Millimeter Wave Communication in 5G Wireless NetworksBy:NiloofarBahadoriAdvisors:Dr.J.C.Kelly,

Dr.BKelley

Outline

• 5GcommunicationNetworks• Whyweneedtomovetohigherfrequencies?• WhatarethecharacteristicsofmmWavebandcommunications?• WhatarethechallengesinusingmmWave?• Whataretheexistingsolutions?• ApplicationofmmWavein5Gframework.• Futureworks

Source:CiscoVisualNetworkingIndex(VNI)Mobile,2016

5Gnetworks

NetworkSpecification 5G 4GPeakDataRate 10Gb/s 100Mb/sMobileDataVolume 10Tb/s/k𝑚" 10Gb/s/k𝑚"

E2ELatency 5ms 25msEnergyEfficiency 10%currentconsumptionNumberofDevices 1M/k𝑚" 1k/k𝑚"

Mobility 500km/h -Reliability 99.999% 99.99%

5Gnetworks

Existingsolutionstoimprovenetworkcapacity:• IncreaseAvailableBW

• CarrierAggregation• CognitiveRadio

• SpectrumReuse• D2DCommunication• SmallCellnetwork

• IncreaseSpectralEfficiency• MassiveMIMO• SpectrumSharing

Eventhoughsomeofthesetechniquescanboostperformancesignificantly,thereisnoclear

roadmaponhowtoachievethesofardefined5Gperformancetargets.

Carrie#1:20MHz

Carrie#2:20MHz

Carrie#3:20MHz

Carrie#4:20MHz

Carrie#5:20MHz

100 MHz

5Gnetworks

AMBroadcast

TVBroadcast

CellularCommunication

Wi-Fi

EquivalentSpectrum

U.S.FrequencyAllocationTheRadioSpectrum

Source:U.S.Dept.ofCommerce,NTIAOfficeofSpectrumManagement

UWB 3.1–10.6GHz,highdatarateinPAN

LMDS 28-30GHzbroadband,fixedwireless,point-to-multipointforlastmile

application

• MicrowavebandisreferredtoasSweetspotduetoitsfavorablepropagationcharacteristics• Lowfrequencybandshavebeenalmostusedup• Itisdifficulttofindsufficientfrequencybandsinthemicrowaverangefor5Gimprovements• mmWavewithhighbandwidthcanbeapotentialsolutionfor5Gcommunication• However,wavepropagationinmmWavebandhasspecificcharacteristicsthatshouldbeconsidered

indesignofnetworkarchitecture

3GHz 57-64 164-200 300GHz

Cellularcommunication

54GHz 99GHz 99GHz

OxygenmoleculeAbsorption WaterAbsorption

Potentialavailablebandwidth

mmWaveCommunication

CandidateBands

27.5–28.35 31.225–31.3

29.1–29.25 71-76

31.075–31.225 81-86

31.0–31.075 92-95

AtmosphericAbsorption• Raindropsareroughlythesamesizeastheradiowavelengths(millimeters)andthereforecausescattering

oftheradiosignal• TherainattenuationandmolecularabsorptioncharacteristicsofmmWavepropagationlimittherangeof

mmWavecommunications

mmWaveCharacteristics

Source:E-bandtechnology.E-bandCommunications.[Online].Available:http://www.e-band.com/index.php?id=86.

Therainattenuationandatmospheric

absorptiondonotcreatesignificantadditionalpathlossforcellsizesontheorderof

200m.

mmWaveCharacteristicsHighPropagationLossandSensitivitytoBlockage• mmWavecommunicationsuffersfromhighpropagationloss𝑃𝐿 ∝ 𝑓"• Electromagneticwaveshaveweakabilitytodiffractaroundobstacleswitha

sizesignificantlylargerthanthewavelength• Forexample,blockagebyahumanattenuatethelinkbudgetby20-30dB• OnlyLOScommunicationisefficient.

