saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

Ddodo WumburiZe

Mmartyofisa da marabdis

brZolebi

meomris biblioTeka #16

Tbilisi

2008

2

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTeqvsmete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori eldar bubulaSvili

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

3

martyofisa da marabdis brZolebi XVII saukunis saqarTvelos

tragikuli istoriis ori mniSvnelovani niSansvetia. martyofSi

qarTulma mxedrobam brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova, marabdaSi _

damarcxda. miuxedavad amisa, orive omi qarTuli iaraRis

Zlevamosilebasa da mxedruli niWis ukvdavebas ukavSirdeba. tyuilad ki

ar werda poeti: `Torem mters isic ki SeaSinebs, erTxel xmamaRla rom

vTqvaT marabda~_o. aris damarcxeba, romelic gamarjvebas utoldeba.

Zlevamosili Sah-abasis TvalSi, marabdis omi gamarjvebis ki ara, marcxis

tolfasi iyo, radgan TiTqmis mTeli jari gauwyvites qarTvelma

meomrebma. TuU saboloo gamarjveba qarTvelebma ver moipoves, es

qarTulma xasiaTma ganapiroba: TavkerZobam, Sida dapirispirebam,

undoblobam da sixarbem.

samxedro strategiaSi gamarjvebis xelovnebis Seswavlas mWidrod

ukavSirdeba sabrZolo marcxis gamomwvevi mizezebis gaazreba, radgan

warmateba da marcxi xSirad Zalze axlosaa erTmaneTTan. martyofisa da

marabdis omebs epoqaluri mniSvneloba aqvs _ qarTveli xalxis

gamoCenilma gmirobam, Tavganwirulma suliskveTebam aiZula sparseTis

veragi Sahi _ abas I xeli aeRo mzakvrul gegmaze, rac aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos qarTuli mosaxleobis ayras, sparseTSi gadasaxlebasa da am

miwaze iranuli tomebis Camosaxleba-damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. am

Canafiqris aRsrulebisas Sahi moRalate qarTvelebis gamoyenebasac

fiqrobda. maT Soris iyo Sahis karze Sexiznuli sardali, rCeuli

samxedro niWiT dajildoebuli, Tbilisisa da dvaleTis mouravi giorgi

saakaZe. saakaZes Sah-abasisadmi erTguleba ukve ramdenjerme hqonda

dadasturebuli, magram Sahi ase didmniSvnelovan saqmeSi bolomde mas

mainc ver endoboda. Tavis mxriv, saakaZis winaSec dadga samkvdro-

sasicocxlo arCevani: an samSoblos gadarCena, an Sahis karze

warmatebuli karieris sanacvlod, samSoblos sabolood daqcevisaTvis

daeWira mxari. martyofis omSi man arCevani saqarTvelos sasargeblod

gaakeTa.

imisaTvis, rom kargad CavwvdeT am ori omis suliskveTebasa da

mniSvnelobas Cvens istoriaSi, unda gavixsenoT XVII saukunis pirveli

meoTxedis istoriuli realoba, qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da mis irgvliv

Seqmnili politikuri suraTi; warmovidginoT am dramatuli movlenebis

mTavari moqmedi gmirebi: qarTlis mefe luarsab II, kaxeTis mefe

Teimuraz I, sparseTis veragi Sahi _ sefianTa dinastiis yvelaze

gamorCeuli TviTmpyrobeli, `sparseTis lomad~ wodebuli abas pirveli

da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi mTels aRmosavleSTi aRiarebuli sardali

giorgi saakaZe.

4

X X X

luarsab II mefobda 1606-1614 wlebSi. is 14 wlis avida taxtze,

rodesac mamamisi _ giorgi X Sah-abasis TbilisSi yofnisas uecrad

gardaicvala. gaCnda azri, rom is Sahma moawamvlina. luarsabi

garegnulad lamazi, WeSmariti qristiani da gulTbili adamiani iyo. mis

naklad malemrwmenobasa da meryev xasiaTs miiCnevdnen oponentebi, Tumca,

tyveobaSi myofma, sparsul cixe-gulabSi ramdenime wels gamoketilma,

arnaxuli simtkice da zneobrivi srulyofileba gamoavlina.

luarsab II-s colad hyavda giorgi saakaZis da, romelic Zalian

moewona da Seuyvarda, magram Tavadebma iukadrises `aznauri~ dedofali,

mefes colTan gayra mosTxoves, saakaZes daupirispires da mtrad

gadakides, rac misTvis sabediswero Secdomad iqca. saakaZesTan

dapirispirebam Searyia misi mefuri Zlierebac, feodalebs mefis

winaaRmdeg moqmedeba gauadvila, Sina-ganxeTqilebam ki mtris wisqvilze

daasxa wyali, Sah-abasma ufro warmartebiT SeZlo Tavisi antiqarTuli

politikis gatareba.

