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Mitigation potential and priorities Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and on climate change and
agriculture in Chinaagriculture in China中国气候变化和农业的中国气候变化和农业的减缓潜力及优先行动减缓潜力及优先行动
LIN Erda, GUO LipingLIN Erda, GUO LipingChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(Beijing, Nov. 2010)(Beijing, Nov. 2010)
OutlineOutline
nn GHG emission in agricultural sectionGHG emission in agricultural section农业温室气体排放状况农业温室气体排放状况
nn Mitigation Options and PotentialMitigation Options and Potential可能的减缓措施和潜力可能的减缓措施和潜力
nn Suggested priority fields in mitigationSuggested priority fields in mitigation可能的优先领域可能的优先领域
GHG emissions of China in GHG emissions of China in 19941994
CO2
CH4
N2O
Slice 4
73.1%
19.7%
7.2%
CO2 CH4 N2O
2.66 0.72 0.26 Gt CO2-eq
Total : 3645 Mt CO2-eq
Contribution of agricultural activities Contribution of agricultural activities on GHGs in 1994 in Chinaon GHGs in 1994 in China
中国中国19941994年年农业活动排放的农业活动排放的温室气体份额温室气体份额(%)(%)CH4 N2O
1.Cropland ---- 73.92.Rice cultivation 17.9 ----3.Grazing ---- 12.94.Biomass burning ---- 0.55.Enteric fermentation 29.7 ----6.Animal manure manag. 2.5 5.27.Animal manure burning ---- 0.1Sub-total of Agri. Sourced GHGs 50.2 92.6Total source emission 100 100
Crop farming system (upland+paddy soil)种植业系统
9.8%
Livestock breeding system (Grazing + Enteric Fermentaion +
disposal of animal manure)养殖业系统(放牧+反刍动物+粪便管理)
6.7%
Total 合 计 16.5%
Contribution of Agricultural activities on GHGs in 1994 in China (CO2-eq)
中国农业活动对GHG排放总量的贡献(1994年,按CO2当量计)
GHG emissions after the year of 2000GHG emissions after the year of 2000----Estimation by expertsEstimation by experts
1980s 1990s 1980s 1990s 19941994 2000s2000snn N fert. Appl. N fert. Appl. 55.0 204.3 55.0 204.3 194.7194.7 118.8118.8
(M t CO(M t CO22--eq) eq)
nn CHCH4 emission emission 109.6 121.6 109.6 121.6 129.1129.1 131.3131.3from paddy soilfrom paddy soil (M t CO(M t CO22--eq)eq)
Literature: Zhang et al,2010; Zou et al, 2010; Li et al. 2001;
Yan et al, 2003; Zheng et al, 2004
National Communication
(range:130~275)
Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Decrease NDecrease N22OO emission in upland soilemission in upland soil
Rational N fertilizer managementRational N fertilizer management: : nn N rateN rate
decrease the use of N fertilizer in intensive managed decrease the use of N fertilizer in intensive managed fields by 30%fields by 30%
nn N typeN type: use slow: use slow--release Fertilizer, Nitrification Inhibitorrelease Fertilizer, Nitrification Inhibitornn Chemical N fertilizer Chemical N fertilizer + organic manure+ organic manurenn Application method: to the subApplication method: to the sub--soil layersoil layer
change abovechange above--ground appl. to belowground appl. to below--ground appl.ground appl.nn Adopt water&Fert. Integrated Manag.Adopt water&Fert. Integrated Manag. TechniquesTechniques
Reduce the N application by 30% can greatly decrease N2O emissionwithout significant decline of crop yield in intensive managed fields
Average daily N2O emission flux under diffrent fertilizationfrom spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig.
N2O
flux
(mg
N/m
2/d)
Traditional Fertilization
Optimized Fertilization(Reduce N appl. by 37.5%)
↓39%
↓20%
↓34%
(Jul.2-5) (Jul.6-13) (Jul.14-20)
N fertilizer&Water N fertilizer&Water Integrated manag. Integrated manag.
can greatly can greatly decrease Ndecrease N2O O
emissionemission
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Floodirrig.
Drip irrig. Floodirrig.
Drip irrig.
2006 2007
N fe
rtiliz
er (k
gN/h
a)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Irrig
atio
n (m
m)
N rate (kg N/ha)
Irrigation(mm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Soybean Maize Watermelon Maize
2006 2007
Yie
ld (k
g/ha
)
Flood irrig.Drip irrig.
N2O Emission per unit production
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Flood irrig. Drip irrig. Flood irrig. Drip irrig.
