MEET THE SOPRANOS: Análise da unidade numa narrativa fragmentada

8/4/2019 MEET THE SOPRANOS: Análise da unidade numa narrativa fragmentada

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Ene Jergdkne Edsmz @kez

AMMP PLM ZGVRENGZ?

Enådkzm è }nkè`m n}ae nerrepkse crehamnpeè

Bmdg Lgrkgnpm

Jmnprg ]nksmrzkpårkg `m Bmdg Lgrkgnpm ,]NK!BL+

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Ene Jergdkne Edsmz @kez

AMMP PLM ZGVRENGZ?

Enådkzm è }nkè`m n}ae nerrepkse crehamnpeè

Agnghrecke evrmzmnpeè eg j}rzg `m Ogrnedkzag `g Jmnprg]nksmrzkpårkg `m Bmdg Lgrkgnpm ,]NK!BL+ jgag rmu}kzkpg verjked æ

gbpmnèêg `g hre} `m Bejlermd ma Ogrnedkzag.Grkmnpe`gr? Vrgc. D}k Lmnrku}m Skmkre `m Aehedlêmz

Jggrkmnpe`gre? Vrgce. Ërkie Zesmrnknk

Bmdg Lgrkgnpm

Jmnprg ]nksmrzkpårkg `m Bmdg Lgrkgnpm ,]NK!BL+

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Zm m} mnjgnprg akd ebkzagz ng jeaknlg$ m} sg}$ hreèez æ zmh}renèe

u}m mnjgnprg zmavrm nez aêgz `m @m}z. Am} vrkamkrg ehre`mjkamnpg

ë vere Mdm$ u}m am `m} cgrèe$ vejkïnjke$ prenu}kdkè`m$ knpmdkhïnjke m

p}`g nmjmzzårkgz vere u}m$ jga `m`kjeèêg m} v}`mzzm mzp}èr a}kpg

epë jlmher nmzzm vgnpg pêg kavgrpenpm è aknle skè.



Ehre`mèg eg D}k$ am} neagre`g$ eakhg$ jgavenlmkrg `m pgèz ez

lgrez m hren`m eagr$ vgr pmr am evrmzmnpe`g eg am} gbompg `m mzp}`g$

am ejgavenler ne vek|êg vgr mzze zërkm u}m am cm pmr penpe sgnpe`m

`m am `m`kjer e mzze agnghrecke. A}kpg gbrkheè vmdg jerknlg m

jgavrmmnzêg u}m zmavrm pma jgakhg.

Egz am}z grkmnpe`grmz D}k Lmnrku}m m Ërkie$ gbrkheè vmde jedae$

zebm`grke$ jgnlmjkamnpg$ vejkïnjke$ `kjez$ jgrrmèýmz$ jgrrmèýmz m aekz

jgrrmèýmz... M} nêg vg`mrke pmr zk`g grkmnpeè `m aenmkre amdlgr.

A}kpg gbrkheè egz am}z vekz Xehnmr m Cåpkae vgr pg`gz gz

mnzkneamnpgz m vgr pmrma zm `m`kje`g penpg e am èr }ae m`}jeèêg

`khne m `m u}edkè`m$ vgr aekz `kcájkd u}m kzzg vgzze pmr zk`g. Mzvmrg

vg`mr rmjgavmnzå!dgz }a `ke vgr pg`g g mzcgrèg u}m ckmrea vgr aka

m vmde aknle cgraeèêg jgag vmzzge m vrgckzzkgned.

Egz eakhgz è Rå`kg Kpepkeke$ `m pg`gz gz zmpgrmz$ gbrkheè vgr

cemrma verpm è aknle skè m am mnzknerma e zmr }ae vmzzge amdlgr$

jeè }a è z}e aenmkre$ ma `kcmrmnpmz ezvmjpgz. Egz u}mrk`gz `g

ogrnedkzag$ sgjïz zêg rmzvgnzåsmkz vmdg am} jrmzjkamnpg ne b}zje `m

am pgrner e vrgckzzkgned u}m `mzmog zmr.

Ehre`mèg egz am}z jgavenlmkrgz `m ogrneè eje`ïakje$ vgkz zmasgjïz m} n}nje jlmherke egn`m jlmh}mk$ è cgrae jgag jlmh}mk.

@ekz{$ E`rkene$ Oëzzkje$ Cmrnenè$ @enkmd$ Cmrnen`g$ En`rë m Aepm}z.

Sgjïz am aenpksmrea ma vë u}en`g u}kz `mzenkaer m$ mnprm a}kpez

jgkzez$ prg}|mrea ngsgz zkhnkckje`gz vere ez vedesrez jgavenlmkrkzag

m eake`m.



RMZ]AG

E agnghrecke evrmzmnpe }ae enådkzm è vgzzkbkdkè`m `m mdebgreèêg è mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè

`m cgrae e hmrer }ae }nkè`m vgr amkg `g vevmd è vmrzgnehma vrknjkved. G prebedlg

agnghråckjg b}zje jgavrmmn`mr g vevmd `g vrgpehgnkzpe m zm mdm vrgagsm dkheèêg mnprm gz

jgavgnmnpmz è zërkm$ jgnzpkp}kn`g }ae mzpr}p}re jgmze m ÿnkje. Edëa `kzzg$ e enådkzm

vrmpmn`m jgnckraer zm e zërkm jgag }a pg`g$ ez pmavgreèz m gz mvkzú`kgz peabëa

evrmzmnpea }a ve`rêg `m mzpr}p}reèêg. @kzj}zzêg è vgzzkbkdkè`m `m kngseèêg `mnprg è

mzpr}p}re è zërkm jgag }a pg`g. Gbzmrser jgag ez pmavgreèz è zërkm zêg mdebgreèz m

esmrkh}er mdmamnpgz u}m vrgvgrjkgnea }nkè`m nmdez. Enedkzer e rmdeèêg mnprm gz vmrzgnehmnz

vdengz m g vmrzgnehma rm`gn`g ne b}zje `m jgnzpeper jgag mzzm rmdejkgneamnpg ecmpe e

}nkè`m è mzpr}p}re nerrepkse.

Vedesrez!jlesm? Mzpr}p}re nerrepkse9 Mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè9 Pmdmskzêg.



Z]AÅRKG

5 KNPRG@]ÈÊG .................................................................................................................. 63

2 JGNZPR]ÈÊG @E NERREPKSE ................................................................................. 6;

2.5 Mzcmrez è mzpr}p}re nerrepkse ............................................................................................ 6;

2.2 Rgpmkrkeèêg? }nkè`m ne mzpr}p}re .................................................................................... 55

2.2.5 Nerrepkse ......................................................................................................................... 52

2.2.2 Rgpmkrkeèêg .................................................................................................................... 5=

2.: G vrgbdmae `g zmrke`g ngz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze ........................................... 5<

2.0 Rmvmpkèêg ne mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè ................................................................................. 26

: VMRZGNEHMNZ ................................................................................................................ 2:

:.5 Vevmd èz vmrzgnehmnz ne jgnzpr}èêg `g rgpmkrg ............................................................... 2:

:.2 Jerejpmrkeèêg? mzcërkjez$ vdenez m }a rmjgrpm è rmedkè`m .............................................. 2=

0 ENÅDKZM? JGNLMJMN@G GZ ZGVRENGZ ................................................................ :6

0.5 Evrmzmnpeèêg `g pmae m `g gbompg `m vmzu}kze ................................................................. :6

0.2 Mzpr}p}re Nerrepkse ........................................................................................................... ::0.: Ez vmrzgnehmnz m g jeråpmr }nkpårkg .................................................................................. 0=

0.0 Mzprepëhkez }zeèz ne mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè ................................................................... 08

0.= E }nkè`m `gz crehamnpgz ................................................................................................ =:

= JGNZK@MREÈÝMZ CKNEKZ ............................................................................................. =<

RMCMRÏNJKEZ .................................................................................................................... 36



3

5 KNPRG@]ÈÊG

Vgr zmr }a `gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg aekz —enprgvgcåhkjgz‑$ g} zmoe$ u}m mnhdgbe `kcmrmnpmz

pkvgz `m vrg`}èýmz `mz`m g ogrnedkzag$ vezzen`g vgr jgamrjkekz$ epë g mnprmpmnkamnpg$ e

pmdmskzêg vrmjkze `m }ae dknh}ehma `kcmrmnjkeè. Eg jgnmjper `kcmrmnpmz pkvgz `m m|vrmzzýmz

èz jga}nkjeèýmz m erpmz jga }ae pmjngdghke u}m m|khm }a rkpag råvk`g vere vrgveher ez

kncgraeèýmz$ e PS nmjmzzkpe `m }ae mzpr}p}re `m vrg`}èêg ma zërkm.

Vere zm mnu}e`rer nmzzez jerejpmrázpkjez pmdmskzksez$ gz vrghreaez `m ckjèêg zêg vrg`}k`gz

vgr amkg è mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè. Ë g jezg èz pmdmngsmdez m `gz zmrke`gz. Ped mzpr}p}reèêg

b}zje }nkr mdmamnpgz oå jgnlmjk`gz `g mzvmjpe`gr jga kncgraeèýmz ngsez. Ezzka$ e mzpr}p}rezmrked'zmrkeè `å e kavrmzzêg `m ngskè`m vere g vÿbdkjg u}m jgnzgam ez vrg`}èýmz ckjjkgnekz

è pmdmskzêg.

Gz vrghreaez$ mnpêg$ zm pgrnea mzpr}p}redamnpm crehamnpe`gz. Eg amzag pmavg$ e jeè

pmavgreè u}m zm zmh}m$ ez zërkmz jgnzmh}ma aenpmr }ae }nkè`m$ `msk`g e edh}nz aëpg`gz

`m mdebgreèêg è mzpr}p}re nerrepkse. G} zmoe$ vere`g|edamnpm$ ez vrg`}èýmz `m ckjèêg pmnpea

zmr$ eg amzag pmavg$ crehamnpeèz m aenpmr }ae }nkè`m.

G}pre nmjmzzkè`m ë e `m kngser ma }ae mzpr}p}re u}m ë mdebgreè vgr amkg `m vrg`}èêg ma

mzjede kn`}zprked. E PS vehe pre ma z}e vrghreaeèêg jenekz mzvmjáckjgz `m prenzakzzêg `mzzm

pkvg `m zmrke`gz. Zmn`g ezzka$ m|kzpm }ae u}enpkè`m mngram `mzzez vrg`}èýmz ckjjkgnekz.

Vgrpenpg$ zm pgrne kavgrpenpm mnpmn`mr jgag ë vgzzásmd jgnu}kzper g vÿbdkjg m premr

kngseèýmz `mnprg `m }a amzag mzu}mdmpg mzpr}p}red u}m$ vgr amkg è rmvmpkèêg$ vrgvgrjkgne

zmnzeèýmz `m jgnlmjkamnpg m vg`mr u}m ck`mdkea g pmdmzvmjpe`gr.

Plm Zgvrengz ë }a gbompg `m mzp}`g u}m$ edëa `gz vrïakgz edjenèe`gz jga esedkeèêg `m

mzvmjkedkzpez$ peabëa cgk z}jmzzg `m vÿbdkjg. Zmh}n`g kncgraeèýmz `g zkzpmae `m am`kèêg `m

e}`kïnjke —Nkmdzmn Repknhz‑$ v}bdkjeèz ng zkpm è rm`m `m pmdmskzêg ngrpm eamrkjene JBZ5$

evrg|kaeèamnpm 52 akdlýmz `m pmdmzvmjpe`grmz ejgavenlerea g —zmezgn cknedm‑ è zërkm$

u}en`g cgk eg er ngz Mzpe`gz ]nk`gz.

5 lppv?''xxx.jbznmxz.jga'zpgrkmz'2668'63'52'mnpmrpeknamnp'aekn2;5;080.zlpad



8

Edëa `kzzg$ g}prgz è`gz è —Nkmdzmn Repknhz‑ `ks}dhe`gz vmde JBZ agzprea u}m g mvkzú`kg

`m denèeamnpg è u}erpe pmavgreè cgk g aekz vgv}der è zërkm. Ma 2662$ mzzm jeváp}dg `m

Plm Zgvrengz cgk ezzkzpk`g vgr 5:$0 akdlýmz `m vmzzgez ne PS ngrpm eamrkjene. G z}jmzzg `m

vÿbdkjg `g zmrke`g vg`m eknè zmr jgnckrae`g vmdg mvkzú`kg `m denèeamnpg è u}knpe

pmavgreè u}m cgk ejgavenle`g vgr 52$5 akdlýmz `m mzvmjpe`grmz ng veáz `m grkhma.

Gz nÿamrgz agzprea u}m e zërkm jgnu}kzpg} g vÿbdkjg ngrpm eamrkjeng `}renpm g vmrág`g ma

u}m cgk m|kbkè. E cgrae `m jgnzpr}èêg è zërkm vg`m zmr jgnzk`mreè }a `gz agpksgz vere

mzzm z}jmzzg.

Vrgbdmaez jgpk`kengz$ jgncdkpgz knpmrngz m vmrp}rbeèýmz vzkjgdúhkjez zêg edh}nz `gz púvkjgzjmnprekz ebgrè`gz ne vrg`}èêg pmdmskzkse u}m ë gbompg `m mzp}`g `mzze agnghrecke. E aåcke ë

rmvrmzmnpeè `m cgrae e zmr evrg|kaeè èz zkp}eèýmz `g `ke e `ke$ eg jgnprårkg è

grhenkeèêg hdeagrgze m akzpmrkgze agzpreè ma ckdamz jgag G Vg`mrgzg Jlmcêg. Ma Plm

Zgvrengz$ gz nmhújkgz kdmhekz è aåcke zêg rmprepe`gz veredmdeamnpm jga gz vrgbdmaez m

mabepmz u}m epgramnpea g vrgpehgnkzpe Pgn{ Zgvreng. Edëa `kzzg$ e k`mke `m esedker e

—aåcke ng `ksê‑ pre `kzj}zzýmz zgbrm e skè$ e agrpm m e vezzehma `m pg`gz vgr mzzmz

mzpåhkgz.

Knzmrkè ng jgnpm|pg `m vrg`}pg mdebgre`g vere pmdmskzêg$ e zërkm pre ma zm} jmrnm e mzpr}p}re

nmjmzzårke vere zm mnjek|er ne vrghreaeèêg m$ eg amzag pmavg$ evrmzmnpe }ae lkzpúrke

cmjleè$ u}m ce zmnpk`g ma pg`gz gz násmkz `m `kskzêg. E jgnzpr}èêg `m vmrzgnehmnz m zm}z

rmdejkgneamnpgz jgavýma mvkzú`kgz m pmavgreèz u}m zêg knpmrdkheèz vere cgraer }ae

preae aekgr.

E aen}pmnèêg è e}`kïnjke `g vÿbdkjg$ vgrpenpg$ `mvmn`m è grhenkeèêg `mzze mzpr}p}re m `m

amjenkzagz u}m vrgsgu}ma knpmrmzzm m$ eg amzag pmavg$ zm mnjek|ma ma }a mzpkdg `m

vrg`}èêg ma hren`m mzjede m jga vmrkg`kjkè`m `mpmrakneè. G gbzpåj}dg ë jrker e ck`mdkè`m

ma }a pmdmzvmjpe`gr$ ng amkg `m }ae vrghreaeèêg jga `ksmrzez vrg`}èýmz `g amzag mzpkdg

m u}m }zea è rmvmpkèêg m vrmskzkbkdkè`m vere èr vg`mr e u}ma ezzkzpm m peabëa zm

mnu}e`rer nez nmjmzzkè`mz amrje`gdúhkjez.

Vgrpenpg$ vrmpmn`m!zm$ vgr amkg è jgnjmkp}eèêg `m }ae mzpr}p}re crehamnpeè èz gbrez

pmdmskzksez ckjjkgnekz$ cemr }a mzp}`g è mzpr}p}re nerrepkse è zërkm Plm Zgvrengz jgag }ae



<

lkzpúrke cmjleè m smrkckjer u}ekz mdmamnpgz vg`ma zmr rmzvgnzåsmkz vmde m|kzpïnjke `m }ae

}nkè`m mzpr}p}red `mnprg `m }ae nerrepkse vere`g|edamnpm crehamnpeè. E enådkzm `g

`mzmnsgdskamnpg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng jgag vmrzgnehma vrknjkved$ u}m aenpëa mzze }nkè`m vgr

amkg `m jerejpmrázpkjez `m }ae vmrzgnehma mzcërkje ë e lkvúpmzm e zmr mzp}èè nmzpm prebedlg.

U}enpg egz vmrzgnehmnz$ peabëa zmrå esedkeè e rmdeèêg mnprm g vrgpehgnkzpe m vmrzgnehmnz

zmj}n`årkez jga g knp}kpg `m jgnzpeper jgag mzze rmdeèêg kncd}mnjke ng jeråpmr }nkpårkg è

zërkm. Zmrêg mzp}èèz peabëa$ jgag zêg mzpr}p}reèz ez zmkz pmavgreèz$ smrkckjen`g

jerejpmrázpkjez `m jgmzêg ma jeè }ae `mdez$ jgnzk`mren`g!ez jgag mzpr}p}rez nerrepksez

cmjleèz$ zmvereèamnpm. Gz mvkzú`kgz peabëa zmrêg enedkze`gz ma z}e mdebgreèêg `mnprg `m

}ae dúhkje kn`}zprked ma zërkm m vere esmrkh}er zm mzpêg dkhe`gz `m cgrae e mdebgrer }aelkzpúrke zú.



;

2 JGNZPR]ÈÊG @E NERREPKSE

2.5 Mzcmrez è mzpr}p}re nerrepkse

E Pmgrke Jknmaepghråckje Crenjmze Jgnpmavgrânme kne}h}rg} g }zg `g mzpr}p}redkzag ne

enådkzm èz jerejpmrázpkjez `m vrg`}èýmz jknmaepghråckjez. @m ejgr`g jga En`rmx ,5;<;+$

Bekn cgk }a `gz rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr knzmrkr g jknmae `mnprg `m aëpg`gz mzvmjáckjgz `m enådkzm$

bma jgag jrker }ae knpmr`kzjkvdknerkè`m `gz mzp}`gz jknmaepghråckjgz jga g}prez årmez

jgag e ckdgzgcke$ e lkzpúrke è erpm$ e jrápkje dkpmrårke m e vzkjgdghke.

Lmr`mkrgz `mzze pre`kèêg enedápkje$ Berplmz ,5;82+ m Vknpg ,5;82+ zmh}ma e dknle mzpr}p}redkzpem evrmzmnpea }a jeaknlg vere e enådkzm èz nerrepksez$ knjd}kn`g ez vrg`}èýmz ckjjkgnekz

pmdmskzksez$ eg vrgvgrma mdmamnpgz vere e jgavrmmnzêg `m vrgbdmaez pekz jgag? e jgnzpr}èêg

`m }a pg`g vgr amkg `m zm}z crehamnpgz$ e enådkzm vgr vrgjmzzg `m`}pksg$ násmkz `mzjrkpksgz m

`kskzêg `m c}nèýmz$ u}m zêg gbompg `mzzm mzp}`g.

G mzpr}p}redkzag$ vgrpenpg$ agzpre!zm mckje vere mzze enådkzm u}m vrmpmn`magz$ vgr ebgrèr g

jeråpmr crehamnpårkg m|kzpmnpm nez zërkmz `m pmdmskzêg$ vgr preper è rmdeèêg mnprm nerre`gr mmzvmjpe`gr m vgr knzmrkr ez vrg`}èýmz pmdmskzksez ma }a jgnpm|pg zgjked u}m `msm zmr mzp}è`g

`m cgrae jgno}npe æz z}ez jerejpmrázpkjez nerrepksez.

Jga g knp}kpg `m mdebgrer }ae enådkzm è mckjkïnjke `m }ae nerrepkse$ ë nmjmzzårkg g

mnpmn`kamnpg `m edh}nz mdmamnpgz zmakgdúhkjgz m$ zmh}n`g Vknpg ,5;82+$ g mzpr}p}redkzag

b}zje cemr jga ez jkïnjkez l}aenez g amzag u}m ë cmkpg jga gz jgno}npgz è aepmaåpkje$

eg vrgvgr u}m eabgz vg`ma zmr jgnzk`mre`gz }ae pgpedkè`m jgavgzpe vgr verpmz erpkj}deèz$`mngakneèz mdmamnpgz. Nmzzm zmnpk`g$ g mzpr}p}redkzag jgnzk`mre }a `mpmrakne`g gbompg èz

jkïnjkez l}aenez m `mcknm erpkj}deèýmz mnprm zm}z mdmamnpgz `mnprg `m }a ag`mdg. M$ `msk`g

æ nep}rme amzae `gz gbompgz `m mzp}`g `mzzez jkïnjkez$ m|kzpm e nmjmzzkè`m `m prebedler jga

ag`mdgz u}edkpepksgz.

Nmzze vmrzvmjpkse$ g e}pgr `mzjrmsm e jgabknepúrke ng mzpr}p}redkzag jgag e k`mnpkckjeèêg

`gz mdmamnpgz m zm} ag`mdg e verpkr è crehamnpeèêg `g pg`g m e jgnzmuômnpm vgzzkbkdkè`m `m

rmjgnzpr}èêg `g pg`g vgr amkg `mzzmz mdmamnpgz m ag`mdgz zmvere`gz.



56

Ezzka$ Zpre}zz2 ,5;30 jkpe`g vgr VKNPG$ 5;82+ jgnzk`mre }ae pmgrke u}m vrmpmnè knpmrvrmper

}ae nerrepkse `msm pmr mdmamnpgz ck|gz$ jgag zm cgzzm }ae hreaåpkje$ jga}a e pg`gz gz pkvgz

`m nerrepkse m }ae jgavgnmnpm rmdepkse eg jgnpm|pg$ u}m g e}pgr `mcknm jgag jú`khgz u}m

vmrakpea `mpmrakner g zkhnkckje`g èz vedesrez.

Kzpg zkhnkckje u}m }a cepg m|pmrng æ mzpr}p}re ,e 44lkzpúrke>>+ knprg`} rmzprkèýmz zmdmpksez`m mzjgdle mnprm ez jgabkneèýmz pmgrkjeamnpm vgzzásmkz? g makzzgr `m `mpmrakneèamnzehma$ vgr m|mavdg$ edëa `m zmdmjkgner }ae mnprm ez sårkez amnzehmnz u}m vg`mrkeazmr prenzakpkèz ne zkp}eèêg èè$ rmedke eknè }ae zmh}nè zmdmèêg mnprm ez jgabkneèýmzpmgrkjeamnpm vgzzásmkz `gz mdmamnpgz u}m cgraea e amnzehma. ,VKNPG$ 5;82$ v. ;+

Vere Berplmz ,5;82+$ `msk`g æ mngrakè`m `m nerrepksez m|kzpmnpmz$ g vrgjmzzg vere enedkzå!dez

`msm zmr `m`}pksg$ g} zmoe$ vrkamkrg lå e nmjmzzkè`m `m mdebgreèêg `m }a ag`mdg lkvgpëpkjgu}m vgzze zm `mz`gbrer nez jerejpmrázpkjez `m jeè pkvg mzvmjáckjg e zmr mzp}è`g. Mdm peabëa

jgnzk`mre u}m —vermjm regåsmd èr jgag ag`mdg c}nè`gr æ enådkzm mzpr}p}red è nerrepkse e

vrúvrke dknh}ázpkje.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v. 22+.

E nerreèêg$ vere Berplmz ,5;82+$ nêg m|kzpm zma nerre`gr m zma g}sknpm. E u}mzpêg u}m zm

kavým knkjkedamnpm `k rmzvmkpg e u}en`g g nerre`gr rmdejkgne cepgz jgnlmjk`gz vgr mdm$ aez

khngre`gz vmdg dmkpgr. Ë u}en`g z}rhm }ae `mckjkïnjke `g zkhnkckjenpm. G e}pgr è nerrepkse$mnpêg$ nêg `msm zmr am`k`g vgr z}e jevejkè`m jrkepkse `m knsmnper lkzpúrkez bgnkpez$ aez$

zka$ vgr jgnzmh}kr `gakner bma g jú`khg u}m `msm zmr verpkdle`g jga zm}z g}sknpmz g}

dmkpgrmz. Nmzze vmrzvmjpkse$ zm e crezm vg`m zmr jgnzk`mreè jgag e ÿdpkae }nkè`m vgzzásmd `m

zmr edjenèeè ng `kzj}rzg$ e nerrepkse nêg `msm zmr rm`}kè zkavdmzamnpm e }a jgno}npg `m

crezmz. —E nerrepkse ë }ae hren`m crezm$ jgag pgè crezm jgnzpepepkse$ ë `m }ae jmrpe aenmkre

g mzbgèg `m }ae vmu}mne nerrepkse.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v. 20+.

Verpkn`g `mzzm vrmzz}vgzpg$ vg`m!zm jgnjmkp}er g jleae`g —násmd `m `mzjrkèêg‑$ u}m vmrakpm e

jdezzkckjeèêg `gz a}kpgz mdmamnpgz u}m jgavýma e nerrepkse. Pekz mdmamnpgz evermjma ne

nerrepkse vgr amkg `m }ae rmdeèêg `m lkmreru}ke m jeè }nkè`m u}m vmrpmnjm e `mpmrakne`g

násmd zú vrg`}krå zkhnkckjeèêg u}en`g rmdejkgneè e }a násmd lkmreru}kjeamnpm z}vmrkgr.

Ezzka$ ë vgzzásmd mzpebmdmjmr `gkz pkvgz `m rmdeèýmz? e `kzprkb}jkgned$ u}en`g ez rmdeèýmz zm

`êg ma }a amzag násmd m e knpmhrepkse$ u}en`g zm vezze vgr násmkz `kcmrmnpmz.

Mzze pmgrke `gz násmkz `ksk`m e gbre nerrepkse ma prïz násmkz `m `mzjrkèêg. ]a jleae`g `m

násmd èz c}nèýmz$ g}prg èz eèýmz m vgr cka g násmd è nerreèêg$ zmn`g u}m mdmz

2 Jc. Jde}`m Dësk!Zpre}zz$ Dm Jr} mp Dm J}kp$ ,Vdgn$ Verkz$ 5;30+$ v.26=.



55

nmjmzzerkeamnpm zm rmdejkgnea? —Y...Q }ae c}nèêg nêg pma zmnpk`g zm nêg pksmr d}her ne eèêg

hmred `m }a ejpenpm9 m e vrúvrke eèêg rmjmbm z}e zkhnkckjeèêg ÿdpkae vmdg cepg `m zmr nerreè$

jgnckeè e }a `kzj}rzg u}m pma zm} vrúvrkg jú`khg.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v.28+. Jebm `mzpejer$

mabgre nêg zmoe nmjmzzårkg vere mzpe agnghrecke$ u}m mzzmz násmkz eknè jgavgrpea

z}b`kskzýmz knpmrnez.

G cepg èz nerrepksez nêg zmrma zkavdmz mnjek|mz `m mdmamnpgz ë o}zpkckje`g vmde m|kzpïnjke `m

`kzpgrèýmz m m|venzýmz vgzzásmkz ne nerreèêg$ }ae sm u}m mde pma e jevejkè`m `m krre`ker

zm}z vgnpgz ma `ksmrzez `krmèýmz$ ma }a amzag pmavg. —Y...Q e }nkè`m ë pgaeè vgr pgè e

nerrepkse$ aez peabëa e nerrepkse nêg z}bzkzpm e nêg zmr vmde `kzpgrèêg m krre`keèêg `m z}ez

}nkè`mz.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v. ==+. Ezzka$ e nerrepkse evrmzmnpe!zm jgag }ae je`mke `mmdmamnpgz am`kepgz m kam`kepgz$ u}m zm zgbrmvýma }nz egz g}prgz.

Mnpêg$ e c}nèêg è nerrepkse nêg ë e `m rmvrmzmnper m zka `m jgnzpr}kr }a mzvmpåj}dg u}m cghm

è zkavdmz júvke è skè rmed. —Y...Q e rmedkè`m `m }ae zmu}ïnjke nêg mzpå ne jgnpkn}eèêg

nep}red èz eèýmz u}m e jgavýma$ aez ne dúhkje u}m zm eá m|vým$ u}m eá zm errkzje m u}m eá

zepkzce.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v.36+. E gbzmrseèêg è rmedkè`m nêg ë g u}m hmre ez zmu}ïnjkez

nerrepksez. E nerreèêg m|kzpm `msk`g æ nmjmzzkè`m `m m|jm`mr e kakpeèêg$ `m jrker ngskè`mz.E dúhkje ë mnpêg sedgrkeè vgr zm} jeråpmr maenjkve`gr$ ezzka jgag e nerrepkse ma zk.

U}enpg æ u}mzpêg `g pmavg nerrepksg$ Berplmz ,5;82+ `mzpeje u}m —Y...Q e permce ë jgnzmh}kr

èr }ae `mzjrkèêg mzpr}p}red è kd}zêg jrgngdúhkje9 ë e dúhkje nerrepkse e èr jgnpe `g pmavg

nerrepksg.‑ ,BERPLMZ$ 5;82$ v.:8+. Vgrpenpg$ e pmavgredkè`m mzpå knjd}áè nez jdezzmz

mzpr}p}rekz }zeèz vere enedkzer e nerrepkse.

2.2 Rgpmkrkeèêg? }nkè`m ne mzpr}p}re

E nerrepkse vg`m zmr enedkzeè jgag rmvrmzmnpeèêg$ g} zmoe$ e aenmkre jgag mde `å

zkhnkckje`g eg }nksmrzg jrke`g m æz zkp}eèýmz u}m nmdm ejgnpmjma. Vg`m!zm enedkzå!de peabëa

jgag epg$ jgavrmmn`mn`g g vrgjm`kamnpg `m m|vgzkèêg `m }ae lkzpúrke eg vÿbdkjg m$ eknè

enedkzå!de jgag mzpr}p}re$ u}en`g vrgj}re!zm jgavrmmn`mr e cgrae jgag jeè jgavgnmnpm zm

grhenke vere pmr jgag rmz}dpe`g }ae }nkè`m `kcmrmnjkeè.



52

G rgpmkrg$ vgr z}e sm$ ë jgnzk`mre`g e verpm mzjrkpe `m u}edu}mr nerrepkse e}`kgskz}ed m pma

vgnpgz ma jga}a jga g pm|pg `reaåpkjg$ oå u}m nêg kavmpre z}e smrè`mkre c}nèêg epë zmr

rmvrmzmnpe`g. Eg amzag pmavg$ zm ezzmamdle eg rgaenjm vgr vrgvgrjkgner e vgzzkbkdkè`m `m

aenkv}deèêg `g kaehknårkg `g vÿbdkjg `}renpm e nerreèêg.

