A²ymbw \mev

Pohn-X-\n-g¸mSp-IÄ þ ap«-¯p-hÀ¡n-bpsS

t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

ae-bmf t\mh-ep-IÄ tIc-fob ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n cNn-bv¡-s -̧«-

h-bm-I-bm Ah-bpsS CXn-hr-̄ -̄ nepw tIc-fob Pohn-X-̄ nsâ

\ng¸m-Sp-IÄ ZÀin-¡m³ Ign-bpw. C¯cw Pohn-X-§Ä Øe-Im-e-

§-fpsS hyXy-kvX-X-I-tfmsS ]ecpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. {i²m-Àlcmb

Cu Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS Iq«-̄ n ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡nbv¡v D¶-X-amb

Øm\w D­v.

{]tabw þ Ah-X-cWw

t_m[-]qÀÆ-amtbm AÃm-sXtbm h¶p-tNÀ¶n-«pÅ

kmaqlnI kmwkvIm-cnI LS-I-§Äs¡m¸w DZm-̄ -amb kvt\l-

¯nsâ hnhn[ apJ-§Ä hc-¨p-Im-«p-¶-h-bmWv ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS

t\mh-ep-IÄ. {Kma-Po-hn-X-̄ nse Hcp hn`mKw P\-§-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-

kvt\-l-̄ n-sâbpw B{i-b-t_m-[-̄ n-sâbpw Nn{X-§-fmWv Ah.

Nne-t¸mÄ k¦oÀ®-amb taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v kvt\ls¯ sIm­p-

t]mbn \nKq-V-amb at\m-hym-]m-c-§Ä A\m-h-cWw sN¿m³ {ian-

¡p-¶Xpw ImWmw. ImapIo Imap-I-·mÀ, `mcym-̀ À¯m-¡-·mÀ,

ktlm-Z-co-k-tlm-Z-·mÀ, Ab-ev¡mÀ, P·n-Ip-Sn-bm³ F¶n-§s\

sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ kaq-l-̄ nsâ AI¨-Ifpw ASp- -̧§fpw shfn-

hm-¡p¶ IY-I-fm-Wn-h-sb-Ãmw. {]mb-̄ n-sâbpw kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bp-

125

tSbpw ASn-Øm-\-̄ n kvt\l-̄ nsâ hym]vXn-bnepw hyXymkw

ImWmw. hyàn-tbmSpw kaq-l-t¯mSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw Pohn-X-

t¯mSpw t\mh-en-Ìn-\pÅ kvt\lw IY-I-fmbn cq]-s -̧Sp-I-bmWv

sNbvXn-«p-Å-Xv.

“hÀ¡n-bpsS BZy t\mh-ep-I-fn {][m-\-amb H¶mWv

timI-]-cy-h-km-bn-bmb CW-{]m-hp-IÄ _jo-dnsâ _mey-Im-e-kJn

apÉow kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ A\m-Nm-c-P-Un-e-amb A´À`m-h-§-fn-

tebv¡v shfn-¨w hoip-¶-Xm-sW-¦n hÀ¡n-bpsS CW-{]m-hp-IÄ

ss{IkvX-h-cpsS kmap-Zm-bnI Pohn-X-̄ nsâ DÅ-d-I-sf-bmWv Xpd-

¶p-Im-Wn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. ]e Imcy-§-fnepw Cu c­p IrXn¡v X½nÂ

km[À½y-ap-­v.”1 kmln-Xy-\n-]p-W³ än.-F³.-Np-½m-dnsâ Cu A`n-

{]mbw hÀ¡n-bpsS aäp ]e t\mh-ep-IÄ¡pw _m[-I-am-Wv.

{KmaoW Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n krjvSn-s¨-Sp¯

IY-I-fn a\p-jy-cpsS CW-¡-§fpw ]nW-¡-§fpw taml-§fpw

taml-`w-K-§fpw CS-I-eÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn hn[n hnÃsâ thj-

a-Wnªv IY-bn IS¶p Ibdn IYm-KXn \nb-{´n-bv¡p¶Xmbn

ImWmw. _mey-Ime kulrZw sam«n« \mÄ apXÂ A\p-Iq-e -Im-

em-h-Ø-bn AXp hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯v buh-\m-h-Ø-bn t{]a-ambn

cq]-s -̧Sp-Ibpw \n\-¨n-cn-¡msX hn[n-bpsS Ai-\n-]mXw kw -̀hn-

bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnclw krjvSn-¡p¶ thZ\ Ccp-hcpw aXn-

bm-thmfw A\p-`-hn-bv¡p-¶p. Gsd Ime-̄ n-\v tijw ho­pw

ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ip-Ibpw ]qÀÆ-Im-e_Ôw IqSp-XÂ ZrV-X-c-am-Ip-

126

Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]Xn-hp-ssien H«p-ap-¡m IrXn-I-fnepw ImWmw.

t{]a-¯n\v imiz-X-hn-Pbw BtLm-jn-¡p-I-bmWv hÀ¡n-bpsS

e£yw. GXm\pw t\mh-ep-I-fpsS CXn-hr¯ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

t\m¡mw.

1. CW-{]m-hp-IÄ

1953 {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ CW-{]m-hp-IÄ BWv ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-

bpsS BZy- t\m-hÂ. a²y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse a®nsâ a¡-fpsS IY-

bm-Wn-Xv.

At´m-Wnbpw dmtl-ep-amWv tI{µIYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Ah-cpsS

hnhmlw _mey-̄ n¯s¶ ho«p-ImÀ ]d-ªp-d-¸n¨n«pÅ-Xm-Wv.

B _mey-ImekulrZw CW-¡hpw ]nW-¡-hp-sam-s¡-bmbn Xg-̈ p-

h-fÀ¶p. “sIdp-hn-¨p-\n¶ dmtl-ensâ ssI¡v]n-Sn-¨p-sIm­v

At´mWn Ahsâ ho«n-te¡v sN¶p. Ah³ Ahsâ ]IÀ¯-p_p-

¡nsâ ]pdw-XmÄ hen-¨p-Iodn hÅ-ap-­m-¡n”.2 hÅ-̄ n Hcp Is«-

dp-¼ns\ ]nSn-¨p-h-¨n«v AhÀ c­p-t]cpw IqSn B hÅw tXm«nse

shÅ-̄ n Hgp-¡n. Hgp-¡-̄ p-]m-ªp-t]m-Ip¶ IS-em-kp-h-Å-

¯nsâ H¸w Ahcpw HmSpw. \njv¡-]-S-amb _mey-Ime kvt\lw

_mey-Iu-am-c-§-Ä ]n¶n«v buh-\-̄ nse¯nbt¸mÄ {]W-bambn

amdn.

At´m-Wn-bpsS ktlm-Zcn A½n-Wnbpw dmtlepw X½nÂ

AbÂ_-Ô-̄ nå]cn ktlm-Z-c-_-Ô-am-Wp-Å-Xv. CXn-\n-S-bn-emWv

ho«p-ImÀ X½n t\cnb ]nW¡w D­m-b-Xv. Cu ]nW-¡hpw [\n-

127

I-\mb cmP-\p-ambn dmtl-ensâ ho«p-ImÀ¡p­mIp¶ ]pXnb ASp-

¸hpw IYm-K-Xn-bn amäw hcp-̄ p-¶p. aI-fpsS FXnÀ¸p hI-h-

bv¡msX amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä dmtlepw cmP-\p-am-bpÅ hnhmlw \nÝ-

bn-̈ p-. Zmcn-{Zy-̄ nÂ\n¶v Ic-I-b-dm³ ho«p-ImÀ Is­-̄ nb amÀ¤-

amWv Cu hnhmlw. \ncm-i-\mb At´mWn \mSphn«v ae-_m-dn-

te¡v t]mbn. dmtlepw cmP\pw X½n-epÅ hnhmlw BÀ`m-S-am-bn-

¯s¶ \S-¶p. ]t£ G¨p-sh¨ _Ô-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

hnhmlZnhkw Xs¶ dmtl t_m[clnXbmbn InS¸nembn.

At´mWn ISp¯ ae¼\n ]nSn-s]«v a-e_m-dnÂ\n¶v Xncn-s¨-̄ n.

tcmKw aqÀÑn-¨p. Hcn-bv¡-se-¦nepw Xsâ ih-Ip-Socw kµÀin-bv¡-

W-sa¶v dmtl-en-t\mSv At]-£n-̈ p-sIm­v AbmÄ acn-¨p. dmtlÂ

A½n-Wnsb cmPsâ ssIbn Gev]n¨v Xsâ {]nb³ t]mb-

h-gntb bm{X-bm-bn.

t{-]-a-̄ nsâ imiz-X-hn-PbamWnhnsS ImWpI. t{]a-km-

^eyw Nne-t¸mÄ ac-W-̄ n-eq-sS-bp-am-Imw. sseem-a-Pv\p-am-cpsS ae-

bm-f-]-Xn-¸mWv dmtl At´m-Wn-amÀ. BÀ{Z lrZ-b-cn I®o-

cnsâ \\hv krjvSn-̈ p-sIm-­mWv A¼-Xp-I-fn CW-{]m-hp-IÄ

hmb-\-bpsS BIm-i-§-fn ]d-¶-Xv.

2. sX¡³Imäv

1954-þemWv sX¡³Imäv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv. t{]a-¯nsâ A\-iz-

c-X-bmWv Cu t\mh-enepw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

128

{UmbnwKv A²ym-]-Isâ aI-\mWv _m_p. kl-]m-Tn-I-fmb

s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ X½n-epÅ t\cnb kuµ-cy-¸n-W¡w ]Ibpw hntZz-

j-hp-ambn amdn. A¶-¡p-«n-tbm-Sm-W-hÀs¡Ãmw ]nW-¡w. Ah-tfm-

SpÅ ]I XoÀ¡m³ Iq«p-ImÀ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn¨v _m_p-hn-s\-gp-Xnb

I¯v Ahsâ Pohn-X-̄ nse hgn-̄ n-cn-hm-bn. hnZym-`ymkw \ne¨p.

Nn{X-c-N\ Bcw-̀ n-¨p.

[\n-I-\mb Nmt¡m-h-¡o-ensâ aIÄ timim½ \Ã Kmbn-I-

bm-Wv. AhÄ¡v _m_p-hn-t\mSv tXm¶nb CjvSw BZy-amZyw Iem-

Im-c-t\m-SpÅ BZ-chv am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Znhkw timim-½sb

shÅ-̄ nÂ\n¶p _m_p c£-s -̧Sp¯n. “ao³ ]nSn-bv¡p¶

s]m³am³ ]£nsbt¸mse Ah³-þ-_m_p Bän-tebv¡v FSp-̄ p-

Nm-Sn. Hcp ]qhp-t]mse Ah³ Ahsf FSp-̄ p-sIm-­p-h-¶p.”3

A¶-¡p-«n-tbm-Sm-bn-cp¶p _m_phn\v kvt\lw. Ahsf Hcp [\n-

I³ hnhmlw Ign-̈ p. Cu hnhmlw _m_phns\ hÃmsX Zp:Jn-¸n-

¨p. {ItaW AbmÄ timim-½-bn A\p-c-à-\m-bn. ]nXm-hnsâ

FXnÀ v̧ hI-h-bv¡msX timim½ _m_p-hns\ kvt\ln¨p. AhÀ

\mSp-hn-«v Zqsc-bpÅ Zn¡n thj-{]-Ñ-¶-cmbn Iqen-the sNbvXp

Pohn-¨p. Ahn-Sps¯ ]Ån-bn sh¨v hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. ]t£ Gsd-

¡mew A§s\ XpS-cm³ AhÀ¡v Ign-ªn-Ã. timim-½-bpsS

A¸³ Ahn-sS-sb-̄ n. an¶p-am-e-s]m-«n-s¨-dnªv Ahsf Xncn-sI-

Iq«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-bn. A§s\ `mcym`À¯m¡·mÀ thÀ]ncnª

AhØbnembn. Gsd-\mÄ Ignªv Nmt¡m-h-¡oensâ ac-W-

129

tijw A¶-¡p-«n-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS timim-½bv¡v Xsâ

Ipªn-s\bpw _m_p-hn-s\bpw Is­-̄ m³ Ign-bp-¶p. ]gb kl-

]m-Tn-IÄ Hcp-an-bv¡p-Ibpw IY kpJ-]-cy-h-km-bn-bm-bn-̄ o-cp-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p.

t{]aw Znhyhpw A\nÀh-N-\o-bhpw DZm-̄ -hp-am-Wv.

hncl¯nsâ thZ-\-bn t{]aw ià-amIp-¶p. IqSn-t -̈censâ

BËm-Z-̄ n AXv ]pjv]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb

C¯cw efn-X-k-tµ-i-amWv Cu IrXnsb BIÀj-I-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

{Kma-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ Xnf-¡-apÅ t\À¯ sXm§-ep-Ifpw AXn-\p-]m-

I-̄ n-epÅ `mjbpw tNcp-t¼mÄ sX¡³Imäv Ipfn-cp-]-I-cp¶ IYm-

\p- -̀h-ambn amdp-¶p.

