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Mitigation potential and priorities Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and on climate change and agriculture in China agriculture in China 中国气候变化和农业的 中国气候变化和农业的 减缓潜力及优先行动 减缓潜力及优先行动 LIN Erda, GUO Liping LIN Erda, GUO Liping Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Beijing, Nov. 2010) (Beijing, Nov. 2010)

Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

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Page 1: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Mitigation potential and priorities Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and on climate change and

agriculture in Chinaagriculture in China中国气候变化和农业的中国气候变化和农业的减缓潜力及优先行动减缓潜力及优先行动

LIN Erda, GUO LipingLIN Erda, GUO LipingChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

(Beijing, Nov. 2010)(Beijing, Nov. 2010)

Page 2: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

OutlineOutline

nn GHG emission in agricultural sectionGHG emission in agricultural section农业温室气体排放状况农业温室气体排放状况

nn Mitigation Options and PotentialMitigation Options and Potential可能的减缓措施和潜力可能的减缓措施和潜力

nn Suggested priority fields in mitigationSuggested priority fields in mitigation可能的优先领域可能的优先领域

Page 3: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

GHG emissions of China in GHG emissions of China in 19941994

CO2

CH4

N2O

Slice 4

73.1%

19.7%

7.2%

CO2 CH4 N2O

2.66 0.72 0.26 Gt CO2-eq

Total : 3645 Mt CO2-eq

Page 4: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Contribution of agricultural activities Contribution of agricultural activities on GHGs in 1994 in Chinaon GHGs in 1994 in China

中国中国19941994年年农业活动排放的农业活动排放的温室气体份额温室气体份额(%)(%)CH4 N2O

1.Cropland ---- 73.92.Rice cultivation 17.9 ----3.Grazing ---- 12.94.Biomass burning ---- 0.55.Enteric fermentation 29.7 ----6.Animal manure manag. 2.5 5.27.Animal manure burning ---- 0.1Sub-total of Agri. Sourced GHGs 50.2 92.6Total source emission 100 100

Page 5: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Crop farming system (upland+paddy soil)种植业系统

9.8%

Livestock breeding system (Grazing + Enteric Fermentaion +

disposal of animal manure)养殖业系统(放牧+反刍动物+粪便管理)

6.7%

Total 合 计 16.5%

Contribution of Agricultural activities on GHGs in 1994 in China (CO2-eq)

中国农业活动对GHG排放总量的贡献(1994年,按CO2当量计)

Page 6: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

GHG emissions after the year of 2000GHG emissions after the year of 2000----Estimation by expertsEstimation by experts

1980s 1990s 1980s 1990s 19941994 2000s2000snn N fert. Appl. N fert. Appl. 55.0 204.3 55.0 204.3 194.7194.7 118.8118.8

(M t CO(M t CO22--eq) eq)

nn CHCH4 emission emission 109.6 121.6 109.6 121.6 129.1129.1 131.3131.3from paddy soilfrom paddy soil (M t CO(M t CO22--eq)eq)

Literature: Zhang et al,2010; Zou et al, 2010; Li et al. 2001;

Yan et al, 2003; Zheng et al, 2004

National Communication

(range:130~275)

Page 7: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Decrease NDecrease N22OO emission in upland soilemission in upland soil

Rational N fertilizer managementRational N fertilizer management: : nn N rateN rate

decrease the use of N fertilizer in intensive managed decrease the use of N fertilizer in intensive managed fields by 30%fields by 30%

nn N typeN type: use slow: use slow--release Fertilizer, Nitrification Inhibitorrelease Fertilizer, Nitrification Inhibitornn Chemical N fertilizer Chemical N fertilizer + organic manure+ organic manurenn Application method: to the subApplication method: to the sub--soil layersoil layer

change abovechange above--ground appl. to belowground appl. to below--ground appl.ground appl.nn Adopt water&Fert. Integrated Manag.Adopt water&Fert. Integrated Manag. TechniquesTechniques

Page 8: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Reduce the N application by 30% can greatly decrease N2O emissionwithout significant decline of crop yield in intensive managed fields

Average daily N2O emission flux under diffrent fertilizationfrom spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig.

N2O

flux

(mg

N/m

2/d)

Traditional Fertilization

Optimized Fertilization(Reduce N appl. by 37.5%)

↓39%

↓20%

↓34%

(Jul.2-5) (Jul.6-13) (Jul.14-20)

Page 9: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

N fertilizer&Water N fertilizer&Water Integrated manag. Integrated manag.

can greatly can greatly decrease Ndecrease N2O O

emissionemission

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Floodirrig.

Drip irrig. Floodirrig.

Drip irrig.

2006 2007

N fe

rtiliz

er (k

gN/h

a)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Irrig

atio

n (m

m)

N rate (kg N/ha)

Irrigation(mm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Soybean Maize Watermelon Maize

2006 2007

Yie

ld (k

g/ha

)

Flood irrig.Drip irrig.

N2O Emission per unit production

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Flood irrig. Drip irrig. Flood irrig. Drip irrig.

