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Mitigation for roosts in buildings Workshop National Bat Conference 2009 Peter Shepherd (Baker, Shepherd, Gillespie) and Judy Stroud (Natural England)

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Mitigation for roosts in buildingsWorkshop National Bat 

Conference 2009

Peter Shepherd (Baker, Shepherd, Gillespie) and Judy Stroud (Natural 

England)

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Outline of workshop

• Background• Learning from mitigation licences

• Factors to consider in roost design planning

• What further information do we require.

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Importance of buildings to bats• Loss of woodland cover.• Structure  of woodland –

few old trees.• Many bats now rely 

buildings.  • Conflicts: development, 

home owners.• Building regulations – fewer 

potential roost sites in new buildings.  

• BUT – Increasing awareness of bat conservation

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Impacts of development on bats using licence returns

Looked at 1000+ licence returns and analysed 305.

Each scored according to following categories:

1 – Precautionary licences – feeding perch, no bats seen.

2 – Small number of bats – few droppings, 1 or 2 bats seen.

3 – breeding colony of brown long-eared or pipistrelle spp.

4 – breeding colony of Myotis or serotine bats.

5 – breeding colony of horseshoe bats.

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Results

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5

Precautionary licences 8.2%Small nos. of bats 70.2%Maternity roosts of ble/pip 16.4% Maternity Myotis/Serotine bats 4.3%Maternity roosts of horseshoe bats 1.0%

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Impacts on bat roosts

Roost type % Monitoringrequired

Impact on roost from development

Minor roosts 78.4 None Mitigation ranged from bat boxes of to elaborate bat lofts. Some monitoring.

Maternity pips/ble 16.4 2 years preferred

Greatest impacts on these species from roost losses through development. Monitoring variable.

Maternity - rarer bat species

4.3 At least 2 years

Bridge repairs, church repairs, building renovations. Only one new roost. No impacts on whole . Good monitoring.

Maternity -horseshoe bats

1.0 As long as possible

Minor disturbance through roof repairs. No lasting impacts. Good monitoring.

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Impacts on brown long‐eared bats

Typical roosts in large, uncluttered roof spacesAnalysis of licence returns:•Retain roof space ‐ bats return.•Create new loft elsewhere in building or in existing building on site ‐ good chance of success.•Reduce loft space ‐ bats may not return.•Create loft in new house or over new garage – no evidence of success so far beyond a few droppings.•Why? – don’t know.  

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Totterdown Farm, near Fairford, Gloucs

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Totterdown Farm

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Sure Start Centre, Langold, Notts

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Sure Start Centre

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Learning from mitigation successes and failures

• Secure best possible outcomes for bats

• Monitoring – ecological consultants

• Capturing data ‐ Natural England

• Analysis of data• Disseminating evidence via 

Natural England mitigation guidelines and good practice guidance

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Retain or adapt the original roost 

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Retain flight paths and foraging habitat

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Location, location, location

• Functional  connection to suitable habitat for commuting and foraging – this various from species to species.

• Should preferably be on known existing and retained bat flight paths or close to foraging habitat.

• Must have appropriate solar radiation and therefore orientation  ‐ not too shaded by buildings or trees.

• Should not be adversely affected by adjacent land‐use.• Address practical long‐term management.

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Roost design and structure

• Requirements vary from species to species e.g. BLE, pipistrelles, horseshoes and natterers.

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Temperature Regimes

• Bats select warm places for maternity roosts.• How important is temperature for the different species compared to other factors in influencing roost selection?

• Current guidance in the Bat Mitigation Guidelines in effect says as hot as possible, but does not provide details of roosting temperatures regimes.

• What are the temperature ranges we should be targeting in new roosts?

• Is it possible/sensible to try and deliver all temperature requirements in a  single roost?

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Temperature ranges by speciesSpecies Temperature regimes

Pipistrellus pispistrellus Maternity roost 12.7 – 44.60C – mean 23.90CMean daily temperatures 16.9 – 360C. Roosts significantly warmer than random control buildings

Pipistrellus pygmaeus 10.9‐38.60C – mean 22.30C. Mean daily temperatures16.2‐34.50C. Roosts not significantly 

warmer than random control buildings.

Plecotus auritus Maternity roost  6.3 – 40.60C – mean 17.90C. Mean daily temperatures 10.7 – 26.60C. The mean in random control buildings  was 16.70C.

Myotis mystacinus Edwardian school building. 3.5‐ 47.90C – mean 20.250C. Mean  daily temperature  (June to August)  14.91 –32.590C. High temperature range and seem able to put up with very high temperatures?

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Temperature regimesSpecies Temperature regimes

Myotis nattereri Attic roof ‐ 10.8 ‐ 460C ‐mean 21.70C. Mean daily temperature 22.50C.Attic mortise – 15.2 – 270C – mean 20.10C. Mean daily temperature 20.00C.Tree cavity – 10.3 – 25.60C – mean 17.20C. Mean daily temperature 17.30C.

Eptesicus serotinus Attic roof s (SW Germany and Luxembourg).  11‐430C. Mean daily temperature ranged between 22.10C and 23.20C at two different roost sites over 2 years.

Rhinolophus hipposideros Roof apex mean  temperature of 16.30C. Mean temperature at bat cluster point 30.90C . Once a cluster has fully formed mean temperature 340C.

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Further information – what do we need to know?

“There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know”. Donald Rumsfeld

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Questions and research needs

• Better understanding of the relative importance of location, design and temperature on roost selection by all species.

• Better guidance on factors influencing roost selection for each species.

• More information on roost temperature regimes.• Stronger link between guidance on new roost design and 

the EPS licensing system, in particular setting targets for particular temperature regimes and monitoring to ensure they are delivered

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Questions and research needs

• Better understanding of why BLE new roost designs are not working.

• Other than the quality of the new roost design what other factors will influence the use of the new roost – e.g. Availability of suitable known alternatives to the colony.

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Thank you

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Temperature references• Davidson Watts. I  (2005) Phd Thesis• Davidson Watts. I & Jones G (2006). Differences in foraging behaviour 

between Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) and Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825). Journal of Zoology,London, 268 (1), 55‐62.

• Nyholm, E.S (1965). Zur Okologie von Myotis mystacinus und M. daubentonii (Chiroptera). Ann.Zool. Fenn. 2: 77‐123.

• Smith, P.G & Racey, P.A (2005). The itinerant Natterer: physical and thermal characteristics of summer roosts for Myotis nattereri(Mammalia:Chiroptera)

• Harbusch, C. & Racey, P.A (2006). The sessile serotine: the influence of roost temperature on philopatry and reproductive phonology of Eptesicus serotinus (Mammalis: Chiroptera). Acta Chiropterologica, 8(1): 213‐229.

• Boonman, M (2000). Roost selection by noctules (Nyctalus noctula) and Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii)

• Lourenco, S.I. & Palmeirim, J.M. (2004). Influence of temperature in roost selection by Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Chiroptera): relevance for the design of bat boxes.