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MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem. Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013 Pengelolaan Ekosistem Tanah Secara Berkelanjutan

MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem . Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

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Pengelolaan Ekosistem Tanah Secara Berkelanjutan. MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem . Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013. 1. Bertumpu pada unsur hara yang tersedia dalam tanah 2. Penambahan unsur hara melalui pemupukan dan praktek pengelolaan lainnya. PRODUKSI TANAMAN. Kebutuhan tanaman terhadap hara . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: MK.  Manajemen Agroekosistem . Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem. Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

Pengelolaan Ekosistem Tanah Secara Berkelanjutan

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PRODUKSI TANAMAN

1. Bertumpu pada unsur hara yang tersedia dalam tanah

2. Penambahan unsur hara melalui pemupukan dan praktek pengelolaan lainnya

Kemampuan tanah menyediakan unsur hara sangat beragam dan

berfluktuasi

Teknik Diagnosis/Pendugaan:

1. Identifikasi gejala defisiensi hara2. Uji Tanah3. Analisis jaringan tanaman

Kemampuan tanah menyediakan hara

bagi tanaman

Kebutuhan tanaman

terhadap hara

Pupuk

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TEKNIK PENDUGAAN

STATUS KESUBURAN

TANAH

Identifikasi Gejala Defisiensi Unsur Hara pada tanaman

Analisis jaringan tanaman yg tumbuh pada tanah

Uji Biologis: Ukuran tingkat kesuburan tanah adalah pertumbuhan

tanaman atau mikroorganisme tertentu

UJI TANAH SECARA KIMIA

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SIFAT OLAH TANAH

Pengelolaan tanah untuk memperbaiki sifat olah tanah dan pemupukan saling berkaitan, tetapi prosesnya berbeda.

Misalnya, kompos atau pupuk kandang dapat diaplikasikan ke tanah sebagai bahan pembenah-tanah untuk memperbaiki sifat-olah tanah;

akan tetapi aplikasi bahan tersebut juga akan menambah sejumlah hara ke tanah (pemupukan).

A manufactured fertilizer may be added to supplement soil fertility levels, but it will not improve a soil’s tilth.

For optimum yields and quality, gardeners need to pay attention to both soil management for improving tilth and soil fertilization.

Tilth is a term related to the suitability of a soil to support plant growth.Technically speaking, tilth is “the physical condition of soil as related to

its ease of tillage, fitness of seedbed, and impedance to seeding emergence and root penetration”.

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Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 318–320, 25 October, 2011

Introductory trial on hybrid millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) at different locations of District Karak, KPK, Pakistan

Inayatullah Khattak, Mohammad Aqeel Khattak and Shahida Naveed

An experiment was conducted on farmers’ fields to study the yield performance of hybrid millet “Badshah” at various locations

of District Karak during Kharif 2010.

The experiment was conducted in 6 union councils at 18 different locations of District Karak representing various micro

agro climatic zones of the area. Data on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant population/m2,

plant height (cm) and grain yield kg/ha were recorded. The investigations revealed that locations significantly affected all

the parameters at P = 0.05%.

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Soil Amendment or FertilizerPEMBENAH TANAH atau PUPUK

The term soil amendment refers to any material mixed into a soil. By law, soil amendments make no legal claims about nutrient content or other helpful (or

harmful) properties. Compost and manure are common soil amendments used to improve soil tilth. They may also supply nominal amounts of plant

nutrients. Some of the nutrient effect seen from adding soil amendments is likely due

to their effect on soil microorganisms. The organic material in soil amendments is a food source that allows microorganisms to multiply. The larger numbers increase the conversion of nutrients already in the soil to

plant usable forms.Mulch refers to a material placed on the soil surface.

By law, the term fertilizer refers to a material that guarantees a minimum percentage of nutrients (at least the minimum percentage of nitrogen,

phosphate, and potash). An organic fertilizer is derived from natural sources and guarantees the

minimum percentages of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.

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PEMBENAH TANAH =Soil Amendments

In the vegetable garden, the routine addition of organic soil amendments such as compost will optimize potential yields and quality.

The goal in soil management is to increase the organic content to 4-5%, over a period of years.

Common amendments include compost, manure, compost made with manure, fall leaves, straw, and peat moss. Home compost has the advantage that the gardener controls what goes into the compost, reducing problems

with salts, weed seeds, and plant diseases.

Another method to add organic matter is to replant the fall garden with a green manure crop such as winter rye or Austrian peas.

Some of these cover crops fix small amounts of nitrogen in their roots that is tilled into the soil for plant use.

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GEJALA DEFISIENSI

UNSUR HARA PADA TANAMAN

Pertumbuhan tanaman yg tidak normal dapat disebabkan oleh adanya defisiensi satu atau lebih unsur hara, gangguan dapat berupa gejala visual yang spesifik.

Occurrence of symptoms:1. Kegagalan pertumbuhan pd saat perkecambahan2. Pertumbuhan tanaman sangat kerdil3. Munculnya gejala spesifik pad daun, pd waktu tertentu4. Internal abnormalities, misalnya penyumbatan jaringan pembuluh 5. Tertundanya kemasakan tanaman6. Penurunan hasil tanaman7. Kualitas tanaman: kandungan protein, minyak, pati, daya simpan8. …..

Gejala defisiensi bersifat relatif, seringkali defisiensi satu unsur hara bersamaan dengan kelebihan unsur hara lainnya.Di lapangan tidak mudah membedakan gejala-gejala defisiensi.Tidak jarang gangguan hama dan penyakit menyerupai gejala defisiensi unsur hara mikro.Gejala dapat terjadi karena berbagai macam sebab

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On clayey soil, organic matter (over a period of years) glues the tiny soil particles together into larger aggregates, increasing pore space.

This increases soil oxygen levels and improves soil drainage, which in-turn increases the rooting depth allowing roots to readily reach a larger supply of

water and nutrients.

On sandy soils, organic matter holds over ten times more water and nutrients than sand.

Bahan organik juga memacu aktivitas mikroba tanah dan membantu menyembuhkan pemadatan tanah.

Bagaimana Bahan Pembenah Organik Memperbaiki Tanah?

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(6), pp. 167–174, June 2011Effects of different sources of nitrogen on potato at Tigoni, Kenya

 Jane Muthoni and Jackson N. Kabira

A field experiment was set up to investigate the effects of different sources of nitrogen on potato at Tigoni in Kenya. The treatments consisted of ten fertilizer materials and two potato Solanum tuberosum varieties, namely, ‘Tigoni’ and ‘Asante’. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons: October, 2008 to February, 2009 (first season) and April, 2009 to August, 2009, (second season). The experiment was a factorial laid in

randomized complete block design with three replications. The potato yields were high with variety ‘Tigoni’ giving an average of 81.0 tons/ha in the first season and 86.8 tons/ ha in the second season. Variety ‘Asante‘yielded an average

of 59.5 tons/ha in the first season and 62.1 tons/ha in the second season. The fertilizer materials, the varieties, and the interaction between fertilizers and varieties

were all significant (P = 0.05) in both seasons. The experiment need to be repeated on farmers’ fields where the masking effects of the

residual fertilizers can be eliminated. In addition, the cost of different fertilizer combinations needs to be evaluated so as to make the most profitable

recommendations to potato growers in Kenya.