Sah-abasis intrigebi luarsab II-s mTeli mefobis manZilze uSlida

xels moegvarebina saSinao problemebi, iranTan urTierToba. man scada

gamoeyenebia qarTvel mefeTa megobroba, imereTis mefis, _ giorgi III-isa

da kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is mokavSireobiT SahTan dapirispireba.

miTumetes, Teimurazs misi da, xoreSani hyavda meore colad. Sahisagan

Serisxuli siZe-colisZma erTxans imereTSic gadavidnen, magram Sahma

SeZlo moRalate Tavadebis mosyidva, maTi saSualebiT da sakuTari

cbierebiT, luarsabis imereTidan gadmoyvana da sparseTSi wayvana, iq

datyveveba. didi tanjva-wameba gadaitana cixeSi, magram ar gatexila, arc

sarwmunoeba Seucvlia, ramac sabolood gadawyvita misi bedi. luarsabi

mSvildis sabliT CamoaxrCves 1622 wels. misi da _ lela, romelic

Sahis coli iyo, imave dRes ganuteva colobidan Sahma da feiqar-xans

gamoayola, kaxeTis asaoxreblad rom modioda.

X X X

giorgi saakaZe daibada 1580 wels, aznaur siauS saakaZisa da Tamar

baraTaSvilis ojaxSi. saakaZis mamuli mdebareobda qarTlSi, sofel

nosteSi, saakaZeTa sagvareulo monasteri iyo erTawminda. saakaZes kargi

ganaTleba miuRia. icoda sparsuli da Turquli enebi. igi simon I-Tan

erTad ebrZoda osmalebs, iyo qarTlis mefis _ giorgi X-is erTguli

TanamebrZoli. Tavisi didi niWiT da samxedro ostatobiT

gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti moipova luarsab II-is karze. xalxma mas

5

`didi mouravi~-c uwoda. piradma Rirsebebma da niWma ganapiroba giorgi

saakaZis arnaxuli popularoba. 1609 wels, taSiskaris brZolaSi, man

sastikad daamarcxa osmalo dampyroblebi da gamoCenili mxedruli

mamacobiT kidev ufro gaiTqva saxeli. kidev ufro amaRlda, rodesac

luarsab II-m mis daze iqorwina. qorwineba uiRblo gamodga: dedofali

male gamodevnes sasaxlidan qarTlelma didebulebma, Sadiman

baraTaSvilis meTaurobiT, maTve ganawyves mefe saakaZis winaaRmdeg,

Caagones misi mtroba da Ralati, waaqezes mis mosaklavad. saakaZem

Zlivs gaaswro sasjels, ojaxTan erTad, sparseTSi gadaixvewa.

Sahis karze myofi didi sardali male gaxda cnobili sparseTSic,

Sah-abassa da mis mxedrobas man saxeli mouxveWa omebSi; magram

samwuxarod, sparselebis mier qarTlsa da kaxeTSi Cadenili mravali

danaSauli, romelic maT XVII saukunis 10-iani-20-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi Caidines, saakaZesac braldeboda. Mmas, marTlac sZulda

luarsab II, Caagonebda Sahs, rom misi sikvdili daalagebda qarTlSi

viTarebas; amas piradi siZulvili da SurisZiebis grZnoba akeTebinebda,

rac xSirad, saqarTvelosTvis didi zianis momtani iyo.

rodesac Cveni qveynis yofna-aryofnis kritikuli Jami dadga,

saakaZem uRalata Sah-abass, gawira Svili, axloblebi, sakuTari Tavi

safrTxeSi Caagdo, didi gmiroba gamoiCina da martyofisa da marabdis

brZolebiT saqarTvelo ixsna. bevri ibrZola, magram mis brZolas

realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. amitomac misi cxovreba ufro tragikuli

gaxada, _ 1626 wels, bazaleTTan qarTveli sardali saakaZe Tavisi

momxre qarTvelebiT, mefe Teimuraz I-s da mis momxreebs iaraRiT

daupirispirda. saaakaZe damarcxda da osmaleTSi gadaixvewa. iqac Tavi

gamoiCina, magram Surma da eWvma iqac daamarcxa: 1629 wels igi mokles

SvilTan, avTandilTan erTad. Turqi istorikosi mustafa naima masze

dananebiT werda, aRwerda mis dasjas da usamarTlobad Tvlida aseTi

didi sardlis sasikvdilod gametebas.

