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K thut vi x lMicroprocessors
Ging vin: TS. Phm Ngc Nam
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Your instructorB mn k thut in t tin hcOffice: C9-401Email: [email protected] of Intel Higher Education ProgramResearch:FPGA, PSoC, h nhngTr tu nhn toEducation:K37 in t-HBK H ni (1997)
Master v tr tu nhn to 1999, i hc K.U. Leuven, vng quc B ti: Nhn dng ch vit tay
Tin s k thut chuyn ngnh in t-tin hc, 9/ 2004, i hc K.U. Leuven, Vng Quc B ti: qun l cht lng dch v trong cc ng dng a phng tin tin tin
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Ni dung mn hcGii thiu chung v h vi x lB vi x l Intel 8088/8086Lp trnh hp ng cho 8086T chc vo ra d liuNgt v x l ngtTruy cp b nh trc tip DMACc b vi x l trn thc tThit k b vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Ti liu tham khoSlides Barry B. Brey, The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium and Pentium Pro Processor: Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. Cm n gio s Rudy Lauwereins cho php s dng slides ca ng
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Mc ch ca mn hcNm c cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca b vi x l v h vi x lC kh nng lp trnh bng hp ng cho vi x lC kh nng la chn vi x l thch hp cho cc ng dng c thNm c cc b vi x l trn thc tNm c nguyn l thit k vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Bi tp ln v thiBi tp ln (20% im)Thit k mt h thng s dng vi iu khinKhng c thi nu khng lm bi tp lnim kim tra gia k v bi tp v nh (30% im)Lm y cc bi tp v nh v np ng hnBT v nh np chm c tnh im 0.Bi kim tra gia k thi tp trung ton khaThi cui k (50%)L thuyt: Xem mc ch ca mn hc (trc nghim)Lp trnh hp ngThit k b nh v thit b ngoi vi cho h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Course websitehttp://fet.hut.edu.vn/VXL/index.htmEmail: [email protected]: hut123456
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h -1: The early days (-1642)
Bn tnh, abaci, c s dng tnh ton. Khi nim v gi tr theo v tr c s dng
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h -1: The early days (-1642)
Th k 12: Muhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi a ra khi nim v gii thut algorithmMt danh sch cc ch dn m t mt cch chnh xc cc bc ca mt qu trnh m m bo l qu trnh ny s phi kt thc sau mt s bc nht nh vi cu tr li ng cho tng trng hp c th ca mt vn cn gii quyt
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h -1: The early days (-1642)
Codex Madrid - Leonardo Da Vinci (1500)V mt ci my tnh c kh
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Blaise Pascal, con trai ca mt ngi thu thu, ch to mt my cng c nh vo nm 1642
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Nm 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard pht minh ra my dt t ng s dng ba c l iu khin ho tit dt trn viBa c l lu tr chng trnh: my a nng u tin
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)1822, Charles Babbage nhn ra rng cc bng tnh dng trong hng hi c qu nhiu li dn ti vic rt nhiu tu b mt tch
ng xin chnh ph Anh h tr nghin cu v my tnh
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Babbage thit k mt ci my vi phn Difference Engine thay th ton b bng tnh: my thc hin mt ng dng c th u tin (application specific hard-coded machine)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Ada Augusta King, tr thnh lp trnh vin u tin vo nm 1842 khi c vit chng trnh cho Analytical Engine, thit b th 2 ca Babbage
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Herman Hollerith, ngi M, thit k mt my tnh x l d liu v dn s M 1890ng thnh lp cng ty, Hollerith Tabulating Company, sau y l Calculating-Tabulating-Recording (C-T-R) company vo nm 1914 v sau ny c i tn l IBM vo nm 1924.
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Konrad Zuse, Berlin, c, pht trin vo nm 1935 my tnh Z-1 s dng r le v s nh phn Chu k lnh: 6 giy (0.17 Hz)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)My tnh c in t ng ln a nng u tin l my Harvard Mark I ( IBM Automatic Sequence Control Calculator ), pht minh bi Howard Aiken vo cui 1930ASCC khng phi l my tnh c chng trnh lu tr sn m cc lnh c ghi vo cc bng giy.
