Micorosoft Word

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Click any of the steps below for a more detailed description

The Steps Who Is Responsible

1.Identify the Prospect District membership committee

2.Approach the Prospect Influential Scouter

3.Make the Sales Call(Presentation)

Influential Scouter, new-unit organizer, and district executive

4.Organization Adopts theProgram

Chartered organization head

5.Organizing Committee Meets Chartered organization representative and new-unit organizer

6.Select and Recruit KeyLeaders

Organizing committee

7.Train the Leaders District training team

8.Plan and Organize theProgram

Unit committee and new-unit organizer

9.Recruit Youth Members Unit committee and new-unit organizer and Orient Parents

10.Complete the Paperwork Unit committee and new-unit organizer

11.First Unit Meeting Unit leadership

12.Charter Presentation/FollowUp

New-unit organizer, unit commissioner, and charteredorganization representative

It may sound redundant, but a smooth-running organization requires organization. From set up tophysical workspace, organization permeates the office. Learn how your office operates to createan ideal organizational structure.

An organization is a group of people with one or more shared goals or according to Wikipedia, isa social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and

which has a boundary separating it from its environment. To have a smooth runningorganization, there needs to be, well, organization. There are many different levels of andneeds for organization within any type of business ranging from the way the business is set up allthe way to the organization of the physical workspace.

There are different levels of organization related to a business. Once you decide to create abusiness you need to decide what type of organization your will create. This article will focus onthe levels or types of organization but if you are serious about the very complex undertaking of
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starting a venture on your own, you will want to do a lot of research based on your specificdesires and needs.The generic forms of a business are Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation, andCooperative. A Sole Proprietorship is an entity which has no separate identity from its owner. APartnership is similar to a Sole Proprietorship with the difference that it has more than one

owner, all of which are considered a part of the organization. A Corporation is a legal entitywhich stands on its own, separate from its members. A Cooperative is a business owned by thepeople who take part in its services.There are ways to organize your company or business which represents the structure of yourbusiness. There are Hierarchical, Matrix and Flat. Hierarchical organization means there is asingle power at the top and subordinates who report to one above throughout theorganization. This is the most common format in business. The Matrix organization focuses onpooling employees with similar skills into a group which reports to one project manager. Eachemployee may report to more than one manager if working on more than one project. The Flatorganization has employees who are empowered to work on their own and has few, if any levelsof management. The theory is well trained workers will work better if making their own

decisions.

Organization of the work area is another important aspect. There are ways to organize theconfiguration of the internal physical space. It is your space to develop a pleasant environmentto work in. The key is to create a HOME for each division of your business. Create an easy touse workspace, place commonly used items near your desk and keep complementary equipmentnear to each other. Make your area easy to navigate and keep your view as appealing and clutterfree as possible.A cluttered desk certainly can be an unpleasant sight as well as causing stress in theworkplace. To be as productive and stress free as possible follow these few suggestions:

Create stations at your deskStore often used items at closest to youProcess paper dailyKeep your desk space cleanContainerize your like items together

This is just the skeletal outline of how to begin to organize your business from the very macro tothe micro details. It is time consuming but in the end you will have created organization whichwill keep you stress free and on task.

By Christina Leon, Staff Writer


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Organizing(also spelledorganising) is the act of rearrangingelementsfollowing one or morerules.

Anything is commonly considered organized when it looks like everything has a correct order orplacement. But it's only ultimately organized if any element has no difference on time taken to

find it. In that sense, organizing can also be defined as to place different objects in logicalarrangement for bettersearching.

Organizationsaregroupsof people organized for some purpose, such as business or politicalactivities.

Nature of organization

The following are the important characteristics of organization.

Specialization and division of work

The entire philosophy of organization is centered on the concepts of specialization and divisionof work. The division of work is assigning responsibility for each organizational component to aspecific individual or group thereof. It becomes specialization when the responsibility for aspecific task lies with a designated expert in that field. The efforts of the operatives arecoordinated to allow the process at hand to function correctly. Certain operatives occupypositions of management at various points in the process to ensure coordination.

Orientation towards goals

Every organization has its own purposes and objectives. Organizing is the function employed toachieve the overall goals of the organization. Organization harmonizes the individual goals of theemployees with overall objectives of the firm.