X X X

Teimuraz I iyo kaxeTis mefe, poeti da mwignobari. is 1606-1660

wlebSi mefobda, Tumca, drogamoSvebiT iZulebuli iyo, samefo taxti

daeTmo da ltolvilobaSi gadasuliyo.

Teimuraz I-s, giorgi saakaZis msgavsad, istorikosebi rogorc

dadebiTad, aseve uaryofiTad afaseben. mis moRvaweobas akritikebda

zogierTi qarTveli mweralic. mefe arCilis azriT, Teimurazi ufro

did dros andomebda nadimobasa da nadirobas, risi Sedegic iyo Sah-

6

abasis jarTan qarTvelTa marcxi. iranTan omSi kaxeTis moumzadeblobas

aRniSnavs Sah-abasis meistorie isqander munSic. Teimurazis Secdomad

zogierTi qarTveli moRvawe Tvlida giorgi saakaZesTan mis

ganxeTqilebasa da bazaleTis oms.

Teimurazi ar iyo sworxazovnad dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pirovneba.

is ufro tragikuli istoriuli figuraa. mas moukles deda da Svilebi

_ ori vaJi sparseTis tyveobaSi daeRupa, mesame ki _ Sah-abasis jarTan

brZolaSi, 1647 wels. Teimurazi iZulebuli iyo, mcirewlovani

SviliSvili da rZali ruseTis samefo karze gaeSva gadarCenis mizniT,

sadac gaizarda erekle I da, samwuxarod, dakarga is qarTuli zne-

Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, rac qarTvel mefeebs hqondaT. sanukvari

taxtis dabrunebisaTvis, SemdegSi is gamahmadianda, sparselTa Sahis

srulad morCili gaxda da ise gamefda. zogierTi mosazrebiT, erekle I-

is arakanonieri Svili da Teimurazis SviliSvili iyo ruseTis

gamoCenili mefe, reformatori da Zlieri imperiis Semqmneli petre I.

Teimuraz I-is mefoba taxtisaTvis mudmiv brZolaSi, Secdomebsa da

amao mcdelobebSi gailia. Tumca, poetma mefem Tavisi kvali datova

qarTul klasikur poeziaSi. mis kalams ekuTvnis `qeTevaniani~,

`vardbulbuliani~ da sxva nawarmoebebi, sadac igi aRorZinebis xanis

qarTuli sulierebis medroSed gvevlineba.

Teimurazma bevri gza mosinja kaxeTis samefos gadasarCenad. misi

mizani iyo mama-papaTa mier dawyebuli rusuli orientaciis gaRrmaveba.

amisaTvis imogzaura kidec ruseTSi, XVII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. am

dros ruseTis mefe iyo aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovi (1645-1682 ww.).

mefis karze is uxvad daasaCuqres, magram ar misces mTavari: samxedro

daxmareba. Teimurazi mixvda, rom isev iranis xelSi rCeboda, amitom

1660 wels Sahis karze gaemgzavra. sabediswero aRmoCnda kaxeTis mefis

da saxelovani poetis es nabiji. didi saxalxo zeimi iyo misi Casvla

Sahis karze, xalxi ise egebeboda, rogorc gamorCeul adamians, vinc

amdenxans ewinaaRmdegeboda iranis taxts, axla ki morCilad midioda am

taxtis mflobelisaken. iranis Sahmac dResaswaulad da nadimad aqcia

misi stumroba, magram rodesac dainaxa, rom Teimurazi SviliSvilis,

ruseTidan dabrunebuli erekles erTguli iyo, astrabadis cixeSi Casva

da moakvlevina.

X X X

sefianTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli Sah-abas I qveyanas marTavda

1587-1629 wlebSi. misi mefobis dasawyisSi irani dasustebuli iyo. mas

ebrZoda da samflobeloebs arTmevda mezobeli osmaleTis imperia. 1590

7

wels Sahma zavi dado osmaleTTan da Seudga reformebis gatarebas

iranSi. amasTanave, daiwyo mzadeba osmaleTTan omisaTvis, raTa

daebrunebina dakarguli politikuri batonoba kavkasiasa da

aRmosavleTSi.

reformebi gatarda administraciuli mmarTvelobis dargSi, aseve,

samxedro sferoSi. yizilbaSTa laSqari 60 aTasidan 30 aTasamde davida.

