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Michel Foucault and Michel Foucault and 瓊瓊 瓊瓊 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瓊

Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

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Page 1: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Michel Foucault and Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤瓊瑤

Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Page 2: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Outline Outline

Q & AQ & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & Disc: Literature, Ideology, Power & Discourseourse

Michel FoucaultMichel Foucault: Power, Knowledge and Di: Power, Knowledge and Discourse scourse

Sociology of Literature & Sociology of Literature & 瓊瑤瓊瑤‘‘ s novels s novels

and films and films

Page 3: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & DiscoursePower & Discourse

How do we do a Marxist reading of a story or a poem? How do we do a Marxist reading of a story or a poem?

How do we detect and analyze the ideology(ies) of a teHow do we detect and analyze the ideology(ies) of a text?xt?

Is a text’s ideology the same with authorial ideology? Is a text’s ideology the same with authorial ideology? Is authorial ideology the author’s own ideas?Is authorial ideology the author’s own ideas?

Is there anything outside of ideology? (In other words,Is there anything outside of ideology? (In other words, is it possible to stand outside of ideology and resist i is it possible to stand outside of ideology and resist it?)t?)

How is the control of ideology similar to or different frHow is the control of ideology similar to or different from that of hegemony, power and discourse? om that of hegemony, power and discourse?

Page 4: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & Discourse (2)Power & Discourse (2)

How do we do a Marxist reading of a story How do we do a Marxist reading of a story or a poem? or a poem?

1.1. Relations of production (class relations) in Relations of production (class relations) in the text itself or in the production of the text; the text itself or in the production of the text;

2. Intrinsic study 2. Intrinsic study Ideology study Ideology study history history of capitalismof capitalism

Page 5: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & DiscoursePower & Discourse

How do we detect and analyze the ideology(ies) of How do we detect and analyze the ideology(ies) of a text?a text?

1. With the support of some knowledge of society and history, examine and explain the text’s –

– Contradictions (between the said and the unsaid, the characters, form and content, or different parts of the text); gaps;

– Distortion and disguise of economic reality and/or relations;

2. Thus analyzed, the text’s ideology should be related to its contemporary social reality.

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Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & DiscoursePower & Discourse

Is a text’s ideology the same with authorial ideology?Is a text’s ideology the same with authorial ideology?

No. A text is a conjuncture of multiple ideologies (of literary production, general production, aesthetic ideology, etc.)

Is authorial ideology the author’s own ideas?Is authorial ideology the author’s own ideas? No. Ideology is not, for Althusser, false consciousn

ess; it is imagined relations produced by many ISA. The author lives in his ideologies, but not generating them. (This is an example of Althusser’s anti-humanism.)

Page 7: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Q & A: Literature, Ideology, Power & DiscoursePower & Discourse

Is there anything outside of ideology? (In othIs there anything outside of ideology? (In other words, is it possible to stand outside of ideoer words, is it possible to stand outside of ideology and resist it?)logy and resist it?)

No, except for Marxism as a science.

Page 8: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q & A: Ideology, Power & Q & A: Ideology, Power & DiscourseDiscourse

How is the control of ideology similar to or different fHow is the control of ideology similar to or different from that of hegemony, power and discourse?rom that of hegemony, power and discourse?

Hegemony –(correcting textbook chap 5 p. 217) Althusser does refer to Gramsci’s hegemony respectfully*, but hegemony is NOT his central category of analysis.

Instead, Althusser’s central terms are relative autonomy, overdetermination and contradiction.

* Hegemony “new [concept]. . . A remarkable example of a theoretical solution in outline to the problems of the interpenetration of the economic and the political” (For Marx 114)

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Q & A: Ideology, Power & Q & A: Ideology, Power & DiscourseDiscourse

Similarity Similarity – 1. Invisible, non-violent and pervasive control (e.g.

interpellation, consent and containment) 2. a more and more complicated view of social relations

DifferencesDifferences1. social formation network or grids– A’s Ideology A’s Ideology – – structural perspective; ignores agency; – G’s Hegemony G’s Hegemony – counter-hegemonies formed by

coalition – F’s power and discourse F’s power and discourse –denies economic determinism,

ignores agency; focused on knowledge’s role (Ref. (Ref. Textbook chap 7 152-53)Textbook chap 7 152-53)

Page 10: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Michel Foucault (Michel Foucault (1926 - 1926 - 19841984))

Has impact on areas such as --

Sociology, Historiography,

Gay and Lesbian Studies,

Marxism, Cultural Studies

and Literary Studies (& New Historicism)

Two Major Claims:

--- Man is a product of modernity.-- Knowledge is not Truth, but power.