Nmzpm prebedlg agnghråckjg$ vere e jgavrmmnzêg èz jerejpmrázpkjez `m }ae }nkè`m nerrepkse$

denèermagz aêg `gz vrmzz}vgzpgz rmdejkgne`gz æ nerrepkse jdåzzkje lgdd{xgg`kene evgnpe`gz

vgr Bgr`xmdd ,266=+. Oå e enådkzm è c}nèêg `g rgpmkrg ne jgavgzkèêg `mzze }nkè`m zmrå

c}nèamnpeè nez rmcdm|ýmz `m Jgaverepg ,5;;=+ m Ckmd` ,5;;=+.

Jebm `mk|er jderg u}m ma c}nèêg `g ngzzg gbompg `m vmzu}kze$ eg cederagz è nerrepkse oåmzpermagz rmjgrrmn`g peabëa eg jgnjmkpg `m rgpmkrg$ è amzae aenmkre u}m u}en`g cederagz

`g rgpmkrg$ ngseamnpm cedermagz è nerrepkse.

2.2.5 Nerrepkse

E nerrepkse jdåzzkje ë `mcknkè bezkjeamnpm jgag lkzpúrkez ma u}m vmrzgnehmnz mncrmnpea

}ae `kckj}dè`m g} vrgj}rea edjenèer edh}a gbompksg mzvmjáckjg. G vmrzgnehma ëjgnzk`mre`g mnpêg g vrknjkved ehmnpm je}zed m e je}zedkè`m ë g vrknjávkg }nkckje`gr

c}nèamnped. Zmn`g ezzka$ ng násmd kncgraepksg$ gz mnje`meamnpgz `gz mdmamnpgz è

nerrepkse `mvmn`ma `mzzez rmdeèýmz `m je}ze m jgnzmuôïnjke$ g u}m dmse e }ae b}zje vmdg

rmedkzag nez rmvrmzmnpeèýmz ma jeè jmne.

E jmne ë }ae }nkè`m jerejpmrázpkje `m eèêg$ ë g d}her ng u}ed e lkzpúrke zmrå jgnpeè. E

cknedkè`m è jmne ë agsmr e lkzpúrke vere `kenpm m$ vere kzzg$ peabëa zm cema nmjmzzårkez eza}ènèez `m jmne$ rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr }a `mzmnsgdskamnpg `g rgpmkrg$ u}m zmrå `mpedle`g ng

vrú|kag púvkjg. Jeè }ae èz jmnez$ bma jgag g rgpmkrg pg`g$ `msma zmr mzpr}p}reèz

jgnpmn`g knájkg$ amkg m cka. Ezzka$ mdez rmsmdea vmdg amngz }a è`g è lkzpúrke vere g

vÿbdkjg$ zmn`g mzze kncgraeèêg jleaeè `m nÿjdmg g} vrgvúzkpg è jmne. Ce!zm kavgrpenpm

eknè jrker g jgnpm|pg ,e knpmnèêg$ g dgjed m g pmavg+ è jmne m$ jgnzmu}mnpmamnpm$

mzpebmdmjmr g jgnpmÿ`g `mde.

Ez jmnez grhenkeèz z}jmzzkseamnpm m cgraen`g }ae zkp}eèêg dúhkje zêg `mngakneèz

zmu}ïnjkez. Mzzez zmu}ïnjkez zêg mzpebmdmjkèz zmh}kn`g }ae }nkè`m `m eèêg nerrepkseamnpm



5:

kavrmjkze$ u}m$ vgr z}e sm$ ë cgraeè vmdez jmnez u}m zêg `mpmrakneèz vmdez ag`kckjeèýmz

mzvejkekz m e verpkjkveèêg èz vmrzgnehmnz. —E mzpr}p}re ë$ vgrpenpg$ e grhenkeèêg `g mnrm`g

ma jmnez. Jeè jmne pma }ae dgjedkeèêg ng pmavg$ ng mzveèg m ne eèêg Y...Q‑

,JGAVEREPG$ 5;;=$ v.23+.

Ckmd` ,5;;=+ jgnzk`mre e zmu}ïnjke jgag g jgavgnmnpm aekz kavgrpenpm `g rgpmkrg$ }ae sm

u}m mde ë rmzvgnzåsmd vgr aenpmr e lkzpúrke }nkckjeè. E zmu}ïnjke ë g mzu}mdmpg `g rgpmkrg

vgru}m z}zpmnpe jeè vmèe ma zm} d}her$ }nkn`g }ae je`mke `m jmnez jga g knp}kpg `m jrker

}ae u}enpkè`m `m eèêg `reaåpkje. Jgag g rgpmkrg ma zk m jgag jeè }ae èz jmnez$ ez

zmu}ïnjkez peabëa `msma pmr jgamèg$ amkg m ckned.

Zm jeè jmne ë nkpkèamnpm `mcknkè vgr amkg `m }nkè`mz `m pmavg$ mzveèg m eèêg$ vere

`mdkakper jeè zmu}ïnjke$ zêg }ze`gz erpkcájkgz ve`rgnke`gz jgag c}zêg$ ce`m!g}p :$ rmj}rzgz

zgngrgz$ mnprm g}prgz. Ng jezg `m }a zmhamnpg jdåzzkjg$ mdm ngraedamnpm ë cmjle`g$ mzvejked

m pmavgredamnpm m `mzmnsgdsm e vrghrmzzêg je}zed$ ebrkn`g e vgzzkbkdkè`m vere g `mzmnrgder

`m ngsgz cepgz. Ez jmnez evrmzmnpea g vmrzgnehma$ g pmavg m e dgjedkè`m è lkzpúrke m

zmh}ma agzpren`g eèýmz `gz vmrzgnehmnz vere edjenèer e cknedkè`m mzpkv}deè.

Ng j}rzg `m z}e eèêg$ e jmne jdåzzkje vrgzzmh}m$ g} jgnjd}k$ gz `mzmnsgdskamnpgz `m je}zem mcmkpg `mk|e`gz vmn`mnpmz ma jmnez enpmrkgrmz$ ebrkn`g$ eg amzag pmavg$ ngsez dknlezje}zekz vere `mzmnsgdskamnpg c}p}rg. ]ae dknle `m eèêg$ eg amngz$ `msm zmr `mk|eè maz}zvmnzg vere zmrskr `m agpkseèêg æ vrú|kae jmne$ u}m rmpgae e dknle `mk|eè vmn`mnpm,crmu}mnpmamnpm vgr amkg `m }a —henjlg `m `kådghg‑+. @eá e ceagze dknmerkè`m èjgnzpr}èêg jdåzzkje. ,BGR@XMDD$ 266=$ v.2<:+

E mzpr}p}re båzkje jga knájkg$ amkg m cka ë g cgraepg jdåzzkjg `g rgpmkrg m eavere gz

mdmamnpgz nez z}ez rmzvmjpksez c}nèýmz. E lkzpúrke ë }a pg`g jgavgzpg vgr `kcmrmnpmz verpmz m

e mzpr}p}re ë g z}zpmnpåj}dg u}m aenpëa mzze lkzpúrke ng d}her. Zmn`g ezzka$ e mzpr}p}re`reaåpkje vg`m zmr `mcknkè jgag }ae `kzvgzkèêg `m kavrmskzpgz$ zkp}eèýmz g}

ejgnpmjkamnpgz knpmr!rmdejkgne`gz u}m dmsea e }ae rmzgd}èêg `reaåpkje. E aenmkre jgag

mzzez vmèez mzpr}p}rekz zmrêg mavrmheèz ë g u}m `mcknm e cgrae è vrg`}èêg e}`kgskz}ed.

G}pre jerejpmrázpkje è nerreèêg jdåzzkje ë zm} jeråpmr gnkzjkmnpm$ jga hren`m jevejkè`m `m

jga}nkjebkdkè`m. G} zmoe$ vg}jgz `mpedlmz nêg zêg rmsmde`gz eg vÿbdkjg m e nerreèêg ë u}m

`mpëa }a jgnlmjkamnpg aekgr zgbrm e lkzpúrke ma `mprkamnpg `m u}edu}mr }a `gz

: Pëjnkje jknmaepghråckje u}m mzj}rmjm e kaehma epë u}m mde `mzevermèe egz vg}jgz.



50

vmrzgnehmnz. Edh}nz pkvgz `kcmrmnjke`gz `m vrg`}èýmz pïa mzze jerejpmrázpkje ag`kckjeè m$

edh}aez smmz$ g vrghrmzzg è }nkè`m `m pmavg ne preae ce jga u}m ez vrgvrkmè`mz

nerrepksez zmoea ag`kckjeèz ng `mjgrrmr `g ckdam. E ebmrp}re m g mnjmrreamnpg zêg

pkvkjeamnpm ez verpmz aekz gnkzjkmnpmz m jga}nkjepksez$ aez$ `mvgkz u}m e eèêg jgamèe e zm

`mzmnsgdsmr$ g mnrm`g vg`m ckjer ma zmh}n`g vdeng$ vmrakpkn`g u}m ez rmdeèýmz mnprm gz

vmrzgnehmnz ezz}aea g jgaen`g ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ kncgraeèêg prenzakpkè.

@m aenmkre hmred$ g cgraepg jdåzzkjg è nerrepkse jgdgje!zm jgag }ae knpmdkhïnjke m`kpgrked.

Vere e mdebgreèêg `g rgpmkrg$ gz rmjgrpmz mzvmjáckjgz `g pmavg zêg prepe`gz ma hren`m mzjede

vere jgnzpr}kr ez jmnez$ zêg `mpmrakneèz e z}vrmzzêg g} `kakn}kèêg `m edh}nz `}renpm ez

zmu}ïnjkez ma agnpehma$ m$ ezzka$ gz msmnpgz u}m nêg zmh}ma e rmdeèêg `m je}ze mjgnzmuôïnjke zêg mdkakne`gz. @mzpe aenmkre$ —Y...Q e nerreèêg jdåzzkje vrgnpeamnpm ngz

cgrnmjm kn`kjeèýmz vere e jgnzpr}èêg `m pmavgredkè`m$ è mzvejkedkè`m m è dúhkje

,je}zedkè`m$ veredmdkzagz+ è lkzpúrke$ zmavrm `m ag`g e cemr jga u}m gz msmnpgz “æ crmnpm

è jâamre‛ zmoea ngzze vrknjkved cgnpm `m kncgraeèýmz‑ ,BGR@XMDD$ 266=$ v.2<;+.

G mzpkdg jdåzzkjg vg`m vermjmr vrmskzásmd `msk`g e edh}aez jerejpmrázpkjez båzkjez. Jgag

}nkè`m$ e nerreèêg jdåzzkje prepe gz rmj}rzgz pëjnkjgz jgag jgn`}pgrmz vere vrgveherkncgraeèýmz è preae. Nmzzm pkvg `m nerrepkse$ g mzpkdg knjmnpkse }a pkvg `m agnpehma u}m

dmsm g vÿbdkjg e jgnzpr}kr pmavg m mzveèg è eèêg è lkzpúrke jga jgmrïnjke m jgnzkzpïnjke. G

mzpkdg jdåzzkjg eknè ë jgavgzpg `m }a nÿamrg rkhgrgzeamnpm dkakpe`g `m `kzvgzkpksgz

pëjnkjgz mzvmjáckjgz grhenke`gz ma }a ag`mdg mzpåsmd m jdezzkckje`gz jgncgram ez

nmjmzzkè`mz è preae.

E vrknjkved kngseèêg u}m vg`m ejgnpmjmr ma }a pkvg `m nerreèêg jdåzzkje ë ng násmd `mag`kckjeèýmz ne lkzpúrke$ g} zmoe$ e mzpr}p}re ë aenpkè jgnzpenpm ,jga knájkg$ amkg m cka+$

aez zm `kcmrmnjke èz g}prez vmdgz pkvgz `m ejgnpmjkamnpgz ma zm} mnrm`g. Ezzka$ —E

mzpebkdkè`m m e }nkè`m è nerreèêg lgdd{xgg`kene zêg ne smrè`m `}ez èz reýmz vere

`mngaknå!de jdåzzkje$ eg amngz ng zmnpk`g `m u}m g jdezzkjkzag$ ma u}edu}mr erpm$ zmavrm zm

jerejpmrkg} vmde gbm`kïnjke æz ngraez m|pránzmjez‑ ,BGR@XMDD$ 266=$ v.2;0+.

G}pre jgnzpenpm ë ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg e jgag ez nerrepksez jdåzzkjez pïa zm}z cknekz

mzpr}p}re`gz. ]a `mzcmjlg u}m zgd}jkgnm gz vrgbdmaez m dmsm g vrgpehgnkzpe eg zm} gbompksg ë

jga}a$ aez ë nmjmzzårkg j}kè`g vere u}m g ckned cmdk zm mnjek|m nez rmdeèýmz `m je}zedkè`m



5=

mdebgreèz m jgnmjpeèz ng `mjgrrmr `m pgè e nerreèêg$ vere u}m nêg leoe c}he è

smrgzzkakdlenèe nez zkp}eèýmz rmprepeèz.

@mnprg `mzzm mzpebmdmjkamnpg `m jgnm|ýmz rmjgnlmjkèz vmdg vÿbdkjg$ g mzvmjpe`gr ë dmse`g e

jgnzpr}kr lkvúpmzmz$ e}|kdke`g vgr edh}nz vrgjmzzgz è vrúvrke nerrepkse. E rmvmpkèêg$ vgr

m|mavdg$ vmrakpm e jgnckraeèêg `m mdmamnpgz zgbrm gz u}ekz e lkvúpmzm zmrå cgra}deè. G

vrgjm`kamnpg `g vreg ckned g} —ÿdpkag akn}pg‑ `maenè `g vÿbdkjg e mdebgreèêg `m

lkvúpmzmz rmdejkgneèz eg c}p}rg. Oå g cdezlbeji ë }ae mzprepëhke rmdejkgneè eg vezze`g$ u}m

vmrakpm æ nerrepkse msk`mnjker aekz `g u}m g vmrzgnehma jgnlmjm. Mzzm erpkcájkg jgnzkzpm ma

agzprer }ae dmabrenèe `m edh}a kn`ksá`}g è preae m$ ne aekgrke èz smmz$ ë }ze`g vere

mnjek|er }a cepg cgre è gr`ma jrgngdúhkje ne nerrepkse m èr kncgraeèýmz e`kjkgnekzkavgrpenpmz vere e jgnm|êg `gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz è lkzpúrke.

G }zg `mzzez mzprepëhkez ne nerreèêg jdåzzkje }z}edamnpm nêg dmsea e jgnjd}zýmz knjgrrmpez.

Vgrëa$ kzzg nêg ce jga u}m g z}zvmnzm g} akzpërkg vmrjea zm} d}her$ }ae sm u}m$ zm

ejgnpmjmzzm e jgnckraeèêg èz lkvúpmzmz dghg `m jere$ g mzvmjpe`gr nêg pmrke g knpmrmzzm

mzvmre`g ne lkzpúrke. —E jgnzpr}èêg `m lkvúpmzmz vrgsåsmkz$ m|jd}zksez m grkmnpeèz vere g

z}zvmnzm ë }ae aenmkre `m eo}zper e `reaep}rhke æz m|khïnjkez è zkp}eèêg `m cr}kèêg.‑,BGR@XMDD$ 266=$ v.2;<+. Jgag }nkè`m$ e nerrepkse `mzzm pkvg jgn`} g rkpag `m cr}kèêg

`g ckdam jgnskèn`g g mzvmjpe`gr e eprmder e preae m g zkzpmae mzpkdázpkjg vgr amkg è

jgnzpr}èêg `m }ae lkzpúrke —`mngpepkse$ }násgje m knpmhred.‑

2.2.2 Rgpmkrg

Jgaverepg ,5;;=+ `ksk`m g vrgjmzzg `m mdebgreèêg `m }a rgpmkrg ma k`mke$ jgncdkpg mvmrzgnehmnz$ u}m zêg rmzvgnzåsmkz vmde jgnzpr}èêg è eèêg `reaåpkje$ `g pmavg `reaåpkjg m

è }nkè`m `reaåpkje.

E k`mke ë e agde vrgv}dzgre u}m dmse g rgpmkrkzpe e mzjrmsmr }ae lkzpúrke m g mnje`meamnpg `m

k`mkez hmre zkp}eèýmz grkhknekz m knpmrmzzenpmz vere g rgpmkrg. Mde$ eg vezzer vere g jeavg

e}`kgskz}ed m `reaåpkjg$ vrmjkze zmr `mpmrakneè vgr amkg `m }a jgncdkpg c}nèamnped m$ vere

zekr è amre ebzpreèêg èz k`mkez$ ë nmjmzzårkg u}m g jgncdkpg zmoe jgnjrmpke`g epresëz èz

vedesrez.



53

G jgncdkpg knzpkp}k g jgncrgnpg mnprm cgrèez m vmrzgnehmnz m mnpêg mzpebmdmjm m `mzmnsgdsm e

eèêg epë g ckned$ zmn`g jgnzk`mre`g g ezzkzpmnpm `mzze eèêg. E vmrzgnehma vg`m zm mnjgnprer

ma jgncdkpg jga g}prez vmrzgnehmnz ,cgrèe l}aene+$ jga e nep}rme g} g}prgz gbzpåj}dgz

,cgrèez nêg!l}aenez+ g} eknè jgnzkhg amzae ,cgrèe knpmrne+. Ng rgpmkrg g jgncdkpg vrmjkze

zmr evrmzmnpe`g$ `mzmnsgdsk`g m$ vgr cka$ zgd}jkgne`g.

Ez vmrzgnehmnz kn`kjea u}ma sksmrå mzzm jgncdkpg jgnzpr}á`g. Vere kzzg ë nmjmzzårkg ck|er

mzzez vmrzgnehmnz mzvejked m pmavgredamnpm. Zêg mdez ez rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr z}zpmnper e eèêg m$

vgr jgnzmuôïnjke$ pgrnea!zm g vrkamkrg cgjg u}m jleae e epmnèêg `g vÿbdkjg. G vrú|kag

jeváp}dg ebgrèrå aekz `mpedleèamnpm e c}nèêg mzvmjáckje `m jeè pkvg `m vmrzgnehma nez

nerrepksez. Enpmz$ vrmjkzeagz jerejpmrker eknè e eèêg `reaåpkje$ g pmavg `reaåpkjg m e}nkè`m `reaåpkje.

Ckmd` ,5;;=+ `ksk`m e nerrepkse ma prïz epgz. G epg K$ vmdg u}ed zm knkjke e lkzpúrke$ ë e }nkè`m

`m eèêg `reaåpkje u}m pma e jgmzêg aenpkè `mnprg `m }a mzveèg u}m zmh}re g jgnpmÿ`g è

lkzpúrke jleae`g `m evrmzmnpeèêg. E c}nèêg `mzzm Epg ë evrmzmnper e lkzpúrke$ gz vmrzgnehmnz

m z}ez rmdeèýmz$ e vrmakzze `reaåpkje m ez jkrj}nzpânjkez u}m hkrea ma pgrng è eèêg

vrknjkved. G epg KK ë g mdmamnpg è eèêg `reaåpkje jgmzg vmdg jgnpm|pg è jgncrgnpeèêg. Ënmzzm agamnpg è nerrepkse u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe mncrmnpe ez `kckj}dè`mz u}m g eprevedlea e

jlmher epë ez nmjmzzkè`mz `reaåpkjez. G epg KKK ë e }nkè`m u}m zm jgnzmrse jgmze vmdg

mzveèg è rmzgd}èêg. E rmzgd}èêg nêg nmjmzzerkeamnpm zkhnkckje g ckned è lkzpúrke$ aez zka

}a `mzcmjlg vere gz gbzpåj}dgz mncrmnpe`gz vmdg vmrzgnehma vrknjkved.

E mzpr}p}re ë e zmvereèêg è preae ma jmnez$ `kzvgzpez jga g knp}kpg `m jgnzmh}kr g aå|kag

`m pmnzêg `reaåpkje vgzzásmd. Vgrpenpg$ }a bga rgpmkrg ë eu}mdm u}m agnpe mzzmz vmèègz èamdlgr aenmkre. —Y...Q nêg m|kzpma lkzpúrkez ngsez. G u}m zm jgnzk`mre kngse`gr ë e aenmkre

verpkj}der$ z}rvrmmn`mnpm$ `m jgnper }ae lkzpúrke jgnlmjkè.‑ ,JGAVEREPG$ 5;;=$ v.530+.

E aejrgmzpr}p}re ë e mzpr}p}re hmred `g rgpmkrg$ }ae mzvëjkm `m rezj}nlg èz jmnez. Ma }ae

pmdmngsmde g} zërkm$ mde ë rmzvgnzåsmd vmde aen}pmnèêg è pmnzêg `reaåpkje ma jeè jeváp}dg

g} mvkzú`kg. Mzze pmnzêg ë }zeè vere aenpmr e ck`mdkè`m `g mzvmjpe`gr. Vere kzzg$ zêg

mdebgreèz zkp}eèýmz jrápkjez u}m zú pma zgd}èêg ng mvkzú`kg zmh}knpm. Ng vdenmoeamnpg è

aejrgmzpr}p}re `m }ae zërkm ë nmjmzzårkg vrmverer jeè }ae èz lkzpúrkez e zmrma skskèz vgr

vmrzgnehmnz vrknjkvekz$ dmsen`g ma jgnpe e mckjåjke `reaåpkje u}m `msma pmr mzzmz

ejgnpmjkamnpgz m e vrgbebkdkè`m rmed `m zmrma skskèz vgr `mpmrakneèz vmrzgnehmnz. Oå e



58

akjrgmzpr}p}re mzpå rmdejkgneè æ mzpr}p}re `m jeè }ae èz jmnez$ jgag m g u}m ejgnpmjmrå

ma jeè }ae `mdez.

E cgrae jgag g jgncdkpg båzkjg ë jgnpe`g mzpå ne mpeve è jgnzpr}èêg è eèêg `reaåpkje. G}

zmoe$ e eèêg `reaåpkje vg`m zmr `mcknkè jgag e dkheèêg `m eèýmz m cepgz u}m jgavýma e

lkzpúrke. E verpm jmnpred è eèêg `reaåpkje ë jleaeè `m vdgp . Gz vrknjávkgz `g vdgp zêg

pgpedkè`m m }nkè`m. U}edu}mr u}m zmoe e gr`ma vmde u}ed g e}pgr krå `kzvgr jrgngdghkjeamnpm

z}e lkzpúrke$ mde zmavrm `msm pmr knájkg$ amkg m ckned$ g kavgrpenpm ë k`mnpkckjer u}m pgèz mzzez

verpmz pmnlea e amzae kavgrpânjke ne rmdeèêg jga g pg`g. Vere prebedler e eèêg `reaåpkje ë

vrmjkzg jgnzpr}kr }ae mzpr}p}re$ g} zmoe$ g c}nèamnpg `g rgpmkrg. G —vgnpg `m skreè‑ g}

— vdgp vgknp ‑ ë rmzvgnzåsmd vgr agskamnper e lkzpúrke e`kenpm$ jgncgram jgnjmkp}e`g vgr Ckmd`,5;;=+. Vg`m zmr u}edu}mr gjgrrïnjke$ zkp}eèêg g} kavrmskzpg u}m jgnzpr}e }a henjlg vere

jgnsmrpmr e eèêg ma }ae `krmèêg `kcmrmnpm. Mzzmz vgnpgz pïa e c}nèêg `m cemr e vezzehma `m

}a Epg eg g}prg$ mnje`men`g e lkzpúrke.

E eèêg `reaåpkje vmrakpm g }zg `m edh}nz erpkcájkgz vere knzpkher e mzpr}p}re `reaåpkje m

jgnu}kzper e epmnèêg `g vÿbdkjg$ pekz jgag e enpmjkveèêg$ g z}zvmnzm m e knsmrzêg `m

m|vmjpepksez. E vrkamkre$ e enpmjkveèêg$ ë }ae èz aenmkrez `m zm }pkdker è jevejkè`m `gvÿbdkjg vere vrmsmr zkp}eèýmz$ jrken`g ezzka m|vmjpepksez. G z}zvmnzm ë }ae cgrae `m

enpmjkveèêg aekz }rhmnpm u}m vg`m mnhdgber g}prgz násmkz jgag e j}rkgzkè`m m e `ÿskè. E

knsmrzêg `m m|vmjpepksez peabëa ë }a `mzzmz erpkcájkgz u}m$ eg jgnprårkg è enpmjkveèêg$

evrmzmnpe }a cepg kavrmskzpg vere vrgsgjer g mcmkpg `m z}rvrmze ng vÿbdkjg.

G pmavg `mnprg `g u}ed gjgrrm jeè }ae `mzzez eèýmz `reaåpkjez ë g jleae`g pmavg

`reaåpkjg. G pmavg `reaåpkjg verjked ë g pmavg vrúvrkg `m jeè jmne m g pmavg `reaåpkjgpgped ë e zgae `gz verjkekz. Lå }ae rmdeèêg `krmpe mnprm g pmavg `reaåpkjg m gz `kådghgz

mdebgre`gz nez jmnez. G `kådghg ë e cgrae `m cemr jga u}m ez vmrzgnehmnz prgu}ma

kncgraeèýmz mnprm zk$ mdm ë jgnzk`mre`g e bezm }zeè vere `mpmrakner u}enpg pmavg e jmne pmrå

`m `}reèêg.

Vgr cka$ e }nkè`m `reaåpkje ë jgnzk`mreè e }nkêg `g pmavg m è eèêg `reaåpkjgz$

j}daknen`g ng agamnpg ma u}m g rgpmkrg cknedke`g sek zmr jgnsmrpk`g ma vrg`}pg

e}`kgskz}ed m pg`gz gz jgnjmkpgz zêg rm}nk`gz vere cgraer }ae nerreèêg }nkpårke.



5<

2.: G vrgbdmae `g zmrke`g ngz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze

Gz zmrke`gz `msma zmr jgavrmmn`k`gz ng jgnpm|pg ng u}ed mzpêg knzmrk`gz m$ vgrpenpg$ jgag

}a vrg`}pg `g }nksmrzg `gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze. @m ejgr`g jga J}nle ,5;;2+$

evmzer è jgavdm|kè`m `g jgnjmkpg m amzag `gz u}mzpkgneamnpgz u}m zgcrm$ vg`magz

k`mnpkckjer e m|kzpïnjke `m }ae j}dp}re `m aezze u}m zm evrmzmnpe jgag mdebgreè `mnprg èz

amzaez rmhrez è vrg`}èêg kn`}zprked$ g} zmoe$ ngz ve`rýmz pëjnkjgz vere `kc}zêg aejkèe$ jga

g knp}kpg `m edjenèer }ae hren`m u}enpkè`m `m vmzzgez m$ jgnzmu}mnpmamnpm$ pgrner!zm skåsmd

jgag amrje`grke.

Bedghl ,2665+ ezzgjke e vrg`}èêg `m vrghreaez pmdmskzksgz jga e vrg`}èêg kn`}zprked mazërkm m$ ng amzag zmnpk`g$ jgnzk`mre e pmdmskzêg jgag }ae —aåu}kne enprgvgcåhkje‑$ g} zmoe$

}ae o}nèêg `m msgd}èýmz pmjngdúhkjez jga `kcmrmnpmz dknh}ehmnz `gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg m

èz erpmz. Ez a}ènèez j}dp}rekz$ zgjkekz m pëjnkjez u}m vrgvkjkerea g z}rhkamnpg è PS$

peabëa prg}|mrea e vrg`}èêg ma zërkm. E `mzzejredkeèêg è gbre `m erpm ebrk} mzveèg vere

vrg`}èýmz erpázpkjez u}m v}`mzzma epmn`mr e }ae `maenè aekgr m jga e ehkdkè`m nmjmzzårke

vere zm mnu}e`rer æ cgrae jga}nkjepkse `gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze.

Ë nmzzm zmnpk`g u}m e kngseèêg `g zmrke`g$ nêg `msm zmr jgnzk`mreè vkgr `g u}m ez gbrez

pre`kjkgnedamnpm pkèz jgag erpázpkjez m zka$ }ae aenmkre `kcmrmnpm `m erpm u}m epmn`m æz

nmjmzzkè`mz `m }ae ngse zmnzkbkdkè`m mzpëpkje. @mzze cgrae$ `msma zmr jgnzk`mreèz ez

jerejpmrázpkjez `g vÿbdkjg m `gz pkvgz `m rmjgrpmz cmkpgz eg zm enedkzer gz zmrke`gz pmdmskzksgz.

Mjg ,5;<;+ jgnzk`mre u}m gz aezz am`ke$ mzpêg vrmgj}ve`gz jga kncgraeèýmz vrmskeamnpm

smkj}deèz ma g}prgz aezz am`ke m jgnjd}k u}m$ ep}edamnpm$ —Y...Q rmvmpkèêg m zmrkedkè`m ngz

amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze vrgvýma ngsgz vrgbdmaez `m zgjkgdghke è j}dp}re.‑ ,MJG$5;<;$ v.52<+. G rkpag `g pm|pg$ mnpêg$ vezze e zmr e`mu}e`g eg jgpk`keng `mnprg `g u}ed e

vrg`}èêg mzpå knzmrkè m ez kncknkpez vgzzkbkdkè`mz `m serkeèýmz `mnprg `g mzu}mae zêg

vrmgj}venpmz$ oå u}m —Y...Q }ae serkebkdkè`m kncknkpe pma pgèz ez jerejpmrázpkjez è rmvmpkèêg m

vg}u}ázzkaez è kngseèêg.‑ ,MJG$ 5;<;$ v.5:0+.

Ez jerejpmrázpkjez crehamnpeèz m zmrkedkeèz èz ckjèýmz pmdmskzksez mzpêg rmdejkgneèz eg

cepg `m e pmdmskzêg zmr }a amkg `m jga}nkjeèêg knzmrk`g ne dúhkje jevkpedkzpe$ u}m `mvmn`m

èz dmkz `m amrje`g. Vere edjenèer zm} vÿbdkjg$ e pmdmskzêg vrmjkze zm zmrkedker vgr amkg è

—mzpëpkje è rmvmpkèêg‑ m$ vere smn`mr gz vrg`}pgz `gz en}njkenpmz$ vrmjkze ebrkr mzveèg vere



5;

jgamrjkekz$ epresëz è —mzpëpkje è knpmrr}vèêg‑. E jgabkneèêg mnprm gz mdmamnpgz

jgnsmnjkgnekz$ jga}nz e pgèz ez zërkmz m ez ngskè`mz u}m ez pgrnea `kcmrmnpmz ma jmrpg

vgnpg$ zmrkea m|epeamnpm g u}m cema g mzvmjpe`gr ckmd æz vrg`}èýmz zmrkeèz.