[edit] Composition of individuals and groups

Individuals form a group and the groups form an organization. Thus,organization is thecomposition of individual and groups. Individuals are grouped into departments and their work iscoordinated and directed towards organizational goals.

[edit] Differentiated functions

The organization divides the entire work and assigns the tasks to individuals in order to achievethe organizational objectives; each one has to perform a different task and tasks of one individualmust be coordinated with the tasks of others. Collecting these tasks at the final stage is calledintegration.

[edit] Continuity
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An organization is a group of people with a defined relationship in which they work together toachieve the goals of that organization. This relationship does not come to end after completingeach task. Organization is a never ending process.

[edit] Purpose of organization

[edit] Helps to achieve organizational goal

Organization is employed to achieve the overall objectives of business firms. Organizationfocuses attention of individuals objectives towards overall objectives.

[edit] Optimum use of resources

To make optimum use of resources such as men, material, money, machine and method, it isnecessary to design an organization properly. Work should be divided and right people should begiven right jobs to reduce the wastage of resources in an organization.

[edit] To perform managerial function

Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling cannot be implemented without properorganization.

[edit] Facilitates growth and diversification

A good organization structure is essential for expanding business activity. Organization structuredetermines the input resources needed for expansion of a business activity similarly organization

is essential for product diversification such as establishing a new product line.

[edit] Human treatment of employees

Organization has to operate for the betterment of employees and must not encourage monotonyof work due to higher degree of specialization. Now, organization has adapted the modernconcept of systems approach based on human relations and it discards the traditional productivityand specialization approach.

[edit] Applications

Organizing, incompaniespoint of view, is the management function that usually follows afterplanning. And it involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments and theassignment of authority and allocation of resources across the organization.

[edit] Structure
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The framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed,and departments are coordinated.

1. A set of formal tasks assigned to individuals and departments.2. Formal reporting relationships, including lines of authority, decision responsibility,

number of hierarchical levels and span of managers control.3. The design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across departments.[edit] Work specialization

Work specialization (also calleddivision of labour) is the degree to which organizational tasksare sub-divided into individual jobs. With too much specialization, employees are isolated anddo only a single, tiny, boring job. Many organizations enlarge jobs or rotate assigned tasks toprovide greater challenges.

[edit] Chain of command

[edit] Authority, responsibility, and accountability

Authority is a manager's formal and legitimate right to make decisions, issue orders, andallocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes.

Responsibility means an employee's duty to perform assigned task or activities. Accountability means that those with authority and responsibility must report and justify

task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command.

[edit] Delegation

Delegation is the process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions belowthem. Organizations today tend to encourage delegation from highest to lowest possible levels.Delegation can improve flexibility to meet customers needs and adaptation to competitiveenvironments. Managers often find delegation difficult

[edit] Types of authority (and responsibility)

Line authority managers have the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates.The superior issues orders and is responsible for the resultthe subordinate obeys and isresponsible only for executing the order according to instructions.

Functional authority is where managers have formal power over a specific subset of activities.For instance, the Production Manager may have the line authority to decide whether and when anew machine is needed but the Controller demands that a Capital Expenditure Proposal issubmitted first, showing that the investment will have a yield of at least x%; or, a legaldepartment may have functional authority to interfere in any activity that could have legalconsequences. This authority would not be functional but it would rather be staff authority ifsuch interference is "advice" rather than "order".
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Staff authority is granted to staff specialists in their areas of expertise. It is not a real authorityin the sense that a staff manager does not order or instruct but simply advises, recommends, andcounsels in the staff specialists' area of expertise and is responsible only for the quality of theadvice (to be in line with the respective professional standards etc.) It is a communicationrelationship withmanagement. It has an influence that derives indirectly from line authority at a

higher level.

[edit] Span of management

Factors influencing larger span of management.

1. Work performed by subordinates is stable and routine.2. Subordinates perform similar work tasks.3. Subordinates are concentrated in a single location.4. Subordinates are highly trained and need little direction in performing tasks.5. Rules and procedures defining task activities are available.6. Support systems and personnel are available for the managers.7. Little time is required in non-supervisory activities such as coordination with other

departments or planning.8. Managers' personal preferences and styles favour a large span.