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Foucault: General IdeasFoucault: General Ideas Two periods: (ref. Textbook 148)Two periods: (ref. Textbook 148)

1)1) Archaeology of knowledge Archaeology of knowledge 知識考古學知識考古學 Discourse & rules and strategies for the formatio

n of subject-positions and knowledge. (e.g.Medicine, Madness)

2) Genealogy of power/knowledge 權力系譜學 –– examines a variety of institutions and non-discursexamines a variety of institutions and non-discurs

ive practices to show how power/knowledge is ive practices to show how power/knowledge is pervasive pervasive (e.g. Prison, Sexuality)(e.g. Prison, Sexuality)

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Power and Knowledge/TruthPower and Knowledge/Truth Power Power -- disciplinary and normalizing power – both repressive, controlling and productive; Operation: Operation: -- a perpetual series of observation and -- a perpetual series of observation and

modes of control of conduct;modes of control of conduct; Effects: -- “induces pleasure, forms knowledge, produces

discourse” (1980: 119; textbook 153) producing “Truth”; normal subjects & docile

bodies

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authorities

Power and Knowledge/TruthPower and Knowledge/Truth Power –pervasive Power –pervasive

-- not just top-down; it circulates, working in multiple direction like “capillary ( 毛細管 ) movement.”

e.g. control and regulation of our health

– 1) hospital: spatial arrangement: nursery station waiting room clinic examination room

-- 2) ideological control: the posters, pamphlets.

-- 3) pharmacy, insurance co., etc.

-- 4) government

-- 5) school

Page 14: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Penopticon: a metaphor for socPenopticon: a metaphor for social controlial control

A circular building with the central control tower control internalized.

Page 15: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

PenopticonPenopticon (textbook 150) Total Visibility of the prisoners, invisibility of guard, or a

nybody taking the position in the central control tower (subject position);

Isolation: cannot see the other prisoners in the other cells;

internalize the control; disciplined when not watched.(151) Soceity as 監獄群島 carceral archipelago; Prison, penitentiary, rehabilitation center, Hospital, social worker, school, etc.Combining punitive system with normalizing practices

Page 16: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Penopticon as a metaphorPenopticon as a metaphor (textbook 149-51) an individual is distributed, located and

examined in their fixed position. e.g. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Net-- the patients as willing subjects of medical s

cience (since they are excluded from the world of normality).

-- ways of discipline and surveillance: -- public confession; clip 1, 2 what else? -- control of their space, schedule, value standard, and deprivation (of freedom, pleasures—gambling, sex, smoke--and self-decision)

Page 17: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Q: Power and Knowledge/TruthQ: Power and Knowledge/Truth Which types of social or self surveillance aWhich types of social or self surveillance a

re legitimate, and which types, unnecessary?re legitimate, and which types, unnecessary? How about the current quarantine of SARS How about the current quarantine of SARS—a modern plague--patient? Do we really l—a modern plague--patient? Do we really live in a prison-like penopticon? ive in a prison-like penopticon?

Page 18: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Example of surveillanceExample of surveillance 內政部表示,將動員警政、衛生、民政、消防等防救災體系,建置「視訊管制系統」 . . . 初期購置二千套視訊設備,透過視訊連線每日至少三次經由影像確認A級強制居家隔離者是否確實在家;

A級強制居家隔離者 -- 與SARS病患密切接觸者及與SARS病患可能接觸者,

B級居家隔離者 -- 自病例集中區、大陸地區與港澳地區入境的,則以密集電話查訪加以追蹤管控。 http://epochtimes.com/b5/3/5/10/n310098.htmhttp://epochtimes.com/b5/3/5/10/n310098.htm

Page 19: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Examples of surveillanceExamples of surveillance

Police’s petrol and criminal recordsPolice’s petrol and criminal records Traffic Control SystemTraffic Control System Electronic GameElectronic Game Domicile Registration System and Domicile Registration System and CensusCensus

IC card IC card

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Other Systems of surveillance Other Systems of surveillance and disciplineand discipline

Any system which includes and connects us (esp. through numbers): telephone, computer, student no., banking system (account, credit card),user account no., educational platform,

The school’s merit/de-merit system; Discourse; e.g.

A. 抗煞天使,前線英雄﹐抗煞之戰,全台總動員 , self-discipline – self-imposed home quarantine, weari

ng a mask;

B. normal sex & the forbidden self-disciplined, normal sexual subjects

Page 21: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Discourse: DefinitionDiscourse: DefinitionDiscourse is Discourse is "a group of statements which provide a language for talking about ...a particular topic at a particular historical moment."