Vere Bedghl ,2665+ e zërkm ë$ mnpêg$ }ae vrg`}èêg u}m }nm mdmamnpgz oå jgnlmjk`gz vmdg

pmdmzvmjpe`gr jga edh}ae kncgraeèêg ngse. Vgrpenpg$ e rmvmpkpkskè`m m e zmrkedkè`m pïa

jgag jerejpmrázpkje edhg u}m vermjm zmr grkhkned$ aez u}m zêg kh}edeèz ng ag`mdg. Ng jezg

`gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze$ mzpm pkvg `m vrgvrkmè`m ce jga u}m gz zmrke`gz `m

pmdmskzêg vermèea grkhknekz u}en`g$ ne smrè`m$ pïa$ c}nèamnpedamnpm$ }ae amzae dúhkje.

@mzze cgrae$ g mzvmjpe`gr pma e kavrmzzêg `m u}m e lkzpúrke zm rmngse$ aez g mzu}mae

nerrepksg ë aenpk`g jgnzpenpm.

E nmjmzzkè`m èz vrg`}èýmz mdebgreèz vere e pmdmskzêg `m zm mnjek|erma ma }a ve`rêg

m|khk`g vgr mzzm amkg `m jga}nkjeèêg mzvmjáckjg$ ë g u}m @}erpm m J}rsmddg ,266<+$ prepea eg

jgnzk`mrerma e vmrkg`kjkè`m `m makzzýmz m g jeråpmr crehamnpårkg `gz vrghreaez pmdmskzksgz.

Jezg }a vrghreae zmoe enedkze`g jgag }a pm|pg g} amnzehma `msm!zm jgnzk`mrer peabëa g

vrgjmzzg jga}nkjepksg ng u}ed mdm mzpå knzmrk`g. Zmn`g ezzka$ e vrg`}èêg pmdmskzkse zmrke

—Y...Q }a pg`g `m zmnpk`g u}m vg`m zmr enedkze`g ma zm} jgnpm|pg$ ma z}ez rmdeèýmz knpmrnez$mnprm m|vrmzzêg m jgnpmÿ`g m ma z}ez rmdeèýmz m|pmrnez Y...Q‑ ,@]ERPM M J]RSMDG$ 266<$

v.2+.

E rmh}derkè`m `m evrmzmnpeèêg èz makzzýmz ë }ae mzprepëhke mzzmnjked vere g ï|kpg `g

vrghreae$ vgru}m mde vgzzkbkdkpe e ceakdkerkeèêg `g pmdmzvmjpe`gr jga ezvmjpgz `g rkp}ed

vrgvgzpg$ vmrakpkn`g!dlm e eu}kzkèêg m g `gaánkg èz ngraez u}m vrmzk`ma g cgraepg e`gpe`g

vmde zërkm. ]ae sm ckraeèz mzzez mzpr}p}rez nerrepksez `m bezm$ ez edpmreèýmz knprg`}kèzzmaenedamnpm zêg$ mnpêg$ mncepkeèz. ,@]ERPM9 J]RSMDDG$ 266<. v. ;+. @mnprg `mzzm

pkvg `m vrg`}èêg u}m ë evrmzmnpeè eg pmdmzvmjpe`gr jgag edhg kngse`gr$ Mjg ,5;<;+

jgnjmkp}e e zërkm$ u}m ë }ae cgrae `m nerrepkse ne u}ed jgrrm g mzpebmdmjkamnpg `m }ae

mzpr}p}re ck|e$ gn`m m|kzpm }a g} aekz vmrzgnehmnz vrknjkvekz$ peabëa mzpåpkjgz m ma pgrng

`mdmz ejgnpmjma a}ènèez vgr amkg `gz vmrzgnehmnz zmj}n`årkgz.

Zeramp m Bedper ,2656+ peabëa ebgrèa e u}mzpêg è —zmrkedkeèêg‑ nmzzm pkvg `m vrg`}èêg

pmdmskzese$ jerejpmrken`g!ez jgag —`mzjgnpán}ez m crehamnpeèz‑$ m `mzpejea e nmjmzzkè`m

`mzzm pkvg `m cgraepg vere }a rmz}dpe`g mckje —Y...Q ng jgnpm|pg `g jgnz}ag è ag`mrnkè`m$

j}oez nerrepksez$ zgbrmp}`g ez vgv}dermz$ zêg aerjeèz vgr mzze dúhkje `m vrg`}èêg m



26

jkrj}deèêg zmrkedkeè.‑ ,ZERAMP M BEDPER$ 2656$ v.0+. Zmn`g ezzka$ edh}aez mzprepëhkez

zêg }zeèz vere jgnmjper g mzvmjpe`gr æz zërkmz$ jgag e dkheèêg zmnzúrke m zmnpkamnped `g

vÿbdkjg jga e nerrepkse$ g u}m cejkdkpe e ck`mdkeèêg.

G jgnjmkpg `m —cdm|k!nerrepkse‑ peabëa ë evgnpe`g vgr Zeramp m Bedper ,2656+ jgag cgrae `m

jgnm|êg `krmpe `g mzvmjpe`gr jga e vrg`}èêg. Ez `kcmrmnpmz vmu}mnez nerrepksez u}m zêg

jgnzpr}áèz `mnprg è lkzpúrke vrknjkved$ jga knájkg m cka$ vg`ma zmr jgnjd}áèz ma }a

mvkzú`kg g} `}renpm }ae pmavgreè knpmkre. @}renpm g vmrág`g `m pmavg ma u}m ejgnpmjma$

mzzmz erjgz nerrepksgz eh}èea e j}rkgzkè`m `g vÿbdkjg m dmsea eg ejgavenleamnpg `gz

vrú|kagz ejgnpmjkamnpgz è zërkm. Ezzka$ zêg }ze`gz gz jleae`gz —zmezgn cknedmz‑$ gz

ÿdpkagz mvkzú`kgz `m jeè pmavgreè$ u}m ngraedamnpm `mk|ea }a henjlg jga m|vmjpepkseze zmrma rmsmdeèz `mvgkz `g vmrág`g `m cërkez$ jga ngsgz mvkzú`kgz u}m prerêg g `mzcmjlg è

zkp}eèêg ma ebmrpg è zmu}ïnjke enpmrkgr. @mzze cgrae$ g mzvmjpe`gr pma e kavrmzzêg `m u}m e

lkzpúrke zm rmngse$ zmn`g u}m$ jgag oå `kpg$ lå }ae jgnzpânjke ng mzu}mae nerrepksg.

2.0 Rmvmpkèêg ne mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè

E vrg`}èêg ckjjkgned pmdmskzkse e zmr enedkzeè nmzzm prebedlg vg`m zmr jgnjmkp}eè jgag—zërkm‑. U}en`g gz vrghreaez `mzzm pkvg pknlea }ae crmuôïnjke `mpmrakneè `m m|kbkèêg$

mrea `mngakne`gz —zmrke`gz‑. Jga g e`smnpg è PS vgr ezzknep}re m g cepg `m edh}nz jenekz

m|kbkrma mvkzú`kgz zma rmzvmkper e amzae gr`ma grkhkned$ }ae sm u}m m|kzpma rmvrkzmz$ `m

mvkzú`kgz `ksmrzgz$ ma `kcmrmnpmz `kez m lgrårkgz$ gz vrghreaez vezzerea e zmr `mzkhne`gz$

hmnmrkjeamnpm$ jgag —zërkmz‑.

Ng jgnpm|pg `mzzez vrg`}èýmz pmdmskzksez$ e rmvmpkpkskè`m m e zmrkedkè`m vg`ma zmrjerejpmrkeèz jgag —Y...Q edh}ae jgkze u}m æ vrkamkre skzpe nêg vermjm kh}ed e u}edu}mr g}pre

jgkze.‑ ,MJG$ 5;<;$ v. 522+. Ng jezg `gz amkgz `m jga}nkjeèêg `m aezze$ mzpm pkvg `m

jerejpmrázpkje ce jga u}m gz zmrke`gz `m pmdmskzksgz jgnu}kzpma e ck`mdkè`m `g vÿbdkjg vgr

amkg è rmvmpkèêg u}m }ze `m erpkcájkgz vere zm agzprer grkhkned.

@}erpm m J}rsmddg ,266<+ jerejpmrkea mnpêg e zmrkedkè`m jgag jrkpërkg u}m zm rmdejkgne e

}ae grhenkeèêg m|pmrne eg vrghreae m u}m edpmre peabëa e mzpr}p}re knpmrne `mzzez

vrg`}èýmz. Ez e}pgrez m|vdkjkpea u}m cgrèez `m amrje`g m rmdejkgneèz eg vÿbdkjg edsg jgag



25

vrgvehenèz m e hre`m `m vrghreaeèêg è makzzgre peabëa zêg rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr mzze

crehamnpeèêg.

Jgavdmamnperamnpm Agppmr m A}nhkgdk ,2663+ vrgj}rea }a jgnjmkpg aekz eavdg è

zmrkedkè`m$ `kzpenjken`g!zm è k`me è —mzpëpkje è rmvmpkèêg‑ jgag edhg u}m `magnzprm cedpe

`m jrkepkskè`m m epmnè evmnez e knpmrmzzmz jgamrjkekz. Ez rmvmpkèýmz zmrkea mnpêg bma

rmjmbkèz vmdg vÿbdkjg m c}njkgnea jgag án`kjmz `m rmjgnlmjkamnpg$ hmren`g ng mzvmjpe`gr

}ae zmnzeèêg `m vg`mr$ }ae sm u}m jgnzmh}m vrmsmr ez eèýmz `gz vmrzgnehmnz `kenpm `m

`mpmrakne`gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz.

Eg jgnjmkp}er e j}dp}re jgag }a hren`m maerenle`g `m `kcmrmnpmz cgraez pm|p}ekz u}m zmjr}ea$ Bedghl ,2665+ ejrmzjmnpe e k`mke `m knpmrpm|p}edkè`m `mnprg è rmvmpkèêg nez zërkmz.

Gz esenègz pmjngdúhkjgz zêg mnpêg jgnzk`mre`gz rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr }ae aekgr m aekz råvkè

rmjmvèêg m mdebgreèêg `mzzm pkvg `m jgnpmÿ`gz. Jga g dksrm ejmzzg e `kcmrmnpmz vrg`}pgz

jga}nkjejkgnekz$ z}rhm e u}mzpêg è aenkv}deèêg `mdmz vgr verpm `gz jrke`grmz `gz vrghreaez

`m pmdmskzêg. Eknè zgbrm e knpmrpm|p}edkè`m$ ë rmzzedpe`g u}m$ vere }pkdker `m mzprepëhkez

`mzpm pkvg$ gz e}pgrmz vrmjkzea pmr }a jgnlmjkamnpg èz jerejpmrázpkjez `kcmrmnpmz `m `ksmrzez

j}dp}rez vere dkèr jga mdez m knzmrk!dez ma z}ez vrg`}èýmz m$ eg amzag pmavg$ ë nmjmzzårkg}a —Y...Q rmjmvpgr'cr}k`gr `mzzm pm|pg vd}red a}kpg jgavmpmnpm vere jevper g rkjg pmjk`g `m

rmdeèýmz hmre`gz vgr mzzm m|ejmrbeamnpg èz vgzzkbkdkè`mz.‑ ,BEDGHL$ 2665$ v.50:+.

@mnprg `mzze jgno}np}re `m }ae jga}nkjeèêg knpmrpm|p}ed$ e mre `gz zmrke`gz pmdmskzksgz `mk|e

`m de`g e k`mke `m }nkè`m pm|p}ed m zm `m`kje e vrg`}èýmz crehamnpeèz. E knpmrpm|p}edkè`m

mnpêg ë rmzvgnzåsmd vmde —jgdehma‑ `mzpmz crehamnpgz ma }ae ÿnkje gbre$ vrg`}kè ma

zërkm. Ng mnpenpg$ Mjg ,5;<;+ nêg jgnzk`mre ez vrg`}èýmz zmrkeèz vkgrmz `g u}m ez gbrez `kpezerpázpkjez vgr zmrma mdebgreèz vgr amkg `m rmvmpkèêg$ aez mn|mrhe }ae aenmkre `kcmrmnpm `m

erpm u}m epmn`m æz nmjmzzkè`mz `m }ae ngse zmnzkbkdkè`m mzpëpkje vúz!ag`mrne. @mzze

cgrae$ J}nle ,5;;2+ dmsenpe e u}mzpêg `g vere`g|g mnprm e `mzvmrzgnedkeèêg m|khkè vmdez

vrg`}èýmz j}dp}rekz `m aezze mnprea ma jlgu}m jga }ae m|khïnjke `g vrúvrkg vÿbdkjg

jgnz}ak`gr$ u}m b}zjea$ nep}redamnpm$ vgr vrg`}pgz kn`ksk`}edke`gz m ngsgz.

Mzzm vere`g|g ë `m ped gr`ma u}m zm vg`m vmrh}nper `m u}m ag`g ë vgzzásmd }ae

grhenkeèêg b}rgjråpkjg!kn`}zprked è j}dp}re. Mzze vgzzkbkdkè`m rmzk`m$ zma `ÿskè$ nemzpr}p}re amzae `g kaehknårkg. G kaehknårkg zm mzpr}p}re zmh}n`g eru}ëpkvgz? m|kzpmackh}rkngz!ag`mdg `g mzvárkpg l}aeng u}m gr`mnea gz zgnlgz m$ verpkj}deramnpm$ gz zgnlgzrejkgnedke`gz u}m zêg gz pmaez aápkjgz g} rgaenmzjgz. Rmhrez$ jgnsmnèýmz$ hïnmrgz



22

erpázpkjgz kavýma mzpr}p}rez m|pmrkgrmz æz gbrez$ mnu}enpg zkp}eèýmz!pkvg m vmrzgnehmnz!pkvgdlmz cgrnmjma ez mzpr}p}rez knpmrnez. ,J]NLE$ 5;;2$ v. 2:5+

Zmn`g ezzka$ vere mnpmn`mragz e rmvmpkèêg m zmrkedkeèêg$ ë nmjmzzårkg dmser ma jgnpe ez

jerejpmrázpkjez kn`ksk`}ekz m mzvmjáckjez `g vÿbdkjg m `gz pkvgz `m rmjgrpmz cmkpgz eg zm enedkzer

gz zmrke`gz pmdmskzksgz.



2:

: VMRZGNEHMNZ

:.5 Vevmd èz vmrzgnehmnz ne jgnzpr}èêg `g rgpmkrg

Jgncgram mzvmjkckje`g ng jeváp}dg enpmrkgr$ g rgpmkrg ë e jgnjrmpkeèêg `m }ae nerrepkse vere

jgnper }ae lkzpúrke. Mzzm epg$ `m nerrer lkzpúrkez$ ë edhg jga}a vere e aekgrke èz vmzzgez.

Bezmeè nmzzm epg$ e ckjèêg vmrakpm e m|vrmzzêg è jrkepkskè`m. Vere e mdebgreèêg `m }a

ckdam$ ng mnpenpg$ zêg nmjmzzårkez ez mzprepëhkez jkpeèz enpmrkgramnpm vere grhenker ez k`mkez

m jgnmjper gz sårkgz mdmamnpgz u}m cgraea mzzm pkvg `m gbre ckjjkgned. @esk` Lgxer` m

M`xer` Aebdm{ ,5;;;+ rmzzedpea u}m ez pëjnkjez vere }a bga rgpmkrg zêg }zeèz ng knp}kpg

`m jenedker e epmnèêg m knpmrmzzm `g vÿbdkjg.

Vere u}m }ae nerrepkse zmoe jgnzk`mreè bge m bma mdebgreè ë nmjmzzårkg u}m g vÿbdkjg pmnle

mavepke ma rmdeèêg eg vmrzgnehma vrknjkved. Z}rhm mnpêg e nmjmzzkè`m `m mzp}èr g vevmd

èz vmrzgnehmnz nmzzez nerrepksez oå `mzjrkpez. G vgnpg `m jgncdkpg$ jgag oå skagz$ ë

jerejpmrke`g vmdez `kckj}dè`mz u}m z}rhma vere u}m mzzm vrgpehgnkzpe epknoe zm}z gbompksgz m

ë kavgrpenpm e aenmkre jgag g mzvmjpe`gr ckjerå zebmn`g `gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz u}m dmsea mzze

vmrzgnehma vrknjkved epë z}e cknedkè`m. Prïz u}mzpýmz vrknjkvekz vg`ma zmr rmdejkgneèz eggbompksg `g vmrzgnehma. Mdm `msm zmr ÿnkjg m$ ezzka$ aenpmr e }nkè`m `g ckdam. E nep}rme

`g gbompksg ma u}mzpêg zmrå `mpmraknenpm vere e rmdeèêg mzpebmdmjkè mnprm g mzvmjpe`gr m e

vrg`}èêg jknmaepghråckje. M$ vgr cka$ g gbompksg pma u}m `mzvmrper }ae gvgzkèêg æ cknedkè`m

`g vrgpehgnkzpe$ jga g knp}kpg `m hmrer jgncdkpg.

Ckmd` ,5;;=+ rmzzedpe u}m `reae ë jgncdkpg m u}m g a}n`g c}njkgne vgr amkg `m eèýmz m

rmeèýmz$ bma jgag ez lkzpúrkez u}m zmrêg jgnpeèz. Zmn`g ezzka$ zm g vmrzgnehma m|mrjm }aeeèêg ng rgpmkrg$ edh}ëa$ g} edhg `msm rmehkr `m ped aenmkre u}m g vmrzgnehma peabëa rmeoe.

Vgrpenpg$ ne aekgrke èz smmz mdm rmedkerå g}pre eèêg u}m rmz}dperå ma }ae ngse rmeèêg. E

lkzpúrke mnpêg$ zm `mzmnsgdsm ne `krmèêg `g vgnpg `m skreè ng ckned `m jeè epg.

Zgbrm e nep}rme `g jgncdkpg$ mde vg`m zmr knpmrne$ g} zmoe$ `kzpÿrbkgz `g vrgpehgnkzpe jgnzkhg

amzag$ g} m|pmrne$ u}en`g m|kzpm }a enpehgnkzpe g} edh}ae zkp}eèêg cgre `g jgnprgdm `g

vmrzgnehma jmnpred. Z}rhm mnpêg e kavgrpânjke `m m|pmrnedker g u}m ë knpmrng egz

vmrzgnehmnz$ vgr amkg èz eèýmz u}m mdmz rmedkerêg ng `mjgrrmr è lkzpúrke$ vere u}m g

jgncdkpg cku}m jderg vere g mzvmjpe`gr. Eg mzpebmdmjmr g jgncdkpg knkjked$ u}m zmrå g cgjg è



20

lkzpúrke$ g rgpmkrkzpe edjenèe g u}m ë kavrmzjkn`ásmd vere e vrgagèêg è mzvmrenèe g} pmagr ng

vÿbdkjg$ vrmn`mn`g e epmnèêg m sgdpen`g!e vere ez vmrzgnehmnz vgr amkg `g mzpebmdmjkamnpg

`m }ae pmnzêg vrknjkved.

Vere u}m g vÿbdkjg jrkm }a mnheoeamnpg jga e lkzpúrke m zm k`mnpkcku}m jga g vrgpehgnkzpe$ e

enpmjkveèêg ë jgnzk`mreè }ae mzprepëhke vere aen}pmnèêg `mzze verpkjkveèêg `g mzvmjpe`gr.

Ng mnpenpg$ ë kavgrpenpm —Y...Q `mk|er u}m g vÿbdkjg zekbe g u}m vgpmnjkedamnpm vg`m

ejgnpmjmr$ aez n}nje g u}m sek ejgnpmjmr.‑ ,LGXER@9 AEBDM[$ 5;;;$ v.8=+$ vrgsgjen`g$

ezzka$ knjmrpme$ knjkpen`g `ÿskèz m epkèen`g e j}rkgzkè`m$ g `mzmog `m zebmr jgag e u}mzpêg

zmrå rmzgdskè. Mzpm rmj}rzg$ u}m skze e verpkjkveèêg `g mzvmjpe`gr$ vg`m zmr jgavrmmn`k`g e

verpkr è vgderkeèêg —mzvmrenèe smrz}z am`g‑.

Zm g jknmezpe jgnzmh}kr cemr g vÿbdkjg pgrjmr vgr jmrpgz msmnpgz m pmamr `mpmrakne`gzg}prgz$ zma u}m zekbe$ `m cepg vere u}m de`g sek vmn`mr e lkzpúrke$ pmrå jgnzmh}k`g$ jga eknjmrpme$ }ae cmrreamnpe vg`mrgzázzkae. U}enpez smmz nêg ngz vmheagz cezjkne`gz vgr}ae lkzpúrke jga cgrpm jgavgnmnpm `m mzvmrenèe m am`g7 ,LGXER@9 AEBDM[$ 5;;;$v.82+.

E eèêg m g `kådghg pïa e c}nèêg `m èr skè æz vmrzgnehmnz$ vere u}m mdmz knpmreoea mnprm zk m

jgnzpr}ea g jgncdkpg$ bma jgag pgèz ez verpmz è lkzpúrke. Jeè }a `mzzmz mdmamnpgz

`mzmavmnle }a vevmd `kcmrmnpm. Zm edhg vg`m zmr `kpg vgr amkg `m eèýmz$ mnpêg ë amdlgr ceï!

dg ezzka `g u}m knzmrkr `kådghgz `mznmjmzzårkgz eg rgpmkrg. Aez$ ce!zm kavgrpenpm `kcmrmnjker

epkskè`m `m eèêg$ u}m vg`ma vermjmr k`ïnpkjez? —]ae epkskè`m ë p}`g u}m }a vmrzgnehma

vg`m mzper cemn`g n}ae jmne Y...Q Vgr g}prg de`g$ }ae eèêg ë }ae epkskè`m jga }a

vrgvúzkpg vgr pråz$ ë }ae epkskè`m u}m dmse e`kenpm e b}zje `m }a gbompg.‑ ,LGXER@9

AEBDM[$ 5;;;$ v.5:2+. Ma g}prez vedesrez$ ez vmrzgnehmnz vg`ma cemr sårkez jgkzez

`}renpm e lkzpúrke$ aez e eèêg ë }ae epkskè`m nmjmzzerkeamnpm zkhnkckjenpm vere g `mzmnrgder

è nerrepkse.

Oå g `kådghg ë }a vevmd `g vmrzgnehma jga `mpmrakneèz c}nèýmz mzvmjáckjez. Ë rmzvgnzåsmd

vgr agsmr g rgpmkrg e`kenpm$ jga}nkjer msmnpgz m kncgraeèýmz eg mzvmjpe`gr$ agzprer g

vmrzgnehma$ knzpkp}kr e rmdeèêg mnprm gz vmrzgnehmnz$ cemr jga u}m g vmrzgnehma pmnle

ezvmjpg rmed$ nep}red m mzvgnpânmg$ jgamnper e eèêg$ edëa `m `mzsmnèr gz jgncdkpgz è

nerrepkse m vmrzgnehmnz bma jgag gz mzpe`gz vzkjgdúhkjgz `mdmz. Ng mnpenpg$ jebm ejmnp}er

u}m zm jgavereragz ez vmrzgnehmnz ng pmeprg$ ne dkpmrep}re m ng jknmae$ vg`ma zmr



2=

gbzmrseèz edh}aez `kcmrmnèez. G nerre`gr$ u}m ne dkpmrep}re ë g rmzvgnzåsmd vmde jrkeèêg èz

vmrzgnehmnz$ nêg m|kzpm ng pmeprg `reaåpkjg. Zmn`g ezzka$ g `kådghg u}m ë mdebgre`g vgr }a

zmr gnkvrmzmnpm ngz dksrgz$ z}rhm `m `mnprg èz vmrzgnehmnz ne `reaep}rhke pmepred. Oå ne årme

jknmaepghråckje$ g `mzpeu}m ë vere ez c}nèýmz `m agskamnpg èz jâamrez u}m zêg }zeèz

jgag rmj}rzg nerrepksg ne jgnzpr}èêg `mzzez vmrzgnehmnz.

Ez jgnzk`mreèýmz zgbrm rgpmkrkeèêg mzvmjkckjeèz nmzzm prebedlg agnghråckjg agzprea u}m$

ez cmrreamnpez }pkdkeèz vere —jgag‑ jgnper e lkzpúrke vg`ma zmr serkeèz$ aez g edkjmrjm

vrknjkved `m }a bga rgpmkrg `msm jgnpmr }a vrgpehgnkzpe cgrpm$ jga gbompksgz `mcknk`gz m

gbzpåj}dgz u}m `kckj}dpma z}e jlmheè e mzze cknedkè`m. Jeè ngse pmnpepkse `m edjenèer e

ampe mzpkv}deè vrgagsm g `mzmnsgdskamnpg è nerrepkse mdebgreè ng rgpmkrg m jepkse gvÿbdkjg u}m zm pgrne verpkjkvenpm.

:.2 Jerejpmrkeèêg? mzcërkjez$ vdenez m }a rmjgrpm è rmedkè`m

Jga g vevmd m e kavgrpânjke èz vmrzgnehmnz ne nerrepkse oå m|vdkjkpe`gz$ ë nmjmzzårkg

jdezzkckjå!dez vere e enådkzm m jgavrmmnzêg èz gbrez ckjjkgnekz. Cgrzpmr0 ,5;0;$ jkpe`g vgr

Jen`k`g$ 266=+ `kcmrmnjke vmrzgnehmnz `m `gkz pkvgz. Ez —vmrzgnehmnz vdenez‑ zêgjgnzpr}áèz ma pgrng `m }ae ÿnkje k`mke g} eprkb}pg$ nêg pmn`g z}ez jerejpmrázpkjez

ag`kckjeèz ng `mjgrrmr è lkzpúrke. Oå ez —vmrzgnehmnz mzcërkjez‑$ pïa jgnzpr}èêg aekz

jgavdm|e m zêg kavrmskzásmkz$ hmren`g e vgzzkbkdkè`m `m a}ènèez m z}rvrmzez. Zmn`g ezzka$

g vrgpehgnkzpe èz vrg`}èýmz ckjjkgnekz pmdmskzksez vg`m zmr jgnzk`mre`g —mzcërkjg‑ m ë

rmzvgnzåsmd vmde zmnzeèêg `m ngskè`m ne mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè oå jgnjmkp}eè.

G cepg èz vmrzgnehmnz vdenez nêg zgcrmrma ag`kckjeèýmz jga ez jkrj}nzpânjkez$ ce jga u}mmdez zmoea jgnzpr}áèz$ a}kpez smmz$ `magnzpren`g }a mzpmrmúpkvg. E aenmkre jgag e

vmrzgnehma mzcërkje zm rmdejkgne jga gz vevëkz zmj}n`årkgz$ vmrakpm u}m cku}m jdere e

msgd}èêg `g vrgpehgnkzpe$ u}m ë rmzvgnzåsmd vgr knzmrkr ne lkzpúrke g mdmamnpg kavrmskzásmd$

u}m ë jerejpmrázpkjg `g a}n`g rmed.

Oå ez vmrzgnehmnz mzcërkjez$ zêg ez rmzvgnzåsmkz vmdez rmskresgdpez ne preae m$ vgr kzzg$

ngraedamnpm gj}vea g vevmd `m vrgpehgnkzpez. Jgag oå jkpe`g$ gz jgncdkpgz u}m g

0 M.A. Cgrzpmr$ Ezvmjpz gc plm ngsmd$ M`xer` Erngd`$ Dgn`gn$ 5;0;$ vv. 33!38.



23

vrgpehgnkzpe mncrmnpe vg`ma zmr knpmrngz g} m|pmrngz. M|pmrneamnpm$ g enpehgnkzpe vg`m zmr

}a `mzzmz gbzpåj}dgz. Vre`g ,266=+ `mcknm e c}nèêg `g enpehgnkzpe eg eckraer u}m zgamnpm g

jlgu}m mnprm `gkz hïnkgz `kcmrmnpmz jgnzmh}m `mpmrakner$ `m cgrae jgavdmpe$ ez

vmrzgnedkè`mz u}m cgrea jgdgjeèz ma jgncrgnpg. Ez vmrzgnehmnz `m jgnprezpm$ g}

enpehgnkzpez$ zmrkea ez rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr pekz mabepmz.

Ma z}ez jgnzk`mreèýmz zgbrm g rgpmkrg$ Lgxer` m Aebdm{ ,5;;;+ mncepkea u}m$ ne aekgr

verpm `gz ckdamz$ e }nkè`m u}m e}|kdke ne jgnzpr}èêg `g cgraepg è lkzpúrke ë e }nkè`m `m

eèêg. @eá z}rhm mzze nmjmzzkè`m `m }ae vmrzgnehma jmnpred. —E preompúrke èu}mdm

vmrzgnehma ma b}zje `m zm} gbompksg jrke e }nkè`m `m eèêg9 e lkzpúrke$ vgrpenpg$ zmh}m g

vmrzgnehma ma b}zje `m z}e ampe.‑ ,LGXER@9 AEBDM[$ 5;;;$ v.566+.

Ma }ae nerrepkse$ zmoe ma pmeprg$ dkpmrep}re g} jknmae$ e knzmrèêg èz vmrzgnehmnz ma

zkp}eèýmz mu}ksedmnpm æz `g a}n`g rmed ë peabëa }a ezvmjpg kavgrpenpm. Ez rmvrmzmnpeèýmz

`m zmrmz l}aengz ne ckjèêg vrgj}rea rmsmder ezvmjpgz è rmedkè`m èz vmzzgez rmekz u}m krêg

pmr ejmzzg æz lkzpúrkez.