Sahis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Seiqmna TofebiTa da zarbaznebiT

SeiaraRebuli kargad gawvrTnili mudmivi jari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda RulamTa 10 aTasiani cxenosani korpusi. am korpuss Sahis

gvardia ewodeboda. igi iranSi aRzrdili da ZaliT gamahmadianebuli

qarTveli da somexi axalgazrdebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. am jarSi

aRizardnen gamoCenili sardlebi: qarTveli _ alaverdi-xani undilaZe da

somexi _ yarCixa-muxamed xani. es ukanaskneli xelmZRvanelobda

saqarTveloSi laSqrobebs, moTave iyo Sahis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis

_ qarTl-kaxeTis amowyvetisa da am teritoriaze iraneli tomebis

Camosaxlebisa. martyofis velze brZolis dawyebisas, is SvilTan erTad

mokles qarTvelebma. iranis armiaSi Sah-abasis dros 120 aTasi kaci iyo.

aqedan, 41 aTasi mudmiv jarSi iyo, 75 aTasi ki saWiroebis dros

ikribeboda. samxedro reforma Catarda qarTveli alaverdi-xan undilaZis

meTaurobiT, romelsac exmarebodnen ingliseli Zmebi _ anton da robert

Serlebi. isini 1598 wels Cavidnen iranSi. am reformebiT irani Zlier

da centralizebul saxelmwifod gadaiqca. 1603 wels iranma omi

ganaaxla osmaleTTan, raTa daebrunebina 1590 wlis zaviT dakarguli

poziciebi. abas I-ma omis pirvelive wels moipova gamarjvebebi. mas

exmarebodnen qarTlis mefe giorgi da kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II.

giorgi mefisgan Sahma moiTxova lores provincia da debedas xeoba,

sadac iranuli tomebi _ `borCalu~ gadmoasaxla. amiT xelT igdo

qarTlis strategiuli teritoria. kaxeTis mefes waarTva kak-eniselis

provincia, sadac mmarTvelad gamahmadianebuli da renegati* kaxeli

Tavadi daniSna. adgilobrivi qarTvelebi aq ZaliT gaamahmadianes da maT

SemdgomSi `ingiloebi~ _ axlad moqceulebi ewodaT.

Sahs aRizianebda ara marto osmaleTis metoqeoba, aramed ruseTic,

romelTanac qarTvel mefeebs kavSiri hqondaT. am mizeziT, man kaxeTis

mefe aleqsandre gamahmadianebul Svils _ konstantine-mirzas, 1605 wlis

12 marts, ZegamSi, rus elCebTan Sexvedrisas moakvlevina.

kaxeTSi daiwyo ajanyeba, romelsac mefis rZali _ qeTevani Caudga

saTaveSi. konstantine, romelmac mamis sikvdilis Semdeg taxti miitaca,

kaxelebma mokles. 1606 wels Sahi iZulebuli gaxda, kaxeTSi mefed

daesva aleqsandres SviliSvili da qeTevanis vaJi _ Teimurazi.

iranis Sahs orive qarTvel mefesTan daZabuli urTierToba hqonda.

mas kargad esmoda, rom qarTvel mefeebs igi sZuldaT da cdilobdnen

8

iranis uRlisagan gaTavisuflebas. amisaTvis isini ruseTTan awarmoebdnen

farul molaparakebebs da CrdiloeTis daxmarebiT surdaT iranisagan

Tavis daxsna. luarsab II da Teimuraz I xan emsaxurebodnen Sahs, xanac

eurCebodnen. 1612 wlis zafxulSi qarTvelebi ar gamocxaddnen SahTan

mazandaranSi, sadac nadirobis sababiT miiwvies. es ajanyebas udrida.

daiwyo antiiranuli moZraoba, romelSic gaerTiandnen qarTveli mefe-

Tavadebi. am dros ukve Sah-abasis karze imyofeboda giorgi saakaZe.

1613 wlis 16 oqtombers Sahi iranidan saqarTvelosken daiZra,

amasTan, man winaswar xma gaavrcela, osmaleTisken mivdivaro. qarTvelebma

yuradReba moadunes; osmaleTTan droebiTi zavi sul axali dadebuli

iyo (1612w.), amitom Sah-abasma sulTans Cumad acnoba, rom saqarTveloSi

midioda. abas I jer ganjaSi, 1614 wlis gazafxulze ki kaxeTSi

SemoiWra. Sahma Teimurazs winaswar mZevlebi gamoarTva: deda da ufrosi

vaJebi. abasma isini iranSi gagzavna.

SetakebaSi, romelic jer qiziySi, Semdeg muxranSi moxda,

qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi imereTSi

gadavidnen.

Sah-abasma ramdenjerme aaoxra qarTl-kaxeTi, ayara mosaxleoba da

iranSi _ fereidanSi gadaasaxla. Sahma tyved Caigdo qarTlis mefe

luarsabi, romelic 1622 wels iranSi, misi brZanebiT daaxrCves. 1624

wels SirazSi wamebiT mokles qeTevan dedofali, manamade ki misi

SviliSvilebi: levani da aleqsandre daiRupnen.

