1

LOGO

Oleh: Junartho Halomoan (juned_new@yahoo.com)

Mikroprosesor dan Antarmuka

Pendahuluan

Pendahuluan

Mikroprosesor

telah menjadi

bagian dari

Kehidupan

modern, hampir

semua benda

Elektronik

Berbasis

mikroprosesor

JUN - I

TTELKOM

2

Aplikasi Mikroprosesor (µP)

Hiburan

Sistem Kendali

Alat rumah tangga

Alat perkantoran

Kendaraan

dll

Keunggulan mikroprosesor

Dibandingkan dengan implementasimenggunakan komponen diskrit:

Lebih fleksibel (programable) Komponen lebih sedikit

Dibandingkan dengan implementasisoftware

Lebih cepat

JUN - I

TTELKOM

3

SejarahSempoa

Cina abad ke 10 sebelum Masehi

Eniac:

1943

Desimal 20 accumulator 10 digit

30 ton, 18000 tabung vacum, daya140 kW

µP 4 bit:

i4004 (1971)

Hanya bisa add dan sub

µP 8 bit:

i8008

µP 16 bit:

i8086/i8088/80286

µP 32 bit

I80386/80486/Pentium

µP 64 bit

AMD Athlon64

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [1]

80x86 Evolution

4004:

4-bit microprocessor. 4KB main memory. 45 instructions. PMOS technology. 50 KIPS

8008: (1971)

8-bit version of 4004. 16KB main memory. 48 instructions. NMOS technology.

JUN - I

TTELKOM

4

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [2]

8080: (1973)

8-bit microprocessor. 64KB main memory. 2 microseconds clock cycle time; 500,000

instructions/sec. 10X faster than 8008

8085: (1977)

8-bit microprocessor - upgraded version of the 8080. 64KB main memory. 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time; 769,230

instructions/sec. 246 instructions. Intel sold 100 million copies of this 8-bit microprocessor.

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [3]

8086: (1978) 8088 (1979)

16-bit microprocessor. 1MB main memory. 2.5 MIPS (400 ns). 4- or 6-byte instruction cache. Other improvements included more registers and

additional instructions. 80286: (1983)

16-bit microprocessor very similar in instruction set to the 8086.

16MB main memory. 4.0 MIPS (250 ns/8MHz).

JUN - I

TTELKOM

5

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [4]

80386: (1986)

32-bit microprocessor. 4GB main memory. 12-33MHz. Memory management unit added. Variations: DX, EX, SL, SLC (cache) and SX. 80386SX: 16MB through a 16-bit data bus and 24 bit

address bus.

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [5]

80486: (1989)

32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus.

4GB main memory. 20-50MHz. Later at 66 and 100MHz Incorporated an 80386-like microprocessor, 80387-like

floating point coprocessor and an 8K byte cache on one package. About half of the instructions executed in 1 clock instead

of 2 on the 386. Variations: SX, DX2, DX4. DX2: Double clocked version: 66MHz clock cycle time with memory transfers at 33MHz.

JUN - I

TTELKOM

6

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [6]

Pentium: (1993)

32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus. 4GB main memory. 60, 66, 90MHz. 1-and-1/2 100MHz version. Double clocked 120 and 133MHz versions. Fastest version is the 233MHz (3-and-1/2 clocked version). 16KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8KB each). Memory transfers at 66MHz (instead of 33MHz). Dual integer processors.

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [7]

Pentium Pro: (1995)

32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus.

64GB main memory. Starts at 150MHz. 16KB L1 cache (split instruction/data: 8KB each). 256KB L2 cache. Memory transfers at 66MHz. 3 integer processors.

JUN - I

TTELKOM

7

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [8]

Pentium II: (1997)

32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus.

64GB main memory. Starts at 266MHz. 32KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16KB each). Module integrated 512KB L2 cache (133MHz). Memory transfers at 66MHz to 100MHz (1998).

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [9]

Pentium III: (1999)

32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 36-bit address bus. 64GB main memory. 800MHz and above. 32KB split instruction/data L1 caches (16KB each). On-chip 256KB L2 cache (at-speed). Memory transfers 100MHz to 133MHz. Dual Independent Bus (simultaneous L2 and system memory

access)

JUN - I

TTELKOM

8

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [10]

Pentium IV: (2002)

1.4 to 1.9GHz and the latest at 3.20 GHz and 3.46GHz (Hyper-Threading)!