Constructed through some Constructed through some discursive practices;discursive practices;

Three major procedures of Three major procedures of discursive formation :discursive formation : Definition & Prohibition Definition & Prohibition defining statements & Rules ab defining statements & Rules about the “sayable” and “thinkable”out the “sayable” and “thinkable”

Division and rejection; Division and rejection; subject positions; exclusion of ot subject positions; exclusion of other statements her statements

Opposition between false and true Opposition between false and true Authority/Power of k Authority/Power of knowledge (Truth)nowledge (Truth)

(Ref. Textbook 154)(Ref. Textbook 154)

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Discourse: Definition (2)Discourse: Definition (2)Influences: Influences:

-- productive: produces knowledge; -- productive: produces knowledge;

-- regulative: (not unlike penopticon) offers us subject p-- regulative: (not unlike penopticon) offers us subject positions which is hierarchical. ositions which is hierarchical.

-- controlling and discriminatory: discipline the subjects -- controlling and discriminatory: discipline the subjects and punish or exclude those who do not follow the ruland punish or exclude those who do not follow the rules. es.

Page 23: Michel Foucault and 瓊瑤 Image source: Foucault, u 瓊瑤Foucault, u 瓊瑤

Discourse: example (1)Discourse: example (1) the discourse of Romantic Poetry the discourse of Romantic Poetry

-- values: imagination, nature, -- values: imagination, nature, “Truth” “Truth”

-- methodology: quest poem, use of “common -- methodology: quest poem, use of “common language,”language,”

-- -- discursive practices: walking in nature, writing discursive practices: walking in nature, writing poetry, reviews, prefaces, etc. poetry, reviews, prefaces, etc.

-- inclusion: the six poets; -- inclusion: the six poets;

-- hierarchy and exclusion: the “poetesses” -- hierarchy and exclusion: the “poetesses”

the formation of literary canon. the formation of literary canon.

hiring, examination and curriculumhiring, examination and curriculum

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Q: Discourse and TruthQ: Discourse and Truth Which of the following statements truth or part of a Which of the following statements truth or part of a

certain discourse, and what possible effects do they certain discourse, and what possible effects do they have?have?

William Wordsworth creates the Immortality Ode.William Wordsworth creates the Immortality Ode. Our sexual desire is the source of our energy which Our sexual desire is the source of our energy which

can be both constructive and destructive. can be both constructive and destructive. Any English major should know Shakespeare.Any English major should know Shakespeare. Necrophilia, pedophilia, and sex with animal should Necrophilia, pedophilia, and sex with animal should

not be allowed. not be allowed. We are born to be male or female, and taught to be We are born to be male or female, and taught to be

man or woman.man or woman.

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Discourse: example (2)Discourse: example (2)

Sexuality as a discourseSexuality as a discourse1.1. Discourses of sexuality have increased and becoDiscourses of sexuality have increased and beco

me a science since the 17me a science since the 17thth century, when sex in t century, when sex in the West became a taboo. he West became a taboo. for normlization an for normlization and regulation. d regulation.

2.2. Produces different subject positions and objects Produces different subject positions and objects of gaze and control. “The sodomite had been teof gaze and control. “The sodomite had been temporary aberration; the homosexual was now a smporary aberration; the homosexual was now a species.” (1979 43)pecies.” (1979 43)

3.3. Sexual identities – “regulatory fictions” inscribeSexual identities – “regulatory fictions” inscribed on our bodies. d on our bodies.

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Discourse: SexualityDiscourse: Sexuality (For reference)

Two Foucauldian views of sexuality and our bodTwo Foucauldian views of sexuality and our bodyy

1.1. Sexuality – not something hidden but “a great suSexuality – not something hidden but “a great surface network in which the stimulation of bodies,rface network in which the stimulation of bodies, the intensification of pleasures, the incitement t the intensification of pleasures, the incitement to discourse, the formation of knowledges, the stro discourse, the formation of knowledges, the strengthening of controls and resistances, are linkeengthening of controls and resistances, are linked to one another. d to one another.

2.2. [modified] Body as an interface between internal [modified] Body as an interface between internal forces (psychic, physiological) and the external sforces (psychic, physiological) and the external social forces. ocial forces.

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Literary Discourse: implicationsLiterary Discourse: implications

No fixed boundaries between literature and other No fixed boundaries between literature and other social practices; social practices; popular fiction such as those o popular fiction such as those of f 瓊瑤 瓊瑤 can be discussed with some literary work. can be discussed with some literary work.

The author is not the creator of his work. S/he serThe author is not the creator of his work. S/he serves as a label to put on a group of works related to ves as a label to put on a group of works related to him. (e.g. Wordsworth discourse;him. (e.g. Wordsworth discourse; 瓊瑤‘瓊瑤‘ s discous discourse of Romantic love)rse of Romantic love)

Defining some subject positions (of the author, thDefining some subject positions (of the author, the reader, etc.) e reader, etc.)

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Sociology of Literature: 3 Kinds Sociology of Literature: 3 Kinds

1. Reflection: Examine social phenomena 1. Reflection: Examine social phenomena inin the the text; text; – understanding of society through literature; understanding of society through literature; – literature reflects society.literature reflects society.