2006 2007

kg N

2O-N

/kg

yiel

d

Huang et al, 2008

Page 10: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

N inhibitor can decrease NN inhibitor can decrease N2O emissionO emission

-5050

150

250350450550

650750850

14.2% 23.6% 28.5%

Soil moisture

ug N

2O-N

/ kg

Soi

lWithout Inhibitor

With Inhibitor

Wang et al, 2006

65%

62%

30%

Page 11: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Appropriate tillage and managementAppropriate tillage and managementnn Crop straw returningCrop straw returningnn Conservation tillageConservation tillagenn Organic manure amendmentOrganic manure amendmentnn Green manure cultivation and applicationGreen manure cultivation and applicationnn Avoid fallow of soilAvoid fallow of soil

Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Increase SOCIncrease SOC stock in upland soilstock in upland soil

Page 12: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

19

不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳的影响

不同施肥处理11年后土壤有机质含量

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

无肥 N NP 鸡粪 鸡粪+N 鸡粪+NP

SOM

(%)

北京昌平:冬小麦-夏玉米 数据来源:郭李萍,1998(Winter wheat in Beijing, North China) (Guo, 1999)

Effect of 11 years different fertilizer application

on SOC

CK N NP M MN MNP

Page 13: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Effect of NoEffect of No--tillage on SOCtillage on SOC

(Shen,2010)

(8年)22%

No-tillageTraditional tillage

Spring Maize in Heilongjiang

Soil depth

Page 14: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Effect of tillage and straw manag. On SOC

免耕 旋耕 耙耕 深松 常耕

SOC after three years different tillage management

(Shandong, China) (Zhao,2008)

No straw Straw return

No-tillage Rotary Harrow Deep Traditional

Tillage Tillage Lossen Tillage (Zhao et al, 2008)

Page 15: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

nn Rationale water managementRationale water management----Decrease the flooding Decrease the flooding timetime----Reduce the Reduce the depthdepth of flooding water of flooding water

nn Amendment of decomposed straw ???Amendment of decomposed straw ???nn Appropriate fertilization Appropriate fertilization

Possible mitigation practicesPossible mitigation practices------Decrease CHDecrease CH4 emission from paddy soilemission from paddy soil

Page 16: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Large amount of fertilizer consumption:Large amount of fertilizer consumption:Need rationale management strategiesNeed rationale management strategies

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1980

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

万吨

化肥施用量

氮肥用量

Total FertilizersNitrogen Fertilizer

Accounts for 30% world N fertilizer consumption104

ton

23.03 MM ton

In 2008

Page 17: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area Suggested priority area

1. 1. N fertilizer managementN fertilizer managementnn Extend the fertilization management techniques based on Extend the fertilization management techniques based on

soil measuring:soil measuring:N rate:e.g. Cut the N rate by 20N rate:e.g. Cut the N rate by 20--30% and replace it use 30% and replace it use

manure. manure. Possible areaPossible area: high yield area i.e. Huang: high yield area i.e. Huang--Huai River area, Huai River area,

NE China, Yangtze River watershed etc NE China, Yangtze River watershed etc nn N type: slowN type: slow--releasereleasenn N application method: deepN application method: deepnn Water&Fert. Integrated TechniqueWater&Fert. Integrated Technique

Page 18: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Effect of tillage and fertilization on N2O emission

(Liu,2008)(Spring maize, Shanxi)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Traditional Fertilization Optimized fertilization

mg

N 2O

/m2

Emission from tillage

Emission from fertilization

Total emission

23%

100%

23%

55%

57%

100%

Page 19: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

China’s Crop straw production: about 600-700 Mt/yCrop Straw/residue management strategies:n Return to the field to supplement the SOC stock and improve the soil

fertility supply.We estimate that about 70% straw production can be return to the field in North China Plain, Central China, and southern China in the future

n Associated issues: Relevant mechanics, regarded management techniques including insects and pests control tech.

n Other Use: As bio-gas material As livestock feed-----

Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area: Suggested priority area:

2. 2. Crop straw managementCrop straw management

Page 20: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

China’s livestock waste production: 2-4 Gt/yn Use as organic manurea) Organic manure manufacture raw-materialb) Amendment to the field through convert to compost manure

n Use as Bio-gas material: anaerobic ferm.By the year of 2015, China would generate 23.3*109m3

renewable energy through bio-gas engineer in rural area, which equals 36.6 Mt standard coal and reduce GHG by 37% from livestock waste.

Summarize:Summarize:Sugested priority area: Sugested priority area:

3. Livestock waste management3. Livestock waste management

Page 21: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f

Summarize:Summarize:Suggested priority area: Suggested priority area:

4. Improve the tillage management4. Improve the tillage management

HS: Harrowing T. + Straw

RS: Rotary T.+ Straw

TS: Traditional T + Straw

DS: Deep lossen + Straw

T: Traditional tillage

NS: No-tillage + Straw

耙耕

旋耕

常耕+秸

深松

常耕

免耕+秸

N2O emission in winter wheat season after 3 years different tillage management(Shandong, China) (Zhao et al, 2008)

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

HS RS TS DS T NS

N2O emission (kg/ha) a

b

dc

e e

Page 22: Mitigation potential and priorities on climate change and … · from spring maize field in Shanxi (Liu et al, 2008) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Before Fert. After Fert. After irrig. N 2 O f