unda dapirispireboda. ar unda daviwyeboda _ mis daarseba-arsebobaSi ra Rvawli miuZRoda niko nikolaZes.

(akaki wereTeli: `niko nikolaZem, gamoiyvana gubernatoris kancelariidan s. mesxi da daayena `droebis~ redaqtorad~).

ras izam. ase ician, Rvawlic iolad aviwydebaT da wyenac, guSindeli Zmebi dRes SeiZleba ise gadaekidon erTmaneTs, gegoneba, saukunovani SuRli TiSavTo. simborskim qarTuli ar icis, magram es leqsi ki daimaxsovra. gaWirvebiTa da sasacilod wamoiZaxebs xSirad: `ase sWirT saqarTvelosTa didebulT, gina mcireTa: azvavdebian, ityvian _ uCemoT viT imReriTa~. maSinac ase moxda, qarTvel qalTa pirveli mcire razmi rom midioda ucxoeTSi swavlis misaRebad. ilia, niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, sergei mesxi aRtacebuli iyvnen am ambiT. akaki gamoeTiSaT. daiCema _ qals swavla rad unda da isic ucxoeTSio. yvelas gaebuta. miseburad enakvimatobda da aqilikebda wamsvlelTac da wasvlis motrfialeTac. 1873 wels mainc gaemgzavrnen _ ekaterine da olimpiada nikolaZeebi, ekaterine meliqiSvili, mariam wereTeli, olRa guramiSvili (manamde ucxoeTSi mxolod erTi qarTveli qali swavlobda _ pelo nacvliSvili). es didi saqme iyo. roca dabrundnen da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi Caebnen, akakisac gauxarda. aRarc ki gaxsenebia _ rogori winaaRmdegi iyo maTi wasvlisa.

qalTa ganaTlebis meTauri da sulis Camdgmelic niko nikolaZe iyo. axsovT? arc maincdamainc.

saerTod yvelafris gamo davoben. ramdeni dro daixarja imis gansamartavad _ ra aris banki da rogor unda muSaobdes igi. raki bevrnairi banki arsebobs, rogori gamoadgeba saqarTvelos? Tumca arc aris gasakviri, rom yvelaferi sadavoa. saukuneebiT CamorCenili qveyana, aqtiur evropul cxovrebas mowyvetili, axla iwyebs gamofxizlebas, axla apirebs fexze wamodgomas, axla isadgurebs axali yofa. yvelas Taviseburad esmis axali cxovrebis damkvidreba da cxared ekamaTebian erTmaneTs. ukve ramdenime weliwadia gauTavebeli paeqrobaa niko nikolaZesa da besarion RoRoberiZes Soris, quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankis gamo. nikos arc bankis wesdeba moswons da arc misi saqmianoba. yvelaferi sxvanairad warmoudgenia. besarion RoRoberiZe ki quTaisis bankis mmarTvelia da Tavisas icavs.

(`Cems TavgadasavalSi~ akaki wereTeli ityvis: `... didi Sroma gaswia!.. gansakuTrebiT bankebis SemoRebas CvenSi im programiT, riTac dRes arian, didxans ebrZola, ase rom sasikvdilodac gadadva Tavi~).

am gauTavebel davaSi iliac Caeria. Caeria da besarion RoRoberiZis mxari daiWira. kidev ufro gamwvavda kamaTi. calkeuli cnebebic ki uTanxmoebis sagania.

ilia WavWavaZe: `krediti, romelic miwismoqmedebisaTvis aris saWiro da maszed unda iyos miqceuli, aris is krediti, romelsac mecnierebaSi eZaxian miwissamoqmedo (земельный) kreditsa~.

niko nikolaZe: `... земельный krediti sul sxvanairaT aris axsnili mecnierebaSi. miwis-samoqmedo kredits im kredits eZaxian, romelnic naSovnia miwis giraoT micemiT da ara imas, romelic unda moxmardes miwaze~.

uvnebeli terminologiuri dava zogaddeba da farTo Sinaarss iZens. zogjer Seuracxmyofelsac.

ilia WavWavaZe: `me rom uf. nikolaZis adgils vyofiliyav, xels moviWridi da imisTana statias ki ar davwerdi, romelic umecrebasa da uvicobas saRerRels uxsnis da frTas asxams~.

niko nikolaZe: `didaT makvirvebs uf. WavWavaZe, rom is amgvars Secdomas iCens iseTs ubralo cnobebSi, romelnic yvelas saanbanoT miaCnia. nuTu bankis mmarTvels da wesdebis `Semdgenels~ amgvari Secdomebi Seefereba? wvrilmanebSi Tu imas amisTana `mecniereba~ hqonia, sxvil-sxviloebSi ras unda velodeT~.

(erisa da qveynis gadasarCenad ukiduresad daZabul viTarebaSi mimdinareobs brZola. yoveli wvrilmani mosalodnelia sabediswero gaxdes. yoveli moRvawe Sewkipul Tofs hgavs. pawia biZgic sakmarisia, rom gavardes. 1914 wels niko nikolaZe gulistkiviliT daiCivlebs: `didi, yoveldRiuri gazeTis gamgebloba, TiTqmis uTanamSromlebod, gansakuTrebiT ukoreqtorod, maiZulebda mTeli Rameebi uZilod gametarebina stambaSi, daZabuli dRiuri muSaobis Semdeg. mZimed davsneuldi. daviwye nerviuloba, davkarge TavSekavebuloba da gavxdi ukmexi. mindoda damemtkicebina, rom arc vismes miveyide da arc vismes vuwev angariSs~).

ase dagrovdnen usiamovnebani, wvrilmani Tu msxvilmani. axla tyviiTa da sisxliT apireben azvirTebuli Tavmoyvareobis damSvidebas. maT gonebas burusi gadaefara da sityva ukve aRar Wris. ra unda hqna, rogor unda moiqce? moulodnelad simborski muxlebze daeca da isteriuli qviTini autyda _ Tu sikvdili aucilebelia, me momkaliT... Tu sikvdili aucilebelia, me momkaliT... sacodavad slukunebda igi. yvela simborskis miaSterda. misma saqcielma iliac gamoafxizla da nikoc. orive simborskis mivarda da fexze wamoayenes. simborski patara biWiviT mjiRebiT iwmendda cremlebs da _ mapatieT... mapatieTo _ dabneuli luRluRebda.

Serigebis oqmi im dResve daiwera.`1880 wlis martis meoTxe dRes, tfilisSi, qvemorexelismomwerni amiT vadasturebT,

rom Tavad i. g. WavWavaZisa da n. i. nikolaZis warmomadgenlebi, daniSnuli duelis adgilas, axsna-ganmartebaTa gacvla-gamocvlam miiyvana orive mxaris mier erTdroulad gamoTqmul Semdeg daskvnamde:

1. n. i. nikolaZe acxadebs, rom mas ukan miaqvs yvelaferi is, rac exeboda piradad Tavad i. g. WavWavaZes 1880 wlis pirveli martis, 435-e nomer `obzoris~ mowinave statiaSi.

Tavadi i. g. WavWavaZe acxadebs, rom igi ar iwonebs gazeT `droebis~ (29 Tebervlis nomris) im mowinave werils, romelmac gamoiwvia zemoremoxseniebuli mowinave statia `obzorisa~.

2. momavalSi polemika, romelic SeiZleba aRmocendes zemoremoxseniebuli gazeTebis orive warmomadgenels Soris, unda moxdes mxolod da mxolod saerTo sakiTxis niadagze da ar unda hqondes piradi sarCuli. im statiebze, romelnic avtoris xelmouwerlad gamoqveyndebian, pasuxismgebeli piria werilis dambeWdavi gazeTis redaqtori~.

oqms xels aweren, ilia WavWavaZis mxriT _ nikoloz erisTavi da ioseb SalikaSvili, niko nikolaZis mxriT _ nikoloz simborski da daviT guramiSvili.

(rusulad dawerili es oqmi inaxeba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xelnawerTa institutSi, i. WavWavaZis fondi №4).

* * *niko nikolaZis sicocxles xSirad damuqrebia safrTxe.gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, erTi mxriv, `krebuls~ da `droebas~ da,

meore mxriv, `mnaTobs~ Soris cxare paeqroba iyo gamarTuli. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved niko nikolaZe werda da aseve ficxad epasuxeboda anton furcelaZe. roca 1872 wels `mnaTobma~ arseboba daasrula, niko nikolaZe mas damcinavi sityvebiT gamoeTxova.

`rogorc Seefereba dafsebul sanaTs `mnaTobma~, sikvdilis dros Sehkriba rac Rone hqonda, gavla, aprialda da isev dahqra. magram am gaWirvebul aprialebas da aucilebel gaqrobas iseTi kvamlisa da xrakis suli amohyva, rom xangrZlivi iqneba misi mogoneba da zizRi. esec Seundos am sulamomavals yovlis damviwyebelma Semoqmedma.

Sesandobia _ radganac advilad gaigeba _ im bebruxis wyevla, krulva, Sari, ciliswameba da qadili, romelic hkvdeba da sikvdilis ukanasknel wamSi hxedavs sicocxliT da ZaliT savse axalgazrdobas, momavlian ymawvilebs, cxovrebis imediT da suliT avsebuls. erTiRa iaraRi darCenia imas Tavisi gulis dasamSvideblaT _ maTi lanZRva, Saris mogeba, Zageba, wyevla da am sabralo momakvdavs saSineli samsjavroc aviwydeba, gankiTxvac da sasjelic, oRond ki uSveri lanZRviT guli amoiyaros `me raT vkvdebi da sxvebi raT scxovrobeno~. gasagebia es, maS miutevos es sulis amoxdenis brazic sulgrZelma msajulma~.

es ukve veRar moiTmina `mnaTobis~ qomagma da erTgulma TanamSromelma anton furcelaZem, stefane meliqiSvilis stambaSi miuvarda niko nikolaZes da revolveri esrola. Tavad niko ase aRwers am SemTxvevas:

`erTxel, diliT, Cveni mowinaaRmdege stambaSi gamocxadda, sadac Cven `droebis~ koreqturas vkiTxulobdiT. Cven Soris araviTari Sexla-Semoxla ar momxdara. mSvidi saubris dros, ucbad mowinaaRmdege bat. nikolaZesTan mivida, gulze revolveris lula miabjina da Caxmaxs fexi gamouSala. bat. nikolaZem xelis swrafi moZraobiT lula ganze gaswia da tyviam mxolod xeli gaukawra, roca bat. nikolaZem siciliT hkiTxa mowinaaRmdeges `xom ar gagiJebulxaro~, `Wkvianma literatorma~ Caxmaxi isev fexze Seayena. maSin bat. nikolaZe mivarda mowinaaRmdeges da cxare brZolis Semdeg, romelic TxuTmet wuTs grZeldeboda da romelsac meore gasrolac mohyva, revolveri aarTva. bat. Tulaevma (Jurnalisti da sazogado moRvawe vaxtang TulaSvili _ a. b.), romelic Cvens brZolas Tavidan eswreboda, mxolod amis Semdeg moixmo stambidan asoTamwyobebi. asoTamwyobebi kantoraSi Semocvivdnen da mowinaaRmdege gareT gaiyvanes. am scenis dros Cven arc yvirili agvitexia da arc mowinaaRmdegis dasja mogviTxovia~.

1873 wlis 21 dekembers, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis mowafes, 21 wlis iona meunargias dRiurSi Cauweria: `furcelaZem Tavisi sibece guSinwin daamtkica, nikos rom revolveri esrola da nikom Tavisi kargi kacoba, rom ar uCivla~.

* * *1878 wlis agvistoSi `obzoris~ redaqtorma niko nikolaZem da cenzorma dimitri

furcelaZem iCxubes. nikom cenzori maSinve duelSi gamoiwvia. sekundantebad nikoloz simborski da erevnis polkis podporuCiki laliaSvili miugzavna. d. furcelaZe dafrTxa. policiaSi gaiqca. nikolaZe sikvdiliT memuqrebao, iCivla. xelisufleba duels sastikad krZalavda, nikos karga oTxi wliT eloda cixeSi Casma.

saqme Tbilisis meore ganyofilebis momrigebelma mosamarTlem ganixila. simborskim iyoCaRa. miamiti da qarifantia kaci gaiTamaSa sasamarTloze. mTvrali viyav da furcelaZesTan nikolaZis danabarebis gadasacemad mivedio. Seuracxyofili nikolaZe iTxovda: cenzorma furcelaZem bodiSi momixados da SeCerebuli statiis dabeWdvis neba damrToso. es iyo da es, meti erTi sityvac ar miTqvams, xolo duelze araviTari laparaki ar yofilao.

rac Seexeba erevnis polkis podporuCik laliaSvils, igi udanaSauloa. gzaSi Semxvda da, rogorc megobari, furcelaZesTan gamomyvao. warmodgenac ar hqonia, ratom da risTvis mivdiodi cenzorTan.

furcelaZem ver daamtkica, rom nikolaZe mas marTla iwvevda duelSi. amitom sasamarTlom gamoitana ganaCeni:

nikolaZe gaamarTles.simborskis miesaja Svidi dRis patimroba, raki iseT saqmeSi Cahyo cxviri, mas rom

aravin ekiTxeboda, Tan laliaSvilic CaiTria.laliaSvili daituqsos, radgan qarafSutoba gamoiCina. amxanags ise gahyva, rom arc

ikiTxa _ sad midioda da ratom.

* * *1894 wlis 10 dekembers aleqsandre yazbegis gardacvalebis wlisTavi Sesrulda. am

TariRis aRsaniSnavad didZali xalxi Seikriba. cxadia, panaSvids eswreboda n. nikolaZec. am zRva xalxSi, nikos sajarod Seuracxyofa miayena bebur beburiSvilma (Jurnalistobda da ozurgeTis qalaqis merad muSaobda). n. nikolaZem beburiSvili duelSi gamoiwvia.

sazogadoeba didad aaRelva am ambavma. n. nikolaZem Tanadgomis werilebi miiRo.`warsul kviras, aleqsandre yazbegis wlis wirvis dros, rodesac TiTqmis mTeli

saqarTvelos inteligencia, qali da kaci, Seikriba Cvenis sasiqadulo beletristis pativis sacemad. Tqven uRirsma da upatiosno pirma Seuracxyofa mogayenaT. SeZrwunebuli am ambiT viswrafiT gamovTqvaT Tqvendami Cveni Rrma gulwrfeli pativiscema da Tan saqveynod aRSfoTebulis guliT gamoucxadoT zizRi da guliswyroma im qvemZrom arsebas, romelmac ar miiRo mxedvelobaSi arc siwminde adgilisa, arc saxsenebeli sayvarelis wamebulis poetisa da arc Tqveni erTguli da dauRalavi Sroma samSoblos sasargeblod da ise upatiosnod, bilwurad SegaxoT Tavisi murtali xeli, xeli mxolod ukeTurobas da sibilwes miCveuli. Cven gvjera da gvwams da imedica gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom upatiosno xeliT gamosrolili talaxi Tqvenamdin ver moaRwevs da ver Selaxavs Tqvens spetak Subls. cofiansa da gonebadabneul arsebas ar ZaluZs aramc Tu Tqven, aramed Tqvenze nakleb moRvawesac miayenos raime Seuracxyofa. amisaTvis gTxovT suliTa da guliT: nurafrad miiCnevT kviris ambavs da kvlavindeburad ganagrZoT Tqveni nayofieri da sasargeblo Sroma da moRvaweoba Tqveni sayvareli patara samSoblos sasaxelod~.

... mere iTxoven, duelSi nu gaxvalTo.`... Tqvenc, pativcemulo niko da Tqveni kalamic ekuTvniT samSoblos, romelsac didad

esaWiroeba TqvenisTana mxne da dauRalavi moRvaweebi da mcire ramesaTvis aseTis CvenTvis moWirnaxules dakleba erTi aTiaTasad dahkodavs Cvens daoblebul guls. amisaTvis siyvaruliT da wrfelis guliT gTxovT da gemudarebiT uari ganacxadoT Tqvens ganzraxvazed da damSvidebulis guliT SeudgeT Tqvens Cveulebrivs nayofiers Sromas samSoblos sakeTildReod~.

am werils xels awers 92 kaci, maT Soris ivane eliaSvili, giorgi lasxiSvili, Sio mRvimeli, ilia baxtaZe, iakob fancxava, ekaterine gabaSvili, aleqsandre Wyonia, iakob gogebaSvili, aleqsandre jabadari, valerian gunia, eqvTime TayaiSvili, stefane WrelaSvili, giorgi TumaniSvili da sxvani.

calkeuli pirebic ugzavnidnen Tanadgomis werilebs, zogierTi imasac sTavazobda _ Tqvens magier me gavalo duelSi. sazogadoebrivma aRSfoTebam orTabrZola CaSala.

b. beburiSvili iZulebuli gaxda bodiSi moexada.

* * *axla isev `obzors~ mivubrundeT.pirvelad `obzori~ da misi gamomcemel-redaqtori 1879 wlis maisSi gaasamarTles. rac

am sasamarTloze moxda, aRwerilia broSuraSi _ `obzoris~ pirveli procesi. Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlosa da Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatis sxdomaTa sruli angariSi~, _ romelic imave wels gamovida rusulad. sasamarTloze n. nikolaZem cenzuras tyavi gaaZro. sajarod da saqveynod daanaxa yvelas cenzuris mavnebloba. nikos sityvidan patara-patara nawyvetebs gagacnobT da naTlad dainaxavT, ra dReSic Cavardnila cenzura.

`bat. meliq-meRrabovi iTvleba adgilobriv da aRmosavlur enebze gamomaval gamocemaTa cenzorad. xolo Tqven, bat. mosamarTleno, xedavT, rom Tqvens winaSe mdebare gazeT `obzoris~ nomrebi rusul enazea dabeWdili da rusulia. amitom, me sruli ufleba maqvs, ar vcno bat. meliq-meRrabovi `obzoris~ cenzorad~.

......`Cveni presis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi imdenad arasruli, uTavbolo,

urTierTsawinaaRmdego da calmxrivia, rom ara marto Cven Juranalistebs, aramed TviT cenzurasac uxdeba maTi darRveva~.

......`pirvelyofil mTavrobebs surdaT am kanonebiT `zRvari daedoT azrisaTvis~, romelsac

rogorc mogexsenebaT, TiTqmis ara aqvs sazRvari... rogori kedlebiTac da zRudeebiTac ar unda SevzRudoT igi, mainc poulobda da yovelTvis ipovis, ara mxolod maTi Semovlis, aramed maTze maRla dadgomis saSualebasac, radgan adamianis azri frTebgamosxmulia da yovelTvis `wesebze~ maRla frens... veraviTari cenzura, veraviTari Cagvra ver daabrkolebs mwerals _ gamoTqvas ama Tu im formiT is, risi Tqmac unda~.

......`presac xom sxva araferia, Tu ara sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Crdili an anarekli. xolo

presis daTrgunva sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom aRmofxvrilia cxovrebidan CvenTvis usiamo movlenebi~.

......`imisaTvis, rom Cveni qveyana udidesi warmatebiT viTardebodes, legaluroba yvelaze

sasurvel pirobas warmoadgens da, rac ufro farTo asparezi aqvs miniWebuli legalur brZolas, miT ufro mSvidobiani da mtkicea sazogadoebis mier miRweuli progresi... imisaTvis, rom legaluroba damkvidrdes romelime qveyanaSi, udaod aucilebelia, rom kanoni idges uaRresad maRla orive mebrZol mxareze, opoziciazec da administraciazec, odnavadac ar iyos damokidebuli arc erTis, arc meorisgan~.

......`roca samimosvlo gzebis, fostisa Tu telegrafis ganviTarebam uaRresad gaaadvila

imave azris gacvla-gamocvla, presis araviTari SezRudva ar gviSvelis qimeruli miznis miRwevaSi. saxeldobr, imaSi, rom vaiZuloT sazogadoeba Zveleburad dumdes da brmad gvendobodes~.

am sasamarTlos nikoc gadaurCa da `obzoric~. magram safrTxe Tavidan acilebuli ar iyo. arc niko nikolaZe apirebda damSvidebas da arc cenzura raimeze Tvalis daxuWvas. 1880 wlis maisSi ki `obzoris~ redaqtoris `Tavxedoba~ yovelgvar zRvars gadascilda. 22 maiss gardaicvala aleqsandre meoris Tanamecxedre dedofali mariami, im dRes `obzori~ samgloviaro Savi arSiiT ar gamosula. gaognebulma xelisuflebam nikolaZes saswrafod axsna-ganmarteba mosTxova. imperatricas gardacvalebis depeSa gvian miviReTo, _ imarTla Tavi gazeTis redaqtor-gamomcemelma. cxadia, xelisuflebas es ar daujerebia.

viTarebas kidev ufro arTulebdnen mabezRrebic.eонос-i xan erTi kuTxidan mofrindeboda, xan meoridan, xan mesamidan da xan

meoTxidan. `obzorma~ cili dagvwama, tyuili moCmaxa, Seuracxyofa mogvayena, lafSi amogvsvara, Rirseba Segvilaxa, saukeTeso moRvaweebs sisxli gauSro, xelisuflebas aZagebso da ase dausruleblad. raki gazeTi rusulad gamodioda, qarTvel mabezRrebs sxva eris enataniebic erTgulad edgnen gverdiT.

1880 wlis zafxulSi niko nikolaZe isev misces samarTalSi.amjerad igi dasajes.kavkasiaSi mefisnacvalma, general-feldmarSalma mixeilma 1880 wlis 25 ivliss

gankarguleba gasca:TbilisSi mcxovrebma quTaTelma moqalaqem nikoloz nikolaZem, Tbilisis saqalaqo

saTaTbiros sxdomaze, guberniis administraciis erT-erTi gankargulebis ganxilvisas, Tavs ufleba misca mZafri da uxamsi sityvebiT gamoexata damokidebuleba saerTod administraciisa da Tbilisis policmaisteris saqmianobisadmi. ukuRmarTad ganmarta maTi

moqmedebani da miawera administracias ararsebuli ganzraxva _ CamoerTmiaT qalaqisaTvis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis miniWebuli uflebani.

aSkarad mikerZoebul, usabuTo da umarTebulo gamoxmaurebas SeuZlia yovlad usafuZvlod gamoiwvios mosaxleobaSi mavne da arasasurveli undobloba mTavrobis agentebisadmi, saerTod mTavrobis ganzraxvebisadmi. mxedvelobaSi maqvs isic, rom amgvari miswrafeba administraciis moRvaweobis gakicxvisaken, ukanasknel xanebSi, SeimCneva nikolaZis Jurnalistur saqmianobaSic.

CemTvis uzenaesad moniWebuli uflebiT, saWirod mimaCnia _ quTaisis moqalaqe nikoloz nikolaZe gadavasaxlo droebiT sacxovreblad q. stavropolSi, masze policiuri meTvalyureobis dawesebiT.

`obzori~ daixura. niko nikolaZe stavropolSi gagzavnes.

* * *1887 wlamde n. nikolaZes sakuTari gazeTi an Jurnali aRar hqonia. am weliwads ki

man a. stepanovisagan `novoe obozrenie~ SeiZina. stepanovi nafici msajuli iyo, Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos da Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatis wevri. erTa Tanasworobis mqadagebelma, magram wlebis manZilze TbilisSi mcxovrebma kacma ar icoda, rom qarTveli da imereli sxvadasxva eri ar aris. igi gulwrfelad mouwodebda: `yovel russ aqvs ufleba iyos rusi, yovel somexs, qarTvels, imerels aqvT ufleba iyvnen somexi, qarTveli, imereli, magram yvela isini, imave dros da upirveles yovlisa, movaleni arian iyvnen adamianebi~. romelime qarTvels rom es swyenoda, ueWvelad gaukvirdeboda, gulsatkeni ra vTqvio. ai, am kacma daaarsa 1884 wlis ianvarSi `novoe obozrenie~. SeZlebisdagvarad gazeTi kavkasiis mosaxleobas emsaxureboda. 1887 wels stepanovs janmrTelobam uRalata. gazeTis movla-patronoba aRar SeeZlo da n. nikolaZes dauTmo. male stepanovi gardaicvala kidec. `novoe obozrenies~ pasuxismgebel redaqtorad m. uspenski daniSnes. stepanovis xelSi igi redaqciis mdivani iyo.

n. nikolaZe Cveuli energiiT Seudga saqmianobas. gazeTSi aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen daviT kezeli, ilia baxtaZe (xoneli), giorgi lasxiSvili, Zmebi TumaniSvilebi... ibeWdeboda qarTvel mweralTa rusuli Targmanebi. `novoe obozrenieSi~ daibeWda n. nikolaZis werilebis seria, romelic akritikebda ivane jabadaris ybadaRebul `werilebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~. magram 1891 wels n. nikolaZe iZulebuli gaxda gazeTi daetovebina da `novoe obozrenie~ Zmeb TumaniSvilebisaTvis mieyida.

aman qarTveli sazogadoebis erTi nawili Zalian gaaRiziana, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc gazeTSi TanamSromlobdnen. mogvianebiT, 1901 wels, TbilisSi calke wignakad rusulad daistamba daviT kezelis narkvevi «oWмяти hруjW и товWрищW по перу»1 . wigni eZRvneboda ilia baxtaZis xsovnas.

am narkvevSi daviT kezeli erTob aRSfoTebulia n. nikolaZis saqcieliT. gazeTis gayidvam, _ Civis igi, _ ilia baxtaZe da me umuSevari dagvtova da Jurnalisturi saqmianobis saSualeba wagvarTvao.

`bevri epatieboda da kidev epatieba mravalnacad nikolaZes, magram saeWvoa, rom odesme epatios is oini, rac `novoe obozrenies~ uyo. udavod kargi Jurnalisti, igi literaturas yovelTvis Tvlida saetapo punqtad, im taranad, romliTac arRvevda sxvadasxva sabirJo-saspekulacio cixe-simagris kedlebs, fin de siйcle-s1 saqmosnebisa da `panamistebis~ suliskveTebiT...~

`novoe obozrenie~ n. nikolaZem muqTad miiRo, _ werda d. kezeli, _ a. v. stepanovisagan. Zmeb TumaniSvilebs ki 16 aTas maneTad mihyida. fuli jibeSi Caido da foTSi wavida portis asaSeneblado. es fuli xom Cvenc gvergebodao.

`... rogor vmuSaobdiT maSin me da i. xoneli, de es kavkasiuri Jurnalistikis momavali istorikosis sindisma gadawyvitos. yvelaze metad, ra Tqma unda, gansvenebuli (i. baxtaZe _ a. b.) Sromobda, magram dideba da kapitali nikolaZes rCeboda. sawyenia da guldasawyveti, roca amboben _ nikolaZis periodis `novoe obozrenie~, miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialurad redaqtorad iTvleboda koreqtori uspenski, xolo nikolaZe iyo mxolod ubralo TanamSromeli, Cvengan gamorCeuli imiT, rom dro da dro sofel jixaiSidan dagvesxmeboda Tavs, gazeTis salaros gasasufTaveblad. magram es operacia mas male moswyinda. masSi magrad Camjdarma saqmosan-mebirJem male sZlia Jurnalists. man

daiviwya qristes anderZi (saerTod, rac Seexeba qristes anderZs, am mxriv `cnobil kavkasiel publicists~ Zalian cudi mexsiereba aqvs): `muqTad miiReT, muqTad gaeciT~. muqTad miRebuli gazeTi gayida `ocdaaT vercxlad~. yvela droisa da xalxis sabirJo saqmeebis yovelTvis kursSi myofma b-ma nikolaZem gamoTvala, rom iuda iskariotelis droindel ocdaaTi vercxli axlandel safondo bazris kursiT udris 16.000 maneTs, romeli Tanxac man miiRo gazeTisaTvis Zmeb TumaniSvilebisagan...~

usamarTlo braldeba iyo es. Tu n. nikolaZem `novoe obozrenie~ miatova, upirvelesad brali swored daviT kezelsa da ilia baxtaZes miuZRodaT. ra moxda?

asamarTlebdnen policiis boqaul erisTavs. d. kezeli Sehpirda erisTavs _ sasamarTloSic dagicavo da presaSic. am samsaxurisaTvis erisTavma kezels samasi maneTi gadauxada. xelwerili, damadasturebeli rom kezelma fuli aiRo, erisTavis naTesavma n. nikolaZes aCvena. nikom amgvari saqcieli JurnalistisaTvis yovlad Seuferebel saqmed miiCnia da kezeli gaafrTxila. daviT kezelma daiCema _ Tuki advokati sasamarTloSi braldebuls icavs da amaSi gasamrjelo ergeba, Jurnalists ratom unda ekrZalebodes an dacva, an fulis aRebao. niko nikolaZe da daviT kezeli am sakiTxSi ver SeTanxmdnen. d. kezelma ar daijera, rom Jurnalistis ufleba-movaleobani da eTika sxvaa da veqilisa _ sxva.

imereTis episkoposma gabrielma eklesiidan gaaZeva ilia xonelis mama luka baxtaZe. Turme mRvdeli luka moZRvrisaTvis ukadris rasmes Cadioda _ qrTams iRebda. ilia baxtaZe mamas gamoeqomaga. gabriel episkoposis winaaRmdeg feletonebs beWdavda. gabriel qiqoZes mTeli qarTveli eri uRrmes pativs scemda. ilia baxtaZis Tavxedobam xalxi aRaSfoTa. niko nikolaZe sayvedurebiT aavses: gazeTi rogor kadrulobs gabriel episkoposs Cirqi moscxoso. nikom uspenskis daavala, aRar daebeWdaT ilia baxtaZis feletonebi. araferi gamovida. baxtaZe da uspenski mainc stambavdnen. maSin niko nikolaZem gadawyvita, Tavad eTqva uari gazeTze. Tqva kidec.

ase rom ar momxdariyo, gazeTidam ratom wavidodio, _ werda n. nikolaZe 1914 wels v. baqraZes, _ sxva rom ara yofiliyo ra, oTxi aTas maneTs sufTa mogebas maZlevdao.

amis mere n. nikolaZes sagamomcemlo saqmisaTvis didxans aRar moukidia xeli. mxolod 1925 wels, ukanasknelad, oTxmocdaori wlis moxucma, erTxel kidev ikisra saTaveSi Casdgomoda sagamomcemlo saqmianobas.

im xanebSi Seiqmna beWdviTi saqmis kooperaciuli sazogadoeba `qarTuli wigni~. saorganizacio biuros Tavmjdomare niko nikolaZe iyo, mdivani _ pavle ingoroyva, wevrebi _ aleqsandre abaSeli, i. andronikaSvili, parTen goTua, seiT devdariani, raJden dumbaZe, isidore varazaSvili, iason lorTqifaniZe, iason menabde, geronti qiqoZe, aleqsandre jayeli.

saorganizacio biurom moqalaqeebisadmi mimarTva gamoaqveyna. mimarTvaSi ewera:

`q. tfilisSi daarsda beWdviTi saqmis sapaio amxanagoba `qarTuli wigni~, romlis wesdeba ukve daamtkica mTavrobam (dadgenileba saq. saxalxo komisariatTa sabWos a/w 14 ianvrisa da saq. central. aRm. komitetis a/w 29 ianvrisa).

sapaio amxanagoba `qarTuli wigni~ isaxavs miznad emsaxuros qarTuli mwerlobis aRorZinebis saqmes. mTavari misi sazrunavi iqneba:

a) gamosces qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerloba, miawodos qarTvel mkiTxvels rCeuli qarTveli klasikosebis nawerebi, rogorc Zveli, ise axali droisa;

b) gamosces samecniero xasiaTis wignebi mecnierebaTa yvela dargidan (pirvel rigSi iseTi naSromebi, romlebic uaxlesad dakavSirebulia qarTuli cxovrebis saWiroebasTan);

g) xeli Seuwyos evropuli kulturis gacnobas da am mizniT daamzados Targmanebi da gamosces qarTul enaze rCeuli nawarmoebni, rogorc sityvakazmuli mwerlobis, ise mecnierebis dargebidan.

garda am mTavar daniSnulebaTa, sapaio amxanagobas `qarTuli wigni~, wesdebis Tanaxmad, miniWebuli aqvs beWdviTi saqmis yvela danarCeni funqciebi: saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocema (ganaTlebis sax. kom. nebarTviT), skolisaTvis saWiro nivTebis damzadeba, gaxsna wignis maRaziebisa, mowyoba stambisa da liTografiisa, mowyoba wignT-sakinZavi, anbanT-sasxami da saxazavi saxelosnoebisa, gaxsna ganyofilebisa yvela daba-qalaqSi, sadac es saWiro aRmoCndeba da sxv.

gadasaxadebis mxriT sapaio amxanagobas `qarTuli wigni~ miniWebuli aqvs didi upiratesobani: wesdebis Tanaxmad, amxanagoba yovelgvari gadasaxadis mxriT gaTanasworebulia kooperatiul organizaciebTan.

ZiriTadi Tanxa amxanagobisa gansazRvrulia 50.000 maneTiT, TiTo pai Rirs 10 maneTi, xolo ori pai iZleva erTi xmis uflebas.

amxanagobis saorganizacio biuro, darwmunebulia ra, rom Tqven axlo monawileobas miiRebT am did kulturul saqmeSi, mogmarTavT SeiZinoT amxanagobis paebi da amiT xeli SeuwyoT qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebis saqmes~.

`qarTuli wignis~ wesdebis SedgenaSi ocdaTvrameti kaci monawileobda. maT Soris iyvnen niko nikolaZe, aleqsandre abaSeli, konstantine gamsaxurdia, parTen goTua, seiT devdariani, ilia zurabiSvili, solomon TavaZe, viqtor Tevzaia, pavle ingoroyva, vaxtang kotetiSvili, kote mayaSvili, niko lorTqifaniZe, iason lorTqifaniZe, petre qavTaraZe, leo qiaCeli, geronti qiqoZe...

1925 wlis 11 maiss ki gazeTma `komunistma~ qarTvel xalxs auwya, rom mTavrobam neba darTo saorganizacio komitets moewvia damfuZnebeli kreba da daewyo saqmianoba.

sagamomcemlo amxanagobam _ `qarTuli wigni~ _ didi saqme gaakeTa (qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi am `amxanagobaze~ marTla araferi weria, Tu me ver mivageni?), Tumca muSaoba umZimes pirobebSi uxdeboda.

Cemi TxrobiT Tavs ar SegawyenT. n. nikolaZis or werils gagacnobT da Tavadac kargad dainaxavT _ ra viTarebaSi saqmianobda `qarTuli wigni~.

1925 wlis 6 dekembers niko nikolaZe iason lorTqifaniZes swers:`batono iason,Tqveni werilis pasuxad mogaxsenebT, rom `qarTuli wignis~ amxanagobam

gadawyvita miarTvas iliko WavWavaZis qvrivs as-asi maneTi TiTo tomze ilikos nawerebisa, magram maTi gamocemis Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, da ara manamde, saubeduroT TviT am tomebis gamocema `qarTul wigns~ metaT eZneleba: stambaSi awyobili gvaqvs kai xania ori tomis masala, magram usaxsrobis gamo gviWirs qaRaldis daxsna da miwodeba maTi dasabeWdaT. bevr xelis momwerT paiebze fuli ar SemoaqvT. TviT xelis mowera SeCerda paiebis mesamed wilze da varT ase Sua gzaze gariyuli. visac SeuZlia Cveni daxmareba, gulxeldakrefili gvimzers. aba, marto oriod kacma ra unda movaxerxoT?

ar veWvob Tqvens mxurvale monawileobaSi am saqmeze da mitom gevedrebi daxmareba gagviwioT paiebis gavrcelebaSi, ara Tu marto piradaT, sxva bankebis gamgeT mowveviTac. maT mxriT vimedovnebdiT, rom kreditiT dagvexmarebodnen, magram am JamaT es saSualeba daixSo. exla paiebis gasaReba dagvrCa erTaderT RonisZiebaT Cveni gamocemebis gagrZelebisa. vimedovnebT, rom xels gagviwyobT am gasaWirSi~.

1926 wlis 6 agvistos ki pavle ingoroyvas SesCioda:`batono pavle,amdeni xani sul gicdidiT, megona CamoxvidodiT, moikiTxavdiT `qarTuli wignis~

ambavs. raki Sevcdi, valdebulaT vTvli Cems Tavs mand gagagebinoT Cveni umweo mdgomareoba. cecxlaZem sul dagviviwya: aRarc ki gvekareba. misi gankargulebiTaa, Tu Tavis-Tavad, arc erTi misi agenti arc erT groSs aRar gvixdis. kasaSi araferi Semodis. nina platonovna darwmunda, rom gadeliasTan muSaoba SesaZlebeli ar ariso da gagveqca erTianad, mixeil klimiaSvili moskovs gadaiyvanes samsaxurSi da wavida kidec. varlam burjanaZe soflad gaemgzavra sazafxulod agreTve, rogorc mirian basilaia. isidore varazaSvili arc ki mogvkarebia arc erTxel. saSa daraxveliZesTan oTxjer viyavi savedreblaT, radgan isic rom mogvSordes, versad groSs ver viSovniT, magram (aq sityva ver amovikiTxe _ a. b.) mets veras gavxdi. ase gasinjeT abaSelic ki ver minaxavs, ar daiareba ambis Sesatyobladac. var martodmarto. komisiebs vkreb, magram ukvorumoT. amasobaSi dro garbis, mosamsaxureebi jamagirs Txouloben. sadgurs qira unda, xarji midis, procentebs vixdiT da Semosavali ki arsad Cans. kolegiuri dawesebuleba im qveyanaSi varga, saca sazogado vali xalxs Zval-rbilSi gamjdari aqvs. ra qnas am mdgomareobaSi Tavmjdomarem, romelsac wesdebisamebr, ukolegioT fexis gadadgma ar SeuZlia? guSin Cveni buxgalteri agvibRavlda, avaT varo, unda saeqimoT

wavide, fuli mogveciTo. sxvebic imuqrebian. me wasavali var dRe-dReze. unda CamoxvideT da rame RonisZieba movifiqroT, Torem me Cems wasvlas metaT veRar gadavdob da saqme dairRveva sul upatronoT. vis Cavabaro rac gvaqvs? gadelia midis. is sul uimedoa, masze veras daamyarebs kaci. erTi sityviT, saqme miwurulSia. erTaderTi misi wamalia _ Tqveni morigeba daraxveliZesTan, an Tu ara da _ Tqveni ase Tu ise gayra. unda iSovoT mis magieri, ise rom Semdeg ubrZolod Sroma SeeZlos `qarTul wigns~.

gTxovT dauyovnebliv CamobrZandeT. Tu ara da me am Tvis aTs vacxadeb sazogado krebis mowvevas Cveni amxanagobis likvidaciisaTvis. Cems magier vtoveb veqils da mivdivar. Tu gsurdaT, rom marto mewarmoebina es saqme, Sesaferi uflebebi unda migecaT TavmjdomarisaTvis da ara safrangeTis respublikis Tavmjdomaris manekenoba. erTi sityviT, geliT~.

axalgazrdasac da xandazmulsac yovelTvis urTules pirobebSi uxdeboda saqmis keTeba. aRarc ukvirda es, gamocdilebis imodena gza hqonda gavlili. oRond guli stkioda, rom saqmis siyvaruli qarTvels verc drom aswavla da verc revoluciam.

Suamavali

sainJinro cixe-darbazSi guSagebis Cveulebrivi sakvirao Secvla damTavrda. imperatori didi kneina ekaterine mixeilis asulis sasaxleSi wabrZanda. iq, diliT, igi Cveulebisamebr yavas miirTmevda. sauzmes rom morCnen, xelmwife etlSi Cajda da zamTris sasaxleSi gaemgzavra. etli inJinerTa quCiT midioda. mixeilis TeatrTan mouxvia da ekaterines arxis marjvena napirs gahyva. imperators eqvsi mcveli axlda. etls ukan marxiliT mihyveboda policmaisteri, polkovniki dvorJicki. gza viwro quCas misdevda. erTi mxriv mas didi kneinas baRis qvis Robe zRudavda da meore mxriv _ ekaterines arxis meseri. imperatoris etli Teatralur xidTan misuli ar iyo, rom gasayruebeli afeTqebis xma gaisma. dvorJicki imperatoris etls mivarda. xelmwife uvnebeli iyo, etlis ukana mxare _ dalewili. aleqsandre meore etlidan Camovida. man dainaxa: or mezRvaurs Sepyrobili teroristi eWira. imperatori masTan mivida da hkiTxa: vin xar Sen? _ risakovi nikoloz, Ze ivanesi, _ miiRo pasuxad. aleqsandre meore Setrialda da afeTqebis adgilisaken gaswia. is iyo ramdenime nabiji gadadga, rom Casafrebuli meore teroristi gamovarda da fexebSi yumbara daaxala. afeTqebam aleqsandre meores fexebi daumtvria da muceli daufliTa. mTlad daglejili teroristic iqve daeca (mere gamoZiebam daadgina, rom es iyo narodnovoleli egnate grinevicki).

xelmwife marxilze daasvenes da zamTris sasaxleSi gaaqanes. igi zamTris sasaxleSi, Tavis samuSao kabinetSi esvena. roca ojaxis wevrebi movidnen, imperatori kidev sunTqavda, magram gadarCena ukve aRar SeiZleboda. cesareviCi, ukve imperatori aleqsandre mesame, mamas TavTan udga. aleqsandre meorem Svils Sexeda da gauRima. magram araferi uTqvams. laparaki ukve aRar SeeZlo. dRis sam saaTsa da ocdaTxuTmet wuTze imperatori aleqsandre meore gardaicvala.

Tavdasxma moxda 1881 wlis pirvel marts, dRis pirvel saaTsa da ormocdaxuT wuTze.didi xnis mere, mkvlelobis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli, vera figneri dawers: 1881 wlis

martma `Sewyvita 26-wliani mefoba imperatorisa, romelmac ruseTSi daiwyo axali era, daayena igi saerTosakacobrio ganviTarebis gzaze, saukunovani damyayebulobis Semdeg misca ruseTs winsvlis mZlavri biZgi saglexo, saerobo da sasamarTlo reformebiT~.

im dRes kidev daiRupa erTi adamiani: ToTxmeti wlis kolia maqsimovi. igi SemTxveviT aRmoCnda afeTqebis axlos. ra vuyoT, istorias ar uyvars `umniSvnelo~ saxelebis gaxseneba.