Y...Q ngz `mcrgnpeagz jga zmrmz l}aengz `m jgnpgrngz `mcknk`gz m `mcknkpksgz$ ma eavdeam`kè prenzvermnpmz$ sksmn`g zkp}eèýmz m|mavdermz `m }a ag`g m|mavder ,m|mavderpeabëa ng zmnpk`g nmhepksg+. Jgag zmrmz l}aengz mnjgnprea!zm knpmhre`gz n}a `mnzgpmjk`g `m sedgrmz `m gr`ma jghngzjkpkse$ rmdkhkgze$ agred$ vgdápkjg!zgjked m pgaea`mpmrakneèz epkp}`mz ma cejm `mzzmz sedgrmz. ,RGZMNCMD@$ 266=$ v.0=+

Vere preper è knzmrèêg èz vmrzgnehmnz ma zkp}eèýmz rmekz$ Jen`k`g ,266=+ `mcknm prïz

mdmamnpgz mzzmnjkekz vere }a `mzmnsgdskamnpg nerrepksg$ u}m zú vg`ma m|kzpkr zm mzpksmrma

dkhe`gz mnprm zk? e vmrzgnehma$ g mnrm`g m ez k`mkez. Zmn`g ezzka e vmrzgnehma ë jgnzk`mreè

jgag g u}m `å skè eg rgaenjm m u}m$ vere }ae dmkp}re zepkzcepúrke$ g dmkpgr `msm ejmkper e

—smrè`m‑ `mzpez vmrzgnehmnz$ knzmrkr!zm ng a}n`g `mdez. M|kzpm eknè }ae vrg|kakè`m è

ckjèêg jga e rmedkè`m$ e verpkr `g agamnpg ma u}m gz e}pgrmz `m rgaenjmz dkpmrårkgz jrkea

vmrzgnehmnz `m cgraez crehamnpeèz vere zm evrg|kaer è aenmkre jgag g vÿbdkjg sï zm}z

zmamdlenpmz$ }ae sm u}m$ jgag zmrmz l}aengz$ ez vmzzgez zêg knjevemz `m jgnlmjmr g g}prg

ma z}e pgpedkè`m. Mabgre Jen`k`g ,266=+ mzpmoe zm rmcmrkn`g e vmrzgnehmnz ne dkpmrep}re$

vg`magz prenzvgr$ ng ngzzg mnpmn`kamnpg$ ez z}ez jgnzk`mreèýmz vere g ngzzg gbompg `m

vmzu}kze.



28

Eknè nmzzm jgnpm|pg$ g}pre jepmhgrkeèêg cmkpe vgr Jen`k`g ,266=+ ë jga rmdeèêg æ cgrae

jgag ez vmrzgnehmnz zêg jrkeèz. Zêg cmkpez zmpm `kskzýmz$ jdezzkckjen`g ez vmrzgnehmnz? u}m

zêg }ae vrgomèêg `g e}pgr$ jrkeèz vgr amkg `m ag`mdgz `m vmrzgnehmnz oå m|kzpmnpmz$

bezmeèz ma }ae vmzzge rmed$ jgnzpr}áèz jga jerejpmrázpkjez `krmpe g} kn`krmpeamnpm

jgnlmjkèz$ agdèèz vgr }a ag`mdg rmed `gaknenpm eg u}ed zm o}npea ez vmrzgnehmnz

zmj}n`årkez$ mdebgreèz jga jerejpmrázpkjez rmekz `kcmrmnjkeèz m j}oez reámz jrkepksez nêg

ckjea m|vdájkpez$ èn`g e kavrmzzêg `m ngskè`m.

Zmh}n`g Rgzmncmd` ,266=+$ jezg nêg m|kzpe e vrmzmnèe `m }a jgavgnmnpm l}aeng$ e nerreèêg

zm pgrne evmnez }ae `mzjrkèêg g} rmdepg$ }ae sm u}m —g lgama ë g ÿnkjg mnpm u}m nêg zmzkp}e zgamnpm “ng‛ pmavg$ aez u}m “ë‛ mzzmnjkedamnpm g pmavg‑ ,RGZMNCMD@$ 266=$ v. 2<+.

Ezzka pg`gz gz pkvgz `m pm|pgz vrgompea jgnpm|pgz gbomjp}ekz$ u}m g e}pgr jleae `m

—v}reamnpm knpmnjkgnekz‑ m vgr kzzg vg`ma cemr rmcmrïnjke g} nêg e gbompgz `g a}n`g rmed.

Rmpgaen`g gz jgnjmkpgz `m vmrzgnehmnz ng rgaenjm$ `m Jen`k`g ,266=+$ m ng pmeprg$

jgncgram m|vdkjkpe`g vgr Rgzmncmd` ,266=+$ Hgamz ,266=+ jgnjd}k u}m —ng ckdam msgd}ma

vmrzgnehmnz rgaenmzjez mnjerneèz ma vmzzgez g}$ zm g vrmcmrkragz$ vmrzgnehmnz `mmzvmpåj}dg pmepred u}m vgzz}ma agbkdkè`m m `mzmnsgdp}re jgag zm mzpksmzzma n}a rgaenjm.‑

,HGAMZ$ 266=$ v. 552+. E m|kzpïnjke `m }a vmrzgnehma zú ë vgzzásmd vgr amkg `mzze

mnjerneèêg ma }a epgr. Ng jknmae$ mzze jrkeèêg `m skè è vmrzgnehma zm `å$ edh}aez smmz$

epresëz `m vmzzgez jgnlmjkèz `g vÿbdkjg. Zmn`g ezzka$ edh}nz epgrmz zêg dmabre`gz vgr }ae

vmrzgnehma aerjenpm g} eknè$ }ae amzae vmrzgnehma vmraenmjm ne dmabrenèe `g

mzvmjpe`gr amzag zm knpmrvrmpeè vgr `kcmrmnpmz e}pgrmz.

E enådkzm `gz vmrzgnehmnz knzmrk`gz ma }a jgnpm|pg è rmedkè`m peabëa mzpå vrmzmnpm ma

Berplmz ,5;82+$ jgnzk`mren`g u}m nêg m|kzpma nerrepksez zma e verpkjkveèêg èz vmrzgnehmnz.

E vmrzgnehma ë mnpêg `mcknkè nêg jgag }a zmr$ aez jgag }a verpkjkvenpm. E u}mzpêg ë u}m

gz rgaenjmz ep}ekz `êg aekz kavgrpânjke e `mpmrakne`gz vmrzgnehmnz ma `mprkamnpg `m

g}prgz$ zmn`g u}m$ vere Berplmz ,5;82+$ jeè vmrzgnehma$ amzag jga c}nèýmz zmj}n`årkez$ ë

g `mzpeu}m è zmu}ïnjke e u}m vmrpmnjm.

G}prg vgnpg `krmpeamnpm rmdejkgne`g æ knzmrèêg è vmrzgnehma ne rmedkè`m$ `k rmzvmkpg æ

gvgzkèêg `g bma m `g aed ne mdebgreèêg `gz vrgpehgnkzpez. Vknlmkrg ,266<+ jgnjmkp}e g



2<

aenku}mázag jgag }ae skzêg u}m zmvere g a}n`g mnprm ez cgrèez `g bma m `g aed$ g} e d} m

e mzj}rk`êg$ g u}m ejgnpmjm crmu}mnpmamnpm ma ngzzg `ke e `ke$ }ae sm u}m e j}dp}re

gjk`mnped pma ma zm} jmrnm mzze zmvereèêg. G u}m ejgnpmjm ë }ae `kckj}dè`m ma dkèr jga

mzzm de`g gbzj}rg è m|kzpïnjke l}aene$ knjd}kn`g e agrpm. Zmn`g ezzka$ vg`m skr èá e

o}zpkckjepkse vere g cepg `m u}m a}kpez vrg`}èýmz j}dp}rekz `g gjk`mnpm pmnlea g vevmd `m

mnprmpmnkamnpg$ }zen`g g erpkcájkg `m }a ckned cmdk ng u}ed g bma smnjm g aed.

Agrkn= ,5;;6$ jkpe`g vgr Vknlmkrg$ 266<+ mzvmjkckje u}m e j}dp}re `g —levv{ mn`‑ pmsm knájkg

ngz engz :6 `g zëj}dg \\ m dmsg} æ k`mnpkckjeèêg `gz mzvmjpe`grmz jga g vrgpehgnkzpe!lmrúk.

Kzzg ejgnpmjm vgru}m g vÿbdkjg b}zje }ae skzêg è rmedkè`m ne u}ed g vmrzgnehma bga$

kn`mvmn`mnpm `g jeaknlg u}m zmh}kr$ pmrakne e lkzpúrke `m cgrae skpgrkgze m `å e v}nkèêg`mskè eg enpehgnkzpe$ u}m rmvrmzmnpe g skdêg.

E k`mke `m cmdkjkè`m zm pgrne nÿjdmg ecmpksg `g ngsg kaehknårkg zgjked$ epresëz `g jknmae$e verpkr `mzzm aerjg pmavgred mzpebmdmjk`g vgr M`her Agrkn m$ jgrrmdepkseamnpm$ g levv{

mn` vezze e kavdkjer }a evmhg knpmnzkckje`g `m k`mnpkckjeèêg jga g lmrúk. ,VKNLMKRG$266<$ v. 3+

Bgr`xmdd ,266=+ vgnp}e u}m m|kzpma `}ez cgraez `m mnpmn`mr }a ckned jleae`g vgr mdm `m

—jdåzzkjg‑. Vrkamkreamnpm lå e knpmrvrmpeèêg `m u}m g cka jgrge pg`g g vrgjmzzg `mmzpr}p}reèêg$ zmn`g e jgnjd}zêg jgmrmnpm `m }ae je`mke `m ejgnpmjkamnpgz. Vgr g}prg de`g$

cknekz u}m cghma `g ve`rêg `g —levv{ mn`‑$ kn`kjea u}m mzzm pkvg `m `mzcmjlg ë evmnez }a

erpkcájkg vere eo}zper gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz `mzjgnm|gz eg ckg jgn`}pgr è nerrepkse.

E j}dp}re aezzkckjeè gjk`mnped ë mnpêg rmzvgnzåsmd vmde jrkeèêg `m }ae ngèêg `m cmdkjkè`m

ne u}ed g mzvmjpe`gr vrgompe z}ez m|vmjpepksez `m skpúrke m rmedkeèýmz ng vrgpehgnkzpe m$ eg

amzag pmavg$ zm k`mnpkckje jga mdm. Vere jgnu}kzper g vÿbdkjg knzmrk`g ne j}dp}re `g —levv{mn`‑$ ez vrg`}èýmz j}dp}rekz `m aezze mzpebmdmjma de`gz enpehðnkjgz$ vgrëa$ oå jga e

vrmskzkbkdkè`m `m u}ed de`g pmraknerå jga g rmz}dpe`g vgzkpksg ne lkzpúrke. Ng mnpenpg$ _eppk

,2656+$ u}mzpkgne m|epeamnpm zgbrm }ae zkp}eèêg gvgzpe oå u}m —Y...Q zm g skdêg ë vere zmr

`mpk`g$ g`ke`g$ v}nk`g$ vgr u}m ë `mcmn`k`g$ vrgpmhk`g m eàkre`g7‑ ,_EPPK$ 2656$ v. 65+.

=

M`her Agrkn$ J}dp}re `m Aezzez ng Zëj}dg \\$ Rkg `m Oenmkrg$ 5;;6$ vv. ;:!;0.



2;

Zmh}kn`g e dúhkje j}dp}red gjk`mnped$ g lmrúk pma jgag `mzpkng ckned g z}jmzzg$ mnu}enpg g

skdêg mzpå ceè`g eg crejezzg. Ez `mcknkèýmz èz vmrzgnehmnz `m _eppk ,2656+ zêg mdebgreèz `m

ejgr`g jga e årme `m eèêg `m jeè }ae `mdez. E u}mzpêg jgdgjeè ë `m u}en`g g vmrj}rzg u}m

`msmrke zmr `m }a vrgpehgnkzpe jerejpmrke`g jgag lmrúk$ ejgnpmjm vere }a vmrzgnehma jga

jerejpmrázpkjez `m skdêg. G cgjg vezze mnpêg vere u}ekz zêg ez mzprepëhkez vmrz}ezksez `gz

mdebgre`grmz `m }a vrg`}pg ckjjkgned vere cemr jga u}m g vÿbdkjg zmoe zm`}k`g m jlmh}m e

—Y...Q zkavepker m e jgnjgrèr jga }a jrkakngzg$ jgnprerken`g eu}kdg u}m ë aezzkseamnpm

`kc}n`k`g jgag jgrrmpg$ dmhed m o}zpg7‑ ,_EPPK$ 2656$ v. 60+.

]ae vgzzásmd rmzvgzpe ë e cezjkneèêg `g mzvmjpe`gr jga mzzm vmrzgnehma evermnpmamnpm

vere`g|ed. Ejgnpmjm }ae mzvëjkm `m k`mnpkckjeèêg `m jerejpmrázpkjez gr`knårkez$ jgag gz`mcmkpgz$ u}m pgèz ez vmzzgez pïa$ m gz skdýmz rmvrmzmnpea. Zmrke mnpêg$ g vrmmnjlkamnpg `m

`mzmogz zgabrkgz `g zmr l}aeng$ rmprepe`gz neu}mdm vmrzgnehma. Aez sedm rmzzedper u}m mzze

k`mnpkckjeèêg nêg ë jgavdmpe$ }ae sm u}m$ nknh}ëa vg`m zm k`mnpkckjer pgpedamnpm jga }a

vmrzgnehma `m ckjèêg$ aez zka jga edh}aez jerejpmrázpkjez `mdm.

Ejgnpmjm mnpêg }ae edkenèe mnprm g mzvmjpe`gr m g skdêg. Eg zm `mverer jga e knzmrèêg `g

vmrzgnehma$ u}m pma pgèz ez vmj}dkerkè`mz `m }a enpehgnkzpe$ ng a}n`g jrke`gckjjkgnedamnpm$ g vÿbdkjg jgnzmh}m mn|mrher skrp}`mz m eèýmz vgzkpksez$ zm jgaverå!dg e

g}prgz vmrzgnehmnz g} eknè eg enedkzer ez zkp}eèýmz vmdez u}ekz mzzm skdêg vezzg} `}renpm e

nerrepkse. E dúhkje$ vgrpenpg$ ë e `m u}m —Y...Q ne aekgrke èz zkp}eèýmz$ ë vrehaepkjeamnpm

}rhmnpm u}m ngz edkmagz æz vmzzgez aekz agrekz$ vgr }a zkavdmz cepgr? vr}`ïnjke.‑ ,_EPPK$

2656$ v. 68+. G} zmoe$ gz vevëkz `m agjknlg m skdêg vg`ma zmr serkåsmkz$ `mvmn`mn`g `g

jgnpm|pg `m `mpmrakneè lkzpúrke m è cgrae jgag g vÿbdkjg zm k`mnpkckje$ `m edh}ae aenmkre$

jga g vmrzgnehma u}m vg`mrke zmr jgnzk`mre`g `m án`gdm aå ne j}dp}re gjk`mnped.

Ë vgzzásmd mnpêg$ gbzmrser u}m e jgnzpr}èêg `m vmrzgnehmnz vere ckjèêg `maenè edh}aez

pëjnkjez ne b}zje penpg `m eprekr g vÿbdkjg$ u}enpg `m zm evrg|kaer `m }ae `mzjrkèêg è

rmedkè`m. M eknè u}m$ g rmz}dpe`g `mzze jrkeèêg `mvmn`m `m zmrmz l}aengz m z}ez

vmrzvmjpksez m skzýmz `m a}n`g$ u}m zmrêg mnu}e`reèz m m|vdkjkpeèz vgr amkg èz

vmrzgnehmnz ckjjkgnekz.



:6

0 ENÅDKZM? JGNLMJMN@G GZ ZGVRENGZ

0.5 Evrmzmnpeèêg `g pmae m `g gbompg `m vmzu}kze

E vrmzmnpm agnghrecke vmzu}kze e aen}pmnèêg è }nkè`m ne mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè ma

vrg`}èýmz pmdmskzksez. Vrmpmn`m!zm smrkckjer e vgzzásmd m|kzpïnjke è kncd}ïnjke `g vmrzgnehma

vrknjkved$ jerejpmrke`g jgag vmrzgnehma rm`gn`g g} cmjle`g$ vere aenpmr e jgmzêg `m }ae

mzpr}p}re crehamnpeè. Vere penpg$ zmrå cmkpe e enådkzm `g zmrke`g ngrpm eamrkjeng vrg`}k`g

vmde LBG Plm Zgvrengz ,E Ceaádke Zgvreng+.

Smnjm`gre `m jknjg vrïakgz —Hgd`mn Hdgbm‑ m `m sknpm m }a —Maa{ Exer`z‑$ Plm Zgvrengz cgk m|kbkè ngz Mzpe`gz ]nk`gz `m 5;;; e 2668. E zërkm$ jdezzkckjeè jgag `reaåpkje$ jgnpg}

jga zmkz pmavgreèz u}m agzpresea }a ânh}dg `kcmrmnpm è skè `m Pgn{ Zgvreng ,Oeamz

Hen`gdcknk+$ g jlmcm è aåcke ma Nmx Omrzm{.

E lkzpúrke ë rmdepeè$ ma z}e aekgrke$ ne vrkamkre vmzzge$ agzpren`g agamnpgz ánpkagz `m

Pgn{ Zgvreng penpg ng ezvmjpg è z}e skè `m nmhújkgz u}enpg ng vmzzged. Edëa `kzzg$ ez

jgnz}dpez jga e vzku}kepre$ @r. Omnnkcmr Amdck ,Dgrreknm Brejjg+$ `mk|ea m|vdájkpgz gzjgncdkpgz m enhÿzpkez `g vmrzgnehma vrknjkved.

Gz mvkzú`kgz agzprea zkp}eèýmz `ksmrzez u}m pïa u}m zmr mncrmnpeèz vgr Pgn{ Zgvreng$

rmsmden`g n}enjmz `g jeråpmr m èz vrúvrkez epkp}`mz `g vmrzgnehma. G l}agr nmhrg$ e

dknh}ehma e`}dpe m e skgdïnjke zêg jerejpmrázpkjez è cgrae jgag mzzmz cepgz zêg rmdepe`gz ne

zërkm.

Jeè vmrzgnehma zmj}n`årkg ë }ae cgrae `m mzpmrmgpkver `kcmrmnpmz pkvgz ápedg!eamrkjengz. E

mzvgze `m`kjeè m ckmd$ gz ckdlgz ejgzp}ae`gz jga e rku}me$ e vzku}kepre u}m dkè jga e

u}mzpêg ëpkje `m epmn`mr }a jrkakngzg m gz eakhgz z}bgr`kne`gz vgr }ae lkmreru}ke knpmrne

è aåcke. E knzmrèêg `m ngsgz vmrzgnehmnz ma sårkgz agamnpgz è zërkm$ bma jgag `m vmdg

amngz }a enpehgnkzpe vere Pgn{ ma jeè pmavgreè$ peabëa ë }a cepgr kavgrpenpm vere g

`mzmnsgdskamnpg è lkzpúrke jgag }a pg`g m vere g enèamnpg `m jeè }ae èz pmavgreèz.

Pg`gz mzzmz vmrzgnehmnz jeaknlea o}npg jga g jlmcm è ceaádke Zgvreng vere u}m mdm zmoe

jgnzpr}á`g e verpkr `m zkp}eèýmz u}m maenea `mzpmz rmdejkgneamnpgz.



:5

]ae jgnzk`mreèêg epmnpe `g mvkzú`kg knkjked è zërkm$ peabëa jleae`g `m Vkdgp ë }ae

aenmkre `m jgamèer e jgavrmmn`mr g }nksmrzg e zmr mzp}è`g. Ebrkn`g e zërkm$ g mvkzú`kg pre

g rmdejkgneamnpg `g vmrzgnehma vrknjkved ma pgèz ez mzcmrez u}m zmrêg vrmzmnpmz `}renpm e

lkzpúrke. Vrknjkvedamnpm zêg m|vdkjkpe`gz gz epeu}mz `m vânkjg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng$ u}m g dmsea

e jgnsmrzer jga }ae vzku}kepre. Ez jgnz}dpez agzpreèz ng —vkdgpg‑ rmsmdea `mpedlmz

kavgrpenpmz `g jgavgrpeamnpg `g aeckgzg9 mzzm mvkzú`kg evrmzmnpe peabëa jmnez u}m

m|výma gz rmdejkgneamnpgz `mdm jga gz ckdlgz$ e mzvgze$ e aêm m gz nmhújkgz rmdejkgne`gz æ

aåcke.

Peabëa ckje `mdknmeè e rmdeèêg jga Jgrre`g Oÿnkgr Zgvreng ,@gaknkj Jlkenmzm+$ pkg `gvmrzgnehma jmnpred. Oÿnkgr pmgrkjeamnpm `msmrke pmr ezz}ak`g g jgnprgdm è ceaádke u}m ehgre

ë rmzvgnzebkdkè`m `m Pgn{. Ez vrmzzýmz `g pkg m è aêm$ Dkske Zgvreng ,Nenj{ Aerjlen`+

zêg g ckg jgn`}pgr `g jgavgrpeamnpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe. Mzzmz rmdejkgneamnpgz dmserêg e

vmrzgnehma vrknjkved e zm `mzmnsgdsmr ng jgnpm|pg `m z}ez vmrp}rbeèýmz m$ eg amzag pmavg$

vrgj}rer eo}è vzkjgdúhkje evmzer `m zgcrmr vrmjgnjmkpg èz vmzzgez `g amkg ng u}ed jgnsksm.

]ae jmne ma mzvmjked ë vrgsesmdamnpm e u}m amdlgr `mzjrmsm e zërkm jgag }a pg`g? e jmne`gz vepgz. Pgn{ Zgvreng prenzcmrm zm}z zmnpkamnpgz `m enhÿzpke m rekse vere }a jezed `m vepgz

m gz ckdlgpmz u}m evermjma ma zm} oer`ka. Jga e `mzvm`kè `mzze ceaádke$ g vrgpehgnkzpe

jgnzmh}m m|vrmzzer z}ez magèýmz ma rmdeèêg æ z}e vrúvrke ceaádke m m|vgr zm}z am`gz jga e

eo}è è vzku}kepre. Ezzka$ gz vrg`}pgrmz è zërkm jgnzmh}ma m|vdkjkper jgag }a jlmcm è

aåcke vg`m jgamèer e rmcdmpkr zgbrm gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz è skè.

Verpkn`g `g jgnjmkpg `m }ae mzpr}p}re crehamnpeè ,g} zmrked'zmrkeè+ èz gbrez pmdmskzksezckjjkgnekz u}m$ `m ejgr`g jga Mjg ,5;<;+ m Bedghl ,2665+ $ vg`m zmr jgavrmmn`k`g jgag

edhg u}m vermjm zmr grkhkned$ aez ng u}ed ë aenpk`g }a ve`rêg kh}ed ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg eg

mzu}mae nerrepksg$ u}m ë jgnzpenpm$ b}zje!zm enedkzer e mzpr}p}re nerrepkse è zërkm Plm

Zgvrengz m esmrkh}er u}ekz gz mdmamnpgz vg`ma zmr rmzvgnzåsmkz vmde z}e }nkè`m mzpr}p}red.

]nkè`m mzpe u}m$ zmh}n`g ez jgnjmkp}eèýmz `m Bgr`xmdd ,266=+$ Jgaverepg ,5;;=+ m Ckmd`z

,5;;=+$ ë mnpmn`kè jgag }ae lkzpúrke jga knájkg$ amkg m cka$ jgnzpkp}áè `m `ksmrzgz

mdmamnpgz grhenke`gz ma }a pg`g vere u}m gz vmrzgnehmnz mnjerma gbzpåj}dgz ne b}zje vgr

edjenèer edh}a gbompksg mzvmjáckjg.



:2

Vere penpg$ zmrå cmkpe }ae enådkzm `g `mzmnsgdskamnpg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng jgag vgzzásmd

vmrzgnehma mzcërkje$ g} rm`gnè$ m ez vmrzgnehmnz zmj}n`årkez zmrêg mzp}èèz ma z}ez

jerejpmrázpkjez `m vmrzgnehmnz vdenez. @m ejgr`g jga Jen`k`g ,266=+$ ez vmrzgnehmnz vdenez

zêg jgnzpr}áèz ma pgrng `m }ae ÿnkje k`mke g} eprkb}pg$ nêg vgzz}kn`g ag`kckjeèýmz ma z}ez

jerejpmrázpkjez båzkjez ng `mjgrrmr è lkzpúrke m ez vmrzgnehmnz mzcërkjez pïa jgnzpr}èêg aekz

jgavdm|e m zêg kavrmskzásmkz$ g u}m vgzzkbkdkpe a}ènèez m ngskè`mz. Peabëa zmrå esedkeè

e rmdeèêg mnprm g vrgpehgnkzpe m ez vmrzgnehmnz zmj}n`årkez$ jga g knp}kpg `m jgnzpeper jgag

mzzmz rmdejkgneamnpgz kncd}mnjkea ng vgzzásmd jeråpmr }nkpårkg è zërkm.

U}enpg æz cgraez `m mzpr}p}reèêg èz zmkz pmavgreèz$ b}zjg}!zm smrkckjer jerejpmrázpkjez u}m

agzprea }ae jgmzêg knpmrne mnprm gz jeváp}dgz `m jeè }ae `mzzez pmavgreèz$ jgnzk`mren`g!ez jgag mzpr}p}rez nerrepksez cmjleèz$ zmvereèamnpm.

Ezzka$ g vrgbdmae ma cgjg `k rmzvmkpg æ vgzzkbkdkè`m `m }ae zërkm `m pmdmskzêg z}zpmnper

}ae }nkè`m `m mnrm`g$ pmn`g jgag knzpr}amnpg$ vere aenpmr mzze jgmzêg$ g `mzmnsgdskamnpg

`g vmrzgnehma mzcërkjg m e rmdeèêg `mdm jga ez vmrzgnehmnz vdenez.

G aepmrked mavárkjg ë jgnzpkp}á`g vgr mvkzú`kgz èz zmkz pmavgreèz è zërkm Plm Zgvrengz.Nmdmz$ cgrea `mzpejeèz jmnez u}m agzprea ag`kckjeèýmz `g vrgpehgnkzpe ng `mjgrrmr èz

pmavgreèz vere kd}zprer gz jgnjmkpgz oå prebedle`gz ng aerjg pmúrkjg `mzzm prebedlg$ pmn`g

jgag ngrpm e u}mzpêg è }nkè`m `g mnrm`g.

Amrmjmrea epmnèêg mzvmjked gz mvkzú`kgz u}m cknedkea jeè pmavgreè$ jgnlmjk`gz jgag

zmezgnz cknedmz u}m$ vgr mzpebmdmjmrma }a mdg mnprm ez pmavgreèz$ m|mrjma vevmd

c}nèamnped ne aen}pmnèêg è }nkè`m `g zmrke`g.

E zmdmèêg `m jeváp}dgz ma pmavgz `ksmrzgz è lkzpúrke b}zje gbzmrser ag`kckjeèýmz `g

vmrzgnehma vrknjkved `mnprg è vezzehma pmavgred u}m g zmrke`g vrgvým. Edëa `kzzg$ e

vrgvgzpe cgk peabëa enedkzer ez mzprepëhkez nerrepksez }zeèz nmzzez `kcmrmnpmz cezmz.

Jgag zêg mvkzú`kgz mzvmjkekz$ gz zmezgnz cknedmz prema edh}aez jerejpmrázpkjez `kzpknpez m$

ma z}e aekgrke$ mzpêg cgje`gz ma edh}a vgnpg `m jgncdkpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe$ kavgrpenpmz `m

zmrma enedkze`gz.



::

G aëpg`g }pkdke`g vere mdebgreèêg è vmzu}kze cgk e enådkzm mzpr}p}red è nerrepkse. Gz

jrkpërkgz enedkze`gz ebgrèa g `mzmnsgdskamnpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe$ e }nkè`m è mzpr}p}re è

zërkm jgag }a pg`g m e cgrae `m jgnzpr}èêg `m jeè }ae èz pmavgreèz u}m e jgavým.

E enådkzm èz vmrzgnehmnz mzcërkjez m vdenez vezze vgr u}mzpýmz jgag g rmdejkgneamnpg `g

vrgpehgnkzpe jga ez vmrzgnehmnz zmj}n`årkez ,ejrëzjkagz g} ag`kckjeèýmz je}ze`gz `msk`g æ

knpmreèêg+ m gz cepgz rmdmsenpmz u}m ejgnpmjma jga gz zmj}n`årkgz m ecmpea g j}rzg `g

vrgpehgnkzpe.

Vere g mzp}`g è }nkè`m mzpr}p}red m peabëa è mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè$ zêg gbzmrseèz jmnez

zmamdlenpmz jgag eu}mdez ma u}m ejgnpmjm g evermjkamnpg `m ngsgz vmrzgnehmnz g}ejgnpmjma agrpmz g} `kådghgz zmamdlenpmz knprg`}k`gz eg dgnhg èz pmavgreèz. Peabëa

gbzmrsg}!zm g }zg `m rmj}rzgz rmvmpk`gz vere jgnpm|p}edker g pmdmzvmjpe`gr$ jgag zkp}er e

skè `gz vmrzgnehmnz e jeè knájkg `m pmavgreè$ `mzcmjlg vrgskzúrkg eg cknedker jeè }ae

`mzzez verpmz m eknè e mzpr}p}reèêg `gz mvkzú`kgz$ pmavgreèz m è zërkm jgag }a pg`g u}m

vrgagsm }ae jgnjd}zêg `m jeè }ae `mzzez `kskzýmz m `g zmrke`g ma zk jgag lkzpúrkez

cmjleèz$ aez u}m `mk|ea g ezz}npg ma ebmrpg ng ckned$ bma jgag e cgrae `m dkheèêg mnprm

jeè }a `mzzmz vmèègz ne cgraeèêg `m }ae }nkè`m jgmze.

Vgr cka$ jga g knp}kpg `m enedkzer g jrkpërkg u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ kngseèêg `g zmrke`g$ g} zmoe$ ez

jerejpmrázpkjez u}m vrmpmn`ma èr }ae k`mke `m ngskè`m vere e mzpr}p}re rmvmpkpkse è zërkm$

cgrea dmse`gz ma jgnpe g `mzmnsgdskamnpg `g vmrzgnehma vrknjkved m ez a}ènèez

zkhnkckjepksez ne preompúrke `mzzm vrgpehgnkzpe$ u}m zêg rmzvgnzåsmkz vmde k`mnpkckjeèêg `g

vÿbdkjg jga e vrg`}èêg.