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HIDDEN HUNGER = KELAPARAN

TERSEMBUNYI

“Situasi dimana tanaman memerlukan tambahan unsur hara tertentu meskipun belum ada gejala defisiensi yang spesifik” Kandungan hara dalam tanaman berada di atas zone defisiensi, namun masih berada di bawah batas optimal untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman

Optimum fisiologis Top yield

Hidden hunger Optimum ekonomis

Symptoms

dosis pemupukanHasil analisis tanaman berguna untuk menyusun program pemupukan musim tanam mendatang .Hasil uji tanah berguna untuk membantu mengeliminir / mengatasi problematik hara musim tanam sekarangKedua cara ini harus digunakan dengan hati-hati, terutama dikaitkan dengan sejarah pengelolaan tanah pada masa yang lalu

Melacak hidden hunger

Field trial Tissue test

Plant analyses Feed value

Morfologi Part analyses

root absorption Soil tests

air tanah, aerasi, suhu

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Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(12), pp. 393–403, 22 December, 2011 Carbon accumulation and aggregate stability in an Acrisol under different fallow

management in Ghana G. N. N. Dowuona, E. T. Adjetey1, E. K. Nartey1, T. A. Adjadeh1, R. Heck

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in relation to aggregate stability, plant biomass accumulation and other properties of a Ferric Acrisol under different fallow management practices was determined to

ascertain their potential for sequestering carbon. Three minor season fallow treatments replicated four times were natural and burning (T1), natural and plough-in (T2), pigeon pea (T3), bare land (T4), cowpea (T5), mucuna (T6) and natural and fertilized cropped (T7).Inherent nutrient status of the soil

was low.

Generally, dry matter (DM) yield increased for all the treatments in the minor season of 2006 more than in 2005. A high DM yield for T3 resulted from the shrubby and semi-woody nature of pigeon pea.Moisture stress from low rainfall decrease DM yield in 2007. In 2005, SOC contents of the

treatment plots were lower than the initial amount although, T3 produced relatively the highest SOC accumulation (20,293 ± 326 kg C ha-1). In 2006, the legume-amended treatments (T3, T5 and T6) had similar SOC contents as the control (T4); the lower SOC contents in the natural fallow plots

confirmed the negative effect of burning, especially in T1.

Soil OC accumulation was greater in 2007 than in 2006 (except for T4). Water dispersible silt fraction decreased with increasing SOC accumulation (r value = - 0.88**). Dispersion ratios, more

related to SOC (R2 value of -0.95** in the natural fallows and - 0.76* in the legume fallows), generally decreased from an average of 0.88 in 2006 to 0.50 in 2008 emphasizing the positive role

of aggregate stability in SOC accumulation.

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General application rates for compost or other organic soil amendments are based on the salt content of the materials and soil and on the depth to which it

is cultivated into the soil.

Ideally, cultivate the soil amendment into thetop six to eight inches of the soil. On compacted/clayey soils, anything less can lead to a shallow rooting system with reduced plant growth, lower vigor,

and lower stress tolerance.

Table 1 gives standard application rate for compost. Compost made solely from plant residues (leaves and other yard wastes) is basically free of salt

problems, and higher application rates are safe.

APLIKASI KOMPOS

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(11), pp. 375–383, 29 November, 2011  Effect of Rice Mill Wastes Application on Selected Soil Physical Properties and Maize Yield (Zea

mays l.) On an Ultisol in Abakaliki Southeastern NigeriaNjoku C., Mbah, C.N. and Okonkwo, C. I.

An experiment was carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010 (residual) cropping season at Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki to determine the long term effect of burnt and unburnt rice mill wastes application on soil physical properties and maize yield. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Seven treatments

were included in the study: burnt rice mill waste at 10 and 20 t ha-1(BW10) and (BW20), unburnt rice mill waste at 10 and 20 t ha-1(UW10) and (UW20), mixture of burnt + unburnt rice mill waste

(1:1) at 10 and 20 t ha-1(BUW10) and (BUW20), and a control (C).

The results showed that rice mill wastes significantly (P < 0.05) improved soil physical properties (hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability) and maize yield, compared to

control across the three cropping seasons. The order of increase in crop grain yield in 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons were BW20>BUW20> BUW10>UW20>BW10>UW10>C and

BUW20>BUW10>BW20> UW20>BW10>UW10>C.  Control recorded the lowest value of crop grain yield (0.12 t ha-1) in 2010 cropping season. At rate of 20 t ha-1 BW, BUW and UW recorded

highest maize grain yield of 4.18, 4.06 and 1.70 t ha-1 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons, respectively. Therefore, rice mill wastes at these rates studied (10 and 20 t ha -1) could be used as soil amendment since it improved soil physical properties and increased

maize yield.

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PENGARUH MUSIM

Kekurangan hara dalam tanah diperparah oleh kondisi cuaca yang abnormal, misalnya kekeringan tanah atau kelebihan air yg menggenang, atau suhu tanah yang tdk normal.

Pengaruh temperatur thd kandungan N-P-K daun tomat

Umur Dry matter (%)tanaman 12oC 20oC(hari) N P K N P K

36 3.27 0.15 2.12 4.92 0.38 4.2350 4.11 0.37 3.11 4.78 0.44 4.4060 4.62 0.35 1.70 6.05 0.47 3.12110 4.40 0.43 4.95 4.15 0.62 4.20

Sumber: Zurbicki, 1960.

Pada kondisi temperatur rendah, tanaman tomat menyerap lebih sedikit nitrogen, fosfat dan kalium.

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Table 1. Routine Application Rate for Compost

1 3 cubic yards (67 bushels) covers 1,000 square feet approximately 1 inch deep.2 Cultivate compost into the top 6-8 inches of the soil. On compacted / clayey soils, anything less may result in a shallow rooting depth predisposing plants to reduced growth, low vigor and low stress tolerance. The 3-4” inch depth is shown as an illustration of how application rates need to adjust when the deep cultivate is not practiced.3 Plant based composted are derived solely from plant materials (leaves, grass clippings, wood chips and other wards wastes). Use this application rate also for other compost known, by soil test, to be low in salts.4 Use this application rate for any compost made with manure or biosolids unless the salt content is known, by soil test, to be low. Excessive salts are common in many commercially available products sold in Colorado.

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Compost, which includes manure or biosolids as a component, has a potential for high salts. Excessive salt levels are common in many

commercially available products sold in Colorado.

On compost made with manure or biosolids, application rate is limited unless a soil test on that batch of product shows a low salt level.

An amendment with up to 10 dS/m (10 mmhos/cm) total salt is acceptable if incorporated six to eight inches deep in a low-salt garden soil (less than 1

dS/m or 1 mmhos/cm).

Any amendment with a salt level above 10 dS/m (10 mmhos/cm) is questionable.

Note: dS/m or mmhos/cm is the unit used to measure salt content. It measures the electrical conductivity of the soil

APLIKASI KOMPOS

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PENGARUH stress AIR

TANAH Stress air tanah mempengaruhi penyerapan unsur

hara oleh tanaman jagung. Kandungan NPK daun jagung lebih rendah pada

kondisi stress air tanah. Pemupukan dapat mereduksi efek stress air tanah

Pengaruh pemupukan N-P-K dan stress air tanah thd kadar NPK daun jagung

Dosis pupuk Kadar NPK N P K No stress days Maximum stress……… kg/ha ……………. ………………… % N …...…………….

0 78 47 2.0 1.5179 78 47 2.9 2.2

………………… % P …...…………….179 0 47 0.26 0.12180 78 47 0.32 0.18

………………… % K …...…………….179 39 0 1.1 0.7179 39 93 1.6 1.2

Sumber: Voss, 1970.

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Compost needs to be thoroughly mixed into the upper six to eight inches of the soil profile. Do not leave compost in chunks, as this will interfere with

root growth and soil water movement.