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)Grace Murray Hopper found the first computer bug beaten to death in the jaws of a relay. She glued it into the logbook of the computer and thereafter when the machine stops (frequently) she told Howard Aiken that they are "debugging" the computer.Lab book!!Numbered pagesfor USA patents
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Nm 1943, John Mauchly v J. Presper Eckert bt u nghin cu v ENIAC
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)18000 n in t, 1500 r le, 30 tn, 140 kW, 20 thanh ghi 10 ch s thp phn, 100 nghn php tnh/ giyTrong tng lai my tnh s nng ti a l 1.5 tn (Popular Mechanics, 1949)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t(1945-1955)Lp trnh thng qua 6000 cng tc nhiu nc v nng hng tn
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Nm 1946, John von Neumann pht minh ra my tnh c chng trnh lu trong b nhMy tnh ca ng gm c mt n v iu khin, mt n v x l s hc v logic (ALU), mt b nh chng trnh v d liu v s dng s nh phn thay v s thp phn. My tnh ngy nay u c cu trc von Neumann ng t nn mng cho hin tng von Neumann bottleneck, s khng tng thch gia tc ca b nh vi n v x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Nm 1948, my tnh c chng trnh lu tr trong b nh u tin c vn hnh ti trng i hc Manchester: Manchester Mark I
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Nm 1951, my tnh Whirlwind ln u tin s dng b nh li t (magnetic core memories). Gn y nguyn l ny c s dng li ch to MRAM dng tch hp.
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Mt magnetic core lu tr 256 bits
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)John von Neumann nm 1952 vi chic my tnh mi ca ng
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)Nm 1954, John Backus, IBM pht minh ra FORTRAN
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 2: Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
Nm 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain pht minh ra transistor
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 2: Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
Nm 1955, IBM cng b IBM704, my tnh mainframe s dng tranzistory l my tnh vi php ton du phy ng u tin (5 kFlops, clock: 300 kHz)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 3: Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
Nm 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments (Nobel prize physics, 2000) a ra v chng minh tng tch hp 1 transistor vi cc in tr v t in trn mt chip bn dn vi kch thc 1 na ci kp giy. y chnh l IC.
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)
7/4/1964 IBM a ra System/360, h my tnh tng thch u tin ca IBM
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)
Nm 1965, Digital Equipment Corporation, a ra chic my tnh mini u tin DP-8
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)Nm 1971, Ted Hoff ch to Intel 4004 theo n t hng ca mt cng ty Nht bn to chip sn xut calculator. y l vi x l u tin vi 2400 transistor (microprocessor, processor-on-a-chip).4 bt d liu, 12 bit a ch
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)1973-1974, Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee ch to MITS Altair 8800, my tnh c nhn u tinGi $375, 256 bytes of memory, khng keyboard, khng mn hnh v khng b nh ngoiSau , Bill Gate v Paul Allen vit chng trnh dch BASIC cho Altair
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Nm 1981, IBM bt u vi IBM "PC" s dng h iu hnh DOS.
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Nm 1984, Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) a ra my tnh bn Alto vi giao din ngi v my hon ton mi: windows, biu tng, mouse Con chut u tin
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Nm 1986, siu my tnh Cray-XMP vi 4 b x l t tc tnh ton l 840 MFlops. N c lm mt bng nc
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Tc tnh ton ny t c vi my tnh c nhn 1 vi x l, Pentium III, vo qu 1 nm 2000
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Ngun Intel
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Ngun Intel
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Ngun Intel
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)Moores law: number of transistors doubles every 18 months(Gordon Moore, founder Intel Corp.)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x lBMW > 100 processorsTrung bnh 1 cng dn M ~ 75 processors
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x lPhn loi theo gi thnh:
Type
Gi (USD)
Example application
Disposable system
1
Greeting cards
Embedded system
10
Watches, cars, appliances
Game computer
100
Home video games
Personal computer
1K
Desktop computer
Server
10K
Network server
Collection of workstations
100K
Departmental supercomputer
Mainframe
1M
Batch processing in bank
Supercomputer
10M
Weather forecasting