3. ]mSm-̄ -ss]-¦nfn

ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-̄ n B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-¸n-̈ Xv

]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fn-tbm-Sp-IqSn-bm-Wv. efn-X-amb IYm-I-Y-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-

¯n\v CtXmsS „ss]¦nfn‟ F¶ t]cp kn²n-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1955-emWv Cu IrXn {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -Xv.

eq¡m-km-dnsâ aI-fmWv Nn¶-½. A`n-am-\n-bmb At±-l-

¯n\v aIsf tPmenbv¡v hnSm³ Xosc Xmev]-cy-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶m Zmcn-{Zy-̄ nsâ `oI-cX \nan¯w Nn¶½ I¸-sN-̄ p¶

tPmen-¡p-t]m-bn. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn I¯n-sIm­v Ah-fpsS

hnc¯p¼p apdn-ªp. apdn-hn acp¶p ]pc-«m³ tate ho«n-se-

¯nb Nn¶½ [\nI\mb X¦- -̈\p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s -̧«p. X¦-¨³

130

Ahsf „ss]¦nfo‟ F¶p hnfn-̈ p. X¦-¨sâ _mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bm-bn-

cp¶ NnUn-b-bpsS A`mhw Nn¶-½-bn-eqsS \nI-̄ m³ AbmÄ {ian-

¡p-Ibmbncp¶p. X¦¨\v Hcp [\n-I s]¬Ip«nbpambpw

Nn¶½bv¡v ]mhs¸« Hcmfpambpw hnhmlw Dd¸n¨p. {]W-b_-²-

cmb Nn¶-½bv¡pw X¦-̈ \pw CXv hen-sbmcp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmbn

amdn.

km¼-̄ nI t¢iwsIm­v \«w- Xn-cn-bp¶ eq¡m-kmÀ aI-

fpsS hnhm-l-̄ n\v ]Ww Is­-̄ m³ \t¶ ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶p. “Cu¨-

c³]nÅ ss[cy-ambn ]d-ªp: \n§Ä ]Ån-¡-te-¡p-t]m-bm-s«.

IeymWw sI«p-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v Rm³ cq]m-bpw-sIm­v Ahn-sS-sb-

¯mw. Cu Cu¨-c³]n-Å-bpsS sIm¡n\p Poh-\p-s­-¦n Hcp

\mgn-Ibv¡p ap¼v cq]m Ccp-\qdpw Rm³ sIm­p-h-¶p-X-cmw…”4

Cu¨-c³]nÅ kap-Zm-b-ku-lmÀ±-̄ n-sâbpw {Kma-Po-hnX ss\Àa-

ey-̄ nsâbpw aqÀ¯ cq]-am-Wv Cu IYbnÂ. aplqÀ¯-am-bn«pw

]Ww In«msX “X´bpw XÅ-bp-an-Ãm¯ Hcp Ip«n-sb-t¸mse

eq¡m-kmÀ aXn-ensâ Acn-In Xebv¡v ssIbpw-sIm-Sp¯v Ip¯n-

bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.”5 kv{Xo[\¯nsâ t]cn hnhmlw apS-§n. ]t£

Nn¶-½-bpsS lrZbw IhÀ¶ X¦-̈ ³ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bnÂ\n¶pw A]-

am-\-̄ nÂ\n-¶pw eq¡m-km-dn-s\bpw IpSpw-_-s¯bpw c£n-̈ p. “B

ka-b¯v ]Ån-bpsS ]pd-̄ v, hSt¡ P\-en¦Â aq¶p-\m-ep-t]À

F¯n-¡p-̄ n-\n¶v B awK-f-IÀ½w ImWp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ån-¡-

131

I¯v AhÀ¡v {]th-i-\-an-Ã. tXhn-¡n-Sm-̄ nbpw ssae\pw _mbn-aq-

-̧¯n-bpw.”6 “

tatese X¦-¨³ Nn¶-½-bpsS Igp-̄ n an¶p-sI-«p-

¶Xp tXhn I­p.”7 Iqen-th-e-¡mcpw A[-xØn-X-cpamb {Kmao-WÀ

BËm-Z-t¯msS B NS§nå km£yw hln¨p.

Zmcn-{Zyhpw k¼¯pw H¶n-̈ vtNÀ¶v BËm-Z-̀ -cn-X-amb

PohnXw ImgvN-h-bv¡p¶ t\mh-emWv ]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fn.

4. abn-em-Spw-Ip¶v

a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb CW-¡-§fpw ]nW-¡-§fpw Cu IY-bn-ep-

­v. {Kma-̄ n-sâbpw ]«-W-̄ n-sâbpw Pohn-Xm-hn-jvIm-c-hp-ap-­v.

Zmcn-{Zyhpw k¼¯pw Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯n cNn¨ Cu t\mh 1956 emWv

{]kn²oIcn¨Xv.

enkbpw tPmbnbpw _mey-Im-e-k-Jn-I-fm-Wv. AhÀ abn-em-Spw-

Ip-¶nsâ ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n Ifn-̈ p-h-fÀ¶p. tPmbn-bpsS [\n-I-cmb

amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fpsS B{in-X-\mWv HuX-t¨-«³. Abm-fpsS aI-fmWv

enk. km¼-̄ n-I-̄ -IÀ¨ aqew tPmbn-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä abn-

em-Spw-Ip¶v hnev¡p-¶p. X§-fpsS XIÀ¨bv¡v ImcWw abn-em-Spw-

Ip-¶nsâ tZmj-am-sW¶v AhÀ hniz-kn-¨p. AhÀ ]«-W-̄ n-

tebv¡v Xmakw amdp-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. ]t£ ]Ww apgp-h³ A]-

l-cn-bv¡-s -̧«-tXmsS B IpSp-_w XIÀ¶p t]mbn. F¶m hniz-

kvX-\mb HuX-t¨-«sâ ssIbn B ]Ww kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cp-¶p

F¶ Imcyw Gsd Ime-̄ n-\p-ti-j-amWv Ad-nbm³ Ign-ª-Xv.

132

]Ww XncnsI e`n¨tXmsS B IpSp_w XIÀ¨-bnÂ\n¶v Ic-I-b-

dn.

]«-W-̄ n-tebv¡v Øew amdnb tPmbnbpw abn-em-Spw-Ip-¶nÂ

Pohn-bv¡p¶ enkbpw thÀ]n-cn-bp-t¼mÄ Ah-cpsS _mey-lr-Z-b-§-

fn {]W-b-̄ n-sâ hn¯v hoWn-cp-¶p. \o­-Im-es¯ thÀ]n-cn-b-

en-\p-tijw FÃm {]-Xn_Ô§-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn¨v Ccp-hcpw H¶m-

Ip-¶-tXmsS t\mh ip`-]-cy-h-km-bn-bm-Ip-¶p.

hnc-l-̄ nsâ Xo{h-amb thZ-\bpw HSp-hn IqSn-t¨-c-ensâ

BËm-Zhpw hÀ¡n-¡-Y-I-fpsS ]Xn-hp-ssien Xs¶. bpàn-̀ -{ZX

Xev¡m-e-t¯-s¡-¦nepw amän \nÀ¯n kvt\lw-þ-A-sX-´p-hn-e-sIm-

Sp-̄ m-bmepw k^-e-am-¡pI F¶-XmWv t\mh-en-Ìnsâ e£yw.

5. adn-b-¡p«n

X\n \m«n³]p-d¯p Pohn-¡p¶ hyXykvX kz`m-hn-I-fmb

\m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-Ø-cpsSbnS-bn-emWv tImc-t¨-«\pw aIÄ adn-b-¡p-

«nbpw Xma-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. B ho«n hgn-sX-än-h¶ AXn-Yn-bm-bn-cp¶p

Ipdp-h-¨³. adn-b-¡p-«n Xsâ aI³ ]m¸¨sâ `mcy-bmbmÂ

sImÅmsa¶v AbmÄ¡p tXm¶n. hnhcw tImc-t -̈«-t\mSv ]d-ªp.

Xd-hm-Snbpw ]W-¡m-c-\p-amb Ipdp-h-̈ -\p-am-bpÅ _Ôw \Ã-Xm-

sW¶v AbmÄ¡v tXm¶n. `mcy A¨m-½-tbmSv hnhcw ]d-ªp. adn-

b-¡p-«n-bpsS _mey-Im-e-I-fn-t¯m-g\pw Imap-I-\p-amb Nmt¡m-sb-

¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´ B Z¼-Xn-Isf Ipg-¡n. \odpw-Iq-«n aÀt¡m apX-

em-fn-bpsS _²-ssh-cn-bmWv Nmt¡m. A\o-Xn-bvs¡-Xnsc i_vZap-

133

bÀ¯m³ N¦p-d-¸pÅ sNdp- -̧¡m-c³. \à IÀj-I\pw A²zm-\n-bp-

amb Nmt¡msb hnhm-l-¡mcyw Adnbn¨p. “Ieym-Ws¯ kw_-

Ôn-¡p¶ an¡-hmdpw FÃm Imcy-§fpw Xocp-am-\n¡-s¸«p Ign-ªp.

tImc-t -̈«\pw Xr]vXn-bm-bn. hmkvX-h-̄ n Abm-fpsS lrZbw

B\-µw-sIm­p XpSn-¨p.”8 F¶m aI-fpsS `mhn-hc³ \nch[n-

ZpÈo-e-§Ä DÅ-bm-fm-sW¶pw _nbm-{Snkv F¶ t\gvkp-ambn ASp-

-̧¯n-em-sW¶pw tImc-t -̈«³ Adn-ªn-cp¶nÃ.

s]®p-Im-W NS§p \S-¶p. ad-nb-¡p«nbpsS Ab¡mcn

Nn¨nen A]-hmZw ]d-ª-Xn-s\-̄ p-SÀ¶v hnhmlw A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-

¯n-em-bn. \nch[n FXnÀ¸p-IÄ D­m-bn-. F¶m amXm-]n-Xm-¡-

fpsS -hm-in-\nan¯w adn-b-¡p-«n-bp-ambn ]m -̧¨sâ hnhmlw \S-¶p.

“\odpw-Iq-S-tâbpw sNc-h-\m-t¡-¡m-cp-sSbpw ]cn-lm-k-amWv Cu

IeymWw Dd-¸n-¡m³Xs¶ Imc-W-am-b-Xv. AsÃ-¦n AXv F§-

s\-sb-¦nepw XÃn-̄ q-hn-s]m-bvs¡m-t­-s\”.9

ad-nb-¡p-«n¡v Nmt¡msb ad-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. Ip -̄gnª

Pohn-X-̄ n-c-¡n-\n-S-bn adn-b-¡p-«nsb HmÀ½nbv¡p-hm³ ]m -̧̈ \pw

Ign-ªn-Ã. Nmt¡msb \odpwIqS³ Ip¯ptIkn IpSp¡n.

Nmt¡m Pbnenembn. F¶m k¼-¶-hÀ¤-̄ n\v apgp-h³ shÃp-

hnfn DbÀ¯n-s¡m­v XmaknbmsX Nmt¡m PbnÂtam-Nn-X-\m-bn.

XnIª hn¹hIm-cn-bm-bn. “Inco-Sw-t]mb cmPm-¡-·m-sc-t¸m-sebpw

A­n-I-fª A®m-·m-sc-t¸m-sebpw B \m«p-{]-am-Wn-IÄ \odpw-

134

Iq-«nse _w¥m-hnsâ Xn®-bn-en-cp-¶p.”10 Nmt¡m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-

¯n {Kmaw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]S-hp-IÄ Ib-dp-I-bm-bn.

`À¯m-hnsâ cl-ky-_Ôw adn-b-¡p-«n Adn-bm-\n-S-h¶p. `mcy-

sb-¡p-dn¨v ]m -̧¨\pw ]cm-Xn-bp-­v. Abm-fpsS kz`mhw A\p-Zn\w

hj-fm-bn-s¡m-­n-cp-¶p. \odpwIqS³ aÀt¡m-¨sâ ap³\n-e-]mSpw

ImgvN-¸m-Spw amdn-̄ p-S-§n. aIsf Nmt¡mbv¡v hnhmlw Ign-¨p-sIm-

Sp-¡m-sa-¶-Xp-h-sc-sb¯n Imcy-§Ä. ]m¸¨³ ]W-̄ n\v th­n

Imap-Inbmb _nbm{Snkns\ _p²n-ap-«n¨psIM­ncp¶p. HSp-hnÂ

ssItb-ähpw sNbvXp. \m«p-ImÀ CS-s]«v Xm¡o-Xp-\-evIn. ]W-̄ n-

åth­n Hmtcm-¶mbn hnäp Xpe-¨p. A{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bp-­mb Imd-]-

I-S-̄ nÂs]«v ]m¸-¨³ acn-¡p¶p. CtX kabw adn-b-¡p«n

BZys¯ aIs\ {]k-hn-¨p. A[n-I-Imew Ign-bpw-apt¼ B

Ipªpw acn-¨p. “adn-b-¡p«n Ic-ªp. Ic-bm³th-­n-am{Xw ]nd-¶-h-

fm-bn-cp¶p B IÀj-I-]p-{Xn”.11 tcmKn-Wn-bm-bn-̄ oÀ¶ AhÄ GI-

bmbn apdn-bv¡p-Ån InS-¶p. “]s­m-cn-bv¡Â hmcn-sb-tÃse

Ipdp-h-¨³ £oW-]-c-h-i-\mbn Ib-dn-h-¶-t¸mÄ AhÄ At±-ls¯

Ibän Ccp¯n kev¡-cn¨ B hSt¡ apdn C¶-h-fpsS Imcm-Kr-l-

am-bn”.12 Ime-{I-a-̄ n AkzmØyw Ipd-ªp. AhÄ ]Ån-

bnÂt]m-bn¯pS§n.

]m -̧¨sâ hgn-hn« Pohn-X-̄ n\v Imc-W-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶

s]m¶-¸³ Hcp Znhkw B ho«n-se-̄ n. hoSpw ]d¼pw CuSp-h v̈

135

]m -̧¨³ ]Ww hm§nbn«pÅ Imcyw Ahsc Adn-bn-¨p. CuSn-\p-]-

Icw adn-b-¡p«nsb AbmÄ Bh-iy-s -̧«p. Iq«m-¡m-̄ -Xnsâ

t]cn Ahsc ho«nÂ\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-«p. Zqsc-bpÅ _Ôp-hnsâ

ho«n A -̀bw-{]m-]n¨ adn-b-¡p-«nbpw IpSpw_-hpw bmZr-Ñn-I-ambn

Nmt¡msb ImWp-Ibpw hnh-c-§-sfÃmw Adnª AbmÄ Ahsf

Pohn-X-k-Jn-bmbn kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{]Xn-_-Ô-§-fn-eqsS {]W-b-̄ nsâ hfÀ¨bpw A{]-Xo-£n-X-

ambn `hn-¡p¶ {]W-b-km- -̂eyhpw IYsb Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡p-¶p.

kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnse amä-§Ä hyàn-Po-hn-X-̄ n {]Xn- -̂en-

¡p-¶Xv Cu t\mh-en ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. 1957 emWv Cu IrXn

{]kn²oIcn¨Xv.

