4. The Classificcation of Minerals

A. Silicates

B. Non Silicates

Group Mineral Silikat

Atomic configuration: tetrahedron silika (SiO4 4-)

Composition: Mafic

Kaya akan magnesium, besi, dan/atau kalsium Hybrid

Composed of mafic and felsic Rich in feldspar and/or quartz

Felsic Rich in feldspar and/or quartz

Group Mineral Silikat

Tetrahedron Si

Group Mineral Silikat

Illustration:

Tetrahedron

Si–O4

Group Mineral Silikat

Mafic

Commonly dark or green. Rich in magnesium, Fe, Ca Classes :

OlivineAugit HornblendeBiotite

Group Mineral Silikat

Olivine (Mg, Fe)2[SiO4]

Formed in early crystalization of magma. Density 3.27 g/cm3 - 4.20 g/cm3

Main mineral in Periodotite.

Group Mineral Silikat

a. Dark green to black colored rock.

b. Commonly prism shaped in plutonic rocks.

c. Most common type of pyroxene family.

Augit (Ca,Na)(Mg, Fe)2[SiO4]

PiroksenitAugit

Group Mineral Silikat

Hornblende (Ca,Na)(Mg, Fe)2[SiO4]

Hornblende

Green to black color. Can be acidic ingenious or metamorph (amfibolit)

Group Mineral Silikat

Known as Black mica. Easily peeled off. Dark green to black-brown. Formed as metamorph or ingenious rock.

Biotit (Al,Fe)(Mg,Fe)(F,OH)

Group Mineral Silikat

Known as White Mica. Can be found as metamorph or ingenious rock (schist & amfibol)

Muskovit K(Al,Si)(OH)

Group Mineral Silikat

Composes 54% of earth’s crust. Based on composition

Plagioklas contain Kalsium dan Natrium. Potasium contain Kalium. Feldspatoid lacks of silica.

Formed as magma crystalizes.Parameter of rock naming, derajat pelapukan dan tingkat alterasi

batuan.

Felspar (K,Al)Si,O.

MikroklinNa FelsparK Felspar

Group Mineral Silikat

Distinc color: white, gray, pink. Prismatic crystal, columnar or tubular. Commonly found as igneus acidic rock and sandstone. K Feldspar.

Ortoklas K,Al,Si,O.

Group Mineral Silikat

Quartz SiO2.

Common rock-forming mineral. Common color : smoky, violet, red. Might contain trace of another element.

Silicates

THE COMMON ROCK-FORMING SILICATE MINERALS

Nama Mineral Komposisi Kimia

Olivin Silikat Fe, Mg

Piroksin (commonly Augit) Silikat Fe, Mg

Amfibol (commonly Hornblende) Silikat hidroksida Fe, Mg, Al

Mika

Muskovit (Mika white) Silikat hidroksida K, Al

Biotit (Mika black) Silikat hidroksida K, Al, Fe,Mg

Clay Silikat hidroksida Al

Feldspar

Plagioklas Silikat Na, Al, Ca

Ortoklas Silikat K, Al

Quartz Silika

Silicates

Mineral Grouping

Native Elements: Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), S (sulfur), C (diamond), Pt

(Platinum) Oxides: contain O 2-

Fe2O3 (hematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), Al2O3 (corundum) Carbonates: contain CO3

2- CaCO3 (calcite), CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite)

Sulfides: contain S 2- FeS2 (pyrite), PbS (galena), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite)

Sulfates: contain SO4 2-

CaSO4.2H2O (gypsum), BaSO4 (barite) Halides: contain F 1-, Cl 1-, Br 1-, or I 1-

NaCl (halite), KCl (sylvite), CaF2 (fluorite)

Native Elements

Copper(Cu) Gold (Au)

Diamond (C)

Sulphur (S)

Group Mineral Non Silikat

Formed by reaction with Oxygen Mainly consist of Fe, Chromium, Mn, Lead and Aluminum. “ice” (H2O), corundum (Al2O3), hematit (Fe2O3) and kasiterit

(SnO2).

Oxides

Blue corundum(saphire)

Red corundum(ruby)

Hematit

Group Mineral Non Silikat

Formed by reaction with Sulphur. Common main elements : Fe, Silver, Cu, Lead, Zn dan Mercury. Dalam bentuk bijih, seperti “pyrite” (FeS3), “chalcocite” (Cu2S),

“galena” (PbS), dan “sphalerit” (ZnS).

Sulfides

Pyrite Galena Spalerit

Group Mineral Non Silikat

Composed of (CO3)2-, or “karbonat”Wide variation of color: white, gray to brown.Can be found in cavern as stalactite and stalacmiteMain elements are limestone dan marmer, terbentuk dari evaporasi

larutan kalsium bikarbonat atau air laut, dan dari sisa-sisa organisme yang bersifat gampingan.

Mineral ini merupakan susunan utama yang membentuk batuan sedimen karbonat.

Mineral Karbonat

5. Formation Mineral

GEODE: KRISTALISASI DALAM REKAHAN/LUBANG DALAM BATUAN

Forming of Mineral

GEODE: Perfec crystal (euhedral) grow inwards in rock pits.

a. b.

Forming of Mineral

a. Crystal grows outwards..b. Lacking of space causes deformation.

Terbentuknya Mineral

Polymorphs

Diamond

Terbentuknya Mineral

Pseudomorphs

Pyrite FeS2Goethite (FeO(OH)

Fossilized Log

REFERENCE http://ptbudie.wordpress.com/2010/05/31/mineral-dan-penggolongannya/

http://balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id/dokumentasi/leaflet/lab_mineral.pdf

Barr, G. W., 2002, Minerals, New York: McGraw-Hill Coy., 18 pp. Berann, H. C., 1999, Minerals Identification, New Orleans:

Cascade, 23 pp. Fletcher, C.H. and C.G. Wiswall, 1987, Investigating the Earth,

Dubuque:

Brown Publisher, p.86-92. Marshak, S., 2001, Portrait of planet Earth, New York:

Norton&Coy, 12 pp. Pearson, D., 2005, Boulder: Prentice Hall, Inc., p. 34-43. Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of

Geology. Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 293-294.