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Gram positive

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus aureus

Micrococcus sp.

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus viridans

Propionibacterium sp.

Peptostreptococcus

Bacteroides sp.

Lactobacillus sp.

Clostridium sp.

AEROBIC

Gram Negative Cocci

Moraxella catarrhalis

Gram Positive BacilliCorynebacterium species

Gram Negative Bacilli

Haemophilus influenzae

Klebsiella sp.

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosaMoraxella sp.

ANAEROBIC

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Bacteria :

A prokaryotic microorganism(no membrane-enclosed nucleus)

Size: 0.3 m to 0.45 m No mitochondria or chloroplasts

Single chromosome

A closed circle of double-stranded DNA (Plasmid)

Flagella may present (made up of protein flagellin)

Ribosome present Rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan. (Gram + and -)

The plasma membrane are phospholipid bilayers

Reproduction : asexual by fission or spore formation

Sexual by conjugation

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Monotrichous

Lophotrichous

Amphitrichous

Peritrichous

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Role of Microbiology

Medical

Industrial

Molecular Biology

Environmental

Genetics & Recombinant DNA Tech

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Nutrition

Saprophytic nutrition; produce different hydrolytic enzymes

Reproduction:

Asexual :

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Sexual :

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StructureStructure : Filamentous

Eg. Asperigillus, Fuarium

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Structure : Yeast (single cell

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Structure

Virus particles or virions consist of two or three parts:

Genetic material made from either DNA or RNA Nucleocapsid core

A protein coat that protects these genes

In some cases an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat

Virions range in size from about 10 to 300 or 400 nm in diameter

Based on Capsid there are 4 morphological types

Helical : Capsids are helical and shaped like hollow protein

Icosahedral: Polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangles and 12 vertices

Complex : neither pure helical nor icoshedron

Enveloped : spherical with an envelop

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TMV

AdenoVirus

Varicella (Chickenpox) Virus

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Principle of Viral classification:

Nature of the hostanimal, plant, bacterial, insect, fungal

Nucleic acid characteristics

Capsid symmetryicosahedral, helical, cubical

Presence of an envelope and ether sensitivity

Immunologic properties

Type of virus release Disease caused

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Nucleic acid

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVkCyU5aeeU

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S

terility and disinfection

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Sterilization & disinfection

Sterilization is the process by which all living cells, viable spores,

viruses, and viroids are either destroyed or removed from an object or

habitat.

Disinfection is the killing, inhibition, or removal of microorganismsthat may cause disease.

Sanitization is closely related to disinfection. In sanitization, the

microbial population is reduced to levels that are considered safe by

public health standards.

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What is sterilization in Microbiology?

Why we need to maintain sterile conditions?

How to maintain sterile conditions?

Pattern of microbial death

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Physical agents:

Temperature: High and low temperature

By autoclaving

Filtration : By membrane filters

Radiation

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UV: surfaces of utensils

Gamma irradiation from a cobalt-60: food particles

More efficient in moist conditions production of peroxides

Factors affecting the efficiency of radiation

The numbers of organisms (or spores) originally present.

Some constituents [e.g., proteins, catalase, and reducingsubstances (nitrites, sulfites, and sulfhydryl compounds)] may be

protective.

The presence or absence of oxygen.

The physical state of the food during irradiation.

The condition of the organisms.

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Chemical agents:

Alcohols

Halogens

Phenols

Ammonium compounds

Heavy metals

Sterilizing gas