6. ]«p-Xq-hme

AXn-i-à-amb t{]a-̄ nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-amWv ]«p-Xq-hm-e.

a\p-jy-kvt\-l-̄ nsâ hyXykvX Xe-§Ä A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶

Cu t\mh 1958 teXmWv.

A½-bpsS c­mw `À¯m-hmb At{´msb t]Sn¨p Pohn-

bvt¡-­n-h-cp¶ tPmÀÖv F¶ bphm-hn\v \mSIm`n\bw Pohn-X-

¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv. AbmÄ \Ã \S-\m-Wv. At{´m-bpsS hne¡v

ewLn¨mWv \mS-I-̄ n A`n-\-bn-¡m³ t]mbXv. \mSIw ImWm³

s{]m^. {^m³kn-kn-t\m-sSm¸w F¯nb aIÄ sken³ kz´w ]«p-

Xq-hme B \S\v kw`m-h\ sNbvXp. B ]«p-Xq-hm-e-bpsS t]cnÂ

\mS-I-¡-¼\n DS-a-س t]m -̄¸\pw tPmÀÖpw X½n Ah-Im-i-

136

¯À¡w D­m-bn. t]m¯-¸³ tPmÀÖnsâ ASn-tbäv \ne-̄ p-ho-

Wp. Xqhme ssI¡-em¡n tPmÀÖv \mSp-hn-«p; sken-t\m-SpÅ

t{]aw a\-Ên kq£n-¨p-sIm­v. ]«-W-̄ n thj-{]-Ñ-¶-\mbn

\S¶v ]e tPmen-Ifpw sNbvXp. sken\v Xt¶m-SpÅ at\m-`m-h-

s -̄¡p-dn¨v AbmÄ¡v bmsXmcp \nÝ-b-hp-an-Ã. ]«-W-̄ n do¯

F¶ kpµcnsbbpw apÃ-¸q-ame hnev¡p¶ Ban-\-sbbpw s{]m^.

{^m³kn-knsâ A\p-P³ amXyp {^m³kn-kn-s\bpw ]cn-N-b-s -̧

Sm\nSbmIp¶p. Xm³ t]meo-kns\ `b¶v Pohn-bv¡p¶ Bfm-

sW¶ kXyw Ban-\-tbmSp Xpd¶p ]d-ªp. F¶n«pw AhÄ

Abmsf kvt\ln-¨p.

Gsd \mÄ Ignªv P·-\m-«n Xncn-s¨-̄ p-t¼mÄ CSn-ªp-

s]m-fnªp InS-¡p¶ P·-Krlw I­v tPmÀÖv sR«nt¸m-bn.

F¦nepw A½bpw ktlm-Z-cnbpw kpc-£n-X-cm-sW¶ hmÀ¯

Abmsf kt´m-jn-¸n-¨p. t]meokv Ad-Ìp-sN-bvXp-sh-¦nepw

s{]m^. {^m³kn-knsâ klm-b-t¯msS c£-s -̧Sp-¶p. A½-bpsS

A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS Ban-\sb Iq«n-s¡m-­p-h-cm³ ]«-W-̄ n-se-̄ nb

tPmÀÖv Ah-fpsS ac-W-hmÀ¯-b-dnªp ZpJn-¨p. ]n¶o-Sv Hcp

tdmU-]-I-S-̄ nÂs]« tPmÀÖv, skensâ ho«n¯s¶ F¯n-t¨-

cp-¶p. AhnsS h¨v ]c-kv]cw lrZbw Xpd¶p kwkm-cn-̈ p.

“s]mbvt]mb Ime-§-sfÃmw Hcp \o­ Zpkz]v\w t]mse amªp-

t]m-bn. Hcn-¡epw ambm¯ Hcp I\-I-¡n-\mhv Bcw-̀ n-bv¡p-I-bm-

137

Wv.”13 v\nKq-V-amb t{]a-̄ nsâ km^eyw IYsb kpJ-]-cy-h-km-

bn-bm-¡p-¶p.

7. hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ

hÀ¡n-bpsS CXc t\mh-ep-I-fn-se-¶-t]mse kvt\l-̄ nsâ

hyXy-kvX-ap-J-§-fmWv hgn-sX-än-h¶ amem-J-bnepw ImWm-hp-¶-Xv.

1959 emWv Cu t\mh {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. kv{Xo amem-J-bm-Ip-¶

kml-N-cy-§-fn ]pcp-j³ tZh--\mbn ]cn-W-an-¡p¶ AXpeyamb

A\p-̀ -h-amWv hgn-sX-än-h¶ amem-Jbn ImWp¶Xv. ]mh-s -̧«-

h\pw AtX-k-abw XnIª A`n-am-\n-bp-amb IÃp-sh-«p-Im-c³ ]¸p-

hnsâ aI-fmb `hm\n kvt\ln-¡p-¶Xv Ių tKm]m-esâ aI³

tKmhn-µ-s\-bm-Wv. “Rm³ A[n-I-{]-kw-Knbpw t]m{In-bp-am-sW¶v

temIw ]d-bp-¶p. Rm³ bmsXm-c-\m-h-iyhpw BtcmSpw ]d-ªn-«n-

Ã.”14 kml-N-cy-§-fpsS tZmj-̄ m sX½m-Sn-bm-bn-̄ oÀ¶ tKmhn-

µs\ \·-bn-te-¡p-sIm-­p-h-cm\pw \m«p-ImÀ Ahs\ \Ã-h-s\¶v

hnfn-bv¡p-¶Xv tIÄ¡m-\p-apÅ B{K-l-amWv `hm-\n-bv¡p-Å-Xv.

tUmIvSÀ Znhm-I-c³ F¶ \Ã aåjysâ klm-b-̄ n-eqsS AXn-\p-

I-gn-bp-sa-¶-hÄ hniz-kn-bv¡p-¶p. aIÄ `hm-\nsb tKmhn-µ\p

\evIm³ ]¸phnsâ A`n-am\w A\p-h-Zn-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. tUmIvS-dp-am-

bpÅ `hm-\n-bpsS ASp¸w temIm-]-hm-Z-̄ n-\n-S-bm-¡n. A]-hmZw

]c-̄ p-¶-Xn tKmhn-µ\pw ]¦m-fn-bm-bn. {ItaW AbmÄ Ah-

fpsS i{Xp-hmbn amdn. F¶n«pw Abmsf shdp-¡m³ `hm-\n¡v Ign-

138

ªn-Ã. klmbw Bh-iy-ap-Å-t¸m-sgÃmw AhÄ tUm. Znhm-I-cs\

B{i-bn-¨p.

tUmIvS-dpsS Bip-]-{Xn-bnse t\gvkv kc-kbv¡v tUmIvS-

tdmSp Xmev]-cy-ap-­v. B I¼w \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-XÃ F¶v a\-Ên-em-

¡n-b-t¸mÄ AhÄ ]nim-Nm-bn. tKmhn-µ\pw AhÀs¡m¸w tNÀ¶p.

kcksb tPmen-bnÂ\n¶pw ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p. Ahsf tKmhn-µ³

hnhmlw Ign-̈ p. B hnhmlamIs« tUm. Znhm-I-c-t\mSpw `hm-\n-

tbm-Sp-apÅ {]Xn-Im-c-̄ n-\p-th­n am{X-ap-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. `hm\n

tUmÎdpsS ho«n A`bw tXSn. hn[n ssh]coXy¯mÂ

tKmhnµ³ sIme-sN¿s¸«p. ac-W-̄ n-\p-sXm-«p-ap-¼pÅ \nan-j-§Ä

Abm-fpsS ]Ým-̄ m-]-̄ n-sâbpw Gäp-]-d-¨n-en-tâXpam-bn-cp-¶p.

Hcp IqsS-¸n-d-¸n-t\m-sS-¶-t]mse `hm-\n-tbmSv AbmÄ A´y-bm{X

]d-ªp.

Znhm-I-c³ ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v `hm-\n-bpsS hnhmlw Dd-¸n-bv¡p-

¶p. hnhm-l-Zn-hkw hc³ F¯n-t¨À¶n-Ã. `hm-\n-tbbpw Znhm-I-c-

t\bpw Ipdn¨v ]c¶ A]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp¶p Imc-Ww. \nÊ-lm-b-cmb

`hm-\n-bpsS ho«p-Im-scbpw Ah-sfbpw c£n-¡m³ Znhm-I-c³

apt¶m-«p-h-¶p. At±lw `hm-\nsb hnhmlw Ign-̈ p. “{]Xo-£n-¨Xp

\S-¶n-Ã. {]Xo-£n-¡m-\m-hm-̄ Xp kw`-hn-̈ p. km²y-am-bXp km[n-

¨n-Ã. Akm-²y-am-bXp km[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.”15 hÀ¡n-¡-Y-I-

fpsS ASn-Øm-\-XXzw Xs¶-bm-W-Xv.

139

{InkvXy³ IpSpw-_-]-Ým-̄ -e-̄ n IY ]d-bpI F¶

]Xnhv coXn amän sslµ-hm-́ -co-£-̄ n-te¡p ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n IS-¡p-

¶Xp {i²n-¡-Ww. PmXn-]-ctam aX-]-ctam Bb \njvIÀj-IÄ¡v

IYm-L-S-\-bn A{]-[m\ ]t¦-bp-Åq. apJyw lrZ-b-_-Ô-§-fpsS

Ahym-tJyb KXn-I-fm-Wv. \mS-Io-bhpw {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-hp-am-Wv a\p-

jym-h-Ø-IÄ. \·bpw Xn·bpw Chn-sS-bp-­v. \· hnP-bnt¨ Xocp.

AhnsS kuµ-cy-̄ nsâ Xnf¡w ImWp¶p Fgp-̄ p-Im-c³. kXyw-

in-hw- kp-µcw F¶-Xp-Xs¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sv.

8. Hcp IpSbpw Ipªp-s]-§fpw

ae-bm-f-̄ n Gähpw IqSp-X hmbn-¡-s¸« _me-km-ln-Xy-

Ir-Xn-bm-Wvv 1961 se Hcp IpSbpw Ipªps]§fpw. C¶pw B hmb-

\¡v amä-sam-¶p-an-Ã.

\njvI-f-¦-amb _mey¯n¯s¶ A\m-YXzw Icn-\n-gÂ

hogv̄ nb c­p Ip«n-I-fpsS IYbmWnXv. amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä \jvS-s¸«

enÃnbpw t__n-bpw {Iqc-bmb t]c-½-bpsS kwc-£-W-bn-emWv Ign-

bp-¶-Xv. B ktlm-Z-c-§Ä Hcp-an-¨mWv kvIqfn t]mbn-h-cp-¶-Xv.

Hcp Znhkw ag-b¯v [\n-I-Ip-am-cn-bmb ]qaw-K-es¯ t{KknbpsS

IpS-¡o-gn Ib-dm³ enÃn {ian-¨p. B Uw-̀ p-Imcn Ib-än-bn-Ã. \\-

ªp-hn-d¨v kvIqfn-se-̄ nb enÃnsb ¢mÊp-ap-dn-bnepw Ib-än-bn-Ã.

t__n-bpsS a\Êv Np«p-s]m-Ån. “hgn-b-cn-In aXn-en-\p-a-dªv

t__n \n¶p. Xsâ Ipªp-s]-§sf IpS-¡otg tIäm-̄ -Xn\v B

s]®n-t\mSv ]Icw ho«-W-sa¶v Ah³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p-d-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-

140

Wv.”16 Ah³ Fdnª B IÃv t{Kkn-bpsS s\än-bn¯s¶

sIm­p. apdn-hp-­mbn, tNmc-sbm-gp-In. t__n¡p \mSp-hn-tS-­n-h-

¶p.

]«-W-̄ n-se¯nb t__n ]e-Xcw tPmen-IÄ sNbvXp.

e£yw H¶p-am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p; “HSp-hn k¼m-Zy-sa-Ãmw-IqsS tiJ-

cn¨v Hcp IpS hm§n¡pw þ Hcp sIm¨p-IpS þ Xsâ {]nb-s¸«

s]§Ä¡p-th-­n.”17

Ah³ _me³ F¶ t]cp-am-dn. AÛp-X-I-c-

amb temI-hp-ambn {ItaW CW-§n-t¨À¶p. Ipªp-s]-§Ä¡p-

th­n IpSbpw I­p-h¨p. tlm«-en ]Wn sNbvXp. AXn-I-Tn-\-

ambn A²zm-\n-̈ p. t¢i-§Ä ]eXpw kln-¨p. “D-gp¶pw ]cn¸pw

Acnbpw Ac-bv¡-Ww. tlm«-ep-Im-csâ IqsS amÀ¡-än t]mI-Ww.