* * *

Tbilisis gazeTebma sam marts auwyes sazogadoebas imperatoris mkvleloba. `droeba~ SavarSiaSemovlebuli gamovida. pirvel gverdze dabeWdili depeSa

ityobineboda: `gangebam miibara xelmwifis aleqsandre nikolozis Zis suli~. imave gverdze, kuTxeSi, akakis leqsic iyo dastambuli _ `gazafxuli~.

dRes mercxali Semofrinda, _WikWikiTa gadmomZaxa:`gazafxuli! gazafxuli!~guls imedi damesaxa.mivdeq sarkmels, gadvixede, aremare mesxvafera! _sasoebam frTa gaSala,gulsa mkra da amiZgera!suni meca gazafxulis,ucnauri vigrZen Zali...vsTqvi, Tu `gulsa raRad vitex?axlos aris momavali!moveswrebi, rac mindodazamTrisagan daCagrulsa:vnaxav qorwils bunebisas,gavigoneb mis mayrulsa.davynos vardsa gadaSlilsa,vuWvret nazad daxril iasda bulbulic gamagonebsmiseburad: `tia, tias!~

leqsis daweris TariRad dasmuli iyo _ pirveli marti.

* * *

moxda ise, rom niko nikolaZe stavropolidan Tbiliss swored mefis mkvlelobis dRes dabrunda. `1881 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvalma, sazogadoebis Suamavlobis safuZvelze, gamoiTxova Cemi ganTavisufleba da me pirvel marts, gvian RamiT, davbrundi TbilisSi Tamami imedebisa da Canafiqrebis didZali maragiT~, _ gviambobs Tavad n. nikolaZe.

* * *mTeli imperia sulganabuli eloda, ra mohyveboda xelmwifis mkvlelobas. `narodnaia

volias~ wevrebi darwmunebulni iyvnen: gaigebs Tu ara rusi xalxi aleqsandre meoris mokvlas, maSinve yvela iaraRs daavlebs xels da ajanydeba, daamxobs monarqias da sanukvar wes-wyobilebas daamyarebso.

am rwmeniT Sepyrobilma `narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebelma komitetma 1881 wlis 10 marts aleqsandre mesames werili gaugzavna.

`Tqveno udidebulesobav!srulad gvesmis is mZime ganwyobileba, romelsac Tqven am wuTebSi ganicdiT,

magram aRmasrulebeli komiteti ar Tvlis Tavs uflebamosilad damorCildes bunebrivi Tavazianobis grZnobas, romelic SeiZleba qvemoremoyvanili axsna-ganmartebisaTvis iTxovdes garkveuli droiT mocdas. aris raRac umaRlesi, vidre yvelaze ufro kanonieri grZnobani adamianisa, _ es gaxlavT movaleoba mSobliuri qveynis winaSe, rasac moqalaqe iZulebulia Seswiros TavisTavic, Tavis grZnobebic da sxva adamianTa grZnobebic ki. vemorCilebiT ra am yovladZlier movaleobas, Cven gadavwyviteT dauyovnebliv mogmarToT Tqven, arafers davelodoT, radgan ar icdis is istoriuli procesi, romelic momavalSi gvemuqreba sisxlis mdinareebiT da yvelaze mZime SeryevebiT~.

narodnovolelebi arwmunebdnen aleqsandre mesames, rom amao iyo mamamisis brZola revolucionerTa winaaRmdeg. revolucionerebisa da aleqsandre meoris urTierToba kanonzomierad dasrulda imperatoris mkvlelobiT. amitomac arc aleqsandre mesamis gajiuteba moitanda raime Sedegs, garda axali uazro msxverplisa. narodnovolelebi urCevdnen imperators mieRo is moTxovnebi, rasac `narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebeli komiteti ayenebda.

`Cveni azriT, es piroba oria:1. warsuli drois yvela politikuri danaSaulis saerTo aministia, radgan isini iyvnen ara

danaSaulebani, aramed moqalaqeobriv movaleobis asrulebani.2. erTiani rusi xalxis warmomadgenelTa mowveva saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis arsebuli formebis gadasasinjad da maT gadasakeTeblad xalxis survilis Sesabamisad.

amasTanave aucileblad vTvliT SegaxsenoT, rom xalxis warmomadgenlebiT umaRlesi xelisuflebis legalizacias SesaZlebelia mivaRwioT mxolod maSin, Tu arCevnebi Catardeba sruliad Tavisuflad. amitom arCevnebi unda Catardes Semdeg viTarebaSi:

1. deputatebi igzavneba yvela klasisa da wodebisagan ganurCevlad da mcxovrebTa ricxvis proporciulad.

2. araviTari SezRudva arc amomrCevelTaTvis da arc deputatebisaTvis ar unda iyos.3. saarCevno agitacia da Tavad arCevnebi unda Catardes sruliad Tavisuflad,

risTvisac, rogorc droebiTi RonisZieba, amieridan saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebamde, mTavrobam unda dauSvas: a) presis sruli Tavisufleba, b) sityvis sruli Tavisufleba, g) SekrebaTa sruli Tavisufleba, d) saarCevno programaTa sruli Tavisufleba.

ai, erTaderTi saSualeba ruseTis dasabruneblad swori da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis gzaze. sazeimod vacxadebT mSobliuri qveynisa da mTeli msoflios winaSe, rom Cveni partia, Tavis mxriv, aucileblad daemorCileba zemoremoxseniebul pirobebiT arCeuli saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebas da amieridan ar CavidenT Zaladobis raime qmedebas saxalxo krebis mier sanqcionirebuli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.

maS ase, Tqveno udidebulesobav, gadawyviteT~.(am werils safuZvlad edo lev tixomirovis teqsti. igi odnav Seaswora nikoloz

mixailovskim. werili ganixiles da miiRes vera figneris binaSi. cameti aTasi egzemplari dabeWdes da gaavrceles. imperatoris saxelze gagzavnili baraTi ki CauSves safosto yuTSi, nevis prospeqtze, saqalaqo saTaTbiros Senobis axlos).

amao gamodga imedi. mefis mkvlelobam xalxs Tavzari dasca. gaaogna da gaaqvava. aravin apirebda iaraRis aRebas, amboxebas, monarqiis damxobas. yvelaferi piriqiT moxda: xalxi mefis ojaxis mimarT TanagrZnobiT ganimsWvala. amis danaxvam narodnovolelebi sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo. vinc moaswro, sazRvargareT gaiqca, vinc vera _ policiam daapatimra. Seipyres Tavdasxmis monawilenic. gamoZiebis dros risakovi erTgulqveSevrdomulma grZnobam Seipyro. inana _ xelmwife sasikvdilod rogor gavimeteo _ da, rac icoda, yvelaferi dafqva. Tavdasxmis monawileni saTiTaod gasca. ucnauria, magram aseTi ram teroristebs xSirad emarTebodaT. fsiqologiurad friad sayuradRebo ambavs gviyveba olga lÁubatoviCi (olga lÁubatoviCi `narodnaia volias~ wevri iyo. Tavgametebuli revolucioneri, nawamebi da nakatorRali. igi coli gaxldaT im ivane jabadarisa, ybadaRebuli «oисьмW о dрузии» rom dawera):

`vin ifiqrebda, rom moinaxeboda iseTi kaci, rogoric xalturini iyo, visac Tveze meti eZina im baliSze, romlis qveS damaluli hqonda dinamiti, vin ifiqrebda, rom es kaci, romelmac amdenxans aitana es wameba, romelic daasneula maxrCobela gazebma, rasac igi sxvebis SeumCnevlad, isunTqavda yovel Rame; vin ifiqrebda, rom egeve kaci, Sexvda ra erTxel pirispir aleqsandre meores Tavisave kabinetSi, sadac xalturins raRaceebis SekeTeba mouwia, ver gabedavda moekla imperatori ubralod uknidan, xelSi rom eWira, im CaquCis CartymiT, rogorc amas gaakeTebda yoveli Cveulebrivi mkvleli. Tan ar arsebobda araviTari saSiSroeba misi Sepyrobisa. Rrmaa da savse winaaRmdegobebiT adamianis suli. Tvlida ra aleqsandre meores udides damnaSaved xalxis winaSe, imave dros xalturini uneblieT grZnobda muSebisadmi mefis keTili da Tavaziani damokidebulebis xibls. erTxel, rogorRac martoddarCenilma mefis kabinetSi, imperatoris magididan samaxsovrod aiRo raRac ubralo nivTi, romelsac uCvenebda kidec zogierT amxanags. mere imaTi dabejiTebuli TxovniT, es nivTi ukan waiRo da kabinetSi Tavis adgilas dado~.

pirovnulad rogori grZnobiTa da gancdiT iyvnen adamianebi Sepyrobili, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. saxelmwifos uSiSroebisaTvis teroristebs mainc CamoxrCoba elodaT.

wlebi rom gavida, aleqsandre bloki werda:`roca 1881 wels pobedonoscevma daarwmuna xelisufleba mefismkvlelTa xuTeuli

CamovaRrCoTo, lev tolstoim Sewyalebis arza gaugzavna pobedonoscevs da sTxova

mefisaTvis gadaeca igi. pobedonoscevis uaris miuxedavad, werilma mainc miaRwia mefemde (general Cerevnis meSveobiT). maSin saxelmwifo sabWos saxelganTqmul sxdomaze 8 marts, pobedonoscevma warmosTqva istoriuli sityva. daJinebiT moiTxova damnaSaveTa CamoRrCoba, miitaca saxelmwifo xomaldis saWe, xelidan ar gauSva meoTxedi saukune da Semzaravi praqtikuli moRvaweobiTa da Tavisi Teoriebis uryevi, samariseburi siciviT beberi `vampiris~ saxeli daimkvidra~.

sxva rames sTxovda lev tolstoi axal imperators.`me, umniSvnelo, mouwodebeli, susti da cudi adamiani vwer ruseTis imperators da

vurCev mas, ra moimoqmedos yvelaze rTul da mZime viTarebaSi, rogoric ki odesme Seqmnila.

vgrZnob, Tu ra ucnauria es, Seuferebelia, kadnieri, da mainc gwerT.

......me im toniT ar gwerT, rogoriTac Cveulebriv xelmwifes weren _ yvavilebiT Semkuli

pirferi da yalbi mWevrmetyvelebiT, rac mxolod abnelebs grZnobasac da azrsac. me ubralod mogwerT, viTarca adamiani adamians.

......Tqveni mama, mefe ruseTisa, bevri sikeTe rom gaakeTa da xalxisaTvis yovelTvis

sikeTe rom surda, moxuci, keTili kaci, araadamianurad daasaxiCres da mokles ara misma piradma mtrebma, aramed arsebuli weswyobilebis mtrebma: mokles kacobriobis raRac sikeTisaTvis.

......isini Tqveni mtrebi arian imitom, rom Tqven daikaveT mamis adgili da im

moCvenebiTi saerTo sikeTisaTvis, romelsac isini eZieben, maT unda surdeT Tqveni sikvdilic.

am xalxis mimarT Tqvens sulSi unda iyos Surisgebis grZnoba, viTarca mamaTqvenis mkvlelTa mimarT, da grZnoba SeZrwunebisa im movaleobis winaSe, rac Tavs unda gedvaT.

ufro saSineli viTareba Zneli warmosadgenia, ufro saSineli imitom, rom warmoudgenelia borotebiT aRZruli amaze ufro Zlieri cduneba: `mamulis mtrebi, xalxis mtrebi, sazizRari lawirakebi, uRvTo pirutyvebi. Cemdami mondobil milionTa simSvidisa da cxovrebis damrRvevni, da mamaCemis mkvlelni. sxvanairad rogor unda moveqce maT, Tu ar gavwmindo ruseTis miwa-wyali im sibilwisagan, Tu ar gavWlito isini, viTarca sazizRari qvewarmavalni? amas iTxovs ara Cemi piradi grZnoba da arc Surisgeba mamis mkvlelobis gamo, amas moiTxovs Cemgan movaleoba, amas elis Cemgan mTeli ruseTi~.

swored am cdunebaSia Tqveni mdgomareobis mTeli saSineleba.vinc unda viyoT Cven, mefeebi Tu mwyemsebi, adamianebi varT, qristes moZRvrebiT

ganaTlebulni.me ar vamob Tqvens mefur movaleobaze.mefis movaleobaze win dgas adamianis movaleobani. es movaleobani unda iyos

mefis movaleobaTa safuZveli, unda erwymodes maT.RmerTi ar gkiTxavT Tqven, rogor asrulebT mefis movaleobas. igi mogkiTxavT

adamianis movaleobis Sesrulebas.Tqveni mdgomareoba saSinelia, magram swored imisaTvisaa saWiro qristes

moZRvreba, rom gvixelmZRvanelos im cdunebaTa wuTebSi, rac bedma gvarguna.

......vuwyi me, rom susti da uvargisi var aTasjer ufro advili cdunebebis dros, vidre Tqven

dagecaT Tavs; mivecemi xolme ara WeSmaritebasa da sikeTes, aramed swored cdunebas da rom Tavxedoba da sigiJea Cemgan, borotebiT aRsavse adamianisagan, mogTxovoT Tqven is Zala sulisa, romelsac ara aqvs magaliTi, mogTxovoT, rom Tqven,

rusma mefem, garemomcvelTa zemoqmedebis qveS myofma, mosiyvarule Svilma mamis mokvlis Semdeg apatioT mkvlelebs da borotebis nacvlad sikeTe miagoT.

magram ar SemiZlia ar visurvo es, ar ZalmiZs ar davinaxo, rom yvela Tqveni nabiji patiebisaken, aris nabiji sikeTisaken. yvela nabiji dasjisaken aris nabiji borotebisaken. amis ardanaxva ar SemiZlia.

......daxocviT, ganadgurebiT ver moereviT maT. ra mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobas,

mTavaria maTi azrebi. imisaTvis, rom maT warmatebiT ebrZoloT, unda ebrZoloT sulierad.

maTi idealia sazogado keTildReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba; maT rom warmatebiT ebrZoloT, iseTi ideali unda daupirispiroT, romelic maT idealze ufro maRali iqneba, moicavs maT ideals.

arsebobs mxolod erTi ideali, maT rom daupirispirdeba, romelic moicavs maT idealsac. esaa ideali siyvarulisa, Sendobisa da borotebis sanacvlod sikeTis migebisa.

mxolod erTi sityva patiebisa da qristianuli siyvarulisa, Tqmuli da Sesrulebuli taxtis simaRlidan, da qristianuli mefobis gza, romelsac Tqven unda daadgeT, mospobs borotebas, ruseTs rom xravs~.

werilma ar gasWra. imperatorma l. tolstois ar upasuxa. oRond sofio andrias asul tolstaias, mwerlis Tanamecxedres, aRuniSnavs: aleqsandre mesamem Tqvao _ Tavdasxma rom Cemze moewyoT, SevZlebdi maT Sewyalebas. magram ufleba ara maqvs, mamaCemis mkvlelebs vapatioo.

CamoxrCoba miusajes teroristebs _ sofio perovskaias, andria Jeliabovs, nikoloz kibalCiCs, timoTe mixailovs, nikoloz risakovs. gesia gelfmans, raki igi fexmZimed iyo, CamoxCroba Seucvales katorRiT. erTi wlis Semdeg igi cixeSi gardaicvala.

* * *

niko nikolaZe TbilisSi ki dabrunda, magram misi mdgomareoba sazogadoebrivadac da ojaxuradac mZime iyo. mas saqarTveloSi darCena ar SeeZlo. sadRac unda wasuliyo manam, sanam misi sasjeli gauqmdeboda, magram wasvlac ioli ar iyo. niko nikolaZisa da bogumila zemianskaias col-qmruli urTierToba daiZaba. nikos guls olRa guramiSvili daeufla.

olRa Tavad aleqsandre guramiSvilis asuli iyo. Soreuli naTesavi da naTluli meore olRa guramiSvilis, ilia WavWavaZis Tanamecxedrisa. aleqsandre guramiSvils mamuli avWalaSi hqonda. Tavad aleqsandres Sin jdoma uyvarda. advilad gareT ver gamoiyvandiT. Tbilisi raa, TbilisSi Camosvlac imdenad ezareboda, rom erTxel didZali fuli dakarga. Tbilisi-foTis rkinigza rom gahyavdaT, magistralma aleqsandre guramiSvilis mamuli Suaze gahyo. amis kompensaciad fuli misces, magram mis asaRebad TbilisSi ver Camoiyvanes. xan ras imizezebda da xan ras, am mokle manZilze mgzavroba rom ar moswevoda. ojaxSi gauTavebeli buzRunis miuxedavad, mainc ar Cavida TbilisSi. fulic dakarga. aseTi kaci, aba, rogor daTanxmdeboda Svilis, isic qalis, ucxoeTSi saswavleblad wasvlas? maSin niko daexmara olRas. olRa guramiSvili niko nikolaZis umcrosi dis, efrosine nikolaZis, pasportiT waiyvanes SveicariaSi. mas mere nikosa da olRas mimowera TiTqmis sicocxlis bolomde ar Sewyvetila. `Cveni mSoblebis mier mravali aTeuli wlis manZilze (1873-1927) warmoebul mimoweras xuTi amerikuli yuTi uWiravs. Svidi aTasze meti werilia daculi~, _ gvauwyebs n. nikolaZis asuli rusudani. am baraTebis Zalian mcire nawili gaacno mkiTxvelebs Jurnalistma ia mesxma wignSi _ «oишу теxе». udidesi da umravlesi raodenoba ki isev elis mkvlevarsa da gamomcemels.

SveicariaSi saswavleblad wasul ymawvil qalebs nikom gzad TurqeTi, saberZneTi, italia daaTvalierebina. qalebic moxibla da Tavadac moixibla maTiT. gansakuTrebiT orma miizida igi _ bogumila zemianskaiam da olRa guramiSvilma. mgzavrobidan erTi wlis gasvlis mere, niko miswers olRas _ Sen da botiam udidesi sikeTe miyaviT. orivem gamiaTkeceT Zala da imedi, STambereT ganaxlebis, Zalisa da energiis araCveulebrivi nakadi, gamaaxalgazrdaveT, gamaukeTeseT. amasTanave mxdali, mgrZnobiare da

frTxilic gamxadeT. erTi sityviT, damimorCileT da maiZuleT, Cemi miznis garda, Tqvenc SegiyvaroT. ra saSineleba iqneba, Tu Tqven, orive, mxarSi ar amomidgebiT erTgulad!..

Tu werilebiT miRebul STabeWdilebas davujerebT, Tavdapirvelad, nikos gulma olRasken gauwia. gamoutyda kidec Turme qals siyvarulSi Jenevis tbis pirad, Silionis turfa cixe-darbazis CrdilSi. maSin olRas uari uTqvams gaTxovebaze: saswavleblad wamoveli da ara qmris saSovnelado. im uars nikosa da olRas megobroba ar gaubzaravs. isini gamudmebiT swerdnen erTmaneTs baraTebs. Wirsa da lxins uziarebdnen urTierTs. am werilebs rom daakvirdebiT, aSkarad dainaxavT, rom olRas uari ymawvilqaluri keklucoba iyo. mas uyvarda niko, oRond eSinoda, Tavis Tavs gamostydomoda amaSi. qalis gulis iseT mcodnes, rogoric niko nikolaZe iyo, ki unda SeemCnia es. _ yovelTvis, roca marto var, zoologias an fizikas vizuTxav, asoebis magier, eSmakma uwyis, ra ar gaielvebs Cem Tvalwin... ramdeni ram aris gaugebari da auxsneli. amas uTuod nikos vkiTxav-meTqi, vfiqrob, _ swerda oliko nikos. am werilSi Cumad erTad yofnis natvra iyo gaparuli. zogjer eWvianobac iCenda Tavs. parizSi niko erT espanel qals daaxlovebia. amqveynad araferi imaleba da es ambavic SeutyviaT ciurixSi moswavle qarTvel qalebs. _ yoCaR! Seni espaneli rogor gyavs?.. uTuod momikiTxe, _ eWviani ironiiT swerda olRa nikos. erTxel nikom olRas baraTSi qalis gulis farTqali igrZno da Semparavad hkiTxa _ didxans gagrZeldeba Seni zneobrivi lokokinoba? rodis moikreb Zalas da ityvi: eSmakma dalaxvros, mindoda meTqva, rom... damijere, amisaTvis arc aravin dagsjis da arc aravin dagcinebs... amis pasuxad miiRo: xa... xa... xa!..

aSkaraa es xa... xa... xa... siyvarulis qaluri dasturi iyo, magram maSin amas nikom yuradReba ar miaqcia. igi im dros bogumilaTi iyo gatacebuli da sxvas veRar xedavda. ase rom ar yofiliyo, rogor SeeSleboda da miswerda olRas _ botias garda, amqveynad ar aris qali, romelsac Senebr vafasebde da miyvardes... miyvarxar rogorc axlo megobari, arc ki vici rogor. SeiZleba ara ise nazad, rogorc botia, magram, RmerTmani, arc ki SemiZlia gamovxato _ rogor Zlier miyvarxar.

aba, miTxariT, Tu dabneuli kaci ara, vin sTavazobs Seyvarebul qals siyvarulis magier megobrobas?

arc olRa iyo Tavis grZnobebSi mTlad garkveuli. mas botiac ecodeboda. maSin bogumilas niko TavdaviwyebiT uyvarda. aRarc swavla axsovda, aRarc sazogadoeba `uReli~ da aRarc is, risTvis iyo wamosuli ucxoeTSi. olRam ar icoda, rogor enugeSebina megobari. miamitad swerda nikos _ ra vuyo botias? sul mowyenilia. vcdilob gavarTo. xan Tojinas vuyidi, xan funTuSas. mainc araferi Svelis. Zala wamerTo. male Camodi, iqneb erTad movaxerxoT rame.

xani rom gamoxda, bogumila nikosTan wavida parizSi. isini daqorwindnen. TiTqos yvelaferi damTavrda. saqarTveloSic dabrundnen. nikosa da botias Svilebic SeeZinaT (jer vaJi, Semdeg qali, magram orive CvilobaSi gardaicvala, mesame _ Teliko _ mere frangs lui de kokes gahyva colad). magram olRa cxadad grZnobda, miuxedavad yovelive momxdarisa, misi siyvaruli ar neldeboda. piriqiT, kidev ufro Zlierdeboda. im Zalas aRwevda, roca Tavdaxsna aRar SeiZleba. roca yovelnair nabijs gadagadgmevinebs da imas Cagadeninebs, razec adre arc gifiqria, verc ki warmogidgenia. niko rom stavropolSi gadaasaxles, olRam dahkra fexi da Tbilisidan gaZevebuls ukan gahyva. es windauxedavi saqcieli maSinve Seityo mTelma Tbilisma. uzomod aRelvebuli bogumila muls, ekaterine nikolaZes, swerda:

«nечеjо от теxя скрывWть, что Áлико в JтWврополе, у nико. rы знWешь, hороjWя моя, мое терпение, мое Whское терпение. fто я переносилW зW этот jоh оhному bоjу известно, ты сWмW знWешь, что никоjhW ни оhно слово жWлоxы не вырывWлось у меня. nо всякому терпению есть преhел. cтW послеhняя история лишняя кWпля в переполненной чWше. w хотелW xежWть зW jрWницу. nWписWлW оx этом nико. Áн мне прислWл сумWсшеhшее письмо (я теxе еjо после покWжу), jоворит, что люxит меня xесконечно и просит потерпеть еще немноjо...»1

bogumila gansakuTrebiT guldawyvetili iyo imiTi, rom yvela Saraxvetias SeeZlo daemunaTebina _ «w поhлWя женщинW, если соjлWшусь жить с мужем при тWких оxстоятельствWх».2

bogumila xedavda, rom qmars veRar SeinarCunebda, magram, wyalwaRebuli xavss eWidebodao, da nikos mainc evedreboda:

«eороjой мой!

rри hня читWю и перечитывWю твое письмо при всяком уhоxном случWе... uеню теxя xесконечно. oомни меня и жWлей. oиши. kоjhW еhешь в kутWис? Áxоhрись. nе зWxывWй, что люxлю теxя xесконечно и что все хотят нWшей поjиxели. nе поhhWвWйся.»3

araferma uSvela. nikosa da bogumilas ojaxi mainc daiSala. im xanebSi nikos sxva saqmec hqonda mosagvarebeli. rogorme `obzoris~ saqmis

gamo dadebuli sasjelisaTvis Tavi unda daeRwia. Tu amas ver moaxerxebda, saqarTveloSi ar gaaCerebdnen da isev gaZeveba mouwevda. graf mixeil loris-meliqovis daxmarebiT niko nikolaZes stavropolSi gadasaxleba Seucvales da peterburgSi cxovrebis ufleba misces. igi peterburgSi gaemgzavra. olRa guramiSvilic Tan waiyvana. olRas imperiis sataxtoSi mTeli ojaxi gahyva _ deda qeTevan TumaniSvili, debi _ mariami da nino, Zma _ daviTi. metad uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda niko. jvardawerili coli TbilisSi datova. jvardauwereli peterburgSi axlda. nikom uwmindes sinods gancxadeba miarTva, gayris ufleba momeciTo. karga xnis gajanjlebis mere nikos gayris nebarTva misces. 1883 wlis zafxulSi niko da bogumila gaiyarnen.

1883 wlis 29 ivliss niko nikolaZem meored iqorwina, TbilisSi, qaSveTis eklesiaSi. nikos da olRas jvari dawera mRvdelma daviT WrelaSvilma. mejvareebi iyvnen, nikos mxriT _ kapitani giorgi gedevaniSvili da aznauri vasil gabaSvili, olRas mxriT _ aznauri giorgi wereTeli da tituliani mrCeveli raJden maRalaSvili.

olRasa da nikos sami Svili hyavdaT _ giorgi, Tamari da rusudani. maTi Rvawli da damsaxureba qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis zedmiwevniT cnobilia.

* * *

stavropolidan dabrunebuli niko nikolaZe jer kidev TbilisSi iyo, roca ucxo stumari ewvia. ucnobma Tavi kobozevad gaacno (cota xnis Semdeg niko Seityobs, rom yvelis vaWris kobozevis saxeliT cxovrobda da saqmianobda cnobili teroristi iuri bogdanoviCi). mandatic warudgina dasturad imisa, rom moqmedebda `narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis rwmunebiT. kobozevi saqmiani kaci Canda, enamravlobis moZule. nikos maSinve moaxsena, risTvisac iyo mosuli.

`narodnaia volias~ aRmasrulebel komitets gadawyvetili aqvso, daaarsos sazRvargareT partiis mudmivi organo. saerTo survilia, am organos redaqtori iyoTo Tqven. gamomcemloba da redaqcia iqneba Cinebulad mowyobili, SeuzRudavi saxsrebiT.

mudamJam gazeTsa da Jurnalze meocnebe kacisaTvis ufro macdunebeli winadadeba ra unda yofiliyo? magram nikom mainc uari Tqva SemoTavazebul Tanamdebobaze. uari Tqva rwmenis gamo.

`mas (`narodnaia volias~_ a. b.) sWirdeba lirikosi, romelsac swams gmirobis SemoqmedebiTi Zliereba, terorisa da brZanebebis saswaulebrivi Zala. me ki aseTi ara var. Cemi azriT, progresi damokidebulia mxolod xalxis Zalisa da Segnebis Tanamimdevrul aRmavlobaze~.

nikom da kobozevma karga xans idaves. orive Tavisaze idga da fexs ar icvlida. bolos nikom esec dasZina:

`ruseTis mTavroba, iseve rogorc bonapartis monarqia, romlis Targzec gamoWra igi speranskim, Sinaganad uZlevelia. misi damxoba mxolod iseTi gareSe mtris dartymebiTaa SesaZlebeli da aucilebeli, romlis winaSec igi uZluria, missave safuZvelSi mdebare Seurigebeli konfliqtis gamo kulturasa da progresTan~.

ra Tqma unda, kobozevi nikos ar daeTanxma. stumari TbilisSi kidev ramdenime dRes darCa. nikosTanac ramdenimejer Seiara.

cxared paeqrobdnen, magram Zvel sakiTxs aRar Sexebian. kobozevma nikos daxmarebac sTxova. qarTvelma narodnovolelma Tavadma aleqsandre ciciSvilma anderZiT partias qoneba dautova. kobozevs TamasuqiT unda aeRo naanderZevi qonebis fuladi Rirebuleba. niko daexmara am saqmeSi mas.

rusul social-revoluciur moZraobaSi bevri qarTveli da poloneli moRvaweobda da Zalian aqtiuradac. magram maT Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba iyo: Tu polonelebi ruseTis social-politikur gardaqmnasTan poloneTis erovnul aRorZinebas akavSirebdnen, qarTveli zemlevolelebi da narodnovolelebi saqarTvelos erovnul miswrafebebs aTvalwunebiT uyurebdnen. sasacilodac ar hyofnidaT. maT Soris iyo aleqsandre ciciSvilic.

kobozevi gulTbilad gamoeTxova nikos da Tbilisidan gaemgzavra. male niko nikolaZec wavida Tbilisidan peterburgs. iq rkinigzaSi daiwyo samsaxuri.

marTalia, es saqme gulze ar exata, magram lukma- puris saSovnelad saxsari xom undoda? ocnebac hqonda erTi: TbilisSi daxuruli `obzoris~ gamocema iqneb peterburgSi ganvaaxloo. araferi gamovida. uari uTxres.

erT dRes nikosTan kirile borozdinma Seiara. kirile borozdins niko nikolaZec da saerTod qarTveloba kargad icnobda. igi saqarTveloSi didxans namsaxuri kaci iyo. wignebica da narkvevebic hqonda dabeWdili, qarTuli yofisa da cxovrebis amsaxveli. iakob nikolaZis purmarilic xSirad ugemia. amitom nikos misi stumroba ar gahkvirvebia. gaaoca iman, rac borozdinma sxvaTa Soris Tqva saubarSi: `obzoris~ gamocemis ganaxlebaSi dagexmarebio. aman niko daafiqra. borozdini iseTi kaci gaxldaT, vinc uangariSod da uangarod arafers ityoda. risTvis sWirdeboda mas `obzoris~ ganaxleba? nikom jer ifiqra: SeiZleba berikacs uWirs. gazeTSi TanamSromlobiT oriode groSs iSovnis da Tavs Seinaxavs. miT ufro, rom borozdins kalami uWrida. es azri nikos imanac ganumtkica, rom gamoTxovebisas borozdini maspinZels fuls esesxa. Semoivlida ase drodadro, Camoagdebda gazeTze saubars, isesxebda fuls da wavidoda. bevrs sesxulobda, cotas abrunebda. cotac da nikos moTminebis Zafi gauwydeboda. SeiZleboda berikaci kinwiskvriT gaegdo. Tavi mainc Seikava, oRond damSvidobebisas es uTxra: TqvenTan urTierToba aRar msurso.

magram borozdinis mocileba ase advili ar iyo. nikom misgan mobodiSebis werili miiRo. iwereboda: TqvenTan sxva ufro didi saqme maqvs, vidre is, razec gelaparakebodiTo. nikom baraTs ar upasuxa, magram borozdini mainc ewvia. pirdapir saxlSi Seuvarda. aSkara iyo, am kacs sxva ufro didi saqme awuxebda, magram ver moexerxebina _ rogor eTqva. borozdini atyobda, mikibul-mokibuli maslaaTiT araferi gamodioda. saTqmeli pirdapir da gulaxdilad unda Tqmuliyo.

`Tqven SegeZloT win wagewiaT orive mxare; mTavroba _ daTmobisa da reformebisaken, xolo axalgazrdoba _ teroristuli moqmedebis uaryofisaken, Tu gaxdebodiT Suamavali mTavrobasa da revoluciur partias Soris~.

ai, Turme ra!.. borozdini mogzavnili yofila. magram visgan? vin idga mis ukan? Tavad imperatori xom ara?

nikom ar icoda, Torem xelisuflebaca da revolucionerebic Tanaxmani iyvnen molaparakebaze garkveuli pirobebiT. adre sxvebsac SesTavazes Suamavloba. kerZod, olga lÁubatoviCs. cixeSi, dakiTxvisas, palatis prokuroris amxanagma dobrJinskim olga lÁubatoviCs aseTi dialogi gaumarTa.

dobrJinski: miTxariT, ra pirobebiT Segvirigdeba revoluciuri partia da uars ityvis terorze? ar SeiZleba Cvens Soris mSvidobis Camogdeba Tundac mefis kurTxevamde?

olga: im pirobiT, Tu xalxs eqneba sityvisa da krebis Tavisufleba; im pirobiT, Tu gamocxaddeba yvela msjavrdadebulis amnistia. gafrTxilebT, amas vambob Cemi saxeliT da ara mTeli partiisa.

dobrJinski: miswereT werili xelmwifes da TqviT yvelaferi is, rasac axla ambobT.olga: ara, xelmwifes werils ar mivwer... me ara var Tavisufali. am mdgomareobaSi

myof adamians ar SeuZlia werili misweros mefes. igi ar micnobs me. SeiZleba man Cemi werili arasworad gaigos. es araviTar Sedegs ar mogvcems.

dobrJinski: cdebiT, Tqveni saxeli cnobilia xelmwifisaTvis... igi yuradRebiT moepyroba Tqvens werils.

ramdenime dRis mere imave winadadebiT mimarTa olgas saxelmwifo policiis departamentis direqtorma fon plevem.

fon pleve: me minda SemogTavazoT igive, rac girCiaT dobrJinskim. miswereT xelmwifes gulwrfeli werili, gamoTqviT Tqveni azri da grZnobani. xelmwifes uyvars xalxi. gamsWvalulia surviliT _ gaakeTos yovelive SesaZlebeli mis sakeTildReod.

olga: ara, Cems mdgomareobaSi myofi, me xelmwifes werils ar mivwer. pleves laparaki aRar gaugrZelebia. saubari sxva saganze gadaitana. molaparakebis

cda imxanad CaiSala. borozdins aRar daumalavs, visi saxeliT laparakobda. igi graf ilarion voroncov-

daSkovis, maSin karis ministris, mogzavnili aRmoCnda (ramdenime wlis mere voroncov-daSkovs TbilisSi gamogzavnian da kavkasiis mmarTvelobas daavaleben).

niko SeSfoTda. mzakvruli davalebis Sesrulebas sTxovdnen. borozdini amxnevebda: Tqven SexvdebiT grafs. moilaparakebT. mere uTuod xelmwifesTanac mogiwevT saubari. saxelis gatexis nu geSiniaT. revolucionerebi gendobian. marTalia, kobozevs uari uTxariT TanamSromlobaze, magram es maT ar swyeniaT. isini Tqvendami isev pativiscemis grZnobiT arian gamsWvaluli...

aq nikom yuris cqvita. saidan icis borozdinma _ TbilisSi raze ilaparakes? araferi iyo saeWvo: kirile borozdini saidumlo policiaSi msaxurobda. es niko nikolaZes kidev ufro met sifrTxiles da TavdaWerilobas avaldebulebda. vidre raime gadawyvetilebas miiRebda, aucilebeli iyo sando pirebis azri gaego.

nikoloz mixailovski, cnobili publicisti da Jurnal `oteCestvenie zapiskis~ erT-erTi lideri, gulmxurvaled umtkicebda nikos _ aucilebelia voroncov-daSkovTan Sexvedra. Suamavlobas daTanxmdi. revoluciuri partia amJamad dasustebulia. igi veRarafris gakeTebas SeZlebs. axla mTavaria Sesveneba. axali Zalis mokreba. mefesTan molaparakeba xsnaa saboloo ganadgurebisagan.

niko mainc yoymanobda. eSinoda, policiis intrigebSi ar gabmuliyo. arada, isic naTlad Canda, rom orive mxares guliT surda molaparakeba. bolos, niko mainc gatyda da daTanxmda, ekisra Suamavloba, oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT _ cixidan gaeTavisuflebiaT n. CerniSevski. sxva gasamrjelos SuamavlobisaTvis niko ar iTxovda. am droisaTvis n. CerniSevskis ukve gadatanili hqonda ori wlis cixe, cxrameti wlis katorRa da gadasaxleba. am pirobis dasturs nikos veravin miscemda, garda voroncov-daSkovisa. isic moTminebiT eloda karis ministrTan audiencias.

es dRec dadga. niko nikolaZe da grafi ilarion voroncov-daSkovi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen. TiTqmis ori saaTi ilaparaka nikom. grafi ilarioni daqanculi saxiT, magram gulisyuriT ugdebda yurs, uxmod da gaunZrevlad.

laparakobda niko:`mefe, romelsac gulwrfelad surs Tavisi xalxis bedniereba da Tavisi uzenaesi

mdgomareobis gamo ar SeuZlia hqondes raime sxva piradi an wvrilmani interesi, amJamad iZulebulia saxelmwifos mTavari Zala ruseTis im inteligenciis winaaRmdeg mimarTos, sxva araviTari interesi rom ar gaaCnia, garda imave xalxis bednierebisa. es tragikuli gaugebrobaa...

mTavrobis SemaSfoTebeli moZraoba arc xelovnuradaa gamowveuli da arc boroti ganzraxviTaa Cafiqrebuli. igi drois produqtia, im Warbi Zalis dagrovebis Sedegia, romelsac arasworad iyeneben axalgazrdebi, romelnic TavganwirviT miiswrafvian yovelgvari msxverplisa da namdvili sikvdilisaken ise, rom sruliadac ar fiqroben sakuTar didebaze da STamomavlobisaTvis xsovnis datovebazec ki (xom cnobilia, rom zogi maTgani mokvda da Tavisi vinaobac ki ar gaamxila), sulac ar arian borotmoqmedni TavianTi bunebiT. gonier mefes aseTi elementebisagan SeiZleboda Seeqmna gmirTa iseTi legionebi, didebiT rom aavsebdnen saxelmwifos. codvaa, fuWad rom daiRupon aseTi Zalebi da xasiaTebi. isini unda SeviswavloT, movizidoT da mivmarToT ara borotebisaken, aramed samSoblos keTildReobisaken.

......gana arsebobs iseTi qveyana, sadac TiTqmis mTeli inteligenciis gonebaze

zemoqmedeben da batonoben metismetad gonebaSezRuduli da naklebganviTarebuli adamianebi, rogoric arian bakunini da neCaevi? aseTi adamianebi, cxadia, yvela qveyanaSi ibadebian, magram mudam erTeulebad rCebian da mxolod ramdenime aTeul maxlobel yeyeCze axdenen gavlenas. axalgazrdobis liangze ki aseTi xalxi zegavlenas moaxdens mxolod im qveyanaSi, romelic sruliad gasresilia politikuri cxovrebisagan, sadac saerTod warmoudgenelic kia gonebaTa urTierTzemoqmedeba, daTrgunvili da ugulebelyofilia azrTa gacvla-gamocvla, batonobs TavaSvebuli devna, romlis drosac Tavi SeiZleba gamoiCino ara gonierebiT, aramed yviriliT, ara codniT, aramed SfoTiT, ara TanamimdevrobiT, aramed usaqcielobiT, baqibuqiT, ayalmayaliT.

......

axlandeli ruseTi ukve aRaraa is, rac iyo ekaterine meorisa da nikoloz pirvelis dros. SexedeT, rogori gardaqmnebi Seitanes mis cxovrebasa da mdgomareobaSi mrewvelobam, rkinigzam, beWdvam da TviTmmarTvelobam. moigoneT, raoden garTulda ara marto xalxis cxovreba, aramed TviT saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis funqcia. batonymuri periodis erTferovani, naklebad rTuli cxovrebis wyoba, romlisTvisac gamosadegi da sakmarisic ki iyo mmarTvelobis biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri sistema, Seicvala. igi mravalmxriv araCveulebrivad momTxovni samrewvelo epoqis mravalferovan interesebsa da daxlarTul urTierTobebs badebs. Cven, Cvens kancelariasa da administracias, romelic yazarmebsa da departamentebSi aRizarda, misi marTvisaTvis Rone aRar Segvwevs. Tu batonymuri ruseTis nawarmis gadatanisaTvis sakmarisi iyo xar-kameCi, Tanamedrove ruseTis nawarmis gatanas xomaldebi da rkinigzebi sWirdeba, uromlisodac is ver SeZlebda arsebobisaTvis brZolas. Cveni ubedureba isaa, rom mTavrobis Sinagani, gonebrivi da SemoqmedebiTi Zala, romelic valdebuli iyo emarTa ruseTi, izrdeboda da viTardeboda Cveni sazogadoebis gonebrivi Zalebis araproporciulad: am ukanasknelma gadaaswro Tavis mTavrobas, avida mis doneze maRla da imaze meti icis, rac saSualod Cvenma administratorma, romelic kancelariis mamapapeuli mimarTvebisa da cnobebis formularebs mieyina. ai, ra aiZulebs mTavrobas, dayaros iaraRi saxalxo organizmis bunebrivi zrdis winaSe. ai, ra daakanonebs CvenSi konstitucias sul axlo momavalSi, Cveni revolucionerebis gavlenis gareSec ki da maSinac ki, sul rom ar arsebobdnen isini. am momentisagan Sors dgoma SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod mTavrobis azrovnebis donis amaRlebiT, misi gonebrivi da zneobrivi gaZlierebiT, romlis erTaderTi saSualeba gaxlavT, cxadia, ruseTis saukeTeso ZalTa mozidva mTavrobaSi. mTavrobis sferoSi saukeTeso sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa, mecnierTa da mrewvelTa Seyvana, romelTac saxeli da ndoba daimsaxures ruseTis sazogadoebaSi.

......mTavrobas, romelsac ar eSinia _ vaiTu vinmes damTmobad moveCvenoo, _ SeuZlia

miiRos zomebi im mwvave Wrilobebis gansakurnavad, romlebic adrindeli gaugebrobis Sedegia da SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon jer kidev arsebul siZneleebze. mas SeuZlia isargeblos momavali koronaciiT da wminda patiebis yovelmxrivi, TiTqmis ganusazRvreli gamoyenebiT gaaqarvos aTasobiT rusis ojaxis tanjva. Tu igi sazogadoebas Tavisi rwmenis gamoTqmis saSualebas, krebebisa da beWdvis Tavisuflebas mianiWebda, kanonieri sazRvrebis farglebSi, maSin Zirfesvianad amoifxvreboda teroristuli gamosvlebis mizezebi~.

sulganabuli usmenda voroncov-daSkovi nikos orsaaTian sityvas. mxolod erTxel SeiSmuSna da replika isrola. roca nikom Tqva _ `ar arsebobs araviTari principuli dabrkoleba am socialuri moZRvrebis sruli da gulwrfeli SerwymisaTvis TviTmpyrobelobasTan~, _ maSin grafma ilarionma wamoiZaxa _ `diax, bismarkmac gamoTqva is azri, rom Tu ruseTis mTavroba SeZlebs socialistTa Semweobis mizidvas da socializmis gzas daadgeba, misi mmarTveloba uZlevelze uZleveli Seiqmneba evropis yvela mmarTvelobaTa Soris~.