As the soil organic content builds in a garden soil, the application rate should be reduced to prevent ground water contamination issues. A soil test is suggested every four to six years to establish a base line on soil organic

matter content.If using a green manure cover crop, till the cover crop in before it reaches

four inches in height.In the vegetable garden do not plow in woody materials such as bark or

wood chips. They may interfere with seedbed preparation and may result in soil nitrogen

depletion.

APLIKASI KOMPOS

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APLIKASI KOMPOS DAN PUPUK KANDANGManure, compost made from manure, and bio-solids may be high in salts

that will interfere with crop growth. Do not add more than one inch per season without conducting a soil test to evaluate potential salt build-up.

Due to a health issue (E coli contamination), fresh manure additions should be made at least four months prior to the harvest of any edible

crops. In other words, apply fresh manure only in the fall after crops are harvested.

Fresh manure or unfinished compost products may be high in ammonia.

Avoid application of products with an ammonia smell; they could burn roots and leaves. Manure and compost may be source of weed seeds.

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ANALISIS TANAMAN

(Plant Analyses)

Dua macam analisis tanaman yg lazim adalah:1. Tissue test, biasanya dilakukan pada jaringan segar tanaman

di lapangan2. Total analyses, dilakukan di laboratorium

Analisis tanaman didasarkan pada premise bahwa: “ Jumlah unsur hara tertentu dalam tanaman merupakan indikasi dari ketersediaan unsur hara tersebut dalam tanah”.

Karena kekurangan unsur hara tertentu akan membatasi pertumbuhan tanaman, maka kemungkinan unsur hara lain dalam tanaman menunjukkan konsentrasi tinggi.

Tingkat kritis (critical level) unsur hara telah berhasil ditemukan pada berbagai jenis tanaman.Tingkat kritis adalah kandungan (content) suatu unsur hara dalam tanaman, di bawah mana hasil tanaman atau pertumbuhannya menurun di bawah optimum.Misalnya tingkat kritis P daun jagung pada masa pembungaan adalah 0.3% P. Ternyata besarnya tingkat kritis ini juga dipengaruhi oleh keseimbangan unsur hara lain dalam tubuh tanaman

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TISSUE TEST

Uji Jaringan Tanaman

Dalam uji ini digunakan cairan sel dari jaringan tanaman segar untuk mengetahui jumlah unsur hara yg masih belum terasimilasi, seperti N, P, K, Mg dan Mn. Hasil uji ini dikategorikan menjadi Sangat Rendah, Rendah, Medium,atau Tinggi

GENERAL METHOD1. The Purdue Soil and Plant Test Kit: Bagian tanaman dihancurkan dan

diekstraks dengan reagen khusus. Intensitas warna yang berkembang diabndingkan dengan standar

2. Metode Kertas Saring. Cairan sel dipindahkan ke dalam kertas saring, kemudian dilakukan uji unsur hara N, P, K dengan menggunakan reagen tertentu.

PLANT PARTS TO BE TESTED

Harus dipilih bagian tanaman yang dapt memberikan indikasi paling baik terhadap status hara tanaman.

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Laju Pelepasan Hara dari Kompos dan Rabuk KandangGardeners need to understand that the nutrient release from compost and

manure is slow, taking years. Adding compost or manure to improve soil tilth is not the same as fertilizing.

The typical nitrogen release rates from manure is only 30% to 50% the first year (fresh manure), 15% to 25% the second year, 7% to 12% the third year, 3% to 6%

the fourth year, and so on. With compost and composted manure, the release rate is even slower, 5% to 25% the first year, 3% to 12% the second year and 1%

to 6% the third year.Since the nitrogen percentage of compost and manure products is typically only 2% to 4%, the amount of actual nitrogen release to support crop growth is very

small.For soil with 4% to 5% organic matter, the mineralization (release) of nitrogen

from soil organic matter will likely be sufficient for crop growth.For soils with 2% to 3% organic matter, the mineralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter will not likely be sufficient for heavy feeding vegetable crops.

Supplement with 0.1 pound nitrogen fertilizer per 100 square feet.For the typical garden soil with 1% organic matter or less, the mineralization of

nitrogen for soil organic matter will be minimal. Add 0.2 pounds of nitrogen fertilizer per 100 square feet.

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WAKTU PENGUJIAN

Tingkat kemasakan sangat penting dalam uji jaringan tanaman. Umumnya tanaman semusim mengalami perubahan status hara selama masa pertumbuhannyaUmumnya periode kritis terjadi pada fase pembungaan atau antara pembungaan hingga awal pembuahan. Selama periode ini penggunaan unsur hara pada tingkat maksimum. Kandungan nitrat biasanya lebih tinggi pd pagi hari, sehingga uji jaringan tdk boleh pagi-pagi.

Beberapa hal penting: 1. Hal yg ideal adalah mengikuti serapan hara selama musim pertumbuhan dg jalan uji

lapangan sebanyak lima atau enam kali. Biasanya kandungan hara lebih tinggi pada awal musim pertumbuhan

2. Kebutuhan tanaman paling besar biasanya terjadi pd saat masa pembungaan dan awal pembentukan buah dan biji

3. Pembandingan tanaman di lapangan sangat berguna. Uji tanaman dari daerah defisien dibandingkan dg tanaman dari daerah normal

4. Ragam tanaman, jumlah sampel 10 - 15 tanaman

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PENGGUNAAN ANALISIS JARINGAN TANAMAN

1. Membantu menentukan kemampuan tanah untuk menyediakan unsur hara. Hasil uji jaringan ini dipadukan dengan hasil uji tanah dan sejarah pengelolaan lahan.

2. Membantu mengidentifikasi gejala defisiensi

3. Membantu menentukan pengaruh pemupukan thd suplai hara dlm tanaman. Hal ini sangat penting untuk mengukur pengaruh pupuk meskipun tidak ada respon hasil. Dalam banyak kasus, hara ppuk tidak dapat diserap tanaman karena penempatannya keliru, cuaca kering, pencucian, fiksasi oleh tanah, atau aerasi buruk

4. Mengkaji hubungan antara status hara tanaman dengan penampilan tanaman5. Survei daerah yang luas6. Menarik partisipasi banyak orang.

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Soil fertilization is the addition of soil nutrients to support crop growth.

While some soil amendments add small amounts of nutrients, amending the soil to improve soil tilth is not the same as amending the soil to provide

nutrients.

Manufactured fertilizers are popular with gardeners because they are readily available, inexpensive, easy to apply, and generally provide a quick release

of nutrients for plant growth.

Application rates for any fertilizer depend on the content and the amount of nutrient to be applied. In products containing multiple nutrients, the

application rate is always based on the nitrogen content.

PEMUPUKAN

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Pemupukan Nitrogen

Nitrogen is the nutrient needed in largest quantities by plants and the one most frequently applied as fertilizer. It is annually applied in the form of manufactured

fertilizer, organic fertilizers, and/or organic soil amendments.

Application rates are critical, because too much or too little directly impacts crop growth.

The standard annual application rate for home vegetable gardens is 2 pounds actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet (0.2 pound actual nitrogen per 100 square feet). When organic matter is supplied, adjust the rate accordingly to account

for nitrogen released by the organic matter.

Manufactured nitrogen fertilizer can be broadcast and watered in, or broadcast and tilled into the top few inches of soil. It can be banded 3-4” to the side of the seed or plant row. Do not place the fertilizer in the seed row or root injury will occur. Some fully soluble types are applied in the irrigation water. “Organic” nitrogen fertilizers are typically tilled in or some can be applied in irrigation

water.