Ah\v FSp-¡m-hp-¶-Xn IqSp-X kmam-\-§Ä Npa-¶p-sIm-­p-h-c-

Ww. Npa-sS-Sp¯v Ah\v [mcmfw ]cn-N-b-ap-­v. iIm-c-§Ä [mcmfw

tI«n-«p-­v. F¦nepw CXp I«n-bm-Wv.”18

{Iqc-bmb t]c-½-bp-sS-in£ kln-¡-h-¿msX enÃnbpw hoSp-

hn-«n-d-§n. hgn-bm-{X-bn \Ã-h-cmb Z¼-Xn-IÄ þ tUm. tPmWpw

timim-½bpw enÃnsb ImWm\n-S-bm-Ip-Ibpw Ahsf ho«n-tebv¡v

Iq«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. kz´w a¡fmb tPmbntbmSpw

tamfn-tbm-Spsam¸w enÃn-sbbpw hfÀ¯n. ktlm-Z-c³ \jvS-s¸«

Imcyw AhÄ Ah-tcmSp ]d-ªp. Ahs\ Is­-̄ m-sa¶v B Z¼-

Xn-IÄ hm¡p-sIm-Sp-̄ p. enÃn Ah-fpsS C¨m-¨s\ kz]v\w-I­v

141

\mfp-IÄ Ign-̈ p-Iq-«n. t__n-bm-Is« Hcp IpSbpw H¸w Ipªp-s]-

§-sfbpw kz]v\w-I-­p. kuZm-an\n So¨-dnsâ kwc-£-W-bn-emb

t__n A£cw ]Tn-bv¡m³ XpS-§n. t__n F¶mWv Ahsâ

bYmÀ°-t]-sc¶v Adnª kuZm-an-\n¡v Ahs\ kwi-b-am-bn.

kwKoX So -̈dmb kuZm-an\n tUm. tPmWnsâ Ip«n-Isf ]Tn-¸n-

bv¡m³ hcm-dp-­v. Hcp ]g-b-]-{X-̄ m-fn ]c-kyw-I­v kuZm-an\n

tUm. tPmWnsâ ho«nse¯n. enÃn-¡p-«n-bn \n¶v hnh-c-§Ä a\-

Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw ZoÀL-Imew ]ncn-ªp-Po-hn-t¡-­n-h¶ B ktlm-Z-

co-k-tlm-Z-c-·msc Iq«n-t¨À¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. “enÃn £Wt\cw

kvXw`n¨p \n¶pt]mbn. ]n¶oSv AhÄ HmSns¨¶v t__nsb

sI«n¸nSn¨v hn½n hn½n¡cªp”.19

Ime-{I-a-̄ n t__n tUmIvSÀ t__n-bm-bn. ]qaw-K-es¯

t{KknbpsS `À¯m-hnsâ tcmKw t`Z-am-¡n-b-Xn\v tUmIvSÀ Bh-iy-

s -̧«Xv \nÊm-c-amb {]Xn- -̂e-am-bn-cp-¶p. “F¦n F\n-s¡mcp

sIm¨p-Ip-S-hm-§n-¨p-X-¶m aXn. AXnsâ ]nSn-bn kzÀ®-¡p-cphn-

bpsS cq]-ap-Å-Xm-sW-¦n Gähpw \¶v.”20 {]Xn-Im-c-̄ nsâ

am[pcyw B hm¡p-I-fnep­mbncp¶p. tUm. tPmWnsâ aI³

tPmbnbpw enÃnbpw X½n-epÅ hnhmlw \S-¶p. B Znhkw

At\Iw ]mh-s -̧«-hÀ¡v A¶-Zm\w \evIn. “B Iq«-̄ n Hcp

]Sp-hr-²-bp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. Xm³ Hcn-¡Â ASn-¨n-d-¡n-hn« s]®mWv

142

aW-hm-«n-sbt¶m Xsâ t]c-½-bm-Wv B hr²-bm-N-In-sb¶v aW-hm-

«ntbm Adn-ªn-Ã.”21

hn[n-ssh-]-co-Xy-§sf \mS-Iob `wKn-tbmsS Bhn-jvI-cn-

¡m³ t\mh-en-Ìn-\pÅ Ignhv A]m-c-am-Wv. Hcp IpSbpw Ipªps]-

§fpw tIhew Hcp _me-km-ln-Xy-IrXn F¶ \ne-bn am{Xw

I­p-Iq-Sm. inev]¯nI-hpÅ Hcp ]Iz-c-N-\-bm-W-Xv.

9. ]ndhw tdmUv

1964  {]kn²oIcn¨ ]ndhw tdmUv ap«¯phÀ¡nbpsS

22þmas¯ t\mhemWv. PohnXw kpJn-bv¡m³ th­n-bp-Å-Xm-

sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-bm-fmWv sIm¨q-«³ AYhm IrjvW-¡p-dp- v̧.

Bim-tZhn _mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpw ImapInbpamsW¦nepw aäp

kv{XoI-tfmSv AbmÄ¡-Sp- -̧ap-­v. F¶m Bim-tZ-hn-sbbmWv

IqSp-X Cãw. Ah-cpsS {Sbn³ bm-{X-bv¡n-S-bn I­ bphXn

Abm-fpsS a\-Ên ]pXnb k¦-ev]-§Ä krjvSn¨p. ]ndhw tdmUv

tÌj-\n Cd-§nb B s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS t]gvknÂ\n¶v In«nb

hnh-c-§Äh-̈ p-sIm­v Ah-fpsS hoS-t\z-jn¨v ]ntä-Zn-hkw AbmÄ

bm{X Xncn-̈ p. hfsc _p²n-ap-«p-IÄ kln¨v HSp-hn B ho«n-se-

¯n. am[pcn F¶mWv Ah-fpsS t]cv. ho«p-Im-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s -̧«p.

am[p-cnsb Um³kv kvIqfn tNÀ¡m³ \K-c-̄ n-tebv¡v sIm­p-

t]m-bn. IqSp-XÂ ASp-̄ n-S-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhÄ Abmsf

AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-̈ p. AXn\v AhfpsS ho«p-Im-cpsS au\-k-½-

Xhpw D­mbncp¶p. sIm¨q-«sâ Aѳ Cu hnhcw Adn-ªp.

143

]n´n-cn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨p. am[p-cnsb hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v

sIm¨q«³ hmin-]n-Sn-̈ p. KXy-́ -c-an-ÃmsX Aѳ AXn\v k½-Xn-¨p.

CXn\nsS tcmKn-Wn-bmbn Bip-]-{Xn-bn {]th-in-¸n-¡-s¸« Bim-

tZhn sIm¨q«\v Ab¨ I¯v Abm-fpsS a\Êv am-dm-\n-S-bm-¡n.

Zp:Jn-X\pw ]Ým-̄ m-]-hn-h-i-\p-amb sIm¨q«³ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-

se¯n Bim-tZ-hn-tbmSv Ign-ª-sXÃmw Gäp-]-dªv sXäp-IÄ

Xncp-̄ m³ X¿m-dm-bn. Bim-tZ-hnsb hnhmlw Ign-bv¡m³ Xocp-am-

\n-̈ p. Cu hnhcw Adnª am[pcn sIm¨q-«\v Fgp-̄ -b- -̈tijw

dbn¸m-f-̄ n Poh³ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨p. Ah-fpsS ac-W-hmÀ¯-b-

dnª Bim-tZhn t_m-[-c-ln-X-bm-bn. Bip-]-{Xn-¡n-S-¡-bn ac-W-

a-S-ªp. “A§§p Zqsc-bpÅ BIm-i-̄ n c­p \£-{X-§Ä

ASp-̄ -Sp-̄ p-\n¶v Fs¶-̄ s¶ t\m¡p-¶p.”22 Ipä-t_m-[-t¯msS

sIm¨q-«³ hne-]n-̈ p.

Zpc-́ -̄ nsâ Idp-̄ -hm-hp-IÄ hÀ¡n-bpsS IYm-tem-I-̄ nÂ

A]qÀh-am-tb {]Xy£s -̧Sm-dp-Åq. H¶nepw Dd-¨p-\n-ev¡msX

Nm©m-Sp¶ a\-kmWv ChnsS Zpc- -́tl-Xp.

10. Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ

\K-c-{Km-a-ssh-cp-²y-§-fnÂs¸«p XI-cp¶ a\p-jy-cpsS IY-

bmWv Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ. ]Xnhp cN-\m-co-Xn-I-fn \n¶pÅ amäw

Cu t\mh-en\p hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp am\w \evIp-¶p. 1966 emWv

CXv {]kn²oIcn¨Xv.

144

Pohn-X-̄ nse Hmtcm {]Xn-_-Ô-§-tfbpw sabv¡-cp-̄ p-

sIm­pw a\-¡-cp-̄ p-sIm­pw t\cn-Sp¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-c-\mWv

tXm½m. ]«-W-̄ nÂ\n¶pw IpSpw-_-k-taXw \m«n³]p-d¯v IpSn-tb-

dnb tXm½m BZy-F-XnÀ¸ns\ sabv¡-cp¯p-sIm­v hnP-bn-̈ p. Iq«-

¯n {]`p-Ip-am-c-\mb tPmbn-bp-ambn kulr-Zhpw Øm]n-̈ p.

{ItaW \m«p-ImÀ s¡ms¡ th­-s -̧«-h-\m-bn. hr²-bmb amXmhpw

`mcybpw c­p-s]¬ a-¡fpw Iptd CÃm-bva-I-fp-amWv tXm½m-bpsS

IpSpw-_w. aq¯ aIÄ tacn AXo-h-kp-µ-cn-bm-W-v. “Bscbpw sImXn-

]n-Sn-¸n-bv¡-̄ -¡-hn[w AhÄ¡v {]tXy-I-amb Hc-g-Ip-­v. IS-sª-

Sp-̄ -Xp-t]mse DbÀ¶p-\n-ev¡p¶ amÀÆn-Sw. \t¶ sNdnb hb-dv.

\Ã tNepÅ I®p-IÄ þ ]\w-Ip-e-t]m-es¯ Xe-ap-Sn.”23 Cu kpµ-

cnsb ap¶p bphm-¡Ä Htc kabw t{]an-¡p-¶p. Ipt_-c-]p-{X-\mb

tPmbn, `mcy acn-¨p-t]mb bq¡men¡ -̈h-S-¡m-c³ Idn-b, ]«m-f-¡m-

c³ am¯p¡p«n. tacn-bm-Is« tPmbnsb `À¯m-hmbn a\-Ên {]Xn-

jvTn-¨p. Idnbm c­mw-sI-«p-Im-c-\m-sW¶ Imc-W-̄ m tXm½m

B _Ôw CjvS-s -̧«n-Ã. a¯m-bn-bp-am-bpÅ Btem-N\ \S-¶p.

kv{Xo[\w ]dªp k½-Xn¨v a\-Ê-½-Xhpw \S-̄ n. X¡-k-abw

kv{Xo[\w sImSp-¡m³ Ign-bm-̄ -Xn-\m hnhmlw apS-§n-t¸m-bn.

aäp-t]mw-h-gn-I-fn-ÃmsXh¶-t¸mÄ tacnsb Idn-bmbv¡v sImSp-¡m-

sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. ]t£ tacn Xsâ a\Êpw ico-chpw tPmbn¡v

\evIn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW-¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ hnhmlw Ign-

¡-W-sa¶v AhÄ tPmbn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s -̧s«-¦nepw AbmÄ

145

Ahsf ssIsbm-gn-ªp. tacn-bpsS hmÀ¯-b-dnªv A½ t_m[c-

ln-X-bmbn hoWp acn-̈ p. \ncm-ew-_-\mb tXm½mbv¡v {]Xo-£-bp-

WÀ¯n-s¡m­v ]«m-f-¡m-c³ am¯p-¡p-«n-bpsS hc-h-dn-bn-¡p¶

Fgp¯p In«n. Xsâ aIÄ hnhm-l-h-kv{X-§-fWnªp \nev¡p¶

ImgvN-Im-Wm³ B ]nXm-hn\p XnSp-¡-am-bn. A¸\v tIÄ¡m³

AhÄ ]m«p-]m-Sn. AbmÄ¡v ImWm³ hnhm-l-h-kv{X-§-f-Wnªp.

B thj-̄ n AhÄ Pohn-X-a-h-km-\n-̧ n-¨p.

tXm½m k¼qÀ®-ambn tXmäp. hn[n hnP-bw-h-cn-̈ p. HSp-hnÂ

X\n-bv¡pÅ hkvXp-h-I-IÄ Zm\w-sNbvXv hr²-am-Xm-hn-t\bpw Cf-

b-a-I-tfbpw Iq«n XncnsI \S-¶p. ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Im³ Iq«m-¡msX

ssIkÀ F¶ InÃ- -̧«nbpw ]ndtI \S-¶p.

Pohn-X-am-Ip¶ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-S-ensâ Xoc-̄ p ]I¨p-\n-ev¡p¶

tXm½m ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ense D{K-tX-P-ÊpÅ IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-sem-¶m-

Wv.

11. Bdmw {]amWw

1967  {]kn²oIcn¨ Bdmw {]amWw Gsd {i²n¡s¸«

t\mhemWv. hy`n-Nmcw sN¿-cpXv F¶ {InkvXp-a-X-{]-amWw Hcp

]pcp-jsâ Ima-\-I-fp-ambn kwLÀj-̄ n-teÀs -̧Sp-¶-Xnsâ Bhn-

jv¡m-c-amWo t\mhÂ.

{InkvXo-b-hn-izm-k-̄ nsâ {]am-W-§Ä AtX-]Sn A\p-k-cn v̈

Pohn-bv¡p-¶-bm-fmWv Cu IY-bnse apJy-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb tPmkv.