FrequencyBand(GHz)

PLE- LOS PLE- NLOS RainAttenuation@200m(dB)

OxygenAbsorption@200m(dB)

28 1.8~1.9 4.5~4.6 0.9 0.04

38 1.2~2 2.7~3.8 1.4 0.03

60 2.23 4.19 2 3.2

73 2 2.45~2.69 2.4 0.09

𝐹 𝑑 = 𝑃𝐿(𝑑,) + 10𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔5,𝑑𝑑,

Path-lossExponent(PLE)

LOSpath

NLOSpath

NLOSsufferfromhighattenuation

mmWaveCharacteristicsDirectivity• Tocombatseverepropagationloss,highgain,directional

antennasareemployedatbothtransmitterandreceiver• BeamformingisakeyenablingtechnologyofmmWave

communication• Withasmallwavelength,electronicallysteerableantenna

arrayscanberealizedaspatternsofmetaloncircuitboard

5mm16antennas

IntegratedCircuit

DirectionalantennaHighgainatone

directionverylowgaininallotherdirections

Source:F.Gutierrez,S.Agarwal,K.Parrish,andT.S.Rappaport,“On-ChipIntegratedAntennaStructuresinCMOSfor60GHzWPAN Systems,”IEEEJournalonSelectedAreasinCommunications,vol.27,no.8,October2009,pp.1367– 1377.

mmWaveCharacteristics

Largearrayatmobilestation,4-32antennas

256ormoreantennasatBasestation

• DuetothesizeofantennaatmmWave,largearrayofantennacanberealizedonbothBSanddevice

• mmWavecommunicationisinherentlyDirectional

• Thedirectivityoftransmissionenablesconcurrenttransmissions withlowmultiuserinterference.

Challenges:• MIMOcausehigherpowerconsumption• Beamformingaddoverheadtosystem

• Tomakethetransmitterandreceiverdirecttheirbeamstowardseachother,theprocedureofbeamtrainingisneeded.

BlockagemmWavearehighlysensitivetoblockage,• Buildingblockage• Bodyblockage• HandBlockageDesignrequirements:• Highdensityofinfrastructurerequiredtocoverareasaround

buildings• NeedrapidswitchingbetweenLOSandNLOSpaths• ArraydiversityonthehandsetSolutions• Multiplepathcanbecomputedwhenoneisblockedthe

remainingcanbeused.• addsthecomplexityandoverheadofthebeamforming

process• Switchbetweendifferentmodeofcommunication

mmWaveCharacteristics

Building

B.S

B.S

CoordinatingB.S

ApplicationsSmall-CellNetworks• Massivedensificationofsmall-cellshas

beenproposedtoachievethe10000foldincreaseinnetworkcapacity.Small-cellsdeployedunderlyingthemacrocellsasWLANsorWPANsareapromisingsolutionforthecapacityenhancementinthe5Gcellularnetworks.• Increasingqualityoflink• Lesspowerconsumption• Decreasinglatency• Decreasingnumberofusers

assignedtoeachBS• Improvenetworkcoveragearea

Device-to-DeviceCommunication• DevicetoDeviceCommunicationwhichis

usedtotransferdatabetweendeviceswithoutusingthemaininfrastructureisoneofthepromisingapproachesin5Gnetworks• Lesspowerconsumption• Spectralefficiency

SourceNiu,Yong,etal."Asurveyofmillimeterwavecommunications(mmWave)for5G:opportunitiesandchallenges."WirelessNetworks 21.8(2015):2657-2676.

Withhugebandwidth,andlowinterferenceofmmWavebandcommunication,canbeusedinsmall-cellaccessandbackhaul

networks,anddirectcommunicationamongdevices

Summary

Benefits:• Higherbandwidth• Smallwavelength• Alargearrayofantennacanbe

realizedinasmallarea• Directivity• LessMUI

Challenges• Highpropagationloss• AbsorptionbyrainandOxygenmolecule• BlockageSensitivity

• Needsmodelforblockage• onlyLOScommunicationisefficient

• Beamformingaddoverheadtosystem

••Morespectrum••LargerchannelSpectrum

••Reduceinterference••Spectrumreuse

LargeArrayandNarrow

Beam

Ultra-fastBroadband

Communication

• Inourproposedsystemmodel,D2DcommunicationisenabledinammWavesmall-cellnetwork.

• NetworkexploitmmWaveandmicrowaveresourcetoovercometheuncertaintyofthemmWaveenvironmentcausedbyblockages.

• Ourgoalistomaximizenumberofsatisfiedapplicationsscheduledatbothfrequencybands,basedontheircontextinformation• ApplicationmaximumtolerableDelay• SizeoftheData• ChannelStateinformation• ProbabilityofLOScommunicationinmmWaveband

Wearelookingtofindoptimalsolutionfortheoptimizationproblem.ApropermethodtocapturetheuncertaintyinmmWaveLOSchannel.

FutureWork

n applicationarerunning

simultaneously

Small-cellBSunderlyingamacrocell

MicrowaveBand

mmWaveBand

Onetimeslot

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