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Table 2. Standard Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates for Gardens

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Pupuk Dasar = Starter

In setting out transplants, starter solutions often promote early growth.Because transplants have been hardened-off (growth slowed to prepare the

plant for movement to the exposed, windy, outdoor environment), the nitrogen in the starter solution gives the signal to resume active growth.

Since phosphorus is less available in cold soils, phosphate may also be helpful in spring and before soils have thoroughly warmed.

A starter fertilizer is any water-soluble fertilizer added to the irrigation water. Common examples include MiracleGro, Peters, Schultz Plant Food, Fertilome

Root Simulator and Plant Starter Solution, etc.

They generally contain ammonium nitrate since it is readily usable by the plant. Some products claim that vitamins or hormones promote plant growth.

These claims are not supported by research findings.

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KALIBRASI UJI TANAH

Hasil uji tanah harus dikalibrasikan dengan respon tanaman thd penambahan unsur hara (pupuk) .Respon tanaman dapat diperoleh dari percobaan lapangan atau rumah kaca.Indeks kesuburan tanah = “relative sufficiency” yg dinyatakan sbg persentase dari jumlah yang diperlukan untuk mencapai hasil maksimum

Indeks Kesuburan (%) Indeks Kesuburan (%)

Sangt Rendah 0 - 50 Tinggi 110 - 200Rendah 60-70 Sngt Tinggi 210 - 400Medium 80-100 Ekstrem Tinggi > 410Tingkat kritis = Indeks kesuburan 75 %

Peluang respon pupuk

S. Rdh Rndh Medium Tinggi Sgt Tinggi Tingkat kesuburan tanah

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REKOMENDASI PUPUK

1. Interpretasi hasil uji tanah melibatkan evaluasi ekonomi terhadap hubungan antara nilai uji tanah dengan respon pupuk.

2. Potensial respon pupuk dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor tanah, agroklimat, dan pengelolaan oleh petani

3. Rekomendasi pemupukan nitrogen sangat dipengaruhi oleh tanaman musim sebelumnya dan sasaran hasil

4. Untuk sistem komersial, sasarannya adalah mempertahankan hara tanah pd tingkat untuk melestarikan “top profit” per hektar lahan. Unsur hara tdk boleh menjadi faktor pembatas selama pertumbuhan tanaman.

Hasil tanaman

D

C

Respon hasil thd pemupulan Tgt pd potensial hasil tanaman B A: terendah; D: tertinggi

ADosis pupuk

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Nitrogen “Side Dressing”

Plant need for nitrogen varies. Beans, peas, tomatoes, and vine crops (cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, and melons) are examples of vegetables

with a lower need for nitrogen. High nitrogen promotes excessive growth of the plant at the expense of fruiting.

Crops such as potatoes, corn, and cole crops (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale) use large amounts of nitrogen and need supplemental

applications during the growing season (referred to as side dressing).

For example, home garden potatoes often show nitrogen deficiency from August into fall. Symptoms start as a yellowing of lower leaves and progress into a general browning and dieback of the vine. When nitrogen stress hits, potatoes become more susceptible to diseases, including early blight and

verticillium wilt. [Table 3]

Fertilizers commonly used in the home garden for side dressing include ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and water-soluble fertilizers such as MiracleGro, Peters, etc. Phosphate and potash fertilizers are best added in

the spring or fall, when they can be cultivated into the soil.

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Table 3. Nitrogen Side Dressing of Vegetable Crops

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Bagian tanaman yg digunakan untuk Uji Jaringan Tanaman

Tanaman Nitrogen Fosfor Kalium

Jagung Main stem , Leaf midribs near ear Blade tissue, leaf midribs midrib near ear

Kedelai - Petiole pd bagian atas tnm Petiole

Biji-bijian Main stem Jar daun di dekat pusat tnm Sama dg Fosfor

Kentang dan Main stem, Petiole pd bag bawah tnm Petiole

Tomat Petiole

Sumber: Ohlrogge, 1962.

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A soil test is the best method to determine the need for phosphate and potash.

With a fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphate and/or potash, the application rate is always based on the nitrogen percentage because

nitrogen is most critical to plant growth.Phosphate and potash fertilizers are best applied in the spring or fall, when

they can be tilled into the soil

APLIKASI P DAN K

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INPERPRETASI TISSUE TEST

& PLANT ANALYSES

Interpretasi hasil uji dan analisis tanaman harus dikaitkan dengan proses fisiologi tanaman.

Beberapa faktor penting yang harus dipertimbangkan adalah:

1. Performance dan vigor tanaman secara umum2. Kandungan unsur hara lainnya dalam tanaman3. Adanya gangguan hama dan penyakit4. Kondisi tanah, seperti aerasi yg buruk, kemasaman tanah, suhu

tanah5. Kondisi air tanah, stress air , genangan air6. Kondisi klimatik7. Waktu dalam seharian: pagi, siang, sore, malam.

1. Umumnya kalau pada awal pertumbuhannya tanaman mempunyai kandungan N,P, atau K yang rendah hingga medium, maka hasil tanaman akan di bawah optimum

2. Pada saat pembungaan hasil uji medium hingga tinggi dianggap cukup untuk kebanyakan tanama n

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ANALISIS TOTAL HARA

Analisis Total dilakukan pada sluruh tanaman atau bagian-bagian tanaman.Bahan tanaman dikeringkan, dihaluskan dan diabukan. Bahan abu tanaman kemudian diekstraks dengan reagen kimia.

1. Kalau kadar K daun bagian bawah lebih rendah dari kadar K daun bagian atas, maka tanaman defisiensi kalium.

2. Peningkatan hasil dg peningkatan kadar hara3. Keseimbangan hara4. Time of sampling: Kadar hara tanaman menurun mulai dari awal hingga akhir masa

pertumbuhannya5. Crop Logging: Penggunaan analisis tanaman dalam operasi produksi tanaman6. A-Value Technique: Teknik Analisis Radio-kimiawi

Pemupukan N menurunkan kadar P dan K tanaman tebu umur 10 bulan

Dosis pupuk N (lb/A) Internode 8-10 :Nitrogen (ppm) Fosfor (ppm) Kalium (ppm)

0 229 131 1160300 463 57 340

Sumber: Burr, 1960.

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Ketersediaan P dalam tanah-tanah pertanian sangat beragam.

Deficiencies are most likely to occur in new gardens where the organic matter content is low and in soils with a high pH (7.8 to 8.3).

Excessive phosphorus fertilizer can aggravate iron and zinc deficiencies and increase soil salt content.

Routine application of compost or manure will supply the phosphorus needs in most garden soils in Colorado.

Where phosphorus levels are believed to be low, the standard application rate without a soil test is ¼ to 1-pound triple super

phosphate (0-46-0) or ammonium phosphate (18-46-0) per 100 square feet

Phosphorus

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Hasil tanaman jagung (Y)

Y = 1.20 + 31.88 X r = 0.96 (Hanway, 1962)

Kadar N daun jagung (X)

Hasil tanaman jagung (Y)

at tasseling

(Loue, 1963)

Kadar Ca atau Mg daun jagung (Y)

(Loue, 1963) Ca

Mg

Kadar K petiole

Dosis pupuk K = 400 kg/ha

200

100 0(Tyler et al., 1960)

Kadar K daun jagung (X)

Kadar K daun jagung (X) Umur tanaman kentang

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UJI BIOLOGIS

UJI LAPANGAN.Percobaan lapangan melibatkan berbagai perlakuan

pemupukan pada sebidang lahan. Biasanya digunakan Rancangan Percobaan tertentu

Ukuran petakan contoh tgt jenis tanaman dan jatak tanamnya

UJI PETIK DI LAHAN PETANI Sepetak lahan petani diperlakukan dengan “pemupukan” yang direkomendasikan berdasarkan hasil uji tanah dan/atau analisis tanaman.