AbmÄ kv{XoI-fn \n¶v AI-¶p-I-gn-bp-¶-Xnsâ ImcWw temI-

146

¯n BZy-ambn ]m]w D­m-bXp kv{Xobn \n¶m-sW¶ Imc-W-

¯m-em-Wv. _mey-Im-e-kJn enÃn-tbmSpw AbmÄ¡v ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv

tam£-s -̄¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. “tam£-̄ n \ap¡v H¶n-¨n-cn-¡Ww

IÀ¯m-hnsâ ASp-̄ v.”24

Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn-I-gn-bm-\mWv tPmkn-\n-

jvSw. Hcp kn\n-atbm \mS-Itamt]mepw CXp-hsc I­n-«n-Ã. efnX

thjw. [\nIcmb amXm-]n-Xm-¡-Äþsk-_m-Ìy³ kmdpw t{Xkym-½-

bpw GI aI-s\-¡p-dn¨v Gsd Zp:Jn-¡p-¶p. hnhmlw Ign v̈

IpSpw_w \ne-\nÀt¯-­-h³ AXn \n¶v AI-¶p-\n-ev¡p-¶-

XmWv Imc-Ww. enÃnsb tPmkn\pth­n ]t­ ]d-ªp-sh-̈ n-

«pÅXmWv. cPn-kv{SmÀ hÀ¤okv tPmknsâ a\Êv amän-sb-Sp-¡m³

hfsc ]mSp-s]-Sp¶p. Ahs\ ]«-W-̄ n-e-b-¨m FÃmw t\tc-bm-Ip-

sa¶v AhscÃm-w Icp-Xn.

tPmkv \K-c-̄ n-tebv¡v bm{X Xncn-¨p. Hcp kzIm-cy-_m-¦nÂ

tPmen e`n-¨p. Ahn-Ss¯ Poh-\-¡mcn sIm¨p-t{X-kym-½bpw apX-

em-fn-bpsS aIÄ dq_nbpw Ahsâ ]cn-N-b-¡m-cm-bn. {ItaW

dq_n¡v tPmkn-t\mSv t{]aw tXm¶n. AhfpsS ho«p-ImÀ¡v

FXnÀ¸pw D­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. sIm¨pt{Xkym¡pw tPmkn-t\mSv t{]a-am-

Wv. At¸m-sgÃmw \m«nÂ\n¶v enÃn-bpsS t{]a-]qÀÆ-amb Fgp-̄ p-

IÄ In«n-s¡m-­n-cp-¶p. \nc-h[n {]tem-̀ -\-§fm Abm-fpsS a\-

Ên\v Cf¡w X«n-̄ p-S-§n. dq_n-bpsS ho«nse Xmakw Ah-fp-ambn

IqSp-XÂ ASp¸w krjvSn-¨p. ]n¶oSv Ahn-sS-\n¶pw amdn ]pXn-

sbmcp Øe¯v Xma-k-am-¡n. AhnsS Dj Fs¶mcp s]¬Ip-

147

«nsb ]cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. AhÄ \r¯w sN¿p-Ibpw \¶mbn ]mSp-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-fm-Wv. tPmkv Ah-fpsS Bcm-[-I-\m-bn. ]pI-h-en,

aZy-]m\w F¶nh ioen-̈ p. aZy-]m\w \nXy-kw- -̀h-am-bn. “Dj ASp-

s -̄̄ n. Ah-fpsS tXmf¯v Ah³ ssI Xm§n. B ssI¸¯n

AhÄ ]nSn¨v Ah-fpsS h£-tÊm-S-aÀ¯n.”25 Abm-fpsS Igp-̄ nÂ

InS¶ sh´n-§m-N-cSv AhÄ s]m«n¨v Xobn-en-«p. Ahs\ AhÄ

Bhm-ln¨v ]¨ ]cn-jv¡m-cn-bm-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv \S-¶-Xv. Bdmw-

{]-amWw ewLn-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v ]e XhW {]tem- -̀\-ap-­m-bn. enÃn-

¡p-«nsb Ah³ Gsd-¡psd ad-¶p. Djbpw A½bpw ZpÀ¶-S-¸p-Im-

cm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-¦nepw Ah-cnÂ\n¶v AI-em³ ico-c-

¯nsâ XrjvW-IÄ \nan¯w tPmkn\v km[n-̈ n-Ã. a\kpw a\-Êm-

£nbpw ac-hn-̈ p.

tPmkv XncnsI \m«n-se-̄ p-t¼mtgbv¡pw sk_m-Ìy³ kmÀ

acn-¨p-I-gn-ªncp¶p. enÃn-bpsS hnh-c-§sfÃmw cl-ky-ambn At\z-

jn-̈ -dn-ªp. ho­pw AbmÄ \K-c-̄ n-se-̄ p-t¼mÄ Djbpw

A½bpw hf-sc-tbsd Xnc-¡n-em-bn-cp-¶p. ss\cm-iy-̄ m PohnXw

Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. acn¡pw-ap¼v Bdmw-{]-amWw

ewLn-bv¡m-\pÅ AXn-bmb tamlw a\-Ên-ep-­m-bn. AXn-åth­n

F¯nb Øe¯v enÃnsb I­v AbmÄ A¼-c-¶p-t]m-bn. AhÄ

henb B]-̄ nÂs]-«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶v a\Ênem¡n. Ahsf

AhnsS\n¶v c£-s -̧Sp-̄ n. AXn-i-à-amb am\-knI kwLÀj-

§Äs¡mSphn enÃnsb¯s¶ hnhmlw Ign-¨p. amem-J-bm-bn-

148

cp¶ tPmkns\ a\p-jy-\m-¡m³ ]«-W-̄ n-e-b¨p. ]nim-Nmbn

XncnsI -h-¶p. HSp-hn-em-Is« a\p-jy-\mbn `hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{InkvXo-b-aqey Nn -́IÄ a\p-jy-a-\-kn DbÀ¯p¶

kwLÀj-§Ä C{Xbpw Bg-̄ n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ asämcp ae-bm-

f-t\m-h-en-Ã. ico-chpw a\Êpw X½n-epÅ Gäp-ap-«Â km¯m\pw

ssZhhpw X½n-epÅ bp²w-Xs¶. B bp-²-am-Wv Bdmw {]am-W-

¯n ImWp-¶-Xv.

12. shfp¯ I{Xo\

]nt¶m-¡-¡m-cn-bmb Hcp Xcp-Wn-bpsS cq]-`m-h-ku-Ip-amcyw

{]W-b-̄ nsâ Ae-I-S-en AI-s -̧Sp-t¼m-gp-­m-Ip¶ hnIm-c-]-c-X-

bmWv 1967Â {]kn²oIcn¨ shfp¯ I{Xo\ F¶ t\mh-ensâ

{]ta-bw.

tXbnet¯m«-̄ nse Akn-Ìâv kq{]­p at\m-l-c³ I{Xo-

\-tbmSp ]dªp “\osbmcp sIm¨p-kp-µ-cn-bm-WtÃm I{Xo\m”!26

A`n-\-µ-\-§Ä tI«v AhÄ¡v tcmam-©-ap-­m-bn. “\osbmcp ]pe-¨n-

s]-®m-sW¶v Bcpw ]d-bp-I-bn-Ã.”27 \nc-h[n bphm¡fpsS Bcm-[-

\m-]m-{X-ambn I{Xo\ hfÀ¶p. {]W-b-hm-KvZm-\-hp-ambn F¯nb

sNÃ-¸s\ kzoI-cn-¡m³ AhÄ¡v Xmev]-cy-ap-­m-bn-Ã. tN«³

tXh³ sNÃ- -̧\p-th­n Ah-tfmSv hmZn-̈ p. F¶m at\m-l-c-

s\bmWv I{Xo\ Cãs¸«Xv. tXhåw at\mlcåambp­mb

149

hm¡p-XÀ¡-̄ nsâ `hn-jy¯v `b¶v A½ amÀ¯m-tbbpw I{Xo-\-

tbbpw Iq«n tXh³ tXm«-̄ nÂ\n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sn.

I{Xo-\-bpsS shfp¸pw tXhsâ Idp¸pw X½n-epÅ s]mcp-̄ -

t¡Sv Ah-cpsS cà-_-Ô-̄ n-t·Â kwibw krjvSn-¨p. I{Xo\m

taeq-«p-Im-cpsS hÀ¤-̄ nÂs]« Hc-\m-Y-s]-®m-sW¶v If-hp-]-d-tb-

­n-h-¶p. sNÃp-¶n-S-s¯Ãmw I{Xo\ F¶ {]iv\w s]mÅn-̄ p-S-

§p-¶-Xp-t]mse tXh\p tXm¶n. I{Xo-\-bv¡m-Is« ]qhme·mcpsS

ieyw kln-¡-h-¿msX CSbv¡nsS tPmen-Øew amtd-­-Xmbpw

h¶p. Ipcy-¸³ takvXn-cn-bpsS ho«p-th-e-bv¡mbn t]mb-t¸m-gmWv

A½-bpsS ASp-¡Â\n¶v BZy-ambn AhÄ AI-¶p-\n-¶-Xv. s]s«-

s¶m-cmÄ B kpµ-cn-bpsS a\-Ên Ib-dn- -̧än. IrjvW-aw-Kew a\-

bv¡se sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta-\n. Abmsf AhÄ Gsd CjvS-s -̧«p. “C{X-

bpw-Imew Ct±lw FhnsS Hfn-¨n-cp-¶p AhÄ tXSnb shfp-̄ -]p-e-

b³ At±-l-am-bn-cn-¡p-tam. A§s\ Cu hnim-e-amb temI-̄ nÂ

Hscmä kv{Xobpw Hscmä ]pcp-j-\pta ImWp-I-bp-Åq. At±-lhpw

I{Xo-\-bpw.”28 B{K-l-§Ä H¶n-\p-]n-dtI H¶mbn B a\-ÊnÂ

XncXÃn. Hcn-¡Â Ipcy-¸³ takvXn-cn-bpsS `mcy-bpsS kmcnbpw

»ukpw B -̀c-W-§-fp-sam-s¡-sb-Sp¯v AhÄ AWn-ªp t\m¡n.

\à tNÀ¨ Xs¶.

Ipcy-¸³ takvXn-cnbv¡v I{Xo\tbmSpff Xmev]cyw a\-Ên-em-

¡nb `mcy cm{Xn-bn¯s¶ Ahsf ho«nÂ\n¶nd¡n hn«p. hn[n-

150

ssh-]-co-Xy-sa-¶-ÃmsX F´p]-d-bm³! A`bw tXSn AhÄ sN¶p-

I-b-dn-bXv Hcp thiym-Kr-l-̄ n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn-sS-\n¶v c£-s¸«v

HmSn-sb-̄ n-bXv A¯pÀam³ lmPn-bpsS ho«nepw. B ho«p-ImÀ

Ahsf _ln-jvI-cn-̈ nÃ. XpSÀ¶pÅ Znh-k-§Ä tUm. ^nen-¸nsâ

ho«nse tPmen-¡m-cn-bm-bn. A§s\ \K-c-̄ n kpJ-ambn Pohn-¨p.

Ct¸mÄ “kpµ-c\mb kq{]­p at\m-l-c³ a\-ÊnÂ\n¶v

A´À[m\w sNbvX-Xp-t]mse. Ipcy-¸³ takvXn-cnbpw hnkvar-X-\m-

bn-cn-bv¡p-¶p.”29 A§s\ kpJ-ambn Pohn-¡p-t¼mÄ tUmIvS-dpsS

]nXmhv hdo-̈ sâ ieyw ImcWw I{Xo\bv¡v B tPmenbpw \jvS-

am-bn.

IrjvWawKew a\bv¡se sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-sb-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-

X hnh-c-§Ä AhÄ Adnªp. a\p-jy-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse hÀ¤-hÀ®-

t`-Z-§sf hI-h-bv¡m¯ a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bm-W-t±-lw. “t{]a-¯nsâ

_me-]mTw Ahsf ]Tn-¸n-bv¡m³ h¶ kq{]­v at\m-l-c³

FhnsS? sIm¨p-¶mÄsXm«v t{]a-̄ nsâ ssI¡p-¼nÄ \o-«n-s¡m­v

bmN-I-s\-t¸mse Ah-fpsS ]pd-sI\-S¶ sNÃ-¸³ F¶ IrjvW-

hÀ®-s\-hnsS? \m«n³]p-ds¯ Nmb-¡-S-ap-ä¯p IqSnb B sNdp- -̧

¡mÀ, lcn-P-t\m-²m-c-I-\mb B aWn-b-¸³, B ]e-th-e-¡m-c³

am[-h³, B Ipcy- -̧s\¶ takvXncn Ah-scms¡ FhnsS? FhnsS?

hgn-¡p-h¨v AhÄ Ic-W-̄ -Sn¨ B N«-¼n, takvXn-cn-bpsS hoSnsâ

aXn-en-\p-ap-I-fnÂIqSn F¯n-¡p-̄ n-\n¶p Hfn-ªp-t\m-¡p¶ ]qhm-

151

e-·mÀ… tSmanbpw hdo-¸m-bn-bpw…. Ah-scÃmw Ah-fpsS a\-

ÊnÂIqsS amÀ¨v ]mÌv \S-̄ p¶Xpt]mse tXm¶p-¶p.”30

I{Xo-\sb am\-̀ w-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ {ian¨ Bfn-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-Im-

c-{i-a-̄ n-\n-S-bn tXh³ sImÃ-s -̧«p. hfsc sshIn-bmWv I{Xo\

B hnhcw Adn-ª-Xv. sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb tXSn _w¥m-hnÂI-S-¶p-

sN¶ B cm{Xn-bn Ah-fpsS I\y-ImXzw tlman-¡-s -̧«p.

XnIª Ipä-t_m-[-t¯msS I{Xo\ PohnXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-bv¡p-

hm³ B{K-ln-̈ p. AsÃ-¦n Ing-¡³ ae-I-fn-tebv¡v Xncn¨p

t]mI-Ww. ]t£ sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta\n ]dªp “AtX C¶se A´y-

bm-an-\n-bn \o Fsâ h[p-hmbn”31 AbmÄ Ahsf `mcybmbn

kzoI-cn-¨p. I{Xo-\bv¡v Kmb{Xn F¶ t]cp \evIn. amÀ¯mbv¡v

CsXm¶pw DÄs¡m-Åm³ km[n-̈ n-cp-¶n-Ã. ]pe-¨n-bpsS aIÄ

{_mÒ-Wsâ `mcy-bm-Ip-¶Xv Akm-²yw. AhÀ Ft§mt«m

s]mbv¡-f-ªp. ktlm-Z-c\pw A½bpw I{Xo\bv¡vv \jvS-am-bn.

Hcn¡Â sNÃ-¸³ Ahsf ImWm³ -h-¶p. `À¯mhv Øe-̄ n-

Ãm¯ B Znhkw sNøåambn AhÄ InS-¸d ]¦p-h-¨p. I{Xo\

{]k-hn-¨p. Idp¯ B¬Ip-ªv. `oI-c-Nn´ Ah-fpsS DÅn Xe-

s]m-¡n. B Ipªnsâ Poh³ kz´w ssIIÄsIm­v \in-¸n-¨v,

sXäpIÄ Gäp-]-dªv I{Xo\ Ing-¡³a-e-bn aS-§n-sb-̄ n;

sNøsâ ASp¡Â.

152

Bkzm-̀ m-hnIsa¶p tXm¶m-hp¶ IYm-́ y-amWv shfp¯

I{Xo-\-bp-tS-sX¦nepw hmb\bv¡v XS-ÊamIp¶nsö Imcyw

{i²nt¡­XmWv.