[edit] Tall versus flat structure

Tall - A management structure characterized by an overall narrow span of managementand a relatively large number of hierarchical levels. Tight control.Reducedcommunication overhead.

Flat - A management structure characterized by a wide span of control and relatively fewhierarchical levels. Loose control. Facilitates delegation.

[edit] Centralization, decentralization, and formalization

Centralization - The location of decision making authority near top organizationallevels.

Decentralization - The location of decision making authority near lower organizationallevels.

Formalization - The written documentation used to direct and control employees.[edit] Departmentalization

Departmentalization is the basis on which individuals are grouped into departments anddepartments into total organizations. Approach options include:

1. Functional - by common skills and work tasks2. Divisional - common product, program or geographical location3. Matrix - combination of Functional and Divisional4. Team - to accomplish specific tasks
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5. Network - departments are independent providing functions for a central core breaker[edit] Importance of organizing

Organizations are often troubled by how to organize, particularly when a new strategy isdeveloped

Changing market conditions or new technology requires change Organizations seek efficiencies through improvements in organizing

Parenting (or child rearing) is the process of promoting and supporting thephysical[disambiguationneeded ],emotional,social, andintellectual developmentof achildfrominfancytoadulthood.Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.[1]

In the case of humans, it is usually done by thebiological parentsof the child in question,[2]

althoughgovernmentsandsocietytake a role as well. In many cases,orphanedor abandonedchildren receive parental care from non-parent blood relations. Others may beadopted, raised byfoster care, or be placed in anorphanage.

The goals of human parenting are debated. Usually, parental figures provide for a child'sphysical needs, protect them from harm, and impart in themskillsandcultural valuesuntil theyreach legal adulthood, usually afteradolescence.

Contents

[hide]

1 Parenting models, tools, philosophies and practiceso 1.1 Models of parenting

1.1.1 Styleso 1.2 Parenting practices

1.2.1 Parenting skillso 1.3 Effects of parenting, family and family structure on child behaviour

1.3.1 Family structure 2 Parenting across the child's lifespan

o 2.1 Planning and pre-pregnancyo 2.2 Pregnancy and prenatal parentingo 2.3 Newborns and Infantso 2.4 Toddlerso 2.5 Childo 2.6 Adolescentso 2.7 Adults

3 Assistanceo 3.1 Care
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o 3.2 Adviceo 3.3 Financial assistance

4 See also 5 References

[edit] Parenting models, tools, philosophies and practices

Main article:Parenting styles

A returningAir Forcesergeant meets his son for the first time.

Although race may be a significant contributing factor,social class,wealth, andincomehave thestrongest impact on what methods of child rearing are used by parents.[3]Lack of money is found

to be the defining factor in the style of child rearing that is chosen, and minorities are more likelyto have less wealth orassetsavailable for use in their children's upbringing.[4]Societal values andnorms of a generation also have an effect, as in the United States where authoritarian parentingwas the most popular until the 1960s when a backlash made permissive parenting the mostpopular in the 1970s. As times change so does the way parents parent their children. It becomesessential to understand parenting styles as well as how those styles contribute to the behaviour ofthe children.

[edit] Models of parenting

Developmental psychologistDiana Baumrindidentified three mainparenting stylesin earlychild

development: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.[5][6][7][8]Maccoby and Martin expandedthe styles to four: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful.[9][10]These four styles ofparenting involve combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the one hand and demandand control on the other.[11]
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[edit]Styles

Mother and child, Peru.

Each parenting style has a different impact on children. Although Diana Baumrind identifiedthree main parenting styles and Maccoby and Martin added the fourth, the following authors talkindepth about each style and its impact.

Authoritarian parenting style can be very rigid and strict. It is mostly patriarchical in nature andeverything is often decided by the father. Parents who use this style have a strict set of rules and

expectations; if rules are not followed it ends up with punishment [12]

There is usually no

explanation of giving the punishment just that the children are in trouble and should listen

accordingly[13]

This parenting style and parents who use a more authoritarian approach with

power assertion and the involvement of physical punishment with little emotions of comfort

and affection are more likely to produce a child with deviant tendencies[14]

According to[15]

this

style is subject to producing children that can internalize and externalize undesired behaviours

as well as developing problems in social situations. Also the punishment aspect of this parenting

style also contributed to problems in school for the youth, their behaviours were often deemed

undesirable[16]This contributed to the youth conducting themselves in a deviant manner in theschool as well as toward other children