1625 wels iranis Sahma, saqarTvelos sruli mospobis mizniT,

didi jari gamogzavna, magram didi zaralic naxa martyofisa da marabdis

brZolebSi.

Sah-abasi, romelic Zlevamosili mbrZanebeli iyo da `iranis

lomad~ iwodeboda, saqarTvelos winaaRmdegobam sagrZnoblad daasusta.

man saocari intrigebiT daupirispira erTmaneTs qarTveli didebulebi,

uamravi qarTveli mokles misi brZanebiT, uamravi gaasaxles,

gaamahmadianes, daasaxiCres da daimones. mis dros iranis saxelmwifom

daibruna dakarguli dideba.

Sah-abasi iyo daundobeli, sastiki sisxlismsmeli, magram Tavisi

qveynis niWieri mmarTveli da organizatori. man icoda qarTuli,

somxuri, Turquli da sxva enebi. qarTvelebs didi adgili eWiraT mis

karze. rogorc yvela iranis Sahis, aseve mis haramxanaSic bevri

qarTveli, didebulTa ojaxebidan gamosuli axalgazrda qali imyofeboda.

Sah-abasi 1629 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala. arsebobs azri,

rom is mowamles.

9

X X X

martyofisa da marabdis omebis udidesi mniSvneloba rom

gaviazroT, aucileblad unda gadavavloT Tvali saqarTvelos

politikur viTarebas XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, aucileblad unda

vaCvenoT am didi saomari bataliebis foni.

qarTlSi, 1556-1600 wlebSi, svimon I mefobda. igi gamorCeuli iyo

uSiSrobiT, TavganwirviTa da meomruli niWierebiT. man mTeli sicocxle

omebSi gaatara _ xan sparseTs ebrZoda, xanac _ osmaleTs. marTalia,

amasiis zavis* Semdeg (1555w.) am orma qveyanam saqarTvelo Suaze gaiyo,

magram sparseTTan SedarebiT, Zlieri osmaleTi ar sjerdeboda dasavleT

saqarTvelosa da samcxis nawils, XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis igi

mTel amierkavkasiaSi gabatonda. 1600 wels simon I naxidurTan brZolaSi

tyved Cavarda da osmaleTis cixe _ iediyuleSi dalia suli. qarTlSi

misi vaJi giorgi X gamefda (1600-1606ww.). kaxeTSi am dros aleqsandre

II mefobda, romelic 1605 wels sakuTarma Svilma, gamahmadianebulma

konstantinem, Sah-abasis miTiTebiT mokla. mkvlelobis mizezi, ZiriTadad,

is iyo, rom kaxeTi intensiur diplomatiur urTierTobebs awarmoebda

ruseTTan, rac irans Zalze aRizianebda. kaxeTis mefes Sahma

daupirispira sakuTari vaJi, romelic adreuli bavSvobis asakidan

sparseTis samefo karze izrdeboda, iyo mahmadiani da Sahis interesebis

damcveli. mamisa da misi politikis siZulvilma Caadenina mas Zegamis

tragedia. konstantinem daikava samefo taxti, magram cota xniT. sul

male, igi ajanyebulma kaxelebma Camoagdes da mokles kidec. Meamboxeebs,

konstantines ufrosi Zmis, daviT mefis qvrivi, aleqsandres rZali _

qeTevan dedofali edga saTaveSi.

Sah-abasi iZulebuli gaxda, am ambavs Serigeboda da qeTevan

dedoflis Txovnac Seesrulebina: kaxeTis taxtze misi mcirewlovani

vaJi _ Teimurazi daesva. igi am dros 16 wlis iyo; amitom samefos,

dedamisi, Wkviani da energiuli qeTevani ganagebda.

1605 wlis 25 oqtombers, osmalTa 100 aTasiani armia, sinan-faSas

sardlobiT, urmiis tbasTan, sastikad damarcxda Sah-abasis 60-aTasian

jarTan. am gamarjvebam iranis Sahs saSualeba misca amierkavkasiaSi

SemoWriliyo da am regionSi osmalTa batonobisaTvis bolo moeRo.