Pohn-X-\n-g¸m-Sp-IÄ

kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fnÂ\n¶v Hgn-ªp-\n-ev¡p¶p F¶-

XmWv ss]¦nfn t\mh-ep-I-sf¶v hnfn-bv¡-s -̧Sp-¶-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v

s]mXpshbpÅ ]cm-Xn. F¶m t\mhÂc-N-\-bpsS \oXn-imkv{Xw

icn¡pw hi-am-¡n-bn-cp¶ ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-

Ihpw km¼-̄ n-I-hp-amb Ne-\-§Ä A\p-̀ -h-s¸« ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-

bpsS ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n t\mh cNn-¨p. IpSn-tb-ä-{Km-a-§-fnse

kmaq-lnI PohnXw, ImÀjn-I-hr-̄ n-sIm­v D]-Po-h\w \S-̄ p¶

a\p-jyÀ, Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI apt¶äw F¶n-h-bv¡mWv

Du¶Â sImSp-̄ -Xv. BZyt\mh CW-{]m-hp-IÄ apX Imä-̄ p-

eª sImXp-¼p-tXmWn hsc-bpÅ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS ap -̧̄ n-b-©p-

hÀjw t\mhÂhm-b-\-bpsS temIs¯ ap«-¯p-hÀ¡n \nb-{´n-̈ p.

A£cw Iq«n hmbn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ GhÀ¡pw hmb-\-bpsS

temIw Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp¯ kmln-Xy-Im-c-\m-W-t±-lw. ss]¦nfn F¶

t]cn Cu Ir-Xn-Isf hne-bn-cp-̄ p-hm³ {ian-¨n-«p-ÅXv \yq\-]-£-

¡m-cmb kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mcpw _p²-Po-hn-I-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-

hm³ _²-s -̧Sp-¶-h-cp-am-Wv. _lp-̀ q-cn-]£w hmb-\-¡mcpw

_u²nI kz`m-h-apÅ IrXn-I-sf-¡mÄ ap«¯p hÀ¡n IrXn-IÄ

153

hmbn-¡m-\n-jvS-s -̧«n-cp-¶-XvsIm-­p-Xs¶ Ahbv¡v kvss{XW-

kz`mhw \evIn amän \nÀ¯m-\pÅ {iahpw D­m-bn.

kmln-Xys¯ P\-a-\-Êp-I-fn-tebv¡v tNÀ¯p-\nÀ¯p-I-bmWv

ap«¯p hÀ¡n sNbvX-Xv. CW-{]m-hp-IÄ, ]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fn,

sX¡³ Im-äv, abn-em-Spw-Ip¶v XpS-§nb t\mh-ep-I-fnse {]W-b-

tPm-Un-Isf s\©nte-än- \-S¶ Iuam-c-{]m-b-¡mÀ¡v ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-

Hcp t\mh-enÌv am{Xambn-cp-¶n-Ã. kz]v\m-S-\-̄ nsâ hgn-Im-«n- Iq-Sn-

bm-bn-cp-¶p.

t{]aw Znhyhpw A\nÀh-N-\o-bhpw DZm-̄ -hp-am-Wv. t{]a-km-

^eyw Nne-t¸mÄ ac-W-̄ n-eq-sS-bm-Imw. hnclw th-Z-\-bm-Wv. AXp

t{]as¯ ià-am-¡p-¶p. IqSn-t¨-c BËm-Z-am-Wv. AXv t{]as¯

]pjv]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. C¯cw efn-X-amb t{]a-k-tµ-i-§fmWv

hÀ¡nbpsS t\mhepIÄ hln-¡p-¶Xv. CW-{]m-hp-I-fnse At´m-

Wn-bp-sSbpw dmtl-en-sâbpw Imcy-sa-Sp-¡p-I. Pohn-X-̄ n sI«n

DbÀ¯nb t{]a-ku[w X«n-sb-dn-b-s -̧«-t¸mÄ hn[n-bpsS ap¼nÂ

Ccp-hcpw \nÊ-lm-b-cmbn Xe-Ip-\n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶p. At´m-Wn-

bpsS ktlm-Zcn A½n-Wnbpw dmtlepw Ab¡mÀ F¶-Xn-ep-]cn

ktlm-Z-c-kvt\lw ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

sIm¨p sIm¨p ]nW-¡§Ä £Wn-I-am-Wv. hgn-sX-än-h¶

amem-J-bn `hm-\n-bp-tSbpw kqdm-bp-tSbpw PohnXw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-

W-am-Wv. “{]`m-X-̄ nse aªp-Xp-Ån-IÄt]m-se-bmWv BßmÀ°

kJn-IÄ X½n-epÅ ]nW-¡-§Ä. kvt\l-̄ nsâ NqSpÅ shbn-

154

e¯v Ah A{]-Xy-£-§-fm-Ipw.”32

Zcn-{Z-cmb IYm-]m-{X-§fpw

kvt\lw-sIm­v k¼-¶-cm-Wv. sX¡³Im-än \mb-I³

_m_phns\ “kvt\l-̄ nsâ sImSp-ap-Sn-bn \nev¡p¶ klr-Z-

b³ _m_p”33 F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kvt\l-̄ n\v ap¶nÂ

[\n-I-s\¶pw Zcn-{Z-s\-¶p-an-Ã. ]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fn-bn Zcn-{Z-\mb

eq¡m-km-dnsâ aIÄ Nn¶-½sb Ipt_-c-\mb X¦-¨³ hnhmlw

Ign-¡p-¶-Xv kvt\l-̄ n\v AXnÀh-c-¼p-IÄ CÃm¯-Xn-\m-emWv.

ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n kvt\ls¯ kÀÆ-kz-ambn ]pI-gv̄ n-bn-«p-­v. “acp-`q-

ansb aeÀhm-Sn-bm-¡m\pw Xo¡-\-ens\ aªp-I-«-bm-¡m\pw Ign-

hpÅ kvt\l-t¯-¡mÄ henb Huj-[-apt­m temI-̄ nÂ.”34

FXnÀ¸p-I-fneqsS ià-am-Ip¶ kvt\lw apdn-hp-I-fn apf-

s]m-«n- ]-S-cp¶ eX-t]mse Xg-bv¡p-¶p. kvt\l-an-Ãm¯ temI-

t¯mSv hÀ¡n-bv¡pÅ AaÀjw hyà-am-Wv. “tlm! Fs´mcp

temI-amWo temIw kvt\l-an-Ãm-̄ Xpw kvt\ln-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-

¡m-̄ -Xp-amb temIw.”35 Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ AS-§m¯ kvt\lw

hyà-am-¡p-hm³ Cu hm¡p-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p. “B \nan-j-̄ nÂ

AhÄ acn-̈ p-t]mbncps¶-¦n F¶p-t]mepw AhÄ Bin-¨p.

]t£ acn--bv¡pI km²y-a-Ã. AhÄ¡v Pohn-¡-Ww.”36 PohnXw

Pohn-bv¡m³ th­n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. kvt\l-am-Ip¶ alm-\Zn FÃm

{]Xn-_-Ô-§fpw Xc-Ww-sNbvXv e£y-¯n-se-̄ n-t¨-cp-sa-¶-XmWv

155

hgn-sX-än-h¶ amem-J-bnse apJy-k-tµ-iw. {]Xn-_-Ô-§-fn-

eqsSbpÅ {]W-b-km-̂ eyw ]pcm-W-{]-kn-²-amb IY-I-fnÂ

[mcmfw ImWmw. \f-N-cn-X-̄ nse \f\pw Za-b-́ n-bpw imIp-́ -f-

¯nse iIp-́ -fbpw Zpjy-́ \pw C{]-Imcw {]Xn-_-Ô-§sf AXn-

Po-hn-̈ -h-cm-Wv.

ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS IY-I-fn Nne-t¸m-sgms¡ ImW-s -̧Sp¶

Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb kw -̀h-§Ä IYm-L-S-\sb ZpÀ_-e-am-¡p-¶p-­v.

F¶m B ZuÀ_eyw BJym-\-em-fn-Xy-¯mepw Imev]-\n-I-̀ mj

krjvSn-¡p¶ hnIm-c-]-c-X-bmepw hmb-\-bn hnkva-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-

bmWv sN¿p¶Xv. Xsâ a\-Ên-ep-d-̧ n¨ DZm-̄ -amb kvt\l-

k¦ev]w hnP-b-̄ n-se-̄ n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-̄ n\nSbn NnesXms¡

hÀ¡n hn«pIfªp.

FÃm-X-e-̄ nepw Xc-̄ nepw s]« lrZ-b-_-Ô-§Ä hne-s -̧«-

h-bm-Wv. ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-l-̄ nsâ Bgw Hcp IpSbpw Ipªp-s]-§-

fnepw \ndªp \nev¡p-¶p. “B§fbpw s]§fpw X½n-epÅ

kvt\lw `b-¦-c-am-Wv. a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-§-fn Aaq-ey-amb B

kvt\ls¯ \nt£-]n¨ Cuiz-c³ F{Xtbm kvt\l-apÅh\m-bn-

cn-bv¡-Ww.”37

kvt\lw ]¦p-h-bv¡-ensâ A\p- -̀h-am-Wv. kpJ-Zp-:J-§Ä,

Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-§Ä, ]Ww, kabw Ch-sbÃmw ]c-kv]cw ]¦n-Sp-

t¼m-gmWv Pohn-X-̄ n AÀ°w D­m-Ip-I. Bh-iy-§-fn ]c-

kv]cw klm-bn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-kvt\lw Gsdbpw km[p-¡-fn-emWv

156

ImWm-dv. “Gs\sâ sIm¨n-{am«n Fhn-sSÃmw HmSo-t¶m. B IaoXv

samX-em-fo-S-§p-sN-¶¸w AXn-bm³ ]td Ggp-cq`m Xcm-sa¶v”38

{Kma-̄ nsâ kzÑ-amb Npäp-]m-Sn ]mh-§Ä¡v ]¦p-h-bv¡m³ Nne-

t¸mÄ hcn-bv¡- -̈¡-bmhpw D­m-hp-I. “]gp¯ hcn-bv¡- -̈¡-bpsS

Hcp tIm´p-am-bn-«mWv sImt¨en h¶-Xv.”39 ]¦p-h-bv¡-en\v

PmXnbpw aXhpw XS-Ê-a-Ã. “`hm-\nbv¡v kqdm Hcp G¯-¸gw

k½m-\n-¨p.”40 kuµcyw A\nÀh-N-\o-b-amb Hcp aqey-amWv. Fgp-

¯p-Im-c³ `mj-bn-eq-sSbpw ZÀi-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw CXm-hn-jvI-cn-

¡m³ {ian-bv¡pw. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS \·sb kuµ-cy-ambn ho£n-

¡p¶p hÀ¡n. IqSmsX tZiw, hyàn CXym-Zn-hÀ®-\-I-fn-sems¡

At±-l-̄ nsâ kuµ-cy-k-¦ev]w Zriy-amWv. “{InkvXp kpµ-c-\m-bn-

cp-¶p. ssZh-am-Xmhv ]c-a-kp-µ-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. amem-J-am-scÃmw kuµ-

cy-ap-Å-h-cm-Ip-¶p. ssZhw Xs¶ Hcp kuµ-cym-cm-[-I-\tÃ?”41

“ssZhs¯ kvt\ln-¡p¶ bmsXm-cp-h\pw kuµ-cys¯ shdp-¡p-

hm³ km[n-bv¡p-I-bn-Ã.”42

ssewKn-IX ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS t\mh-ep-I-fn Bhn-jvIr-X-

ambn«ps­-¦nepw hnhm-l-]qÀÆ- ssewKnI_Ôw Ahn-ip-²-sa¶

ImgvN-¸m-Sm-Wp-Å-Xv. hnhm-ln-X-cm-Im³ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯ bph-Xo-bp-

hm-¡Ä¡v ssew-KnI_Ô-̄ n\v A\p-Iqe kml-Ncyw D­m-

bmÂt¸mepw Ahsc XS-ªp-\nÀ¯p-¶p. Bdmw {]amW¯nse

157

hcnIÄ {i²n¡pI: “Hcn-bv¡Â Hcp apdn-bn c­p I«n-ep-I-fn-embn

AhÀ InS-¶p. Bdmw {]amWw ewLn-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v Ah\v H¶n-

tesd {]mhiyw {]tem-̀ \w D­m-b-Xm-Wv. F¦nepw Ah³ B

hnImcw ISn-ªm-Wn«p \nb-{´n-¨p.”43 AYhm GsX-¦nepw IYm-]m-

{X-§Ä A¯cw _Ô¯n-teÀs -̧«n-«p-s­-¦n AhÀ¡v hnhm-ln-X-

cm-Im³ Ign-ªn«pan-Ã. „Ic-Im-Wm-¡-S-en‟se tPmbnbpw tacnbpw

CXn\v DZmlc-W-am-Wv. AXn “F´p-th-W-sa-¦nepw AhÄ¡v

sImSp-¡m³ Ah³ X¿m-dm-Wv. ]t£ hnhmlw Ign-bv¡pI am{Xw

km²y-a-Ã.”44

BJym\coXn

hyàn-bpsS cq]-hÀ®-\-IÄ, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS {Iucyhpw emky-

hpw, Zmcn{Zyw k¼¯v F¶o Ah-Ø-I-fpsS sshcp-²y-§Ä, {Kma-

¯nsâ kuµ-cym-ß-IX F¶nh CS-I-e-cp¶ Hcp Nn{X-im-e-bmWv

ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS t\mh {]]-©w. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·m-cpsS

kuµcy hÀ®\ AIr-{Xn-ahpw kc-f-hp-amb `mj-bpsS A\-\yX

F¶nh Cu Fgp-̄ p-Im-cs\ hyXy-kvX-\m-¡p-¶p.