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x lPhn loi theo chc nng:Vi x l a nng (General Purpose Microprocessor)DSP (Digital Signal Processor)Vi iu khin (Microcontroller)Vi x l chuyn dng ASIP (Application Specific Integrated Processor)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x lPhn loi theo tp lnh:CISC (complex Instruction Set computer): my tnh c tp lnh phc tpnhiu lnhcu trc phc tpmi lnh: c di khc nhau v thc hin trong 1 n chc chu k xung nhpV d: Intel x86, AMDRISC (reduced instruction Set computer): my tnh c tp lnh rt gnt lnhmi lnh c di c nh v thc hin trong 1 n 2 chu k xung nhpcu trc vi x l n gin, c nhiu thanh ghitc xung nhp ln v tiu th nng lng thpV d: ARM, PowerPC
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.2 Phn loi vi x lVon Neumann vs. Harvard
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 161.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia1.3.3 Cc s m1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 161.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia1.3.3 Cc s m1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.1 Cc h m H thp phn 1234,56710=11000+2100+310+41+50.1+60.01+70.0011103+2102+3101+4100+510-1+610-2+710-3r = c s (r = 10), d=digit (0 d 9), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.1 Cc h m H nh phn1011,0112=18+04+12+11+00.5+10.25+10.125123+022+121+120+02-1+12-2+12-3r = c s (r = 2), d=digit (0 d 1), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.1 Cc h m H 8 (Octal)7654,328=7512+664+58+41+30.125+20.015625783+682+581+480+38-1+28-2r = c s (r = 8), d=digit (0 d 7), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.1 Cc h m H 16 (Hexadecimal)FEDC,7616=154096+14256+1316+121+71/16+61/25615163+14162+13161+12160+716-1+616-2r = c s (r = 16), d=digit (0 d F), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s ch s sau du phy
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.1 Cc h m Chuyn i gia cc h mChuyn t h thp phn sang nh phnQuy tc: ly s cn i chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, ly thng chia tip cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. Lp li khi thng bng 0. o ngc th t dy cc s d s c ch s ca h nh phn cn tm
V d: i 34 sang h nh phn: 100010
Chyn t h nh phn sang h 16 v ngc li1011 0111B = B7H
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 161.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia1.3.3 Cc s m1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.2 Cc php ton Cng nh phnCng nh phnCng thp phn
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.2 Cc php ton Tr nh phnxyMnHiu1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 00 1 1 1 0
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.2 Cc php ton Nhn nh phn1 1 1 01 1 0 11 1 1 00 0 0 01 1 1 01 1 1 01 0 1 1 0 1 1 0Nguyn tc: cng v dch
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.3.2 Cc php ton Chia nh phn1 0 1 1 1 0 1 00 0 0 01 1 1 01 0 0 1 0 1 01 1 1 01 0 0 1 01 1 1 01 0 0 1 01 1 1 01 0 01 1 0 1Nguyn tc: tr v dch
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 161.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia1.3.3 Cc s m1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Biu din bng du v ln(Sign-Magnitude)Mt s c du bao gm 2 phn: du v ln
V d h 10: +12310 (thng thng 123) v -12310
H nh phn: bt du l bt MSB; 0 = dng, 1 = mV d: 011002 = +1210 v 111002 = -1210
Cc s c du 8 bt s c gi tr t -127 n +127 vi 2 s 0: 1000 0000 (-0) v 0000 0000 (+0)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S b 2S b 1 (b l gic): o bit1001 => 01100100 => 1011S b 2 (b s hc): s b 1 +1
V d: Tm s b 2 ca 1313= 0000 1101S b 1 ca 13 =1111 0010Cng thm 1: 1S b 2 ca 13= 1111 0011 (tc l -13)
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S b 2V d: Tm s b 2 ca 00= 0000 0000S b 1 ca 0 =1111 1111Cng thm 1: 1S b 2 ca 0= 0000 0000 (tc l -0)
Nh vy vi s b 2, s 0 c biu din 1 cch duy nhtS c du 8 bt s c gi tr t -128 n 127
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S b 2
Decimal
S b 2
Sign-magnitude
-8
1000
-
-7
1001
1111
-6
1010
1110
-5
1011
1101
-4
1100
1100
-3
1101
1011
-2
1110
1010
-1
1111
1001
0
0000
1000 & 0000
1
0001
0001
2
0010
0010
3
0011
0011
4
0100
0100
5
0101
0101
6
0110
0110
7
0111
0111
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 161.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia1.3.3 Cc s m1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S nguyn (integer)8 bitunsigned: 0 n 255signed : -128 n 127 ( b hai)16 bitunsigned: 0 n 65535 (216-1)signed : -32768 (215) n 32767 (215-1)32 bitunsigned: 0 n 232-1signed : -231 n 231-1
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Little endian v big endianS 1234 H c lu tr th no trong b nh 8 bit?
..........0000HFFFFH0100H0101H34H12H..........0000HFFFFH0100H0101H12H34Hlittle edianIntel microprocessorsbig edianMotorola microprocessors
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S thc (real number, floating point number)V d: 1,234=1,234*100=0,1234*101=...11,01 B= 1,101*21=0,1101*22=...