2. Influence: Examines how social environment 2. Influence: Examines how social environment and structure influence the production and and structure influence the production and circulation of literature.circulation of literature.– sociology of literary production sociology of literary production

3. Interpretive analysis and institutional analysis 3. Interpretive analysis and institutional analysis combined combined

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Methodology Methodology

1.1. Textual analysis; Textual analysis; 2.2. Institutional analysis; Institutional analysis; 3.3. Analysis of society and history; Analysis of society and history; 4.4. 批判/二度詮釋 批判/二度詮釋 discourse analysis discourse analysis

-- the text itself is already an interpretation; -- the text itself is already an interpretation; 1. from the meaning of a text to the meaning s1. from the meaning of a text to the meaning s

tructures (discourse) it is embedded in; tructures (discourse) it is embedded in; 2. Disclose the relations between power and 2. Disclose the relations between power and

meanings. meanings.

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Methodology (2): 8 units Methodology (2): 8 units

1.1. Text: narrative structure and structure of feeling Text: narrative structure and structure of feeling (melodramatic, romantic, familial feelings); (melodramatic, romantic, familial feelings);

2.2. Author – Author – 3.3. Reader – e.g. teenagers’ release from reality Reader – e.g. teenagers’ release from reality 4.4. Genre; conventions Genre; conventions community’s consensus community’s consensus 5.5. Literary communityLiterary community6.6. Rented Bookstore, Bookstores and Culture Rented Bookstore, Bookstores and Culture

industryindustry7.7. InstitutionInstitution8.8. societysociety

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Romantic LoveRomantic Love

1)1) The desire for union or merger; The desire for union or merger;

2)2) Idealization of the beloved; Idealization of the beloved;

3)3) Exclusivity; (e.g. always, never)Exclusivity; (e.g. always, never)

4)4) Emotional dependency or powerful Emotional dependency or powerful concern for the beloved. (Cf. J. 5) concern for the beloved. (Cf. J. 5)

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Romantic Love Discourse ofRomantic Love Discourse of 瓊瑤瓊瑤

1.1. Not seen as popular romance first; Not seen as popular romance first; 2.2. Gradually codified into Romantic love story (whilGradually codified into Romantic love story (whil

e other aspects of the novels are ignored or emptiee other aspects of the novels are ignored or emptied out)d out)

3.3. Typical plot: Typical plot: love at first sight love at first sight passion + obstacles passion + obstacles overcomin overcomin

g the obstacles or death. g the obstacles or death. In In 瓊瑤‘瓊瑤‘ s novelss novels ,, two basic forces are love atwo basic forces are love a

nd family: the obstacles are usu. from the family nd family: the obstacles are usu. from the family (generation gap and/or family love) (generation gap and/or family love) re-structuri re-structuring of the family (Lin 20-21)ng of the family (Lin 20-21)

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The Remote in the Romantic LovThe Remote in the Romantic Love Discourse ofe Discourse of

瓊瑤瓊瑤一簾幽夢 一簾幽夢 (1974 (1974

http://www.qyhouse.com/ebooks/vol20.txthttp://www.qyhouse.com/ebooks/vol20.txt))Historical background –70’s: after the white terror and the perHistorical background –70’s: after the white terror and the per

iod of political upheaval and modernizationiod of political upheaval and modernization1971  1971  退出聯合國;釣魚台事件退出聯合國;釣魚台事件 ; ; 1973  Ten Major Constructions; 1973  Ten Major Constructions; -- --   1975  Yang Hsuan 1975  Yang Hsuan 楊弦楊弦 :: Modern Chinese Folksong Concer Modern Chinese Folksong Concer

t t 中國現代民歌之夜中國現代民歌之夜 , , 1977 1977 鄉土文學論戰鄉土文學論戰1979 1979 中美斷交;中美斷交; Beautiful Island EventBeautiful Island Event.. 美麗島事件美麗島事件

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The Remote in the Romantic LovThe Remote in the Romantic Love Discourse ofe Discourse of

瓊瑤瓊瑤一簾幽夢 一簾幽夢 (1974 (1974

http://www.qyhouse.com/ebooks/vol20.txthttp://www.qyhouse.com/ebooks/vol20.txt))The remote: The remote: 1.1. The dreamy and poetic –signs: poem, guitar The dreamy and poetic –signs: poem, guitar 2.2. The Western and far away –signs: The Western and far away –signs: 西餐廳,西餐廳, bebe

autiful sceneries without identity.autiful sceneries without identity.The unsaid: the political, the economic and the sexuaThe unsaid: the political, the economic and the sexua

l. Examples l. Examples 11, , 22, , 33

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ReferencesReferences

Miller, Peter. Miller, Peter. Domination & Power. RouDomination & Power. Routledge: 12/01/1987. tledge: 12/01/1987.