[17]

The authoritative style consists of following the same rules as the authoritarian parents. Withhaving strict rules and expectations however there is more open communication with parents

and children in the authoritative style[18]

They listen more to the child and how they are[19]

When

children have problems with rules and they are broken these parents tend to be more receptive[20]

They monitor instead of trying to rule the childs life they are less restrictive parents but still

assertive[21]

Permissive parenting is often the style parents try to stay away from. There is not muchstructure here for children, and parents often do not set rules or have guidelines for the child

[22]

They do not have many expectations for the children; they avoid conflict and are more nurturing

to the child. They are more lenient when it comes to misbehaviour and often do not punish the

children for wrongdoing[23]

However, parents adapted to this style also end up with their

children having a hard time communicating with them about things their children find

important[24]

Children with less communication with parents tended to have more negative

behaviours at school than those who have had some open communication with their parents[25]
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Uninvolved parenting style is exactly how uninvolved is defined, parents are often absentemotionally and sometimes even

[26]They have no expectations of the child and regularly do not

have communication or a nurturing feature to them. They provide everything the child needs for

survival with little to no engagement[27]

They are not interested in their schooling other than

making sure they go and they are not interested in extracurricular activities they may be

involved in. There is often a large gap between parents and children with this parenting style.

Children with little or no communication with parents tended to more often be the victims of

other childrens deviant behaviour and involved in some deviance themselves[28]

There is no single or definitive model of parenting. What may be right for one family or onechild may not be suitable for another. With authoritative and permissive (indulgent) parenting onopposite sides of the spectrum, most conventional and modern models of parenting fallsomewhere in between.Parenting strategies as well as behaviours/ideals of what parents expectwhether communicated verbally and/or non-verbally also play a significant role in a childsdevelopment[29]

[edit] Parenting practices

Father and child, Dhaka

Positive Parenting- unconditional support, guiding them and supporting them for healthydevelopment.

Attachment Parenting- strengthen the intuitive, psychological and emotional bond between theprimary caregiver

Unconditional Parenting- giving unconditional positive encouragement
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Spiritual Parenting- respecting the child's individuality, making space for child to develop a senseof their own beliefs through their personality and their own potentials

Slow Parenting- allowing the child to develop their own interests and allowing them to grow intotheir own person, lots of family time, allowing children to make their own decisions, limit

electronics, simplistic toys

Helicopter Parenting- over-parenting, parents are constantly involving themselves, interruptingthe childs ability to function on their own

Narcissistic Parenting- parents are driven by their own needs, their children are an extension oftheir own identity, use their children to live out their dreams

Toxic Parenting- poor parenting, complete disruption of the child's ability to identify one's selfand reduced self-esteem, neglecting the needs of the child and abuse is sometimes seen in this

parenting style[30]

[edit]Parenting skills

Parents should remember that they are still individuals in a loving relationship, and adapt toparenthood.[31]Parenting styles is a small part of being an effective parent. The skills parentsbring also have a major role to play, and we now know that children benefit when their parents:

communicate honestly about events or discussions that have happened, also that parentsexplain clearly to children what happened and how they were involved if they were

stay consistent, children need structure, parents that have normal routines benefits childrenincredibly;

utilize that resources availabe to them, reaching out into the community; taking more interest in their child's educational needs and early development; and keeping open communication and staying educated on what their child is learning and doing and

how it is effecting them[32]

[edit] Effects of parenting, family and family structure on child behaviour

Families whether big or small, rich or poor, can be subject to producing children with differentbehaviours in some cases these behaviours are desired and sometimes they are not[33]Researchers place particular importance on how parents parent as it impacts children on alllevels of their development[34]As well as parenting style can be a root cause in producingundesired behaviours in[35]

[edit]Family structure

Family structure also contributes greatly to child behaviour. When deviance is concerned many

people will look at parents. This is important because parents are the primary socializing agentsof children which means they greatly contribute to their child's behaviour. When children comefrom different familial structures it is essential to understand how that type of family affects theirbehaviour, especially in school.