(Tu bismarkma es marTla Tqva, maSin mas winaswarmetyvelis niWi hqonia. ruseTis istoriam daadastura bismarkis simarTle. stalinma mtkiced SeaerTa monarqia da socializmi, riTac uZleveli xelisufleba Seqmna).

roca niko laparakobda, SeamCnia, rom mezobel oTaxSi gamaval karSi farda ucnaurad irxeoda. mere borozdinma uTxra: im oTaxSi Tavad imperatori imyofeboda da Tqvens saubars usmendao. kacma ar icis, marTals ambobda borozdini Tu cruobda.

voroncov-daSkovi niko nikolaZes CerniSevskis ganTavisuflebasac Sehpirda.saqme rom keTilad daesrulebinaT, aucilebeli iyo n. nikolaZis sazRvargareT wasvla da

`narodnaia volias~ xelmZRvanelebTan Sexvedra. n. mixailovskim nikos sarekomendacio werilebi gaatana da isic ucxoeTSi gaemgzavra. niko jer JenevaSi da mere parizSi Sexvda lev tixomirovs. tixomirovi nikos motexili da daZabunebuli eCvena. nikos STabeWdileba cru ar gamodga. mogvianebiT tixomirovma ruseTis xelisuflebas Serigeba sTxova da ojaxiTurT samSobloSi dabrunda. man mSvidobian cxovrebas mihyo xeli. olga lÁubatoviCma gadasaxlebaSi Seityo tixomirovis dabruneba da amoigmina _ «w

знWлW, что он hWвно молчWливо носил нрWвственную смерть в своей hуше».1 yofili megobari da meTauri ki ase gamoitira: `ufro mware xvedri, vidre tixomirovis xvedria, Zneli mosagonebelia~.

magram Jenevasa da parizSi jer kidev Tavkacobda tixomirovi. man ruseTis social-revoluciuri partiis kongresis saxeliT nikos is moTxovnilebani gadasca, rac aleqsandre mesamis mTavrobas unda daekmayofilebina.

`Tu mTavroba nebas darTavs ruseTis sazogadoebaSi socialur SexedulebaTa propagandas, Tundac iseTi mcire doziTa da viwro CarCoebiT, rogorc es dRevandel germaniaSia nebadarTuli, Tu, garda amisa, amnistias da erTgvar Tavisuflebas mianiWebs inteligenciis sazogadoebriv moqmedebas (beWdvas, erobas da a. S.), maSin revoluciuri partia valdebuli iqneba Sewyvitos teroristuli moqmedeba da gauqmdes kidec, rogorc mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego partia. kidev ufro metic, Tu mTavroba moisurvebs xeli mohkidos socialuri reformebis gatarebasa da ganxorcielebas, xalxis agraruli da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, dasaxelebuli partia mTeli suliTa da guliT gahyveba mas, mTeli Tavisi saxsrebiT, Tavisi wevrebis mTeli energiiT Seecdeba daexmaros mTavrobas aseTi miznebis saukeTesod ganxorcielebaSi~.

nikom es winadadebani peterburgSi Camoitana, magram ruseTSi yvelaferi Secvlili daxvda.

nikoloz mixailovski da nikoloz SCelgunovi viborgSi gadaesaxlebinaT. grafi voroncov-daSkovis saqme samefo karze cudad wasuliyo. igi graf dimitri tolstois

daemarcxebia da misi adgilic daeWira.Tavad niko borozdins policiaSi daesmina da misi bedi bewvze ekida. borozdinis

dabezRebis mixedviT, niko nikolaZe sazRvargareTidan axali revoluciuri davalebiT brundeboda. igi unda dakavSireboda ruseTSi myof teroristebs da brZola Tavidan gaeCaRebinaT. niko SuvalovTan saubarSi Tavs icavda. cdilobda daerwmunebina grafi, rac borozdinis hонос-Si ewera, tyuili iyo.

Suvalovs niko SedarebiT iolad gadaurCa. ufro Zneli gamodga policiis departamentis direqtorTan, viaCeslav fon plevesTan saubari (am Tanamdebobaze fon pleve nikos keTilismyofelma mixeil loris-meliqovma daniSna). pleves arc borozdinis dasmenis sjeroda bolomde da arc nikosi. daayvedra kidec nikos _ borozdinis rom mjerodes, axla cixeSi iqnebodio. isic daayola _ Tavs mama abramis batknad nu momaCveneb, kargad vici _ ra vaJbatonic brZandebio.

niko daWeras gadarCa, magram fon plevem mas policiis mkacri meTvalyureoba dauniSna. aTi wlis mere, 1894 wels, roca n. nikolaZes foTis qalaqis Tavad irCevdnen, am meTvalyureobam kinaRam Tanamdeboba daakargvina. maSin darilis mosaxsnelad aucilebeli gaxda Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis Tavadaznaurobisa da kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlis Seremetievis gamosarCleba.

1883 wels imperatorma aleqsandre mesamem manifestiT TviTmpyrobelobis uryeoba gamoacxada. revoluciuri moZraoba droebiT miyuCda. magram niko nikolaZes dapireba mainc Seusrules: CerniSevski gaaTavisufles. gaxarebulma n. nikolaZem am faqts sagangebo werili uZRvna _ `n. g. CerniSevskis ganTavisufleba~. imJamad es statia ar dabeWdila. cenzuram akrZala. pirvelad 1945 wels gamoqveynda `saistorio moambis~ pirvel tomSi.

`CerniSevski gaqra da, miuxedavad amisa, moZraoba mainc grZeldeboda. Tanac aranaklebi siZlieriT, vidre mis dros. aqedan morali: calkeuli pirovnebebis zemoqmedebas, raoden upirveles rolsac unda asrulebdnen isini TavianTi epoqis gonebriv cxovrebaSi, mcireodeni mniSvnelobac ki ara aqvs sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi. momiteveT, geTayva, rom amdeni qaRaldi avaWrele, raTa aseTi anbanuri WeSmaritebis moralamde mivsuliyavi, romelic didi xania naTelia moazrovne adamianisaTvis. magram, garda moazrovne adamianebisa, arian kidev saqmiani adamianebic, romelTac azrovnebisaTvis ar scaliaT~.

literaturuli kritikosi

akaki wereTeli pawia mogonebaSi, niko nikolaZes rom uZRvna, ambobs, `imas yvelaferSi pirveloba undoda. rasakvirvelia, poeziaSic, radganac kritikosobas Cemulobda, pirveloba undoda~.

ase iyo: me-19 saukuneSi _ kritika sityvakazmuli mwerlobis meTaurad iTvleboda. amitom uCiodnen kritikis uqonlobas da kritikoss natrulobdnen.

`Cveni exlandeli literatura araferSi ara grZnobs iseTs naklovanebas, rogorc kritikaSi. ra gvari mweralic gnebavT, monaxavT CvenSi: moTxrobisa da romanebis mwerlebi, meleqseebi da poetebi, dramaturgebi da ubralo scenebis mwerlebi da sxva yovelgvari mwerlebi arian, magram kritikosi ki, rigiani kritikosi jerjerobiT arc erTi ar moipoveba, aravin ar gamoCenila. es movlena Zlier samwuxaro movlenaa miT ufro, rom Cvens literaturas exla, mgoni ise araferi da aravin ar eWirveba, rogorc xeiriani kritikosi. rogorc mefe riCardi hyviris gaWirvebis dros: `cxeni! cxeni! naxevar samefos mivcem, vinc erT cxens miSovniso!~ ise srulis safuZvliT Cvenc SegviZlia daviyviroT: `kritikosi! kritikosi! naxevar mwerlobas mivcemT, vinc erTs kargs kritikoss gvipovis!~ _ gamoTqvamda saerTo wuxils sergei mesxi (`Txzulebani~, t. 1, 1962 w., gv. 332).

magram ase mwerloba fiqrobda da ara publikumi.kritikosis kalami metad mZime iyo yvela droSi da yvela qveyanaSi. miT umetes,

saqarTveloSi, sadac xalxi kritikul azrovnebas SeCveuli ar yofila. zogjer n. nikolaZe sazogadoebas ironiulad afrTxilebda: `nu geSinia, mkiTxvelo, am statias, Tumca kritika hqvia, magram Sig arc lanZRva-gineba iqneba, arc muSti-krivi, arc visme naklovanebis gamoCxreka~. amgvari gafrTxileba usafuZvlo ar yofila. araTu maSin, dResac kritikuli mwerloba visime ganadgureba-dasamarebis iaraRi hgoniaT da ara gansja, sja-baasi, risi meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia, cotad Tu bevrad WeSmaritebas mivuaxlovdeT.

niko nikolaZe axalgazrda iyo, 27 wlisa, `dikkensi da tekkere~ rom gamoaqveyna. werils saganmanaTleblo daniSnuleba hqonda. n. nikolaZe qarTvel mkiTxvels uyveboda, _ orive mwerali inglisis yofa-cxovrebis mankierebas amxels, dascinis, mkiTxvelsac gulianad acinebs da am xerxiT uRviZebso sazogadoebas ubeduris, Raribis, gaWirvebulis, dacemulis Sewynarebis, Tanalmobis, daxmarebis maRal grZnobas.

igi statias asrulebda sityvebiT:`rogor gaukvirdeba Cvens mkiTxvels, roca Seityobs, rom inglisis maRal sazogadoebis

gamaupatiurebeli, masxraT amgdebi, talaxSi gamsvreli mwerali tekkere inglisis xalxma, sazogadoebam da dedofalma imave vestmistris taZarSi damarxa, sadac uaRresi pativiscemis niSnaT damarxuli arian inglisis upirvelesi gmirebic. exla tekkere da dikkensi erTaTa wvanan, inglisis damamSvenebel da gamZlierebel meTaurT gverdiT. aqedan Cveni mkiTxveli unda mixvdes, rom ganaTlebul qveynebSi, gonieri xalxi Tavis damrigebel da znis gamsworebels ki ar sdevnis da Seuracxyofs, _ Tavis upirveles gmirebis tolaT mainc afasebs, metaT Tu ara~.

niko nikolaZes undoda, rom saqarTveloSi kritikuli azrovnebisadmi iseTive damokidebuleba yofiliyo, rogorc evropaSi arsebobda. magram amas xangrZlivi istoriuli tradicia sWirdeboda, rac saqarTvelos ar gaaCnda. es ki qarTveli xalxis mZime da tragikuli warsulis Sedegi iyo.

`Cveni xalxic Rirsia, rom goneba ganuviTaroT, azris muSaobas SevaCvioT, sakuTaris xeliT SevawmendinoT misi wylulebi, sakuTari SromiT gavamarTvinoT samarTliani ganwyobileba, sakuTari muxliT siaruli davawyebinoT da yvela amas, xom, marto pirdapiri, yvelasaTvis aSkara TvalsaCino Sroma moitans... maS tirilsa da godebas Tavi davaneboT. daviviwyoT uxeiro oinebi, nuRar vikadrebT im glaxur cremlis Cvenebas, romelsac amodena xania miscemia Cveni mwerloba!~

orive cneba _ mwerlobac da kritikac _ n. nikolaZes Zalian farTo mniSvnelobiT esmoda. mas mwerlad miaCnda yvela, vinc kalmiT emsaxureboda xalxsa da qveyanas. aseve yvela kritikosi iyo, vinc ki yofierebis mankierebas ebrZoda. magram, ra Tqma unda, es cnebebi mis SemoqmedebaSi arsebobs viwro mniSvnelobiTac, rogorc sityvieri xelovnebis dargebis gamomxatveli.

`erTi nawili beletristika (moTxrobebi, komediebi, romanebi da sxv.) xatavs xalxis mdgomareobas. meore _ ekonomiuri da politikuri mwerloba ikvlevs mis moTxovnilebas, mesame _ filosofia arCevs misi azris moZraobas da sxv. am nawilebs Sua adgili upovia erT gansakuTrebul vrcel nawils _ kritikas, romelic Tvals adevnebs danarCeni nawilebis

moqmedebas da moZraobas, niSnavs maT xasiaTs, hkrebs maTi naSromis yvavilebs, afasebs maT mniSvnelobas da ardgens saboloo sjas, gadawyvetilebas am sazogado Sromaze da moqmedebaze. ~

misi rwmeniT, mwerlobis Tvali unda miswvdomoda xorcieli Tu sulieri yofierebis yvela kuTxe-kunWuls, Caexeda Sig, amoecno yvela saidumlo, aRewera da mkiTxvelis samsjavroze gamoetana. amis Tqmaa advili, Torem gakeTeba metad Znelia.

`sazogadoebis da xalxis cxovrebis gamoxatva xumroba saqme ar aris. es cxovreba ise vrcelia, imas imodena SeuniSnavi mxare da Rrma safuZveli aqvs, rom misi dakvirveba, erTbaSaT danaxva da awera Zlier iSviaTi gonebisTvisaa SesaZlebeli. am saqmes geniosebis tvini da Sroma sWiria, iseTebis, rogorc dante, servantesi, svifti, molieri, gote da gogoli. sazogadoT ki mwerlebi sxva da sxva kerZo mxares iReben cxovrebisas da cal-calke xataven am kerZo mxares, Tavisi sakuTari mxedvelobiT. zogi xatavs kacis guls da grZnobas siyvarulSi, zogi amave guls da grZnobas SeZenaSi, zogi Suris Zalas kacis xasiaTSi, zogi siRaribis gavlenas kacis cxovrebaze, zogi iRebs romelime sazogadoebas an sazogadoebis nawils da swers imis cxovrebas da znes, zogi ras da zogi ras~.

raki uTvalavferiani sinamdvilis mTlianad aRqma-asaxva SeuZlebelia, bunebrivad dgeba arCevis problema. imis naTelsayofad, Tu ras gulisxmobda arCevanSi, magaliTi mohyavda.

ymawvilkacs maswavlebelma sicocxle gaumwara. umizezod da usabuTod devnis, sjis, awamebs. ymawvils mobezrda swavla. SesZulda igi. xedavs, rom misi mecadineobiT araferi gamova. siamovnebiTa da sixaruliT daanebebs skolas Tavs, magram am azrisa eSinia. maSin rogorRa icxovros momavalSi, riT irCinos Tavi, riT Seinaxos ojaxi? mdgomareoba gamouvlad moeCvena. gza xsnisa rom ver dainaxa, sasowarkveTilma Tavi CamoixrCo.

es erTi SemTxveva. meorec.ymawvili mTeli dRe TamaSobda. daiRala. daiqanca. sicxemac Seawuxa. Sin Sevarda.

wyali unda dalios. magidaze Saqaric dainaxa. WiqaSi Caagdo da wyurvili moikla. Turme Saqari Tagvisa yofila. biWi moiwamla. gul-RviZli daewva da mokvda.

orive tragikuli SemTxvevaa, magram pirveli socialuri ukuRmarTobis msxverpls gvixatavs, meore _ SemTxveviTobis, moulodnelobis. mwerals orives aRwera SeuZlia. magram romelia ufro mniSvnelovani, arsebiTi? niko nikolaZis sityviT, pirveli, raki masSi sazogadoebrivi movlenis _ skolis _ mankiereba ixateba.

`yoveli sagani miT ufro SesaniSnavi da yuradRebis Rirsia, rac ufro meti sazogado mniSvneloba aqvs imas cxovrebaSi. magieraT, rac ufro naklebi sazogado mniSvneloba aqvs romelsame sagans, miT naklebi yuradRebis Rirsia is. maSasadame, saliteraturo SromaSi yovel sagans imodena yuradReba unda hqondes miqceuli da sworeT is adgili unda ekavos, rogoric eRirseba sagans Tavis sazogado an kerZo xasiaTiT~.

`mwerlis Zala da simaRle marto mxatvrobis sinamdvileSi ki ara, sagnis arCevanSi gamoCndeba~.

amrigad, masalis arCevis problemas n. nikolaZis esTetikaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

uyuradRebod ar unda dagvrCes mkiTxvelis ganaTlebulobis donec. ganaTlebulobis Sesabamisad adamians movlenaTa da saganTa mimarT sxvadasxva damokidebuleba aqvs. amis dasadastureblad isev magaliTs mimarTavda.

gaunaTlebel kacs, romelsac arasodes unaxavs wumwuma (asanTi), aCveneT igi. SeamCnevs da daakvirdeba mxolod garegnul mxares. pawia, wiTeli kolofia. zed dakruli aqvs yviTeli qaRaldi. am kolofis Tavi da bolo Savia. Sig ki pawawina Cxirebi awyvia. maT Tavebi nairferad aqvT SeRebili: zogs _ wiTlad, zogs _ mwvaned, zogs _ mixakisfrad. es garegnuli mxare iqneb gaunaTlebel kacs Zalianac moewonos, magram wumwumis umTavres daniSnulebas _ cecxlis anTeba SeuZlia, _ ver mixvdeba. ganaTlebuli, mcodne adamiani ki asanTs swored imitom afasebs, rom misi meoxebiT, cecxlis danTebaa SesaZlebeli.

aseve SeiZleba mouvides gaunaTlebel, umecar adamians mxatvruli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas. ver SeamCnios, ver dainaxos is, risTvisac es Txzuleba daiwera.

mwerlisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobaSi n. nikolaZisaTvis ganaTlebuloba gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo. sazogadoebis Sesabamisi esTetikuri aRzrda-ganaTlebac aucileblad miaCnda. sxvagvarad mxatvruli nawarmoebi zemoqmedebis Zalas kargavda. umecari mkiTxvelisaTvis fuWad ikargeboda. n. nikolaZis sityviT, ase daemarTa grigol orbelians.

grigol orbelianis poetur niWsa da mwerlur saqmianobas igi didad afasebda, magram Tavadve svamda kiTxvas _ ratom ver moaxdina gavlena misma poeziam Cvens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze? amis pasuxad ambobda:

`...misi grZnobis Zala, misi gulis simxurvale, romelic sxva ganwyobilebaSi rom yofiliyo, sxva sazogadoebaSi rom gamosuliyo, ufro maRal da patiosan sagans amoirCevda, ufro sasargeblo da gonier mizans gamoadgeboda, _ ileva nel-nela, wveT-wveTad pawia sagnebis da pawia survilebis dakmayofilebaSi~.

ganaTlebuloba marto mkiTxvelisTvis ar iyo aucilebeli. igi mwerals aranakleb sWirdeboda, Sromismoyvareobasa da nebisyofasTan erTad.

mas akaki wereTeli bevrad ufro niWier mwerlad miaCnda, vidre ilia WavWavaZe. `akaki wereTeli am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT namdvili da WeSmariti poetia. es cotaa:

is erTaT-erTi mgosania ukanaskneli saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel moleqseTa Soris. amas im mniSvnelobiT vambob, rom maT Soris mxolod akaki wereTels aqvs bunebidan momadlebuli is specialuri niWi, romelic poetebs qmnis~.

* * *

`rogorc poets, Tavad ilia WavWavaZes Tavad akaki wereTlis niWis namcecic ki ar moepoveba. misi leqsebi naxelovnebia, mZime, aramxatvruli da bevri ofliTa da ritorikiT gaJRenTili. isini ara Tu TavisiT, bunebrivaT ar ebeWdebian mkiTxvelis xsovnas da SeuwyvetlaT ar gaismian yurSi, ginda Tu ar ginda maTi damaxsovreba mainc, aramed maSinac ki ar rCebian xsovnaSi, roca mowafesaviT sagangeboT izepireb maT~.

niko nikolaZis azriT, niWierebisda mixedviT, qarTul mwerlobaSi akaki wereTels unda Seesrulebina is roli, rac rusul literaturaSi puSkinma iTamaSa. magram ase ar moxda. qarTuli mwerlobis ganaxlebis saqme iliam iTava da gaakeTa kidec es. riT SeiZleboda agvexsna es?

`erTi, _ SedarebiT naklebad dajildoebuli bunebisagan, yovelTvis SeusveneblaT avarjiSebda mTel Tavis Zal-Rones, rom Tavisi niWisaTvis mieca mTeli is ganviTareba da Zliereba, romelic misawvdomi iqneboda misTvis. nebis, Seuryeveli xasiaTisa da cxovrebis miznebis mpyrobeli, _ is ar SeuSinda Sromas, am ukanasknelis mTel simZimesa da uferulobas. is swavlobda, kiTxulobda sxva mwerlebs, ikvlevda cxovrebis sakiTxebs _ da Tavisi gonebrivi ganviTarebiT mis Tanamedrove ganaTlebul pirebs gauTanasworda...

...miaRwia imitom, rom Tavis TanamemamuleTa Soris is iyo TiTqmis erTaderTi moRvawe nebiT, Seuryeveli xasiaTiT da Sromis moyvareobiT dajildoebuli.

meorem ki, WeSmarit da gamorCeul poetaT dabadebulma, sruliaT ar daatana Tavs Zala, Tavisi Seudarebeli poeturi niWi ar aRWurva misi ganmavlobis yvela aucilebeli elementiT da amitomac, igi veRar gascilda Tavisi SiSveli bunebis pirvel yofil siwmindesa da ubraloebas...

...zarmacma monam, man miwaSi dafla RvTis mier boZebuli mZle iaraRi _ da misi xalxis literaturam ver isargebla misi moRvaweobidan yvelaferi imiT, ris mocemac SeeZlo am bumberaz talants, `Tvisi Tavis TviTonve Semmusvrels da mters~, talants, romelsac sakmarisi iyo mxolod xeli gaenZria, eSroma, rom geniosobamdi gazrdiliyo~.

niWiereba, ganaTlebuloba, Sromismoyvareoba, nebisyofa, iseTi Tvisebebia, uromlisodac Rirebuli, mniSvnelovani, mxatvruli nawarmoebi ar Seiqmneba. uromlisodac mwerali Tanamedroveebze zegavlenas ver moaxdens. verc STamomavlobas dautovebs imas, rac samudamod daimkvidrebs adgils eris sulier cxovrebaSi. oTxive Tvisebas adamiani erTad unda flobdes, Torem cal-calke, TiToeuli maTgani, ukmarisia. am TvisebebiT aRWurvili SemoqmedisaTvis saqarTvelo moumkali yana iyo, sadac mwerals uxvi mosavali eloda.

`Cveni qveyana savsea aTasnairi mravalferovan da maRal Rirs sagnebiT, suraTebiT, xasiaTebiT, tipebiT. visTvisac RmerTs dakvirvebis da gamosaxvis niWi uwyalobebia, imas win farTod gaSlili aqvs didebis bednieri gza: xatos iman piruTvnelad da swored, rac ucnobi da SesamCnevi Sexvdes win. vinc swored moaxerxebs am axal da ucnob xasiaTebis gadmoRebas bunebidan mwerlobaSi, vinc `Seqmnis~ am xasiaTebidan literaturul tipebs, is advilad daimsaxurebs xeirian saxels araTu marto CvenSi, TviT msoflio mwerlobaSic~.

tipis Seqmnas n. nikolaZe gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas da mniSvnelobas aniWebda. tipi ara marto xasiaTi iyo, ara marto saxe, aramed sruliad garkveuli movlena da garkveuli ideac. mweralsac, romelsac xasiaTisa da saxidan ar SeeZlo tipis, anu ganzogadebuli movlena-ideis Seqmna, mas niWier mwerlad ar miaCnda. igi gamokveTil tipad miiCnevda luarsab TaTqariZes da amitom gansakuTrebulad moswonda `kacia-adamiani?!~ am moTxrobas xSirad axsenebda rogorc beletristikis nimuSs, etalons. `glaxis naambobs~ ki iwunebda swored imitom, rom masSi tipi ar iyo Seqmnil-daxatuli. rogorc tipi, niko nikolaZis aRtacebas iwvevda agreTve giorgi wereTlis kudabzika.

`iman (prozaikosma _ a. b.) daaxlovebiT unda gaicnos is xalxi, is mxare, is wre, romlis gamosaxvasac apirebs, unda aixsnas maTi xasiaTi, Rrmad Seignos maTi cxovreba da mere dasaxatad iseTi piri unda airCios, romelSic yvelaze ufro cxadad mosCans es xasiaTi, cxovreba da survili. amgvari piri kidec rom ver naxos cxovrebaSi mweralma, mas SeuZlia, misi suraTi SeTxzos (xazgasmulia n. nikolaZis mier _ a. b.), bevri sxvadasxva kacis TvisebaTa gamokrebiT da erTad SexamebiT. amas hqvia tipi. Cveni qveynis da eris cxovreba jer TiTqmis sruliad ucnobia CvenTvis, amitom rom, rac Cvens xalxSi sxvadasxvaniari xasiaTis kaci trialebs da moqmedebs, vin mosTvlis da Cvens mwerlobaSi ki am xasiaTebidan aTiodec ar iqneba jer gamoxatuli~.

marTalia, saqarTvelos erTi cicqna teritoria uWiravs, magram xasiaTebis, zne-Cveulebebis, midrekilebaTa mravalferovnebiT, mas Znelad Tu Seedreba romelime sxva qveyana. amas n. nikolaZe Cveni warsuliT xsnida, Cveni bunebrivi mdebareobiT ganmartavda.

`CvenSi TviToeuli xeoba Tavisi gancalkevebuli, mitovebuli cxovrebiT atarebda Tavis sicocxles, mTeli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amis gamo zemomxrelis xasiaTi vakelisas ar Camogavs da zRvispirelisa _ mTiulisas. zogi am bunebis wyalobiT, zogi sxva istoriuli mizezebiT, CvenSi arasodes xangrZlivad ar damyarebula namdvili da Zlieri saerTo mTavroba, romelsac SesZleboda gaewvrTna, SeeerTebina, Seeferebina da sazogado miznisaken waremarTa amodena dacal-calkevebuli xalxi. amis gamo TviTeuli qarTveli uwin ufro Tavis imediT iyo, vinem mTavrobisa; rogorc adamiani, ise TviTeuli sofeli an xeoba, an samTavro, cal-calke cdilobda Tavisi qoneba da viTareba ramenairad daecva. ai, am garemoebam dabada CvenSi metis meti mravalferovaneba xasiaTebisa, znisa, midrekilebebisa, Cveulebebisa da TviT enisac, asre gasinjeT. yvelaferi es unda Seiswavlos mwerlobam, Tu gvinda, rom CvenSi mkvidri da saxeiro Zmoba da erToba daarsdes, am mravalfrobis gonieri da rigiani SeTanxmebiT an SexamebiT...~

ruseTis xelisuflebis damkvidrebam saqarTveloSi, marTalia, Cveni qveyana teritoriulad gaaerTiana, magram amas ar mohyolia umTavresi _ Cveni erovnuli cnobierebis gamTlianeba. Cveni erovnuli cnobiereba iseve darCa daSlili, rogorc adre iyo. SeiZleba ufro metadac, radgan ruseTis mTavroba yovelnairad uSlida xels mis gamTlianebas. yvela dampyrobeli qveynisaTvis erovnulcnobierebadaSlili qveyana ufro sasurvelia, vidre erTiani erovnuli cnobierebis mqone. daSlilobis viTarebaSi dampyrobeli gacilebiT iolad da martivad atarebs koloniur politikas. garda amisa, im qveyanas, im xalxs, visac daSlili aqvs erovnuli cnobiereba, aRar gaaCnia arc erovnuli siamaye da arc Tavmoyvareoba.

n. nikolaZe wuxda:`dacemul da davardnil sazogadoebaSi suliT davardnili kacis guli da xasiaTi araTu

mamulisaTvis sikvdils, maxlobelisaTvis risime Sewirvasac iviwyebs. imas goneba, Sexeduleba da grZnoba umcirdeba. mTeli mamulis didebis magieraT, imas jer Tavisi kerZo mazris da bolos sakuTari saxlis dideba ki ara, sargebloba Seeqmneba RmerTad. is im mZime da SesaniSnav kavSirs iviwyebs, romelic missa da mis Tanamemamuleebsa da maxloblebs Sua arsebobs. is maTi moZme ki ara, maTi mowinaaRmdege da meSurne mteri xdeba. sadaa maSin is Tavisdadeba mamulisa da maxloblebisaTvis, is

msxverplobis siadvile, is Tavgameteba da daxmareba, romelic cxoveli da imediT savse xalxis xasiaTs Seadgens?..~

samwuxaroa, magram faqtia: me-19 saukunis qarTul prozaSi teritoriulad erTiani saqarTvelo ar arsebobs. ZiriTadad yvela mwerali Tavis personaJs iq amoqmedebs, saidanac Tavad iyo dabadebiT: l. ardaziani _ TbilisSi, ilia _ kaxeTSi, d. kldiaSvili _ imereTSi, eg. ninoSvili _ guriaSi, al. yazbegi _ xevsa da mis axlomaxlo (gamonaklisi istoriuli prozaa _ v. barnovis romanebi, akakis `baSi-aCuki~ da giorgi wereTeli, romlis moTxroba-romanebSi moqmedebis areali ufro vrcelia _ quTaisi, foTi, Tbilisi da imiersaqarTvelos soflebi).

erTi SexedviT, es bunebrivia. mwerali wers imaze, rasac ukeT icnobs, rac misi nawilia, radgan iq aris dabadebuli da gazrdili. magram Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am sakiTxs, ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT sxvac, kerZod, daSlili erTiani erovnuli cnobierebis, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, gamovlena. es rom cnobieri gamovlena iyos, ar iqneboda imdenad saSiSi. saSiSia gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom aracnobieria. sadRac gulisa da gonebis uRrmes kunWulSi SemorCenili da kontrols veRarc vuwevT.

es problema me-19 saukunis qarTvel moazrovneTa umravlesobas Zalian awuxebda. cxadia, amaze fiqrobda n. nikolaZec. amitom misi azriT, Cveni kuTxeebis, iqauri adamianebis sxvadasxva xasiaTi, zne-Cveuleba, midrekileba, Tviseba, unda daixatos Cvens mwerlobaSi, magram erTiani erovnuli cnobierebis poziciidan. unda vaCvenoT, gadmovceT is, rac aerTianebs, amTlianebs qarTvel xalxs. unda avxsnaT, ratom aris igi erTiani, ganuyofeli erovnuli organizmi.

ara marto rusifikaciis, aramed daSlili erovnuli cnobierebis Sedegi iyo is, rac ivane jabadarma gaakeTa, roca 1889 wels `severni vestnikSi~ (Teberval-martis nomrebSi), fsevdonimiT `nar-doniT~ (n. e.) gamoaqveyna «oисьмW о dрузии».

am narkvevma qarTveli sazogadoeba aRaSfoTa. es kargad cnobilia. Tumca arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, ivane jabadars momxreebi ar hyoliao. Cveni saukunis 10-ian wlebSi filipe maxaraZe aRiarebda: ilia WavWavaZesa da ivane jabadars Soris «oисьмW о dрузии»-s garSemo gamarTul kamaTSi `mTeli Cveni simpatia ivane jabadarisken iyoo~ (f. maxaraZis werili `ivane jabadaris xsovnas~ SegiZliaT waikiTxoT 1926 wels gamocemul `TxzulebaTa krebulis~ mesame tomSi). albaT qarTveli xalxosnis mdgomareobis Semsubuqebas cdilobda iakob mansvetaSvilic, roca 1936 wels gamoqveynebul `mogonebebSi~ pirs wmendda ivane jabadars: `severni vestnikSi~ dabeWdili werili mTlianad misi ar iyoo. `amas mxolod `vefxistyaosnis~ Sinaarsis gadmocema ekuTvnoda. dawera, gaSuqeba da kritikuli ganxilva imis colis yofiliyo~ (gv. 94).

ra Tqma unda, friad saeWvoa is, rom iv. jabadaris narkvevebSi olga lÁubatoviCis xeli eria. es qali sruliad ar icnobda qarTul kulturas. miuxedavad misi teroristuli cxovrebisa, arc ise utifari iyo, imaze elaparaka, razec zerele warmodgenac ar hqonda. Tumca dRes araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, ra monawileoba miiRo olgam «oисьмW о dрузии»-s daweraSi. arsebiTia da gasaxseneblad Rirs am narkvevis mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnuli nihilizmi.

ivane jabadari amtkicebda, rom qristianobisa da bizantiis zemoqmedeba saqarTveloze zerele iyo. mas arsebiTi kvali ar dautovebia. amitom Cveni qveyana yovelTvis sparsuli kulturiT iyo gaJRenTili. qarTuli kultura sparsuli kulturis provinciul Crdils warmoadgendao.

amis pasuxad, kamaTSi Cabmuli niko nikolaZe werda: `Tu marTalia, rom saqarTvelos Zvelad araferi hqonda Tavisi, Tu misi kavSiri qristianobasTan mxolod formaluri iyo, rom igi cxovrobda mxolod sparsul kulturis azrebiT, maSin qarTvelTa Taobebis mTeli rigi, ganuwyvetliv, aTasi wlis manZilze, risTvis eweoda Seurigebel da samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolas im kulturis matarebel xalxTan, romliTac TiTqos gaJRenTili iyo saqarTvelo? sakuTari `me~-s Tvinier SeuZlebelia ase mtkiced da didxans Tavdacva...~

......Tu qronografebma da istorikosebma aqamde ver SeZles aRmoeCinaT am cxovrebaSi

raime damaxasiaTebeli da TviTmyofadi, rac atarebs qarTuli originaluri geniis beWeds, es sruliad ar iZleva imis safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi amgvari beWdisa. uimaTod warmoudgeneli iqneboda saqarTvelos erovnuli cxovreba esoden grZeli saukuneebis manZilze. Tavad faqti qarTvelTa arsebobisa, yoveli moazrovnisa da istorikosis TvalSi mowmobs imas, rom am xalxSi aris raRac jer gaugebari, SeumCneveli, dauxasiaTebeli, magram ueWvelad Rirsi axsnisa da Seswavlisa~.

Tu gjeraTo, _ agrZelebda saubars niko nikolaZe, _ sparsuli kulturis sruli gavlena, maSin unda daasabuToT, rom saqarTveloSi Seicvala ojaxis organizacia, samarTali, politikuri sistema, damokidebuleba sakuTrebisadmi, religiuri zne-Cveuleba. Tu araferi es ar momxdara, asobiTa da aTasobiT nizamsa da firdouss rom mouxmoT saSvelad, veraviTar gavlenas ver daamtkicebT.

araferi es rom ar momxdara, amas Tavad ivane jabadaric aRiarebda. magaliTad, mas miaCnia, rom qarTuli ojaxi bolo dromde atarebda gvarovnul xasiaTs. mas qarTuli ojaxi axsenebda ara mowyobil-mowesrigebul saxl-kars, aramed RamisgasaTev funduks, sadac erTmaneTSi irevian da fusfuseben nair-nairi naTesav-moyvrebi. ivane jabadaris sityviT, sameurneo iaraRebic ki mkafiod metyveleben mouwesrigeblobas, Sinagani harmoniis uqonlobas, uromlisodac SeuZlebelia yvelaze elementuri esTetikuri moTxovnilebis ganviTareba.

amrigad, kulturul sparsul ojaxs ver mouxdenia gavlena qarTulze, mainc primitiuli, ganuviTarebeli darCenila. arc haremis instituti gaCenila saqarTveloSi.

qarTuli ojaxis primitiuloba iv. jabadars imdenad ainteresebda, ramdenadac undoda daemtkicebina, qarTvel xalxs esTetikuri moTxovnileba ar gaaCniao. Tu ers esTetikuri moTxovnileba ara aqvs, cxadia, isic, rom mis wiaRSi ver Seiqmneba kulturis TvalsazrisiT raime Rirebuli. amgvar viTarebas iv. jabadari pirdapir mihyavda daskvnamde: `vefxistyaosani~ ar Seicavs mxatvrulad da azrobrivad raime mniSvnelovans. igi sparsuli literaturuli nimuSebis gadamRereba-gameorebaao.

n. nikolaZe iZleoda pasuxs:`aq seriozuli mxolod erTi sakiTxia: eqvsi saukunis manZilze iyo Tu ara

`vefxistyaosani~ samagido wigni qarTvelTa samefos yvela olqSi? raki mas zepirad swavlobdnen, raki misi gamonaTqvamebi andazebad gadaiqca, raki misi sentenciebi gaxda qarTuli zneobis safuZveli, es wigni xdeba dokumenti msjelobisaTvis im xalxze, romelsac ekuTvnis da romelic gaJRenTilia misiT, xolo yvelaferi sxva danarCeni gadadis ukana planze da qreba yvela seriozul moazrovnisa da kritikosisaTvis~.

iv. jabadari agrZelebda kamaTs:swored is, rom Cvenma xalxma `vefxistyaosani~ gaixada Tavis erovnul me-s

gamomxatvel wignad, mowmobs qarTveli xalxis CamorCenilobas (косность jрузинскоjо нWроhW).

n. nikolaZe, cxadia, sruliad ar fiqrobda, rom 1889 wels `novoe obozrenieSi~ gamarTuli sityvisgebiT iv. jabadars Sexedulebas Seacvlevinebda. sxva amocanas isaxavda igi: Tu, erTi mxriv, n. nikolaZis mizani iyo ivane jabadaris SexedulebaTa gabaTileba, meore mxriv, igi im problemebsac svamda, rac qarTul kritikul mwerlobas unda gadaewyvita.

raki saqarTvelos warsuli mecnierulad jerovnad ar iyo Seswavlili, mas naadrevad miaCnda masze kategoriuli msjeloba.

`marTlac saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb seriozuli daskvnebis gamosamuSaveblad mecniereba sakmao raodenobiT jer ar flobs kritikulad Semowmebul, anda ubralod daumuSavebuli saxiT aRmoCenil monacemebs. diletanturi `SexedulebebisaTvis~ ki ar Rirs daxarjva im denTisa, romelic SeiZleba gamodges ufro praqtikuli Tvisebis samuSaosaTvis~.

miuxedavad istoriuli masalis naklebobisa, imis axsna ki aucilebeli iyo, ratom CamorCa saqarTvelo. uamisod, arsebiTad SeuZlebeli iqneboda CamorCenilobis likvidacia. sxvebTan erTad, amaze bevrs fiqrobda n. nikolaZec.

1894 wels Jurnal `moambis~ meeqvse wignSi man vrceli narkvevi gamoaqveyna `bolgaria~. am narkvevSi zustad daaxasiaTa despotiis, avtokratiis buneba da Tviseba.

arc qarTvelebs, arc somxebs, arc slavebs, _ ambobda igi, _ qristianobis rwmena da erTguleba ar akliaT, magram evropel xalxebs ver daewien da gauTanaswordnen. kidev ufro metad arian dakninebuli mahmadiani xalxebi. magram am daqveiTeba-CamorCenis

safuZveli sarwmunoeba ki ar aris, aramed mmarTvelobis sistema. rogorc bizantiaSi, ise saqarTvelo-somxeTSi da slavur qveynebSi (miT ufro mahmadianur saxelmwifoebSi) mmarTvelobis sistema avtokratiuli, despoturi iyo, sadac yvelaferi despotis (sulerTia, ra erqva mas _ imperatori, mefe Tu mTavari) neba-survils emorCileboda. ar arsebobda demokratiuli mmarTvelobis arc erTi instituti _ senati, parlamenti, saxalxo kreba Tu sxva amgvari ram. raki es dawesebulebani ar funqcionirebdnen, cxadia, arc azrTa urTierTgacvla-gamocvla iqneboda. avtokratiuli xelmwifis morCilebam xalxi gadaaCvia azrovnebas, SeaZula paeqroba, daaviwya sxvisi gansxvavebuli azris pativiscema. despotia ver itans azrovnebis Tavisuflebas.

evropuli demokratiuli mmarTveloba ki swored azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas efuZneba. iq yvelas ugdeben yurs da im gzas daadgebian, romelsac umravlesoba moiwonebs. evropaSi yvelaze karg mmarTvelad is iTvleba, visac sxvaTa yurisgdeba SeuZlia da mere saerTo, umravlesobisaTvis misaRebi daskvnis gamotana.

n. nikolaZe aRniSnavda imasac, rom despotias sZuls warsuli, winaparTa naRvawi da naSromi. yvela diqtatori istorias Tavidan iwyebs. miaCnia, rom yvelaferi misgan iRebs saTaves. rac manamde iyo, uarsayofi da dasagmobia. evropaSi ase ar aris, _ agrZelebda avtori. iq yoveli axali Taoba ganZad Tvlis winaparTa danatovars. uvlis, patronobs mas. Zvelze afuZnebs axals da ase agrZelebs winsvlas.

evropuli Tavisufali azrovnebis wesi rom damkvidrebuliyo saqarTveloSi, upirvelesad despoturi mmarTvelobisagan Tavis daRweva iyo saWiro. magram ubedureba swored is gaxldaT, rom saqarTveloSi rusTa damkvidrebis Semdegac, mmarTvelobis Tviseba-buneba da xasiaTi ar Secvlila. rusuli mmarTvelobac despoturi iyo. ruseTSic TviTmpyrobeloba iseve ebrZoda azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, rogorc Zvel bizantiaSi. ruseTSi Tavisufali azrovnebisaTvis yovel moqalaqes cixe da katorRa eloda. amdenad, sarwmunoebrivi erTianoba da erTnairoba arafris garantias ar iZleoda. sarwmunoebriv erTianoba-erTnairobas formaluri mniSvneloba hqonda. igi qarTvelTa inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi arafers cvlida. arada, azrovnebis Tavisuflebis Tvinier mwerlobis ganviTareba, kritikul SexedulebaTa damkvidreba, sxvaTa azrisadmi tolerantuli damokidebuleba urTulesi da uZnelesi saqme iyo. uamisod ki xalxis inteleqtualuri Tavisufleba zRapars ufro hgavda, vidre sinamdviles. xolo is xalxi, visi azrovnebac Tavisufali ar iyo, unda gamoTxoveboda yovelgvar politikur, socialur, ekonomikur progress.

ra dasamalia da, saqarTvelos warsulSi bevri kargic yofila da bevri avic, risi gaxsenebisas tanSi Jruanteli gvivlis. sxvagvarad anki rogor SeiZleboda. im xangrZliv brZolaSi, romelsac Cveni xalxi eweoda, im mravalsaukunovan monobaSi, rac Tavs gadagvxdenia, visi an risi kvali ar darCenila Cvens yofasa da azrovnebaSi.