0.2 Mzpr}p}re nerrepkse

Jgag skagz$ e mzpr}p}re jdåzzkje `m }ae vrg`}èêg e}`kgskz}ed ë zmvereè ma prïz epgz. E

evrmzmnpeèêg ë g epg K$ e }nkè`m `m eèêg `reaåpkje. E c}nèêg `mzzm epg ë evrmzmnper e

lkzpúrke$ gz vmrzgnehmnz m z}ez rmdeèýmz$ e vrmakzze `reaåpkje m ez jkrj}nzpânjkez u}m hkrea

ma pgrng è eèêg vrknjkved. G epg KK ë g mdmamnpg è eèêg `reaåpkje jgmzg vmdg jgnpm|pg è

jgncrgnpeèêg. Ë nmzzm agamnpg è nerrepkse u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe mncrmnpe ez `kckj}dè`mz u}m g

eprevedlea. G epg KKK ë e }nkè`m u}m zm ce jgmze vmdg mzveèg è rmzgd}èêg$ evrmzmnpen`g }a

`mzcmjlg vere gz gbzpåj}dgz mncrmnpe`gz vmdg vmrzgnehma vrknjkved.



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Vere jgnper e lkzpúrke `m Pgn{ Zgvreng$ agzpren`g cepgz `m z}e skè vmzzged m vrgckzzkgned$

m|kzpm }ae mzpr}p}re nerrepkse. Mzze mzpr}p}reèêg vg`m zmr mzp}èè$ mnpêg$ ma prïz násmkz u}m

evrmzmnpea? e cgrae `m mdebgreèêg è zërkm jgag }a pg`g$ `m jeè }ae èz pmavgreèz m g

ve`rêg `m jgnzpr}èêg `gz mvkzú`kgz.

G rmjgrpm mzjgdlk`g è skè `m Pgn{ vere zmr jgnpe`g jgag preae ë e nerrepkse jgag }a

pg`g$ u}m jgamèe jga e z}e mzjedeè æ jlmcke è aåcke `m Nmx Omrzm{ m pmrakne jga z}e c}he

knjmzzenpm `m }ae h}mrre jga gz aeckgzgz `m Nmx [gri. Mzzm knpmrsedg `m pmavg agzpre`g

vmde zërkm ejgnpmjm ne amzae ëvgje jrgngdúhkje `m u}en`g e vrg`}èêg cgk eg er ne pmdmskzêg

ngrpm eamrkjene$ g} zmoe$ `m 5;;; e 2668. Pma$ knjd}zksm$ aerje`grmz u}m `mk|ea jderg u}m$ g

pmavg ne zërkm$ vezze ng amzag rkpag u}m g pmavg rmed. Vere agzprer kncgraeèýmz `mvmrág`gz nêg rmprepe`gz$ aez kavgrpenpmz vere e jgavrmmnzêg è lkzpúrke$ zêg }ze`gz erpkcájkgz

jgag cdezlbeji m zgnlgz.

Vg`magz mzpkv}der jgag g vrkamkrg epg$ g} evrmzmnpeèêg$ e ezjmnzêg `m Pgn{ `m jevkpêg e

jlmcm è aåcke. Jga e agrpm `m Oejikm Evrkdm ,Akjlemd Rkzvgdk+$ g vrgpehgnkzpe jm`m e

Jgrre`g O}nkgr Zgvreng g jerhg `m jlmcm jgag cejleè$ zma u}m g pkg zekbe. Nmzzm vmrág`g ë

Pgn{ u}ma ë g dá`mr `m cepg$ `å gr`mnz m ë rmzvmkpe`g jgag ped. G vgnpg `m skreè ,g} vdgp

vgknp + vere g zmh}n`g epg ë e vrkzêg `m O}nkgr ma }ae eèêg `g CBK$ ne u}ed mdm ë kn`kjke`g m

aenpk`g ne je`mke epë o}dheamnpg.

G epg KK è nerrepkse hkre ma pgrng `g jgncdkpg è aen}pmnèêg `m vg`mr `m Pgn{ Zgvreng$

ehgre jlmcm `m cepg `g jrkam grhenke`g `m Nmx Omrzm{. Zmoe vgr amkg `gz enpehgnkzpez$ è

rmdeèêg jga e ceaádke g} epë eg dkèr jgnzkhg amzag m jgnprgder zm}z epeu}mz `m vânkjg m `m

rekse$ g vrgpehgnkzpe mncrmnpe vrgbdmaez `}renpm pgè e preae vere aenpmr z}e lmhmagnke ngjerhg `m dá`mr è aåcke. Mnprm vmrèz$ ngsgz vmrzgnehmnz$ agrpmz$ ezzezzknepgz$ jgbrenèez `m

vrgvkne m rmcdm|ýmz zgbrm e m|kzpïnjke l}aene$ g vrgpehgnkzpe jlmhe æ ÿdpkae pmavgreè$ ne

u}ed mjdg`m }ae jrkzm zgbrm u}ma ezz}akrke g vg`mr ne aåcke `m Nmx [gri m mdm zm sï

mnsgdsk`g$ knjd}zksm jga rkzjg `m agrpm. Mzzm ë g vgnpg `m skreè vere g epg KKK$ g knájkg è

jleaeè —h}mrre‑ jgnpre e grhenkeèêg ngse!kgru}kne.

E rmzgd}èêg$ g} pmrjmkrg epg è zërkm$ ejgnpmjm ne rm}nkêg mnprm amabrgz èz `}ez —ceaádkez‑

ma u}m pg`gz jgnjgrèa u}m ez agrpmz m sknhenèez oå cgrea dgnhm `maekz m }a `gz





:3

jgnz}dpúrkg m ë `mzjgnlmjk`g vmde vzku}kepre$ aez u}m$ núz$ jgag pmdmzvmjpe`grmz$ pmagz

jgnlmjkamnpg. G vrgpehgnkzpe jlmhe$ knjd}zksm$ e vmnzer u}m mzpå evek|gne`g vmde vzku}kepre$

vgr smr nmde }ae gvgrp}nkè`m `m jgnsmrzer `m }ae cgrae u}m nêg pma jgzp}am ma zm} amkg

zgjked.

Zêg jgnzpr}áèz eknè$ ne vrkamkre pmavgreè$ ez rmdeèýmz jga g nÿjdmg ceakdker vrknjkved `m

Pgn{? e mzvgze Jeramde ,M`km Cedjg+ m gz ckdlgz Ame`gx ,Oeakm!D{nn Zkhdmr+ m Enplgn{ Or.

,Rgbmrp Kdmr+$ rmdeèýmz mzzez$ u}m zm rmvmpkrêg `}renpm pgè e lkzpúrke. Jeramde ë e mzvgze

`m`kjeè$ jepúdkje$ u}m ë rmjgavmnzeè jga vrmzmnpmz m cesgrmz cknenjmkrgz e jeè brkhe g}

`mzjgbmrpe `m }ae ngse eaenpm `m Pgn{ m ezzka ejebe vgr ejmkper mzzm pkvg `m zkp}eèêg

crmu}mnpmamnpm. Jgag ez g}prez mzvgzez `m aeckgzgz rmprepeèz ne zërkm$ mde nêg vmrh}npe `mgn`m sma g `knlmkrg m nma zgbrm e skè vrgckzzkgned `g aerk`g$ vere nêg zm pgrner

pmzpma}nle$ aez ng c}n`g pma jgnlmjkamnpg vdmng `m jgag ez jgkzez c}njkgnea. Evmzer èz

pmnpepksez `m a}èr g r}ag è skè è ceaádke$ e vmrzgnehma agzpre zmavrm g amzag

jgavgrpeamnpg z}bakzzg m zm zmnpm j}dveè eg pmnper kr jgnpre gz vrmjmkpgz m k`mkez u}m zêg e

bezm `g jezeamnpg.

Ame`gx ë e ckdle aekz smdle$ jgnpmzpe`gre m kn`mvmn`mnpm$ aez eg amzag pmavgjgnzmrse`gre m vrgpmpgre è ceaádke. Dghg ng u}knpg mvkzú`kg è vrkamkre pmavgreè$ mde

vmrh}npe eg vek zm mdm ë è aåcke m zm jgnpmnpe jga e rmzvgzpe `m u}m mdm prebedle jga hmzpêg

`m rmzá`}gz m pma edh}nz nmhújkgz kdmhekz. Vere Ame`gx$ ez jrápkjez eg vek vg`ma zmavrm

verpkr `mde amzae$ aez n}nje `m edh}ëa `m cgre. Enplgn{ Or. g} EO$ jgag ë prepe`g `}renpm e

lkzpúrke$ ë g ckdlg aekz ngsg `gz Zgvrengz m g aekz vrgbdmaåpkjg. Ë jgnzpr}á`g peabëa jga e

amzae `}bkmè`m `m Ame`gx. U}mzpkgne ez epkp}`mz `gz vekz m m|khm }a prepeamnpg aekz

l}aeng m eg amzag pmavg ë pgpedamnpm `mvmn`mnpm `g `knlmkrg$ è jeze$ è jgakè m èzrmhedkez èèz vgr mdmz. G jgavgrpeamnpg `m EO zmh}m zmavrm mzze dknle$ jgnckh}ren`g!g

jgag vmrzgnehma vdeng. Mdm evrmzmnpe vrgbdmaez jga gz mzp}`gz ne vrkamkre pmavgreè m

}ze m|vdkjeèýmz u}m g skpkakea$ jgag `mckjkïnjke `m epmnèêg g} `kckj}dè`m `m evrmn`ke`g.

Pma }a rmdejkgneamnpg `kzpenpm jga g vrgpehgnkzpe$ u}m nêg `mzmoe e skè `m aeckgzg vere g

ckdlg$ mabgre pmnpm zm evrg|kaer `mdm jga epkskè`mz jga}nz `m vek m ckdlg.

Erpkm B}jjg ,Ogln Smnpkakhdke+ ë eakhg `m kncânjke `m Pgn{ m pma }a rmzpe}renpm u}m ë

crmu}mnpe`g vmdgz amabrgz è aåcke ma prgje `m cesgrmz m nmhújkgz. Pgn{$ eg zebmr u}m

ejgnpmjmrke }a ezzezzknepg e aen`g `m O}nkgr$ ng Smzÿskg$ rmzpe}renpm `m Erpkm$ vm`m eg pkg



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u}m jenjmdm g ejgnpmjkamnpg vere nêg vrmo}`kjer g eakhg. Jgag kzzg nêg ë vgzzásmd$ g

vrgpehgnkzpe }ze `m }ae dúhkje `kzpgrjkè m aenè vrgsgjerma }a knjïn`kg u}m `å e Erpkm g

`knlmkrg `g zmh}rg vere u}m mdm rmcgram m ebre }a ngsg mzpebmdmjkamnpg.

Zêg eknè evrmzmnpe`gz gz jgavenlmkrgz `m prebedlg `m Pgn{. G zgbrknlg Jlrkzpgvlmr

,Akjlemd Kavmrkgdk+$ evrmn`m e cemr vmu}mngz zmrskègz vere e aåcke$ ne mzvmrenèe `m zm

pgrner }a amabrg$ m pma }a vrgbdmae jga `rghez eknè vmu}mng nmzzm vgnpg è lkzpúrke. E

neagreè `m Jlrkzpgvlmr$ E`rkene De Jmrse ,@rme `m Aeppmg+$ evermjm mzvgre`kjeamnpm

nmzze vrkamkre pmavgreè m ë rmprepeè jgag e pávkje a}dlmr bgnkpe m cÿpkd u}m zú zm vrmgj}ve

jga e everïnjke m `knlmkrg. Zkdskg @enpm ,Zpmsmn Sen _en`p+ ë g jgnzkhdkmrk `g vrgpehgnkzpe.

Nmzzm jerhg$ e c}nèêg ë `m ejgnzmdler g jlmcm m eo}`å!dg nez `mjkzýmz aekz `kcájmkzrmdejkgneèz egz nmhújkgz. Mdm ë e vmrzgnehma u}m evrmzmnpe g mzpmrmúpkvg aekz jderg

rmdejkgne`g eg Vg`mrgzg Jlmcêg ,ckdam jkpe`g `ksmrzez smmz jgag ájgnm ápedg!eamrkjeng

`}renpm e zërkm+. Zkdskg ë jgnzpr}á`g mnpêg vere cemr mzze vgnpm mnprm g mzvmjpe`gr m }ae

kaehma `gz aeckgzgz$ oå zgdk`kckjeè ne j}dp}re ngrpm!eamrkjene. Z}ez jerejpmrázpkjez ck|ez `m

jgnzmdlmkrg dmsea Pgn{ e }ae rmcdm|êg aekz mzvmjáckje zgbrm e dúhkje `mnprg `g a}n`g è

aåcke m u}ekz `msma zmr z}ez eèýmz `mnprg `mzzm }nksmrzg. Ve}dkm Xedn}pz H}edpkmrk ,Pgn{

Zkrkjg+ ë g jerejpmrázpkjg aeckgzg ckmd eg jlmcm m u}m ckje zmavrm jga e vkgr verpm `g zmrskèg$amzag oå zmn`g aekz smdlg m pmn`g }a jerhg `m jevkpêg. Ë mnpêg }ae vmèe `m jgnckenèe `m

Pgn{$ `msk`g æ z}bakzzêg æz rmhrez è aåcke. Zmh}kn`g mzzez jerejpmrázpkjez$ e vmrzgnehma

aepe m agrrm zm ezzka cgr gr`mne`g vmdg vrgpehgnkzpe m kzzg `å e Pgn{ e zmnzeèêg `m vg`mr

u}m mdm vrmjkze$ edëa `m pmr zmavrm edh}ëa e u}ma rmjgrrmr vere permcez `m jgnckenèe. Ng u}m

`k rmzvmkpg egz nmhújkgz è aåcke$ ë nmzze verpm è preae u}m Zed —V}zz{‑ Bgnvmnzkmrg

,Sknjmnp Vezpgrm+ skre kncgraenpm `g CBK m zgam$ `mk|en`g Pgn{ m gz g}prgz `mzjgncke`gz.

G pmrjmkrg epg zm jgnjrmpke jga e cknedkeèêg `mzzm vmrág`g$ ng u}ed ejgnpmjma

kn`kjkeamnpgz. O}nkgr ë ej}ze`g m vrmzg$ cemn`g `m Pgn{ g jlmcm `m cepg è aåcke ma Nmx

Omrzm{. E zmu}ïnjke ckned agzpre g nÿjdmg ceakdker vrknjkved o}npg$ oenpen`g ng rmzpe}renpm$

`}renpm }ae ngkpm `m pmavmzpe`m. Ezzka$ ë mnjmrreè e cezm ma u}m Pgn{ pma u}m pgaer

`mjkzýmz m èr gr`mnz mzjgn`k`g vgr je}ze `g z}vgzpg vg`mr `m O}nkgr m g henjlg ë `mk|e`g

vmde zkp}eèêg `m V}zz{$ u}m jgnpkn}e `mzevermjk`g m jga vmn`ïnjkez jga e vgdájke.

G epg K è zmh}nè pmavgreè evrmzmnpe g rmpgrng è kraê `m Pgn{$ Oenkjm Zgvreng ,Eknè

P}rp}rrg+. Ezzka$ Dkske rmpgrne vere jeze$ vgru}m e ckdle vg`m j}kèr `mde. @mvgkz è pmnpepkse

`m ezzezzknepg$ Dkske m O}nkgr mzpêg agrpgz vere Pgn{$ u}m nêg zm rmzvgnzebkdke vgr j}kèr `m



:<

nmnl}a `gz `gkz. E b}zje vgr jgnprgder zm}z vrgbdmaez vzkjgdúhkjgz$ mzvmjkedamnpm gz

epeu}mz `m vânkjg$ jgnpkn}ea.

G rmdejkgneamnpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe jga Oenkjm mzpå bezme`g ma }a vgnpg `m k`mnpkckjeèêg nêg

`mzmoe`g. Mde pma ez jerejpmrázpkjez m|ehmreèz m pmavmreamnpekz è ceaádke m ce jga u}m g

vrgpehgnkzpe zm mn|mrh}m nez epkp}`mz `mde. Vgr kzzg$ Pgn{ nêg pma vejkïnjke vere

jgavrmmn`mr m zm rmdejkgner jga e kraê$ ezzka jgag pma `kckj}dè`mz ma dkèr jgnzkhg

amzag. Ne aekgrke `gz oenpermz ma ceaádke agzpre`gz nmzze pmavgreè$ Oenkjm m Pgn{

ejebea `kzj}pkn`g$ zmavrm jga jlgu}m mnprm gz pmavmreamnpgz m|prmagz. Aez kzzg nêg ce

jga u}m mdm nêg e eo}`m$ premn`g æ pgne e jerejpmrázpkje pre`kjkgnedkzpe `g vrgpehgnkzpe$ u}m

sedgrke gz amabrgz è ceaádke$ amzag u}m mdmz evrmzmnpma edh}a `mzskg `mjgavgrpeamnpg.

Rkjlkm Evrkdm ,@esk` Vrgsed+ peabëa ë }a ngsg vmrzgnehma$ u}m pre vrgbdmaez vere Pgn{

eg zekr è vrkzêg vgr rmjdeaer `krmkpgz u}m mdm o}dhe pmr$ amzag pmn`g ckje`g ecezpe`g vgr

a}kpgz engz. Oenkjm m Rkjlkm$ mnpêg$ zêg gz gbzpåj}dgz vrknjkvekz `mzze pmavgreè$

jgnckh}ren`g g zmh}n`g epg. Mdmz jgamèea }a rmdejkgneamnpg jgnp}rbe`g$ cema g ngkse`g

ne jeze `m Pgn{$ aez$ enpmz `g jezeamnpg$ Oenkjm$ ng mvkzú`kg —Inkhlp kn xlkpm zepkn eragr‑$`å e aekgr vrgse `m z}e cedle ng jgnprgdm è rekse m ejebe aepen`g g ngksg. Evmzer `m zebmr

`gz rkzjgz `g ezzezzknepg `m }a amabrg è aåcke$ g vrgpehgnkzpe mnjgbrm e zkp}eèêg m eo}è e

kraê$ u}m sgdpe vere Zmepdm.

G}prgz jgncdkpgz peabëa cema verpm `mzzm vmrág`g m$ jgnzmu}mnpmamnpm$ `g epg KK. Ma

skehma æ Kpådke$ Pgn{ nmhgjke e sknè `m C}rkg Hk}npe ,Cm`mrkjg Jezpmdd}jjkg+$ vere cemr

verpm `m z}e grhenkeèêg ma Nmx Omrzm{ jgag rmzvgnzåsmd vmde zmh}renèe `g jlmcm. Ame`gxevrmzmnpe `ÿskèz zgbrm u}m jeaknlg zmh}kr ne cej}dè`m m cgrae ng zmh}n`g hre}. EO

jgnpkn}e jga vrgbdmaez `m jgavgrpeamnpg$ zek mzjgn`k`g m mzprehe g jerrg `m Jeramde. Gz

vekz pïa `kckj}dè`m ma v}nkr zmsmreamnpm gz ckdlgz ma zkp}eèýmz jrápkjez. Jga @re. Amdck$

Pgn{ bezkjeamnpm o}zpkckje ez epkp}`mz u}m g vrmgj}vea m u}m zêg kdmhekz.

Jlrkzpgvlmr jgnpkn}e mnsgdsk`g jga `rghez$ aez peabëa zm mnsgdsm jeè sm aekz jga gz

nmhújkgz. Mdm pre `gkz eakhgz vere eo}èrma m mzzmz hergpgz$ jgnc}zgz jga k`mkez `m vg`mr$

epkrea ng zgbrknlg `m Pgn{. Jlrkzpgvlmr ckje ma jgae `}renpm pg`g g ngng mvkzú`kg m sgdpe$



:;

premn`g `kzj}zzýmz zgbrm g jë}$ kncmrng m v}rhepúrkg$ `mvgkz `m }ae m|vmrkïnjke `m agrpm

jdánkje vgr jknjg akn}pgz. Ng ÿdpkag mvkzú`kg$ mdm ë vrgagsk`g e aeckgzg.

Eknè verpm `g zmh}n`g epg$ mzze pmavgreè pma peabëa g rmpgrng `m V}zz{$ ehgre jgag

kncgraenpm `g CBK. E vmrzgnehma nêg u}mr kr vere e je`mke m$ eg amzag pmavg$ pma a}kpg

am`g `m u}m gz eakhgz `mzj}brea g u}m mdm ce m g aepma. Z}ez epkp}`mz agzprea mzze

eabkhôkè`m jgag ng mvkzú`kg —@!Hkrd‑ ma u}m mdm }ze }ae mzj}pe ng `ke è jgnckraeèêg

rmdkhkgze `m EO m$ `gkz mvkzú`kgz aekz per`m$ eo}è Pgn{ e aeper }a `gz hergpgz mnsgdsk`gz ng

epmnpe`g e Jlrkzpgvlmr.

G `mzcmjlg$ g} pmrjmkrg epg$ ebrenhm e rmzgd}èêg è zkp}eèêg knjðagè `m Rkjlkm Evrkdm$ edëa`m zgd}jkgner gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz pråhkjgz jga Jlrkzpgvlmr. Evúz `mzjgbmrpg jgag

kncgraenpm$ V}zz{ peabëa pma zm} ckned eg zmr agrpg vgr Pgn{$ Ve}dkm m Zkdskg. E zmu}ïnjke

ckned agzpre jmnez è ceaádke ne cmzpe `m cgraep}re `m Ame`gx$ ma jgnprezpm jga jmnez `gz

hgdvmz è aåcke. Ckjea ma ebmrpg ez zkp}eèýmz `gz rmdejkgneamnpgz `m Pgn{ jga e aêm m g

pkg.

Aerje`g vmde agrpm `m Dkske$ g epg K è pmrjmkre pmavgreè ë `m edáskg vere g vrgpehgnkzpe.Amzag zma u}mrmr eàkpkr$ Pgn{ zmnpm u}m nêg vrmjkze aekz jerrmher g cer`g `m zmr zmavrm

kavmrcmkpg egz gdlgz è aêm. Oenkjm rmpgrne `mvgkz è agrpm è aêm$ knpmrmzzeè ngz bmnz u}m

mde vgzze pmr `mk|e`g. O}nkgr `mzjgbrm u}m pma jânjmr m g vrgpehgnkzpe sgdpe e zm vrmgj}ver

jga g pkg$ evmzer `m p}`g. G}pre zkp}eèêg evrmzmnpeè m u}m zmrå `mzmnsgdskè ë e è h}mrre

mnprm gz rmzvgnzåsmkz vmdez rgpez kdmhekz `m rmjgdlkamnpg `m dk|g.

G zmh}n`g epg pma jgag bezm Redvlkm Jkcermppg ,Ogm Venpgdkeng+$ u}m vrgsgje zkp}eèýmzjgnzprenhm`grez jga zm} pmavmreamnpg$ edëa `g }zg `m `rghez. Je}ze vrgbdmaez vere gz

nmhújkgz `m Pgn{$ aez$ vgr rmn`mr a}kpg$ ë vrgagsk`g e jevkpêg `m }a èz mu}kvmz. Oejikm Or.

,Oezgn Jmrbgnm+$ ckdlg `m Oejikm Evrkdm jgamèe e zm mnsgdsmr ngz nmhújkgz è aåcke$ amzag

jgnpre e sgnpe`m `m Pgn{. G reve pmnpe }a hgdvm jgnpre }a oghg `m jerpez `gz amabrgz è

aåcke m cedle$ je}zen`g aekz vrgbdmaez. Ame`gx aenpknle }a neagrg jga Oejikm Or. u}m ë

agrpg ng jeváp}dg 5:. Mde mnpêg jgamèe e j}dver g vek m zm}z eakhgz vmde agrpm `g m|!

neagre`g eg ebgrèr g ezz}npg ma jeze. U}en`g e kraê `m Oejikm Or. cede zgbrm kzzg jga mde$

ne crmnpm `m }ae mzprenle$ mde nmhe ped eckraeèêg m ckje aekz }ae sm `g de`g `m Pgn{ m

`mcmn`m e dmedè`m æ ceaádke.



06

Ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ ceaádke$ g epg KK agzpre g epeu}m `m vânkjg `m EO$ zmamdlenpm egz `g vek$

eg pmr jgnjm`kè e zk e rmzvgnzebkdkè`m `m zmr jevkpêg è mu}kvm `m c}pmbgd m Pgn{ jgnzk`mre

u}m zm}z hmnmz zêg mzprehe`gz m cgrea vezze`gz vere g ckdlg. Jeramde sek e }ae jgnz}dpe è

@re. Amdck jga Pgn{$ aez gz `gkz zú `kzj}pma. Evmzer è aå cezm ng jezeamnpg$ Pgn{

vrmzmnpmke e mzvgze$ ng mvkzú`kg ;$ jga }a enmd `m brkdlenpmz ng enksmrzårkg m mde mzu}mjm

pg`gz gz vrgbdmaez. Oå ng mvkzú`kg 52$ Jeramde zm zmnpm j}dveè vmde skè u}m dmse m vere `m

}zer g enmd.

G}prez zkp}eèýmz `m pmnzêg zêg jrkeèz ng epg KK vgr g}prez vmrzgnehmnz. @re. Amdck ë

mzp}vreè m ë epgramnpeè vgr zmnpkamnpgz `m sknhenèe u}m e dmsea e vmnzer epë ng

vrgpehgnkzpe jgag vgzzásmd zgd}èêg vere èr }ae dkèêg eg mzp}vre`gr$ aez `mzkzpm.Jlrkzpgvlmr `å }ae jeze ngp}rne `m vrmzmnpm vere E`rkene m mde zm mnsgdsm jga pråckjg `m

`rghez. Evermjm }ae ehmnpm `g CBK `kzcerèeè u}m jgamèe }ae eake`m jga e agèe. Oglnn{

Zeji ,Sknjm J}repgde+$ zmh}n`g ng jgaen`g ma Nmx [gri$ jgavre }ae jeze ma Nmx Omrzm{

m mzprmkpe gz deègz jga Pgn{.

Zêg zgd}jkgne`gz mnpêg$ ng u}m ë jgnckh}re`g jgag pmrjmkrg epg$ gz vrgbdmaez jga Dkske m

O}nkgr$ edëa `m cmjler g jkjdg è vmrzgnehma `m Oejikm Or. E pmavgreè ejebe jga pg`gzrm}nk`gz ne rmjmvèêg `mvgkz `g smdúrkg `m Oejikm Or. m mdmz vrmzpea epmnèêg ma O}nkgr

jenpen`g$ magjkgne`gz. Ckje e m|vmjpepkse `m }ae zgd}èêg vere g jgavgrpeamnpg kne`mu}e`g

`m Redvlkm m g u}m ejgnpmjmrå `g mnsgdskamnpg `m E`rkene jga g CBK.

G epg K è u}erpe pmavgreè prenzcgrae E`rkene ma kncgraenpm `g CBK. Eg zmr ej}zeè vgr

pråckjg `m jgjeáne ma z}e bgepm$ e agèe nêg sï edpmrnepkse e nêg zmr eo}èr e vgdájke cm`mred

eamrkjene$ kncgraen`g vg}jez jgkzez zgbrm gz nmhújkg `m Jlrkzpgvlmr. Oenkjm zm knpmrmzze vgrBgbb{ —Bejede‑ Bejjedkmrk ,Zpmsmn R. Zjlkrrkve+$ amabrg `g hr}vg `m O}nkgr$ u}m pgae jgnpe

`g k`gzg mnu}enpg mdm mncrmnpe g jânjmr m ckje ma vrkzêg `gakjkdker. Jga e agrpm è mzvgze

`m Bgbb{$ Oenkjm g jgnsmnjm egz vg}jgz m vezze e agrer jga mdm m gz ckdlgz `mdm.

Oå g zmh}n`g epg pre vrgbdmaez jga Jlrkzpgvlmr$ u}m rmjmbm rmzvgnzebkdkè`mz aekgrmz m

Pgn{ `k u}m mdm ë g ÿnkjg ma u}ma jgncke vere z}bzpkp}á!dg u}en`g jlmher e lgre$ aez g

zgbrknlg jgnpkn}e skjke`g ma `rghez. Vere zmder }a sánj}dg `m rmzvmkpg$ g vrgpehgnkzpe

mnprmhe e Jlrkzpgvlmr g lgama u}m aepg} zm} vek m jrke }ae `áskè `m hrepk`êg `g zgbrknlg

jga mdm. Amzag ezzka$ Jlrkzpgvlmr jlmhe e vgnpgz ebz}r`gz `g }zg `m `rghez m$ ng `ëjkag



05

mvkzú`kg$ ë jgnsmnjk`g e vrgj}rer }ae jdánkje `m rmebkdkpeèêg$ zgb vmne `m nêg vg`mr aekz

ckjer ne aåcke. Ng `ëjkag pmrjmkrg mvkzú`kg mdm zek rmebkdkpe`g. Redvlkm jgnpkn}e zm

mnsgdsmn`g ma jgnc}zýmz$ knjd}zksm cemn`g vkeèz zgbrm e mzvgze `m Oglnn{ Zeji$ je}zen`g

jgnzprenhkamnpg m vrgbdmaez —`kvdgaåpkjgz‑ vere Pgn{. E zgd}èêg vere g vrgbdmae ë g

ezzezzknepg `m Redvlkm$ rmedke`g vmdg vrúvrkg vrgpehgnkzpe `}renpm }a ejmzzg `m rekse.

Ng rmdejkgneamnpg ceakdker m jga gz eakhgz$ gz jgncdkpgz ejgnpmjma$ vrkamkreamnpm$ u}en`g

Jeramde `magnzpre knpmrmzzm ma C}rkg$ u}m zm pgrng} agpgrkzpe `m Pgn{ m zmavrm sek æ z}e

jeze vere b}zjå!dg. Eg rmjmbmr dkheèêg `m }ae èz eaenpmz `g aerk`g$ Jeramde `mjk`m u}m

mdmz `msma zm zmverer. EO jgnpkn}e jgnpmzpen`g gz vekz m$ eg zebmr `g `ksúrjkg$ vm`m vre kr

agrer jga Pgn{$ aez g vek nêg `mk|e. Ame`gx }ze e agrpm `m Oejikm Or. jgag `mzj}dve verez}ez aë`kez r}knz ne cej}dè`m$ aez$ `mvgkz `m zmr vrmzzkgneè vmdgz vekz$ ce e aepráj}de$ sek

agrer ma }ae rmvÿbdkje m jgamèe e neagrer Cknn. E ckdle ckje prkzpm jga e zmvereèêg `gz

vekz$ aez nêg pgae verpk`g.