1606 wlis gazafxulze Sah-abasma jer yarabaRi aiRo, Semdeg _

ganja da qarTlSi SemoiWra. Sahma gaanadgura lores, dmanisisa da

Tbilisis osmaluri garnizonebi. osmalebis nawili abasis samsaxurSi

Sevidnen, radgan Sahi orjer met jamagirs dahpirda. qarTul cixeebSi

iranelebi Cadgnen, Tbilisis cixis ufrosad yizilbaSi muhamed sultan

Samsedinle daniSna da naxWevans wavida. Sahis TbilisSi yofnisas

moulodnelad gardaicvala qarTlis mefe _ giorgi X. ambobdnen, Sahma

10

moawamvlinao. mis nacvlad, Sahis dasturiT, taxti giorgis memkvidrem _

14 wlis luarsabma daikava.

maS ase: qarTlSi luarsab II gamefda (1606 -1614ww.), kaxeTSi

Teimuraz I (1606-1660ww.). orive qristiani, iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg

Seupovrad mebrZoli qarTveli patriotebi iyvnen. gamefebidan erTi wlis

Semdeg, Teimurazi gurielis asul anaze daqorwinda, romelTanac ori

vaJi _ levani da aleqsandre SeeZina, SemdegSi Sah-abasisgan ganwiruli

axalgazrdebi, bebiasTan, qeTevan dedofalTan erTad, tyveobaSi rom

aResrulnen. qarTlis mefis bedic tragikulad ganviTarda: jer giorgi

saakaZis daze daqorwinebiT aimxedra erTguli Tavadebi. bolos qorwineba

gaauqma da giorgi saakaZesTanac mtroba Seeqmna. SemdegSi, am

dapirispirebas Seewira ara marto luarsabis sicocxle, aramed giorgi

saakaZis avtoritetic. saqarTveloSi mas yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT

uyurebdnen da luarsabis mkvlelad miiCnevdnen.

qarTlic da kaxeTic iranis vasalebi iyvnen, maT samxedro begara

ekisrebodaT: dampyroblis omebSi jari unda gaeyvanaT. qarTlidan

wasuli Sahi Semaxas cixes miadga da Teimurazs SemouTvala jariT

masTan gamocxadebuliyo. Teimurazma es ar gaakeTa. ganmeorebiTac

daibara, magram kvlav uari miiRo. Teimurazis nacvlad, dedamisi, qeTevan

dedofali eaxla Sahs aTaskaciani razmiT. Sahma wyena ar SeimCnia,

dedofali pativiT miiRo, qarTvelTa jari ki ar gamoiyena. man Tavisi

ZalebiT aiRo Semaxas cixe.

1612 wlis 20 noembers qalaq stambulSi daido zavi iran-

osmaleTs Soris. aRdga amasiis zavis pirobebi: dasavleT saqarTvelo

osmaleTs darCa, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo _ irans. aRmosavleTi samcxe,

qalaq axalcixiT, romelic amasiis zaviT irans ekuTvnoda, osmaleTis

mflobelobaSi moeqca, radgan 1612 wlisTvis igi ukve osmalebs epyraT.

1610 wels Sahma azerbaijanSi luarsabi da Teimurazi miiwvia,

sanadirod da samejlisod. abas I-s oriveni eaxlen didi amaliT da eqvsi

Tve darCnen masTan. am stumrobisas, Sahma luarsab II-s Tbilisis cixe

daubruna. am molaparakebaSi didi wvlili hqonda giorgi saakaZes,

luarsabis karze moRvawe rCeul moxelesa da sardals, romelsac ukve

didi saxeli hqonda, taSiskaris brZolaSi mopovebuli didi gamarjvebisa

da osmalebis ganadgurebisaTvis. amave wels, Teimurazis meuRle ana

moulodnelad gardaicvala, meore colad man luarsabis da _ xoreSani

SeirTo. Sahs luarsabisa da Teimurazis debic hyavda colad. ase rom, am

sami pirovnebis bedi erTmaneTs moyvruli urTierTobiTac gadajaWvoda.

Tumca arc Sahi apirebda Tavisi mravalricxovani haramxanis gamo

sakuTari politikuri interesebis daTmobas da arc qarTveli mefeebi

apirebdnen ukandaxevas TavianTi samefoebis da qarTvelobis gadasarCenad

brZolaSi. Sahmac kargad icoda qarTvelTa ganwyoba mis mimarT. amitom,

11

1614 wels Teimurazi gaafrTxila _ osmaleTs unda SevebrZolo da Tu

Cemi erTguli xar, Svili gamomigzavne mZevlado. darbazis

gadawyvetilebiT, kaxeTis mefem deda da umcrosi vaJi _ 3 wlis

aleqsandre gagzavna ganjas, sadac Sahi idga; Tan saxlTuxucesi nodar

jorjaZe gaayola. Sahma ufrosi vaJi moiTxova. Teimurazi iZulebuli

gaxda, isic gaegzavna. esec ar ikmara sparseTis mbrZanebelma, axla Tavad

mefes mosTxova mis winaSe gamocxadeba. mefe da kaxeli Tavadebi mixvdnen,

Sah-abass mTeli samefo ojaxis amowyveta rom Caefiqrebina. Teimurazma

luarsab mefes Seatyobina, Sah-abasi modis saqarTvelos asaoxreblad da

Tan Seni mosisxle saakaZe mohyvebao. qarTveli mefeebi erToblivi

omisTvis moemzadnen. es amboxeba iyo, rasac Sahi ar moiTmenda da asec

moxda. igi laSqars Tavad Caudga saTaveSi da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.