UJI LABORATORIUN DAN RUMAH-KACA1. Mitscherlich Pot Culture 2. Neubauer Seedling Method3. Sunflower Pot Culture technique for Boron

METODE MIKROBIOLOGIS1. Sackett & Stewart Technique2. Aspergillus Niger 3. Mehlich Cunninghamella-Plaque Method for Phosphorus

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Kandungan kalium dalam tanah beragam antar lokasi.

Deficiencies occasionally occur in new gardens low in organic matter and in sandy soils low in organic matter. Excessive potash fertilizer can

increase soil salt content.

Aplikasi secara rutin kompos dan pupuk kandang akan mensuplai kebutuhan kalium bagi tanaman.

Where potash levels are believed to be low, the standard application rate without a soil test is ¼ to ½ pound potassium chloride (0-0-60) or

potassium sulfate (0-0-50) per 100 square feet.

Potassium

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Pengelolaan Pemadatan TanahPada tanah berliat, pemadatan tanah merupakan masalah penting yang

berpotensi membatasi pertumbuhan tanaman. Tanah mengalami pemadatan selama proses budidaya pertanian.

Menginjak-injak tanah basah, mengolah tanah basah, dan pukulan air hujan merupakan gaya-gaya yang dapat memadatkan tanah.

Berikut ini tindakan untuk meminimumkan efek pemadatan tanah:• Aplikasi bahan organik ke tanah-tanah liat.

• Avoid cultivating or working a clayey soil when wet. To evaluate, squeeze a handful of soil. Then try to crumble it. If it will crumble, it can be worked. If it

will not crumble but stays in mud balls, it is too wet to be worked.• Avoid cultivating other than to prepare a seed bed or till in organic matter and fertilizers. For weed control, use a mulch, hand removal, or shallow cultivation

only.• Use a raised bed with established walkways, and avoid walking on the

growing bed.• Mulsa di permukaan tanah sepanjang tahun, untuk meminimumkan gaya-gaya

pemadatan tanah akibat air hujan dan irigasi semprot. Hal ini juga membantu mengendalikan gulma dan mengurangi penguapan air.

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Ketersediaan dan keseimbangan hara dalam tanah

SAMPLING: Tanah & Tanaman

Analisis Laboratorium

Korelasi antara hasil analisis & respon

tanamanInterpretasi & Rekomendasi

Implementasi

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 193–197, July 2011Effects of cow-dung and rock phosphate on heavy metal content in soils and plants

 O. O. Awotoye, D. J. Oyedele and B. C. Anwadike

Field trial was conducted with the view to determining the ideal rock phosphate (RP) and the level of cow dung fertilizer combination with respect to heavy metal contamination of

soil and crops. Soils amended with Ogun rock phosphate (ORP) were subjected to 1-4 tha -

1 of cow dung on which maize (Zea mays (L)  ﴿ and okra (Abelmuscus esculentum) were planted.

The amended soils were found to be enriched with heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) more than the unamended soil but were still within the tolerable level with the exception of Cd

which had a high value of 5.30 mg g-1 above the critical value of 3mg g-1. 

The application of RP in combination with various levels of cow dung elevated the Pb, Zn and Cu content in the tissue of maize relative to the control. The Zn and Pb content of okra were not affected except for Cu and As in soil amended with RP and various levels of cow

dung relative to the control. Transfer factor (TF) was higher in the treatment with RP supplemented with 2 t ha-1 of cow dung particularly for Pb and Zn for both crops relative to other treatments. Except for Cu and Zn, increasing the level of cow dung while RP did not

increase the TF value of the heavy metals to the crops.

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Contoh Tanah representatif :

1. Terdiri 10-20 subsample dari zone perakaran: 0-20 cm2. Sebidang lahan yg seragam slope, drainage, warna, dan

sejarah pemupukannya3. Area non-representatif: fence row, manure pile4. Informasi pelengkap: petani, nomor lapangan,

tanaman, praktek pemupukan 5. Waktu sampling6. Sampel komposit: 500 g, ditumbuk, diayak 2 mm

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TUJUAN UJI TANAH

1. Untuk mempertahankan status kesuburan sebidang lahan

2. Untuk meramalkan / menduga respon kapur dan pupuk yg menguntungkan

3. Untuk mendapatkan landasan bagi rekomendasi jumlah kapur dan pupuk

4. Untuk mengevaluasi status kesuburan tanah di suatu wilayah

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SOIL TEST LEVEL Sumber Unsur Hara

Sgt Tinggi

Tinggi

Medium

Rendah

Sgt Rendah

Tanah Pupuk

Tanah Pupuk

Tanah Pupuk

Tanah Pupuk

Tanah Pupuk

Unsur hara yg tersedia dari

dlm tanahUnsur hara yg diperlukan dari pupuk

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 3(4), pp. 91–96, April 2012Assessment of soil quality improvement under Teak and Albizia

 Ziblim Abukari Imoro*, Damian Tom-Dery and Kingsley Arnold Kwadwo

This study was conducted to assess the quality of soil in terms of soil nutrients and other physico-chemical properties under Tectona grandis and Albizia lebbeck plantations.

Systematic sampling was used to collect soil samples diagonally at eight spots in each plantation and their adjacent non-tree fields as controls. The samples were collected from

soil depth of 0 to 20 cm in both plantations and controls and analyzed for pH, % of Organic carbon (O-C), % of Nitrogen (N), available Phosphorus (P) and Bulk density (Db).

The study revealed that the mean levels of N, O-C and P under the T. grandis plantation were higher than its control plot. However, there was no significant difference in the level of N except for the O-C and P. Also, the pH and Db under the T. grandis were lower than

its control plot but there was no significant difference between them. There was significant difference in the levels of N, O-C and P under the A. lebbeck plantation and its control plot. The N, O-C and P were higher under the A. lebbeck plantation compared to its

control plot. The pH and Db were lower under the A. lebbeck plantation compared to its control plot. However, the differences were not significant. In general, A. lebbeck added more N and O-C to the soil compared to T. grandis. Also, the T. grandis added more P to

the soil when compared to the A. lebbeck; however, the difference was not significant. It is therefore, recommended that A. lebbeck and T. grandis should be used for agro forestry practices particularly, where the soil needs some level of improvement in nitrogen and

phosphorus respectively.

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UJI TANAH SAMPLING THE SOIL 1. Contoh tanah harus dapat mewakili kondisi daerah / lahan2. Seringkali digunakan contoh tanah komposit3. Peralatan sampling tanah4. Area sampling: satu contoh mewakili liasan lahan tertentu

DEPTH OF SAMPLING 1. Untuk tanah-tanah pertanian, kedalaman sampling 15 - 30 cm2. Kedalaman ini biasanya merupakan lapisan olah tanah3. Untuk keperluan deskripsi profil tanah, sampling dilakukan untuk setiap horison

tanah

TIME OF SAMPLING 1. Sampling dapat dilakukan setiap saat asalkan kondisi tanah

memungkinkan2. Rekomendasi umum adalah melakukan uji tanah setiap tiga tahun3. Sampling tanah dapat dilakukan pada saat tanaman sedang tumbuh

ANALYZING THE SOILS

1. Kation: NH4+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ 6. Belerang 2. Fosfor 7. Sifat Fisika Tanah3. Unsur mikro 8. …...4. N dan Bahan organik5. Kemasaman tanah dan kebutuhan kapur

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INTERPRETASI SOIL TEST

Masalah penting dalam menginterpretasikan hasil uji tanah adalah kaitannya dengan “pemupukan” yang diperlukan.Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan adalah:

1. Karakteristik tanah2. Hasil yang diharapkan3. Tindakan pengelolaan4. Kondisi agroklimat

Konsep hasil relatif (% hasil) didasarkan atas idea bahwa hasil yang diharapkan (yg dinyatakan sebagai persentasi hasil maksimum) diduga dari hasil uji tanah P dan K.