`zogma qudi dagvitova, zogma Sarvali. zogma sizante, zogma orpiroba... xeiriani da magari buneba rom ar gvqonoda, Cven sisxlSi rom is daundobeli da dauSreteli Zala ar mdgariyo, romelic zogierT rCeul xalxs ukvdavebas aZlevs, didi xania rac dedamiwis piridan qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos xsenebac ki gaqreboda. yvelasgan imodena Cirqi gvrgebia, yvelas CvenTvis imdeni talaxi da mtveri moucxia, rom sxva, ufro susti xalxi, kidec daimarxeboda aqamdi am sisqe tlapos qveS... vin, romeli brZeni, istorikosi, an eTnografi gvetyvis dRes, rogori iyo namdvili da pirveldroindeli qarTvelebis buneba, zne, xasiaTi, Tviseba? ra SegvrCa Cven sakuTari an ra gamogvyva da mogvedo sxvisi?..~

SeiZleba bevrs arc miaCndes saWirod amgvari sakiTxebis kvleva, magram Cven ase ar vfiqrobTo, _ dasZenda n. nikolaZe. _ Zveli dro gaTavda. viwyebT axal cxovrebas, axal istoriul periods. es periodi unda iyos Cveni TavisTavadobisa da damoukideblobisaken dabruneba. amitom zedmiwevniT unda vicodeTo _ `Cveni Tvistomoba namdvilad raSi mdgomareobs an romel Tvistomobas unda davubrundeT, davuxlovdeT?.. ra zne da wesi unda gviyvardes, ra wyobilebisaken unda miveswrafodeT, raSi unda vxedavdeT Cvens ideals, ras unda vsTvlideT kargad da avad?..~

warsuls vswavlobT Tu awmyos, upirvelesad ideals unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, im mizans, romliskenac vapirebT svlas. mxatvruli nawarmoebic sinamdvilea. misdami damokidebuleba iseTive unda iyos, rogoric realuri cxovrebisadmi. aqac mTavari da arsebiTi is aris, ra ideals emsaxureba mwerali.

`cxovreba, misi movlenebi, misi Zalebi unda Seiswavlo imisaTvis, rom Caswvde mis kanonebs. roca am ukanasknels SevicnobT, mxolod maSin gveZleva saSualeba zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT masze anda visargebloT misi ZalebiT. uarvyoT realuri cxovreba, davxuWoT masze Tvalebi, gaveqceT mas mxolod imisaTvis, rom igi Seesabameba Cvens gemovnebasa da gagebas, es imas niSnavs, rom gavwiroT Tavi unayofobisaTvis, sicarielisaTvis. literaturuli movlenebis mimarT am wess is gamoyeneba aqvs, rom Cven SevcdebiT, Tu maT mivudgebiT raime `moTxovnilebebiT~. literaturuli movlenebi or rigad iyofa: isini, romelTac aqvT zemoqmedeba TanamedroveTa da STamomavlobis gonsa da nebaze da isini, romelTac araviTari zemoqmedeba ar gaaCniaT. seriozulma kritikam unda gaarkvios sakiTxi _ riT, ra saxiT, ra zomiT aris miRweuli es zemoqmedeba, ram Seqmna mocemuli qmnilebis Zala da mniSvneloba, ram misca mas cxovrebiseuli mniSvneloba...

laparaki imaze, rom avtors ama da am adgils daaviwyda mZimis dasma, anda sxva adgilas dauSva orTografiuli an gramatikuli an sxva am rigis Secdoma, _ neba Tqvenia, magram es araseriozulia. metic, sasaciloa~.

adamianma warsuls pativi unda sces. xsovna Seinaxos, daafasos. rogorc gonieri SvilisaTvis aris didi gakveTili mSoblebis cxovrebis gamocdileba, asevea mTeli erisaTvis istoriuli warsuli. rogorc ugunur Svils ar aswavlis Wkuas mSoblebis cxovreba, asevea eric. mxolod ugunuri erisaTvis ara aqvs istorias fasi. istoria aris didi gakveTili, magram es imas sruliad ar niSnavs, rom xalxma warsuliT icxovros. es SeuZlebelia da damRupveli. rac mTavaria, antibunebrivi. cxovreba mxolod momavalze fiqriTa da ocnebiT SeiZleba. momavlisaTvis SromiT SeiZleba. momavlisaTvis ki is muSaobs, vinc awmyos, Tanamedroveobis Secvlaze, gaumjobesebaze, gaukeTesebaze zrunavs.

`Cveni azriT, Tanamedroveoba, _ rogoric unda iyos igi, _ aris realuri movlena, ara Cveni nebiT Seqmnili, ara Cveni brZanebis morCili. igi arsebuli faqtia. mogvwons es faqti Tu ara, sulerTia, misi gauqmeba Cven ar SegviZlia. mas Cven angariSi unda gavuwioT. ar SegviZlia masze Tvali davxuWoT, SevwyvitoT misi SegrZneba, maSinac ki, siraqlemas rom mivbaZoT da Tavi davmaloT saarqivo dokumentebSi. es cxovrebaa, es samyaroa, es yvelaferia. rac gindaT TqviT da, Tanamedroveoba, misi bunebis mTeli arsebiT, gviWers Cven Tavis TaTebSi, gvikravs gulSi. nuTu, mxolod imisaTvis, rom igi ar mogvwons, ar Seesatyviseba Cvens gagebasa da idealebs, Cven SegviZlia movSordeT mas? ar unda gaveqceT? piradad me ver vxedav aq sxva xsnas, garda samarisa, magram amas ar vTvli adamianis Rirsebis Sesaferis gamosavlad. ramdenadac metad es Tanamedroveoba ar gvexateba gulze, miT ufro Zalian gvsurs misi gaumjobeseba, miT ufro axlos unda SeviswavloT igi, misi gamovlinebani, kanonebi, Zalebi, cotad Tu bevrad mis svlaze zemoqmedebisaTvis...

Tanamedroveoba mkacria da WuWyiani, myrali da mZvinvare, magram aravis aqvs ufleba, amis safuZvelze, Tavi gaiTavisuflos misi gawmendisagan, misi asenizaciisagan. Torem, gasagebia, frakebSi da TeTr xelTaTmanebSi yvelas esiamovneba cxovrebis sasaxlis gaprialebul parketze siaruli...

......cocxali adamianebi arqeologiasac momavali ganviTarebis interesebisaTvis iyeneben

da ara warsulis kerpTayvanismcemlobisaTvis~. roca n. nikolaZe amgvarad msjelobda, es ukve imas niSnavda, rom igi, rogorc

literaturuli kritikosi, ara marto Semfasebeli iyo, aramed gezis mimcemic. Tumca gezis mimcemis movaleoba kritikis uflebas ar aZlevda mwerlobis sxva dargTa warmomadgenelTaTvis Wkua eswavlebina. daerigebina, rogor ewera da ra mxatvruli xerxebisaTvis miemarTa. amis SeuZleblobas igi sagangebod aRniSnavda.

`kritikis daniSnuleba imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom mwerlebisa da poetebisaTvis weris iaraRi amzados an maT suraTebis xatva aswavlos. kritika mwerals eubneba _ ixmare is saSualeba, romelic niWs SenTvis moucia, daadeqi im gzas, romelic Sen gonebasa da xasiaTs mouxdeba. sTqvi rogorc ginda da rac ginda, oRond Seni naTqvami naTlaT gasagebi da dasamaxsovrebeli iyos, da Seni grZnoba da azri Semcdari da xalxisaTvis savnebeli ar iqnes. danarCeni TiToeuli mwerlis saqmea, misi niWisa da

mimxdurobis, da kritikaze im mxriT marto is movaleoba Zevs, rom gasinjos, vis rogori niWi uxmaria da rogori mimxduroba gamouCenia Tavisi grZnobebis gamoTqmis dros~.

xSirad gaigonebT moTxovnas _ kritika obieqturi unda iyoso. TiTqos n. nikolaZec amasve ambobs. magram is, rac emocias ukavSirdeba, SeuZlebelia obieqturi iyos. mwerloba ki, saerTod da kerZod kritika, emociis Tvinier warmoudgenelia, Tundac imitom, rom xelovneba _ mwerloba emociiTac azrovnebs. emocias ki obieqturoba ar SeuZlia. mweralSi, xelovanSi, ori grZnoba boboqrobs _ siyvarulisa da siZulvilisa. mas an TavdaviwyebiT uyvars raRac, an TavdaviwyebiT sZuls. SemoqmedebiT procesSi am Tavdaviwyebas arsebiTi da ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs. Semoqmedis emocia publikums maSin gadaedeba, roca mxatvruli nawarmoebi Tavdaviwyebulobis nayofia. aq neitraluri grZnoba yvelafers acivebs da klavs. amitom, Tu mwerloba (cxadia, kritikac) daiCemebs _ obieqturi varo, uTuod icruebs. xelovneba-mwerlobaSi obieqturoba Secvlilia piruTvnelobiTa da gulwrfelobiT. arc niko nikolaZe ar yofila obieqturi (verc iqneboda). magram gulwrfeli da piruTvneli yovelTvis iyo. igi SeiZleba Semcdariyo, umarTlo azri gamoeTqva, magram pirmoTneobas veravin daswamebs. `mwerlobas yovelgan da yovelTvis pirdapiri, pirmouferebeli, gulwrfeli ena Cvevia ara Tu sazogado saqmeebis wayvanaSi da ganxilvaSi, ubralo polemikaSi da sityvierebaSic~. giorgi wereTeli misi ara marto didi xnis axlo megobari iyo, aramed _ siZec (n. nikolaZis daÁ _ oliampiada g. wereTlis pirveli coli iyo). nikolaZeebisa da wereTlebis ojaxebi ganuyrelad cxovrobdnen. am siaxlovesa da siyvaruls ar SeuSlia xeli misTvis g. wereTlis moTxrobaze `kikoliki, Cikolika, da kudabzika~_ gulRia azri gamoeTqva. rac moewona, momwonso, eTqva da rac ara, _ daewunebina. Tan mkacrad: `Cven unda ganvagrZoT Cveni SeniSvnebi, radganac am Txzulebaze gvinda damwyeb mwerals, isic vaCvenoT _ Tu rogor ar unda swerdes (xazi n. nikolaZes ekuTvnis _ a. b.) qarTveli beletristi~. anki sxvagvarad rogor moiqceoda, roca mas sZulda matyuara mwerali, vinc kalmiT angarebasa da pirad keTildReobas emsaxureboda.

`...is mwerali, romelic Tavis kalams imisaTvis iRebs xelSi, rom sazogadoebas Tvali auxvios da kai Semosavliani adgili iSovos, Caqolvis Rirsia. is mwerali, romelic kalams xelSi iRebs, Tavis sakuTar sindiss pirobas ar aZlevs, rom arasodes, aravisgan arc erTs jamagirians adgils ar miiRebs, Ralatobs Tavis mkiTxvel sazogadoebas da Tavis Tavs hyidis fulaT, jamagiraT~.

mwerluri saqmianobisadmi amgvari damokidebulebac iyo erT-erTi mizezi, n. nikolaZe sxvadasxvagvar praqtikul moRvaweobas rom eweoda. igi fuls arsebobis uzrunvelsayofad Soulobda rogorc meurne, mrewveli, qalaqisTavi, kalami ki arasodes gauqiravebia. mas mtkiced swamda, rom adamianur saqmianobaTa Soris araferi ise sazizRari ar aris, rogorc daqiravebuli mwerloba.

garda imisa, rom daqiravebuli mwerloba sazogadoebrivi znedacemulobis gamoxatuleba iyo, mas ori sxva ubedurebac sWirda.

jer erTi, daqiravebuls sakuTari azri ar gaaCnia da oden sxvisi SekveTiT laparakobs. amis gamo, mas uWirs patiosan mwerlobasTan sja-baasi. iZulebulia mas cili daswamos da lafi daasxas.

`yovelTvis, roca mwerals araferi aqvs saTqmeli, roca verafriT uaryofs mowinaaRmdegis mosazrebebs, roca ar surs scnos sakuTari sisuste, igi misdauneburad etaneba insinuaciebs, Zirs uTxris mowinaaRmdegis zneobriv siwmindes, mimarTavs ciliswamebas da lanZRva-ginebas~.

meorec, daqiravebuli mwerloba yovelTvis rezoniorulia. mas mentoris poza uWiravs da Wkuis maswavleblis pozicia ukavia. rezonioroba ki is Wiaa, romelic Sinagand xravs mwerlobas da daRupviT emuqreba.

`beletristi suraTebiT unda sjides cxovrebas da ara sityvebiT, is mxatvari unda iyos da ara rezoniori~ (suraTs rusuli оxрWз-is Sesatyvisad xmarobda n. nikolaZe).

`beletristi, poeti, marto suraTebiT unda zemoqmedebdes mkiTxvelze. misi grZnoba darigebasaviT, pirdapir ki ar unda gamoiTqmodes, TavisTavad unda ibadebodes mkiTxvelis gulSi misgan daxatuli suraTis warmodgenis dros~.

amiT n. nikolaZe arsebiTad imasve ambobda, rasac Zveli qarTveli esTetikosebi sityviT _ saxismetyveleba.

igi mwerlobaSi lakonizmis motrfe iyo. mas ar uyvarda mravalsityvaoba da bundovaneba. naTeli da mkafio azrovnebis pativismcemeli yovelTvis ilaSqrebda bnelmetyvelebis da xelovnurobis winaaRmdeg.

`poetis sityva da suraTi iseTi gamoCarxuli da basri unda iyos, rom arc erTi nametani sityva, arc erTi usargeblo striqoni da xazi ar erios~.

ver itanda da ebrZoda winaswarakviatebul modelebs, Targebs, trafaretebs. gansakuTrebiT xSirad maSin Tavmomabezrebel, erTferovan modelebs dramaturgiaSi iyenebdnen. amas kritikac kargad xedavda da publikumic, magram masze msjeloba-laparakiT maincdamainc Tavs ar iwuxebdnen. es n. nikolaZes aRizianebda da gabrazebuli kiloTi werda:

`Cven literaturaSi bevri komediebi moiZebneba da arc scenebi, arc drama, arc tragedia daklebia Cvens mwerlobas. magram Cven kritikas _ kritika rom gagvaCndes _ ar SeeZlo, ar SeeniSna, rom TiTqmis yvela es komediebi da dramebi erT kalapotze iyvnen Camosxmulni. mere ugvaro kalapotze, iseTze, romelic niadag yovel Txzulebas axdenda, TiTqmis niWiersac. Cven komediebSi, magaliTad: yvelaSi erTi da igive azri, erTi da igive intriga, erTi da igive moqmedeba da moqmedi pirebi gamohyavdaT mwerlebs, visac erTi komedia enaxa, nanaxi hqonda yvela danarCenebi. yovel komediaSi unda yofiliyo gasuqebuli somexi, molaparake damtvreuli qarTuli eniT, iseTi eniT, romelsac ara Tu Cveni somxebi, guSindeli mosuli `yizilbaSic~ ar xmarobs. yovel komediaSi meore komikur pirad unda yofiliyo `imereli~, dagrexili, damaxinjebuli laparakiT, romliTac sruliad arc erTi xalxi da arc erTi kaci ar laparakobs kavkasiaSi. unda yofiliyo `ruseTume~ aficeri an Cinovniki, axalgazrda qali _ misi moarSiye, gogo, deda da mama. axalgazrda kacs qali unda yvareboda, imerels _ gogo da ori an sami moqmedebis bolos mcqerals ori qorwili erTad mierTmeoda~.

modelireba Tu, erTi mxriv, sityvakazmul mwerlobas amaxinjebda, meore mxriv, mwerals aiZulebda tyuili elaparaka. uTvalavferiani cxovreba mxolod ori feriT _ TeTriTa da SaviT _ warmoedgina. es ki azrsac aRatakebda da formasac. amgvari knini literatura im saerTo erovnul mizans ver moemsaxureboda, rac n. nikolaZes da mis Taobas hqonda dasaxuli.

`Tu namdvilad giyvars Cveni mamuli, Cven is unda gavaZlieroT, rogorc materialuris mxriT _ samarTliani ekonomiuris ganwyobilebis dafuZnebiT, ise zneobiT _ misi gonebisa da codnis gaumjobesebiT, is imedi unda CavunergoT mas, romelic Cven TviTon gvaqvs, im momavlisken unda moubrunoT piri, romelic Cven gvwams, im gzaze unda davayenoT, romelmac yvela sxva xalxi gaaZliera da gaabedniera. marto is xalxiao Rirsi bednierebis, sTqva viqtor hiugom somxebze, romelic momavals SeCerebia; da vinc marto warsuls Secqeris, is samares iTxriso...

marto Cveni Tavis imedi viqonioT, marto Cvens Zalas mivendoT, marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da ganaTlebaze viSromoT (xazi n. nikolaZes ekuTvnis _ a. b.) _ maSin megobaric bevri gauCndeba Cvens xalxs da damxmarebelic~.

qarTvel xalxSi am imedis Canergva mxolod didsa da maRal mwerlobas SeeZlo.niko nikolaZis literaturul-kritikul saqmianobaze bevri dawerila. sagangebo narkvevic

ki mieZRvna (meri sajaia _ `niko nikolaZe _ qarTuli literaturis istorikosi da kritikosi~). magram Cemi fiqriT, yvelaze zustad misi roli qarTul mxatvrul mwerlobaSi vaxtang kotetiSvilma gansazRvra.

`niko nikolaZe Soreuli svlis gemad iqca da qarTuli literaturis napiri didi xniT dastova. es didi danaklisi iyo. magram is, rac gaakeTa qarTuli literaturisaTvis, mainc mas uflebas aZlevs, rom Cvens pirvelxarisxovan mwerlebs udges gverdSi da maTTan erTad ataros qarTuli literaturis reformatoris saxeli~.

`ulmobeli saqmis kaci~

ase arCil jorjaZem uwoda niko nikolaZes. marTlac mTeli cxovreba praqtikul saqmianobaSi gaatara. banki iyo, sabanko saqmes emsaxureboda (misi da besarion RoRoberiZis dava iseve cxare, Seupovari da damafiqrebelia, rogorc ilia WavWavaZisa da ivane maCablis paeqroba), stamba-gamomcemloba iyo, sastambo-sagamomcemlo saqmeSi Sromobda (`krebuli~, `droeba~, `obzori~, `novoe obozrenie~, `qarTuli

wigni~), tyibulis qvanaxSiri iyo, samTamadno saqmes daadga Tavi (qvanaxSirs TviTonac awarmoebda da mwarmoebelTa amxanagobebic Camoayaliba), rkinigza iyo, sarkinigzo saqmes uZRveboda (platformac ki arsebobda `niko nikolaZe~), WiaTuris Saviqva iyo, marganecis saqmes uTavkaca (gadazidvis saqmec moagvara da WiaTura-Sorapnis sarkinigzo totic gaiyvana), qalaqisTavoba iyo da foTi man wamoayena fexze.

SeiZleba arc daijeron, rom erT kacs amdeni SeeZlo. transcimbiris rkinigzis mSeneblobaSic ki monawileobda. gustav rotSildi man Camoiyvana amierkavkasiaSi. iona meunargia ixsenebda: `...rotSildebs, rogorc ucxo qveynis kapitalistebs _ ebraelebs ar hqondaT neba Tavis saxeliT ewarmoebinaT saqme ruseTSi. imaT Seadgines sazogadoeba, daamtkicebines wesdeba da, rodesac gamgeobis wevrebis daniSvnaze midga saqme, nikolaZem warudgina maT kandidatebad daviT erisTavi da kola orbeliani. rotSildebma pativi sces nikolaZis rekomendacias da daviTi, orbelianTan erTad, daniSnuli iqna axali sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrad. ar vici, ra sityvebiT elaparakeba nikolaZe rotSildebs, magram TiTqo iq viyaviT, ise mesmis yurSi nikolaZis saubarSi: ~l’ancien redacteur du journal officiel... l’ancien procureur...1 (maSin maTi megobroba ukve gabzaruli iyo da cota gakenwla kidec niko _ Tavis qeba uyvardao).

romeli erTi unda aRwero kacma! isev sjobs mravlisgan mciredi avarCioT da ise visaubroT, wveTSic xom Cans mTeli wylis Tviseba.

yovelTvis asea, roca kaci axal saqmes iwyebs, mas Znelad ujereben. bevrjer giJic hgoniaT. gonier-ugunuri masxrad igdebs, dascinis da apampulebs. mere im SeSlilis mignebuliTa da aRmoCeniliT swored isini sargebloben, vinc Tavdapirvelad kbilebis kreWis mets arafers akeTebda. ras izam, samarTlianad Tu usamarTlod, es bunebis kanonzomierebaa da versad gaeqcevi.

ase daemarTa quTaTel TerZs simon sayvareliZesac. man rom tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabado ipova, mTeli quTaisi siciliT kvdeboda _ am damTxveuls is urCevnia, Tavis saqmes mixedos da klde-RreSi tyuil-ubralod nu daxetialobso, _ gaiZaxoda didi da patara. samTo saqmis siyvarulis gamo sarfiani xelobis kaci SimSiliT mokvda. arc sazogadoebam da arc xelisuflebam simon sayvareliZis aRmoCenas seriozuli yuradReba ar miaqcia _ ubralod medali mainc momeciT imis aRsaniSnavad, esoden sasargeblo saqme rom gavakeTeo, _ ixveweboda Turme sicocxlis bolos. gagigoniaT, vin aRirsa jildo an fuli...

gasaocari kia, TiTqos simon sayvareliZis aRmoCenas ase gulcivad ar unda Sexvedrodnen, xelisufleba mainc. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis specialistebma tyibulis qvanaxSiris arseboba icodnen. samTo moxele kuliSini, samTo inJineri kriJanovski, maiori komarovi da sxvani TbilisSiac agzavnidnen cnobebs da peterburgSic _ kavkasionis samxreT kalTaze tyibulis SemogarenSi qvanaxSiris didi raodenobiT mopoveba SeiZlebao.

simon sayvareliZis ambavi niko nikolaZemac icoda. werda kidec 1871 wlis bolos `droebaSi~_ `saidan hqonda am kacs SeZenili madneulobis codna, ar vici da verc gavige; namdvili ki isaa, rom es kaci niadag dadioda mTebSi erTi ubralo CaquCiT da agrovebda sxva da sxva madneulebs~. sinanuliT dasZenda: `mis saxlSi sxva da sxva gvari madneulobis meti araferi darCenila da isic mezoblebma dafantes, bavSvebis saTamaSoT. vin icis, ramdeni Zvirfasi da sasargeblo saidumlo Caitana am kacma Tavis saflavSi da ramdeni xnis da kacis Sroma dasWirdeba exla Cven qveyanas im saidumloebis xel-axlav aRmosaCenaT, romelic am kacs napovni hqonda da romelsac is ise iafad afasebda!~

saerTod, tyibulis midamoebi madneuliT mdidari yofila. `me Cemi TvaliT vnaxe tyibulis ara Tu marto rkineuli wyali, aramed TviTon rkinac,

ese igi is qvis msgavsi zodi, romlisganac idnoba rkina da vnaxe es Zvirfasi madneuli Zlier uxvaT... aris iq, magaliTad, mSvenieri miwa, romlisganac Cinebuli farfori gakeTdeba, aris iseTi miwa, romelic amtkicebs, rom mis qveS, Soriaxlo, usaTuoT marili unda ipovebodes, aris iqa-aq sliuda da sxv.~.

amasac niko nikolaZe werda.simdidre rom ar daikargeba da bolos patroni mainc gamouCndeba, amas mtkiceba ar

sWirdeba. oRond gasarkvevi is aris, patroni vin aRmoCndeba _ Sinauri Tu gareuli. vin moixmars, is, visac ufalma uboZa Tu ucxo, cxra mTas iqidan mosuli?

im adgils, sadac qvanaxSiri moipoveboda, tyibulelebi urgebis goras uwodebdnen (n. nikolaZis siZis, ivane zurabaSvilis sityviT, TviTon niko xumrobda Turme _ `rkinigza rom gaiyvanes, aqaur sadgurs pirvelSi `urgebi~ erqvao, xolo qvanaxSiris gazidva rom daiwyes, `sargebiT~ gadakeTdao). igi Tavad agiaSvilebs, aznaur kandelakebs da glex qasraSvilebs ekuTvnoda. roca qvanaxSiris mniSvneloba Seityves, misiT sargeblis naxva yvelam moindoma. nabatonarebi da naymevni erTmaneTs waeCxubnen: es miwa-wyali Cemia da ara Senio. Cxubi arc erT mxares keTils ar uqadda da isev morigeba amjobines. agiaSvil-kandelakebma da qasraSvilebma yvelaferi sanaxevrod gaiyves. raki samTo saqmis inCibinCi arc erT mxares ar eyureboda, is mogeba ver naxes, rasac moelodnen da qvanaxSirze guli aicrues. am dros asparezze rusi mrewveli nikoloz novoselski gamoCnda. novoselski gonieri kaci iyo, bevri qonebisa da sawarmos patroni. saqmeSi Caxeduli da gamWriaxi. man maSinve SesTavaza agiaSvilebsa da kandelakebs, qvanaxSiriani teritoriis fasad miiReT 80.000 maneTi sufTa fuli, damimtkiceT nasyidobis qaRaldi da saqmes movrCeTo. oTxmoci aTas maneTs gvaZleveno, SeiSalnen sixaruliT agiaSvilebi da kandelakebi. arc erT maTgans ar ufiqria, rasac oTxmoci aTasad yididnen, aTi imdeni rom Rirda.

`am nairi sulwasuli sja CinebulaT gvixatavs Cvenebur xasiaTs. oRond ki fuli Caigdos Cveneburma kacma xelSi da cota iqneba Tu bevri, wamwardeba is rodisme Tu ara, amas is rodi daeZebs. sakvirveli am saqmeSi is aris, rom Cveni umjobesi simdidre, iseTi, rom bevri tura ikivlebs tyeSi sanam imis msgavsi rame gamoCndeba Cvens qveyanaSi, Cveni xelidgan gadis da kaci imas ar kiTxulobs, saxeiroT gadis is Cveni xelidgan Tu savneblaT, gagvakeTebs Cven es gayidva, Tu gagvafuWebs roca am saqmeze sjas yurs vugdeb, xSirad maxsendeba im veluri xalxis sixaruli, romelTac evropelebi orfarian tatiloebs da sarkeebs aZleven da samagieroT wmida oqros da Zvirfas spilos qilebs arTmeven, xandisxan kidev Svilebsac, tyveT gasasyidvelaT...~

Cioda tyibulis ambebiT Sewuxebuli n. nikolaZe. vaWroba-mrewvelobis warmarTva uWirdaT, Torem mevaxSeobis azri kargad

esmodaT. gaasesxeb Tumans, mevalem gadaxdisas Tumanic unda mogitanos da maneTic unda daamatos. yovel Tumanze maneTis mogeba ubralo ram ar iyo. amitomac gauxardaT, novoselskim rom fuli SesTavaza. imasac Tu gavixsenebT, rom imJamad quTaisSi aleqsandre meoris stumrobas elodnen, maSin yvelaferi dResaviT naTeli gaxdeba. am fuliT gamoipranWebodnen, moikazmebodnen, xelmwife-imperators Sexvdebodnen da pur-mariliTac gaaocebdnen.

rogor emzadebodnen mefis Sesaxvedrad, amas Tavad n. nikolaZe gviambobs:`miT ufro SesaniSnavi da aRmatacebelia is erTguli da erTsuli mzadeba, romelic

atyvia exla quTaiss xelmwifis misaRebaT. yvela erTnairad emzadeba RirseulaT da sakadrisaT miiRon xelmwifis saxloba da aravin ar zogavs xarjs da Sromas am mosawon saqmisaTvis. am mzadebaSic sCans Cveni imeruli xasiaTi, romelic darwmunebulia, rom rac ukeT morTuli da mokazmuli iqneba, rac ufro alersiani da didkacurad aCvenebs Tavs, miT ufro aamebs uavgustoess stumrebs... amzadeben sadils an vaxSams, bals, cocxal suraTebs qarTuli tipebiT, margalitiT naqarg leCaqebs, oqroTi naqsov kabebs, erTi sityviT, mzadebaa metis-metaT SesaniSnavi da mosawonari... Tu gnebavT, rom erTi sityviT, erTi suraTiT gamogixatoT sazogado aRtaceba da Tavdadebuloba am sasixarulo SemTxvevisaTvis, mogaxsenebT, rom Tavad-aznaurobam gadawyvita bankisaTvis daniSnuli fulebis daxarjva xelmwifis SesagebeblaT. am fulisagan, zogi amboben, ocda xuTi aTasi maneTi aiReso, da zogi ki _ ormoci aTas maneTs axseneben. namdvil ricxvs ki me ver getyviT, amitom rom namdvili ricxvi bolomdis ar gamoCndeba...

erTi sityviT, aRtaceba da Tavdadebuloba sazogadoa. aravin ar zogavs Tavis ukanasknel faras da ukanasknel qceva miwas Rirseuli da mosawonari Segebebis gamarTvisaTvis~.

sulswrafobam did gasaWirSi Cayara agiaSvilebi da kandelakebi. verc fuli iSovnes da verc imperatoris Sesaxvedrad moemzadnen. isini motyuebis gzas daadgnen. novoselskis ise gaurigdnen, TiTqos qasraSvilebs qvanaxSirian mamulSi wili ar edoT. es rom Seityves, qasraSvilebma erTi aurzauri atexes: menaxevreebi gvatyueben, gvZarcvaven, Cveni qonebiT apireben gamdidrebaso. sasamarTloSi iCivles. agiaSvilebs da kandelakebs Tavzari daecaT. xumroba xom ar iyo: Tu sasamarTloSi saqmes

waagebdnen, novoselskisaTvis is 12000 maneTic unda daebrunebinaT, romelic bed miiRes da piris gatexisaTvis jarimac unda gadaexadaT. axla ar ikiTxavT, ramdeni? 40.000 maneTi. mereda vin miaSava gudamSier tyibulel Tavadebsa da aznaurebs amdeni fuli. rogor, ranairad unda eSovnaT igi? aba, erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT, ra dReSi Cavardeboda platon samaniSvili anda otia qamuSaZe, misTvis vinmes 40.000 maneTi jarima rom daekisrebina. agiaSvilebsa da kandelakebs dana ar uxsnida pirs. arada, arc qasraSvilebi iSlidnen Tavisas. sudma gagvasworoso, yvirodnen.

qasraSvilebTan dava sad iyo damTavrebuli, sruliad moulodneli ambavi rom gamotyvra. Turme romeliRac niJaraZis qvrivs qvanaxSiriani mamulis meeqvsedi hqonia namziTvebi. manac Tavisi wili moiTxova. isic davaSi Caeria.

karga xniT gamoacocxla am ayalmayalma miZinebuli quTaisi.qasraSvilebma daxmareba niko nikolaZes sTxoves da sasamarTloSi veqilad igi

aiyvanes. `me, rasakvirvelia, vcdilobdi, rom novoselskis ar SeeZina es mamuli da miT Cemi

marwmuneblebi sargeblobas moklebuli ar darCeniliyvnen... me winadaude tyibulis mebatoneebs _ moeyidnaT CemTvis sakuTraT maTi ufleba am tyibulis sanaxSireze, im pirobiT, rom me TviTon damekmayofilebina qasraSvilebi. radganac Cemi winadadeba mepatroneebs eCvenaT sasargebloT, isini Tanaxma gaxden imaze, da kidec momyides me TavianTi ufleba im sanaxSireze (asi desetinis sivrciT), im pirobiT, rom qasraSvilebic me unda davakmayofilo da uf. novoselskic, Tu vinicobaa sasamarTlom icno, rom novoselskis ergeba agiaSvilebisagan da kandelakebisagan Strafi an bes dabruneba~.

es piroba arc agiaSvilebisa da arc kandelakebisTvis iyo wamgebiani da arc qasraSvilebisaTvis, magram yvelaferi mainc imaze ekida, sasamarTloSi rogor warimarTeboda saqme.

pirveli sasamarTlo, quTaisSi, 1872 wlis ianvarSi Catarda. amjerad dava sasamarTlom novoselskis sasargeblod gadawyvita. agiaSvilebsa da kandelakebs 12.000 maneTi bes gadaxdac miusajes da 40.000 maneTi jarimac. am ganaCens quTaTurebi usaSvelod gauxarebia. amiT gakvirvebuli niko nikolaZe ironiulad werda:

`yvelaze SesaniSnavia am saqmeSi is aRtaceba, romelic aRZra Cven sazogadoebaSi am saqmis gadawyvetam. sazogadoT TiTqmis yvela kmayofili darCa ganCinebiT, gansakuTrebiT Cveni axalgazrda iuristebi da swavlulebi, romelnic iseTi mxurvale moyvarulni arian samarTlisa da WeSmaritebisa, rom ZlivsRa Seikaves Tavi sixarulisagan sasamarTloSi... magieraT SemdegSi ki daakmayofiles Tavisi aRtacebuli grZnoba. modiT da TqviT, amis Semdeg, rom Cven sazogadoebaSi wminda da umanko grZnoba ar ipovebao. imas xom mainc veravin ityvis da ifiqrebs, rom am aRtacebul mxiarulebas raime sargeblobis angariSi hqondes. marTalia, an novoselskis gamarjveba ras Sematebda imaT, an nikolaZis damarcxeba ras argebdaT? maS Tayvani vsceT imaT wminda grZnobasa da miulocoT yovel Cvens keTilismyofs imisTana pirebis gamravleba Cvens qveyanaSi, romelnic umanko grZnobiT ivsebian samarTlian saqmisaTvis da uangaro daxmarebas aZleven yovel sasargeblo da wminda saqmes~.

niko damarcxebas ar SeuSinda. man quTaisis sasamarTlos ganaCeni gaasaCivra. saqme xelmeored ganxilvisaTvis Tbilisis sasamarTlo palataSi gadaitana. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1873 wlis 18 ianvars, TbilisSi, sasamarTlom axali ganaCeni gamoitana. amjerad, n. nikolaZis sasargeblod. tyibulelebs mxolod bes _ 12.000 maneTis _ gadaxda daevalaT, xolo jarima _ 40.000 maneTi _ moexsnaT.

pirobis Tanaxmad, sasamarTloSi gamarjvebam niko nikolaZe tyibulis qvanaxSiriani mamulis erTi nawilis mflobeli gaxada.

marTalia, tyibulelebma novoselskis Tavi daaRwies, magram mere man mainc moaxerxa iqauri qvanaxSiris erTi nawilis dasakuTreba. rogor gaakeTa es novoselskim, ar viciT. Tumca erTi varaudis daSveba ki SeiZleba.

tyibulSi rom qvanaxSiris sabado arsebobda, icocxle, es kargi saqme iyo, magram ugzoobis gamo, igi gind yofiliyo da gind _ ara. Tu ver gaitandi, qvanaxSiris warmoebas raRa azri hqonda? cxeniTa da urmiT misi gamotana araTu mogebas ar mogcemda, ubralod sasacilod gadagaqcevda. verc qvanaxSiris im didi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas SeZlebdi, rac maSin arsebobda. stamboli, odesa, baTumi, trapizoni da SavizRvispireTis sxva navsadgurebi didi raodenobiT qvanaxSirs saWiroebda. ZiriTadad

am moTxovnilebas didi britaneTidan motanili qvanaxSiri akmayofilebda. tyibuls warmatebiT SeeZlo konkurenciis gaweva. niko nikolaZes cxrili Seudgenia _ ramdeni SemohqondaT da ramdenis mocema SeeZlo tyibuls, magram gzis uqonloba yvela ocnebas fuWad xdida. aucilebeli iyo rkinigza. rkinigzis gayvanaSi novoselskis fulebs da avtoritets didi rolis Sesruleba SeeZlo. albaT, am mizniT dauTmes mas tyibulis qvanaxSiris garkveuli nawili.

varaudi varaudad darCes da axla imas gavadevnoT Tvali, rogor iRvwodnen tyibulis rkinigzis gasayvanad.

roca Tbilisi-foTis rkinigza gahyavdaT, n. nikolaZes guliT undoda am xazs quTaisSi gaevlo. antikuri epoqidan dawyebuli me-19 saukuniT damTavrebuli, quTaisi Zvel savaWro gzaze ido, rac arsebiTad gansazRvravda qalaqis keTildReobas. niko nikolaZes eSinoda, Tu rkinigza quTaiss gverds auvlida, igi daqveiTdeboda, gaRaribdeboda, mniSvnelobas dakargavda. amas sxvebic xedavdnen. maT Soris, kavkasiis samefisnacvlos mmarTvelobac. magram gza mainc ise gaiyvanes, rom quTaiss gverdi auxvies. rkinigzis gayvana Tbilissa da foTs Soris n. nikolaZes did sasargeblo saqmed miaCnda da mis damTavrebas miesalma. Tumca gafrTxilebis mizniT esec Tqva: `rkinis gza da misi moZraoba marto maSin moutans sikeTes Cven qveyanas, marto maSin gamoadgeba xeirianaT Cven sazogadoebas, roca Cveni xalxi TviTonac moZraobaSi mova, isurvebs miTi sargeblobas da sakmao moxerxebas ixmars misi ZaliT sargeblobaSi. Tu ara da, es gzac _ rogorc yvelaferi sxva sikeTeebi am qveyanas _ marto im pirebs gamoadgebaT, visac sakmao mogoneba da Zala aqvs maTda sasargeblo da maTi nayofis mosaboWvelaT~...

rkinigzis moSorebiT quTaisi CixSi darCa. is, rac niko nikolaZes afiqrebda da awuxebda, gamarTlda. qalaqi TandaTan qveiTdeboda da Zvelebur elfers kargavda.

`quTaisma TandaTan daiwyo dacarieleba, daqveiTeba da umTavresad savaWro da samrewvelo qalaqi daeSva mesamexarisxovani administraciuli centris donemde: saxlebi sanaxevrod dacarielda, _ Zvelma fasebma orjer da samjer daiwia, maRaziebi uimedod elodebian nisiad myidvelebs da mTeli qalaqis cxovreba trialebs sasamarTlo da sapolicio sammarTveloebis, an mravalricxovani auqcionebis irgvliv, romlebzec nayar-nuyari da gamousworebeli movaleebis, _ romelTa raodenobac auricxelia, _ qoneba iyideba~.

Cioda n. nikolaZe quTaisis mdgomareobas. quTaisi sagubernio centri iyo da misi gasaWiri kavkasiaSi mefisnacvals, did mTavars

mixeil nikolozis Zesac awuxebda. man mizanSewonilad CaTvala quTaisis ZiriTad sarkinigzo magistralTan SeerTeba. raki sazogadoebrivi azri da xelisuflebis survili erTmaneTs daemTxva, Svidversnaxevriani rkinigzis liandagis dageba advilad moxerxda.

ra laparaki unda imas, rom quTaisSi Seyvanili rkinigza tyibuls ar Sveloda. mas sakuTari sWirdeboda. TiTqos es metad cxadi iyo da dava ar unda gamoewvia, magram xan erTi mizezi wamohyofda Tavs da xan _ meore.

jer sabagiro gza gaviyvanoTo, Tqves. im manZilze, rac quTaiss da tyibuls aSorebda, sabagiro gza ar gamodgeboda. n. nikolaZem gaakritika es azri. sabagiro gzis mSeneblobas tyuilad fulis xarjva daarqva. tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoeba TandaTan gaizrdeboda. sabagiro gza verc xalxis gadayvan-gadmoyvanas auvidoda da verc qvanaxSiris zidvas. sabagiro gzis mSeneblobaze fiqri da sja Sewyvites.

mere, eWvi SeeparaT, gauwevda Tu vera tyibulis qvanaxSiri baqos navTobs konkurencias. zogierTi imasac ki fiqrobda, baqos navTobis mere saerTod aRar iyo saWiro tyibulis qvanaxSiri. n. nikolaZe amaTac Seeba. tyibulis qvanaxSiris budobis naklebmwarmoebluroba imis brali ki ar aris, rom igi uxarisxoa, aramed _ samomxmareblo bazris ugzoobis da misatani saSualebebis uqonlobisa, _ amtkicebda n. nikolaZe. man sagangebod amowera sabaJo departamentis angariSebidan Savi zRvis navsadgurebma ra raodenobiT moixmares inglisidan motanili qvanaxSiri. daasabuTa tyibulis qvanaxSiris didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba mTeli amierkavkasiis mrewvelobisaTvis da daaskvna: rkinigzis aSeneba tyibulamde aucilebeliao. n. nikolaZe werda imasac, rom tyibulis rkinigzis oTxi proeqti arsebobdao. ori proeqti 1874 wels SeudgeniaT, oric _ 1881 wels, roca tyibulis rkinigzis gayvanis aucilebloba urwmunebiaT, sadavo gamxdara gayvanis mimarTuleba. erTni fiqrobdnen, ukeTesi iqneba, rkinigzas Tu gaviyvanT tyibulidan sadgur simoneTamde dedabris qedis gvirabis gavliT, meoreni upiratesobas

aniWebdnen mimarTulebas: quTaisi-gelaTi-tyibuli. yofila mesamec: luxutis moedani (ajameTTan axlos)-mdinare Zevrulas auzi-tyibuli.

erTi sityviT, sadavosa da sakamaTos yovelTvis Soulobdnen. arc paeqroba-kamaTi ezarebodaT. raki 1881 wels quTaisis qalaqis sabWom tyibulis rkinigzis rwmunebulad niko nikolaZe airCia, igi mTeli suliTa da guliT Caeba saqmeSi. isedac ar zogavda Zal-Rones da axla miT ufro. oficialuri rwmunebiT iyo aRWurvili da raRa Seborkavda.

bevri weris, kidev ufro meti laparakis, instanciebSi aRma-daRma dausrulebeli siarulis mere, rogorc iqna, 1883 wels tyibulis rkinigzis mSeneblobis proeqti damtkicda. oTx weliwads gagrZelda mSenebloba. 1887 wlis 20 maiss Seamowmes da miiRes rkinigza. 15 dekembers ki pirvelma matarebelma gaiara.

rkinigzis gayvanam tyibulis qvanaxSirs farTo sawarmoo asparezi gadauSala. magram kidev arsebobda erTi dabrkoleba, romelic gzas uRobavda warmoebis gaSlas. tyibulis qvanaxSiriani mamuli pawia-pawia naWrebad iyo danawilebuli sxvadasxva pirTa xelSi. am pirebSi zogierTi iseTic iyo, romelsac warmoebis ara esmoda ra. zogierTi ki Soreul horizontsac xedavda. tyibulis qvanaxSiris saqmeSi milioneri solomon SaburiSvilic iyo Cabmuli. igi nel-nela yidulobda miwebs da TandaTan afarToebda warmoebas. aseve iqceoda meore mrewvelic novoselskic. arc ucxoelebs gamoparviaT tyibulis mniSvneloba. avstrieli inJineri ioseb bogaCi sxvebze nakleb ar saqmianobda da imedovnebda mogeba-warmatebas.

gacxarebuli muSaoba ar kmaroda. Saxtebs, Stolnebs saTanado mowyoba-aRWurva sWirdeboda. meti unda ezrunaT muSaTa uxifaTobazec, Torem avariebi gaxSirda. guSindeli mevenaxe, mebostne da mebaRe glexebs samTo saqmis codna ar hqondaT. sruliad ubralo viTarebaSic ki ubedureba daatydebodaT Tavs. bevrma volfis lampis anTebac ar icoda. cudad inaxavdnen feTqebad nivTierebebsac. sad iyo da sad ara, moulodneli afeTqeba gaayruebda iqaurobas. saqmis CaSlas viRa Cioda, iRupebodnen adamianebi. cxadad Canda, muSaobis pirobebi Zireulad unda Secvliliyo.

jer kidev samocdaaTian wlebSi undoda niko nikolaZes saaqcionero amxanagobis Camoyalibeba. am amxanagobas unda exelmZRvanela tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoebisaTvis. magram maSin ver moxerxda es. qarTvelTa Soris ver ipova fuliani kaci, vinc tyibuliT dainteresdeboda. fuli imdenad ar enanebodaT, ramdenadac eSinodaT ar motyuebuliyvnen. pirdapir ase uTxra akaki wereTels solomon SaburiSvilma, roca poetma kapitalists WiaTuris marganecis samuSaos dafinanseba sTxova _ `magisTana saqme jer CvenSi aravis uwarmoebia da mec fulebs ver gadavyri, ara imitom, rom fuli menanebodes. ara! mitom, rom sasacilod ar amigdon!~ vaiTu, tyibulis qvanaxSirs samrewvelo mniSvneloba ar hqonda da gabiTurebuliyvnen. xalxi dascinebda _ fuliani kacis alRo ar hqoniao da sazogadoebaSi Tavs veRar gamohyofdnen. sxvagvarad iyo saqme 80-ian wlebSi. tyibulis qvanaxSiris sawarmoo mniSvneloba ukve aRaraviTar eWvs aRar iwvevda. piriqiT, axla tyibuls buzebiviT exveodnen. misgan did sargebels moelodnen. saaqcionero sazogadoebis Seqmna Zveleburad Zneli aRar iyo. tyibuliT dainteresebuli adamianebi qarTvelTa Sorisac mravlad iyvnen da araqarTvelTa Sorisac. rac aTi-TxuTmeti wlis winaT saTakilod miaCndaT, axla saamayo gamxdariyo.