Intact families and single parent families often function differently from each other[36]Manyfamilies show similarities, however who is in charge of the family is a key contributor to childbehaviour. According to strain theory by Agnew (1985) it affects their development, how they
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relate to things and people and overall how they react to everyday situations. As transitions infamilies take place and as times evolve it becomes essential to understand how these transitionsaffect the family structure and those experiencing the transitions[37]

Children coming from a non-intact family which is often considered single parent families show

higher incidences of deviant behaviours

[38]

That is not to say that children that come fromfamilies in which both parents are present are not delinquent, these families show lower ratesthan those who only have one parent present[39]Schroeder et al. (2010) discovered that familiesin which the children resided with the father had high rates of behaviour and delinquencyproblems than those households led by the mother[40]Although mother led householdsexperienced less behaviour and delinquency problems their children were still having issuessurrounding their deviant behaviours more than intact families[41]

Another contributing factor of single parent families on children is time constraint[42]Most singleparents work hard to keep their family equipped with essential needs[43]Lack of supervision andlack of time spent with children deeply contributes and shapes their overall functioning and their

behaviour especially surrounding delinquency issues

[44]

Intact families also face time constraintsbut this is levelled between two parents which usually will allow at least one parent to beavailable to children[45]This helps with supervision and communication which can often lack insingle parent households[46]

Blended families also show some alarming findings, when single parent families transition intoblended families, deviant behaviours, especially violent offending increases[47]These types offamilies host a whole new set of experiences for children[48]Accommodating a new parent aswell as new siblings affect children deeply it can contribute to undesired behaviours[49]Theseundesired behaviours can show up in the school setting as undesirable actions including verbaland physical components placing the child at risk for deviant behaviour in school[50]

Children experiencing transitions in their families often experience high levels of stress becauseof the transition[51]The stress the children experience is closely related to strain theory. Thestrain that families experience because of transitions exposes children to negative stimuli, thesenegative exposures often put the child at risk to manifesting problems in other areas of their lifebecause of the strain the family is experiencing[52]

Structure of the family plays a key role in the development of the child and whether or not theirbehaviour is deviant because of the structure they reside in, it becomes important to examinerelations between family members[53]Whether a household consists of two members or fivemembers it is important to look at how each member associates with one another. Relationshipsbetween brothers and sisters and mom and dad will each have their own unique form as well assome of the same attributes. Communication is important in any relationship, especially when itcomes to parenting. Its not only important between parents but also important with children[54]Expectations should be clear and each member should understand their role[55]How childrenreact to situations with their siblings will give a parent an idea of how they will react around theirpeers[56]
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The bond between parents and a child is important for the child to form healthy relationshipsdown the road[57]Also the bond between parents and children becomes essential in reducingundesired deviant behaviours in youth[58]When dealing with issues surrounding deviantbehaviour of children it becomes important to analyse the relationship between child and[59]Communication between parent and child is important not only for both the parent and child

and their ability to cohabitate but to also understand what each other are going through

[60]

It is also important to keep the parent and child informed of their role[61]When the child andparent experience positive open communication with each other it then gives the child a positiverelationship to reference when conducting themselves at school with teachers and authority[62]Italso gives the child a well developed self esteem and better self concept which in turn allows thechildren to have high standards of conducting themselves positively to peers and in school[63]

The parent-child positive relationship also becomes important when the child is in school, whenpositive relations form at home children will have an easier time forming positive relations inschool[64]Children with good communication and bonding in the home bring positive behaviours

to school which allows for good communication with peers, teachers and authorities

[65]

The childwill also have a positive bonding to the school community and their education goals[66]This alsoreduces the incidences of their participation in school violence and acting out on undesiredbehaviours[67]If the relationship between family members suffers it can leave children with theinability to make good judges of character for those they choose to associate with[68]Conflict inthe home can be damaging for a child to experience, it has a very deep impact on how they willconduct their relationships at school and how they will continue to develop relationships in thefuture[69]How families deal with situations that arise with family members as well as howsituations outside the home are handled can also be a key factor when dealing with behaviours ofchildren[70]This directly links to social learning theory; children will model what they haveobserved from family members especially parents, this is important in understanding theirbehaviour at school[71]If negative reactions occur in the home and the child observes thisbehaviour it is likely they will have the same reaction should a similar situation arise at school[72]When relations between members have negative occurrences it puts children at risk[73]