@mvgkz$ Erpkm jgdgje Pgn{ ma }ae zkp}eèêg u}m pmzpe z}e ëpkje. Ng mvkzú`kg —Msmr{bg`{

l}rpz‑ Pgn{ ce }a mavrëzpkag vere g eakhg u}m mdm nêg jgnzmh}m veher. E vmrzgnehma

vrknjkved mnpêg zm mnjgnpre mnprm z}e c}nèêg `m jgbre`gr jgag zmavrm ce ngz nmhújkgz m gvevmd `m eakhg. Erpkm ë }ae jgnzpenpm u}m dmse Pgn{ e rmvmnzer zm}z epgz skgdmnpgz m nmhgjker

zeáèz edpmrnepksez vere gz vrgbdmaez. Oå ez jgnz}dpez jga @re. Amdck zêg mnjmrreèz. Pgn{

`mzkzpm è pmrevke `mvgkz `m ceder a}kpg zgbrm `mvrmzzêg m ejler u}m g prepeamnpg nêg eo}è.

Gz `mzpkngz `m Redvlkm m E`rkene zêg preèe`gz ng jleae`g epg KKK è u}erpe pmavgreè$

zgd}jkgnen`g g u}m ckjg} ebmrpg ne enpmrkgr. Oå g `ksúrjkg `m Pgn{ m Jeramde$ u}m ckje

`mcknk`g ng ÿdpkag mvkzú`kg$ ë e zkp}eèêg knjgavdmpe u}m `msmrå pmr }a `mzcmjlg ne vrú|kaepmavgreè. Vere cknedker$ e rm}nkêg `m ceaádke `mzze sm ë vere u}m Pgn{ eskzm u}m mzpå zm

a}èn`g vere }a lgpmd. Amzag jga }a r}ag `mcknk`g$ e zkp}eèêg `m E`rkene peabëa vg`m

zmr jgnzk`mreè jgag henjlg e zmr rmzgdsk`g.

@mvgkz è epkp}`m aekz re`kjed `m Jeramde `}renpm pgè e zërkm$ ng epg K è u}knpe pmavgreè$

g jezed ckje zmvere`g. Vgrëa$ mdmz jgnpkn}erêg jgnsmrzen`g m zm mnjgnpren`g ngraedamnpm$

zma hren`mz a}ènèez. E`rkene kngjmnpmamnpm zm evrg|kae `m Pgn{ m mdm zm zmnpm zm`}k`g

vgr mde$ jgamèe mnpêg }a jgncdkpg `g zmh}n`g epg. Gz `gkz zema è bgepm o}npgz vere jgavrer

`rghez m zm mnsgdsma ma }a ejk`mnpm ng mvkzú`kg —Krrmh}der erg}n` plm aerhknz‑. E rmdeèêg



02

`g vrgpehgnkzpe jga Jlrkzpgvlmr ckje vkgr$ vgru}m g zgbrknlg vmnze u}m Pgn{ g prek}. Jga e

zkp}eèêg mzjdermjkè$ E`rkene m Jlrkzpgvlmr zm vrmverea vere jezer. @mvgkz `m a}kpgz

jgncdkpgz knpmrngz m epë }ae `gmnèe `m c}n`g vzkjgdúhkjg$ e agèe rmzgdsm jgnper vere g ngksg

aeckgzg zgbrm zm} mnsgdskamnpg jga g CBK. Jlrkzpgvlmr cknhm ejmkper }a ejgr`g$ aez jgnpe

p}`g æ Pgn{ m ë vrmvereè }ae erae`kdle u}m j}dakne jga g ezzezzknepg `m E`rkene vmdez

aêgz `m Zkdskg.

E zeáè è vrkzêg `m Pgn{ Bd}n`mppg ,Zpmsm B}zjmak+ m Cmmjl De Aene ,Rgbmrp Dghhke+

peabëa ce verpm `g epg KK$ }ae sm u}m mdmz jgamèea e jrker vrgbdmaez vere Pgn{. E

zkp}eèêg jga Cmmjl ë rmzgdskè eknè nmzze pmavgreè$ ng u}erpg mvkzú`kg. Ezzka jgag

Rkjlkm Evrkdm ne zmh}nè pmavgreè$ Cmmjl u}mr jgavmnzeèýmz vgr pmr vezze`g a}kpg pmavgne je`mke m eprevedle e dk`mrenèe `m Pgn{ jga z}ez epkp}`mz. Ma —Edd levv{ ceakdkmz‑

Jlrkzpgvlmr m Pgn{ eraea }a hgdvm vere u}m Cmmjl zmoe vmhg skgden`g e jgn`kjkgned m e

vmrzgnehma ë aenèè `m sgdpe vere e je`mke. Oå Pgn{ Bd}n`mppg$ g} Pgn{ B.$ jgag ë

jleae`g$ zm pgrne }a mavmjkdlg vgru}m g vrgpehgnkzpe hgzpe a}kpg `g vrkag. Edëa `kzzg$

Pgn{ zm zmnpm j}dve`g vmde vrkzêg `m Pgn{ B. m pmnpe ehre`å!dg$ amzag mdm skgden`g rmhrez `g

rmdejkgneamnpg mnprm ez ceaádkez aeckgzez. Eknè ezzka$ g `mzcmjlg peabëa ejgnpmjm ng ckned

è pmavgreè$ u}en`g e vmrzgnehma vrknjkved aepe g vrkag vere u}m mdm nêg cgzzmezzezzkne`g vgr amabrgz è aåcke `m Nmx [gri.

Vlkd Dmgper`g ,Creni Sknjmnp+ peabëa ë zgdpg m sgdpe æz epkskè`mz ma Nmx [gri$ m|epeamnpm

ne amzae pmavgreè ma u}m g jlmcm$ Jeraknm D}vvmrpek ,Pgn{ Dkv+ agrrm. Gz z}jmzzgrmz

dúhkjgz zmrkea g ckdlg Dkppdm Jeraknm ,Re{ Ebr}g+ g} Oglnn{ Zeji$ breèg `krmkpg `g

cedmjk`g jlmcm. Jgamèe mnpêg }ae brkhe vmde z}jmzzêg u}m zú ë rmzgdskè ng mvkzú`kg 52$

u}en`g Oglnn{ ë mzjgdlk`g vere dk`mrer g hr}vg. Aez$ enpmz `m jlmher e mzzm vgnpg$ e ceaádke`m Nmx Omrzm{ oå cgk mnsgdskè$ pmn`g vrmo}ág ngz nmhújkgz vgr rmvrmzådkez$ edëa `m vmrèz

`m amabrgz.

Gz vrgbdmaez jga v}nkèêg m jgnprgdm `g ckdlg jgnpkn}ea. Pgn{ vrmzmnpmke EO jga }a jerrg$

evmzer èz ngpez `mdm nêg zmrma z}ckjkmnpmz vere knhrmzzer ma }ae cej}dè`m. E k`mke ë zú

dkbmrer g }zg `g jerrg u}en`g e zkp}eèêg mzjgder amdlgrer. E dúhkje ë mnpêg `kzpgrjkè$ èn`g

jgavmnzeèêg vere g ckdlg zma v}nk!dg pkren`g g u}m mdm oå pma. Oå Ame`gx$ zmh}m e skè ne

cej}dè`m m pma `kzj}zzýmz jga g neagre`g zgbrm e cgrae jgag cgk jrkeè$ zmavrm

`mcmn`mn`g zm} vek m z}e ceaádke. Oenkjm m Bgbb{ zm jezea m pma }ae ckdle.



0:

Pgn{ pmnpe }a mnsgdskamnpg eagrgzg jga @re. Amdck mnu}enpg mzpå zmvere`g `m Jeramde$

aez e vzku}kepre rmj}ze. Ng mvkzú`kg =$ g vrgpehgnkzpe rmzgdsm sgdper eg jgnz}dpúrkg jgag

vejkmnpm. Mde ë g jeaknlg vere g vÿbdkjg `mzjgbrkr u}m Pgn{ pmsm }a epeu}m `m vânkjg ng `ke

ma u}m `msmrke pmr eo}è`g g vrkag Pgn{ B. u}en`g mdm cgk vrmzg m vgr kzzg zm zmnpm pêg

j}dve`g.

Ejgnpmjma edh}nz `mzcmjlgz ng pmrjmkrg epg è u}knpe pmavgreè. Pgn{ m Jeramde mnprea ma

}a ejgr`g vere sgdper e agrerma o}npgz$ amzag ezzka$ jga e jgn`kèêg `m Pgn{ veher }a

dgpm vere u}m mde prebedlm jga jgnzpr}èêg jkskd m pmnle }ae epkskè`m vrúvrke. G} zmoe$ e

dúhkje è jgavmnzeèêg u}m ë evdkjeè zmavrm ne rmdeèêg `gz `gkz sgdpe e ejgnpmjmr m e rgpknepeabëa rmpgrne. Cmmjl De Aene m Pgn{ B. pïa z}ez zkp}eèýmz rmzgdskèz$ bma jgag E`rkene.

Jgag Pgn{ B. aepg} }a amabrg è aåcke `m Nmx [gri$ g zmezgn cknedm —Edd `}m rmzvmjp‑

pmrakne jga Pgn{ kn`g æ jeze `m Oglnn{ Zeji vere nmhgjker e ve$ u}en`g e vgdájke evermjm m

vrmn`m g aeckgzg `m Nmx [gri. Pgn{ jgnzmh}m c}hkr. G henjlg mnpêg ë jgag ckjerå e

zkp}eèêg è aåcke ehgre zma g mnpêg dá`mr Oglnn{ Zeji m jgag ckjerå rmzgdskè e zkp}eèêg `m

sknhenèez m rmvrmzådkez mnprm ez `}ez ceaádkez.

E ÿdpkae pmavgreè b}zje cknedker ez lkzpúrkez `m pgèz ez vmrzgnehmnz aenpkèz ne preae epë

mzzm vgnpg. Ng epg K$ g jgavgrpeamnpg jgnzpenpm$ u}m bmkre e vzkjgzm$ jgnzpr}á`g vere O}nkgr$

rmz}dpe ma }a `gz vgnpgz aekz pmnzgz `m pgè e zërkm$ u}en`g g pkg$ pmgrkjeamnpm zma g

`msk`g jgnprgdm `m z}ez cej}dè`mz amnpekz$ `å }a pkrg ma Pgn{. Gz u}mzpkgneamnpgz zgbrm

skè$ agrpm$ jë} m v}rhepúrkg zêg prek`gz ngseamnpm vmdgz zgnlgz u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe

m|vmrkamnpe mnu}enpg mzpå ma jgae. Jeramde ë e bezm cgrpm è ceaádke mnu}enpg Pgn{ zm

rmj}vmre ng lgzvkped. @mvgkz è amdlgre$ p}`g sgdpe e zmr jgag enpmz. Mde u}mr jgamèer gvrgompg `m jgnzpr}èêg `m }ae jeze m$ jga epkp}`mz kn`krmpez ma zm} jgavgrpeamnpg$ jgnzmh}m

cemr jga u}m Pgn{ z}bgrnm }a ckzjed `m gbrez vere jgavmnzå!de vgr zkp}eèýmz r}knz `g `ke e

`ke.

Mnu}enpg kzzg$ Zkdskg pgae `mjkzýmz vmde aåcke `m Nmx Omrzm{ m g jgncdkpg jga Nmx [gri$

u}m ë g u}m `å cgrae eg epg KK$ jgnpkn}e hreèez eg pmavmreamnpg `m Vlkd Dmgper`g.

Jlrkzpgvlmr sgdpe e }zer `rghez m$ ma }ae skehma vere pmnper rmzgdsmr gz `mzmnpmn`kamnpgz

ma Nmx [gri$ mdm m Pgn{ zgcrma }a ejk`mnpm `m jerrg. G vrgpehgnkzpe pma evmnez cmrkamnpgz

dmsmz$ aez$ eg smr g zgbrknlg æ bmkre è agrpm$ zebmn`g u}m mdm nêg vg`mrå zmr zm} z}jmzzgr

vgr je}ze èz `rghez$ g aepe z}cgje`g enpmz `m jleaer g rmzhepm. Oenkjm jgnpkn}e



00

vrmzzkgnen`g Pgn{ `m ejgr`g jga zm}z knpmrmzzmz m vm`m vere u}m Bgbb{ skrm jevkpêg. G

vrgpehgnkzpe skzkpe O}nkgr m vmrjmbm u}m g pkg mzpå rmedamnpm `mamnpm$ aez g `mk|e ne jeze `m

rmvg}zg vÿbdkje gn`m mdm mzpese.

@mvgkz `m `mzkzpkr è cej}dè`m m zmr `makpk`g$ mnu}enpg g vek mzpese ma jgae$ EO jgnlmjm m

zm mnsgdsm jga Bdenje Zmdhe`g ,@enke Reakrm+ ma }a mavrmhg u}m g vek err}ag} vere mdm

ne jgnzpr}èêg jkskd. Mdmz pmraknea m g hergpg ejle u}m mzpå ma vrgjmzzg `mvrmzzksg$ epë

jgnlmjmr ckdlgz `gz eakhgz `m Pgn{$ crmuômnper bgepmz m henler `gz vekz e gvgrp}nkè`m `m

prebedler jgag vrg`}pgr `m ckdamz. Ame`gx pma vrgbdmaez ng rmdejkgneamnpg jga Cknn$

pmrakne jga mdm m jgamèe e neagrer Veprkji Verkzk ,@enkmd Ze}dk+$ ckdlg `m Vepz{ Verkzk ,@en

Hrkaed`k+$ }a `gz eakhgz `m Pgn{.

@mvgkz `m }ae pmnpepkse cr}zpreè `m aeper Vlkd Dmgper`g$ e `kzv}pe zm pgrne vkgr m Bgbb{

Bejede ë ezzezzkne`g. Vepz{ Verkzk m Zkdskg peabëa zgcrma }a epmnpe`g u}m dmse Zkdskg vere g

lgzvkped epë g ckned è zërkm m Vepz{ jgnzmh}m c}hkr. Pgn{ mnpêg zm zmvere è ceaádke vgr

zmh}renèe m pg`gz gz amabrgz è aåcke `m Nmx Omrzm{ sêg agrer ma }ae jeze kavrgskzeè.

Ma rm}nkêg$ gz aeckgzgz zmj}n`årkgz `m Nmx [gri `mjk`ma u}m oå ejgnpmjmrea a}kpezvmrèz m pmraknea e h}mrre. Ezzka ejgnpmjm e rmzgd}èêg `gz jgncdkpgz$ g u}m jgnckh}re g epg

KKK è ÿdpkae pmavgreè. Pgn{ sgdpe vere jeze m gz nmhújkgz rmpgrnea eg j}rzg ngraed$ jga

Ve}dkm jgag jevkpêg. Vlkd Dmgper`g$ u}m mzpese mzjgn`k`g$ ë `mzjgbmrpg m ezzezzkne`g. E

zmu}ïnjke ckned `g ÿdpkag mvkzú`kg ejgnpmjm ma }ae denjlgnmpm$ gn`m e ceaádke Zgvreng

aerje }a oenper rmzmrse`g. Zêg jrkeèz sårkez zkp}eèýmz `m z}zvmnzm$ jga jeè }a `gz

vmrzgnehmnz mnpren`g vere mnjgnprer jga Pgn{. ]ae èz jmnez aekz dgnhez ë Ame`gx

aengbren`g g jerrg ma crmnpm eg mzpebmdmjkamnpg. U}en`g mde ebrm e vgrpe m g vek e sï ejebeg mvkzú`kg$ bma jgag e zërkm.

G ÿdpkag násmd `m mzpr}p}reèêg$ vgrpenpg$ ë g u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ mzpr}p}re `gz mvkzú`kgz jgag

lkzpúrkez u}m pïa jgamèg$ amkg m cka. Jgag oå `kzj}pk`g zgbrm e mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè

m|kzpm mnpêg$ }ae mzpr}p}re jgnzpenpm peabëa nmzzm násmd. Jeè }a `gz mvkzú`kgz pma }a

ve`rêg ck|g u}m ë zmh}k`g. Ng u}m jleaeagz `m vrkamkrg epg$ ejgnpmjma cepgz jgrrku}mkrgz

g} z}rvrmmn`mnpmz jga g vrgpehgnkzpe u}m vrgsgjea nmdm edh}a pkvg `m magèêg. G vezzg

zmh}knpm ë g zmh}n`g epg$ e jgnz}dpe `kårke jga e @re. Amdck. Mnpêg$ Pgn{ jgnpe vere mde z}ez

vmrzvmjpksez zgbrm eu}mdmz msmnpgz u}m ejgnpmjmrea epë edk$ èn`g eg mzvmjpe`gr



0=

jgnlmjkamnpg zgbrm g u}m e vmrzgnehma vrknjkved zmnpm m jgag mde vrgsesmdamnpm krå ehkr.

Eg `kzj}pkrma gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz$ e vzku}kepre m|vým z}e skzêg m Pgn{ `kzpgrjm g u}m g}sk} e

cesgr `g u}m u}mr cemr. Vgr cka$ g `mzcmjlg$ g} pmrjmkrg epg$ pre jmnez u}m rmprepea e pgaeè

`m epkp}`m vgr verpm `g vrgpehgnkzpe vere rmzgdsmr jeè jgncdkpg mzvmjáckjg `gz mvkzú`kgz.

0.: Ez vmrzgnehmnz m g jeråpmr }nkpårkg

Ma pg`gz mzzmz násmkz nerrepksgz$ Pgn{ Zgvreng mzpebmdmjm rmdeèýmz jga ez g}prez

vmrzgnehmnz$ `m cgrae knserkåsmd. @m ejgr`g jga e jgnjmkp}eèêg `m Jen`k`g ,266=+$

vg`magz enedkzer ez vmrzgnehmnz `m Plm Zgvrengz `mnprg è úpkje èz vmrzgnehmnz mzcërkjez$

eu}mdez u}m zgcrma ag`kckjeèýmz jgavdm|ez m zêg kavrmskzásmkz$ m vdenez$ u}m zêg mzpåpkjez mnêg evrmzmnpea a}ènèez.

G jgavgrpeamnpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe `}renpm e zërkm agzpre u}m$ ne smrè`m$ mdm vg`m zmr

jgnzk`mre`g }ae mnjerneèêg `g ag`mdg è kngseèêg `g zmrke`g. Pgn{ pre ma zk

jgavgrpeamnpgz m eèýmz u}m cema jga u}m g vÿbdkjg jgnzkhe vrmsmr z}ez epkp}`mz m ezzka zm

jgnmjper e mdm jgag vmrzgnehma. Aez$ g u}m rmedamnpm ejgnpmjm ë u}m mdm aenpëa e z}e

mzzïnjke. Amzag u}m edh}aez epkp}`mz zmoea `kcmrmnpmz `g jga}a$ u}en`g nmjmzzårkg$ zm}jgavgrpeamnpg sgdperå e zmr vrmskzásmd m g mzvmjpe`gr krå zebmr m|epeamnpm g vrú|kag vezzg e

zmr è`g vgr mdm.

Nez jgnz}dpez jga e @re. Amdck `msk`g æ gjgrrïnjke crmu}mnpm `m epeu}mz `m vânkjg$ mdm b}zje

mnpmn`mr e grkhma m g u}m mdmz zkhnkckjea$ dmsen`g g vÿbdkjg e mn|mrher cejmpez `ksmrzez `g

vmrzgnehma$ aez$ u}m pma g amzag jmrnm. E vrúvrke rmdeèêg `m Pgn{ jga e vzku}kepre `mk|e

jdere e k`mke `m vrghrmzzg ne pmrevke m$ edh}nz mvkzú`kgz `mvgkz$ rmjeáèz vere gz smdlgzlåbkpgz. ]a m|mavdg zêg ez c}hez `g jgnz}dpúrkg u}m ejgnpmjma rmvmpkèz smmz$ pmn`g knájkg

oå ng vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg$ bma jgag ma g}prgz u}eprg jeváp}dgz è vrkamkre pmavgreè m

sgdpea e gjgrrmr ng mvkzú`kg `m è pmrjmkre pmavgreè. E msezêg ngraedamnpm ë

ejgavenleè `m edh}a ezz}npg kn`mzmoe`g vgr verpm `m Pgn{ g} amzag u}en`g mdm ce

vrghrmzzgz u}m krêg agzprer }ae rmedkè`m rmj}zeè vgr zm}z vrknjávkgz.

U}enpg æz vmrzgnehmnz vdenez$ m|kzpm }a nÿjdmg ck|g u}m vmr`}re eg dgnhg `m pgèz ez

pmavgreèz g} pma kncd}ïnjke `krmpe zgbrm g vrgpehgnkzpe. Mdm ë jgavgzpg vgr? e mzvgze

Jeramde$ gz ckdlgz Ame`gx m Enplgn{ Or.$ g pkg Jgrre`g —O}nkgr‑$ e kraê Oenkjm$ e @re.



03

Omnnkcmr Amdck$ g eakhg `m kncânjke Erpkm B}jjg m gz eakhgz m jgavenlmkrgz `m prebedlg

Jlrkzpgvlmr Agdpkzenpk m z}e ngkse E`rkene De Jmrse$ Zkdskg @enpm m Ve}dkm Xedn}pz. Mzzez

vmrzgnehmnz pïa z}ez jerejpmrázpkjez aenpkèz mzpåpkjez$ u}ezm mzpmrmgpkveèz$ m sêg

rmvrmzmnper vgnpgz `m evgkg vere g `mzmnsgdskamnpg `g vrgpehgnkzpe vgr amkg `m z}ez

rmdeèýmz.

Jeramde gzjkde mnprm e mzvgze `m`kjeè m e a}dlmr jga knpmrmzzmz vere ejmkper jgn`kèýmz ng

jezeamnpg. Ame`gx ë mdebgreè zmh}kn`g }a jgavgrpeamnpg jgnpmzpe`gr$ dghg rmzprkpg vmde

ngèêg `m dmedè`m m jerknlg æ ceaádke. EO ë vrgpmhk`g vmdgz vekz m gz u}mzpkgne$ aez ejmkpe ez

rmzprkèýmz kavgzpez vgr mdmz vere sksmr jga g jgncgrpg jga g u}ed mzpå ejgzp}ae`g.

O}nkgr peabëa evrmzmnpe epkp}`mz `ÿbkez m$ vgr kzzg amzag$ ë g pkg eàkre`g m g`ke`g vgr

Pgn{. G amzag ejgnpmjm jga Oenkjm$ u}m pma jerejpmrázpkjez ma jga}a jga g kraêg m ë

rmvmdkè vmdg vrgpehgnkzpe vgr zmrma pêg zmamdlenpmz.

E @re. Amdck jlmhe e evrmzmnper edh}nz `kdmaez ma rmdeèêg e jgnpkn}er prepen`g Pgn{ `}renpm

e zërkm. Vgrëa$ nêg a}è `m jgavgrpeamnpg vmdg knpmrmzzm aë`kjg m k`mnpkckjeèêg jrkeè jga

g vejkmnpm. Z}e c}nèêg$ jgag vmrzgnehma vdene$ ë e oå jkpeè `m ebrkr ngsgz jeaknlgz vere gvrgpehgnkzpe$ vrgsgjen`g e zmnzeèêg `m a}ènèe ng jgavgrpeamnpg `mdm vgr amkg è

vzku}keprke m ngsez dmkp}rez `g a}n`g.

Erpkm B}jjg ejmkpe pg`g pkvg `m epkp}`m u}m smnle `m Pgn{ vgr jgnzk`mrer u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe

mzpå ma }a vepeaer aekz edpg u}m g zm}. Amzag zebmn`g è vgzzkbkdkè`m `m pmr pk`g zm}

mzpebmdmjkamnpg knjmn`ke`g vmdg eakhg$ Erpkm nêg ë jeve `m pmr rmeèýmz vgr am`g m rmzvmkpg

e Pgn{ m eg jerhg u}m mdm gj}ve.

Jlrkzpgvlmr ë cgnpm `m jgnpán}gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz u}m `maenèa `mjkzýmz mnprm e reêg m e

magèêg `g vrgpehgnkzpe. Eg amzag pmavg$ g vrgpehgnkzpe rmsmde zm} de`g knmzjr}v}dgzg$

agzpren`g u}m ë jeve `m u}edu}mr jgkze vere edjenèer zm}z gbompksgz$ amzag u}m zmoe

nmjmzzårkg vezzer vgr jkae `gz deègz zenh}ánmgz$ pêg sedgrke`gz vgr mdm.

E`rkene ë dmseè vmde knhmn}kè`m m c}pkdkè`m `}renpm pgè e zërkm. Penpg ma zm}

rmdejkgneamnpg jgnp}rbe`g jga Jlrkzpgvlmr$ u}enpg ne brmsm rmdeèêg `krmpe jga Pgn{$ mde zm

agzpre z}bakzze m zmh}m ez rmhrez u}m dlmz zêg kavgzpez.



08

Zkdskg m Ve}dkm zêg evgkgz kavgrpenpmz vere g vrgpehgnkzpe$ aez$ vrgsesmdamnpm zêg ez

vmrzgnehmnz u}m aekz rmvrmzmnpea g mzpmrmúpkvg `g aeckgzg ne j}dp}re vgv ngrpm eamrkjene.

@mz`m g zgpeu}m$ epë æz rg}vez agzprea mzze rmvrmzmnpeèêg. U}enpg eg jgavgrpeamnpg$

zmavrm gbm`mjma æz gr`mnz zma u}mzpkgner m `mcmn`ma$ jga skgdïnjke$ gz knpmrmzzmz è aåcke

jgag —ceaádke‑.

Evmzer `m nêg zmr jgnzk`mre`g mzcërkjg Pgn{ zgcrm kncd}ïnjke `gz jgavgrpeamnpgz m eèýmz

rmjgrrmnpmz èz vmrzgnehmnz vdenez m pma }a `mzmnsgdskamnpg `kcmrmnjke`g$ oå u}m ë g

vrgpehgnkzpe. Mdm m|mrjm$ ezzka$ e c}nèêg `m mk|g nerrepksg ne lkzpúrke. Dmsen`g ma

jgnzk`mreèêg u}m e nerrepkse jdåzzkje ë `mcknkè jgag eu}mde ma u}m vmrzgnehmnz mncrmnpea}a gbzpåj}dg vere edjenèer }a gbompksg mzvmjáckjg m ezzka e vmrzgnehma ë jgnzk`mreè g

vrknjkved ehmnpm je}zed$ vg`m!zm `kmr u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe `m Plm Zgvrengz ë g vrknjávkg

}nkckje`gr c}nèamnped è mzpr}p}re è zërkm.

0.0 Mzprepëhkez }zeèz è mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè

E jerejpmrázpkje crehamnpårke è zërkm `m pmdmskzêg ë m|vdkjeè vmde grhenkeèêg m|pmrne `gzvrghreaez pmdmskzksgz$ u}m zgcrma `kskzýmz vere knzmrèêg `gz jgamrjkekz$ rmz}dpen`g peabëa

ma }ae mzpr}p}reèêg knpmrne u}m zm eèvpe e mzzmz knpmrsedgz `}renpm gz jeváp}dgz$ bma jgag

ez z}b`kskzýmz ma pmavgreèz$ rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr grhenker e preae$ `m cgrae e jrker `kcmrmnpmz

nÿjdmgz nerrepksgz$ jga `ksmrzez zkp}eèýmz `m jgncdkpg `mnprg `m }ae mzpr}p}re ÿnkje$ u}m ë g

rmjgrpm `m pmavg vmdg u}ed ejgavenleagz }ae verpm è skè `mzze ceaádke.

E k`mke `m ngskè`m ë vgzzásmd nmzzm pkvg `m nerrepkse vgr amkg `m rmvmpkèýmz$ }zeèz jgagerpkcájkgz vere vermjmrma grkhknekz$ jgncgram m|vdkjkpe`g vgr Mjg ,5;<;+. E c}nèêg `mzzez

rmvmpkèýmz vere g vÿbdkjg ë e `m án`kjm `m rmjgnlmjkamnpg$ hmren`g e zmnzeèêg `m knpkakè`m

jga ez vmrzgnehmnz$ oå u}m jgnzmh}m vrmsmr z}ez eèýmz `kenpm `m `mpmrakne`gz

ejgnpmjkamnpgz$ jgag `mzpeje`g vgr Agppmr m A}nhkgdk ,2663+.

Ne jgnzpr}èêg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng jgag vrgpehgnkzpe `m }ae zërkm `m mzpr}p}re zmrkeè$ ez

eaenpmz zêg vmrzgnehmnz kavgrpenpmz. Amzag zmn`g vmzzgez `kcmrmnpmz u}m evermjma ma

pmavgreèz `ksmrzez$ e mzzïnjke `mzzez vmrzgnehmnz ë zmavrm e amzae? zêg a}dlmrmz jga

jgavgrpeamnpg m|vdgzksg$ vgzzmzzksez m kavgzzásmkz `m zmr ehreèèz. Ezzka$ g vrgpehgnkzpe



0<

zmavrm pma g amzag jgavgrpeamnpg eg preper jga mdez$ knjd}zksm aenpmn`g rmhrez u}m

mzpebmdmjma `kzpenjkeamnpg è ceaádke m `kzjrkèêg ngz mnjgnprgz. G}prg ejgr`g ë mzpebmdmjk`g

ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ c}nèêg `m Jeramde u}m zebm zgbrm gz rmdejkgneamnpgz m|prejgno}hekz$

aez nêg cede zgbrm mdmz$ `mz`m u}m nêg knseèa z}e jeze m e vrksejkè`m `m z}e ceaádke.

Krkne Vmdpzkn ,Gizene Deè+ ë e vrkamkre eaenpm m e u}m pma g rmdejkgneamnpg aekz `}re`g}rg

jga Pgn{. Eg zmr eben`gneè vgr mdm ne zmh}nè pmavgreè$ mde mnpre ma `mvrmzzêg m

jgamèe e vmrzmh}á!dg epë e u}erpe pmavgreè$ u}en`g cknedamnpm jgnzmh}m ceder jga Jeramde

eg pmdmcgnm$ Krkne mnpêg jgnpe u}m g rmdejkgneamnpg `gz `gkz pknle ejebe`g$ aez Pgn{ pknle

`grak`g jga e vrkae `mde$ Zsmpdene Ikrkdmnig ,Edde Idkg}ie Zjleccmr+. Eg zebmr `krmpeamnpm

`m }ae prekèêg$ g ejgr`g kavdájkpg mnprm Jeramde m g aerk`g ë u}mbre`g m mde `mjk`m pmraknerg jezeamnpg. Mnprm g përakng jga Krkne m e rmdeèêg zm|}ed jga Zsmpdene$ Pgn{ aenpëa

rmdeèýmz jga Hdgrke Prkddg ,Ennebmdde Zjkgrre+ ne pmrjmkre pmavgreè. G vrgpehgnkzpe e

jgnlmjm ng jgnz}dpúrkg è @re. Amdck$ gn`m e agèe peabëa mre vejkmnpm. Nêg amngz jgnc}zg$

g rmdejkgneamnpg ejebe vgru}m Hdgrke vrmjkze `m aekz epmnèêg$ u}m Pgn{ nêg u}mr èr.