2006 2007
kg N
2O-N
/kg
yiel
d
Huang et al, 2008
N inhibitor can decrease NN inhibitor can decrease N2O emissionO emission
-5050
150
250350450550
650750850
14.2% 23.6% 28.5%
Soil moisture
ug N
2O-N
/ kg
Soi
lWithout Inhibitor
With Inhibitor
Wang et al, 2006
65%
62%
30%
Appropriate tillage and managementAppropriate tillage and managementnn Crop straw returningCrop straw returningnn Conservation tillageConservation tillagenn Organic manure amendmentOrganic manure amendmentnn Green manure cultivation and applicationGreen manure cultivation and applicationnn Avoid fallow of soilAvoid fallow of soil
Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Increase SOCIncrease SOC stock in upland soilstock in upland soil
19
不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳的影响
不同施肥处理11年后土壤有机质含量
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
无肥 N NP 鸡粪 鸡粪+N 鸡粪+NP
SOM
(%)
北京昌平:冬小麦-夏玉米 数据来源:郭李萍,1998(Winter wheat in Beijing, North China) (Guo, 1999)
Effect of 11 years different fertilizer application
on SOC
CK N NP M MN MNP
Effect of NoEffect of No--tillage on SOCtillage on SOC
(Shen,2010)
(8年)22%
No-tillageTraditional tillage
Spring Maize in Heilongjiang
Soil depth
Effect of tillage and straw manag. On SOC
免耕 旋耕 耙耕 深松 常耕
SOC after three years different tillage management
(Shandong, China) (Zhao,2008)
No straw Straw return
No-tillage Rotary Harrow Deep Traditional
Tillage Tillage Lossen Tillage (Zhao et al, 2008)
nn Rationale water managementRationale water management----Decrease the flooding Decrease the flooding timetime----Reduce the Reduce the depthdepth of flooding water of flooding water
nn Amendment of decomposed straw ???Amendment of decomposed straw ???nn Appropriate fertilization Appropriate fertilization
Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Decrease CHDecrease CH4 emission from paddy soilemission from paddy soil
Large amount of fertilizer consumption:Large amount of fertilizer consumption:Need rationale management strategiesNeed rationale management strategies
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1980
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
万吨
化肥施用量
氮肥用量
Total FertilizersNitrogen Fertilizer
Accounts for 30% world N fertilizer consumption104
ton
23.03 MM ton
In 2008
Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area Suggested priority area
1. 1. N fertilizer managementN fertilizer managementnn Extend the fertilization management techniques based on Extend the fertilization management techniques based on
soil measuring:soil measuring:N rate:e.g. Cut the N rate by 20N rate:e.g. Cut the N rate by 20--30% and replace it use 30% and replace it use
manure. manure. Possible areaPossible area: high yield area i.e. Huang: high yield area i.e. Huang--Huai River area, Huai River area,
NE China, Yangtze River watershed etc NE China, Yangtze River watershed etc nn N type: slowN type: slow--releasereleasenn N application method: deepN application method: deepnn Water&Fert. Integrated TechniqueWater&Fert. Integrated Technique
Effect of tillage and fertilization on N2O emission
(Liu,2008)(Spring maize, Shanxi)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Traditional Fertilization Optimized fertilization
mg
N 2O
/m2
Emission from tillage
Emission from fertilization
Total emission
23%
100%
23%
55%
57%
100%
China’s Crop straw production: about 600-700 Mt/yCrop Straw/residue management strategies:n Return to the field to supplement the SOC stock and improve the soil
fertility supply.We estimate that about 70% straw production can be return to the field in North China Plain, Central China, and southern China in the future
n Associated issues: Relevant mechanics, regarded management techniques including insects and pests control tech.
n Other Use: As bio-gas material As livestock feed-----
Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area: Suggested priority area:
2. 2. Crop straw managementCrop straw management
China’s livestock waste production: 2-4 Gt/yn Use as organic manurea) Organic manure manufacture raw-materialb) Amendment to the field through convert to compost manure
n Use as Bio-gas material: anaerobic ferm.By the year of 2015, China would generate 23.3*109m3
renewable energy through bio-gas engineer in rural area, which equals 36.6 Mt standard coal and reduce GHG by 37% from livestock waste.
Summarize:Summarize:Sugested priority area: Sugested priority area:
3. Livestock waste management3. Livestock waste management
Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area: Suggested priority area:
4. Improve the tillage management4. Improve the tillage management
HS: Harrowing T. + Straw
RS: Rotary T.+ Straw
TS: Traditional T + Straw
DS: Deep lossen + Straw
T: Traditional tillage
NS: No-tillage + Straw
耙耕
旋耕
常耕+秸
深松
常耕
免耕+秸
N2O emission in winter wheat season after 3 years different tillage management(Shandong, China) (Zhao et al, 2008)
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
HS RS TS DS T NS
N2O emission (kg/ha) a
b
dc
e e