1MB/512KB/256KB L2 cache. 800 MHz (about 6.4GB/s)/533 MHz (4.3 GB/s)/

400MHz (3.2 GB/s) system bus. 1066 MHz front side bus just available. Specialized for streaming video, game and DVD

applications (144 new SIMD 128-bit instructions). 0.13um, more than 55 million transistors. Newer ones are in 90nm transistors, >125 million

possible

Evolusi Mikroprosesor [11]

Pentium D, Core 2 Duo, Core Duo, Core 2 Extreme Edition: (2005-2007)

Dual processing cores Upto 4MB L2 cache and 1066 MHz FSB 65 nm and 45 nm transistors (and lots of them!!!)

JUN - I

TTELKOM

9

Evolusi µP Intel (Singkat)

Name Date Transistors um Clock Memory Data width MIPS

8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 64 kB 8 bits 0.64

80868088

1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 1 MB16 bits bus8-bits bus

0.33

80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 MB 16 bits 1

80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 4 GB 32 bits 5

80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 4 GB 32 bits 20

Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 64 GB32 bits64-bit bus

100

Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 64 GB32 bits64-bit bus

~300

Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 64 GB32 bits64-bit bus

~510

Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz 64 GB32 bits64-bit bus

~1,700

Pentium 4 "Prescott"

2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz 64 GB32 bits64-bit bus

~7,000

Core-i7 2009

Sistem Bilangan (Review TekDig)

Desimal Biner Biner

8 bit

Biner

16 bit

Biner

20 bit

Hexa Notasi Umum

59

255

1 k

32k

64 k

1 M

0011 1111 1111 1111

- 96

0111 1111 1111 1111 1111

3FF

JUN - I

TTELKOM

10

Komponen Dasar Komputer : ALU

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

+ - x / or and xor not

Arithmetic biner pada komputer padadasarnya penjumlahan

- adalah + menggunakan 2’s complement

X adalah + dan geser kiri dilakukan berulang-ulang

/ adalah – dan geser kanan

Operasi aritmetik memerlukan adder (FA & HA) dan register yang bisa digeser isinya(shift register)

FA

Carry

in

Carry

out

S1

A1B1

Sum = Carry-in xor A

xor B

Carry out = (A and B) or (Carry-in

and B) or (Carry in and A)

A – B = A + B’ + 1

(Carry-in)

FA

Carry

in

Carry

out

S2

A2B2

FA

Carry

inCarry

out

S3

A3B3JUN - I

TTELKOM

11

Model ALU dalam sistem komputer

A B

n n

+ - x / logic

Accumulator

Central Processing Unit

CPU

Memori I/O

BUS

Operasi ALU

A + B

Ambil A (memori) ALU

A (ALU) Acc

Ambil B (memori) ALU

A (Acc) ALU

Proses +

Hasil Acc

A B

n n

+ - x / logic

Accumulator

JUN - I

TTELKOM

12

ES

CS

SS

DS

4

3

2

1

CONTROL

SYSTEM

AH AL

BH BL

CH CL

DH DL

SP

BP

SI

DI

OPERAND

FLAGS

C-BUS

IP

ALU

INSTRUCTIONSTREAM

BYTEQUEUE

A- BUS

BIU

EU

•ALU 16 bit

•Accumulator

•8 bit AL

•16 bit AX (AL+AH)

•Register data tambahan

•BX Base

•CX Counter

•DX Data

•SP Stack Pointer

•BP Base Pointer

•SI Source Index

•DI Destination Index

Register- register dalam Intel 8088

Sign & Unsign Number

Unsigned number adalah cara menyatakan bilanganpositif dengan menggunakan seluruh digit yang ada

8 bit (00000000 sd 11111111) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd255)

16 bit (0000000000000000 sd 11111111111111) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd 65535

Signed number adalah cara menyatakan bilanganpositif dan negatif dengan menggunakan bit MSB sebagai tanda + (0) dan – (1)

8 bit (00000000 sd 01111111) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd127 dan (11111111 sd 10000000) menyatakan bilangan -1 sd -128

16 bit (0000000000000000 sd 01111111111111) menyatakan bilangan 0 sd 32767 dan (1111111111111111 sd 1000000000000000) menyatakan bilangan -1 sd -32768

JUN - I

TTELKOM

13

Operasi Aritmatika dan Flag

Flag Register digunakan untuk

memberitahukan hasil atau keadaan

suatu operasi aritmatika atau logik yang

telah dieksekusi. Berikut ini beberapa

Zero, Carry, Overflow, Borrow, Aux.