Edh}a pmavg `mvgkz$ mdm `mzjgbrm u}m e agèe zm aepg}. Sedmnpkne De Ve ,Dmzdkm Bmhe+

vezze `m eaenpm `m Redvlkm vere }a rmdejkgneamnpg jga Pgn{ ne u}erpe pmavgreè. Mde ë e

u}m pma amngz `mzpeu}m$ aez peabëa jga }a cka pråhkjg. Eg vrmverer }a oenper vere gvrgpehgnkzpe$ oå ne u}knpe pmavgreè$ gz `gkz ckjea nmrsgzgz jga }a ezz}npg u}m `kzj}pkea m$

eg zm `kzprekr$ mde pma g jgrvg u}mkae`g vmdez jleaez `g cghêg.

@mnprg `m }a jgnpm|pg `m mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè$ sedm æ vmne rmzzedper u}m mzzez a}dlmrmz zêg

e aenmkre `m aenpmr }a pkvg `m vmrzgnehma zmavrm vrmzmnpm ne preae. Ë èè e k`mke `m

kngseèêg vgr zmrma vmzzgez m eprkmz `kcmrmnpmz$ aez ez verpkj}derkè`mz èz vmrzgnehmnz zêg

bezkjeamnpm ez amzaez$ g u}m ce jga u}m g mzvmjpe`gr zekbe m|epeamnpm jgag mdez sêg zmjgavgrper m jgag Pgn{ krå rmehkr eg dkèr jga mdez `}renpm e lkzpúrke.

]a erpkcájkg u}m vrgvgrjkgne eg mzvmjpe`gr e kncgraeèêg zgbrm edh}nz ejgnpmjkamnpgz ë g

ogrned ne vgrpe è jeze `gz Zgvrengz. Vgr amkg èz aenjlmpmz mzpeaveèz ne jeve è

v}bdkjeèêg ë vgzzásmd epë èper gz cepgz m$ eg amzag pmavg$ mzzm mdmamnpg `å vere g vÿbdkjg e

zmnzeèêg$ mzvmreè ma }ae nerrepkse crehamnpeè$ `m vrmskzkbkdkè`m m jgnlmjkamnpg `gz

cepgz. Ë jmrpg u}m$ u}en`g evermjm }ae jmne agzpren`g e mnpreè è aenzêg è ceaádke ng

knájkg `m }a mvkzú`kg$ g mzvmjpe`gr oå zebm u}m Pgn{ sek evermjmr smzpk`g jga }a rg}vêg m

vmher e m`kèêg kavrmzze `g `ke. E rmvmpkèêg `mzzm ejgnpmjkamnpg zkavdmz m|mrjm e c}nèêg `m

án`kjm `m rmjgnlmjkamnpg vere g vÿbdkjg.



0;

Ng vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg è zmh}nè pmavgreè$ Pgn{ rmmnjgnpre V}zz{ u}en`g zek ne r}e vere

vmher g ogrned$ a}èn`g e rmdeèêg mnprm gz eakhgz$ oå u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe `mzjgncke è prekèêg.

Ne pmrjmkre pmavgreè$ gz mvkzú`kgz —Ar. R}hhmrkg}z nmkhlbgrlgg`‑ m —Vrgzlek Dks}zlie‑$ g

ogrned ë }ze`g vere `mk|er jderg$ nez aenjlmpmz g vrgbdmae è brkhe vmdg mzveèg è jgdmpe `m

dk|g m ez jgavdkjeèýmz u}m kzzg ejerrmpe vere gz nmhújkgz `m Pgn{. E pmavgreè zmh}knpm ë

ebmrpe jga Pgn{ kn`g epë e vgrpe vere vmher g ogrned$ jga g knp}kpg `m agzprer vere g vÿbdkjg

g knájkg `m }a ngsg vmrág`g ne zërkm. Oå ne u}knpe pmavgreè$ g cepg zm pgrne aekz

rmvrmzmnpepksg vgkz e jmne agzpre g ogrned ng jlêg zma u}m nknh}ëa g vmh}m$ vgkz Pgn{ mzpå

zmvere`g `m Jeramde m nêg agre aekz ne jeze. M ne zm|pe pmavgreè$ g ogrned ë rmzvgnzåsmd

vmdg mnjgnprg `m Pgn{ jga g}prgz vmrzgnehmnz ngz mvkzú`kgz 56 m 50 m ë }ze`g jgagmzprepëhke vere rmpgaer g pmavg vrmzmnpm evúz }a cdezlbeji u}m knkjke g mvkzú`kg 5:.

M|kzpma peabëa dgjekz mzvmjáckjgz u}m zêg vedjgz `gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz ma pgèz ez

pmavgreèz. E jeze `gz Zgvrengz ë zmavrm e amzae m evermjm ma pg`gz gz mvkzú`kgz. E

rmzk`ïnjke `m Dkske Zgvreng$ u}m ckje vere Oenkjm evúz e agrpm è aêm m `mvgkz ë rmcÿhkg vere

Pgn{ `}renpm g `ksúrjkg `m Jeramde$ peabëa ë dgjeèêg gn`m ejgnpmjma cepgz kavgrpenpmz$

jgag e agrpm `m Rkjlkm Evrkdm. E bgepm Beè Bknh$ eàknkzpreè vgr Zkdskg$ ë }zeè jgagcejleè vere nmhgjkeèýmz kdmhekz$ bma jgag g eèg}h}m —Zeprkedm‛z‑$ u}m knjd}zksm pma }a

mzjrkpúrkg mzjgn`k`g epråz `g bedjêg `m smnèz. Jgag oå cgk jgnjd}á`g ng púvkjg zgbrm

mzpr}p}reèêg `gz mvkzú`kgz$ g jgnz}dpúrkg è @re. Amdck ë }a `gz vrknjkvekz d}hermz u}m

vrgsgje e rmvmpkèêg$ vgkz nmdm ejgnpmjma ez jgnz}dpez u}m —`ksk`ma‑ g mvkzú`kg ma z}e

mzpr}p}re ck|e. Vg`ma zmr `mzpeje`gz eknè g Rmzpe}renpm Smzÿskg$ crmu}mnpe`g vgr pgèz ez

vmrzgnehmnz m g vgrêg è jeze `gz Zgvrengz$ gn`m zêg cmkpez jgnsmrzez rmzmrseèz zgbrm

nmhújkgz$ zma vmrkhg `m zmrma mzj}pe`gz.

Edh}nz pmaez zêg jgnzpenpmz ma Plm Zgvrengz$ rmedken`g mzze k`mnpkckjeèêg `g mzvmjpe`gr m

eaerren`g ez zmkz pmavgreèz. E vrkamkre pmavgreè ë aerjeè vmde agrpm `g epë mnpêg jlmcm

è aåcke `m Nmx Omrzm{$ Oejikm Evrkdm vgr }a jânjmr ng u}erpg mvkzú`kg. Ng mvkzú`kg gkpg è

zmh}nè pmavgreè$ Jlrkzpgvlmr ë sápkae `m }a epmnpe`g vgr verpm `m `gkz zgdè`gz `m vgzpg

amngr u}m u}mrma agzprer zmrskèg. G ngng mvkzú`kg jgamèe jga g vmrzgnehma ng lgzvkped m$

u}en`g mdm sgdpe è enmzpmzke m `m }ae m|vmrkïnjke `m agrpm jmrmbred vgr edh}nz akn}pgz$ g

ezz}npg ë ngseamnpm ebgrè`g jga }ae skzêg èè vgr mdm zgbrm jgag ë g —g}prg de`g‑.

Eknè nmzze pmavgreè$ `gkz jezgz m|khma u}m gz agrpgz zmoea `mzjerpe`gz m$ vgrpenpg$ nêg



=6

lå smdúrkg g} mnpmrrg. Rkjlkm Evrkdm ë agrpg `}renpm }a epeu}m `m rekse `m Oenkjm m V}zz{

Bgnvmnzkmrg ë agrpg vgr Pgn{$ Zkdskg m Ve}dkm eg zmr `mzjgbmrpg jgag kncgraenpm `g CBK.

E pmrjmkre pmavgreè ë aerjeè vmde agrpm u}m pedsm zmoe e aekz vgdïakje m rmdmsenpm ne

zërkm. Dkske Zgvreng agrrm `msk`g e vrgbdmaez `m zeÿ`m `mjgrrmnpmz è kè`m m dmse jgnzkhg

pg`g g vmzg u}m vrgsgjese ma jkae `g vrgpehgnkzpe. Ejgnpmjm mnpêg }ae `kzj}zzêg zgbrm gz

vrgjm`kamnpgz e zmrma pgae`gz ma rmdeèêg eg jgrvg m ë cmkpg }a smdúrkg$ rmpgaen`g e

pre`kèêg `g u}m ë cmkpg jga gz agrpgz vgr je}zez nep}rekz ne ceaádke. G}prez `}ez agrpmz u}m

`msma zmr mnjgbmrpez ejgnpmjma nmzze pmavgreè. Oejikm Evrkdm Or. pma u}m zmr mdkakne`g vgr

je}zer vrgbdmaez eg u}mrmr zm knzmrkr ne aåcke m e eaenpm `m Redvlkm$ Prejmm ,Erkmd Ikdm{+$ ë

mzvenjeè epë e agrpm vgr nêg u}mrmr ebgrper g ckdlg u}m pmrke `mdm.

Pgn{ nêg jgnprgde zm} pmavmreamnpg ne u}erpe pmavgreè m mzvenje Redvlkm vgr agpksgz

vmzzgekz u}m jea}cdea e reêg vrgckzzkgned `m pmr u}m aeper }a `gz zm}z jevkpêmz aekz

rmnpåsmkz vgr mdm je}zer a}kpgz vrgbdmaez. Nmzzm jezg$ peabëa zêg `kzvmnzeèz ez

zgdmnkè`mz `m `mzvm`kè.

Jeraknm D}vmrpek ë g vmrzgnehma u}m agrrm ne u}knpe pmavgreè vgr je}zez nep}rekz. Majgncdkpgz mnprm ez `}ez cejèýmz è aåcke$ Ogm Vmmvz ,Ogm Aer}g+ ë ezzezzkne`g$ premn`g

aekz }ae sm e agrpm jgag pmaåpkje ne pmavgreè nÿamrg jknjg. Jgag rmpedkeèýmz$ }ae

zërkm `m g}prgz ezzezzknepgz ejgnpmjm knjd}zksm g `m Pgn{ B$ u}m ë agrpg vmdez aêgz `g

vrgpehgnkzpe.

Ne zm|pe pmavgreè g jgrpm `gz deègz jga Jlrkzpgvlmr ë cmkpg vmdg vrúvrkg Pgn{$ }ae sm u}m

zm} vgzzásmd z}jmzzgr sgdpe e zm mnsgdsmr jga `rghez m nêg pgae rmzvgnzebkdkè`mz vere zk.Mzzm ezzezzknepg nêg ë pk`g jgag ped$ }ae sm u}m$ `mvgkz `m mnsgdsk`g ma }a ejk`mnpm `m

jerrg jga g zgbrknlg$ g vrgpehgnkzpe nêg g eo}è e zekr èz cmrrehmnz `g jerrg m g z}cgje enpmz

`m jleaer g zgjgrrg. Jlrkzpgvlmr mnpêg ë smde`g m mnpmrre`g zma u}m nknh}ëa rmedamnpm

zekbe g u}m zm vezzg}.

Ezzka jgag e agrpm$ ez zgdmnkè`mz rmdepksez e mzzm ejgnpmjkamnpg peabëa zêg crmuômnpmz ne

zërkm$ zmavrm jga jmnez u}m pma eabkmnpeèêg a}kpg vermjkè$ agzpren`g }ae zede mzj}re

jga vrepkjeamnpm pg`gz gz amabrgz èz ceaádkez rm}nk`gz vmrpg `m }a jek|êg. Aez gz

smdúrkgz m mnpmrrgz peabëa zmrsma jgag vedjg `m mnjgnprgz `m nmhújkgz$ jgag ng smdúrkg `m

Jeraknm D}vmrpek$ gn`m zêg rm}nk`gz amabrgz è aåcke `m Nmx [gri m Nmx Omrzm{. E



=5

eabkmnpeèêg è jmne ë e amzae `gz g}prgz smdúrkgz m mzzm mzvmjkckjeamnpm ë rg`me`g vmde

u}mzpêg z}jmzzúrke `g vg`mr ma Nmx [gri$ g u}m ce jga u}m z}roea gz ezz}npgz

rmdejkgne`gz e nmhújkgz mnprm gz vrmzmnpmz. G}prg m|mavdg ë g smdúrkg `m Cmbb{$ pkg `m

Jeramde$ jmne u}m ne smrè`m agzpre g rmhkzprg è zgdmnkè`m vmde agrpm jga g knp}kpg `m

rmhkzprer e mnpreè `g vmrzgnehma Rgbmrp Bejjedkmrk Zr$ g vek `m Bgbb{ Bejjedkmrk$ u}m

jgavermjm eg smdúrkg. Oå ngz mnpmrrgz$ ë jga}a e vrmzmnèe `m ehmnpmz `g CBK$ u}m jgavermjm

egz msmnpgz vere pkrer cgpgz m rmhkzprer e verpkjkveèêg `gz amabrgz è aåcke. G mnpmrrg `m

Oejikm Evrkdm$ dghg ngz vrkamkrgz mvkzú`kgz è zërkm$ agzpre gz ehmnpmz pkrea sårkez cgpgz m

mzvmj}dea zgbrm u}ma zmrå g ngsg jlmcm ma Nmx Omrzm{$ g amzag ejgnpmjm ne jmrkaðnke `m

`mzvm`kè `m Ogm Vmmvz ng jmakpërkg$ peabëa rmhkzpre`g vmdgz ehmnpmz cm`mrekz ngrpm

eamrkjengz.

E jkpeèêg `m rmvrmzmnpeèýmz è j}dp}re ápedg!eamrkjene ë aekz }a `gz mdmamnpgz u}m kn`kjea

e rmvmpkèêg `mnprg è mzpr}p}re è zërkm. Ez kakpeèýmz `g vmrzgnehma vrknjkved `m G Vg`mrgzg

Jlmcêg cmkpez vgr Zkdskg zêg z}e aerje rmhkzpreè m ejgnpmjma rmvmpkèz smmz$ bma jgag g

vrúvrkg ckdam ë jkpe`g ma `ksmrzgz agamnpgz è zërkm$ vrknjkvedamnpm ma jgavereèýmz `gz

ejgnpmjkamnpgz jknmaepghråckjgz jga e —rmedkè`m‑ `m Pgn{ m zm}z eakhgz. G}prg ckdam u}m

rmprepe e aåcke m ë }ze`g krgnkjeamnpm ë —@gnnkm Brezjg‑$ u}en`g Jlrkzpgvlmr ë jgavere`geg vmrzgnehma vrknjkved u}m `å ngam eg dgnhe amprehma. E aÿzkje ápedg!eamrkjene peabëa

ë mdmamnpg jgnzpenpmamnpm amnjkgne`g$ mnprm mdmz$ Creni Zknepre ,j}oe ckdle ce knjd}zksm

}ae everkèêg ng mvkzú`kg 53 è ÿdpkae pmavgreè ep}en`g jgag mde amzae+$ Crenikm Seddm{$

Plm Rezjedz m Bgn Ogsk.

Edëa `kzzg$ zêg crmu}mnpmamnpm dmsenpe`gz jgncdkpgz rmdejkgne`gz eg z}vgzpg vrmjgnjmkpg

jgnpre gz ápedg!eamrkjengz ngz Mzpe`gz ]nk`gz. Ma `kzj}zzêg jga g aerk`g$ ng u}erpgmvkzú`kg è pmrjmkre pmavgreè$ e @re. Amdck `mbepm zgbrm gz mzpmrmúpkvgz jrke`gz vmdgz

eamrkjengz rmdejkgne`gz egz kpedkengz$ zmavrm gz jerejpmrken`g jgag jrkakngzgz m aeckgzgz.

G mvkzú`kg —Jlrkzpgvlmr‑ hkre ma pgrng è pmnpepkse `m jenjmdeamnpg è cmzpe `m Jrkzpúsêg

Jgdgabg u}m zmavrm ejgnpmjm ma Nmx Omrzm{$ `msk`g æ erh}amnpeèêg `m }ae jga}nkè`m

kn`áhmne `m u}m g jgnzk`mre`g lmrúk kpedkeng mre$ ne smrè`m$ }a ezzezzkng. Ng `mjgrrmr `g

jeváp}dg$ ë `kzj}pkè aekz }ae sm e u}mzpêg `m jgag g zmnzg jga}a o}dhe gz ápedg!

eamrkjengz m Pgn{ pmrakne `kmn`g vere Zkdskg u}m e e}pg mzpkae `mdmz nêg `msmrke skr `m

Jgdgabg$ g} `m rmprepeèýmz ma ckdamz jgag G Vg`mrgzg Jlmcêg$ aez zka vmdg u}m mdmz

jgnu}kzperea.



=2

G}prg jgzp}am ápedg!eamrkjeng u}m zm rmvmpm jga crmuôïnjke zêg ez cmzpez ceakdkermz$ ma z}e

aekgrke$ rmdejkgneèz jga hren`mz rmcmkèýmz. E jgakè$ ma hmred$ ë evrmzmnpeè `ksmrzez

smmz ne zërkm. Ez rm}nkýmz è aåcke$ bma jgag e `kzj}zzêg `m ezz}npgz kavgrpenpmz è skè

verpkj}der `g vrgpehgnkzpe jga z}e ceaádke$ ejgnpmjma `}renpm edagègz g} oenpermz gn`m pg`gz

zm }nma ma sgdpe è amze. G aekz rmjgrrmnpm ë g jleae`g vmdez vmrzgnehmnz `m —oenper `m

`gaknhg‑ u}m ngraedamnpm ejgnpmjm ne jeze `gz Zgvrengz$ rm}nkn`g gz amabrgz vrknjkvekz

`g nÿjdmg ceakdker ma jeè pmavgreè. Zgamnpm `}renpm g vmrág`g `m zmvereèêg `m Pgn{ m

Jeramde$ ng amkg è u}knpe pmavgreè$ ë u}m gz pre`kjkgnekz oenpermz ejgnpmjma ma dgjekz

`kcmrmnpmz$ aez zmavrm b}zjen`g rm}nkr }ae verjmde vmu}mne `gz ceakdkermz aekz vrú|kagz.

@}renpm z}ez jgnz}dpez jga e vzku}kepre$ g vrgpehgnkzpe rmjgrrmnpmamnpm cede zgbrm Her{

Jggvmr m zm} omkpg cgrpm m zkdmnjkgzg ,—plm zprgnh zkdmnp p{vm‑+. Her{ Jggvmr cgk }a epgr ngrpm

eamrkjeng jgnlmjk`g vgr zm} mzpkdg u}kmpg m jgavrmmnzksg edëa `m mzpúkjg$ kn`ksk`}edkzpe m

magjkgnedamnpm jgnpk`g. G u}mzpkgneamnpg `m Pgn{ ë zmavrm g u}m ejgnpmjm} jga mzzm pkvg

`m hmnpm$ }ae sm u}m zú jgnzmh}m smr vmzzgez jgrrmn`g vere j}avrkr ez permcez `g `ke e `ke m

ckjen`g nmrsgzez. Mzze gbzmrseèêg ë cmkpe vmde vmrzgnehma vrknjkved knjd}zksm vere zm rmcmrkr e

zk amzag. @msk`g e z}ez m|vdgzýmz `m rekse$ Pgn{ jgnzk`mre u}m$ vere gz nmhújkgz$ zmrkeamdlgr u}m mdm pksmzzm mzzez jerejpmrázpkjez `kzjrmpez m nêg `magnzprezzma z}e krrkpeèêg m

knzepkzceèêg jga gz g}prgz$ vere vg`mr z}rvrmmn`ï!dgz ng c}p}rg.

G —zprgnh$ zkdmnp p{vm‑ ë rmkpmre`g vmdg vrgpehgnkzpe ng vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg è vrkamkre

pmavgreè$ eg ceder `m zk amzag$ rmvmpk`g ng zm|pg mvkzú`kg è zmh}nè pmavgreè eg cemr

nmhújkgz jga }a vek `m ceaádke skjke`g ma oghg$ jgnzk`mre`g vgr Pgn{ jgag }a lgama u}m

pma mzzez jerejpmrázpkjez. Ne u}erpe pmavgreè$ mdm jkpe g amzag mzpkdg `m lgama eg cederjga Zkdskg zgbrm jgag gz ápedg!eamrkjengz `msmrkea ehkr jgnpre g vrmjgnjmkpg ng pmrjmkrg

mvkzú`kg m ne u}knpe pmavgreè ë }ze`g jgag erh}amnpg `m Pgn{ eg dkèr jga g grkmnpe`gr

mzjgder `m EO. —Plm zprgnh zkdmnp p{vm‑ ë eknè páp}dg `g mvkzú`kg 56 è u}erpe pmavgreè$ ng

u}ed g vrgpehgnkzpe rmcdmpm zgbrm z}e m|vdgzêg `m rekse eg aeper Redvlkm Jkcermppg m ë cmkpe

}ae jgavereèêg$ ne zmu}ïnjke ckned `g mvkzú`kg$ mnprm Pgn{ m C}rkg jga jmnez u}m agzprea

zm}z jgavgrpeamnpgz eg cka `g `ke. Mnu}enpg C}rkg pma g mzpkdg `m skè prenu}kdg m ce z}ez

vrúvrkez permcez ma jeze$ Pgn{ `mvmn`m u}m e mzvgze `mk|m jgakè vrgnpe vere mdm m nêg pma

vejkïnjke ma cemr jgkzez zgknlg.



=:

]ae ÿdpkae mzprepëhke ne b}zje vmde ngskè`m ne mzpr}p}re crehamnpeè ë e knzmrèêg `m ngsgz

vmrzgnehmnz. Ez mzvmjkckjeèýmz `m jeè vmrzgnehma knzmrkè zmrêg prepeèz ne vrú|kae

zmzzêg$ eg `kzj}pkragz g vevmd `gz enpehgnkzpez. Aez e c}nèêg è knjd}zêg `m ngsgz

verpkjkvenpmz ne preae ë m|epeamnpm e kngseèêg. E jeè pmavgreè z}rhma ngsez vmrzgnehmnz

u}m vrgsgjea ng vÿbdkjg e m|vmjpepkse `m a}ènèez ng `mjgrrmr `m }ae ngse cezm. G u}m

`msm ckjer jderg$ ng mnpenpg$ ë u}m mzzez vmrzgnehmnz zêg mzpr}p}reèz `mnprg `m }a ve`rêg

zma serkeèýmz m$ e}|kdkea ne jgnpkn}kè`m è nerrepkse$ vgrëa zma a}èr zm} r}ag

`mcknkpkseamnpm.

0.= E }nkè`m `gz crehamnpgz

Ma Plm Zgvrengz$ gz vrkamkrgz mvkzú`kgz `m jeè pmavgreè zêg mdebgre`gz vere rmedker e

c}nèêg `m knprg`}èêg `g pmavg ma u}m e lkzpúrke mzpå ejgnpmjmn`g m u}ed ë e zkp}eèêg èz

vmrzgnehmnz nmzzm jgnpm|pg. Mzzmz mvkzú`kgz mnpêg$ zêg mzpr}p}re`gz `m cgrae `kcmrmnjkeè$

jga edh}nz erpkcájkgz u}m gz k`mnpkckjea jgag mvkzú`kgz mzvmjáckjgz. Edëa `kzzg$ mdmz zmrsma

`m henjlg vere rmpgaer gz ejgnpmjkamnpgz è pmavgreè zmu}mnjkedamnpm enpmrkgr m zkp}er g

mzvmjpe`gr ejmrje `g u}m mzpå ejgnpmjmn`g neu}mdm mzveèg pmavgred.

Ma —Vkdgp‑$ g vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg è vrkamkre pmavgreè$ e zërkm ë vrepkjeamnpm evrmzmnpeè

jgag }a pg`g. Ë mzpebmdmjk`g g pkvg `m rmdeèêg `g vrgpehgnkzpe jga e @re. Amdck$ jga

Jlrkzpgvlmr$ jga e mzvgze m gz ckdlgz$ edëa `m agzprer zkp}eèýmz u}m zmrêg jgnzpenpmz `}renpm

pgèz ez pmavgreèz$ jgag gz epeu}mz `m vânkjg `m Pgn{$ ez brkhez `m ceaádke m e m|kzpïnjke

`m eaenpmz. G}prg vgnpg u}m ckje jderg ë g u}e`rg `mvrmzzksg `m Pgn{ m z}e cgrae `m

jgnpmzpeèêg èz epkp}`mz èz vmzzgez u}m$ vere mdm$ `msmrkea zmr jgag Her{ Jggvmr$ }a pkvg

zkdmnjkgzg m cgrpm m eg amzag pmavg zm sï jgag }a —vedleèg prkzpm‑ zmn`g }a pkvg `m vmzzgevere e zgjkmè`m m g}prg `mnprg `m zk amzag.

E zmh}nè pmavgreè }ze g erpkcájkg è aÿzkje ma zm} mvkzú`kg knkjked vere jgnpm|p}edker e

zkp}eèêg ep}ed `m jeè vmrzgnehma ne preae$ agzpren`g jmnez `m jeè }a `mdmz ma

rmzvmjpksez eèýmz u}m `mk|ea jderez e jgn`kèêg `m jeè }a$ mnu}enpg pgje Creni Zknepre. G

mvkzú`kg mnpêg zm `mzmnsgdsm jga ejgnpmjkamnpgz `ksmrzgz u}m oå `mk|ea m|vdájkpgz gz

vmrzgnehmnz u}m zmrêg aekz cgje`gz `}renpm e pmavgreè$ jgag V}zz{ Bgnvmnzkmrg ,Sknjmnp

Vezpgrm+ m Oenkjm.



=0

G mvkzú`kg —Ar. R}hhmrkg}z nmkhlbgrlgg`‑$ hkre ma pgrng `m }a cepg vrknjkved ,}ae

gvmreèêg `g CBK vere jgdgjer mzj}pe ne jeze `gz Zgvrengz+ vere m|vgr kn`krmpeamnpm g

jgnpm|pg `m jeè vmrzgnehma ne pmrjmkre pmavgreè è zërkm. Eg amzag pmavg ma u}m agzpre

g jgpk`keng è jeze è ceaádke Zgvreng ,knsmzpkhe`g vmdg CBK vere jgnzmh}krma mnprer m

knzpeder }a akjrgcgnm `m mzj}pe+$ ez eèýmz `g `ke e `ke knjd}ma gz g}prgz vmrzgnehmnz u}m zêg

rmevrmzmnpe`gz ma z}ez jgno}np}rez `m agamnpg$ jgag rm}nkêg è aåcke gn`m Vepz{ Verkzk

dmabre `g kraêg agrpg m knjgagè Pgn{$ EO c}aen`g aejgnle$ Jeramde oghen`g pïnkz jga

E`rkene m Ame`gx ne cej}dè`m. E aÿzkje$ nmzzm mvkzú`kg aerje gz agamnpgz `m ep}eèêg

`g CBK `mnprg è jeze$ jrken`g z}zvmnzm.

G vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg è u}erpe pmavgreè jgamèe jgag zm Jeramde dmzzm }ae ngpájke `m ogrned vere g mzvmjpe`gr. Mde cede zgbrm prgje `m cesgrmz mnprm jgamrjkenpmz m vgdápkjgz ,vråpkje

jga}a mnprm gz amabrgz è aåcke ma z}ez nmhgjkeèýmz+. E aÿzkje ë aekz }ae sm }pkdkeè$

mnu}enpg Pgn{ sek epë e vgrpe è crmnpm vmher g ogrned. Egz vg}jgz$ g mvkzú`kg agzpre gz

vmrzgnehmnz ma z}ez rmzvmjpksez c}nèýmz m eèýmz ng knájkg `m }ae ngse cezm. Vere mnjmrrer m

agzprer u}m mzpå knkjkeè }ae ngse mpeve$ e amzae aÿzkje `g jgamèg cknedke g mvkzú`kg

jga e kaehma `m }ae ngpe `m `úder u}m Jlrkzpgvlmr rg}bg} u}en`g ejmrpe ez jgnpez jga g

lgama u}m aepg} zm} vek.

Ma —Plm pxg Pgn{z‑ e prkdle zgngre ë }zeè vere u}m g vrkamkrg jeváp}dg è u}knpe pmavgreè

agzprm$ vgr amkg `m }ae vengrâakje è jeze `gz Zgvrengz$ ez a}ènèez u}m edk ejgnpmjmrea

`mz`m e zmvereèêg `m Jeramde m Pgn{. ]a vrghreae `m pmdmskzêg zgbrm e dkbmrpeèêg `m edh}nz

amabrgz è aåcke `mk|e jderg vere g mzvmjpe`gr g z}rhkamnpg `m ngsgz vmrzgnehmnz ne

preae. G ckdam Plm Vrknjm gc Pk`mz ë }ze`g vere dmabrer Pgn{ è z}e rmdeèêg eben`gneè

jga e @re. Amdck u}m ë rmpgaeè nmzzm mvkzú`kg.

Vgr cka$ e zm|pe pmavgreè }ze è aÿzkje m }a pm|pg zgbrm ez zmpm edaez vgzp}deèz vmdgz

enpkhgz mhávjkgz. E `mzjrkèêg `m jeè }ae `mzzez edaez mnjek|e jga ez kaehmnz `gz

vmrzgnehmnz ma z}ez c}nèýmz m jgpk`keng nmzzm vgnpg è preae. Vere cknedker$ g mvkzú`kg

`mk|e }a henjlg mngram$ u}m ë prebedlg `}renpm pgè e pmavgreè$ ne jmne ma u}m O}nkgr

epkre ma Pgn{$ pmgrkjeamnpm `msk`g e jgnc}zýmz amnpekz.

Ne b}zje vgr edjenèer zm} gbompksg$ g vrgpehgnkzpe vezzerå vgr zkp}eèýmz `m jgncdkpg u}m zêg

jgncrgnpgz mnprm cgrèez m vmrzgnehmnz jga g}prez vmrzgnehmnz ,cgrèe l}aene+$ jga e



==

nep}rme g} g}prgz gbzpåj}dgz ,cgrèez nêg!l}aenez+ g} eknè jgnzkhg amzae ,cgrèe knpmrne+.