1889 wlis maisSi saaqcionero sazogadoeba `naxSiri~ Seiqmna. 1890 wlis 11 maiss ruseTis imperatorma am sazogadoebis wesdeba daamtkica. sazogadoeba `naxSiris~ damaarseblebi iyvnen _ niko nikolaZe, Tbileli meore gildiis vaWari ioseb alelovi, inJineri ioseb bogaCi, aznauri aleqsandre meliq-azarianci, ivane wovianovi da viqtoria Saburova (solomon SaburiSvilis qvrivi).

(rusuli formiT aq warmodgenil gvarebs Soris aSkarad qarTulia SaburiSvili da aleliSvili. isini gvxvdebian qarTul istoriul dokumentebSi, magaliTad, `qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~, `dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan~. akaki wereTelic ki Secda, roca solomon SaburiSvils `somexi vaWari~ uwoda. ratomRac TavSi CaviWedeT, rom me-19 saukuneSi Tu vinme vaWrobda an samrewvelo saqmes misdevda, somexi an ucxoeli iyo. zaqaria WiWinaZe igonebda _ roca zubalaSvilebis Sesaxeb wigni gamovecio, gaxarebulma konstantine zubalaSvilma Tvalcremlianma miTxrao, _ iqneb axla mainc damijeron, qarTveli rom varo. me-19 saukuneSi qarTvelebi savaWro-samrewvelo saqmes ar gaurbodnen da marto adgil-mamulebs ar hyididnen. vaWrobdnen kidec da mrewvelobdnen kidec. amas sazogadoeba `naxSiric~ gvidasturebs. sazogadoebis

damaarsebeli eqvsi kacidan sami qarTvelia _ nikolaZe, aleliSvili, SaburiSvili, erTi avstrieli _ bogaCi, erTi somexi _ meliq-azarianci da erTic jer daudgeneli erovnuli vinaobis _ wovianovi, Tumca, albaT, esec wovianiZea. aris aseTi qarTuli gvari, magram istoriul dokumentebSi jerjerobiT ar Semxvedria).

erTxans saaqcionero sazogadoeba `naxSiri~ saqmes Cinebulad uZRveboda. magram pirveli msoflio omi rom daiwyo da saerTaSoriso viTareba air-dairia, `naxSiris~ mdgomareobac Seicvala. Semcirda qvanaxSiris mopoveba. daeca Sromis nayofiereba, moiSala wesrigi. daiwyo konfliqti sazogadoeba `naxSirsa~ da xelisuflebas Soris. kidev ufro garTulda situacia 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis mere. amierkavkasiis komisariatis dros `naxSiris~ maRaroebi sagangebo sammarTvelos gadasces. `naxSiris~ gamgeobam iCivla, magram saCivars yuradReba aravin miaqcia. sazogadoeba ar isvenebda. karebi autalaxa xelisuflebas da aiZula igi amierkavkasiis ekonomiur sabWos sagangebo komisias ganexila `naxSiris~ sakiTxi. ganxilviT ki ganixiles, magram ra _ sazogadoebis Txovna mainc ar daakmayofiles. mizezad es daasaxeles: baqodan navTobis mowodeba Sewyvetilia (am dros baqoSi 26 komisris xelisufleba arsebobda. navTobis miwodebis SewyvetiT isini amierkavkasiaSi ekonomikuri krizisis gamowvevas cdilobdnen da amiT burJuaziis damarcxebas). krizisis pirobebSi dauSvebelia tyibulis qvanaxSiris arseboba kerZo aqcioneruli sazogadoebis xelSi. `naxSirs~ SeuZlia isargeblos Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, moipovos monopolia da saxelmwifo kidev uares dReSi Caagdoso. amjerad tyibulis maRaroebi momaragebis komitets dauqvemdebares.

sazogadoeba `naxSiris~ mdgomareoba arc maSin gaumjobesebula, roca saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Seiqmna. 1919 wlis 27 oqtombers sazogadoeba `naxSiris~ aqcionerTa krebam gadawyvita tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoeba mieyida saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobisaTvis. fasad maSindeli 12 milioni maneTi moiTxoves. mTavroba daTanxmda. ukve saxelmwifo warmoebad gadaqceuli maRaroebis xelmZRvaneloba, movla-patronoba mTavrobam niko nikolaZis diswuls, besarion WiWinaZes daavala, efrosine nikolaZisa da aleqsi WiWinaZis vaJs. marTalia, besarion WiWinaZes piradad mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda kerZo sawarmoo organizaciis saxelmwifo warmoebad gadaqceva, magram mis azrs yuri ar aTxoves. komerciuli saqme iTxovs energias, dauyovnebliv gadawyvetilebas, gabedulebas, vaWrobis moxerxeba-alRos, risks da fulis yadrs. amis niWi kerZo pirs aqvs da ara _ biurokratiul aparats. biurokratiuli aparati saqmis waxdenis mets arafers gaakeTebso, _ amtkicebda b. WiWinaZe. magram menSevikebi socialistebi iyvnen da kerZo sakuTrebis dauZinebeli mtrebi. maTTvis b. WiWinaZis gonivrul azrs mniSvneloba ar hqonda.

1920 wlis TebervalSi sazogadoeba `naxSirma~ arseboba Sewyvita. visac vrclad da dawvrilebiT surs tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoebis istoriis gacnoba,

SeuZlia waikiTxos vladimer WaniSvilis wigni _ `tyibulis qvanaxSiris warmoebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi~.

mec am wigniT vsargeblobdi.niko nikolaZe uyuradRebod ver datovebda meore samrewvelo centrs saqarTveloSi _

WiaTuras. kargad iciT, rom WiaTuris Savi qvis aRmoCenac da mrewvelobac qarTul mwerlobas ukavSirdeba, kerZod, akaki wereTels. akakize adre WiaTura germanel abixsa da rus simonoviCs moxvedria TvalSi, amas poetic ar malavda:

`me jer kidev gimnaziaSi viyavi: viqnebodi ase aTi-TerTmeti wlis. erTxel wirqvalidan begara puri gamogvatanes da mamaCemma uTxra mouravs: eg puri sxvagan CahyareT, calke qaTmebisaTvis, rom sxva xvadabunis purebSi ar gaerios, Tvaram daviRupebiTo. me gaocebulma mizezi gamovkiTxe da miTxres: wirqvalisa da rganis puri ar vargao! _ qvagunda urevia, kalos rom aiReben, is patar-patara qvagundebi ahyvebian xolme da purs ise aSaveben, rom saWmelad aRar vargao... erTi kodi wirqvaleli an rganis puri Tu gaurie, assa da aTass kods purs Savad SeRebavs, gaafuWebso!.. rogorc axalgazrdas es CamrCa gulSi da didma xanma rom gaiara da studentad Sevedi peterburgSi, erTxel Zvel `samTo Jurnals~ rom vaTvalierebdi, iq Semxvda geologi akademikosis abixis statia. sxvaTa Soris, ambobda akademikosi, rom Sorapnis mazraSi, s. wirqvalSi da sazogadod rganSi marganecis did-Zali maragia, mdidari da advili samuSao, maSin rodesac sxvagan arsad ariso da moTxovnileba ki didiao... me, rogorc ara geologma, ar vicodi Tu qvagunda marTla marganeci iyo da saWiro iyo mxolod amisi Semowmeba adgilobrivad.

Cavedi tfilisSi. iq cnobil geologs svimonoviCs movelaparake qvagundis Sesaxeb. imanac, radgan samsaxurSi iyo, aiRo erTi Tvis nebarTva, daeTxova da kerZod wamomyva me saCxeres. erT Tves darCa Cem saxlSi da iqidan dro da dro davdiodiT wirqvalsa da WiaTuris midamoebSi. madnis yovelgvarma simdidrem gaakvirva mkvlevari. da rodesac gaaTava gamokvleva, moxseneba warudgina samTo gamgeobas... gaviTvaliswine Tu ra sargeblobas moutanda qveyanas amisi warmoeba-mrewveloba da kidevac Seudeqi saqmes: magram, rom ar megona, imisTana dabrkolebani damxvdnen. ara Tu aravin damexmara da TanagrZnoba aravin gamomicxada, kiJina damsces, gadareula da raRacaebs bodavso, Torem marmarilodan, rom didi saxeiro ara gamodis ra, raRac eSmakis Savi qvidan ra unda gamovideso?..~

niko nikolaZes marganecis mniSvneloba kargad esmoda, magram is ar sjeroda, akaki wereTels Saviqvis aRmoCena-mrewvelobaSi didi Rvawli rom edo. 1894 wels `novoe obozreniem~ (№3694) akakis kbili gahkra _ `kolumbis gvirgvini~ daidgao Tavze. es kidev araferi... `novoe obozrenies~ 3696-e nomerSi nikom akakis mrewvelis niWic dauwuna. amis moTmena aRar SeiZleboda. niko da akaki erTxans erTmaneTs waekidnen, magram male Serigdnen. imdeni xnis megobroba akavSirebdaT pirovnulica da ojaxuric, rom maTi damdureba SeuZlebeli iyo. an ra dros nikos da akakis dava-paeqroba iyo, roca WiaTuris marganecs movla-patronoba sWirdeboda. dro da viTareba maT erTad yofnas iTxovda da ara dapirispirebas. miT umetes, rom niko nikolaZe Tavgadadebuli zrunavda qarTuli marganecis keTilad da sargebliani gamoyenebisaTvis. visac n. nikolaZis arqivi unaxavs, damerwmuneba _ ra didi dro, jani da energia Sealia n. nikolaZem WiaTuras. roca es arqivi gamoicema, Cveni sazogadoeba dainaxavs titanuri Sromis iSviaT nimuSs. im dros es saqmianoba mTeli eris Tvalwin mimdinareobda da vinc brma ar iyo, yvela xedavda. es akakimac icoda. marTalia, nikos mware sityvebma guli atkina, magram misTvis isic cxadi iyo, rom es arc Suri yofila da arc mtroba. ubralod n. nikolaZes SeeSala. Secdomisagan vin aris dazRveuli?

vis ar axsovda 80-ian wlebSi niko nikolaZisa da kavkasiis samTo sammarTvelos mmarTvelis meleris cxare kamaTi (am ambavsac da saerTod WiaTuris marganecis Tavgadasavals vrclad SegiZliaT gaecnoT vladimer WaniSvilis meore wignSi _ `manganumis madnis mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi~).

am xanebSi WiaTuris marganecs gauWirda. krizisuli viTareba Seiqmna. saerTaSoriso asparezze Ciles marganeci gamoCnda da qarTuli Saviqva Seaviwrova. maSin qarTuli marganeci ucxoeTSi iyideboda, sadac ganviTarebuli metalurgiuli mrewveloba iyo. ruseTs CamorCenili metalurgia hqonda. marganecs naklebad iyenebda. melers saerTod ar moswonda, WiaTuris Savqvas ucxoeTSi rom hyididnen. igi ase sjida: marganecis ucxoeTSi gataniT ruseTi Zvirfas nedleuls hkargavs. roca Saviqva ruseTs dasWirdeba, SesaZlebelia, WiaTuris maragi amowuruli iyos da pirSiCalagamovlebuli davrCeTo. imasac ambobda: WiaTuris marganecis warmoeba aramyari warmoebaa, raki misi momxmarebeli evropaa da ara _ ruseTi. rogorc ki evropaSi gamoCndeba romelime qveynis ufro iafi Saviqva, iZulebuli gavxdebiT WiaTuris sawarmoebi davxuroT. es gakotrebiT gvemuqreba. amitom umjobesia ar ganvaviTaroT WiaTuris marganecis warmoeba manam, sanam ruseTSi axali tipis metalurgia ar aRorZindeba. etyoba, meleris azrs mTavrobaSi mxardamWerni hyavda, raki xelisufleba ar zrunavda WiaTuris maRaroebis teqnikur aRWurvaze, Sromis kulturis ganviTarebasa da gzebis mowyobaze. WiaTuridan Sorapnamde ugzoobis pirobebSi urmebiT ezidebodnen marganecs. amgvari mdgomareoba aZvirebda Cvenebur marganecs. igi veRar uwevda konkurencias Ciles iaf Savqvas.

niko nikolaZe melers Seeba. 1887-88 wlebSi man `novoe obozrenieSi~ werilebis mTeli seria gamoaqveyna. krizisis mizezad n. nikolaZem WiaTura-Sorapans Soris rkinigzis uqonloba gamoacxada. ugzoobis gamo madnis gadazidvas didi Tanxebi sWirdebao da bunebrivad aZvirebso Cvens marganecs. kategoriulad moiTxova rkinigzis gayvana. WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigza rom ar arsebobs, es amierkavkasiis rkinigzis sazogadoebis gamgeobis uxerxemlobisa da ususurobis braliao. gamgeobam ver SeZlo daerwmunebina xelisufleba, rom kavkasiis samTo sammarTvelos mmarTveli an marTla cdeba, an gangeb uSlis xels WiaTuris Saviqvis mrewvelobis ganviTarebas.

arc meleri ixevda ukan. isic jiutad amtkicebda, rkinigza ar aris saWiro. WiaTuris marganeci ver aanazRaurebs im xarjebs, rasac rkinigzis mSenebloba iTxovso. amitom krizisi ufro gamwvavdeba da veravin gaiTvaliswinebs _ ra unugeSo Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves amas. Tu ase guliT gindaT gza, jobs didi TemSara, Sose gaviyvanoT. es nakleb sariskoa.

TemSara saqmes ar Sveloda. maSin saavtomobilo transporti CvenSi ar arsebobda. am gzaze isev urmebiT unda ezidaT marganeci. kargi iqneboda Sose Tu cudi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. amiT urmebis siswrafe ar Seicvleboda. isev Zveleburi taatiT, zlazvniT ivlidnen da Savi qvis gadazidvas SeRavaTi ar miecemoda. dros ver moigebdnen. igi ki oqrod fasobda.

amitom ar cxreboda n. nikolaZe. magram meleric kerketi kakali iyo da Tavisas ar Tmobda.

am sityviT sagrobaSi n. nikolaZe marto ar yofila. qarTveli sazogadoeba umagrebda mxars. gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZe da giorgi wereTeli. isini kategoriulad moiTxovdnen rkinigzis gayvanas. magram erTi rTuli problema iyo mosagvarebeli. marto kerZo mwarmoeblebs ar eyofodaT arc Zala da arc fuli WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis dasagebad. xelisufleba ki xarjebis gaRebas ar apirebda. aucilebeli iyo mTavrobis darwmuneba da gadmobireba. magram gasaTvaliswinebeli gaxldaT isic, rom mTavrobas niko nikolaZisa da giorgi wereTlis Zveli marcxic afrTxobda. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi n. nikolaZem da g. wereTelma quTaisi-xonis rkinigzis mSenebloba gadawyvites. arc am mSeneblobiT iyo mTavroba dainteresebuli. maSin orivem ivaldebula da piroba dado, rom:

mosaxleoba ufasod daTmobda im adgilebs, sadac rkinigzis liandagi gaivlida.momavali rkinigzis gaswvriv dasaxlebuli glexebi komlze erT kacs gamoiyvandnen.

kviraSi eqvs dRes imuSavebda gzis gasayvanad da mSenebel kompanias ufasod daeTmoboda is masalebi, rac mosaxleobis mier daTmobil miwa-wyalze aRmoCndeboda.

am pirobam sazogadoebis saocari aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. `aba raRa Tqma unda, rom yovelma CvenTaganma didis interesiT unda moisminos

da gamoikvlios is `erTaderTi saSualeba~, romelsac Turme SeuZlian Cveni qveynis aRorZineba. magram mainc ra aris es saSualeba? Zalian advilad gasagebi TvalsaCino sagani, mkiTxvelo! amier-kavkasiis rkinigzis xazidgan Stoebis gayvana Cveni qveynis sxva-da-sxva kuTxeebSi. sakvirveli saqme is aris, rom aqamdin ver mimxvdarvarT am uebari da amasTanave martiv qveynis gamkurnebel wamals. gadaxazeT Cveni pawawina samSoblo relsebiT da bednierebas qveynisas im wuTSive xelSi CaigdebT: ar mogvindeba aRarc swavla-ganaTleba, aRarc simarTleze da WeSmaritebaze baasi, brZola.

keTildReobisaTvis erTad-erTiRa nugeSi dagvrCenia: mivegeboT inJinrebs, gavumarToT maT xeli Stoebis gasakeTeblad, risTvisac 1) ufasod miwebi davuTmoT, saca ki rkinisgzis xazi gaivlis; 2) komlze eqvsi dRe vimuSaoT da 3) ufasod masalebi davuTmoT, rac ki aRmoCndeba mepatroneebisagan daTmobil miwis naWerzed. meores mxriT kompanias Cven (ese igi b. wereTeli da b. nikolaZe) TiTqmis Tavdebi gavuxdiT, rom Cveni xalxi ikisrebs im pirobebis asrulebas, romelsac moiTxovs misgan rkinis-gzis kompania.

Tqvenma mzem, es Tavdeboba didi Tavdebobaa... yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom es didi metiCrobaa, kargi kidev, rom xsenebuli Tavdeboba am saqmeSi cariel-tarieli frazaa, yovelgvar mniSvnelobas moklebuli. xalxs didis simarTliT SeuZlian uTxras Tavdebebs _ vina gTxovaT gviTavdebeTo, xom gagigoniaT `aramkiTxe meambeobis~ ambavio.

......gaiyvanen Tu ara rkinigzis Stos, srulebiT moiSleba urmoba am saqmeSi; amiT bevri

moakldeba glexobis keTildReobas. amave mdgomareobaSi Cavardeba qvemo imereTis bevri muSa kaci, romelnic exla wyliT da xmeleTiT ezidebian siminds foTs da samtredias. es mavne mxare b. wereTlis winadadebisa, ra sasargeblo iqneba erisaTvis (da ara TviTeuli pirisaTvis), amis axsnas ecdeba, rasakvirvelia, TviTon b. wereTeli.

......rogor moviTmino, rom Cven yovel dRiur Sromas ajdes daRi kerZo interesisa; cxviric

rom davaceminoT, isic ki usaTuod sazogado keTildReobas unda moaswavebdes. swored am gvari cxviris daceminebaa b. b. wereTlisa da nikolaZis mogonileba, romlisTvisac sul tyuil ubralod gamoubamT saero sargeblobis kudi~.

cxarobda 1884 wlis 24 oqtombris gazeTi `droeba~.quTaisi-xonis rkinigzis mSenebloba CaiSala. mTavrobas eSinoda, axlac ar

gameorebuliyo cota xnis winandeli ambavi, magram Tu quTaisi-xonis rkinigzis Tvinier saqarTvelo gaZlebda, yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis uqonloba. es qarTuli marganecis mrewvelobas daRupviT emuqreboda. moulodnelad xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna. kavkasiis mTavarmmarTvelma aleqsandre dondukov-korsakovma moiguneba saCxereSi, elene wereTelTan, stumrad gamgzavreba. es xelidan ar unda gaeSvaT. nikom mTavarmmarTvelis mogzaurobaSi monawileoba gadawyvita. saCxereSi, sufraze, TvalaJuJunebuli qarTveli kneinebis gverdiT dondukov-korsakovis dayolieba ufro ioli iqneboda. nikos varaudma gaumarTla. mTavarmmarTvels WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis gayvanis idea moewona. ormocdaerTgverdiani moxseneba-Suamdgomloba Seadgina da peterburgs gagzavna.

moxseneba-Suamdgomloba _ «Á мWрjWнцевом промысле в qоропWнском уезhе kутWисской jуxернии» _ saxelmwifo qonebis saministros gadaegzavna. misi Seswavla ki samTo departaments daevala. iq karga xans swavlobdnen am dokuments, ikvlevdnen, Cxrekdnen, amowmebdnen. meleris masalebsac gaecnen. didi fiqrisa da awon-dawonis Semdeg, mainc melers dauWires mxari. uari Tqves WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze.

Cemi Suamdgomloba uaryveso, _ axta da daxta dondukov-korsakovi. Suamdgomloba-moxseneba isev peterburgSi daabruna, samTo departamentis daskvna ukan miayola da moiTxova _ ministrTa komitetma ganixiloso. ar ganixila saqme ministrTa komitetma. igi gadasces samTo komitets da samTo samecniero sabWos, orivem TbilisSi grZeli, mravalsityviani daskvna gamogzavna. misi Sinaarsis moyoliT Tavs ar SegawyenT (albaT, specialistebis garda, dRes igi arc aravis ainteresebs). getyviT mxolod, rom amjeradac ar cnes mizanSewonilad WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis mSenebloba.

niko nikolaZe is kaci ar iyo, vinc ukan daixevda, winaaRmdegoba qeds moadrekinebda. igi isev Seupovrad cdilobda Tavisi gaetana. miT ufro, rom axla misi mokavSire kavkasiis mTavarmmarTvelic iyo. dondukov-korsakovi piradad Tvlida Tavs Seuracxyofilad peterburgis uariT. man amierkavkasiis rkinigzis sazogadoebis gamgeobas WiaTura-Sorapnis xazis proeqtis Sedgena daavala. proeqti saswrafod Seadgines, magram, wesis Tanaxmad, igi daskvnisaTvis unda gadaecaT da iciT visTvis? isev melerisaTvis. raRad unda imas Cemi Tqma, rasac meleri izamda.

am ambavTa gamo 1925 wels, TbilisSi dastambul wignakSi _ «k истории dрузинской мWрjWнцевой промышленности, кWк построилWсь fиWтурскWя веткW». _ n. nikolaZe wers: meleris daskvna «утвержhWло, что мWрjWнец не имеет в метWллурjии прочноjо потреxления и серьезноjо знWчения, что кWк только химия нWйhет иные спосоxы выплWвки стWли, потреxление мWрjWнцW свеhется к ничтожным рWзмерWм, W потому нельзя и xезрWссуhно зWтрWjивWть jосуhWрственные среhствW нW столь случWйный и незнWчительный вывоз. gсе это xыло оxлечено в форму нWучных Wксиом, не поhлежWвших никWкому сомнению, и тем xолее уxеhительных hля совершенно невежественных военных и jрWжhWнских jенерWлов, в те временW еще нWполнявших комитет министров цWрскоjо режимW».1

WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis mSeneblobis saqmem isev saxelmwifo qonebis saministroSi amoyo Tavi. saministrom komisia gamohyo. veraferi rom ver moaxerxa, komisiam eSmakuri azri gamoTqva. saxelmwifo nu gaiRebs xarjebs rkinigzis mSeneblobisaTvis. magram Tu aRmoCndebian rkinigzis gayvanis kerZo msurvelebi, maT sakuTari fuliT gaakeTon es saqme, oRond erTi pirobiT: rkinigza gaiyvanon ara marto WiaTuramde, aramed yovel maRaromde.

ra Tqma unda, amodena Tanxis gaRebas da amxela riskis gawevas verc erTi kerZo piri ver gabedavda.

WiaTura-Sorapnis rkinigzis mSenebloba isev CixSi moemwyvda.

veravin iwinaswarmetyvelebda, riT damTavrdeboda nikolaZisa da meleris brZola, erTi ambavi rom ar momxdariyo: meleri sxvagan waiyvanes samuSaod. amiT frTaSesxmulma WiaTuris mesveurebma kidev erTxel Seuties da, rogorc iqna, Tavisi gaitanes.

1891 wlis 15 ivniss WiaTura-Sorapnis viwroliandagiani rkinigzis mSeneblobis nebarTvas imperatorma xeli moawera.

1895 wlis 4 Tebervals WiaTura-Sorapnis viwroliandagianma rkinigzam regularuli muSaoba daiwyo. magram es iyo mxolod sabargo matarebeli. xalxis gadasayvan-gadmosayvanad mogvianebiT miabes kidev oTxi vagoni. problema, ase Tu ise, gadawyda. mere TandaTanobiT gamomJRavnda, rom Turme verc viwroliandagiani rkinigza akmayofilebda WiaTuris marganecis gafarToebul warmoebas. usayvedura kidec giorgi zdaneviCma-maiaSvilma niko nikolaZes _ Tu rkinigza gagyavda, barem farToliandagiani gageyvanao. es madlierebis magieri iyo, magram amis gamo ar dawyebula maT Soris cxare polemika. igi sxva viTarebaSi daibada.

roca polemika daiwyo, niko nikolaZe foTis meri iyo, anu, rogorc akaki wereTeli uwodebda, _ qalaqmTavari. niko foTSi navsadgurs aSenebda. arc am navsadguris mSenebloba ujdeboda mTavrobas maincdamainc WkuaSi. amdenad arc fuli emeteboda. Tu aSendeboda navsadguri, isev da isev qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis naSovni TanxiT. nikos gauWirda. saxsrebi ar hyofnida. navsadguris mSenebloba Seferxda. maSin n. nikolaZem mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis saministros TxovniT mimarTa: foTis navsadguridan gagzavnili yvela saxeobis tvirTis yovel fuTze daewesebinaT naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadi. cxadia, es wesi exeboda WiaTuris marganecsac.

Txovna miarTves quTaisis gubernatorsac. mas ki kavkasiis mefisnacvlis winaSe unda aReZra Suamdgomloba.

yvela instanciam foTis TviTmmarTvelobis Txovna dakmayofilebis Rirsad cno. magram kategoriuli uaryofiT Sexvda mas manganumis mrewvelTa yrilobis sabWo da misi Tavmjdomare giorgi zdaneviCi-maiaSvili. foTis TviTmmarTvelobis Txovnas uwoda _ «покушение нW интересы мWрjWнцевой промышленности, неспрWвеhливый и ничем не опрWвhWнный Wкт».1 da daiwyo sityvebiT omi. erTi asabuTebda, foTis navsadguri swored WiaTuris marganecs sWirdeba da amitom es naxevari kapiki did saqmes moxmardebao. meore amtkicebda _ es foTis TviTmmarTvelobis gaumaZRroba da sxvisi unamuso yvlefaao.

idaves, idavidarabes da bolos Sexla-Semoxla imiT damTavrda, rom foTis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadis akrefis ufleba mianiWes.

WiaTuris Saviqva n. nikolaZes uyuradRebod arasodes dautovebia, magram saqmeSi aqtiuri Careva kidev erTxel mouwia.

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave WiaTuraSi daZabuli da rTuli viTareba Seiqmna. es iman gamoiwvia, rom marganecis damuSavebaSi germanuli firmebic monawileobdnen. axla ruseTsa da germanias erTmaneTSi omi hqondaT. bunebrivia, xelisufleba germanul firmebs muSaobis uflebas ar miscemda. isini WiaTuridan unda wasuliyvnen, magram ra unda eqnaT im qonebisTvis, romelic germanelebs WiaTuraSi hqondaT? kerZo sakuTreba maSin wmidaTawmida da xelSeuxebeli iyo. mTavroba mis CamorTmeva-miTvisebas ver ikadrebda. darCa erTaderTi gza: germanelebs es qoneba unda gaeyidaT. magram vin SeiZenda? n. nikolaZe principulad iTxovda: qarTvelebs es qoneba xelidan ar gaeSvaT da aucileblad eyidaT.

germanelebi saukeTeso samTamadno aRWurviloba-iaraRis patronebi iyvnen. maRaroebic SesaSurad hqondaT mowyobili. Tu yvelafer amas daeuflebodnen qarTuli firmebi, warmoebas didad gaaumjobesebdnen da uxv mogebasac naxavdnen. es Zalian kargi, magram ufulobis dabrkoleba rogor gadaelaxaT? omianobis pirobebSi manganumis mrewvelTa sabWos finansuri mdgomareoba daqveiT-dakninda. keTil survils usaxsroba suls uxuTavda. maSin n. nikolaZem erTi winadadeba wamoayena: safuTo gadasaxadi gavzardoTo. amiT germanelTa qonebis SeZenis SesaZlebloba gagviCndebao. es ar ikmara. romelime rusul bankSi fulis sesxebac daapira. germanelTa qoneba rogorme qarTul kompaniebs unda daenarCunebinaT.

magram sanam qarTvelebi saxsrebs daeZebdnen, ruseTSi revolucia moxda. viTareba germanelTa sasargeblod Seicvala. jer amierkavkasiis da Semdeg saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis mTavrobebi swored germanelTa daxmarebiT apirebdnen WiaTuraSi muSaobis gacxovelebas. WiaTuraSi marTlac ar iyo saxarbielo mdgomareoba. omma uaRresad gaarTula Saviqvis eqsporti. rogorc iciT, WiaTuris marganeci ZiriTadad sazRvargareT iyideboda. ruseTSi mas farTo momxmarebeli jer kidev ar hyavda. Semosavalma sagangaSod daiklo. am daZabul viTarebaSi, 1917 wels, gardaicvala manganumis mrewvelTa yrilobis sabWos Tavmjdomare giorgi zdaneviCi-maiaSvili. misi moadgile kita abaSiZe mZime avad iyo. saqmes veRar uZRveboda. erTi sityviT, mters rom gauxardeboda, iseTi situacia Seiqmna. am mZime wuTebSi winamZRoloba isev niko nikolaZem ikisra. jer `WiaTuris Saviqvis mrewvelTa saaqcionero sazogadoeba~ Camoayaliba. am `sazogadoebaSi~ mas oficialuri Tanamdeboba ar eWira, magram misi sulisCamdgmeli da mrCeveli iyo. mere didi britaneTis bankidan sesxis aRebac moaxerxa. marTalia, am sesxma mdgomareoba Zireulad ver Secvala, magram xeli mainc SeaSvela marganecis warmoebas.

WiaTuris Saviqvis warmoeba TandaTanobiT imarTeboda welSi.aqtiuri praqtikuli saqmianobisaTvis n. nikolaZes bevrjer mousmenia sayveduric da avi

miTqma-moTqmac: mwerlobis samsaxurs Tavi daaneba da fulis Sovnas gadahyvao. sxvebze raRa unda vTqvaT, roca akakic ase fiqrobda: `Tumca TiTiT saCvenebeli qalaqmTavaria, magram mainc afsus, rom misTana kaci wvrilman saqmeebs gamosdgomia da, rac SeuZlia, is ki daumarxavs~.

es sayveduri ar eTqmoda. mwerlobisaTvis Tavi arasodes daunebebia. roca viTareba da dro iTxovda, kalams Zveleburad basrad iyenebda. mis aqtiur praqtikul saqmianobas saqarTvelos gasaWiri iTxovda. rogorc ilias bankiroba iyo aucilebeli, aseTive aucilebloba aiZulebda n. nikolaZes mrewvelic yofiliyo da qalaqisTavic. saqmiani xalxis naklebobas ganvicdidiT. erT adamians bevri ram unda ekeTebina. uzomo tvirTi unda ezida. sxvagvarad mamulis gadarCena ar moxerxdeboda. TviTon akakic xom ase cxovrobda da saqmianobda. gana man cota dro, energia, janmrTeloba Sealia WiaTuris Saviqvis warmoebas? viTareba iyo aseTi. mas veravin gaeqceoda, visac qveynis samsaxuri etvirTa.

oci weliwadi msaxurobda niko nikolaZe foTis merad. marTalia, mas foTi uyvarda, magram marto Tavisi neba-surviliT ar gamxdara qalaqisTavad. uyvarda imitom, rom bavSvobis didi nawili foTSi hqonda gatarebuli. dokumentebSi igi foTis moqalaqed ixsenieba. mamamiss, iakob nikolaZes, foTSi duqnebi da faqtoriebi hqonda. Sroma rom hyvarebodaT, iakobi yovelTvis ayenebda Svilebs saqmis kursSi. arc niko iyo gamonaklisi. man bavSvobidanve icoda, rac xdeboda nikolaZeebis savaWro saxlSi.

niko nikolaZe foTs zedmiwevniT icnobda. bevric uweria foTis mdgomareobis gamo. qalaqis Wiri da lxini gulTan axlos mihqonda.

`foTis adgil-mdebareobis ucudesi mxare is aris, rom is metad dabali da Waobiania; didi wvimebisa da rionis wyaldidobis dros qalaqi wyliT savsea... rasakvirvelia, amisTana dacemuls da wylian adgils metad notioiani hava aqvs. pirveli SexedviT, kaci ityvis, rom es xoleris da yvela gvari cieb-cxelebis bude unda iyoso da, marTlac aqauri hava kargi ar aris, magram kidev kargi, rom is imdenaT cudi da mavnebeli ar yofila, rogorc safiqrebelia...

...foTis gasaSrobad saWiroa rionis napiris dagubva da amaRleba, mTeli qalaqis sivrceze didZali qviSis moyra da ruebis gayvana... foTs didi roli da kargi sve moelis momavalSi, rkinis gza Cqara SeaerTebs mas TbilisTan, mere kaspiis zRvasTan, Semdgom rodisme Sua aziasTan, sparseTTan da SesaZlebelia indoeTTanac. maSin am gziT gaimarTeba didi moZraoba, misvla-mosvla da aReb-micema erTi mxriT evropasa da meore mxriT saqarTvelos, Sua azias da sparseTs Soris, da foTs Tavisi portiT eqneba didi mniSvneloba; igi Seiqmneba erTi udidesi da umdidresi savaWro qalaqTagani, igi ajobebs maSin odesasac...~

ocnebobda niko nikolaZe 1871 wels. mas Semdeg bevrma wyalma Caiara, magram foTis mdgomareoba arsebiTad ar

Secvlila. bevrs fiqrobdnen, bevrs Sromobdnen, sagrZnobi winsvla mainc ar Canda. maSin foTelma xmosnebma gadawyvites, n. nikolaZisaTvis miemarTaT TxovniT da igi qalaqis merad miewviaT.

`Cven qvemore xelis momwerni, foTis saTaTbiros xmosnebi mogmarTavT Tqven TxovniT, romelic, vimedovnebT, ar mogeCvenebaT TavxedobaT Cveni mxridan. qalaqi foTi mZime avadmyofs gavs, romlis gankurnebisaTvis aucilebelia gamocdili eqimi. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom uars ar ityviT mis daxmarebaze. Cven 25 welze meti Tvals vadevnebT Tqvens sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, vxedavT, rom ar iSurebT codnasa da energias, ar CerdebiT araviTari dabrkolebis winaSe da saxelovnad atarebT mowinave kavkasielis droSas, ibrZviT qveynis warmatebisaTvis. Cven vamayobT imiT, rom foTis saTaTbiros Tqveni didi saxelic amSvenebs.

Cveni qalaqis mZime mdgomareobis pirobebSi safuZveli gvaqvs mogmarToT Tqven TxovniT CaudgeT mas saTaveSi... gTxovT, mogvceT Tanxmoba wamovayenoT Tqveni kandidatura qalaqis Tavis Tanamdebobaze. Tqven iqnebiT erTad erTi kandidati. vimedovnebT, rom dadebiTad gvipasuxebT~.

(foTeli xmosnebis es werili aleqsandre bendianiSvilis wignSia gamoqveynebuli _ `saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba da brZola misi demokratizaciisaTvis saqarTveloSi~).

TiTqos niko nikolaZis kandidatura erTsulovnad moswonT, magram aqa-iq daeWvebuli xmebi mainc ismis. 1894 wlis 25 agvistos `iveriaSi~ waikiTxavT:

`... foTelebi qalaqis mouravis arCevnebisaTvis facuroben. asaxeleben or kandidats: b-nT n. nikolaZes da i. meunargias, axlandel qalaqis mouravis Tanamdebobis droebiT aRmasrulebels. b-ns nikolaZes, rogorc ucnobi dabal amomrCevel mcxovrebTaTvis, romelTa ricxvi didia, eWirveba daxmareba mowinave sazogadoebisagan, rom maT Caagonon sxvebs misi vinaoba, xolo rac Seexeba meunargias, imas yvelani kargad icnoben da pativiscemac aqvs mopovebuli sazogadoebaSi... exla Zneli gamosacnobia am or kandidatSi vis miscemen upiratesobas, amorCevis dros, es ki aSkaraa, rom b-n meunargias garda, nikolaZes dRes am alags veravin Seecileba, Tumca, rogorc xma dadis, zogierTs sxvebsaca hsurT kenWi iyaron~.

`novoe obozrenie~ ironiulad upasuxebda daeWvebulT (es pasuxi qarTulad `iveriamac~ gamoaqveyna 13 seqtembers).

`b-ni nikolaZe ufro Seefereba foTelebis ideas. igi, garda imisa, rom saqmis kacia, niWic Seswevs axali sasargeblo saqmec Sehqmnas da meore, man Tavisi sicocxle tfilisis sabWosa da imis xmosnebTan brZolaSi gaatara da amitom zed-miwevniT aqvs Seswavlili kavkasis deda-qalaqis ekonomiuri mdgomareoba.

marTalia, nikolaZe, rogorc kaci, unaklo ar aris, da iqneba zogierTis mxriv kidec Camouvardes Taviss winamoadgileebs, magaliTebr, is dinjad ver moisvenebs Tavmjdomaris savarZelzed, rogorc vaxramovi, imas iseTi darbaiseli Sexeduleba ara aqvs, rogoric hqonda TavdgiriZesa. ise xerxianad ver CamoarTmevs xelsa, rogorc b-ni meunargia da, amas garda, imis serTuks erTi folaqi yovelTvis aglejili eqneba, magram, samagierod, Tu nikolaZes mouxdeba brZola qalaqis mtrebTan, maSin igi ar daiSurebs da uxvad gamoiCens Taviss didsa da safuZvlians ekonomiursa, strategiulsa da sxva mecnierul codnas, da am SemTxvevaSi ki nikolaZes marTlac cali da badali ar hyavs~.

(ivane vaxramovi, nestor TavdgiriZe da iona meunargia niko nikolaZis winamorbedebi iyvnen foTis meris Tanamdebobaze).

1894 wlis 25 oqtombers Catarda foTis qalaqisTavis arCevnebi. 210 kaci monawileobda arCevnebSi. 193 kacma niko nikolaZes dauWira mxari. 17 winaaRmdegi iyo.

niko nikolaZe movaleobis asrulebas Seudga. niko nikolaZis ocwlianma saqmianobam Zireulad da arsebiTad Secvala foTis

mdgomareoba. 1913 wels Jurnal `kldis~ (№33) korespondenti aRtacebiT werda:`am oci wlis winaT pirvelad vixile foTi. im dros igi ufro mozrdil sofels hgavda, vinem

qalaqs, wumpe-talaxiani bneli quCebi, xis patara saxlebi, WuWyiani uSno duqnebi, cieb-cxelebiT Sepyrobili, uZalRono, uferuli xalxi; irgvliv Waobebi... ai, ra iyo im dros foTi...

am dReebSi SemTxveva momeca kvlav menaxa es odesRac sacodavi foTi. RmerTo Cemo! ra naxa Cemma Tvalebma! nuTu cxadia da ara sizmari! Tilismas gardauqmnia igi am oc weliwadSi mSvenier qalaqad: damSrala Waobebi... vrceli da swori mokirwyluli quCebi, xisa da qvis orsarTuliani lamazi saxlebi, saqonliT savse miniT gadaxuruli bazari da koxta duqnebi, patara wyalsadeni, cxenis konka da eleqtroniT ganaTeba _ ai, ra vnaxe dRes foTSi...

neta vin moaxdina es saswauli?! vin aris is jadosani, romelmac gaacocxla mkvdari foTi da gardaqmna igi mSvenier qalaqad?! vin aayvava dampal WaobebSi saqarTvelos es qalaqi da aqcia igi pirvelxarisxovan boRazad, romlis navsadguri savsea dRes okeanis gemebiT da romlis saqonlis gatan-Semotana udris wliurad 100 milion fuTs?! vin aRZra da aamoZrava foTis sicocxlis ZarRvi?! es gaxlavT n. nikolaZe~.