Carry

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 xor

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zero Flag

Zero adalah kondisi hasil operasiaritmetik dan logik yang menghasilkan0 JU

N - ITTELK

OM

14

Carry Flag

Carry adalah kondisi hasilpenjumlahan yang melebihi kapasitasregister

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 +

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

FE

FE +

1 FC

Carry bit

Aux. Carry bit

Borrow

Borrow adalah suatu kondisi hasilpengurangan

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 -

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4C

CC +

1 80

Borrow bit

JUN - I

TTELKOM

15

Overflow

Overflow adalah kondisi yang terjadisaat penambahan dan penguranganbilangan bertanda (melebihijangkauan bilangan bertanda/ signed bit)

1 1 1 1 1

+76 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

+68 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 +

+144 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

- (negatif)

Floating Point

S EXP exc127 Mantisa Biner

1 10000000 111000000000000000000000 - 1.111 x 21

0 10000010 000101000000000000000000 1000.101

0 01111111 000000100000000000000000 1.0000001

1 01111110 101010000000000000000000 -1.10101 2-1

0 00000000 00000000000000000000000 0.0

JUN - I

TTELKOM

16

Tracing Instruksi [1]

Address Code Command AX CS IP Z C O

0000 135B 0100 0 0 0

CS:0100 B8 FF FF MOV AX,FFFF FFFF 135B 0103 0 0 0

CS:0103

CS:0103

05 01 00

05 02 00

ADD AX,0001

ADD AX,0002

0000

0001

135B

135B

0106

0106

1

0

1

1

0

0

Address Code Command AX CS IP Z C O S

0000 135B 0100 0 0 0 0

CS:0100 B8 4C FF MOV AX,FF4C FF4C 135B 0103 0 0 0 0

CS:0103 2D CC FF SUB AX,FFCC FF80 135B 0106 0 1 0 1

Tracing Instruksi [2]

JUN - I

TTELKOM

17

Address Code Command AL CS IP Z C O A

00 135B 0100 0 0 0 0

CS:0100 B0 4C MOV AL,4C 4C 135B 0102 0 0 0 0

CS:0102 04 44 ADD AL,44 90 135B 0104 0 0 1 1

Tracing Instruksi [3]

Tracing Instruksi [4]

MOV instruction:

MOV destination, source ; copy source operand to destination

Example: (8-bit )

MOV CL,55H

MOV DL,CL

MOV BH,DL

MOV AH,BH

JUN - I

TTELKOM

18

Tracing Instruksi [5]

Example: (16-bit)

MOV CX,468FH

MOV AX,CX

MOV BX,AX

MOV DX,BX

MOV DI,AX

MOV SI,DI

MOV DS,SI

MOV BP,DS

Tracing Instruksi [7]

Examples (diperiksa Instruksi yang ilegal):

MOV BX,14AFH

MOV SI,2345H

MOV DI,2233H

MOV CS,2A3FH

MOV DS,CS

MOV FR,BX

MOV DS,14AFH

JUN - I

TTELKOM

19

Tracing Instruksi [8]

ADD instruction

ADD destination, source ; add the source operand to destination

Example 8 bit:

MOV AL,24H

MOV DL,11H

ADD AL,DL

MOV CH,24H

MOV BL,11H

ADD CH,BL

MOV CH,24H

ADD CH,11H

Tracing Instruksi [9]

Example 16bit:

MOV AX,34EH

MOV DX,6A5H

ADD DX,AX

MOV CX,34EH

ADD CX,6A5H

JUN - I

TTELKOM

20

LOGO

Thank You!www.themegallery.com

JUN - I

TTELKOM