IYm]m{X§sf {]IrXntbmSv tNÀ¯psh¨v hcbv¡p¶

Nn{X§Ä¡v DZmlcW§Ä \nch[nbp­v. “AhfpsS ]cn]Izamb

]hngm[c§fn Hcp ]p©ncn hnSÀ¶p. hk´À¯phnÂ

hnIkn¡p¶ BZys¯ ]\n\oÀ¸qhpIÄt]mse”.45 F¶v

158

IcImWm¡Senepw “ap­-I-¸m-S-̄ nsâ AcnIv tNÀ¶v ]qss¡-X-I-

fm ]cn-thjw NmÀ¯nb B sIm¨p-Ip-fhpw kÔy-bpsS

s]m³sh-fn- -̈̄ n AXnse sXfn-\o-cn ap§n-¡p-fn-¡p¶ I\-I-

hn-{K-lhpw B Ihn-bpsS Xqen-I-̄ p-¼n-eqsS Cuc-Sn-I-fmbn cq]m-́ -

c-s -̧«p. kmbw-k-Ôy-bpsS ca-Wo-bX apgp-h³ DSÂ]q­ tZh-X.”46

F¶v CW{]mhpIfnepw ImWp¶p. ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfnbnse cq]-

hÀ®\ C§s\bmWv; “X¦-¨³ Ah-cpsS ASp-¡-te¡v h¶p. Ccp-

]-¯n-aq¶p hbÊp {]mbw tXm¶n-¡pw. \ndw Idp- -̧Ã, shfp-¸p-a-Ã,

shfp¸pw Idp¸pw sNa¸pw ka--ambn Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ Hcp

\ndw. \nd-§-fn-tebv¡pw h¨v Gähpw Ag-IpÅ \nd-am-W-Xv. Xe-apSn

Npcp-­-X-Ã. Hcp teme-amb Ac-ssI-b³ _\n-b³ [cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

kn¡nsâ amÀ±-h-ap-ÅXpw \oe-̈ -I-c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb tIma¬

sh¯p-ap-­mWv DSp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mZ-§-fn hÅn-s¨-cp-¸p-Ifpw

CSs¯ ssIbn hr¯m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Hcp sNdnb hm¨pw D­v.

hymbmawsIm­v HXp-§n-bXpw ZrVhpw Ag-Ip-Å-Xp-amb icocw”.47

kv{Xocq-]-hÀ®\bnÂ, “timim-½-bpsS \ndw kzev]w Idp-̄ -XmWv.

F¦nepw HXp-§n-bXpw kpµ-c-hp-amb icocw I­m Hcp ap -̧Xp-h-

btÊ tXm¶n-¡q. AXn IqSp-X ImWp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. thjw

kmcnbpw »ukpw. Igp-̄ n Hcp XSn¨ kzÀ®-am-e-bp-­v. CSs¯

ssIbn Hcp kzÀ® dnÌp hm¨pw, het¯ ssIbn GXm\pw

Xcn-h-f-Ifpw”.48 F¶v ImWp¶p. A{X kpµ-c-a-Ãm¯ cq]-§Ä

159

hÀ®n-¡p¶Xn {]ImcamWv. “Nn¨nen tIm¦-®n-bm-Wv, \ndw A{X

Idp-̄ -Xp-aà shfp-̄ -Xp-aà Hcp ]p¶-bv¡m-tbm-fta DÅq ]pd-InÂ

sI«n-h-̈ n-cn-bv¡p¶ Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS hen-¸w. Hcp tNep-anà B

s]®nsâ apJ¯p t\m¡n-bmÂ. Ft¸mgpw {Iqc-̀ m-hw. temIw apgp-

h\pwIqSn Hä-s¡-«m-bn-\n¶v Ah-tfmSv Ft´m t{Zmlw sNbvX-Xp-

t]m-se-bmWv B e£-Ww.”49

[\n-IÀ¡v {]tXyI thjw Xs¶

Iev]n-¨n-«p­v hÀ¡n. sSÀen³ jÀ«v U-fnÄ thjvSn Igp-̄ nÂ

kzÀ®-s -̈bn³ ssIbn kzÀ®-dn-Ìp-hm¨v. A§s\ kÀÆw

kzÀ®a-bw. SÀen³ A¡m-e¯v BUw_chkv{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-fpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-̄ n Zmcn-{Zy-̄ nsâ apJw

AXy´w timN-\obamWv. “HcmÄ¡v \n¶p-Xn-cn-bm-\pÅ CSta

DÅq B ASp-¡-fbv¡v. Hcp aqebv¡v \me©p Icn-¡-e-§Ä Ia-

gv̄ n-h¨n«p­v. AtXm-Sp-tNÀ¶v c­v De-¡-Ifpw Nph-cn-¶-Sp v̄

h¡p s]m«nb Hcp tIm¸, Hcp hkvXn-]n-ªm-Ww. \me-©p-a¬N-«n-

IÄ þ Hcp Nnch þ apI-fn Xq¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp IqS-s¡m« þ Hc-

§m-Sn-h-«n. H¶p-an-Ãm¯ Hcpdn þ A¸p-d¯v Hcp apdn þ Hcp hcm´.

AIs¯ hmXn-ep-I-fn IX-Ip-I-fp-tSbpw IÀ«-sâbpw Npa-Xe GI

Ime¯v hln-¡p¶ ]gb Nm¡p-IÄ. apI-fn CuÀ¡n-en-IÄ sXfn-

ªp-Im-W-̄ -¡-hn[w PoÀ®n¨ Hme-s¡-«v”.50 t\Àhn-]-co-X-ambn

Zcn-{Z-a-Ãm¯ Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ. “tIä-̄ n¡mcpsS hoSv henb hoSm-

Wv. AXp-sIm-­mWv AXn\v hen-b-ho-sS¶v t]cp-­m-b-Xv. hoSnsâ

160

sXt¡ Aäw c­p \ne-bm-Wv. Pme-I-§-fn ]«p-b-h-\n-I-IÄ

Xq§p-¶p. B hoSnsâ hSt¡ apä-̄ n\v AcnIvtNÀ¶v Hcp \Ã

InW-dp-­v.”51

{Kma-̄ nse Hcp km[m-c-W-{]-`m-X-̄ n “Im¡-̄ -

¼p-cm-«n-I-fpsS Km\w kam-]n-̈ -t¸mÄ {Kma-̄ nse ]qt¦m-gn-IÄ

sskd¬ apg-¡n-̄ p-S-§n. Dd-§n-¡n-S¶ bman\n DWÀ¶p. ]I-tem-

\mb aW-hm-fs\ kzoI-cn-bv¡m³ cP\n FWo-ä-t¸mÄ Inep-§nb

Im¨n-e-¼p-IÄ amXncn {]`m-X- -̧d-h-I-fpsS Km\-§Ä tIÄ¡p-I-

bm-bn.”52

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS cu{Z-̀ mhw hÀ®n-bv¡p-t¼mÄ “`b-¦-c-\m-sbmcp

`qX-̄ m-s\-t¸mse ac-§-sfÃmw Xe-bm-«p-¶Xv an¶Â shfn- -̈̄ nÂ

Nn¶½ I­p. DW-¡-̈ n-Ã-IÄ „]Sp-]-sS‟¶v s]mgn-bp-¶p. Idp¯

]£n-I-sf-¡q«v. Icn-bn-e-IÄ BIm-i-s¯§pw ]d-¡p-I-bm-Wv.”53

\nÝ-e-ku-µ-cys¯ hÀ®n-¡p-t¼mÄ “aª-bpw sNa¸pw IeÀ¶

]pÅn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]¨n¨ ]mhm-S-bp-Sp¯v DÕ-h-̄ n\v t]mIm³

Hcp-§p¶ IÀj-I-Ip--am-cnsb¡q«v abn-em-Spw-Ip¶p \ne-sIm-­p.”54

{]Ir-Xnbpw a\pjy\pw

{]Ir-Xnbpw Ah-bnse kI-e-Po-h-Pm-e-§Ä¡pw a\p-jy-

s\m¸w {]m[m\yw Iev]n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-XmWv `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-ZÀi-

\w. {]Ir-Xnsb Iogvs -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bà AXn-t\mSv tNÀ¶v Pohn-

bv¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmWv `mc-Xo-bÀ¡p-Å-Xv. kaqlw F¶-Xnsâ

\nÀÆ-N\w {]Ir-Xnbpw Poh-Pm-e-§fpw IqSmsX ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶n-Ã.

161

Cu ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ hne-bn-cp-̄ -

s -̧Sm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Hä-ap-e-̈ n-bmSv ]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fn-bn Hcp IYm-

]m-{X-am-Wv. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ ]m¯p-½-bpsS BSnse

BSv, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpsS i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie- -̧bnse Imf,

Sn.]ß-\m-`sâ tiJq«n Ch-sbms¡ Pohn-Xm-́ -co-£-̄ n krjvSn-

¡p¶ kPo-hX Chn-sSbpw Zriy-am-Wv. ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS IY-I-

fn BSv, tImgn, ]«n F¶n-hbv¡v {]tXyI Øm\w D­v. “tcmK-

hn-ap-à-\mb ]¸p-hns\ FXn-tc-ev¡m³ Sn¸p F¶ InÃ-¸«n ]Sn-

ªm-dp-h-is¯ ]pfnt¨m«n hmepw InWm-̈ n-sIm­v \nev]p-­m-bn-

cp-¶p.”55

Hcp kvt\ln-X-s\-t¸mse AYhm BXn-tY-b-s\-t¸mse.

InWm¨n F¶ \mS³ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-̄ nsâ {]tXy-IX {i²n-bv¡-Ww.

kµÀ`-̄ nsâ hmNm-e-Xbv¡v ]änb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-Wn-Xv. tImgn

hfÀ¯Â km[m-cW IpSpw-_-§-fnse hcp-am-\-amÀ¤-am-sW-¦nepw

t\mh-en Ah IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv. “sImt¨en tImgn-¡p-ªp-

§sf ]nSn¨v AI-t¯bv¡v sIm­p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. H¼-Xp-tIm-

gn-¡p-ªp-§-fpsS „Iotbm Iotbm‟ F¶pÅ GIImes¯ \ne-hn-

fn-IÄ kÔy-bpsS aqI-X-bn apg-§n-s¡m-­n-cp-¶p.”56 “Hcp

tImWn ag \\ªp tI-dn-h¶ tImgn-IÄ ASp-̄ -Sp-̄ p-\n¶v

Ft´m kzImcyw ]d-bp¶p.”57

Im¡-̄ -¼p-cm-«n-IÄ t\mh-en-Ìnsâ

{]nb-s¸« ]£n-bm-Wv. “CSn-b³ aq -̧cpsS Bªn-en-bpsS NnÃ-bn-en-

162

cp¶v Im¡-̄ -¼p-cm-«n-IÄ ]m«p-]m-Sp-¶p.”58 “ac-s¡m¼pIfn-en-cp¶

Im¡-̄ -¼p-cm-«n-IÄ Nne-bv¡p¶ X¡w t\m¡n am\s¯ Icnw-Im-

dp-IÄ `qan-bn-tebv¡v CSn-ªp-ho-Wp.”59 AtN-X-\-h-kvXp-¡Ä¡v

tNmcbpw \ocpw \evIn Nne-t¸mÄ Poh-\pä IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-¡m-dp-

­v. “km[p-hmb B ac-̄ nsâ IS-bv¡Â tImSm-en-bpsS hmbv̄ e

]Xn-¨p. AXp Ic-ªp. I®p-\oÀ¯p-Ån-IÄamXncn B apdn-¸m-

SnÂ\n¶v \oscm-gp-In.”60 amS-̄ bpw Sn¸p F¶ InÃ- -̧«nbpw iÀ¡-

tc¨n F¶ I¸Âamhpw a\p-jy-cpsS kvt\lw ]nSn-̈ p-]-äp-¶-h-bm-

Wv. {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw Poh-Pm-e-§-tfmSpw a\p-jy³ ]peÀ¯p¶

kvt\l-w t\mhen hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

C¶-s -̄t¸mse Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-̄ n-\pÅ kuIcyw CÃm-Xn-

cp¶ Ime¯v Fgp-̄ p-I-fm-bn-cp¶p {Kmao-W-cpsS GI B{i-bw.

hnhml Btem-N-\-bpw, Adn-bn-¸n\pw \nÝ-b-̄ n\pw Hs¡ Fgp-

¯p-IÄ D]-I-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse IeymWw apS-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXv

D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. kvt\l-̄ nsâ `mj Fgp-̄ p-I-fn-eqsS Poh³

hbv¡p-¶p. “kvt\ln-bv¡m³ Ad-nbm-hp¶ Hcp lrZbw F\n-

bv¡p­p tacn. Fsâ thZ\n-bv¡p¶ lrZ-b-̄ n\v Bizmkw

\evIp-¶-Xn\v Cu temI-̄ n \n\¡p am{Xta Ign-bq.”61 “Fsâ

dmtl Adn-hm³…. HmÀ½-I-fp-ambn Rm³ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. .…

“Fsâ a\-Ênsâ `mcw Ipd-bp-¶ -Im-e¯v Rm³ Xncn-s -̈̄ pw.”62

163

t\mh `mj

`mj-bpsS kuµ-cyhpw HmPÊpw ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n- t\mh-ep-I-

fneqsS ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p-­v. X\nbv¡v ]d-bm-

\pÅ efn-X-amb hnjbw efn-X-amb `mj-bn km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v

hmbn-¡m³ ]mI-̄ n Fgp-Xp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Kuc-h-ta-dnb hnj-b-

§-sfm¶pw hÀ¡n ssIImcyw sNbvXn-«nà AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ `mj-

bnepw B Kuchw ImWp-¶n-Ã. AXy-]qÀÆ-amb kuIp-amcyw ap«-

¯p-hÀ¡n At±-l-̄ nsâ KZy-̄ n-\-Wn-bn-̈ p. “Imhym-ß-I-amb Hcp

ssien-bmWv hÀ®-\-I-fn s]mXpth hÀ¡n kzoI-cn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶-

Xv. {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Npäp-]m-Sp-I-tfbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ hÀ¡n-

tbmfw Ign-hp-Å-hÀ Npcp-¡-am-Wv. hÀ®-\sb kw_-Ôn v̈

hÀ¡nbpw Fkv.-sI.-s]m-ä-¡mSpw ka-ioÀj-cm-sW¶p ImWmw.”63

än.-F³. Np½m-dnsâ Cu A`n-{]mbw t\mh-ensâ P\-{]n-b-X-bn-te-

bv¡mWv hncÂNq-­p-¶-Xv. “sken³ ssN{X-am-k-̄ nse hnim-J-\-

£-{X-am-Wv. imc-tZm-j-Ênse s]m³ap-In-em-Wv. hÀj-̄ q-hnse amcn-

hn-Ãm-Wv.”64

au\w hmNm-e-am-Ip¶ \nan-j-§-fn i_vZ-̄ n-\-Xo-X-

amb AÀ°w DÄs¡m-Åp¶ a\-Êp-Isf hmbn- -̈dn-bp-¶-Xn\v hÀ¡n-

bpsS `mj klm-bn-¡p-¶p. “i_vZ¯n\v AÀ°-an-Ãm¯ \nanjw.