G gbompksg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng vg`m zmr `mdknme`g jgag jgnu}kzper m aenpmr zm} vgzpg `m jlmcm

è grhenkeèêg jrkakngze `m Nmx Omrzm{ jgnlmjkè jgag aåcke. Ma hmred$ g vrgpehgnkzpe mzpå

zmavrm ma jgncdkpg jga mdm amzag$ ë mzze }ae èz aekgrmz reýmz vere ez jgnz}dpez m

jgnsmrzez jga e @re. Amdck. Aez e cgrae aekz msk`mnpm `mzzmz jgncdkpgz ne zërkm zêg

agpkseèýmz m|pmrnez$ rmvrmzmnpeèz vmdgz enpehgnkzpez knzmrk`gz ma jeè }ae èz pmavgreèz.

O}nkgr m Dkske Zgvreng zêg rmzvgnzåsmkz vmdgz mavmjkdlgz ng jeaknlg `m Pgn{ `}renpm ez

`}ez vrkamkrez pmavgreèz. E aêm `g vrgpehgnkzpe ë jgnprgde`gre m aenkv}de`gre m }ze `m

jlenpehma magjkgned vere jgnzmh}kr g u}m u}mr. @mvgkz `m zmr knpmrneè ma }a ezkdg$ mde

`mzjgbrm u}m g dgjed ë }ze`g vere mnjgnprgz `m nmhújkgz `m Pgn{ zma u}m O}nkgr zekbe. Majgnsmrzez jez}ekz jga O}nkgr$ mde `mk|e mzjever e kncgraeèêg zgbrm mzze mzprepëhke `m Pgn{ m$

kn`krmpeamnpm$ g knjmnpkse e mnjgamnèr g ezzezzknepg `g vrúvrkg ckdlg. Ezzka$ Dkske ë }a

mnpresm vere Pgn{ edjenèer e z}e vgzkèêg jgag jlmcm `m cepg è aåcke ma Nmx Omrzm{ zma pmr

vrgbdmaez jga O}nkgr m g pkg ë }a vrgbdmae$ vgkz vrmcmrm smr g zgbrknlg agrpg e vezzer g

vg`mr e mdm. G}prg vmrzgnehma u}m sek jgnpre g gbompksg `m Pgn{ ma zm jgnzgdkèr jgag

jlmcm ë V}zz{ Bgnvmnzkmrg$ }a `gz amdlgrmz eakhgz `g vrgpehgnkzpe u}m ë vmhg vmdg CBK$ ng

`ëjkag vrkamkrg mvkzú`kg è vrkamkre pmavgreè$ jga `rghez m eraez m ejebe cemn`g }aejgr`g$ skre kncgraenpm m `mzevermjm. @}renpm pgè e zmh}nè pmavgreè mdm `å kncgraeèýmz

zgbrm ez epkskè`mz kdájkpez rmedkeèz vgr Pgn{ m ë `mzjgbmrpg jgag prek`gr ng ÿdpkag

jeváp}dg.

Oå ne zmh}nè pmavgreè$ zêg knzmrk`gz Rkjlkm Evrkdm m Oejikm Evrkdm Or. Rkjlkm ë kraêg `g

cedmjk`g jlmcm$ Oejikm Evrkdm m ejebe `m zekr è vrkzêg$ jgbren`g `krmkpgz `m a}kpgz engz epråz.

Vere jgamèer$ ng pmrjmkrg mvkzú`kg è zmh}nè pmavgreè$ mdm sek jgbrer vrgvkne `m }armzpe}renpm u}m nêg ë aekz z}e årme `m jgnprgdm$ }ae sm u}m mdm mzpmsm ecezpe`g vgr a}kpg

pmavg. Mnpêg$ mdm }ze skgdïnjke jgnpre Bmenzkm ,Ve}d Lmraen+ eakhg m vehe`gr `m pe|ez vere

Pgn{. Oejikm Evrkdm Or. ë ckdlg `m Oejikm Evrkdm m zm knpmrmzze ma pmr mnsgdskamnpg jga g

jrkam grhenke`g. Pgn{ vrgampm} eg eakhg m enpkhg jlmcm è aåcke u}m nêg `mk|erke u}m g

reve zmh}kzzm mzzm jeaknlg m vrmjkze d}per jgnpre e rmbmd`ke m pmkagzke `m Oeikm Or. Ezzka$

mzzez `}ez vmrzgnehmnz zm pgrnea }a vrgbdmae vere e lmhmagnke `g vg`mr ehgre oå

jgnzgdkè`g `m Pgn{ ,`mz`m u}m O}nkgr cgk vere e je`mke m mdm cgk vrgagsk`g e jlmcm `m cepg+.



=3

Redvlkm Jkcermppg ë g enpehgnkzpe u}m evermjm ne pmrjmkre pmavgreè$ jga ep}eèêg mzpmn`kè

epë e u}erpe. @mz`m u}m evermjm ng zmh}n`g mvkzú`kg$ Redvlkm oå mzpå mnsgdsk`g jga

vrgbdmaez rmdejkgne`gz æ h}mrre vmde vgzzm èz rgpez `m rmjgdlkamnpg `m dk|g. Aekz }ae sm g

jgncdkpg zm `å vmde `mzgbm`kïnjke æz ngraez è aåcke m jgnzmuômnpm u}mzpkgneamnpg `g vg`mr

`m Pgn{ jgag jlmcm. Redvlkm eknè jrke zkp}eèýmz u}m kncd}mnjkea g vrgpehgnkzpe

vmzzgedamnpm jgag e ehrmzzêg cázkje jga agrpm `m Prejmm ,}ae èz ènèerknez eaenpm `m

Redvlkm$ jgnzk`mreè kngjmnpm vgr Pgn{+ m g `mzjezg jga e ëh}e `m jgrrkè V{m!g!a{$

eù}krkè vgr Redvlkm m vmde u}ed Pgn{ zm ecmkège.

E`rkene De Jmrse pma vevmd u}ezm `mzvmrjmbk`g `}renpm pgè e zërkm$ epë g ckned è u}erpe

pmavgreè. Nmzzm agamnpg$ mde zm mnsgdsm ma pråckjg `m `rghez ne jeze ngp}rne u}meàknkzpre m ejebe nmhgjken`g z}e dkbmrè`m ma prgje `m kncgraeèýmz zgbrm ez rmdeèýmz `m

nmhújkgz mnprm Jlrkzpgvlmr m g jrkam grhenke`g. Epë g ckned è u}knpe pmavgreè$ e

vmrzgnehma jgnpkn}e zmn`g kncgraenpm$ u}en`g rmzgdsm jgnper e smrè`m vere Jlrkzpgvlmr$ ng

mvkzú`kg —Dgnh pmra veriknh‑ rmvrmzmnpen`g }a vmrkhg maknmnpm vere e aåcke m$

mzvmjkedamnpm vere Pgn{.

Pgn{ Bd}n`mppg m Cmmjl De Aenne zema è vrkzêg m sgdpea eg jgnsáskg jga g jrkamgrhenke`g ne u}knpe pmavgreè m gz `gkz zm pgrnea `kckj}dè`mz vere e lmhmagnke `m Pgn{

ng jgaen`g è aåcke$ ng amzag zmnpk`g `m Rkjlkm Evrkdm. Vgr pmrma ckje`g a}kpg pmavg

dgnhm `gz nmhújkgz$ mdmz jgamèea e cemr rmu}kzkèýmz ebz}rèz m e ehkr jgncgram rmhrez

skhmnpmz e a}kpgz engz epråz. Cmmjl zm mnjek|e ne vrkamkre gvèêg m `mzmoe errmjeèr aekz

`knlmkrg `g u}m dlm ë jgnjm`k`g$ knpmrcmrkn`g ne årme jgaenèè vgr Ve}dkm H}edpkmrk. Evmzer

`gz edmrpez è`gz vmdg vrgpehgnkzpe$ mdm knzkzpm ma `mzgbm`mjmr$ jrken`g gbzpåj}dgz vere Pgn{.

G vrkag Pgn{ B$ vgr g}prg de`g$ nêg je}ze vrgbdmaez cknenjmkrgz m zka vgr zm mnsgdsmr jgam|mj}èýmz kn`mskèz zgdkjkpeèz vmdgz amabrgz è aåcke `m Nmx [gri. ]ae èz jgn`kèýmz

vere u}m Pgn{ edjenjm zm} gbompksg `m gj}ver g vgzpg `m jlmcm `mnprg èz ngraez ë }a bga

rmdejkgneamnpg jga ez g}prez ceaádkez$ g u}m ë vmrp}rbe`g vgr Pgn{ B. u}en`g ejmkpe aeper

Ogm Vmmvz m zm mnsgdsm ne h}mrre `m z}jmzzêg `m Nmx [gri zma agpksgz. Edëa `kzzg$ Pgn{ B

peabëa ë rmzvgnzåsmd vgr }a jgncdkpg knpmrng `g vrgpehgnkzpe u}m zm zmnpm j}dve`g vgr nêg

pmr jgnzmh}k`g zedser g vrkag `m zmr vrmzg ne ëvgje ma u}m mrea ogsmnz.

Vlkd Dmgper`g peabëa ë knzmrk`g ng nÿjdmg `m vmrzgnehmnz è zërkm evúz zekr è je`mke

`}renpm e u}knpe pmavgreè. Vgrëa$ z}e ep}eèêg jgag enpehgnkzpe ë aekz jdere m knpmnze ne



=8

ÿdpkae pmavgreè. Ë eá u}m mdm ep}e jgag jlmcm ma m|mrjájkg è aåcke `m Nmx [gri$ }ae sm

u}m Oglnn{ Zeji mzpå vrmzg m mdm rmvezze ez gr`mnz m pgae edh}aez `mjkzýmz. Vgr zmr rmprepe`g

jgag }a lgama henenjkgzg m sknhepksg `mz`m z}e vrkamkre everkèêg$ mdm `mjdere e h}mrre

mnprm ez `}ez cejèýmz è aåcke$ u}m sek cemr jga u}m Pgn{ m zm}z jgavenlmkrgz pmnlea u}m

zm mzjgn`mr vere vrmzmrser z}ez skèz. Ezzka$ Vlkd rmvrmzmnpe }ae eameèe æ eàknkzpreèêg `m

Pgn{ jgag jlmcm$ bma jgag e pg`g g mzu}mae mzpr}p}red è ceaádke `m Nmx Omrzm{.

Ma pg`gz gz jezgz$ e zgd}èêg mnjgnpreè vere eu}mdmz u}m zm jgdgjea ng jeaknlg `m Pgn{

Zgvrengz ë e mdkakneèêg. E aekgrke ë ezzezzkneè vere u}m nêg eprevedlm aekz e aen}pmnèêg

`g vg`mr `g jlmcm m jgnzmu}mnpmamnpm pgè e mzpr}p}re `g jrkam grhenke`g jgaenè`g vgr

mdm. Ezzka$ jga e rmpgaeè èz zkp}eèýmz ngz vrkamkrgz mvkzú`kgz m jgnzmu}mnpm `mzcmjlg`mdez ngz zmezgnz cknedmz$ ez lkzpúrkez kn`mvmn`mnpmz `m jeè mvkzú`kg zm }nma$ cgraen`g

pmavgreèz knpmrdkheèz u}m$ vgr z}e sm$ cema verpm è }nkè`m mzpr}p}red u}m jgavým e

preae jgag }ae lkzpúrke zú.



=<

= JGNZK@MREÈÝMZ CKNEKZ

Jga g knp}kpg `m jgavrmmn`mr g evermnpm vere`g|g è m|kzpïnjke `m }nkè`m ne mzpr}p}re

crehamnpårke è zërkm Plm Zgvrengz$ mzpm prebedlg agnghråckjg enedkzg} edh}aez

jerejpmrázpkjez èz vrg`}èýmz pmdmskzksez m e cgrae jgag zêg `mzmnsgdskèz ng gbompg `m

mzp}`g mzjgdlk`g.

Cgk enedkze`g mnpêg$ g `mzmnsgdskamnpg `m Pgn{ Zgvreng jgag vgzzásmd vmrzgnehma mzcërkje$

g} rm`gnè m z}e kncd}ïnjke vere e jgnzpr}èêg `m }ae nerrepkse }nkpårke. G u}m zm vg`m

gbzmrser ë u}m g vrgpehgnkzpe ë }ae vmrzgnkckjeèêg èz jerejpmrázpkjez è mzpr}p}re

zmrked'zmrkeè mzp}èè. Z}e jgnzpr}èêg zm `å `m cgrae u}m$ eg amzag pmavg$ agzprea}ènèez mcïamrez e jeè pmavgreè$ aez$ ne smrè`m$ ë aenpk`g }a ve`rêg `m

jgavgrpeamnpg k`mnpkckje`g vmdg vÿbdkjg u}m$ amzag jga edh}nz `mzskgz$ sgdpe zmavrm eg

jlmcm e}pgrkpårkg$ ehrmzzksg$ aejlkzpe m jgnprgde`gr.

Vgrpenpg$ Pgn{ Zgvreng nêg vg`m zmr jgnzk`mre`g }ae vmrzgnehma mzcërkje$ }ae sm u}m nêg

ë mzpebmdmjk`g }a vgnpg `m skreè mzvmjáckjg u}m g ceèe a}èr re`kjedamnpm `m epkp}`m m

jgavgrpeamnpg. Aez$ kzzg nêg kavm`m u}m mdm pmnle }a vevmd }nkckje`gr ng u}m `k rmzvmkpg æ}nkè`m è nerrepkse. Eg jgnprårkg$ g vrgpehgnkzpe ë rmzvgnzåsmd vmdg mzpebmdmjkamnpg `m }ae

mzpr}p}re }nkpårke ma pg`gz gz násmkz è zërkm. Mdm ë g ckg jgn`}pgr u}m$ vgr amkg `m zm}

rmdejkgneamnpg jga ez g}prez vmrzgnehmnz$ ce jga u}m e preae pmnle zmnpk`g jgag }a pg`g

m peabëa ma jeè pmavgreè m mvkzú`kg.

Pgèz ez g}prez vmrzgnehmnz zêg m|vdkjkpeamnpm vdenez m pma zm}z jgavgrpeamnpgz `mcknk`gz

vmdg pkvg `m rmdeèêg mzpebmdmjkè jga Pgn{. Zmn`g ezzka$ ez vmrzgnehmnz zmj}n`årkez pïazm}z vevëkz mzpkv}de`gz ne lkzpúrke `m ejgr`g jga g u}m zkhnkckjerêg vere e skè `g

vrgpehgnkzpe m jgag mdm sek rmehkr æz eèýmz jgnzpenpmz `gz u}m g jmrjea. G jlmcm è aåcke `m

Nmx Omrzm{$ mnpêg$ ë jgnzpr}á`g `m cgrae e jgn`}kr e preae$ u}m hkre ma pgrng `m z}ez

`mjkzýmz m eèýmz pgaeèz e verpkr `g mnsgdskamnpg jga ez g}prez vmrzgnehmnz.

E enådkzm è cgrae `m mzpr}p}reèêg è zërkm jgag }a pg`g$ èz zmkz pmavgreèz$ m `gz

mvkzú`kgz$ jga g knp}kpg `m smrkckjer }ae jgmzêg knpmrne ma jeè }a `mzzmz násmkz `m `kskzêg

è vrg`}èêg pmdmskzkse$ agzpre u}m pg`gz mdmz zêg nerrepksez cmjleèz$ u}m cema zmnpk`g zm

m|eakneèz zmvereèamnpm. Edëa `m zm mnjek|erma ng ag`mdg jdåzzkjg$ `ksk`k`g ma prïz epgz$



=;

zmn`g rmzvmjpkseamnpm evrmzmnpeèêg$ jgncdkpg m rmzgd}èêg$ pg`gz gz násmkz `m `kskzêg è zërkm

aenpëa }a ve`rêg `m mzpr}p}re m jgavdmpea ez preaez. Ng jezg èz pmavgreèz m mvkzú`kgz$

}ae jerejpmrázpkje kavgrpenpm è mzpr}p}re zmrked'zmrkeè ë g henjlg `mk|e`g ng ckned `m jeè

lkzpúrke vere zm dkher eg u}m zmrå jgnpe`g ne zmu}ïnjke. Gz mvkzú`kgz knkjkekz m gz zmezgn

cknedmz$ jgag vrmskzpg$ zêg vmèez mzzmnjkekz vere e jgavrmmnzêg `mzze }nkè`m `mnprg è

mzpr}p}re crehamnpeè.

G mzp}`g èz rmvmpkèýmz eg dgnhg è pmavgreè peabëa jgavrgse g }zg `m erpkcájkgz pávkjgz

`m vrg`}èýmz pmdmskzksez zmrkeèz. E vrmzmnèe è agrpm m ez jmrkaðnkez rmdejkgneèz e mdez$ ez

crezmz }zeèz sårkez smmz vmdg vrgpehgnkzpe$ rmj}rzgz vere zkp}er e skè `m jeè vmrzgnehma

eg knkjker }a ngsg jkjdg è lkzpúrke$ zêg edh}aez èz mzprepëhkez enedkzeèz$ u}m ck`mdkea gmzvmjpe`gr$ vgr amkg è rmdeèêg `m vg`mr m jgnlmjkamnpg u}m ë è`g eg vÿbdkjg. @mnprg è

dúhkje èz rmvmpkèýmz$ g `mzpeu}m ë e knzmrèêg `m vmrzgnehmnz$ mzvmjkedamnpm gz enpehgnkzpez.

Nez rmdeèýmz jga Pgn{ Zgvreng$ mdmz zêg gz rmzvgnzåsmkz vgr jrker jgncdkpgz m cemr e lkzpúrke

enèr m zm knpmrdkher. Edëa `kzzg$ mdmz peabëa `êg e zmnzeèêg `m ngskè`m$ vgr zmrma

vmrzgnehmnz `m mzpkdgz `kcmrmnpmz$ aez u}m vere e mzpr}p}re pïa zmavrm mzze amzae c}nèêg `m

zmr }a gbzpåj}dg ne b}zje `g vrgpehgnkzpe.

G ag`mdg mzpr}p}red enedkze`g ne vrmzmnpm agnghrecke vmrakpm rmcdm|ýmz peabëa zgbrm ez

zërkmz pmdmskzksez. E rmvmpkèêg m e ve`rgnkeèêg vrgsgjea$ knkjkedamnpm$ e kavrmzzêg `m }ae

vrg`}èêg amngz knpmrmzzenpm g} jga vg}je jrkepkskè`m. Vgrëa$ }ae gbzmrseèêg aekz epmnpe

msk`mnjke u}m mzzez jerejpmrázpkjez$ edëa `m vmrakpkrma e knzmrèêg è zërkm ne vrghreaeèêg

crehamnpeè `gz jenekz `m pmdmskzêg$ peabëa jrkea }ae k`mnpkckjeèêg jga g pmdmzvmjpe`gr. E

vgzzkbkdkè`m `m jrker sánj}dg jga ez vmrzgnehmnz m ejgavenler g jeaknlg zmh}k`g vgr mdmz ë

}a eprepksg vere g vÿbdkjg$ mzvmjkedamnpm zm m|kzpm e zmnzeèêg `m jgnlmjkamnpg m knpkakè`m$jgnzpr}áè vmde vrmskzkbkdkè`m è preae m zm}z jgavgnmnpmz. Ez zërkmz$ mnpêg$ zm agzprea }a

vrg`}pg knpmrmzzenpm penpg ng ezvmjpg jgamrjked vere gz vrg`}pgrmz m `ks}dhe`grmz$ u}enpg ng

u}m `k rmzvmkpg e epmn`mr æz m|vmjpepksez `m u}ma ez jgnzgam.



36

RMCMRÏNJKEZ

EN@RMX$ @}`dm{ O. Ez vrknjkvekz pmgrkez `g jknmae? }ae knprg`}èêg. Pre`}èêg `m Pmrmze

Gppgnk. Rkg `m Oenmkrg? Ogrhm _eler M`kpgr$ 5;<;. 23; v.

BEDGHL$ Enne Aerke. G @kzj}rzg ckjjkgned ne Ps. Zêg Ve}dg? M`kpgre ]ZV$ 2665. 220 v.

BEDGHL$ Enne Aerke. PS? ckjèêg zmrkeè m Knpmrpm|p}edkè`m. Kn? JGNHRMZZGBREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @E JGA]NKJEÈÊG$ 2;$ 2663$ Brezádke. YVevmrQ. Zêg Ve}dg?]nksmrzkè`m `m Zêg Ve}dg$ 2663. @kzvgnásmd ma?4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'2663'rmz}agz-=JR5=;0!5.v`c>. Ejmzzg ma?63. zmp. 2656.

BERPLMZ$ Rgden`. Knprg`}èêg æ Enådkzm Mzpr}p}red è Nerrepkse. Kn? BERPLMZ$ Rgden` mped. Enådkzm mzpr}p}red è nerrepkse? vmzu}kzez zmakgdúhkjez. 2. m`. Vmprúvgdkz? Sgmz$ 5;82.2<= vv. 5;!36.

BGR@XMDD$ @esk`. G jknmae jdåzzkjg lgdd{xgg`keng? ngraez m vrknjávkgz nerrepksgz. Kn?REAGZ$ Cmrnêg Vmzzge ,grh+ Pmgrke jgnpmavgrânme `g jknmae9 `gj}amnpårkg mnerrepkskè`m ckjjkgned. Zêg Ve}dg? M`kpgre Zmnej Zêg Ve}dg$ 266=. vv. 288!:65.

JEN@K@G$ Enpgnkg. E Vmrzgnehma `g Rgaenjm. Kn? JEN@K@G$ Enpðnkg$ mp ed. E

vmrzgnehma `m ckjèêg. 55. m`. Zêg Ve}dg? Vmrzvmjpkse$ 266=. vv. =5!<6.

JERRGDD$ Ngéd. Z{avepl{ cgr plm @mskd$ Kn? HRMMNM$ Rkjler`9 SMRNM__M$ Vmpmr. K IkddPlmrmcgrm K Ea$ Plm Zgvrengz en` Vlkdgzgvl{$ Jlkjehg # De Zeddm$ Kddkngkz? Gvmn Jg}rp$2660. vv. 525!5:3.

JE_ENK$ D}kz Lmnrku}m O}nkgr9 ECCKNK$ Dmpájke Vezzgz. Nerrepkse e}`kgskz}ed jgavdm|e mag`}der? cgriknh vepl nerrepksmz. Kn? JGNHRMZZG BREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @EJGA]NKJEÈÊG$ ::$ 2656$ Je|kez `g Z}d. YVevmrQ. Be}r}? Cej}dè`m `m Eru}kpmp}re$ Erpmzm Jga}nkjeèêg$ 2656. @kzvgnásmd ma?

4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'2656'rmz}agz'R=!:52<!5.v`c >. Ejmzzg ma?52. zmp. 2656.

JGAVEREPG$ @gj. @e jrkeèêg eg rgpmkrg. G aekz jgavdmpg h}ke è erpm m pëjnkje `mmzjrmsmr vere pmdmskzêg m jknmae. Rkg `m Oenmkrg? Rgjjg$ 5;;=. 0;3 v.

J]NLE$ Ogzë E}rk. E Ag`mrnkè`m ma zm} Mzvmdg. Kn? J]NLE$ Ogzë E}rk. Ckdgzgcke?

knkjkeèêg æ knsmzpkheèêg ckdgzúckje. Zêg Ve}dg? Ep}ed M`kpgre$ 5;;2. vv. 26;!2:<.

@]ERPM$ Mdkebmpl Bezpgz9 J]RSMDDG$ Senmzze. Ckjèêg pmdmskz}ed? `kzpknpez cgraez `mmzpr}p}reèêg zmrkeè. Kn? JGNHRMZZG BREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @EJGA]NKJEÈÊG$ :5$ 266<$ Neped. YVevmrQ. Zenpe Aerke? ]nksmrzkè`m Cm`mred `m Zenpe



35

Aerke$ 266<. @kzvgnásmd ma?4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'266<'rmz}agz'R:!5553!5.v`c>. Ejmzzg ma?63. zmp. 2656.

MJG$ ]abmrpg. Zgbrm gz mzvmdlgz m g}prgz mnzekgz. Pre`}èêg `m Bmeprk Bgrhmz. :. m`. Rkg `mOenmkrg? Ngse Crgnpmkre$ 5;<;. E kngseèêg `g zmrke`g$ vv. 526 ‚ 5:;.

CKMD@$ Z{`. Aen}ed `g rgpmkrg? Gz c}nèamnpgz `g pm|pg jknmaepghråckjg. Rkg `m Oenmkrg?Gbompkse$ 5;;=. 22: v.

HGAMZ$ Ve}dg Maádkg Zeddmz. E Vmrzgnehma Jknmaepghråckje. Kn? JEN@K@G$ Enpðnkg$ mped. E vmrzgnehma ̀ m ckjèêg. 55. m`. Zêg Ve}dg? Vmrzvmjpkse$ 266=. vv. 56:!55;.

LBG? PLM ZGVRENGZ. @mzmnsgdsk`g vgr? Lgam Bg| Gcckjm$ Knj.$ 2655. Benjg `m è`gz

jga kncgraeèýmz zgbrm mvkzú`kgz$ mu}kvm pëjnkje m vmrzgnehmnz è zërkm —Plm Zgvrengz‑.@kzvgnásmd ma 4lppv?''xxx.lbg.jga'plm!zgvrengz'kn`m|.lpad>. Ejmzzg ma? 62 aek. 2655.Zkpm.

LGXER@$ @esk`9 AEBDM[$ M`xer`. Pmgrke vråpkje `g rgpmkrg? }a h}ke vere mzjrkpgrmz `mjknmae m pmdmskzêg$ jga enådkzmz `m 53 ckdamz ceagzgz. Pre`}èêg `m Bmpl Skmkre. 2. m`. ZêgVe}dg? Hdgbg$ 5;;;. 06: v.

KNPMRNMP AGSKM @EPEBEZM. @mzmnsgdsk`g vgr? eaegn.jga Jgaven{$ 5;;6. Benjg`m è`gz jga kncgraeèýmz zgbrm jknmae$ ckdamz m zërkmz `m pmdmskzêg ngrpm!eamrkjenez.@kzvgnásmd ma 4 lppv?''xxx.ka`b.jga'>. Ejmzzg ma? 68 g}p. 2656. Zkpm.

IMDDKZGN$ Jeplrknm. Vrg`}èêg m @krmèêg vere PS m sá`mg? }ae ebgrèhma vråpkje.Pre`}èêg `m Nepedkm Hmrler`p. Rkg `m Oenmkrg. Jeav}z Mdzmskmr$ 2668. :66 v.

AGPPMR$ Aerke Dg}r`mz9 A]NHKGDK$ Aerke Jrkzpkne Vedae. Zmrkedkè`m? g vremr `m rm !jgnlmjmr m vrë ‚smr. Kn? JGNHRMZZG BREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @EJGA]NKJEÈÊG$ 2;$ 2663$ Brezádke. YVevmrQ. Zêg Ve}dg? ]nksmrzkè`m `m Zêg Ve}dg$ 2663.@kzvgnásmd ma? 4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'2663'rmz}agz-=JR526:!

5.v`c>. Ejmzzg ma? 63. zmp. 2656.

VKNLMKRG$ Crenjkzjg `m Ag}re. D}mz m Zgabrez ‚ Vrgomèýmz `g Bma m `g Aed ne Pmde `gJknmae. Kn? JGNHRMZZG BREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @E JGA]NKJEÈÊG$ :5$ 266<$Neped. YVevmrQ. Rkg Brenjg? Knzpkp}kèêg `m Mnzkng Z}vmrkgr `g Ejrm$ 266<. @kzvgnásmd ma? 4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'266<'rmz}agz'R:!5:88!5.v`c>. Ejmzzg ma? 63.zmp. 2656.

VKNPG. Akdpgn Ogzë. Knprg`}èêg? E Amnzehma Nerrepkse. Kn? BERPLMZ$ Rgden` mp ed. Enådkzm mzpr}p}red è nerrepkse? vmzu}kzez zmakgdúhkjez. 2. m`. Vmprúvgdkz? Sgmz$ 5;82. 2<=

vv. 8!5<.



32

VRE@G$ @ëdjkg `m Edamkè. E Vmrzgnehma ng Pmeprg. Kn? JEN@K@G$ Enpðnkg$ mp ed. E vmrzgnehma `m ckjèêg. 55. m`. Zêg Ve}dg? Vmrzvmjpkse$ 266=. vv. <5!562.

RGZMNCMD@$ Enepgd. Dkpmrep}re m Vmrzgnehma. Kn? JEN@K@G$ Enpðnkg$ mp ed. E vmrzgnehma `m ckjèêg. 55. m`. Zêg Ve}dg? Vmrzvmjpkse$ 266=. vv. ;!=6.

ZERAMP$ Ërkje9 BEDPER$ Aerkene. G vevmd `gz —hïnmrgz `g jgrvg‑ ne mzpr}p}re `mzmrkedkeèêg èz ckjèýmz zmrkeèz? mzprepëhkez vere e ck`mdkeèêg è e}`kïnjke m g jgnz}agzmrke`g ngz zmezgn cknedmz. Kn? JGNHRMZZG BREZKDMKRG @M JKÏNJKEZ @EJGA]NKJEÈÊG$ ::$ 2656$ Je|kez `g Z}d. YErpkhgQ. Nkpmrúk? ]nksmrzkè`m Cm`mredCd}aknmnzm$ 2656. @kzvgnásmd ma?4lppv?''xxx.knpmrjga.grh.br'vevmrz'nejkgnekz'2656'rmz}agz'R=!28<0!5.v`c >. Ejmzzg ma?52. zmp. 2656.

P]RNMR$ Hremam. Jknmae jgag vråpkje zgjked. Pre`}èêg `m Ae}rg Zkdse. 5. m`. Zêg Ve}dg?Z}aa}z$ 5;;8. 583 v.

_EPPK$ Enhmde Lmdmne. U}en`g g Agjknlg ë }a Ben`k`g? Enådkzm è Knsmrzêg èz Mzcmrez`gz Vmrzgnehmnz nez Vrg`}èýmz E}`kgskz}ekz. Bkbdkgpmje Gndknm `m Jkïnjkez è Jga}nkjeèêg

‚ BGJJ. @kzvgnásmd ma? 4lppv?''xxx.bgjj.}bk.vp'veh'bgjj!eppk!jknmae.v`c>. Ejmzzg ma?6<. zmp. 2656.

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