1914 wels gazeTi `Temi~ (№161) aRniSnavda: Tu 1895 wels foTis biujeti 75.000 maneTi iyo, 1914 wels igi 723.327 maneTs udriso. ai, gakeTebuli saqmis konkretuli dadasturebao.

mamanti paWkorias wignSi _ `foTis warsulidan~_ gamoqveynebulia dokumenti. igi dawerilia 1914 wels da mimarTvaa foTis qalaqis xmosnebis amomrCevelTadmi. mimarTvaSi CamoTvlilia isic, rac ukve gaakeTa niko nikolaZem da isic, ris gakeTebasac momavalSi apirebda.

ra gaakeTa:`1. wyaldidobisagan aklebul foTs ulmobel stiqiisagan Svela esaWiroeboda, amisaTvis

qalaqs irgvliv jebiri Semoavlo da axla wyali ise Tavisuflad ver daseirnobs quCebSi, rogorc winaT.

2. Savs varskvlavze dabadebuli porti mkvdreTiT aRdgenas lamobda da gaacocxla navsadguris ganaxlebiT, foTsa da saqarTvelos didi sargebloba moutana. evropa dagviaxlova, aReb-micemoba gaaZliera.

3. gadaWima sami xidi, romelTagan ori qalaqsa da did kunZuls portTan aerTebs da mesame, foTelebis masazrdoebel guriasTan.

4. axali xidebis agebiT gaauqma mdinare malTayvaze da rionze navebiT gadasayvan-gadmosayvani uzomo gadasaxadi gaWirvebul xalxis Semaviwroebeli.

5. mospo Zvel rkinis xidze dawesebuli baJi.6. aaSena eleqtronis sadguri, romelic portsa da qalaqs anaTebs. 7. gaaba telefonis qseli, romlis boZebi TavmorTul kekluc patarZaliviT quCebs

amSvenebs. 8. gaakeTa, nacvlad daxavsebul samoqalaqo da saxelosno saswavleblebis xis

saxlebisa, lamazi aguris orsarTuliani Senobebi, romelsac mxars umSveneben axlad daarsebuli qalebis da vaJebis gimnaziis qvis Senobebi da sxva skolebi.

9. uxerxul adgilas moTavsebuli savaWro moedani gadaitana moxerxebul binaze, sadac gaSenebulia gadaxuruli bazari da saswori. iqve gakeTebulia oTxi qvis duqani da sxva.

10. moawyo sasaklao da ori wylis amosaRebi genebikis sistemisa, romelic mcxovreblebs sufTa wyals awvdis.

11. ganaaxla qalaqis koSki da mis gverdiT amarTa uzarmazari eklesia bizantiis stilze, romelic Tavis agebulobiT ipyrobs mnaxvelTa yuradRebas.

12. moupova samkurnalos da policias sakuTari bina. 13. moawyo cxenis rkinigzis liandagi.14. navsadgurSi mimavali quCebis mokirwyvla da sxva gzatkecilebis gayvana Tu

Znelad ocnebaSi arsebobda, dRes sinamdviled gaxda.15. qalaqis ganapira adgilebis (CoCxatis agarakis) SeZena bankidan. 16. saqonlis sawyobebis gamarTva portSi da elevatorSi.17. naxevarkapikiani safuTo gadasaxadis daarsebas iseTi didi mniSvneloba aqvs

qalaqis finansebisaTvis, rom misi wyalobiT suldgmulobs adgilobrivi kulturuli dawesebulebani...~

amis gakeTebas ara marto mZime, Tavgadadebuli Sroma, uZilo Rameebi sWirdeboda, aramed jan-Ronis da nervebis xarjvac. gawamebuli, daRlil-daqanculi iona meunargias SesCioda:

`ra nervebi unda hqondes adamians, amisTana sicocxle aitanos, netavi mainc ojaxoba ar myavdes aq, ar xedavdes Cems gasaWirs da Relvas. rom icode, roca Sin vbrundebi, ranairad Semcqerian TvalebSi Cemi Svilebi da coli _ mwuxarea Tu mxiarulio, ramdenad Cemze ufro mets ganicdian eseni, roca saqme ferxobs Tu koWlobs. xSirad, roca Sin vbrundebi, unda mxiaruli gamoxeduloba gangeb miviRo, rom eseni ar davaRono. ramdenad ufro advili iyo Cemi mdgomareoba aq, roca aravin mowmeT ar meswreboda tanjvisa da gasaWirisa~,

mainc ar isvenebda. axal-axal gegmebs awyobda. axla, isic vnaxoT, ris gakeTebasac momavalSi apirebda.

`1. arxiT SeerTeba rionisa portTan.2. rkinigzis saqonelze baJis dadeba qalaqis sasargeblod. 3. saavadmyofos daarseba.4. qalaqis sazogado bankis gaxsna.5. samaswavleblo institutis daarseba. 6. samaswavleblo seminariis.7. sameurneo da saojaxo skolis. 8. gemebis gamyvan-Semomyvan buqsiriani orTqlmavlis SeZena.9. portis Sida auzis SeerTeba mdinare kaparWinasTan, sufsasTan da xobis wyalTan

arxebis gayvaniT. 10. rionis momzadeba Savi da azovis zRvebis gemebis sadgomaT zamTarSi.11. wyalvardnilebis xmareba eleqtronis saSovraT portis da qalaqis sanaTad da

manqanebis saZravaT.12. manqanebis da motoriani navebis SeZena mdinareebze da Senakadebze

saxmarad.13. gadasatan-gadmosatani rkinigzebis mowyoba silisa da miwis sazidavad qalaqis

dasaSrobaT. 14. foTis garSemo adgilebis daSroba da naWer-naWraT gayidva fermebis

gasamarTavad.15. kurortis gamarTva zRvasa da paliastoms Sua. 16. saxalxo saxlisa da Teatris aSeneba~. TiTqos yvelaferi dinjad, Cveuli kalapotiT miedineboda. araferi moaswavebda avsa da

ukeTurs. magram Turme ase ar yofila. opoziciuri Zalebi irazmebodnen da momakvdinebeli dartymisaTvis emzadebodnen.

1913 wlis 5 ianvars gazeTma `imereTma~ mouwoda foTelebs:`...niko nikolaZis moRvaweobam Tavis dro moWama da dRemdi Tu is foTisaTvis

saWiro iyo, amas iqiT mavnebeli iqneba.da kidev vimeoreb, foTelebs urCevniaT n. nikolaZes Sesaferi pensia dauniSnon,

oRond Tavidan moiSoron. ris gakeTebac SeeZlo gaakeTa, aw ki im gziT aRaraferi gakeTdeba; sxva droa da sxva gzaa saWiro. da piriqiT, is gza, romelsac n. nikolaZe adga foTs daRupavs~.

es ar yofila umaduris kerZo gamoxdoma. igi Turme garkveuli nawilis saerTo ganwyobilebas gamoxatavda. ra ar dasdes bralad n. nikolaZes, seriozulica da absurdulic.

naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadis SemoRebiT, foTi WiaTuris Savqvis mrewvelobas Zarcvavso. foTis qalaqis xmosnebs ratomRac WiaTuris bedi ufro `awuxebdaT~, vidre foTisa. naxevarkapikiani gadasaxadi marganecis mrewvelobas arc etyoboda, arc emCneoda. foTs ki sagrZnob Semosavals aZlevda. es ratomRac daaviwydaT Tu gangeb daiviwyes.

roca generalma alixanov-avarskim mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo gadabuga-gadawva, maSin mxolod foTi gadarCa. axla gauxsenes da amiTac daamunaTes _ Tu kargi kaci iyav da mTavrobas ar emsaxurebodi, foTi dangreva-ganadgurebas rogor gadaurCao. yvelam icoda, rac maSin moxda. niko nikolaZe foTisken mimaval gamZvinvarebul generals gzaSi Seegeba da SeaSina: foTi ucxoeTSia dazRveuli da, Tu daaqcevT, mTeli zaralis anazRaureba piradad xelmwife-imperators mouwevso. alixanov-avarski dafrTxa: mefe ar davazaralo, sawyeni ar SevamTxvio da jari sxva mimarTulebiT Seabruna. is, rac, adre didad keTil saqmed da gonebamaxvilobad CauTvales, axla niko nikolaZis avkacobis dasamtkiceblad gamoiyenes.

aravis yurs ar ugdebda. marto Tavisi gahqonda. Cven yurmoWrili ymebiviT vemorCilebodiTo. vinc amas ambobda, isic ar esmoda, rom amiT Tavis Tavs ufro apampulebda, vidre niko nikolaZes aZagebda.

niko nikolaZes azri gamouTqvams: axla mmarTvelobis saqme Zalian garTulda. aucilebelia mcodne specialistebis _ inJinrebis, agronomebis da sxvaTa _ qalaqis

sammarTveloSi mowvevao. ratomRac amaSi xmosanTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganzraxva dainaxes. azri ar gaiziares. dagmes da uaryves.

dava-Cxubi TandaTanobiT gamwvavda, daiZaba da daiWima. niko nikolaZe qalaqis meris Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da samarTalSi misces. axla ar ikiTxavT ratom? braldeba wauyenes: roca foTis navsadgurs aSenebda, bunge-palaSkovskis firmisagan qrTamad 350.000 maneTi aiRoo.

roca niko nikolaZe foTis qalaqisTavad airCies, navsadguris mSenebloba didi xnis dawyebuli iyo. visi proeqtiT ar Sendeboda _ Savroviso, tizenhauzeniso, Jarincoviso, friloviso, zezemaniso, maieriso, _ magram araferi gamodioda. mSeneblobas saSveli ar adgeboda. zRva fuli iyreboda, magram navsadguri ara da ara, ar Sendeboda. rogorc ki niko nikolaZe qalaqis meri gaxda, upirvelesad navsadguris mSeneblobas mohkida xeli. axali proeqti maSindel ruseTSi cnobilma inJinerma nikoloz voznesenskim Seadgina. mSenebloba ki bunge-palaSkovskis firmas daevala. is, rac ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze ver gakeTda, ramdenime weliwadSi aSenda. foTs axali, keTilmowyobili navsadguri gauCnda. adre aravin Sewuxebula niko nikolaZisa da bunge-palaSkovskis firmis urTierTobiT. ratomRac axla, krizisul viTarebaSi gaixsenes igi. moeCvenaT: niko nikolaZem qrTami aiRo, Torem raRa maincdamainc bunge-palaSkovskis firmas miecao asaSeneblad navsadguri da ara romelime sxva firmas.

saqmis Zieba da warmoeba ramdenime weliwads gagrZelda. amasobaSi foTSi uaresi da uaresi ambebi xdeboda. 1914 wlis 21 ianvars foTis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSi momxdarma ambavma mTeli

imdroindeli presa aayayana. qalaqis sabWo foTSi elevatoris mSeneblobis sakiTxs ixilavda. igi germanul

gezelkirxenis firmas unda aeSenebina. mSenebloba Zviri ujdebodaT. umravlesoba moiTxovda: gezelkirxenis firma vaiZuloT, fasi dagvikloso. pasuxad qalaqis axalma merma solomon WoWuam Tqva _ Tu foTi ar daeTanxmeba gezelkirxenis firmas, maSin niko nikolaZe elevators baTumSi aaSenebinebs maT da Cven cariel-tarieli davrCebiTo. am gancxadebam xmosnebi gaaoca. niko nikolaZe mixa esakias ebrZvis da Cven ra SuaSi varTo. mixa esakia moijaradre iyo. igi adre, rogorc maqinatori, amxiles. maSin qalaqis saTaTbirom mas ijara CamoarTva. amiT gaborotebuli m. esakia aRar isvenebda, niko nikolaZis winaaRmdeg saCivrebiT aiklo yvela da yvelaferi. marTalia, axla niko qalaqis meri aRar iyo, magram xmosnebma elevatoris mSeneblobis baTumSi gadatanis saSiSroeba rom dainaxes, es gadayenebuli niko nikolaZis SurisZiebad miiCnies. qalaqis saTaTbiroSi Seiqna erTi xmauri da aurzauri. WoWuam xmosnebi ver daaSoSmina. saqme mTlad imiT waaxdina, rom ganacxada _ rasac vmoqmedeb, an rasac vambob, sul nikolaZis CagonebiT ariso.

am briyvulma wamonaroSma xmosnebi sul gadaria, wonasworoba daakargvina, qalaqis rCeulT Seuferebeli da ukadrisi ram saqme Caadenina. isini erTmaneTs miesien da saSineli cema-tyepa gaimarTa.

roca incidenti gaxmaurda da presa alaparakda, xmosnebi sircxvilSi Cacvivdnen. yvelaferi WoWuas utaqtobas gadaabrales. isic gaixsenes, rom WoWua qalaqisTavad niko nikolaZis rekomendaciiT airCies. eWvic SeeparaT. niko nikolaZem WoWua imitom xom ar agvarCevina, rom iona meunargia ar gamxdariyoo foTis meri. im periodSi niko nikolaZesa da iona meunargias Soris didi SuRli iyo Camovardnili. ormoci wlis megobrebi da oci wlis TanamSromlebi Seurigeblad iyvnen wakidebuli. es SuRli iseTive gulsatkeni, samwuxaro da savalaloa, rogorc iliasa da ivane maCablis dava sabanko saqmeTa gamo. aqac sulmdabali, wvrilmani, gulboroti adamianebis wasisinebam gadahkida erTmaneTs niko da iona. maT davas imJamindel presaSi vrceli adgili uWiravs. orive grZnobda, rom sxvaTa fexis xmas da waqezebas ar unda ahyolodnen, magram adamiani adamiania da emociebis marTvas yovelTvis ver axerxebs.

`mogexsenebaT, pasuxisgebaSi var micemuli. am gasaWirSi mSveleli arsad Cans, Torem damwixvleli, bevri mogecesT, uTvalavia. yovel WinWraqas, yovel lawiraks da qvemZroms SeuZlia mavnos, TvaldaxelSua sicruis TqmiTac. SeSlili unda iyos adamiani, aseT mdgomareobaSi amxanags mtrad rom aqcevdes?~ _ werda niko nikolaZe gazeT `imereTSi~ 1913 wlis pirvel Tebervals.

niko gansakuTrebiT imiT iyo gulnatkeni, rom iona meunargiam mas presaSi orpiri, TaRliTi da boroti uwoda.

ukve aRarafris Secvla da gamosworeba aRar SeiZleboda. mxolod sasamarTlos SeeZlo mtyuan-marTlis dadgena. niko nikolaZis SebRaluli saxelis Zveleburi RirsebiT aRdgena. marTalia, sazogadoebis umTavres nawils ar sjeroda braldeba, wayenebuli niko nikolaZis mimarT, magram arc isini iyvnen mcire raodenobiT, vinc siamovnebiT xels ifSvnetda, avad xiTxiTebda, amRvreul wyalSi Tevzs iWerda. SuRlis isedac agizgizebul cecxlze navTs asxamda. mTeli gulisyuri iqiT iyo mipyrobili _ rogor damTavrdeboda sasamarTlo procesi. sasamarTlo quTaisSi gaimarTa 1916 wlis maisis bolos. misi angariSi srulad gamoaqveyna gazeTma `Cvenma megobarma~. 70-e nomriT dawyebuli 75-eTi damTavrda.

roca am masalas gadaikiTxavT, naTlad dainaxavT, rom sasamarTlo saqme sagangebod iyo mowyobili. magram imis amocnoba ki Znelia, vis mier. ra Zala idga am mzakvrobis ukan.

ra Tqma unda, niko nikolaZes ZiriTadi braldeba ar daumtkicda, magram sasamarTlom mainc scno igi damnaSaved oTxi aTasis saCuqrad aRebaSi. amis gamo gamoitanes ganaCeni: an rva aTasi maneTi gadaixados niko nikolaZem, an erTi wlis patimroba moixadoso.

niko nikolaZes es srulebiT ar gahkvirvebia. kargad axsovda, rac ramdenime wliT adre moxda. quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankSi ocdaaTi wlis umwikvlo samsaxuris Semdeg, Tavmjdomare da direqtori, daviT baqraZe da kirile lorTqifaniZe, ori 80-80 wlis moxuci, samarTalSi misces. is kirile lorTqifaniZe, romelic xelfasis mxolod naxevars iRebda, meore naxevars ki banks utovebda, damnaSavis skamze dasves. orives sajarod gauyides adgil-mamuli, ara marto piradi, aramed da-Zmebisac. siberem uSvelaT, Torem orives katorRaSi amoxdeboda suli. amis mere sakvirveli ra unda yofiliyo?

73 wlis niko nikolaZe ruseTSi wavida samuSaod da sacxovreblad.

oTxi principi

yvelaferSi axlis motrfiale, damcveli da moqadage, mxolod erT rameSi iyo tradicionalisti da konservatori _ erovnul sakiTxSi. niko nikolaZes uryevad sjeroda, rom saqarTvelo unda darCeniliyo ruseTis saxelmwifos farglebSi. ruseTisagan gamoyofas araTu mizanSewonilad ar Tvlida, saqarTvelosaTvis sabediswerodac miaCnda (Tumca 1918 wlis 26 maiss _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebaSi man arsebiTi roli Seasrula). Tu odesme, Soreul momavalSi, saqarTvelo ruseTs gamoeyofoda, mxolod mSvidobiani gziT unda momxdariyo es da imperiis mTavrobis TanxmobiT.

1877 wels, sanam TurqeTTan omi daiwyeboda, niko nikolaZem qarTvel xalxs mowodebiT mimarTa.

`yovels qarTvels mtkiced unda axsovdes, rom omis dros mTeli evropis yuradReba Cven qveyanaze iqneba moqceuli. rogorc ruseTis, agreTve evropis TvalSi, Cveni xalxi unda gamoCndes mxne, patiosan da raindul xalxad, imisTanad, romelic pativiscemis Rirsia samxedro mamacobisaTvis, xeiriani ganwyobilebis Rirsia moqalaqeobrivi patiosnebis da wesierebis dacvisaTvis.

erTi sityviT, nu daviviwyebT, rom Cveni qveynis saxeli, sikeTe da momavali Cvens sakuTar saqcielzea damokidebuli. nu SevarcxvenT dRemde pativcemul saxels, nu gaurevT brZolaSi nurc avazakobas, nurc simxdales, nu veZiebT pirad sargeblobas, nu daviviwyebT urTierT daxmarebis saWiroebas, nu davimalviT soroSi, maSin, Cveni gonieri, wesieri da patiosani saqcieli maRla aswevs saqarTvelos saxels da mtersa da moyvares daanaxvebs, rom Cveni xalxi siyvarulis, pativiscemis, moridebis da keTildReobis Rirsia...~

igi am mowodebas sityvasityviT gaimeorebs 1914 wels, roca pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo.

es saqcieli gasagebia. am omebTan qarTvelobas akavSirebda TurqTagan miTvisebuli istoriuli qarTuli miwa-wylis dabrunebis ocneba: 1877-78 wlebSi _ aWaris, 1914 wels _ lazeTis. es omebi marTlac iZleoda amis imeds. Tumca aWaris dabruneba bevrad ufro

adre moxdeboda, ruseTis armiis generalitetis umecreba rom ara. am umecrebas TviTon nikoc dascinoda Tavis statiebSi.

1829 wels damarcxebuli TurqeTi daTanxmda sazRvari mdinare Woroxs gahyoloda. mTeli aWara ruseTis imperiis sazRvarSi Semodioda. magram rusma generalma, vinc sazavo xelSekrulebas adasturebda, Woroxi da Coloqi erTmaneTisagan ver gaarCia. sazRvars mdinare Coloqis gaswvriv dayabulda. gaocebulma Turqma xma gakmida da suli ganaba: xumroba xom ar iyo, sisxliT mopovebul miwa-wyals, rusi melniT ukan aZlevda. ase aCuqes aWara kidev 50 wliT TurqeTs.

qarTveloba darwmunebuli iyo, rom 1878 wels Zveli Secdoma aRar ganmeordeboda. omSi aRtacebuli midioda. axlandelma sardalma mixeil loris-meliqovma kargad icoda: ra ekuTvnodaT qarTvelebs da ra somxebs. arc Woroxi da arc Coloqi ereoda erTmaneTSi. nikoc wavida maSin omSi, safrangeTis havasis saagentos korespondentad. frangul da rusul presas uamrav masalas awvdida frontidan. amjerad daRvril sisxls amaod ar Cauvlia. qarTuli da somxuri teritoriis didi nawili daubrunda kanonier patronebs.

1914 wels axali imedi gaCnda. qarTvelobam lazeTs miapyro Tvali. marTalia, 1914 wels sxvanairi omi daiwyo, magram xom SeiZleba RmerTi mowyaled giyurebdes da esec mogagebinos. arc is iyo ukadrisi: Tu mama-papeulis dasabruneblad sakuTari Rone ar gyofnida, sxvisi Zala mogeSvelebina. miT ufro, rom peterburgi dapirebuli iyo, eee maSin, 1783 wels, mahmadianTa mier warTmeuli miwa-wylis dabrunebaSi dagexmarebiTo. arc 74 wlis akaki wereTels da arc 71 wlis niko nikolaZes saomrad wasvla aRar SeeZloT, magram laSqrad mimaval axalgazrdobas gzas ulocavdnen. ruseTis erTgulebisaken mouwodebdnen. omi TurqeTTan mimdinareobda da akaki wereTeli aRar werda _ `mxsnels daxsnili miegebe!.. oi, amas venacvale...~ (`guruli nana~ aTi wlis winaT dawera akakim, Soreuli aRmosavleTis sopkebze iaponelma generalma oiamam ruseTis jars kudiT qva rom asrolina).

ruseTis erTgulebis pozicias ara marto am konkretul viTarebaSi icavda niko nikolaZe, aramed saerTod. igi mxars uWerda XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTvel mefeTa politikas, raki masac sjeroda, rom sxva gza xsnisa ar arsebobda.

`qveynis politikas _ rogorc mis bunebis namdvil Zalebs _ adamianis, xalxis survili ki ara, am qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba sWeds. politika axali moduri Sliapka ki araa, romlis cvla Cvens qeifze hkidia, iseTive tradiciuli, ucvleli, mama-papuri ganZia, rogorc ena, erovneba, sarwmunoeba. sanam Savi zRvidan gasavali srute osmalos xelSia, sanam samxreTiT osmaleTi da sparseTi gvakravs, aRmosavleTiT _ leki da TaTari, CrdiloeTiT _ rusi, bevri rom viwrialoT, im politikas ver avcdebiT, romelic aurCeviaT saqarTvelos uaRres gmirebs, bevri cdis, Zebnis da msxverplis Semdeg. ukeTesi rom SesaZlo yofiliyo, gana maT daemaleboda? Cvenze cotad swyurodaT, viTom, damoukidebloba, sakuTari gvirgvini Cvenze nakleb uyvardaT? saZebni gza CvensaviT daxSuli rodi hqondaT, uflebac sisruliT xelT epyraT, visTanac undodaT saqme daekavebinaT, kavSiri SeekraT, brZanebisamebr mTeli qveyana mimovles maTma elCebma, samefo arsad darCeniaT, romelTanac molaparakeba ar gaemarTaT, daaxloveba saqarTvelos saxsnelad ar ecadaT. sanam saboloo gzas daadgebodnen, sanam gvirgvins eris arsebobas Seswiravdnen, yoveli saSualeba sinjes, yoveli RonisZieba ixmares; TviT sarwmunoebis Secvlasac Sehpirdnen romis paps da fridrix dids. ucremlod ver gadaikiTxavs kaci am sami saukunis mecadineobis aRweras matianeSi. rac amdens, amisTana Taobas augia, aucileblad ucvniaT, imas erTi jgufi, gind erTi Taoba ver Sescvlis. sanam osmalos, an sparseTis adgils romelime sxva rassa an mefoba ar daiWers, saqarTvelosTvis araviTari sxva politika ar iarsebebs, imis garda, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen, iZulebiT, saqarTvelos ugonieresi patronebi: aleqsandre kaxeli, aleqsandre imereli, vaxtang kanonmdebi, Teimuraz meore, solomon didi, didi erekle. ra Zalam da aucileblobam es mdevebi gastexa, is axlac ucvlelad arsebobs, mas verc Cven movereviT. rogorc unayofod, ukvalod, usaxelod daiRupa yoveli saxsari, maT dros sxvas rame miznisaken mimarTuli, isreve wyal-waRebulia yvela sxva mecadineobaze naxmari saSualeba. bunebis winaaRmdeg yoveli cda amaoa da sastikad isjeba~.

edaveboda igi axal Taobas 1913 wels quTaisSi gamocemul pawia broSuraSi `Cem politikaze~.

erovnuli Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT, es striqonebi aSkarad gulgatexili kacis dawerilia. wamoscda kidec erTxel: `me didi imedi ara maqvs Cveni mamulis momavlisa...~

sxvaTa Soris, saqarTvelos momavlis mimarT niko nikolaZis sevdiani ganwyobileba daviT kldiaSvilsac SeuniSnavs. roca akaki wereTlis cxedars TbilisSi movasvenebdiTo, _ gviambobs `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ avtori, _ vagonSi Tavi moiyares maSindeli Cveni inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma. sja-baasi jer oms Seexo, mere saqarTvelos beds. ras moutanda qarTvel xalxs pirvel msoflio omSi ruseTis gamarjveba an damarcxeba. `niko nikolaZe gamoTqvamdao am azrs, _ agrZelebs moyolas daviTi, _ rom Cveni mdgomareoba unugeSoa. es gaimarjvebs Tu is, Cven mainc uyuradRebod viqnebiT datovebuli, radgan Cven ar gvaqvs araferi iseTi, rom CveniT davainteresoT romelime mxare da Cveni lamazi TvalebisaTvis Tavs aravin gamoidebso~ (`Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~, 1964 w., gv. 191).

es gulgatexiloba da is aqtiuroba-energiuloba, rasac igi Teoriul Tu praqtikul moRvaweobaSi avlenda, zerele SexedviT, SeiZleba adamians moeCvenos TiTqmis Seurigebel winaaRmdegobad, romelic niko nikolaZis sulSi arsebobda. Tu Cveni qveynis momavlisa ar sjeroda, risTvis ibrZoda ase Tavgametebuli mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze? am kiTxvas ver vupasuxebT, Tu mokled mainc Tvali ar gadavavleT sazogadoebrivi azris moZraobas me-19 saukuneSi.

samwuxarod, me-19 saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istorias Cveni mecniereba, arsebiTad im modeliT swavlobs, riTac imave epoqis rusuli sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTareba Seiswavleba. es ara marto Secdomaa, aramed, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gangeb damaxinjebac, marTalia, imperiis sazRvrebSi ruseTi da saqarTvelo erTiani social-politikuri da sulieri cxovrebiT cxovrobda, magram maTi ocneba, fiqri da miswrafeba Zireulad gansxvavebuli iyo. anda, erTnairi rogor iqneboda: saqarTvelo daCagrul-damonebuli qveyana iyo, xolo ruseTi _ mbrZanebeli, gamarjvebuli da galaRebuli!.. gana batoni da yma erTnairi ocnebiTa da imediT cxovrobs? Tu socialur problemaTa TvalsazrisiT, rusi da qarTveli moRvaweebis Sexeduleba dasaSvebia zogjer erTmaneTs damTxveoda, erovnuli kuTxiT, naklebmosalodnelia maT raime msgavsi da saerTo hqonodaT.

mTeli me-19 saukunis manZilze, ruseTis socialuri da politikuri feriscvalebis momxre da mosurne iyo yvela rusi moazrovne, aSkara monarqistebic ki. amis dasturia aleqsandre meoris reformebi. magram TiTqmis arc erT maTgans ar ufiqria ruseTis imperiis mTlianobis darRveva (piriqiT, dekabristebis «pусскWя прWвhW, или зWповеhнWя jосуhWртсвеннWя jрWмотW» imperiis urRvevobas icavda da ararusebis dauyovnebliv garusebas iTxovda). ar gamouTqvamT survili ararus xalxTa ganTavisuflebisa da maTTvis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis uflebis miniWebisa (Tu ar vcdebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisia andria Jeliabovis dapireba: «nWроhы, нWсильтсвенно присоеhиненные к русскому цWрству, вольны отhелиться или остWться в Áxщерусском союзе». `rusul samefos ZaliT mierTebul xalxebs ufleba aqvT gamoeyon an darCnen saerTorusul kavSirSi~). erovnuli TvalsazrisiT, rusuli sazogadoebrivi azris amgvar SezRudulobas (saSiSroebas-meTqi, rom ar vTqva), SeuZlebelia, aSkarad an malulad, ar daefiqrebina qarTveli moazrovneebi. ar gamoewvia maTSi SiSi. am SiSiT gamowveuli meryeoba da orWofoba sul igrZnoboda me-19 saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi.

Tu erTi mxriv, aleqsandre WavWavaZes uxaria _ `ganixsna gza da eSvaT iverielT sasoeba, rome muniT Sevides maT Soris ganaTleba~, meore mxriv, Civis _ `me amas vhstiri ganawiri, vah Tu veswra ver!.. Tvarada Jami, gulT maami, kvlavca iqnebis...~ ra gulT maam Jamze ocnebobs poeti da generali? marto pirad Tavisuflebas ar gulisxmobs al. WavWavaZe. qveynis, eris Tavisuflebasac natrobs. ase rom ar iyos, arc amas ityoda _ `mzakvars xmliT gavuswordebiT, qarTls mivscemT Sveba-lxenasa!~

nikoloz pirvelis xotbiT dawyebul `sadRegrZelos~ grigol orbeliani amTavrebs _ `an, es raca vhsTqvi, rada vhsTqvi, Tu rac mindoda vera vhsTqvi?~ ras dardobs igi, ra ver Tqva? ver Tqva sanukvari _ saqarTvelos Tavisufleba.

mZlavrad ebrZvis erTmaneTs moCvenebiTi kmayofileba da alali ocneba-fiqri. es saocari sicxadiT gamoxata nikoloz baraTaSvilma.

`Tayvans vscem Sensa naanderZebs, winaswarad Tqmuls!

gaxsovs, sikvdilis Jams rom uTxar qarTls daoblebuls?aha, aRsrulda xelmwifuri aw azri Senida vsWamT nayofsa misgan tkbilsa aw Senni Zeni...~

Tu am striqonebSi ver davinaxeT mware ironia, guldawyvetiloba, sevda, gamowveuli XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTveli mefeebis politikuri moRvaweobis SedegiT, maSin Cven erT-erT udides qarTvel poetsa da moazrovnes TviTneburad mivawerT uborotes azrs _ saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis dakargviT gaxarebas. n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi arsebobs sruli, SeuzRudavi, universaluri Tavisufleba. es Tavisufleba, bunebrivia, erovnulsac gulisxmobs. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia. amitom zemore moxmobili striqonebi mxolod ironiaa. sxvanairad misi wakiTxva Secdomac aris da n. baraTaSvilis damcireba-dakninebac.

saerTod, qarTvel sazogadoebas, da kerZod al. WavWavaZes, gr. orbelians, n. baraTaSvils, daujerebelia ar xsomebodaT solomon dodaSvilis proklamaciis mduRare striqonebi!

`qveynis dasabamiTgan mamulsa Cvensa aqvnda Tavisi sakuTari mdgomareoba, aqvnda Tavisi sjulni... Tavisi Cveuleba da... arasodes ar iyo mokidebuli sxvasa zeda da arc mona, viTarca aw ars mamuli ese Cveni!..

nu ukve Cven ar varT Svilni mama-papaTa CvenTani? nu ukve Cven ara ZalgviZs Senaxva sakuTarisa mamulisa Cvenisa? nu ukve Cven ara gvaqvs simxne da Zali esodeni, raodenica Cvens mamaTa?

maS raisaTvis cocxalvarT!~magram pavle cicianovis gafrTxileba-rCevac ar hqondaT daviwyebuli. aleqsandre

fronelis sityviT, 1804 wlis mTiuleTis ajanyebis dros, p. cicianovs Seukrebia qarTveli Tavadaznauroba da Wkua daurigebia _ nu ocnebobT tyuilad, viTom rusebi saqarTveloSi droebiT arian da male wavleno. rusebi, raki romelsame qveyanas Taviss guberniad dahsaxaven, fexs Tavis dReSi aRar moicvlian iqidano (al. froneli _ `mTiuleTi~, 1804 w., 1896 w., gv. 29). Tqven maTi momrevi ar xarT. amitom amboxebas Tavi daanebeT, Sin mSvidad isxediT da is Cin-mendlebi moxveWeT, rasac giboZebeno.

SiSi arc momdevno samocianelTa Taobas gaqrobia (Tumca erovnuli politika miT ufro mkafiod da naTlad SeimuSaves).

Zveli muSa-revolucioneri mixa CodriSvili gviyveba (`Cemi Tavgadasavali~, 1927 w., gv. 91-93):

qarTvel xalxosnebs proklamacia dauweriaT. misi Sinaarsi m. CodriSvils ase damaxsovrebia: ruseTisa da saqarTvelos mefeebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTvelos unda mieces misi istoriuli teritoria, romelsac unda ganagebdes qarTveli eri damoukideblad, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr.

vaso rcxilaZes m. CodriSvilisaTvis dauvalebia _ es proklamaciebi ilia WavWavaZes miutaneo. Tan baraTic gautanebia iliasTan. proklamaciac da baraTic mixas iliasTvis gadaucia. werils rom kiTxulobda, ilias saxe SeWmuxvnia da mrisxane gaxdomia. saswrafod sapasuxo baraTi dauweria da rcxilaZisaTvis gaugzavnia. gzaSi mixas sulma wasZlia... konverti gaxsna da is werili waikiTxa. m. CodriSvilis naambobiT, baraTSi Turme ewera:

`vaso, exlave dauyovnebliv Semodi CemTan; amasTanave unda giTxra, rom metad cud saqmes CadixarT, unda icodeT _ ras SvrebiT da visTan gaqvT saqme. amnair furclebiT saqarTvelos mTlad daRupavT, aramc da aramc ar gaavrceloT es furclebi. an ki rogor andobT viRac ubralo muSas amisTana did da seriozul saqmes. gimeorebT, Tqven ase daRupavT Cven qveyanas da Cven xalxsac. ara, erTi miTxariT, maSin ras etyodiT qveyanas, rom eg furclebi mTavrobis kacebs CauvardeT xelSi, maSin saqarTvelos xom mTlad Tavis samSoblodan gadaasaxleben ruseTSi da aq ki nacvlad rusebs Camoasaxleben (xazi Cemia _ a. b.). amas Tqven angariSs ar uwevT~.

v. rcxilaZes da mis megobrebs ilias SeSfoTeba da sayveduri yurad uRiaT. proklamaciebi aRar gauvrcelebiaT.

aseTsave SiSsa da SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda giorgi wereTelic 1894 wlis martSi, egnate ninoSvilisadmi miweril baraTSi.

`Tu Cven Cvens politikurad daCagrul garemoebas ar mivaqcieT yuradReba da viyvireT saqarTvelos da ruseTs Sua sazRvari ar unda iyoso, qarTveli da rusi erTiao, amiT Zalmomreobaze damdgari ruseTi isargeblebs da gvetyvian, rogorc axla kidec gveubnebian: Tqven adeqiT da cimbirSi gadasaxldiT, iq bevri adgilebia da farTod, gaSlilad icxovrebTo, ras akvdebiT mag saqarTvelos, xriok adgilebs, roca Tqven sam desetinaze meti ar mogdiTo. socialuri principi moiTxovs, rom yvelas Tanaswori adgil-mamuli mieces. maSasadame, Tqven mandedan aiyareT da cimbirSi gafarTovdiT, Tqven magieraT gadmoviyvanT da davasaxlebT mand velikorusis xalxs, gafarToebulad da maSin yvelani bednierad icxovrebT, radganac yvelas Tanabari sakmao adgil-mamuli geqnebaT ganawilebuli; ras miqvia erovneba, ra saWiroa qarTveloba, Tqven rusebi xarT, Cvenc rusebi, mxolod Tanasworad gavinawiloT adgil-mamuli. ase rom, im socialur princips rom gavyveT, rogorc Tqven brZanebT, rusebi Cven adgil-mamuls dagvatovebineben da TviTon mokalaTdebian zed...~

(es werili 1926 wels `mnaTobSia~ gamoqveynebuli, 8-9 nomris 252-e gverdze).am SiSs niko nikolaZec aranakleb ganicdida. 1865 wels, 22 wlis Wabuki, werda

`kolokolSi~: `...erovnul miswrafebaTa gadaWarbebas SeuZlia miiyvanos saqarTvelo im sasaklaoze, sadac amas winaT tyavi gaaZres poloneTs da sadac mTlad sisxli gamoswoves Cerqezebs~. es sifrTxile 1913 welsac gamoamJRavna, roca ymawvilkacobaSi `kolokolSi~ dastambuli striqonebi gaimeora da Tan dasZina _ `didi samefoebis mWedeli pawia ers gana uSvelis?~

ra Tqma unda, rusul sazogadoebriv azrs mware erovnuli fiqri ar awuxebda. arc rusi xalxis nacionalur arsebobas emuqreboda vinme an raime. is cxare kamaTic karga xnis miyuCebuli iyo, zapadnikebsa da slavianofilebs Soris rom boboqrobda. Tumca cocxalic rom yofiliyo, ras aZlevda qarTvels? arafers. am paeqrobaSi rus moazrovneTa erTi nawili imas dardobda, metismetad ar davemsgavso evropels da erovnuli saxe ar Semelaxoso. meore nawils esec ar aSinebda: ruseTi ruseTad darCeba yvela garemoebaSi, oRond evropul kulturas aiTvisebs da kidev ufro diadi gaxdebao.

qarTvels win ki saerTod yofna-aryofnis problema edga. rogorme Tavi unda exsna, yvela grZnobda da xedavda, rom saqarTvelos es marto ar SeeZlo. Tavdaxsna SeiZleboda mxolod kavkasiis xalxebTan erTad. aucilebeli iyo erTianoba, magram rogor? eniT, sarwmunoebiT, istoriuli yofa-cxovrebiT gansxvavebuli xalxebi ra gziT, ra xerxiT, ra saSualebiT, ra ideiT unda SekavSirebuliyvnen? miT umetes, rom mteri maT daqsaqsulobas ostaturad iyenebda, rogorc ki saWiroebas dainaxavda, erTmaneTs miuqsevda. erTianobas, erTi mizniT SekavSirebas verc ilias poeturi ocneba Seqmnida _ `xalxi azvirTda, xalxi aRsdga, xalxi moqmedobs, kaspiis zRvidam Sav zRvamdina erTs fiqrsa hfiqrobs, da eg fiqria mTel kavkasis Tavisufleba!~ _ da verc giorgi wereTlis gulistkivili _ `qarTvel-somexTa Soris erovnuli brZolis atexa me mimaCnia Cveni eris mavneblaT, niSnaT ganuviTareblobisa, ganuWvretobisa...~ verc niko nikolaZesa da konstantine bebuTovs Soris dadebuli piroba _ erTad eSromaT saerTo-kavkasiuri droSis qveS _ Sveloda saqmes. saerTo-kavkasiuri moqmedebis programa ver gamomuSavda. erTiani moqmedeba ki ara, zogjer iseT ubralo da wvrilman sakiTxTa gamo atydeboda davidaraba, rom Wirisufals guli ukvdeboda. mteri ki xarobda. isedac gaTiSulebi, sul mTlad calcalkevdebodnen. yvela Tavis samreklodan rekavda da meoris xmis gagoneba ar undoda.

Tavdapirvelad niko nikolaZes erTianobis meti imedi hqonda. qarTvelTa Soris mainc. `gana am striqonebis damweri yvelaferSi eTanxmeba, magaliTad, g. wereTels, il.

WavWavaZes, ak. wereTels an s. mesxs? an, gana eseni yvelaferSi eTanxmebian imas? ara, zogierT saqmeSi, zogierT kiTxvebze Cven sxva da sxva azrisa varT. magram Cven sazogado mizani yvelas erTi da igive gvaqvs da unda gvqondes. am sazogado mizans Cven yvelani, Cveni Zalisa da codnis mixedviT, erTgulad vemsaxurebiT, da Tu wvrilman azrebSi, wvrilman sagnebze, an SemTxvevebze, erTmaneTis pativiscemis Sewyvetis nebas ar gvaZlevs da erTmaneTSi brZolas rodi gvawevinebs. asea yovelgan, yovel SromaSi. uamisod Sroma da erTad saqmis wayvana SeuZlebelia~.

amas axalgazrdobaSi werda, me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. merec adasturebda, 1915 wels, romanoz xomlelisadmi miweril baraTSi.

`rasakvirvelia, CinebulaT mesmoda, ra didi gansxvaveba arsebobda ilias, akakis, mesxis, giorgi wereTlis da Cems mimarTulebebs Sua; ro bevrSi maTi azri Cemis winaaRmdegi iyo; mara naTlad imas vgrZnobdi, ro Cvens sicocxleSi, Cvens mamulSi ver moveswrebodiT iseTi xanis dadgomas, roca Cveni azrebis winaaRmdegoba Cvens Soris realuri brZolis atexvas gamoixmobs. winaaRmdegoba iyo maSin marto natvris sxva da sxva ferobaSi. sadavo gvqonda marto is sakiTxi: Tu romeli natvra sjobia _ iliasi, akakis, giorgi wereTlis, sergei mesxis Tu Cemi? sanatreli yvelas sxva da sxva nairi gvqonda. mara, raki arc erTis Cvenganis natvra Cvens sicocxleSi ar ganxorcieldeboda, vfiqrobdi _ dae, yvelam, rac unda, is inatros. namdvil cxovrebaSi ki, saqmianobaSi, iseT sagnebSi, romlis ganxorcieleba Cvens sicocxleSi mosalodnelia, yvela, rasakvirvelia, erTi da imave azrisa da grZnobis viyaviT~.

marTalia, saerTo, sazogado miznebisaTvis brZola arc erT maTgans sicocxlis bolomde ar Seuwyvetia, magram maT saqmianobas erTiani, ganuyofeli, mtkice organizaciuli xasiaTi da saxe ar miuRia, ar Camoyalibebula partiad, organizaciad. amas TviTon niko nikolaZec aRniSnavda.

