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Metropolitan Food Clusters an introduction
10th World Forum on Agrofood, Aguascalientes, Mexico
Peter Smeets, Mirte Cofino, Jim Groot, Steef Buijs, Arjen
Simons, Olga Arciniegas, Olga Vazquez, Olga van der Valk,
Renze van Och
Stichting Onderzoek Wereldvoedselvoorziening van de Vrije Universiteit
5
25
50
100
500
2500
5000
Population Density
Inh./km2
The world is urbanizing
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1950 1975 2000 2025
Po
pu
latio
n (
bln
)
Growing disparity between urban-rural results in gap between
production capacity and demand: rural collapse
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1961
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Po
pu
lati
on
in
millio
ns
Urban population
Rural population
1961 2013 2050
(projection)
In 2050, a projected 88% of the Mexican
population will live in cities
Source: FAO (2009)
Urban consumers have different food demands
Africa (Sub-
Sahara)
India, China, SE Asia
Latin America
Eastern Europe
N. America, Japan, W.Europe,
Australia
Diet/Functional/
Organic Foods
Convenience
Foods, Snacks
Prepared Meals
Dairy, Meat, Fish,
Diversified fruits
and vegetables,
Fresh Fruit Juices,
Carbohydrate
Staples
Surviving Mass
Market
Convenience
Food Service
Snacking
Quality
Hygiene
High
Technology
What does this mean for the agrosector?
Meeting these demands requires
Producing more and at better quality with less resources
Producing different products according to the market
Making sure that the product arrives in the city in the right form with the required quality
To do so, traditional agriculture has to be adapted and new forms of agroproduction have to be introduced
Our approach: Metropolitan Food Clusters
Metropolitan Food Clusters organize the agrosector as a
network with the growing urban areas as their core focus
The network requires a system approach
Law of the minimum factor:
The overall result is as good as the weakest link
Law of integrated system development
Improvements have a better end result if other factors are also improved
Metropolitan Food Cluster
RTC’s are satellites in rural areas where the inputs from land dependent production for the whole network are collected and/or processed. RTCs provide training and education to capacitate farmers to increase their productivity.
Key spatial element of MFC 1: Rural Transformation Centre (RTC)
Agroparks are spatial cluster of high-productive plant and animal production and processing units in industrial mode combined with the input of high levels of knowledge and technology. The application of industrial ecology reduces costs and environmental emissions
Key spatial element of MFC 2: Agropark
In consolidation centers, products, both raw and processed, coming from the rural environment or from specialized agroparks, are combined with import flows, if necessary be processed further, and then recombined and distributed into the metropole
Key spatial element of MFC 3: Consolidation Centre
How to establish an MFC?
The formation of Metropolitan Food Clusters is guided by five key principles
Resource use efficiency
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
Agrologistics
Parallel development of hardware, orgware and software
Key innovation 1: Resource use efficiency
Objectives
● Increasing productivity & efficiency
● Adjusting production quality to market demand
Methods
● Technological improvement / corresponding upscaling
● Training/education
Achieving resource use efficiency is the key objective of RTCs and agroparks
Resource use efficiency: land- and water use in closed-system greenhouse production
Various types of tomato production in Mexico
Example: La Huerta (Aguascalientes)
Prime business: freezing and processing of fresh vegetable and fruit products
Main problem: low quality inputs
Primary production
Processing Logistics Market
Capacity building of suppliers Stimulates shift to greenhouse production
Key innovation 2: Vertical integration
Integration of primary production, processing and packaging in
a single company leads to increased revenues
Less veterinary risk because of transport reduction
Large scale allows for innovations enabling jump investment
RTCs arrange scale and can provide basic processing to keep
revenues in the rural areas
Example: Alpera (Nayarit)
Feed production
Chicken production
(confidential)
Slaughtering Waste
treatment Packaging
(confidential)
Key innovation 3: Horizontal integration
Integration of animal and vegetable production and processing chains enables industrial ecology through the exchange of rest- and by products
● Decrease of waste & omissions
● Additional profit from rest- and by-products
Commercially viable exchange requires physical proximity: agroparks arrange such space
Innovations are expensive require large scale for profitable implementation
Technologies secure sustainable large-scale production of the future: water efficiency, climate mitigation & adaptation
Example: combined production of
fodder/livestock
High-productive
corn
Cow feed Manure fertilizer
Agropark Suikerunie: advanced integration
07 October 2013
24
Greenhouses
Digester
Sugar Factory
Water Sanitation
Land dependent agriculture
Co-digester
Melasse storage
30 ha eggplant greenhouse
Key innovation 4: Agrologistics
Agrologistics, from the farm gate until the supermarket, is key in delivering a high quality product
Agrologistics is the key to economic performance in the agrosector
The Netherlands, with just 2.2M Ha of agricultural land use, is 2nd largest exporter of agroproducts worldwide
Example: consolidation centre Fresh Park
Venlo (the Netherlands)
Example: regional agrologistic planning
Key innovation 5: development of
hardware, orgware and software
MFC Projects in Mexico: Aguascalientes,
Nayarit & Chiapas
Wageningen UR is collaborating with FOCIR, local governments, entrepreneurs, educational institutes and NGOs to re-organize the agrofood sector
The basic approach is co-design: the actual formation of the cluster is done based on investments, initiatives and ambitions of Mexicans
Aguascalientes will be establishing the first Metropolitan Food Cluster of Mexico