\nan-j-̄ nsâ Bbn-c-̄ n-sem-cwiw am{Xw. `mhn-`q-X-hÀ -̄am-\-§Ä

kvXw`n-̈ p-\n¶ aplqÀ¯w. Ah-cpsS I®p-IÄ X½n-en-S-ªp. {]]-

©-I-Sm-ls¯ apgp-h³ kwl-cn-bv¡m³ t]mcp¶ Xobpw KÔ-Ihpw

164

B t\m«-̄ n AS¡w sNbvXn-cp-¶p-thm. Idn-bm-bp-tSbpw tacn-bp-

tSbpw apJ-§-fn-tebv¡v amXyqkv amdn-amdn an¶-ep-IÄ t]mse

t\m¡n.”65 -{]`m-X-hÀ®\ C§s\: “kqcy-\mb X¼p-cm³ Ing-¡p-

\n¶v Fgp-¶p-Ån. XmgvhcIfn aªp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. shÅ- -̧«p-]m-hm-

S-IÄ DSp-̄ pw-sIm­p \nev¡p-I-bm-sW¶ptXm¶n \oe-a-e-IÄ.

apI-fn shÅ-ta-L-§Ä ad-¡p-S-IÄ t]mse \n¶p.”66 asäm-cp-X-c-

¯n hnh-cn-bv¡p-t¼mÄ “cXv\m-̀ -c-W§fnª cmP-Ip-am-

cnsbt¸mse {]`mXw Ahsâ apä-̄ p-h¶p \n¶p. …. ]Sn-ªmtd

then-ta hnSÀ¶ tImfm-¼n-¸qhv kqcysâ apJ-t¯bv¡v t\m¡n

eÖ \Sn-bv¡p-Ibpw kqcy³ \o«nb s]m¶n³I-cs¯ Npw_n-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Ing¡v CSn-ªp-s]m-fnª inh-t£-{X-̄ nsâ A¸p-

ds¯ ] -̈a-e-bpsS Xp©¯v inip-hmb ]I ]n¨-¡m hbv¡p-

¶p.”67 Imev]-\n-I-amb kuµcyw XpSn-¡p¶ `mj-bm-Wn-Xv. {]Ir-

Xnsb kz´w Nmb-¡q-«n hcs¨Sp¡p¶ kµÀ`-§-fp-­v. {Kma-

¯nse cm{Xn-IÄ s]mXpth {]im-́ -am-Wv. Bc-h-§Ä Hgn-ªv,

A²zm-\-̄ nsâ `mcw \ndª a\Êpw ico-chpw hn{i-an-¡p¶ ]mh-

s -̧«-hsâ cm{Xn-IÄ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Zm\-am-Wv. “Fs´mcp \nXm-́ -kp-

µ-c-amb ]m N{µn-I. Fs´mcp \nÈ-_vZ-X. {]IrXn im -́am-bp-d-

§p¶ BIm-i-̄ nse \£-{X-§fpw sh¬ta-L-i-I-e-§-fpw Dd-§p-

¶Xv ]pfn-a-c-̄ nsâ NnÃ-I-fpsSbnS-bnÂIqSn ImWmw. Im«p-ap-Ã-IÄ

]q¡p¶ t\cw”.68 asäm-cn-S-̄ v, “BImiw \ndsb \£-{X-§-fp-­m-

165

bn-cp-¶p. Ah-bpsS \Sp¡v Hcp AÀ²-N-{µ\pw {]Im-in-¨p-sIm­p

\n¶p. ssZh-̄ nsâ hnim-e-amb Aįm-c-bn sImfp-̄ -s¸«

sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Ifpw sISm-hn-f¡pw t]mse. ]Sn-ªm-dp-h-is¯ ]mS-

¯n-·o-sX-IqsS Hgp-In-h-cp¶ IpfnÀImäv ]q¡-fpsS ]cn-a-f-§sf

tiJ-cn-̈ p-sIm-­p-h¶v Ahsâ Npäpw Xfn-bv¡p-I-bm-bn. Krl-{]m- -́

§-fn-epÅ ]S-¸³a-c-§-fpsS NnÃ-I-fn-cp¶v ]d-h-IÄ teme-§-fmb

hoW-¡-¼n-IÄ ao«p-¶p.”69

BIm-ihpw \£-{X-§fpw DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-

§fpw FÃm t\mh-ep-I-fnepw {]` sNmcn-bp-¶p-­v.

ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ kv{Xo]p-cp-j-t{]-a-̄ nsâ

Bhn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. ss]¦nfn t\mh F¶v NneÀ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶

Cu IrXn-IÄ tIc-f-̄ nse km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡vth­n Fgp-X-s -̧«-h-

bm-Wv. kv{XoIÄ¡v IqSp-XÂ kwc-£Ww \evIp¶ hyh-Øsb

hÀ¡n A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ kpJ-I-c-amb Hgp-¡n-\n-S-

bn XS-Ê-§Ä krjvSn-¡m³ sIev]pÅ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ krjvSn-

¨p-sIm­v IY-bpsS KXn Xncn-¨p-hn«v hmb-\-¡msc DtZzK-̄ nsâ

apÄap-\-bn \nÀ¯p¶ cN-\m-coXn P\-{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-tâ-Xm-Wv.

Ch-bnse `mj P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-̄ n-sâ-Xp-am-Wv. `mj-bpsS

emfnXyw t\mh-en-Ìnsâ _e-am-Wv. ]t£ _e-lo-\-X-sb¶v CI-

gv̄ -s -̧«p. A§s\ B hmMvabw ss]¦nfn kmln-Xy-ambn IW-

¡m-¡-s -̧«p. [z\n-{]-[m-\-amb `mjm-coXn hÀ¡n¡v hi-ap-­m-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. Bb-Xp-sIm­v Xs¶ Aeu-In-I-amb F´n-s\bpw kqNn-¸n-

¡m³ At±lw {ian-̈ n-«p-an-Ã.

166

GsX-¦nepw kw -̀h-§-fpsStbm Øe-§-fp-tStbm Nph-Sp-]n-

Sn¨v At\z-j-Wm-ß-I-amb Fs -́¦nepw IY-bn k¶n-th-in-¸n-

¡m³ {ian-¨n-«nà F¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. t_m[-[m-cm-k-{¼-Zm-b-̄ n-

epÅ Hcp cN-\m-coXn hÀ¡n kzoI-cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xp-Xs¶ Xm³

ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnjbw A{X-ta ¢njvS-a-Ãm-̄ -Xn-\m-em-Wv.

1953 apX 1988 hsc-bpÅ 35 hÀjs¯ Ime-b-f-hn ]pkvX-

I-cq-]-̄ n-em-¡-s -̧Sm¯ cs­®w DÄs¸sS 81 t\mh ap«-̄ p-

hÀ¡n cNn-¨p. BZy-Z-i-I-̄ n Fgp-Xnb t\mh-ep-I-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-

Sn-̈ mWv ]n¶o-Sp-Å-h-sbÃmw D­m-bn-«p-Å-Xv. CS-th-f-bn-ÃmsX hmbn-

¡m³ ]än-b-Xà Cu t\mh-ep-IÄ. A¯cw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡vth­n-

bpÅXÃ Cu IrXn-IÄ. CS-th-f-I-fpsS hnt\m-Z-§-fmbn Iuam-c-

bu-h-\-§-fpsS hnIm-c-ambn hmbn-¡-s -̧tS-­-h-bm-Wn-h. `mjm-]-c-

amb hnt\m-Z-amWv hÀ¡n-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ. hmkvX-h-̄ n Ch

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-̄ nsâ F{X t\mh-

ep-IÄ Imes¯ AXn-Po-hn¡pw Fs¶mcp tNmZyw Hcp-]t£ D¶-

bn-¡-s -̧Smw. ]mcm-b-W-io-e-̄ nsâ GI-I-§Ä amdn-h-cp¶apdbv¡v

C¯cw IrXn-IÄ hnkva-cn-¡-s -̧t«¡mw F¶v Icp-Xp-¶-h-cp-ap­v.

F¶m Hcp Ime-L-«-̄ n ae-bm-fn-Isf BsI-̄ -s¶bpw ]nSn-¨n-

cp¯n hmbn-¸n¨ IrXn-IÄ F¶ \nebv¡v ap«¯p hÀ¡n-bpsS

CW-{]m-hp-Ifpw ]mSm¯ ss]¦n-fnbpw Ic-Im-Wm-¡-Sepw t]mep-

Åh. k-mlnXy-N-cn-{X¯n kp{]-[m\ Øm\w Is­-̄ p-w.

167

Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

1. Np½mÀ Sn. F³. `mjm-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, (km.-{].-k.-kw.,

F³.-_n.-F-kv., tIm«bw, 1979), ]p.116.

2. hÀ¡n ap«-̄ v, CW-{]m-hp-IÄ, (ssI-cfn ap{Zm-e-bw, tIm«bw,

1996), ]p.18.

3. __________ sX¡³ Imäv, (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw, 1975),

]p.50.

4. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw,

2003), ]p.184.

5. AXn¯s¶ ]p.195

6. AXn¯s¶ ]p.207.

7. AXn¯s¶ ]p.208.

8. __________ adn-b-¡p«n (ssI-c-fn-ap-{Zm-e-bw, tIm«bw, 1996),

]p.48.

9. AXn¯s¶ ]p.87.

10. AXn¯s¶ ]p.159.

11. AXn¯s¶ ]p.250.

12. AXn¯s¶ ]p.251.

13. __________ ]«p-Xq-hme (Zo-]n-I, tIm«bw, 1960), ]p.298.

14. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm«bw, 1974), ]p.62.

168

15. __________ AXn¯s¶

16. Hcp IpSbpw Ipªp-s]-§fpw (Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«bw,

2004), ]p.8.

17. AXn¯s¶ ]p.14.

18. AXn¯s¶ ]p.36.

19. AXn¯s¶ ]p.87.

20. AXn¯s¶ ]p.88.

21. AXn¯s¶ ]p.88.

22. __________ ]ndhw tdmUv (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw, 1975),

]p.204.

23. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (I-dâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999):

]p.48.

24. __________ Bdmw-{]-amWw (I-dâv _pIvkv, tIm«bw, 2003):

]p.9.

25. AXn¯s¶ ]p.79.

26. __________ shfp-̄ -I-{Xo\ (km.-{].-k.-kw, F³.-_n.-F-kv,

1983): ]p.27.

27. AXn¯s¶ ]p.25.

28. AXn¯s¶ ]p.83.

29. AXn¯s¶ ]p.139.

30. AXn¯s¶ ]p.151.

169

31. AXn¯s¶ ]p.168.

32. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-

bw, 1974)- ]p.202.

33. __________ sX¡³Imäv (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 1975)-

]p.55.

34. __________ abn-em-Spw-Ip¶v (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 1956)-

]p.206.

35. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-

bw, 1974)- ]p.59.

36. AXn¯s¶

37. __________ Hcp IpSbpw Ipªp-s]-§fpw (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm«-bw, 2004)- ]p.72.

38. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.109.

39. AXn¯s¶ ]p.160.

40. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-

bw, 1974)- ]p.28.

41. __________ Bdmw-{]-amWw (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 2003)-

]p.35.

42. AXn¯s¶

170

43. AXn¯s¶

44. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999)-

]p.213.

45. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.kn. _pIvkv tIm«bw,

2003) ]p. 30.

46. __________ CW-{]m-hp-IÄ (ssIcfn ap{Zm-e-bw, tIm«-bw,

1996)- ]p.53.

47. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.28.

48. __________ Bdmw {]amWw (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.21.

49. __________ adn-b-¡p«n (ssIcfn ap{Zm-e-bw, tIm«-bw, 1996)-

]p.53.

50. ap³.]p. 97

51. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999)-

]p.23.

52. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-

bw, 1974)- ]p.163.

53. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.119.

171

54. __________ abn-em-Spw-Ip¶v (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 1956)-

]p.5.

55. __________ hgn-sX-än-h¶ amemJ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-

bw, 1974)- ]p.89.

56. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.108.

57. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999)-

]p.157.

58. __________ ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.176.

59. __________ CW-{]m-hp-IÄ (ssIcfn ap{Zm-ebw, tIm«-bw,

1996)- ]p.17.

60. AXn¯s¶

61. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999)-

]p.79.

62. __________ CW-{]m-hp-IÄ (ssIcfn ap{Zm-ebw, tIm«-bw,

1996)- ]p.101.

63. Np½mÀ, än.-F³. `mjm-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (km.-{].-k.-kw.,

F³.-_n.-F-kv, tIm«bw,1979), ]p.117.

64. hÀ¡n ap«¯v ]«p-Xq-hme (Zo-]n-I, tIm«bw, 1960), ]p.69.

172

65. __________ Ic-Im-Wm-¡-SÂ (Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 1999)-

]p.132.

66. __________ shfp¯ I{Xo\ (km.-{].-k.-kw., F³.-_n.-F-kv,

tIm«bw, 1983)- ]p.5.

67. __________ CW-{]m-hp-IÄ (ssIcfn ap{Zm-e-bw, tIm«-bw,

1996)- ]p.83.

68. __________ ]ndhw tdmUv (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 1975)-

]p.105.

69. __________ Bdmw {]amWw (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,

2003)- ]p.34.