`...nel-nela roca Teoriul mosazrebas waexaxuna namdvili interesebis winaaRmdegoba, ise advili rodiRa Seiqmna am ukanasknelebis (kavkasiis xalxTa _ a. b.) SeTanxmeba, Cem droSas (erTobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis droSas _ a. b.) yvelaze uwin 1877-Si qarTvelebi gaeqcnen. maT male somxoba gahyva; aTiode wlis ganmavlobaSi es ori gans gamdgari amxanagi erTmaneTSi mainc ar daobdnen. 1890-Si maT Sorisac, rogorc mogexsenebaT, atyda mwvave brZola. sami Tu oTxi wlis Semdeg gaimarTa TviT qarTvelobaSic Sinauri omi egred wodebuli `mesame dasis~ TaosnobiT. muSa winaaRudga patrons, glexi _ aznaurs, mrevli _ mRvdels da sxv. Tu am rigad airia monasteri kavkasiis mowinave erebSi, qarTvelobaSi da somxobaSi, raRa sakiTxavia _ TaTrebi da lekebi ra gzas daadgebodnen~,

organizaciis Camouyalibeblobas iakob gogebaSvilic uCioda. es samocianelebis moRvaweobis sisusted miaCnda.

`...marTalia, ver SevqmeniT mesamoceebma organizacia da es iyo susti mxare Cveni moqmedebisa, magram verc Cvenma ulmobelma kritikosebma isaxeles am mxriv Tavi. maTac araviTari realuri moqmedi organizacia ar SeuqmniaT. mxolod social-demokratebma daaarses da gaCarxes Zlieri organizacia da aki kidevac gahyavdaT da gahyavT Tavisi...~ (`rCeuli pedagogiuri Txzulebani~, 1977 w., gv. 130).

asea, Tavisi rom gaiyvano, aucilebelia Zlieri, mtkiced Sekrul-SekavSirebuli organizacia, partia, romelsac Sinagani winaaRmdegoba ar RrRnis da asustebs. Zlieri organizacia verc TergdaleulTa momdevno xalxosanTa Taobam Seqmna.

saerTod xalxosnoba, da kerZod qarTuli, niko nikolaZes ukavSirdeba, magram ara im TvalsazrisiT, rac Cvens istoriul mecnierebaSia gamoTqmuli: `Tuki maincdamainc gvinda, rom samocianelTa Soris xalxosnobasTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi figura vipovoT, cxadia, aseTad pirvel rigSi n. nikolaZe unda miviCnioT~. n. nikolaZe xalxosnebTan axlos piradi nacnobobiT idga da ara SexedulebebiT. am kuTxiT maT Soris Zireuli sxvaobaa.

cnobilia, rom rusuli xalxosnoba Temuri, anu glexuri, socializmisaTvis mebrZoli razmi iyo. qadagebda ki odesme n. nikolaZe Temur socializms, rogorc amas zogierTi fiqrobs? ra Tqma unda, ara, miuxedavad imisa, rom es striqonebi misi dawerilia: `Cven Rrmad varT darwmunebuli, rom sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis erTaderT formas, romelsac SeuZlia namdvili sargebloba moutanos saqarTvelos, warmoadgens miwisa da yovelgvari sxva sakuTrebis saTemo ganawileba, agreTve xalxis Sromisa da saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis saTemo organizacia~. Tavi davaneboT imas, rom amas sruliad ymawvili kaci werda, vinc jer Rrmad ar iyo Caxeduli arc socializmis TeoriaSi da arc saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, calkeuli gamonaTqvamebiT mainc ar SeiZleba mwyobri warmodgena viqonioT ama Tu im moazrovnis Sexedulebaze da mrwamsze. saWiroa arsis amocnoba. am mizniT davakvirdeT Semdegs:

1947 wlis martSi dabeWdil krebulSi _ `merani~_ gamoqveynebulia qarTveli eseris (social-revolucioneris) ioseb gobeCias mogonebani. igi wers: xalxosnuri, anu social-revoluciuri moZraoba, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, eyrdnobodao debulebas _ res cum ideam (sagani da idea erTdroulad), _ rac maxisa da avenariusis empiriokriticizmis ZiriTadi arsia. ar iziarebdao arc idealistur res post ideam (sagani ideis Semdeg) da arc

materialistur res ante ideam (sagani ideis win). ramdenjerac unda waikiTxoT n. nikolaZis nawerebi, versad naxavT azrs, romelic SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT res cum ideam-s. amgvari debulebis ganmeorebaze laparaki xom zedmetia da zedmeti.

rogoric unda iyos socializmi (da mogexsenebaT, igi mravalnairia), yvelas oTxi uaryofa axasiaTebs.

...kerZo sakuTrebis,religiis,ojaxis, sazogadoebis wodebriv-klasobrivad dayofis. Teoriulad yvela juris socializmi iTxovs amas, magram praqtikulad zogierTis

ganxorcieleba ar xerxdeba. magaliTad, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda ojaxis uaryofa. Tumca ojaxis uaryofis aucileblobaze oqtombris revoluciis Semdegac bevri iwereboda. mravalTagan sabuTad mxolod or wigns davasaxeleb: aleqsandra kolontai _ «nовWя морWль и рWxочий клWсс» _ da krebuli «Jемья и xыт». roca aSkara da cxadi gaxda, rom ojaxis uaryofa biologiurad dauSvebelia da sruli uazrobaa, Sewyda laparaki. asea: Teoria sxvaa, praqtika _ sxva. xSirad Sua udevT didi mzRvari.

visac eniazeba, adges da striqon-striqon gadaikiTxos niko nikolaZis nawerebi. igi versad miagnebs verc kerZo sakuTrebis, verc religiis, verc ojaxis da sazogadoebis wodebriv-klasobrivad dayofis uaryofas. Cemi fiqriT, socialistad ver CavTvliT im moazrovnes, romelic oTxi uaryofidan ar iziarebs Tundac erTs.

unda iTqvas isic, rom am oTx uaryofas ver SexvdebiT verc erTi qarTveli mesamocianelis (sulerTia, ilia iqneba igi Tu akaki, giorgi wereTeli Tu iakob gogebaSvili) Teoriul naazrevSi. rogorc im drois uganaTlebulesi adamianebi, cxadia, socializmis Teorias icnoben, magram misi aRmsareblebi ar arian. nuTu amis sabuTad ar kmara is gaafTrebuli dava-paeqroba, rasac ilias winaaRmdeg eweodnen social-demokratebi an niko nikolaZis winaaRmdeg social-federalistebi? social-demokratebmac da social-federalistebmac Cinebulad icodnen _ ratom kamaTobdnen da ra mizniT.

es faqti cnobilia, magram mainc mogagonebT. Jurnal `droSaSi~ (1934 w., №14-15) gamoqveynebuli weriliT simon xundaZe gvauwyebs, ra uTqvams masTan saubarSi niko nikolaZes.

`kapitals~ igi (niko nikolaZe _ a. b.) pirvelad gascnobia rusuli Targmanis koreqturaSi 1869 w. Cems SeniSvnaze ganmeorebiT da xazgasmiT aRniSna _ beWdva bevrad adre daiwyo da mxolod mogvianebiT 1872 wels gamovidao. pirvelad gageba gasWirvebia, rodesac frangul TargmanSi gaecno xelmeored `kapitals~, igi darwmunebula, rom marqsis azrebi saqarTvelosaTvis ver gamodgeboda (xazi Cemia _ a. b.).

gana raime sabuTi an ufleba gvaqvs, ar vendoT s. xundaZes? vfiqrob, rom ara. imasac Tu gavixsenebT, rodis iTqva es da rodis daibeWda, maSin kidev ufro metad unda verwmunoT s. xundaZis naambobs. imxanad amgvari sityvebi, rogorc mTqmelisaTvis, ise gamgonisaTvis, iolad SeiZleboda sabediswero gamxdariyo. magram arc niko nikolaZes daumalavs Tavisi azri da arc s. xundaZes miuCqmalavs igi.

uaryofiTad uyurebda niko nikolaZe rusi xalxosnebis saqmianobasac.rusul xalxosnur moZraobas, rogorc kargad iciT, ZiriTadad sami mimarTuleba hqonda

_ bakunizmi, lavrizmi, tkaCovizmi. Tu marTals vityviT, n. nikolaZes ar sjeroda, ar swamda arc erTis _ arc bakuninis, arc lavrovis, arc tkaCovis (SedarebiT simpaTiurad iyo igi ganwyobili n. mixailovskisadmi. magram es simpaTia ekuTvnoda ufro n. mixailovsk-adamians, vidre n. mixailovsk-moazrovnes). Tu ar daizarebT da SeamowmebT, prokofi ratianis `rCeuli nawerebis~ mesame tomSi, 401-403-e gverdebze naxavT niko nikolaZis baraTs, miwerils colisadmi 1875 wels. es werili swored imiT aris metad sayuradRebo, rom igi araviTar eWvs aRar tovebs da sabolood naTels hfens n. nikolaZis damokidebulebas xalxosnuri moZraobisadmi.

axla ramdenime wuTiT me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gadavsaxldeT da n. nikolaZes davugdoT yuri:

`lavrovi iseTi kacia, romelic me gadaWriT ar momwons. man mTeli Tavisi cxovreba germanul filosofiaze fiqriT gaatara. misi tvini hegelis skolis gavleniT aris Camoyalibebuli, magram igi arasodes ar wasula am skolis marcxena frTaze. is SeCerda bruno bauerisa

da komp. moZRvrebis sazRvarTan, ise rom foierbaxamdec ki ar misula. am adgilze igi gaanadgures CerniSevskim da antonoviCma.

da uecrad es kaci, romelic gonebrivad da rwmeniT didi xnis Camoyalibebuli iyo, cxaddeba sazRvargareT da gadaeSveba fraziorebis wreSi; am fraziorebis erTaderTi gonebrivi sazrdo im skolis frazebis uazro ReWvaa, romelsac CerniSevski da komp. ekuTvnodnen. xvdeba ra am wreSi, igi tovebs Tavis `kvlevis meTodebs~, Tavis `azrovnebis saboloo miznebze~, `Secnobadsa da Seucnobadobaze~ da iwyebs ybedobas TuTiyuSis frazebiT, moCvenebiTi paTosiTa da nasesxebi lirizmiT. es arc lamazia da uZlurebacaa. igi, rogorc Cans, bakuninisagan iRebs magaliTs, Tumca mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis; igi sesxulobs bakuninisagan mis xerxebs, mis myvirala frazebs da cariel formulebs... yvelaferi es ar SeSvenis lavrovs da ar aris drouli ruseTis axlandeli mdgomareobisaTvis. lavrovi liberalobs, magram me darwmunebuli var, rom igi TviTon unda grZnobdes Tavis liberalobis mTel ubadrukobas...

am sazizRar mdgomareobaSi lavrovis msgavsi adamianebi namdvil danaSauls sCadian. maTi movaleoba iyo, adamianebi manamde moemzadebinaT, vidre maT brZolisaken mouwodebdnen. isini movaleni iyvnen, gaecnoT rusi axalgazrdobisaTvis gonieri organizaciis praqtikuli wesebi; maT unda STaegonebinaT misTvis disciplinis suliskveTeba, im gzebis Segneba, romlebiTac unda iaron, mizani, romelsac nabij-nabij unda miuaxlovdnen; da rodesac sakmarisi raodenobiT momzaddeboda aseTi mzadmyofi, mcodne da Zlieri adamianebi, mxolod maSin SeiZleba ifiqro, rogor da sad daiwyo brZola da rogor mouwodo brZolisaken yvelas, visac SeuZlia masSi monawileoba miiRos.

arafers amis msgavss ar akeTeben adamianebi, romlebic Cayenebuli arian yvela am lavrovebis, bakuninebis, tkaCovebis, Jukovskebisa da a. S. mdgomareobaSi. isini piriqiT, aqezeben axalgazrdobasac, mTavrobasac da maTi propagandis erTaderTi Sedegi isaa, rom axalgazrdobis saukeTeso Zalebi udrood iRupebian fuWsa da wvrilman SetakebebSi, romlebic zogjer imdenad suleluria, rom maTi daRupva mowamebrivi sikvdilis an gmiruli brZolis magaliTadac ki ar gamodgeba.

ismeba kiTxva: ai, ukve aT welze metia, rac es vaJbatonebi sazRvargareT sruliad usaqmod cxovroben. ra gaakeTes maT mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi? am kiTxvis pasuxi Zalian advilia: isini bzuodnen, farTxalebdnen da Tavs ise iWerdnen, viTom Zalas warmovadgenTo. es iyo da es. ase rodi moqmedebdnen namdvili agitatorebi da propagandistebi, rogorc magaliTad, maZini an vorceli. isini aswavlidnen, moqmedebis sistemebs ayalibebdnen, ZalTa mimarTulebis erTianobas nergavdnen, disciplinas amyarebdnen, cdilobdnen, moexdinaT axalgazrdobis ZalTa koncentracia da am Zalebs sifrTxiliT, unarianad da Tavis droze iyenebdnen. isini iyvnen Wkuiani da gulwrfeli adamianebi da TavianTi axalgazrdobis suleluri yalbi mxareebiT TvalTmaqcurad ar ixiblebodnen. verafers amis msgavss me ver vxedav im adamianebSi, romlebsac wadili aqvT rus axalgazrdobas uxelmZRvanelon~.

qarTveli xalxosnebisagan niko nikolaZes erovnuli sakiTxic TiSavda.qarTul xalxosnobas ori frTa hqonda. erT frTas warmoadgendnen isini, vinc aqtiurad saqmianobda ruseTSi _ aleqsandre

elioziSvili, nikoloz CikoiZe, aleqsandre ciciSvili, ivane jabadari da sxvani. amaT erovnuli problema ar awuxebdaT. mTeli suliTa da guliT socialuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad iRvwodnen. Tu raime sityva wamoscdeniaT erovnul mdgomareobaze, mxolod nihilizmiT gamsWvaluli. amis utyuar argumentad iv. jabadaris nawerebi gamodgeba. ar vgulisxmob marto «oисьмW о dрузии»-s, aramed im werilebsac, romelSic igi Tavs icavda oponentebisagan da im mogonebebsac, romelic man «bылое»-Si dastamba.

meore frTas isini Seadgendnen, romelnic saqarTveloSi moRvaweobdnen _ mixeil asaTiani, zaqaria gulisaSvili, mixeil gurgeniZe, stefane WrelaSvili da sxvani. Tavdapirvelad esenic abuCad igdebdnen erovnul sakiTxs. amaTac socialuri usamarTloba uwvavda guls.

`is Wia, raic Tergis napirzedilias `mgzavrsa~ guls uRirRnida,exla sruliad me ar mawuxebs,

is dro CemTvisa mandve wavida. me es kiTxvebi karga xaniadamiZlevia, gamomixsnia!..Cem gulis boRma, TqvenTan sakiTxi,sityva srulebiT sxvanairia...~

meleqseobda mixeil asaTiani. erovnuli bedis ugulebelyofisaTvis gaaZro maT tyavi akaki wereTelma `cxel-cxel ambebSi~, `droebam~ rom dabeWda 1881 wels, 44-e nomerSi. Jurnal `imedis~ jgufi, sabednierod, male mixvda Secdomas. imaTac daiwyes fiqri da zrunva erovnul problemebze. maSin akakic Sehpirda `imedSi~ TanamSromlobas. mere ki, roca `imedis~ jgufi daiSala, zogierTi maTgani ilias amoudga gverdiT da `iveriis~ razmeli gaxda. qarTveli xalxosnebis `rusuli~ (pirobiTad Tu sityviT) frTa ki ise gaecala asparezs (erTma Tavi moikla, meore WleqiT gardaicvala gadasaxlebaSi, mesamem saerTod miatova revoluciuri sarbieli), rom mSobeli xalxis erovnuli bediT didad ar damwuxrebula, Rrma gancdis sagnad ar uqcevia.

erovnuli problemisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba n. nikolaZisaTvis yovlad miuRebeli ram iyo. Tundac imitom, rom nacionalizmi Tandayolili, bunebrivi grZnobaa. 1912 wels sergi danelias dauweria statia «nWшW (qarTuli _ a. b.) социWл-hемокрWтия и нWционWлизм” es yofila pasuxi noe Jordanias werilisa _ `qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi~. s. danelias statia niko nikolaZisaTvis gadauciaT. nikos igi waukiTxavs, moswonebia da aqa-iq SeniSvnebic gaukeTebia, kerZod, nacionalizmis gamo naTqvami aqvs:

`nacionalizmi igivea, rac Tavdacvis instinqti, is damaxasiaTebelia yoveli cocxali organizmisaTvis, iseve rogorc sunTqva, sisxlis mimoqceva, SimSili, Zili da sxv.

nacionalizmis aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia wavSaloT feri Tmisa, Tvalebisa, kanisa da a. S.

saukeTeso nacionalistebs ar SeuZliaT namdvili bedniereba ar Seuqmnan yvela Tanamemamules, maSasadame, proletariatsac; germaniaSic, inglisSic, TviT marqsis drosac ki, saukeTeso nacionalistebi cdilobdnen TavianT samSobloSi cxovrebis socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas. gana 1793 wels safrangeTSi `patriotebma~ ar dauriges glexebs miwebi?~

(weRan, zemoT, p. ratianis wigni rom vaxsene, am masalasac iq ipovis mkiTxveli).niko nikolaZes araferi uyvarda, rac arabunebrivi iyo. cxadia isic, rom xalxosnebis

antierovnul ganwyobilebas ver miiRebda, ver SeeTviseboda. es ar gamohparvia ivane jabadars da amitom cdilobda igi n. nikolaZe imaTi ricxvisaTvis mieTvala, visac surda «восстWновление dрузии со всей ее мишурной среhневековой помпой».1 n. nikolaZes rom araviTari amgvari liRari2 ar hqonda, es ivane jabadarma kargad icoda, magram Tu ginda kaci gaamwaro, is unda daabralo, rac ar ufiqria.

me-19 saukunisa da me-20 aswleulis dasawyisis qarTveli da rusi socialistebis erT-erTi Zireulad ganmasxvavebeli esec aris: Tu rusi socialistebi ruseTis erovnul aRorZinebas socializms ukavSirebdnen, qarTveli socialistebi piriqiT _ socializmiT mxolod socialuri Tavisuflebis mopovebas cdilobdnen da qarTveli xalxis erovnul bed-iRbals Calis fass aniWebdnen. es, albaT, imisi brali iyo, rom ruseTSi socialisturi azri maSin gavrcelda, roca erovnuli nihilizmi daZleuli hqondaT, saqarTveloSi ki im dros Semovida, rodesac ZvelTaganve fesvgadgmuli nacionaluri gulgatexiloba jer kidev ar amoeZirkvaT. am mxriT sayuradReboa ori literaturuli faqtis Sedareba. erTi meTvramete saukunes ekuTvnis, meore _ meoces.

amonaweri denis fonvizinis piesidan `brigadiri~.«Jын _ gсе несчWстье мое состоит в том только, что ты русскWя. JоветницW _ cто, Wнjел мой, конечно, hля меня ужWснWя поjиxель.Jын _ cто тWкой defaut (nakli), котороjо ничем зWjлWhить уже нельзя... oризнWюсь, что я

хотел xы иметь и сWм тWкую жену, с которой xы я jоворить не моj иным языком кроме фрWнцузскоjо. nWшW жизнь пошлW xы jорWзhо счWстливее...»1

amonaweri mixeil javaxiSvilis romanidan `jayos xiznebi~.` _ erTi rame kidev unda giTxra, ivane, weRan damaviwyda._ ra unda geTqva, Teimur?

_ isa, rom... Cemi udidesi da umTavresi ubedureba is aris, rom saq...qqarTveloSi davibade.

_ rao? ra sTqvi?_ RmerTma Tavidanve sastikad damsaja-meTqi, roca qar...rrTvelad gamaCina~. Tu rusTa erT nawils me-18 saukuneSi ercxvineboda rusoba, qarTvelTa aseTive nawils

me-20 saukuneSic gadmohyva es seni. ruseTma am grZnobis daZlevas me-19 aswleulis pirveli naxevari moandoma. meore naxevarSi sruliad gaTavisuflda da meoce saukunes axali SegnebiT Seegeba _ ruseTis sakacobrio misiis SegnebiT. am misias ruseTi swored socializms ukavSirebda.

qarTvels ki daZleuli ar hqonda erovnuli nihilizmi. arc iyo es advili saqme. mas safuZvels is mefeebi uyridnen, TavSesafrisa da daxmarebis saTxovnelad rom mimorbodnen sparseT-TurqeTsa da ruseTSi. amis gamo erovnul nihilizms saukuneebi umagrebda fesvebs. undodaT Tu ar undodaT maT es, mainc erovnul nihilizms unergavdnen isini qarTvel xalxs. sakuTari Zala-energiisadmi rwmenas ukargavdnen. imis magier, rom am mefeebis politika daegmoT, sakmaod xSirad Cveni mwerlobac maT Rvawlze, politikur SorsmWvreteloba-gamWriaxobaze da sibrZneze laparakobda. es dResac grZeldeba. kargi iqneba, Tu sworad gamigebT. aravin iTxovs, vinmes Rvawlisa da damsaxurebis mifuCeCeba-daviwyebas. oRond is ki minda _ av-kargi gavarCioT, mtyuani da marTali ganvasxvaoT, bevri ram Cvens istoriaSi ufro Rrmad avwon-davwonoT da keisars keisrisa mivuzRaT, RmerTs ki _ RmrTisa.

roca me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi Tergdaleulebma ilias TavkacobiT erovnuli energiisadmi rwmenis aRdgena moindomes, gamovlinda, rom erovnuli nihilizmis damarcxebas meti droc sWirdeboda da azrovnebis meti Tavisuflebac. amis uflebas ki carizmi aRar iZleoda. erovnuli nihilizmis arseboba misTvis sasurveli iyo. rusifikaciis gamtkiceba-gaZlierebas xels uwyobda. amitom xelisufleba kidev ufro metad nergavda nihilizms. am mizniT yvela sulmoklesa da medroves iyenebda.

TergdaleulTa Taobas ufro gamgebi da erTguli gamgrZelebeli rom gamosCenoda, iqneb Cvenc dagvemarcxebina erovnuli nihilizmi sabolood. me-20 saukunes sxva rwmeniT SevxvedrodiT, magram ase ar moxda. jer xalxosnobam gabzara samocianelTa erovnuli erTianobisa da nacionaluri energiis rwmenis idea, mere ki social-demokratiam gaumarTa mas daundobeli brZola da bzari napralad gadaaqcia.

yvela axali Taoba winamorbedTa naRvaws da monapovars uaryofda. saqmes Tavidan iwyebda. es arTulebda eris gadarCenis problemas. eris Svela `xangrZliv, mravalmxrovans mecnierul mzadebas Txoulobs~, _ werda niko nikolaZe. magram `erTi Taoba rom amas ignebs mware gamocdilebiT, _ Cioda igi, _ meore, axali, isev Zveli gziT Zvel Secdomebs imeorebs, irlandiul melodiebs mReris, sanam sakuTari cdiT ar gaicnobs advilaT naswavli formulebis amaoebas. ase Cveni inteligenciis sxva-da-sxva modgma, yvela cal-calke, triala galiaSi Camwyvdeul TriTinasaviT, niadag erT da imave wertilze fxakurobs. sabralos ki gonia, viTom miuwvdomeli siswrafiT win mixtis~.

qarTul sazogadoebriv azrs me-19 saukuneSi Tanamimdevruloba da erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareoba aklda. amiTac gansxvavdeboda igi rusuli sazogadoebrivi azrisagan. ruseTSiac bevrs kamaTobdnen da edavebodnen erTmaneTs. mouridebladac da daundobladac, magram gamWoli ZiriTadi idea yvelasaTvis erTi iyo _ ruseTis social-politikuri ganaxleba socializmis gziT. marTalia, sxvadasxva Taoba sxvadasxvanair socializms etrfoda, magram es, jer erTi, drois mdinarebis Sesabamisad xdeboda (Tu, magaliTad, gercenis Taoba Temur socializms qadagebda, rusuli social-demokratia proletaruli socializmis momxre iyo), meorec, icvleboda ara strategiuli mizani _ socializmi, _ aramed mimavali taqtikuri gzebi. amis gamo, rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri Tanamimdevruli da mTliani iyo.

CvenSi sxvagvarad miedineboda sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTareba. TergdaleulTaTvis umTavresi da ZiriTadi iyo erovnuli Tavisufleba. yvela sxva danarCeni amas eqvemdebareboda.

ra Tqma unda, ucnauri da usabuToa s. xundaZis azri _ n. nikolaZe `moiTxovda qarTveli inteligenciisagan nacionaluri brZolis gverdze gadadebas da socialuri brZolis Sinaarsis pirvel rigSi wamoyenebas~. ase werda igi wignSi _ `socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi~ (gv. 187), romelic 1927 wels gamoica. wignis gamocemis dros Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin s. xundaZis saqcieli gasagebi gaxdeba. imxanad n. nikolaZe cocxali iyo, Tu daiwyeboda laparaki, rom igi upiratesobas erovnul brZolas aniWebdao, mosalodneli iyo ara marto n. nikolaZis literaturuli memkvidreobis sruli ugulebelyofa, aramed misi izolaciac. amitom, Tu gindoda n. nikolaZis arseboba me-19 saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi, uTuod unda gemtkicebina _ igi socialisti iyo da erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas maincdamainc yuradRebas ar aqcevdao. Torem sxva azriT, rogor ityoda s. xundaZe _ `erovnuli brZolis gverdze gadadebas moiTxovdao~_ im kacze, visac mTeli arsebiT swamda, rom `Tanamedrove evropuli saxelmwifoebi, bolos da bolos, erovnebis mixedviT dalagdebian, radgan es aris saxelmwifos organizaciis yvelaze angariSgawasevi da Tanamedrove principi~ (xazi Cemia _ a. b.).

qarTuli azrovnebis istoria mxolod mesame dasiT (anu me-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebiT) rom ar dawyebuliyo da Cveni kulturis istoriaSi SegvenarCunebina rusTaveli, sulxan-saba, daviT guramiSvili, nikoloz baraTaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe da sxvani, s. xundaZisebur fands sxvebic mimarTavdnen. es gasaTvaliswinebelia, roca 20-iani wlebis mkvlevarTa Sromebs vkiTxulobT.

xalxosnebma da social-demokratebma TergdaleulTa strategiuli mizani Secvales socialuri problemebiT, socialuri TavisuflebiT. yvelaferi sxva mas daumorCiles. amiT sazogadoebrivi azris Tanamimdevruloba gawyda, rasac inteligenciis dabneuloba mohyva. rogorc niko nikolaZem gansazRvra maSindeli inteligenciis mdgomareoba, iyvnen, `safantiviT dabneuli sxva da sxva partiebiT~.

sazogadoebrivi azris Tanamimdevruli ganviTareba, niko nikolaZis fiqriT, aucileblobas warmoadgenda. uamisod TaobaTa saqmianoba uSedegod rCeboda.

`sazogadoebisa da literaturis normaluri zrdis dros yoveli axali Taoba imiT aris ufro nayofieri winamorbedze, rom pirveli nabijisTanave sargeblobs winaprebis Sromis nayofiT. momaragebulia imaTi dagrovili codniT. gamdidrebulia imaTi memkvidreobiT da Semdgom gzas iwyebs im punqtidan, sanamdec mamebma miaRwies. asea civilizebul adamianebSi. wera-kiTxvis ucodinar velurebSi ki yoveli axali Taoba asparezze titveli, dediSobila gamodis, srulebiT ucodinari winaparTa saqmeebis, amocanebis da gamocdilebisa. gamodis mxolod im Rataki maragiT areul-dareuli cnebebisa, rac zepirgadmocemiT ergoT mamebTan saubrebSi Tu ufro metad bebiebis zRaprebiT. amis Semdeg maT ar aqvT da arc SeiZleba hqondeT memkvidreobiTi progresi~.

es erTi, meorec: Tergdaleulebi cdilobdnen, qarTveli xalxis cxovreba da Tavisufleba nasesxebi ideebiT ki ar moewyoT, aramed Cveni eris istoria, yofa, zne-Cveuleba, xasiaTi, Tviseba Rrmad SeeswavlaT, gaeTvaliswinebinaT da momavali am codnis gamoyenebiT aegoT.

xalxosnebi da social-demokratebi nasesxebi azrebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebuli. marTalia, socializmis idea ruseTSiac garedan iyo Semosuli, evropaSi gagonili da aTvisebuli, magram rusma moazrovneebma mas erovnuli safuZveli upoves _ rusuli Temi. rusul TemSi aRzrdili xalxisaTvis socializmi iolad misawvdomi da gasagebi iyo. aseTi safuZveli socializms saqarTveloSi ar gaaCnda. igi mibaZviT unda aeTvisebinaT. aman gamoiwvia niko nikolaZis sayveduri: `Cveni qveynis gonebrivi zrdisaTvis didi ubedurebaa is garemoeba, rom dedis ZuZuTi ki ar vikvebebiT, cxra mTas gadaRmidam moyvanil ZiZas vabarivarT. isinic xSirad Txis rZes gvawoveben da ara adamianisas... ucxoeli ZiZa, ragind saRi iyos, Sens deda-enas ver gaswavlis, Seni qveynis bunebasa da saWiroebas ver gagacnobs~.

arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom socializmi ara marto mravalnairia, aramed droTa viTarebaSi sxvadasxvagvari saazrovno saxiT vlindeba: zogjer mistikuri winaswarmetyvelebis (qristianul socializmSi), zogjer bednieri sazogadoebis mowyobis gegmis (utopiur socializmSi), zogjer mecnieruli doqtrinis (mecnierul socializmSi) formebiT. rusuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriaSi samive saxeoba arsebobda.

ruseTSi mistikuri azrovnebis formiT socializmis idea vlindeboda imaTgan, visac rusul marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi starcebs uwodebdnen (ratomRac starcul socializms Cvens mecnierebaSi sruliad ar eqceva yuradReba). xolo sxva ori formiT _ bednieri sazogadoebis mowyobis gegmiT da mecnieruli doqtriniT _ azrovnebdnen Sesabamisad xalxosnebi da social-demokratebi.

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoria socializmis ideis mistikuri formiT gamovlenas saerTod ar icnobs. danarCeni ori forma ki CvenSi originaluri saxiT ar gamomJRavnebula. isini rusulis gameoreba iyo.

Tu Tavs ar vityueb, am laparak-laparakSi isic gamoCnda, ratom ar SeiZleba me-19 saukunis sazogadoebrivi azris istoriis Seswavla im modeliT, riTac rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri Seiswavleba da isic, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris.

axla, Tu isev niko nikolaZes da mis Taobas mivubrundebiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom maT naazrevSi socializmis idea ar gamovlenila arc mistikuri, arc bednieri sazogadoebis mowyobis gegmis da arc mecnieruli doqtrinis formebiT.

viTareba rogorc social-politikuri, ise azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, maSin Zalian rTuli iyo. sifrTxilesa da windaxedulobas moiTxovda. aman gamoiwvia is, rom qarTveli xalxis social-politikuri cxovrebis mosawyobad ilia avtonomiis ideiT dakmayofildeba, niko nikolaZe _ TviTmmarTvelobisa. avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba, arsebiTad, erTi da igive iyo. amitom iyo niko nikolaZe, rodesac social-federalistebma avtonomiis mtroba dasdes bralad, gaocebuli da gakvirvebuli kiTxulobda _ `rad viqnebodi avtonomiis mteri, roca mTeli Cemi moRvaweoba _ rogorc winad davamtkice _ TviTmmarTvelobas movandome? avtonomiaze yovelTvis marto imas vambobdi, rom rasac CvenSi am saxels arqmeven, mecnierebaSi `farTo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba~ hqvia, da Cvenc es saxeli rom vixmaroT, ufro advilad mivaRwevT mizans-meTqi~.

maSin sruli erovnuli Tavisuflebis moTxovnas SeiZleboda mohyoloda qarTvelTaTvis sabediswero reaqcia xelisuflebis mxridan. mTavroba, gaborotebuli socialuri revoluciis molodiniT, mTel boRmas qarTvel xalxze amoanTxevda. situacias arTulebda isic, rom qarTveli xalxis erTiani erovnuli ideiT SeduRabeba damTavrebuli ar iyo. socialuri TavisuflebisaTvis klasobrivi brZolis aucileblobis rwmenas ara marto muSebsa da glexebSi hqonda fexi mokidebuli, aramed aristokratiis warmomadgenlebSiac ki. amiT qarTveli xalxisa da qarTuli partiebis erTianoba gaxleCili iyo.

`TiToeuli Cvengani calke garbis, TviTonac ki ar icis saiTken da risi imediT. partiebi, gasaWiris dResac, ufro imaze mecadineoben, Tu Sinaur mopirdapires, rogor mostexon kiseri, vinem gareSe mtris mogeriebaze. erToba marto enaze akravT da ara ZarRvebSi aqvT gamjdari~.

wuxda niko nikolaZe.misi erovnuli politikis arsi rom mkafiod davisaxoT, unda ganvixiloT niko nikolaZis oTxi

principi, romelTac igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda.erToba.TviTmoqmedeba.TviTmmarTveloba.`ruseTis mowinave nawilTan erTad~.erToba marto Sinagan erovnul erTianoba-mTlianobas ar gulisxmobda, Tumca amas

umTavresi yuradReba eTmoboda. uamisod erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopoveba warmoudgeneli iyo.

`aSkaraa, rom araferi sikeTe ar unda moelodes im ers, romlis TviTeul nawilebs araviTari erovnuli Zmobis da erTobis grZnoba ara aqvT. xalxis xasiaTis amgvar naklulovanebas italiis gulmtkivneulma patriotebma didi yuradReba miaqcies am ukanasknel xanSi da gonieri mecadineoba bolos da bolos ueWvelad Caagonebs italiis yvela kuTxis xalxs, rom maT erTi da igive sisxli udgaT. marTla-da, ra ubedureba iqneboda Cveni qveynisaTvis, rom qarTlelma, kaxelma da imerelma odesme qarTveloba iTakilon da TavTavianTi Tavi qarTlelobiT, kaxelobiT da imerlobiT moiwonon. xalxis amgvar xasiaTs mamulis namdvili sikvdili da miwasTan gasworeba mosdevs.~

qarTveli xalxis aseTi erTiani erovnuli SegnebiT aRzrda jer damTavrebuli ar iyo. Cveni erovnuli Segnebis Camoyalibebas xangrZlivi da gulmodgine muSaoba sWirdeboda. amas Zalian uSlida xels qarTvel moRvaweTa gaTiSuloba. im dros, erovnul sakiTxSi ori nakadi _ mimarTuleba ebrZoda erTmaneTs. erTi iyo _ TergdaleulTa erovnuli energiis rwmena da meore _ nacionaluri nihilizmi, gamovlenili rogorc qarTuli aristokratiis erTi nawilisagan (g. muxran-batonis wigni), ise qarTvel xalxosanTa (iv. jabadaris werilebi) da social-demokratTa garkveuli jgufis mier (brZola ilias winaaRmdeg).

erTi mxriv am winaaRmdegobis mogvareba iyo saWiro, meore mxriv ki Sinagani inertulobisa da umoqmedobis daZleva, rasac qarTveli xalxi Seepyro.

`Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni zne metis-metad momtydari, ugulo da usulo Seiqna. dabrkolebasTan brZola ki ara, Cven dabrkolebis azric gvaSinebs. Cven gvsurs, rom sazogado sikeTe Semwvari, gamomcxvari, marilwayrili Cagvicvindes pirSi. Cven kbilis moqnevac gvezareba am sikeTiT sargeblobisaTvis. dabrkolebis moSorebas, brZolas da miznis miRwevas vinRa daeZebs, Cven imisac ki ar gverideba, rom nacnobs, megobars pirSi iseTi azri ar uTxraT, romelic misas ar edareba, romelic misi sawyeni da winaaRmdegia. amnair SemTxvevaSi Cven aTasfrad varbilebT Cven azrs, miss bambiT da varayiT Sexvevas vcdilobT _ iqneba msmenelma ar iwyinos vinicobaa da Cveni samduravi gulSi ar Caisaxoso... sazogado saqme, sazogado mizani, sargebloba? vin ar xarxarebs CvenSi, roca am sityvebs yurs mohkravs. vis ar miaCnia isini bavSvur ocnebaT, situtuceT...

...udardelaT, uzrunvelaT ucqeriT Cven yovelgvar uxeirobas, sicudes da avkacobas, TiTqo es saqme Cven ar Segvexebodes, TiTqo Cveni maxlobeli, Cveni sisxli ar iyos da mis beds da ubedobas Cvenze araferi gavlena ar hqondes. Cven Sevuryevlad vstkbebiT Cven sakuTars kerZo cxovrebaSi, sanam Cven sakuTar tyavs ar Seexeba is seni da is vneba, romelic wineT Cvens maxlobels miadga. maSin ki Cven xmamaRla Rrials da godebas viwyebT. magram Cvens ubedobas maxlobeli imnairive gulgrilobiT gulxeldakrefili dascqeris, rogoriTac Cven mis ubedurebas davyurebdiT, TiTo TiTos, cal-calke, nel-nela, SeuniSnavad gvWams Cveni zneobiTi seni da Cven ki uxasiaTobisa da uzrunvelyofis gamo, ar vscdilobT, rom erTad, ZmuraT Tavidan moviciloT zemoxsenebuli seni, romelic yvelas cal-calke, magram mainc yvelas erTnairaT gvawuxebs da gvamdablebs...~

aseT viTarebaSi klasobrivi brZolis idea da misi propaganda Cvens erovnul da sazogadoebriv mTlianobas Slida da anakuwebda. `bolos da bolos, _ werda n. nikolaZe, _ daqucmaceba srul uazrobamde miaRwevs. gonieri sazogadoebrivi brZolis seriozuli ideuri platformis gamomuSavebis nacvlad, mogvixdeba avamxedroT kvartali kvartalis winaaRmdeg anda gvari gvaris winaaRmdeg da maSin saqme WuWyian xelebamde da WuWyian miznamde miva~.

axali Taoba, cxadia, n. nikolaZis Sexedulebas ar iziarebda da cxared ekamaTeboda. 1895 wels, baTumSi, `qarTveli mkiTxvelis~ fsevdonimiT, dastambul wignSi _ `saucxovo nimuSi b-n nikolaZis literaturul nawarmoebisa~,_ karlo CxeiZe imoZRvreboda: `wodebaTa Soris brZola, uZiriTadesi kanonia mTeli istoriisa, igi mamoZravebeli Zalaa kacobriobis ganviTarebisa, Sinaarsi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa~. axalgazrda mesamedaselebs gansakuTrebiT is aRizianebdaT, rom n. nikolaZis motyueba Zneli iyo. igi, ganaTlebuli da RrmadCaxeduli evropul da rusul social-politikur moZRvrebebSi, maSinve iWerda Cvens social-demokratebsa da social-federalistebs _ vis saidan ra hqonda amowerili da TuTiyuSiviT gazepirebuli.

`mogexsenebaT Cveni mwerlobis da sazogado moZraobis umTavresi Tviseba: yovels axal Taobas Seucvlelad Semoaqvs Sig, rac ruseTSi an evropaSi mis dros ufro mowonebul mimarTulebad iTvleba. ase, zestafonis axalgazrda qalebi niadag ukanaskneli pariJeli modis SlapebiT Tavs imSveneben. Seefereba Tu ara es Tavsaxuri Cvenebur mzes, qars, tansacmels. amas vin dasdevs? kargad gaxsovT, ra da ra `mimarTuleba~ ar SemoRebula am nairad qarTul mwerlobaSi, nacionaluridam dawyebuli socialuramdi~.

arc axalgazrdoba rCeboda valSi. Tavad n. nikolaZes amunaTebdnen, es Sen iyav, yvelaferi evropulis Semotana rom gindoda da CvenSi danergvao. burJuaziis saqmianoba mogwonda, mas uWerdi mxars da kapitalisturad mowyobili saqarTvelo genatrebodao. axla, proletaruli revoluciis epoqaSi, amgvari Sexedulebani usaSvelod moZvelebulia da `nikolaZis uZlurebis ilustraciaa, misi namdvili gamasxaravebaa~. ase fiqrobda Tedo Rlonti, roca 1914 wlis 4 aprils `saxalxo gazeTSi~ beWdavda werils `qarTvelTa mamuli~.

niko nikolaZe mainc ar iSlida Tavisas da gulmxurvaled mouwodebda:`saflavSiac rom vido Cemi Rvawli da naweri iqidanac amosZaxebda yvelas, visac ki

smena ar daxSvia: SeerTdiT yvela: rusi, TaTari, frangi, somexi, qarTveli, uria, leki, glexi, Tavadi, aznauri, eri da mRvdeli, mdidari da Raribi, naswavli da umecari

TviTmmarTvelobis droSis qveS! marto am droSas, am erTobas SeuZlia im wesis damyareba, romelic mospobs yvelafers, rac urigo, usamarTlo an savnoa Cvens cxovrebaSi da urTierTobaSi. Tuki es erToba viqonieT da davicaviT, veravis Zala ver winaaRudgeba Cvens warmatebas, CvenSi sruli TviTmmarTvelobis daarsebas. amas arc areuloba sWiria, arc msxverpli, arc sisxlisRvra~.

dRes Cven yvelas kargad gvesmis, rom gaafTrebuli klasobrivi brZolis epoqaSi amgvari mowodeba gulubryviloba iyo. TiTqos didi gamocdilebisa da gamWriaxi Wkuis patrons amgvari miamitoba ar Seefereba, magram imdenad didi iyo survili, sisxlis Rvrisa da xocva-Jletis Tvinier moepovebina pirovnebisa da eris Tavisufleba, rom es praqtikuli da saRi gonebis adamiani utopias ebRauWeboda.

zemore naTqvamidan ki erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba:ara tomobrivi daSliloba, ara partiuli ganxeTqileba, ara klasobrivi brZola, ara erovnuli

SuRli sxvadasxva xalxTa Soris, aramed erTianoba umTavresi miznis _ pirovnebisa da eris Tavisuflebis misaRwevad. Tu ar iqneba erTianoba, arc gamarjveba moxerxdeba.

cnebaSi _ TviTmoqmedeba _ n. nikolaZe imas ar gulisxmobda, rasac dRes Cven. TviTmoqmedeba misTvis niSnavda Tavisufal ekonomikur saqmianobas.

ama Tu im xalxma erovnuli Tavisufleba rom moipovos, aucilebelia jer ekonomikurad aRorZindes. magaliTad italias asaxelebda. italiam manam ver moipova erovnuli damoukidebloba, sanam ekonomikurad ar wamodgao fexze. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis es gza saqarTvelosac unda gaevlo. am mxriv saqarTvelos CamorCeniloba maSin udavo da aSkara iyo.