[edit] Parenting across the child's lifespan

[edit] Planning and pre-pregnancy
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Father and daughter inTrivandrum,Kerala,India

Main articles:Family planningandPrenatal care

Family planningis the decision whether and when to become parents, including planning,preparing, and gathering resources. Parents should assess (amongst other matters) whether theyhave the required financial resources (the raising of a child costs around $16,198 yearly in theUnited States)[74]and should also assess whether their family situation is stable enough andwhether they themselves are responsible and qualified enough to raise a child.Reproductive

healthand preconceptional care affect pregnancy, reproductive success and maternal and childphysical and mental health.

[edit] Pregnancy and prenatal parenting

Main article:Pregnancy

Duringpregnancythe unborn child is affected by many decisions his or her parents make,particularly choices linked to theirlifestyle. The health and diet decisions of the mother can haveeither a positive or negative impact on the child duringprenatal parenting. In addition to physicalmanagement of the pregnancy, medical knowledge of your physician, hospital, and birthingoptions are important. Here are some key items of advice:

Ask your prospective obstetrician how often he or she is in the hospital and who covers for themwhen theyre not available.

Learn all you can about your backup physician as well as your primary doctor. Choose a hospital with a 24-hour, in-house anesthesia team.[75]
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Many people believe that parenting begins with birth, but the mother begins raising andnurturing a child well before birth. Scientific evidence indicates that from the fifth month on, theunborn baby is able to hear sound, be aware of motion, and possibly exhibitshort-term memory.Several studies (e.g. Kissilevsky et al., 2003) show evidence that the unborn baby can become

familiar with his or her parents' voices. Other research indicates that by the seventh month,external schedule cues influence the unborn baby's sleep habits. Based on this evidence,parenting actually begins well before birth.

Depending on how many children the mother carries also determines the amount of care neededduring prenatal and post-natal periods.

[edit] Newborns and Infants

Main article:Infant

Newbornparenting, up to one month of age, is where the responsibilities of parenthood begins.A newborn's basic needs are food, sleep, comfort and cleaning which the parent provides. Aninfant's only form of communication is crying, and attentive parents will begin to recognizedifferent types ofcryingwhich represent different needs such as hunger, discomfort, boredom, orloneliness. Newborns and young infants require feedings every few hours which is disruptive toadultsleep cycles. They respond enthusiastically to soft stroking, cuddling and caressing. Gentlerocking back and forth often calms a crying infant, as do massages and warm baths. Newbornsmay comfort themselves by sucking their thumb or apacifier. The need to suckle is instinctiveand allows newborns to feed.Breastfeedingis the recommended method of feeding by all majorinfant health organizations.[76]If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is acommon alternative. Other alternatives include feeding breastmilk or formula with a cup, spoon,

feeding syringe, or nursing supplementer.

The forming ofattachmentsis considered to be the foundation of the infant/child's capacity toform and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love and/oraffection although they often go together. Attachment and attachmentbehaviorstend to developbetween the age of 6 months and 3 years. A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capacityfor attachment could potentially amount to serious disorders. Physically you would not see anydisorders but emotionally the child is scarred for life. A child with out attachment developsnegatively.

Until infants learn to walk, between 10 and 14 months, they are carried in the arms, held inslings

or baby carriers, or transported inbaby carriagesor strollers. Upon learning to walk the child isthen known as atoddler.

[edit] Toddlers

Main article:Toddler
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Toddlers are much more active than infants and are challenged with learning how to do simpletasks by themselves. At this stage, parents are heavily involved in showing the child how to dothings rather than just doing things for them, and the child will often mimic the parents. Toddlersneed help to build their vocabulary, increase their communications skills, and manage theiremotions. Toddlers will also begin to understand social etiquette such as being polite and taking

turns.