Real number: (m, e) , e.g. (0.1101, 2)Single precision: 32 bitDouble precision: 64 bitmantissaexponent
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S thc (real number, floating point number)IEEE-754 format cho single-precision
022233031Sbiased exponent e1 sign bit: 0 dng, 1 m8 bit biased exponent= exponent + 12724 bit mantissa chun ho = 1 bit n + 23 bit fractionMantissa chun ho: c gi tr gia 1 v 2 : 1.f
V d: biu din 0.1011 di dng IEEE-754
Sign bit s=0chun ho mantissa: 0.1011=1.011*2-1Biased exponent: -1 + 127=126=01111110IEEE format: 0 01111110 0110000000000000000000
fraction f of normalized mantissa
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S thc (real number, floating point number)IEEE-754 format cho double-precision
051526263Sbiased exponent efraction f of normalized mantissa1 sign bit: 0 dng, 1 m11 bit biased exponent= exponent + 102353 bit mantissa chun ho = 1 bit n + 52 bit fractiondouble precision: (-1)s x 2e-1023 x (1.f)2single precision: (-1)s x 2e-127 x (1.f)2
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1S thc (real number, floating point number)
Single PrecisionDouble PrecisionMachineepsilon chnh xc2-23 or 1.192 x 10-72-52 or 2.220 x 10-16Smallest positiveS dng nh nht2-126 or 1.175 x 10-382-1022 or 2.225 x 10-308Largest positiveS dong ln nht(2- 2-23) 2127 or 3.403 x 1038(2- 2-52) 21023 or 1.798 x 10308Decimal Precision chnh xc thp phn6 significant digits6 ch s sau du phy15 significant digits15 ch s sau du phy
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1BCDBinary Coded Decimal numberBCD chun (BCD gi, packed BCD):1 byte biu din 2 s BCDV d: 25: 0010 0101
BCD khng gi (unpacked BCD) :1 byte biu din 1 s BCDv d: 25: 00000010 00000101
Decimaldigit
BCD
0
0000
1
0001
2
0010
3
0011
4
0100
5
0101
6
0110
7
0111
8
1000
9
1001
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-bit code)
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DHBK 2005
*/Chapter1Chng 1Gii thiu chung v h vi x l1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh1.2 Phn loi vi x l1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.4.1 H vi x lVi x lCPUB nhMemoryPhi ghp vo/ra(I/O)Bus d liuBus a chBus iu khinDRAMSRAMROMEEPROMFlash
Intel 80X86Motorola 680XPowerPC...
Thit bvo/raMn hnhMy inBn phmCon chut cng mmCD-ROMDVD...
ISAEISAPCIVESASCSIUSB...
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.4.1 H vi x lCPU (Central Processing Unit)n v s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logical Unit)Thc hin cc php ton s hcCng, tr, nhn chiaThc hin cc php ton logicAnd, or, compare..n v iu khin (Control Unit)
Cc thanh ghi (Registers)Lu tr d liu v trng thi ca qu trnh thc hin lnhc m lnhGii m lnhThc hin lnh
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.4.1 H vi x lc thng tin t b nh vo CPUXc nh xem lnh l lnh gThc hin lnhNu cn th c thm thng tin t b nh/cngTnh ton v ghi thng tin ra b nh/cng
c m lnhGii m lnhThc hin lnh1 chu k lnh ca CPU
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.4.2 B nh, BUSMemoryROM: khng b mt d liu, cha d liu iu khin h thng lc khi ngRAM: mt d liu khi mt ngun, cha chng trnh v d liu trong qu trnh hot ng ca h thng
Bus d liu8, 16, 32, 64 bit ty thuc vo vi x l
Bus a ch:16, 20, 24, 32, 36 bits nh c th nh a ch: 2NV d: 8088/8086 c 20 ng a ch => qun l c 220 bytes=1Mbytes
DHBK 2005
*/Chapter11.4.2 B nh, BUS
Nh sn xutTn vi x lBus d liuBus a chKh nng a chIntel80888086801868028680386SX80386DX80486DXPentiumPentium ProPentium I, II, III, IV8161616163232646464202020242432323236361 M1 M1 M16 M16 M4 G4 G4 G64 G64 GMotorola680006801068020680306804068060PowerPC161632323264642424323232323216 M16 M4 G4 G4 G4 G4 G
****