Sejumlah pupuk perlu ditambahkan untuk mencapai hasil tanaman hingga 95% hasil maksimum.

Kelemahan konsep ini adalah kalau ada efek interaksi antar unsur hara.Hasil Penelitian Barber (dari Purdue University) disajikan berikut:

Populasi tanaman jagung dan respon pupuk

Populasi jagung (tnm/A) Respon jagung (bu/A) thd pemupukan : Dosis 100 lb P2O5 Dosis 200 lb K2O 15.700 2 2124.500 22 39

Sumber: Barber, 19…

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TIPE REKOMEND

ASI

1. BUILDUP / Basic TreatmentPemupukan bersifat korektif, untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan hara tanah hingga taraf yang diperlukanUji tanah harus dilakukan setiap 2 - 3 tahun untuk memperbaiki dosis pupuk untuk mengganti kehilangan karena dipanen, erosi, pencucian dan fiksasi.

2. ANNUAL APPLICATIONPupuk P dan K ditambahkan kepada setiap tanaman dalam rotasi untuk mempertahankan hasil uji tanah

3. ROTATION. Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan: a. Pemupukan dilakukan sebelum tanaman yg paling responsif & profitableb. Row-application pupuk P untuk jagungc. Forage-crop menyerap banyak K, perlu pemupukan setiap tahund. Kedelai punya respon lebih baik thd kesuburan tanah yg tinggi daripada pemupukan langsunge. Dalam sistem pergiliran tanaman dlm setahun, pemupukan dilakukan pd tanaman yg paling responsif

4. REPLACEMENT SYSTEM Dosis pupuk ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah hara yang diambil tanaman untuk menghasilkan tingkat-hasil tertentu. Beberapa faktor yg harus diperhatikan adalah:

a. Kemampuan tanah menyediakan unsur hara, termasuk kemampuan fiksasi harab. Tingkat kecukupan hara dalam tanahc. Kandungan hara dalam hasil panend. Kemampuan tanaman menyerap hara tanah.

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Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(10), pp. 292–298, 25 October, Effects of land use and long-term organic matter application on low-molecular-weight

organic acids in an Andisol Yusuke Takata, Masayuki Tani, Taku Kato and Masanori Koike

To clarify the effects of land use and long-term organic matter application on the dynamics of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LOAs), soil samples were collected from an agricultural site under various organic matter managements and an adjacent Oak forest site. The agricultural site was composed of a chemical fertilizer plot, cattle manure applied plots, a crop residue incorporated plot, and both a cattle manure and crop residue incorporated plot. Formic acid was detected in the soils of all plots at the agricultural site; however, the effect of long-term application of organic matter was less clear. Malic acid was also detected in all soils of the arable lands, and the amount was larger in the organic matter-applied plots than in the chemical fertilizer plot. The amount of citric acid in the arable soils was extremely smaller than in the forest soils. No citric acid was detected in the soils without organic matter application. The total amounts of LOAs were considerably smaller in the arable soils than in the adjacent forest soils,

except for the plot where both cattle manure and crop residues had been applied. The land use and long-term application of organic matter practically affected the contents of

LOAs in an Andisol, and their effects on the dynamics of nutrients and other constituents should be the subject of future research.

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(5), pp. 142–146, May 2011Assessment of impacts of charcoal production on soil properties in the derived

savanna, Oyo state, Nigeria Ogundele A. T., Eludoyin O. S. and Oladapo O. S.

This study evaluated the impacts of charcoal production on soil properties in the derived savanna zone of South Western, Nigeria. Ten soil samples were collected randomly at the depth of 0 to10

cm in each of the charcoal production sites (CPS) and adjacent field sites (AFS) which is the control site. All soil samples collected were subjected to laboratory analysis for soil pH, particle

size composition, available phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, cation exchangeable capacity and base saturation. The mean of

each of these soil properties was used for comparison and t-test was also used to determine the significant difference that exists in each soil property. The results of the analysis showed that the

soils are texturally similar at both the CPS and AFS sites. The soil pH under CPS is 6.75 while it is 5.96 under AFS. The mean of the available phosphorous under CPS is 11.21 ppm while it is 2.07

ppm under AFS. The analysis reveals a slight increase in exchangeable calcium, sodium, magnesium, total nitrogen, organic carbon and base saturation contents of the soil in CPS while

the amount of cation exchange capacity decreases in CPS with the mean value of 2.32 meq/100 g than the AFS with the mean value of 2.37 me/100 g. It is therefore recommended among others

that there should be awareness to consider the age of trees, species and biomass before trees are cut down for charcoal production.

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1. Metode ini didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa tanaman dapat memanfaatkan sejumlah tertentu unsur hara yg terkandung dlm tanah, pupuk dan rabuk.

2. Kalau jumlah hara yang diperlukan untuk mencapai hasil tertentu dapat diketahui, maka jumlah tambahan pupuk dan rabuk dapat dihitung

3. Rekomendasi pupuk dipengaruhi oleh: sistem rotasi, tindakan pengelolaan, analisis tanah, dan tanaman yang akan ditanam

4. Contoh untuk tanaman jagung sbb:

Estimasi persentase ketersediaan N, P, K dari tiga sumber:

Persentase yg diperoleh selama satu musim:Sumber Nitrogen Fosfor Kalium

Tanah (available) 40 40 40Rabuk (total) 30 30 50Pupuk (available) 60 30 50

Sumber: Berger, 1954.

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BEBERAPA PRINSIP

PENTING

Praktek pengapuran dan pemupukan yang tepat sangat tergantung pada kebutuhan tanaman, agroklimat, karakteristik tanah dan metode analisis defisiensi dlm tanah

Pendekatan diagnostik dalam uji tanah dan analisis tanaman lebih utama untuk tindakan pencegahan

Gejala defisiensi merupakan sarana yang sangat bermanfaat di daerah / lahan yang baru dilakukan pemupukan. Di daerah yang telah dikelola secara intensif, interpretasi gejala defisiensi sangat sulit karena adanya komplikasi dari berbagai faktor

Tanaman mengintegrasikan semua faktor lingkungan tumbuhnya ke dalam kehidupannya, uji tanah dapat menjadi sangat bermanfaat. Analisis jaringan tanaman yg sedang tumbuh di lapangan sangat berguna, namun harus diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati.

HIDDEN HUNGER merupakan bahaya tersembunyi, tetapi uji tanah & tanaman yang hati-hati dapat membantu menghindari bahaya ini

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(8), pp. 237–240, August 2011Effects of farm yard manure on cadmium and lead accumulation in Amaranth

(Amaranthus oleracea L.) M. Alamgir, M. G. Kibria1 and M. Islam

Two pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of farm yard manure (FYM) on Cd and Pb accumulation by Amaranth. Six levels of FYM

(0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) were applied to Cd and Pb treated soil separately in the pot experiments. The weight of the shoot and root of

Amaranth significantly increased following the application of FYM to both Cd and Pb treated soil.