Toddlers are very curious about the world around them and eager to explore it. They seek greaterindependence and responsibility and may become frustrated when things do not go the way theywant or expect.Tantrumsbegin at this stage, which is sometimes referred to as the 'TerribleTwos'.[77][78]Tantrums are often caused by the child's frustration over the particular situation,sometimes simply not being able to communicate properly. Parents of toddlers are expected tohelp guide and teach the child, establish basic routines (such as washing hands before meals orbrushing teeth before bed), and increase the child's responsibilities. It is also normal for toddler'sto be frequently frustrated. It is an essential step to their development. They will learn throughexperience; trial and error. This means that they need to experience being frustrated when

something does not work for them, in order to move on to the next stage. When the toddler isfrustrated, they will often behave badly with actions like screaming, hitting or biting. Parentsneed to be careful when reacting to such behaviours, giving threats or punishments is not helpfuland will only make the situation worse.[79]

[edit] Child

Main articles:Child,Early childhood,Childhood, andPreadolescence

Younger children are becoming more independent and are beginning to build friendships. Theyare able to reason and can make their own decisions given hypothetical situations. Young

children demand constant attention, but will learn how to deal with boredom and be able to playindependently. They also enjoy helping and feeling useful and able. Parents may assist their childby encouraging social interactions and modelling proper social behaviors. A large part oflearning in the early years comes from being involved in activities and household duties. Parentswho observe their children in play or join with them in child-driven play have the opportunity toglimpse into their childrens world, learn to communicate more effectively with their childrenand are given another setting to offer gentle, nurturing guidance.[80]Parents are also teachingtheir children health, hygiene, and eating habits through instruction and by example.

Parents are expected to make decisions about their child'seducation. Parenting styles in this areadiverge greatly at this stage with some parents becoming heavily involved in arranging organized

activities and early learning programs. Other parents choose to let the child develop with feworganized activities.

Children begin to learn responsibility, and consequences of their actions, with parentalassistance. Some parents provide a small allowance that increases with age to help teach childrenthe value of money and how to be responsible with it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preadolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preadolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preadolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-AAP-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-AAP-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-AAP-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-AAP-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preadolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrum


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Parents who are consistent and fair with theirdiscipline, who openly communicate and offerexplanations to their children, and who do not neglect the needs of their children in some wayoften find they have fewer problems with their children as they mature.

[edit] Adolescents

Main article:Adolescence

Duringadolescencechildren are beginning to form theiridentityand are testing and developingthe interpersonal and occupational roles that they will assume as adults. Therefore it is importantthat parents must treat them as young adults. Although adolescents look topeersand adultsoutside of the family for guidance and models for how to behave, parents remain influential intheir development. A teenager who thinks poorly of him or herself, is not confident, hangsaround with gangs, lack positive values, follows the crowd, is not doing well in studies, is losinginterest in school, has few friends, lacks supervision at home or is not close to key adults likeparents are vulnerable to peer pressure. Parents often feel isolated and alone in parenting

adolescents,[81]

but they should still make efforts to be aware of their adolescents' activities,provide guidance, direction, and consultation. Adolescence can be a time of highriskforchildren, where newfound freedoms can result in decisions that drastically open up or close offlife opportunities. Parental issues at this stage of parenting include dealing with "rebellious"teenagers, who didn't know freedom while they were smaller.In order to prevent all these,it isimportant to build a trusting relationship with them.This can be achieved by planning andspending fun activities together,keeping your promises,do not nag at him or her about their pastmistakes and try to listen and talk to them,no matter how busy you are.When a trustingrelationship is built,they are more likely to approach you for help when faced with negative peerpressure.Also,try to built a strong foundation to help your child to resist negative peer pressure,itis important to build up their self-esteem:Praise your child's strength instead of focusing on their

weakness(It will make them feel good and grow confidant about themself,so he/she does not feelthe need to gain acceptance from his peers),acknowledge your child's efforts,do not simply focuson the final result(when they notice that you recognise his/her efforts,he/she will keeptrying),and lastly,disapprove the behaviour,not the child,or they will turn to their peers foracceptance and comfort.

[edit] Adults

Young adults as children becomeyoung adultstheir personalities show theresultof successfulor unsuccessful parenting. Especially it is noticeable when young adults make their independent

life decisions about theireducation,workand choosing mates forfriendshipormarriage.

Middle age and old age Parenting doesn't stop when children grow up and age. Parents alwaysremain to be parents for old children. Their relationship continues developing if both parties

want to keep it or improve. The parenting issues may include the relationship with

grandchildrenandstepchildren.

[edit] Assistance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_disciplinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_disciplinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_disciplinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_%28social_science%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_%28social_science%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_%28social_science%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti

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