`yoveli eris safuZveli, Zala, momavali ufro mis meurneobazea damyarebuli, mis mwarmoeblobaze. sxva yvelaferi TiTqmis umniSvneloa amasTan SedarebiT. eri, romlis warmoeba Seferxda da sxva qveynebis warmoebasTan SedarebiT xeirianad veRar ajildovebs mwarmoebels, sxvis msxverpladaa gamzadebuli. iman Tu swrafad ver moaxerxa Tavisi warmoebis gaumjobeseba, gaiafeba, gaadvileba da gaxvavianeba, misi saqme wasuli da daRupulia~.

soflis meurneobis aRorZinebas qarTvelobas Cveni qveynis berZnul-laTinuri saxelwodebac _ georgia (`miwaTmoqmedTa qveyana~) _ avaldebulebda. 1893 wels `novoe obozrenieSi~ (№3186) werda: warsulSi Cven Zlieri viyaviT ara imiT, rom vmeomrobdiT, rac marto qarTvelis Tviseba ar aris, aramed miwisadmi erTgulebiT. Tavad saxeli Cveni qveynisa da Cveni xalxisa, `miwaTmoqmedni~, miuTiTebs imas, rom mezobel xalxTa Soris Cven miwaTmoqmedebiT viyaviT gamorCeuli. mere, n. nikolaZe herkulesisa da anTeosis miTs iSveliebda. anTeosi miwis qalRmerTis Svili iyo. igi manam ver daamarcxa herkulesma, sanam miwas ar moswyvita da haerSi ar aitaca. anTeosi ramdenjerac miwas Seexeboda, imdenjer emateboda Zala. saqarTveloc mudam Zlieri iqneboda, Tu mis Svilebs miwis siyvaruli ar daaviwydebodaT. vel-mindori, yana, baR-venaxi, bostan-baRCa ar SesZuldebodaT.

calmxrivoba araferSi varga da arc erovnul meurneobaSi gamodgeboda. soflis meurneobis gverdiT mrewvelobis aRorZinebazec aucilebeli iyo zrunva. mrewveloba eris Rone da Zalaa.

`mrewvelobis uqonloba cxadia, udidesi niSania qveynis CamoqveiTebis da ukan CamorCenisa. am qveynis bedSi araviTari cvlileba araa TvalsaCeni, arc gonebrivi, arc sazogado, arc politikuri mxriv, sanam is mrewvelobis saSualebiT, ekonomiur monobisagan ar daixsnis Tavs ucxoeTis xelidan. aiReT romelic gsurdeT im eris istoria, yvelgan cxadad dainaxavT, rom misi aRorZineba, misi gonebrivi sifxizle, misi ganviTareba, aReb-micemobis, mrewvelobis zeddarTuli Sedegi da nayofi yofila~.

yoveli qveynis ekonomikuri Zal-Rone sam burjs eyrdnoba. ori ukve movixsenieT _ soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba. mesamea vaWroba, aReb-micemoba, n. nikolaZem vaWrobis fasi kargad icoda. ara mxolod imis gamo, rom vaWris Svili iyo. ufro imitom, rom evropaSi namyof-navals kargi gamocdileba hqonda miRebuli. SeiZleboda soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis mTeli mogeba wyalSi gadayriliyo, Tu igi gonieri, Sorsmxedveli da dakvirvebuli komersantis xelSi ar aRmoCndeboda. marto vaWroba axerxebda erovnuli dovlaTis monagebi eris sakeTildReod daxarjuliyo.

erTi kargi magaliTi arsebobda. Sua saukuneebSi italiac da germaniac iseve iyo samefo-samTavroebad daSlili, rogorc saqarTvelo. magram iqaur daSlilobas is

sabediswero Sedegi ar mohyolia, rac saqarTveloSi moxda. sabediswero Sedegi ki ara, daSlil-daqucmacebulma italiam renesansi Sva, xolo aseve daSlil-daqucmacebulma germaniam _ reformacia. es erTianma evropulma saxelmwifoebmac ki ver moaxerxes. renesansi da reformacia gaxda axali drois safuZveli. kapitalisturi epoqa renesansidan da reformaciidan iwyeba. rogor moaxerxa es italiam da germaniam? swored imiT, rom orive qveyanaSi vaWroba iyo aRorZinebuli. genuisa da veneciis savaWro respublikebi (sxvebic) italiaSi da hanzis savaWro qalaqebi germaniaSi qmnidnen orive qveynis Zalas, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis, ise qonebrivi dovlaTis TvalsazrisiT. vaWroba agreTve wesrigia, disciplinaa, angariSianobaa. vaWroba awyobili saqmea. sadac ar aris wesrigi, disciplina, angariSianoba, sadac saqme ar aris awyobili, iq arc vaWrobaa. maSasadame, qveyana ara marto Ratakia, aramed moSlilic. yoveli qveynis erTianoba-mTlianobas ori saZirkveli udevs _ religia da vaWroba. saqarTveloSi, rogorc gamaerTianebeli Zala, religia arsebobda, magram ar iyo vaWroba. saqarTvelos cali frTa hqonda, meore _ ara. amitom arc frena SeeZlo. qarTvelebs rom vaWrobisaTvis yuradReba mieqciaT da is niWi daexarjaT, rac omebSi dalies, verc sparseTi da verc TurqeTi mis damoneba-dabeCavebas ver SeZlebdnen. magram CvenSi yovelTvis aTvalwunebuli uyurebdnen vaWrobas. amgvari Sexeduleba qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobas Zalas aclida. asustebda rogorc Sinagani kulturuli saqmianobis, ise politikis kuTxiT. disciplina, wesrigi, awyobili saqmianoba ZaldatanebiT myardeboda. jaris saSualebiT. sulerTia visi iyo es jari _ qarTveli mefisa Tu dampyroblisa. disciplinis, wesrigis, awyobili saqmianobis Sinagani moTxovnileba gamqrali iyo, rakiRa eseni vaWrobis Tanmxlebi arian. aqedan aris CarCenili Cvens cnobierebaSi cru Sexeduleba _ uwesrigoba, udisciplinoba, usaqmuroba, Tavisuflebisa da protestis gamovlenaao. Seugnebloba imisa, rom swored disciplina, wesrigi, saqmianobaa Tavisufleba.

politikurad daSlil-daqucmacebul germaniasa da italias ki orive frTa hqonda da frenac Tavisuflad SeeZlo. amitom iyo, rom maT politikur, samxedro damarcxebebs, Tundac usastikess, katastrofuli Sedegi ar mohyolia. politikuri Tavisuflebis dakargva im qveyanas ver daabeCavebs, sadac vaWroba, aReb-micemoba morRveuli ar aris. Zala ekonomikaa da ara politika.

arc me-19 saukuneSi Seicvala saqarTveloSi vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba. isev aTvalwunebiT uyurebdnen vaWrobas da vaWari isev abuCad asagdebi pirovneba iyo. amas me-19 saukunis qarTuli mwerloba naTlad adasturebs. dacinvisa da gamasxrebis sagani isev da isev vaWroba da vaWaria.

niko nikolaZe qarTvel sazogadoebas arwmunebda:`vidre Cvenis sazogadoebis umravlesobas sisxlsa da xorcSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba,

rom sazizRari, samarcxvino da saTakilo qveyanaze marto usaqmoba da muqTa puris Wamaa; manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu warmatebis mironi mogvecxos. vaWroba Sromaa da iseve pativsacemia, rogorc yovelnairi Sroma~.

......`mama-papuri Semcdari Sexeduleba jafaze, Sromaze, aReb-micemobaze,

vaWrobaze, Seucvlelad gadadis erTis Taobidan meoreSi; agreTve Seucvlelad gadadis Cveul usaqmoebis da muqTamWamelobis natvra da qeba. am deda-boZzea damyarebuli TaRi Cvenis eris ekonomiuris uZlurebisa. sanam am deda-boZs ar SevmusravT da maTs adgilze mkvidr sakurTxevels ar avagebT patiosanis Sromis Tayvansacemad, manamde namdvili warmatebisa da ganaTlebis madli Cven ar gveRirseba da arc mogvixdeba~.

eris marto sityviT darwmuneba Znelia. sityvas saqmec unda axldes. niko nikolaZe Tavad eweoda praqtikul energiul muSaobas soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobis, vaWrobis gasaviTareblad. bevri amas angarebad uTvlida. maRali idealebis Ralatad.

`igi quTaiss moevlina _ pirvel yovlisa da tramvais, wyalsadenis da ganaTebis saqmis mowyobiT Tavbrus asxams quTaisis TviTmmarTvelobas. meore mxriT yuradRebas aqcevs mevenaxeobis saqmes CvenSi da msxvil amxanagobis daarsebiT gvirCevs imereTis daCiavebul mevenaxeobis saqmis sruls reorganizacias, mis aRdgenas da ganviTarebas. avi enebi nikolaZes qarTvel vaWar-mrewvelTa TaosnobiT daarsebul kavkasiis bankis saqmeSiac ureven wils, xolo baqos wvril navTis mrewvelTa

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi niko nikolaZes xom mxurvale monawileoba hqonda miRebuli...~

ramdenadac SeeZlo ironiulad werda Tedo Rlonti `saxalxo gazeTSi~ 1914 wlis 4 aprils.

`isris~ fsevdonims amofarebuli Jurnalisti 1913 wels gazeT `kolxidis~ 42-e nomerSi amtkicebda: n. nikolaZes _ politikuri moRvawis niWi ara aqvs, igi marto saqmis mkeTebeli kaciao. Tan Teoriulad `asabuTebda~_ riT gansxvavdebian politikuri da praqtikuli moRvaweebi.

`didi zRvari sufevs praqtikulsa da politikur moRvaweTa Soris.politikuri moRvawe emsaxureba umTavresad sanatrel ideals, romlis ganxorcielebasac

sWirdeba xSiraT didi dro. praqtikuli moRvawe ki ZviraT daisaxavs miznaT aseTs Soreul ideals.politikur moRvawes sWirdeba ufro mtkice politikuri rwmena, udreki xasiaTi, ufro

spetaki zneoba da meti mecnieruli momzadeba.praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis ki saWiroa xSiraT RvediviT moqnili Semparavi xasiaTi,

saamdReo Wir-varamis codna da sxva amgvari Tviseba~,`isris~ azriT, swored praqtikuli moRvawis es Tvisebebi axasiaTebda niko nikolaZes.zogjer igi cxared ebmeboda kamaTSi. zogjer ki araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda. sad

iyo dro. didi da samamuliSvilo saqme hqonda sakeTebeli. amgvar daumsaxurebel kritikas miCveuli iyo. rac mTavaria, mas swamda da sjeroda, rom `samyaros ganaxleba saqmea im swavluli qimikosebis, meqanikosebis, biologebis, inJinrebis, finansistebisa da samarTalmcodneTa, romelTac misces ganaTlebul adamians dRemde ucnobi Zala bunebaze zemoqmedebisaTvis, aswavles misi Zalebis marTva, Seqmnes sruliad axali pirobebi warmoebisa da simdidris moxmarebisa. gamofxizlebuli kacobrioba Tavis namdvil gamaTavisufleblad, cxovrebis axali wyobilebis Semoqmedad CaTvlis karnos, lavuazies, purtaless, fultons, stefensons, lesepss, pasters da ara im Tojinebs, romelnic krizisis dReebSi xdebian momwifebuli Zalebisa da interesebis, cotad Tu bevrad, SemTxveviT warmomadgenlebad~.

saerTod ki unda gakeTdes daskvna: xalxi, romelic ver SeZlebs aaRorZinos, aayvavos Tavisi qveynis ekonomika, mravalmxrivi, Zlieri da mtkice gaxados igi, verc erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebas moaxerxebs. Tu moipovebs, SemTxveviT, droebiT da male dakargavs. `mocemuli qveynis politikuri zrda misi ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegia~,

politikur xelisuflebad, romelic adamians SeuzRudavad aZlevs Tavisufali ekonomikuri moRvaweobis saSualebas, TviTmmarTveloba miaCnda. dawyebuli soflis TviTmmarTvelobiT da damTavrebuli mTeli imperiis TviTmmarTvelobiT. aleqsandre meoris mier ruseTSi SemoRebulma erobam yvelas TvalnaTliv daanaxva, rom xalxs Rirseuli deputatebis arCevac SeuZlia da gonivruli marTvac. TviTmmarTveloba, agreTve, iaraRi, saSualeba iyo xelisuflebis metismeti centralizaciis winaaRmdeg. xelisuflebis centralizacia Tu, erTi mxriv, Zalian abrkolebda Tavisufal ekonomikur saqmianobas, boWavda da xel-fexs ukravda qveynis ganviTarebas, meore mxriv, iakobinizms, anu sisxlian diqtaturas abatonebda, n. nikolaZe ki yovelnair ukiduresobas uaryofda da zomierebas moiTxovda. zomiereba miaCnda harmoniuli ganviTarebis safuZvlad.

`ukiduresobis momxre versad ascildeba social-demokratiis gavlenas. cxovreba mxolod am partias awodebs Tavdauzogavi brZolis masalad muSas, uqonebo, uimedo xalxs, romelsac dasakargavi ara aqvs-ra da yoveli naZaladevi mogebas uqadis. qarTvelobis miznebi ki marto zomierebis gziT miiwevneba. amis garda, vin ar unda icodes, Tu ar arsebiTi Seurigebloba sufevs qarTul saqmesa da Sromis jgufis iakobinizms Sua? iakobinizmis saZirkveli, iaraRi, misi Sinaarsis centralizacia aris, e. i. es iakobinizmia, rom cdilobs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, provincialuri sxva da sxva ferovneba, kerZo erebi da mxareebi brmad daumonos erT moTave Zlierebas. iakobinizmi ar iyo, erTianad rom mospo safrangeTSi yoveli naSTi erovnuli TviTcnobisa da federaciis saqme sisxlis morevSi CaaRrCo?..

es imodenad swori, utyuari WeSmaritebaa, rom yovelTvis, roca Cveni raime namdvili kiTxva, realuri saqme gaCndeba, im wamsve mtkice `bloki~ ikvreba am ors viTom mters, social-demokratebs da federalistebs Sua. maTi ukiduresoba maTgan erT partias adgens danarCeni sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg. maTi cru brZola carieli TvalTmaqcoba,

xalxis motyuebaa. orive partia Tavis mizans, saxsars, programas, xelmZRvanelobas CvenSi da Cvens saWiroebaSi ki ara, sxvagan eZebs da Soulobs, iseT ucxo wreebsa da mimarTulebebSi, romelTac qarTvelobasTan arc saerTo ram aqvT, arc araviTari msgavseba~. _ werda niko nikolaZe broSuraSi _ `Cem politikaze~.

igi arc federalizmis momxre iyo. Tavad ganmartavda _ federacia ariso kavSiri Tanabar, Tanaswor, Tavisufal saxelmwifoTa Soris. romeli saxelmwifo moindomebs saqarTvelosTan amgvar kavSirs? miT ufro ruseTi. ra TvalsazrisiT, ra kuTxiT SeiZleba maTi federaciul kavSirSi erTad arseboba? ruseTi teritoriulad didi, mxedrobiT Zlieri, qonebrivad mdidari, politikurad damoukidebeli, gana moisurvebs gauTanabrdes saqarTvelos, teritoriulad mcires, ulaSqros, qonebrivad Raribs da politikurad damonebuls? azris kidev ufro naTelsayofad Sedarebac mohyavda. Cemi qonebis patroni rotSildTan, morganTan an rokfelerTan rom mivides da uTxras, _ TqvenTan Tanabari amxanagoba unda Sevkrao, _ xom daixocebian siciliT da panRuris cemiT gamxeTqaveno!.. aseve daemarTeba saqarTvelos, Tu igi federacias moindomebso. misi azriT, aqac zomiereba iyo saWiro da TviTmmarTveloba.

TviTmmarTveloba TandaTanobiT Tanabari ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. `dedamiwaze arcerTi mxare ar gabednierebula erT wuTSi, erTi Tvalis daxamxamebiT,

zrda yvelafrisa, rac ki izrdeba, neli da SeumCnevelia. aseTivea materialuri, zneobrivi da politikuri zrda yoveli erisa~.

erTxel naTqvams meoredac imeorebda rusulad.«dhе и коjhW виhWно, чтоxы зhрWвомыслящий нWроh постWвил сеxя зWhWчею оhним

скWчком, hW и то первым, xез всяких перехоhов, перепрыjнуть из нетронутоjо феоhWльноjо строя, в тWкой, кWкоjо еще ниjhе нW земном шWре не устWновлено, hWже и в виhе опытW? oрWвhW, немецкие метWфизики сороковых jоhов и русские _ семиhесятых мноjо чернил извели нW утвержhение возможности пропускW нWроhWми, при их восхожhении по лестнице проjрессW, нескольких промежуточных ступеней. nо несомненноjо примерW поhоxноjо чуhW никто из них не привел, кроме нWтяжек. Jтупени не считWются лишь при оxрWтном кувыркWньи сверху вниз».1

amiTac ar kmayofildeboda da, raki xatovani azrovneba uyvarda, bunebis kanonzomierebis magaliTsac iSveliebda. sanam garkveuli dro ar gava, manam kvercxidan wiwila ar gamoiCekebao. Tu vinme daCqarebas Seecdeba, Sedegi is iqneba, rom xelT mkvdari Canasaxi SerCebao.

laparakiT ki laparakobda, magram gamgone sad iyo?mesame daskvnis saxiT ki is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisufal ekonomikur

saqmianobas, rogorc xelisuflebis formas, mxolod TviTmmarTveloba Seesabameba. raki Tavisufal ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebas didi

dro sWirdeboda, niko nikolaZes mizanSewonilad miaCnda saqarTvelos ruseTis saxelmwifos farglebSi darCena. amasTanave damoukideblobisaTvis momzadeba xangrZliv dros da TavauRebel muSaobas iTxovda. isic gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo, rom Tavad ruseTi ekonomikurad uaRresad CamorCenil qveyanas warmoadgenda. iqac ruseTis bediT dainteresebuli adamianebi ekonomikuri ganaxlebis gzebs eZebdnen. n. nikolaZe `ruseTis mowinave nawilSi~ swored am adamianebs gulisxmobda. maTTan kavSiriT esaxeboda SesaZleblad saerTo ekonomikuri miznebis ganxorcieleba.

roca msoflio istoriis msvlelobas Tvalyurs adevnebda, niko nikolaZe metad da metad rwmundeboda, rom me-20 saukune aSS-is da ruseTis saukune iqneboda.

1894 wels `moambis~ me-10 wignSi narkvevi gamoaqveyna _ `mosalodneli cvlileba~. dRes msoflioSi sami didi saxelmwifo arsebobso, _ uyveboda mkiTxvels, _ didi britaneTi, aSS da ruseTi. magram am samidan didi britaneTiao yvelaze susti. misi koloniebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSia gabneuli. maTi marTva TandaTanobiT Zneldeba da rTuldeba. amasTanave bevri kolonia Tavad britaneTze bevrad didia _ teritoriiT, mosaxleobiT, bevrad mdidari bunebrivi resursebiT. male dadgeba dro, roca didi britaneTi maT marTvas veRar SeZlebs da isini londonis batonobisagan gaTavisufldebiano. didi britaneTi, amis Sedegad, msoflios rigiTi saxelmwifo gaxdebao.

ruseTis upiratesoba ki is aris, rom misi koloniebi erTad aris Tavmoyrili. yvela ruseTs esazRvreba da geografiulad erTi sxeulia. britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis koloniebi ruseTze ufro sustia da Raribia. ruseTs maTi damorCileba da marTva ar uWirs. yovelgvari

bunebrivi simdidrec sakuTar miwa-wyalze moepoveba. arsad wasvla ar sWirdeba. Tu ruseTi ekonomikur warmatebaze izrunebs, maSin igi icxovrebs umetoqeod da uSiSrad.

aSS-ic bunebrivad mdidari qveyanaa, axalgazrda da Tavisufali. maTi lozungia `amerika amerikelebisaTvis~. male isini evropis qveynebs amerikis kontinentidan gaaZeveben. es unda gaakeTon, Torem sxvanairad maTi lozungi cariel sityvad darCeba da saqmed ar iqceva. rogorc ki es moxdeba, aSS faqtiurad mTeli kontinentis mflobeli gaxdeba. romeli saxelmwifo moaxerxebs ajobos mas?

erTi sityviT, istoriis msvleloba imas metyvelebs, rom me-20 saukuneSi aSS da ruseTi iqnebian kacobriobis mbrZanebeli.

dRes niko nikolaZis werilebi SeiZleba winaswarmetyvelebad aRviqvaT. ruseTis aseTi momavalic aiZulebda mas, mizanSewonilad mieCnia saqarTvelos

darCena ruseTis saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi.mere dro-Jamma aCvena, rom qarTveli xalxis cxovreba sxva mimarTulebiT wavida.

niko nikolaZis Sexeduleba gaziarebuli ar aRmoCnda. Tumca Tavad dajerebuli iyo, rom yvelaferi ise midioda, rogorc Tavad ambobda.

`...dRes yvela moRvawes, Zvels da axals, yvela wodebas, yvela erovnebas Cvens qveyanaSi is droSa ufro izidavs, romlis afrialeba pirvelad me meRirsa `droebaSi~, 1870-Si, da romelzedac marto ori sityva ewera: `erToba, TviTmmarTveloba~. es droSa miT imarjvebs, rom garegan mibaZviT ki ar aris SemoRebuli, Sinauri nakeTebia, Cveni qveynis saWiroebazea gamoWrili~.

Turme Zalian fxizeli da praqtikuli gonebac ki SeiZleba ahyves ocnebas da, rac enatreba, is realobad miiCnios.

es niko nikolaZis Secdomac iyo da tragediac.

* * *

1917 wels, Tebervlis revolucia rom moxda, niko nikolaZe, ojaxiT, petrogradSi cxovrobda (raki omi germanelebTan mimdinareobda, 1914 wlis 31 agvistos, nikoloz meoris gankargulebiT, qalaqs germanuli saxeli _ peterburgi _ gamoucvales da rusuli daarqves). igi gazeT `russkaia voliaSi~ TanamSromlobda. gafacicebuli adevnebda Tvalyurs aboboqrebul xalxs, dabneul xelisuflebas, samkvdro-sasicocxlod wakidebul partiebs... Zneli gamosacnobi iyo _ rogor da saiT warimarTeboda ruseTis bed-iRbali.

imxanad das, ekaterine nikolaZes, Ria baraTi gamougzavna. masze aRbeWdili iyo xalxiT gadaWedili sasaxlis moedani. iwereboda:

`gigzavni petrogradis saxes am dReebSi. am kviras aq yoveldRe es saxe aqvs Cvens sataxto qalaqs. xalxiT savsea quCebi da moednebi: davoben, Cxuboben, SfoTaven. mainc yvelas imedi gvaqvs, rom iqneba RmerTma qnas da morigdes es aRSfoTebuli zRva...~.1 jer didi saSiSroeba arsebobda. Camogdebulad gamocxadebuli imperatori fskovSi imyofeboda, samxedro sadgomSi. aravin uwyoda, ras moimoqmedebda igi. ibrZolebda taxtis SesanarCuneblad? dasZravda Tavis armiebs petrogradSi darCenili ojaxis gadasarCenad Tu mSvidad Sexvdeboda mefobis dakargvas?

autaneli molodini idga. moyvareca da mteric nikoloz meoris gadawyvetilebas eloda. 1917 wlis 2 marti iyo. imperators magidaze gadadgomis aqti edo. xelmwife oTaxSi dafiqrebuli mimodioda. axla mxolod masze iyo damokidebuli _ gadauZaxebda Tu ara igi ruseTs samoqalaqo omis ufskrulSi. cota xnis mere eqimi sergei feodorovi ixmo. eqimi Semovida da aRelvebuli miaCerda imperators. nikoloz meorem Cumi xmiT ikiTxa:

_ gulaxdilad, gulwrfelad miTxariT, SeiZleba Tu ara aleqsis gankurneba?eqimi dumda. Znelia mamas uTxra, rom misi Svili ganwirulia sasikvdilod. isic aseT

wuTebSi, roca mTeli dinastiis yofna-aryofnis dilema dgas. aleqsi hemofiliiT aris avad. es ganukurnebeli senia. rogori mZimec unda iyos simarTle, igi unda iTqvas da eqimma feodorovma upasuxa:

_ xelmwifev, mecniereba gveubneba, rom sneuleba, romliTac cesareviCia daavadebuli, ar ikurneba. magram yofila calkeuli SemTxveva, roca hemofiliiT sneulebs xangrZlivad ucxovriaT. magram mainc aleqsi nikolozis Zis bedi SemTxveviTobis xelSia.

imperatorma Tavi CaRuna da CaiCurCula: amas meubneboda dedofalic...

eqimi gauSva. magidasTan mivida da qaRaldi aiRo. iq ewera, rom igi, imperatori nikoloz meore, mefe didi, mcire da TeTri ruseTisa, didi mTavari poloneTisa, litvisa, fineTisa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa... uars ambobs ruseTis taxtze da uTmobs mas umcros Zmas mixeil aleqsandres Zes...

xelmwifem bolomde CaikiTxa aqti. eW поможет dоспоhь bоj pоссии _ mTavrdeboda igi. ramdenime wamic da xelmowerac gamoCnda: nikoloz meore, q. fskovi, 2 marti 1917 wlisa, 15 saaTi da sami wuTi.1

meore dRes, 3 marts, didma mTavarma mixeil aleqsandres Zem uari Tqva ruseTis imperiis taxtze.

samaswlianma dinastiam arseboba Sewyvita.dadga is sanatreli dRe, dekabristebidan moyolebuli rom eloda ruseTi da misi

moimede saqarTvelo. maraqaSi qarTvelebic erivnen.karlo CxeiZe, is karlo CxeiZe, 90-iani wlebis bolos niko nikolaZes klasobrivi brZolis

Sinaarss rom aswavlida, petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos Tavmjdomare gamxdariyo. es man gamoucxada ruseTs monarqiis damxoba.

nikos diswuli, olimpiada nikolaZisa da giorgi wereTlis vaJi, irakli (CvenSi ufro kakis saxeliT cnobili), droebiTi mTavrobis ministris posts daufleboda.

qarTvelebi sxva ufro wvril-wvril Tanamdebobebzec iyvnen mokalaTebulni.droebiTi mTavrobis qarTveli menakianebis1 imedi saqarTvelos ar unda hqonoda. isini

ruseTze ufro swuxdnen, vidre Cvens qveyanaze. sakuTari karierac samSoblos bedze metad awuxebdaT, ratomRac saqarTvelos daba-soflebSi, gaRatakebuli aznaurebisa da glexebis ojaxebSi dabadebul politikosebs egonaT, rom msoflio proletariati maT Sescicinebda TvalebSi da evedreboda _ Tu gvixsniT Tqven gvixsniT, Torem Cveni mSveleli aravin ariso. amodena misiiT datvirTulni TavianTi ubeduri mamulisaTvis veRar iclidnen.

revoluciam TiTqos imperia daangria, magram droebiTi mTavroba srulebiT ar apirebda ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis daSlas. arc amierkavkasiaSi ufiqria vinmes _ ruseTs gamoveyofiTo. marTalia, petrogradSi nair-nairi erovnuli komitetebi iqmneboda, maT Soris qarTulic, magram isini arsebiTad Cais smiTa da nacionalur problemebze maslaaTiT kmayofildebodnen.

amierkavkasiis samarTavad droebiTma mTavrobam `amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti~ Seqmna (rusuli abreviaturiT `ozakomi~). am komitets bevri araferi gaukeTebia. rogorc droebiTi mTavroba aRmoCnda udReuri, `ozakomsac~ Turme iseTive dRemokle sicocxle ewera.

Tebervlis revoluciis mier dasmulma xelisuflebam rva Tve Zlivs iarseba. 25 oqtombers igi daamxes da Zalaufleba bolSevikebma aiRes. amierkavkasieli politikosebi am faqtma Zlier aRaSfoTa. 25 oqtombridan 20 dRec ar iyo gasuli, rom amierkavkasiis komisariati Seqmnes. komisariatis Tavkacoba menSevikuri ganxris social-demokrats evgeni gegeWkors ergo. Tumca, erovnuli Semadgenlobis kuTxiT, amierkavkasiis komisariati Wreli iyo: qarTvelebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi... erTi sityviT, yvela, visac amierkavkasiaSi qoxi edga. gagulisebulma komisariatma uari Tqva, eTanamSromla petrogradis bolSevikur xelisuflebasTan. kanonieri mTavrobis Camogdeba da Zalauflebis uzurpacia daabrala.

petrograds Tavi didad ar Seuwuxebia amis gamo. jer ar ecalaT. ufro didi da saxifaTo saqme iyo mosagvarebeli. zavi unda daedoT germaniasTan. roca es umTavresi sakiTxi mowesrigdeboda, mere amierkavkasiis droc dadgeboda.

petrogradeli qarTveli moRvawenic samSobloSi dasabruneblad ganewyvnen. aseT dros yoveli patiosani adamiani Tavis mamulSi unda iyos da qveynis gadarCenaze unda fiqrobdes.

didi vai-vaglaxiT iSoves matarebeli, memanqaneebi da momsaxure personali. ojaxebiT, didian-patarianad Casxdnen Sig da matarebeli №113 petrogradidan Tbilisisaken daiZra. saSiSi da faTerakiani gza edoT win. ruseTis velqoyanebze1 SeiaraRebuli brboebi daZrwodnen. ganukiTxavi xocva-Jleta da Zarcva-gleja mZvinvarebda. vin vis ebrZoda, ratom da risTvis, eSmakic ver mixvdeboda. Sinamde rom moeRwiaT, jojoxeTis cecxli iyo gasavleli.

roca matarebeli Cavida vladikavkazSi, Zvelad qarTvelebi Zaugs rom eZaxdnen, da axla orjonikiZe hqvia, bevrma matarebeli datova, darialis gziT, etlebiTa da cxenebiT gamoswia saqarTvelosaken. matarebelma ki gaagrZela svla, derbentisa da baqos gavliT, TbilisSi rom Camosuliyo.

113-e matarebeli ki Camovida TbilisSi, magram oden rkinis karkasi, damwvar-dabuguli da damtvreul-dalewili.

Camosulebs saqarTveloSi garegnulad simSvide daxvdaT. golovinis prospeqtze nairferad morTul-mokazmuli qal-vaJni daseirnobdnen. moednebs, baRebsa da quCabandebs udardeli adamianebis kiskis-xorxoci avsebda. gaCiraRdnebul restornebSi Zveleburad qeifobdnen fuliani da ufulo. TbilisSi didi raodenobiT moeyara Tavi ruseTidan gamoqceul mwerlebs, mxatvrebs, musikosebs, msaxiobebs. imarTeboda koncertebi, literaturuli saRamoebi, Sexvedrebi. cxovrebis zedapirze mofarfate kaci verafriT mixvdeboda _ ra zesknel-qveskneli nTqavda adamianebs kavkasionis gadaRma.

sazrunavi da sawuxari xelisuflebas hqonda. kavkasiis fronti moiSala. ommoyirWebuli jariskacebi Sin, ruseTSi brundebodnen. amierkavkasias sakuTari ar hyavda. sazRvrebi daucveli rCeboda. ra unda eqnaT? marTalia, 1917 wlis 5 dekembers TiTqos TurqeTisa da ruseTis armiebs Soris SeTanxmeba moxda, droebiTi zavic daido, magram es arafris garantias ar iZleoda. arc saSinao mdgomareoba iyo saxarbielo. kaciSvili ver ityoda dabejiTebiT _ ramden xans gaZlebda amierkavkasiis federalizmi. muSebi da glexebi ras izamdnen? vin an romeli partia daaSoSminebda maT? Tu isini Tofs stacebdnen xels da bolSevikuri xelisuflebis damyarebas moindomebdnen?

1918 wlis 10 Tebervals amierkavkasiis komisariatma amierkavkasiis seimi moiwvia. gamoacxades, rom sabWoTa ruseTs eyofodnen. es saqmes ar Sveloda. martSi germaniam da sabWoTa ruseTma brest-litovskSi zavi dades, separatiuli da ruseTisaTvis wamgebiani. sxva gza ar iyo. Tu undoda gadarCena, ruseTi germanelTa winadadebas unda daTanxmeboda. brest-litovskis zaviT ruseTi Tmobda teritoriebs. maT Soris, amierkavkasiaSi baTumis, yarsis da ardaganis olqebs (ixileT «eокумент внешней политики JJJp, т. 1, 1957 j., стр. 121, 201). es saqarTvelosa da somxeTisaTvis gamanadgurebeli dartyma iyo. saukuneebiT naocnebari, ris vai-vaglaxiT, ZlivsZlivobiT dabrunebuli miwa-wyali isev mihqonda TurqeTs.

TurqebTan mosalaparakeblad, baTumSi amierkavkasiis seimis delegacia Cavida _ mravalricxovani da erovnulad Wreli. qarTuli delegaciis meTauroba evaleboda akaki Cxenkels da niko nikolaZes. Tumca ra molaparakeba unda momxdariyo! erT mxares idga TurqeTi _ gamarjvebuli, kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli jariT da brest-litovskis zavis uflebiT aRWurvili, da meore mxares _ amierkavkasia _ ujaro, uuflebo da Sinagani winaaRmdegobiT gaTiSuli. Tu saqarTvelos da somxeTs erovnuli miwa-wylis dakargva unda etira, es sruliad ar awuxebda azerbaijans. piriqiT, mas uxaroda, Tuki eTnikurad da sarwmunoebrivad moZme TurqeTi baTumis, yarsisa da ardaganis olqebs isev Caigdebda xelSi.

Turqebi ar TvalTmaqcobdnen da moCvenebiTi molaparakebis Catarebas arc apirebdnen. sruli upiratesobiT gaTamamebulni, kategoriulad svamdnen sakiTxs _ amierkavkasia an cnobs brest-litovskis zavis pirobebs da Tmobs teritorias, romelic TurqeTs argunes, an jarisa da iaraRis saSualebiT davikavebTo am miwa-wyals. saqarTvelosa da somxeTs, ra Tqma unda, ar SeuZlia samarTlianad CaTvalos brest-litovskis zavi da gaiziaros misi punqtebi. magram riT gauwios winaaRmdegoba TurqeTs? jari ar hyavT. amierkavkasiis gamoyofas ruseTisagan aravin cnobs. arc amierkavkasiis delegaciaSia erTsulovneba.

rogor uSvelon qveyanas? qarTuli delegaciis maSindel fiqrsa da wuxils zurab avaliSvili ase gadmogvcems wignSi `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~ (gv. 50), romelic gamocemulia TbilisSi 1929 wels.

`am gansakuTrebul wuTSi rogor ar gvesmina istoriuli stiqiebis guguni, rogor ar yuradgveRo imaTi xma, vinc didi xania _ aRar aris, rogor ar gvefiqra imaze, vinc kidev mova! ramdeni modgma hqmnida qarTvels ers da amaoT eZebda mzis qveS misi Tavisufali ganviTarebis pirobebs! ai damoukideblobam karebze moakakuna da rogor ar SevegeboT aRtacebiT! Tu es wuTi gavuSviT, ra pasuxi gavceT imaT, vinc Cvens Semdeg mova! nuTu es xalxi dabadebulia mxolod monobisaTvis, morCilebisaTvis da igi unda

gadaiqces `eTnografiul masalaT~, romlidanac pirobebis mixedviT gamodian xan sparselebi, xan osmaloebi, xan rusebi! ara, mas axsovs, mas surs wamodges da iqmnes TavisTavadi~.

da qarTulma delegaciam gamonaxa gadarCenis gza _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dakavSireba germaniasTan da germaniis daxmareba.

aqedan bunebrivad gamomdinareobs Semdegi: damoukidebeli saqarTvelo ar cnobs brest-litovskis zavis pirobebs. germaniis mokavSire saqarTvelos veraviTar ultimatums ver wamouyenebs germaniis meore mokavSire TurqeTi.

germaniasTan SeTanxmeba unda moxdes, rac SeiZleba, swrafad. Turqebs moTmineba aRar hyofniT. amierkavkasiasa da TurqeTis molaparakebas baTumSi, rogorc meTvalyure, eswrebian germaniis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi. saqarTvelos delegacia saidumlod uTanxmdeba germanelebs. isini mzad arian iSuamdgomlon imperator vilhelm meoresa da germaniis mTavrobasTan. mimdinareobs cxare saqmianoba. qarTvelebis mizani ver unda Seityon ara marto Turqebma, aramed amierkavkasiis delegaciis sxva wevrebmac _ somxebma da azerbaijanelebma, Torem SeiZleba saqme CaiSalos. maT _ somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs _ teritoriuli pretenziebi aqvT saqarTvelos mimarT. somxebs Tbilisisadmic ki. yvelaferi es gasaTvaliswinebelia.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs axla qarTul delegaciaSi niko nikolaZis yofnas. mis gamocdilebas, codnas, sidarbaisles. Tavad zurab avaliSvili ase ambobs _ `...nikolaZe metad advilaT atarebda Tavis 75 wlis simZimes... ulevi mexsiereba, codna osmaleT-kavkasiis damokidebulebisa, musaifis mCqefare niWi. TvalebSi cecxlis naperwklebi, TeTr wverTan da warmosadeg SexedulebasTan, yvelaferi es Zlier sasargebloT hqmnida mis yofnas baTumSi~... marto is rad Rirs, rom igi, erTaderTi didi samocianelebidan, eswreba maTi ocnebis asrulebas. ufro metic: isini avtonomiaze Sors ar wasulan. axla damoukidebloba cxaddeba!.. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis azri masac ekuTvnis.

daZabuloba zenits aRwevs. rogorc iqna, depeSac movida Tbilisidan. xels aweren noe Jordania da noe ramiSvili...

`dRes SuadRis xuT saaTze saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom saqarTvelo damoukidebel respublikad gamoacxada. mTavrobis Tavmjdomared arCeulia ramiSvili, sagareo saqmeTa ministrad _ Cxenkeli. amierkavkasiis seimma Tavi gauqmebulad gamoacxada da amierkavkasiis mTlianoba dasrulda~.

dRe iyo 26 maisi, weli _ 1918.diplomatiuri omi qarTvelebma moiges. brest-litovskis zaviT daTmobili teritoria

imjerad SeinarCunes. am miwa-wylis nawili mere daikarga, sxva istoriul viTarebaSi, magram maSin niko nikolaZe saqarTveloSi ar yofila. igi 1920 wels inglisSi gaemgzavra, WiaTuris Saviqvis problemebis da saerTod ucxoeTTan vaWrobis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. roca saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda, qarTuli presa ilanZReboda: ucxoeTSi niko nikolaZe, menSevikebTan erTad, ebrZvis sabWoTa xelisuflebas. eweva mtrul agitacias. sabWoTa ekonomiuri cxovrebis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis namdvili klasobriv-socialuri Sinaarsis da mniSvnelobis mas araferi gaegeba.

es mtknari sicrue iyo. igi arc aravis ukvirda da arc aravis sjeroda. dro iyo aseTi trelobisa da ciliswamebisa.

1924 wels niko nikolaZe evropidan saqarTveloSi dabrunda.

boloTqma

niko nikolaZe 1928 wlis pirvel aprils gardaicvala, 85-e weliwadSi gadamdgari. dakrZalvis win mas tvini amoacales da igi Tbilisis samedicino institutis paTologiuri anatomiis kaTedris Tavistvinis muzeumSi Seinaxes. mec minaxavs es tvini. SuSis qilaSi, spirtSi devs saTuTad movlili nawili adamianis sxeulisa. ar vici, vis ras eubneba igi. albaT, specialists, SeuZlia miaxloebiT amoicnos _ ra sneuleba sWirda mis patrons sibereSi. sxva ramis Tqma ki am mkvdar materias ar SeuZlia. ramdenic gnebavT atrialeT es qila. uyureT saidanac gindaT da ramden xansac. verafers SeityobT. spirtSi Senaxul tvinSi aRar sufevs is, rac adamians adamianad xdis _ RvTaebrivi suli. Tumca am tvinSi gaiara

yvelaferma iman, rac misma patronma ganicada, ifiqra, iazra Tavis cxovrebis 85 wlis manZilze.

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, rom niko nikolaZe rom daibada, saqarTveloSi batonymoba arsebobda, xolo, roca gardaicvala, sabWoTa xelisufleba iyo damyarebuli?

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, rom niko nikolaZe icnobda misi drois gamoCenil qarTvel, rus, evropel moRvaweebs da urTierToba hqonda maTTan?

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, rom niko nikolaZe moeswro batonymobis gauqmebas, sam revolucias (1905 wlisas, 1917 wlis Tebervlisas da oqtombrisas), rom mis Tvalwin Caiara ruseT-TurqeTis orma sagrobam, ruseT-iaponiisa da pirvelma msoflio omebma?

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, rom niko nikolaZe werda qarTulad, rusulad, frangulad, TanamSromlobda qarTul, rusul, evropul presaSi, exmaureboda yvelafers, rac mis dros xdeboda?

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, rom niko nikolaZes hqonda ara marto kalmosnis niWi, aramed mrewvelisa da saxelmwifo kacis talantic?

gana mkvdari materia getyviT, ra uxaroda da ra stanjavda niko nikolaZes, ra uyvarda da ra sZulda, ra stkioda mis suls?ver getyviT, radgan is, rasac sicocxle hqvia, ar aris materia, spirtian qilaSi iqneba igi daculi Tu sxvagan sadme.