The application of FYM in soil significantly decreased Cd and Pb content in Amaranth. Cadmium content in the shoot and root gradually decreased with the increase in level of FYM up to 20 t ha-1. On the other hand, FYM at 10 t

ha-1 and above drastically reduced the Pb content in both parts of Amaranth.

The contents of both Cd and Pb in the shoot and root of Amaranth showed a significantly negative correlation (r = -0.84 to -0.87) with the rates of FYM

applied to the soil.

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BEBERAPA PRINSIP

PENTING

Kalau unsur hara ditambahkan melalui pemupukan, kandungan hara dalam tanaman akan meningkat. Dalam kaitan ini penting untuk ditentukan suatu titik (kadar hara tanaman) dimana tidak terjadi lagi peningkatan hasil ekonomis tanaman

Analisis tanaman sangat penting untuk mengetahui / menganalisis problematik unsur hara mikro di suatu area lahan.

Keseimbangan di antara unsur hara dalam tubuh tanaman sama pentingnya dengan jumlah aktual masing-masing hara tsb. Misalnya hubungan di antara Ca-Mg-K-NH4 ; Mn-Fe-Zn-P

Ciri-ciri fisika tanah menjadi semakin penting kalau kondisinya telah mendekati “top profitable yield”; namun perlu diidentifikasi lebih lanjut ciri-ciri fisika mana yang “cocok” dan mana yang tidak cocok.

Prinsip uji tanah adalah mencari nilai yg dapat digunakan untuk menduga jumlah unsur hara yang diperlukan untuk menambah ketersediaan dalam tanah. Hasil uji tanah ini harus dikalibrasikan dengan percobaan pemupukan di lapangan dan rumah kaca. Harus diingat bahwa kesuburan tanah hanyalah salah satu faktor yg mempengaruhi produksi tanaman

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BEBERAPA PRINSIP PENTING

Rekomendasi yang disusun untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih tinggi seyogyanya ditujukan pada: to maintain foil fertility at a level for top profit yields.

Ada empat macam pendekatan dalam menusun rekomendasi:1. Build-up dengan dosis pemupukan yang tinggi2. Annual application, pemupukan setiap musim tanaman dlm sistem rotasinya3. Rotational fertilization4. Replacement, mengganti unsur hara yang dipanenHasil atau nilai hasil

Tingkat pengelolaan yg baik

Tingkat pengelolaan rata-rata

Biaya pupuk

A B Dosis pupuk

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(4), pp. 97–102, April 2011Effect of pesticides on microbial transformation of sulphur in soil

 Pradip Kumar Giri1*, Mintu Saha2, Murari Prasad Halder2 and Debatosh Mukherjee

A pot study was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,

Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India in the year 2007-2008 to investigate the effect of pesticides, on the microbial transformation of sulphur (S) in soil.

Insecticide (Endosulfan), fungicide (Dithane M-45), herbicide (2,4-D) were added to the soil at their recommended doses, respectively and their effect on

the proliferation and potentiality of thiosulphate oxiding bacteria, aryl sulphatase, available and total sulphur were investigated in soil.

The results of the present investigation revealed that insecticide, endosulfan effectuated a significant detrimental effect on some microbiological,

biochemical and chemical properties in soil whereas fungicide and dithane M-45 caused a significant detrimental influence during the later stages in spite of stimulating influence at early stages incubation period. However, herbicide and 2,4-D, brought about a beneficial influence on the microbiological, biochemical

and chemical properties in soil. Among the pesticides used in the study, the performance of the herbicide was favorable in all respect.

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Jenis Pupuk, Dosis dan Waktu Pemupukan

Pemilihan jenis pupuk ditentukan:- Jumlah & kandungan hara dalam pupuk- Sifat kimia dan kelarutan hara dlm pupuk

- Biaya per unit hara- Pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik dan kualitas tanah- Pengaruhnya terhadap produksi dan kualitas tanaman- Kemudahan penyiapan, penyimpanan, dan aplikasinya

Dosis pupuk yang sesuai dan tepat:- Penentuan kebutuhan pupuk dan rekomendasi pemupukan

Waktu aplikasi pupuk:- Sifat tanaman, fase pertumbuhan, sifat tanah, sifat pupuk

- Sebelum penanaman, saat penanaman, setelah tanaman tumbuh- Iklim, ketersediaan hara, hasil uji tanah

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METODE APLIKASI PUPUK

Pupuk Padat:- Broadcast (tebar)

- Placement (penempatan)/lapis bajak, bawah permukaan,

lapisan subsoil- Localized-placement (penempatan lokal)/ jalur, titik,

peletPupuk Cair:

- Larutan starter, bersama benih atau bibit- Semprotan daun

- Aplikasi langsung ke tanah- Pemupukan dilarutkan dalam air irigasi

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LOKASI DAN METODE PENEMPATAN PUPUK

Permukaan tanah:Tebar, strip, tebar jalur di samping barisan tanaman,

bersama irigasi

Bawah permukaan tanah:Tebar-bajak, tebar-campur tanah, tebar jalur samping

dalam tanah, baris dengan biji, jalur terpisah dg biji, irigasibawah permukaan

Langsung pada tanaman:Penyemprotan langsung ke daun, injeksi pada batang

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63

EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN

Ukuran Efisiensi pemupukan

Efisiensi penggunaan hara:hasil kg per ha/ hara dlm tnm kg per ha = kg kg-1

Efisiensi fisiologis:(kg hasil P1 - kg hasil P0)/(kg Serapan P1 – kg Serapan P0)=kg

Rasio efisiensi hara:Unit hasil kg / unit hara dalam tanaman kg = kg kg-1

Efisiensi agronomis:{(kg per ha hasil P1 – kg per ha hasil P0)/ kg per ha hara yang

diberikan} = kg kg-1

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EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN

Ukuran Efisiensi pemupukan

Efisiensi serapan hara dari tanah:

{(kg Serapan P1 – kg Serapan P0)/ kg hara yang digunakan}x 100%

Efisiensi Agrofisiologis:{(kg gabah hasil P1 - kg gabah hasil P0)/(kg Serapan jerami dan gabah P1

– kg Serapan jerami dan gabah P0)} = kg kg-1

Efisiensi hara pupuk:% hara jaringan tanaman x Efisiensi penggunaan hara =

(kg serapan hara / kg hara yg diberikan) x (kg hasil gabah per kg serapan hara tanaman)

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Jumlah pupuk N yang benar dan tepat Musim tanam

Jumlah pupuk sangat tergantung pada musim tanam (musim hujan dan musim kemarau).

Pada musim hujan jumlah pupuk N yang kita aplikasikan lebih sedikit daripada musim kemarau. Hal ini disebabkan jumlah anakan yang banyak dengan tanaman yang tinggi sehingga sinar matahari tidak

sampai ke pangkal batang (bagian bawah tanaman) dan mengurangi produksi makanan pada daun.

Akibatnya tanaman tidak dapat menggunakan semua pupuk N yang diaplikasikan.

Sedangkan pada musim kemarau penampilan tanaman cenderung lebih pendek dan mempunyai jumlah anakan yang sedikit sehingga perlu

penambahan pupuk N untuk meningkatkan jumlah anakan dan rata-rata produksi makanan.

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Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 3(4), pp. 84–90, April 2012Comparative studies of soil characteristics in Shea parklands of Ghana

 Abubakari A. H., Nyarko G., Yidana J. A., Mahunu G. K., Abagale F. K., Quainoo A., Chimsah F. and Avornyo V.

An assessment of soil physical and chemical properties was carried out in Shea parklands of northern Ghana, selected along a North-south climatic gradient in 2011. The study sites were Paga, Nyankpala and Kawampe,

which are located in the transitional and Guinea savannah zones of Ghana. For each site, 9 fallows and 9 cultivated fields were used, a total of 18 plots per site. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 30 cm and

analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), exchangeable bases, exchange acidity and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC).

The results revealed that the soils were strongly acid to neutral in reaction. The soils at Nyankpala parkland were comparatively more acidic (pH < 6). Generally, the pH values recorded were within the desirable range for plant

nutrient availability. Levels of, OM, ECEC, and total exchangeable bases (TEB) were very low, and varied across the parklands, with Nyankpala parkland showing higher levels of OM and ECEC. In spite of the low pH, the soils

were highly base saturated (PBS > 80%) and deficiencies of basic cations were uncommon. Land use did not significantly influence the soil chemical properties. However, N values, were significantly higher in old fallows than

in respect of new fallows and cultivated fields.

Soil particle size distribution especially at Nyankpala was significantly influenced by land use, with fallow lands having more proportion of sand than that of cultivated fields. The extremely low P content (trace – 7.11 mg/Kg) of the soils might be due to P fixation which was commonly reported for soils in northern Ghana. However, if these soils were supplied with N fertilizers, seedling regeneration would be promoted due to the fact that increasing N levels and decreasing P levels in soil, results in significant increase in seedling dry weight as well as increasing

uptake of total shoot N and C.

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(1), pp. 1–8, January 2011The physical and chemical characteristics of soils of Northern Kenya Aridlands:

Opportunity for sustainable agricultural production E. M. Muya1*, S. Obanyi1, M. Ngutu2, I. V. Sijali1, M. Okoti2, P. M. Maingi1 and H. Bulle2

Biophysical characterization was carried out in the mountain and oasis areas within the Northern Kenya Arid Lands with a view of identifying, soil constraints and opportunities for sustainable

agricultural production in the area. The soil aspects were studied through desk-top analysis of the existing databases and collection of secondary data at regional scale, site evaluation surveys at

site level and detailed soil survey at farm level. Based on biophysical data, the mountain and oasis area of the region was divided into three major eco-zones, namely (1) upper regions: mountains,

hills and uplands, (2) middle level: footslopes and (3) low-lying areas: riverine, plains and bottomlands, which were found to occupy 20, 5 and 54% of the total land area of Kenya Arid and

Semi-Arid Lands (KASALs) respectively. In these areas, soil structural degradation has taken place at varied rates through pulverization in the upper regions, compaction in the middle level and

dispersion in the low-lying areas. The mean productivity index for the upper zone, middle slopes and the lowest zone was found to be 18.5, 19.6 and 1.3%, the most limiting factors being high

acidity, increased compaction and high sodicity/salinity respectively. The opportunities for sustainable agriculture was found to be elimination of acidity and increased water saving for

supplementary irrigation in the upper zone; harnessing run-off water and improving water holding capacity through subsoiling on the footslope; and precision and market oriented irrigated farming

for improved water use efficiency in the lowest zone.

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(1), pp. 9–13, January 2011Comparative study of different organic manures and NPK fertilizer for improvement of

soil chemical properties and dry matter yield of maize in two different soils Adeniyan O. N.*, Ojo A. O., Akinbode, O. A. and Adediran J. A.

A pot experiment was conducted to compare different organic manures with NPK fertilizer for improvement of chemical properties of acid soil from farmer’s field in coastal area of Epe and

nutrient depleted soil from research field of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Maize was planted for 12 weeks and dry matter yield was determined. Results showed that application of 5 ton/ha of each of the evaluated organic manures and 100 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer improved chemical properties of both acid and nutrient depleted soils compared with unfertilized soil. Application of different types of organic manures reduced the acidic levels of both the soils. Cow dung application resulted in the highest pH levels of 6.37 and 6.50 in acid soil and nutrient depleted soil respectively while NPK fertilizer gave lowest pH levels of 5.28 and 5.74 for both soils. Also, application of different types of organic manures enhanced soil organic C, total

N, available P, exchangeable K and CEC better than NPK fertilizer in both soils. The study indicated that among the organic manures evaluated, cane rat droppings improved soil chemical properties best. Plant dry matter yield increased with application of NPK fertilizer compared with

compost, poultry manure and cane rat droppings in both soils. In acid soil, application of NPK fertilizer gave the highest dry matter yield of 4.77 g/plant while in nutrient depleted soil; application

of NPK fertilizer gave the highest dry matter yield of 5.58 g/plant.   

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 198–205, July 2011Comparative effectiveness of long yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and organic and

inorganic fertilizers in improving soil nutrient status and yield of maize in southwest Nigeria

F. O. Adekayode

The comparative effectiveness of long yam bean and organic and inorganic fertilizers for soil fertility improvement was carried out in an investigation conducted in Araromi Farms (latitude 7°16’N and longitude 5°17’E) in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State Nigeria in

2007, 2008 and 2009. The experimental design was a randomized complete block consisting of four treatments replicated three times. The four treatments were organic compost at 2 t/ha,

inorganic NPK fertilizer at 250 kg/ha, plots planted with long yam bean and a control without any inputs. Maize seeds obtained from Ondo State Agricultural Development Project were planted at

60 × 30 cm to give a plant population of 55,500 plants per hectare. Pre treatment and post treatment soil samples were taken for laboratory analysis for a comparison of the assessment of

the cumulative effects of organic compost, inorganic fertilizer and long yam bean in improving soil fertility over a period of three years. The organic matter and nitrogen contents in the long yam

bean and other manured plots were not significantly different. The soil nutrient status produced as a result of manure treatments reflected in the yield of maize. In 2007 significantly higher maize

grain yield of 1.58 t/ha was obtained in NPK plot compared to other treatments while in 2008 and 2009, significantly higher maize grain yield of 1.76 and 1.86 t/ha respectively were obtained in

organic compost plot with a comparable maize yield values between long yam bean and the NPK fertilizer plots in 2008. The profitable analysis showed a higher net revenue and benefit/cost ratio in long yam bean than in other treatment plots. The effectiveness of intercropping maize with long yam bean to maintain soil fertility and improve the yield of maize was comparable with the use of

inorganic NPK 15-15-15 fertilizers and organic compost.

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. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management Vol. 2(7), pp. 206–211, July 2011Environmentally friendly superabsorbent polymers for water conservation in agricultural

lands Fidelia Nnadi and Chris Brave

Polymer complexes of crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch were synthesized to form superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and their performances as a water

retaining aid for irrigation were assessed. The SAP was crosslinked with aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate for optimum water retention. Starch from vegetables and

chemically modified cellulose fibers were used as the basis for the polymer structure because of their biodegradability and the sustainability of their sources. The starch

vegetables include potatoes, yam, cassava, and corn. Radish seeds were planted in pots that contained soil amended with the SAPs (as well as soils control with no

amendment). For the first two weeks the plants were given a healthy amount of water, then watering was reduced to observe how the plants responded to drought. The plants

with no amendment to the soil stopped growing after the first two weeks and showed signs of dehydration. All the plants in the amended soil continued to grow after the first two weeks and they looked much healthier. Performance evaluation of the response to

the four starch types suggests that potato based SAP performed the best with 73% water retention, while corn gave 56%. The study also suggests that lower dosage of

0.12% by weight of the potato based SAP performed better than 0.24% when used for soil amendment.