verag dampyrobels giorgi saakaZec edga gverdiT. luasabi da Teimurazi

imereTSi gadavidnen, isini imereTis mefem Seifara, magram iranis Sahma

luarasabi motyuebiT xelT igdo, sparseTSi waiyvana da gulabis cixeSi

gamoketa. marTalia, Teimurazi ki ver moigdo xelT, magram kaxeTi

aaoxra. Sahi cdilobda kaxeTi da qarTli mTlianad islamze moeqcia,

urCi mosaxleoba aeyara da sparseTSi gadaesaxlebina. qarTli luarsabis

gamahmadianebul naTesavs, _ bagrat xans Caabara da mrCevlad saakaZeE

dauniSna. kaxeTSi Teimurazis biZaSvili _ gamahmadianebuli iese, igive

isaxani dasva. isaxanis mrCevlebad Sahma daviT jandieri da nodar

jorjaZe daadgina.

Sah-abasi kaxeTSi ormocdaTi dRe darCa da gauwonasworebeli

xasiaTidan gamomdinare, xan megobrobas eficeboda aqaur mosaxleobasa da

Tavadebs, xanac Tavis mebrZolebs daundoblad aZarcvinebda.

somexi avtori araqel Tavrizeli mogviTxrobs: `kaxeTSi sparselTa

namoqmedars verc ena ityvis da verc kalami aRwers. gonebiT moisazre

da gaigebT, Tu ramdeni gautexeli qristiani maxviliT daaSaves, daWres

an daxoces, uadnaSauloni tyved waasxes da Seuracxyves, qoneba da

simdidre miitaces. naSenebi yoveli cecxls misces da dangries,

eklesiebi daaqcies, sakurTxevlebi, jvrebi da xatebi daamxes,

datyvevebulni banakSi waaTries da nair-nairi satanjveliT tanjavdnen:

siciviTa da siSiSvliT, SimSiliTa da wyurviliT da sxva mravali

xerxiT~.

mere veragma Sahma `Sahisevanoba~ gamoigona. abasma brZaneba gasca,

rom vinc masTan morCilebaSi gamocxaddeboda, did wyalobasa da pativs

uboZebda. aseTi adaniani Sahis megobari (`Sahisevani~) gaxdeboda. bevri

gaxda `Sahisevani~, magram saSineli bedi ewia am xalxs, isini jer

sparselebis nusxaSi Seitanes, mere ki sparseTSi garekes. ase motyuebiT

gadaasaxles uamravi qarTveli samSoblodan. zogierTi maTgani tyveebad

12

daariges, zogic miuval da mTian mxareSi daasaxles. fereidneli

qarTvelebis tragediac swored am dros daiwyo.

kaxeTidan Sahi qarTlSi gadavida, SeakeTa gorisa da suramis

cixeebi da Sig yizilbaSTa garnizoni Caayena. qarTls ufro

diplomatiurad eqceoda. jari gaafrTxila: mosaxleobas moerideT,

araferi dauSavoTo; gaxiznulebi daabruna; Tanac xma daarxia _

luarsabi Tu ar dabrundeba, saakaZes davsvam mefedo.

kaxeTis tragediam giorgi saakaZes TvalnaTlad aCvena Sah-abasis

saxe da miznebi. didi sardali mixvda dampyroblis mzakvrul Canafiqrs.

isedac kargad icnobda, sparseTSi gadaxvewamde grZnobda

saqarTvelosadmi mis mtrul zraxvebs, mas Semdeg ki, rac iranis karze

moxvda, giorgi saakaZem ufro Rrmad Seicno da gaiazra saqarTvelos

bedi, mezobeli qveynis saSineli zraxvebi mis mimarT. qarTlis

mosaxleobas mainc awynarebda, SahTan Serigeba-morigebas sTavazobda,

eSinoda _ kaxeTis bedi masac ar gaeziarebina. zogs isev sZulda, zogs

uyvarda. arc siZulvili iyo Cveulebivi da arc siyvaruli. orive

zRvargadasuli, fanatizmamde iyo misuli. ase darCa istoriaSic:

oradgayofili SefasebiT; pirveli: mteri da moRalate, meore: gmiri da

gadamrCeni. marTali iqneba, vinc daamtkicebs an erTs, an meores. saakaZe,

Cveni azriT, qveynis mteri da moRalate arasodes yofila, saqarTvelo

uyvarda da saSualeba Tu miecemoda, yvelanairad iRvawebda mis

gadasarCenad da gasaZliereblad, Tavis ganwirviTac ki. magram mas marto

qveynis siyvaruli ar amoZravebda, siZulvilic ubiZgebda moqmedebisaken;

mere ra, rom es siZulvili mis mtrebs xSirad Tavad hqondaT

damsaxurebuli, is ver amaRlda qristianuli zneobis srulyofilebiT,

siZulviliT ki keTili saqme ar gvirgvindeba. miTumetes, samSoblos

gadamrCeni da gmiri ver iqneba kaci, visac aseTi siZulvili eqneba.

xSirad xdeboda da xdeba CvenSi, pirovnebis siZulvili saxelmwifos

saZirkvels rom aryevs da amas ver vxvdebiT. luarsab mefisa da misi

erTguli garemocvisadmi SurisZiebisa da zizRis gamo, Sahis gverdiT

gaatara wlebi. Sahi ki ubralo sityvebs ar ujerebda, misgan saqmes

moiTxovda, rac saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebasac

iTvaliswinebda. Tu amas ar gaakeTebda, maSin sxva gza unda aerCia, sxva

qveynis TavSesafari. aseTi ram ki XVII saukunis dasawyisis sinamdvileSi,

qarTveli saakaZisaTvis advili mosaZebni ar iqneboda. taSiskaris gmirs

osaleTis sulTanTan TavSefareba gauWirdeboda.

maS, isev una davtovoT Sefaseba: gaorebuli pirovneba, tragikuli

adamiani, romlis kiserze aris bevri qarTvelis codva, magram misi

qveynis madlic, radgan misma orma brZolam _ martyofma da marabdam

welSi gatexa Sahis sabrZolo siZlierec da Seanela qarTl-kaxeTis

mospobis survilic. aman ganapiroba giorgi saakaZis gmirobis xalxuri

13

Sefaseba. erma is gmirad Seracxa. msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi

bevri magaliTia imisa, rom xalxSi arcTu popularuli, zogjer ki

samarcxvinod miCneuli mefeebi da moRvaweebi, erTi gadamwyveti nabijiT

xdebian ara marto gmirebi, wmindanebic ki. giorgi saakaZec gmiria da am

Sefasebas Zvras ver uzams is uamravi eWvi, romelic misi pirovnebis

irgvliv obieqturad gaCnda. maSin, rodesac arc qarTlis mefes _

luarsab I-s da arc kaxeTisas _ Teimuraz I-s ar SeeZloT xmliT da

didi nebisyofiT dapirispirebodnen Sah-abasis ase gaZlierebul

dampyroblur madas, giorgi saakaZem SeZlo Rirseuli pasuxi gaeca

misTvis; SahisTvis gulic gaetexa da masSi saqarTvelos ganadgurebis

survilic moespo.

niWieri da veragi iyo Sah-abasic. mas giorgi saakaZe ara marto

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda, aramed Sahs undoda misi didi

avtoriteti da samxedro xelovneba saqarTveloSi Tavisi miznebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoeyenebia. Aabas I TiTqmis darwmunebuli iyo, rom

saakaZe Seurigebeli iqneoda mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT da mzadyofnas

gamoxatavda, raTa misTvis enacvalebina sakuTari Tavic da qveyanac.

saakaZesac surda Sahis Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba: misi

samxedro daxmarebiT politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daTrgunva, qveynis

gaerTianeba, centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna Zlieri xelisuflebiT.

orive mixvda, oRond cota gvian, rom Secdnen erTmaneTSi. orives

sakuTari miznebi hqonda, rac TanxmobaSi verafriT movidoda, Tu erTis

survili ganxorcieldeboda, meore damarcxdeboda.

manamde, 1614-1618 wlebSi oTxjer ilaSqra Sahma saqarTveloze da

oTxivejer Tan axlda saakaZe. marTalia, mas brZolebSi monawileoba ar

miuRia, magram Sahis gverdiT ki idga. im Sahisa, romelmac arnaxuli

sisastike gamoiCina.

1619 wlidan qarTlis faqtiuri gamgebeli giorgi saakaZe iyo. is

uve kargad icnobda Sahs, mis antiqarTul miznebs. misi gegmiT, Sahis

winaaRmdeg erTiani ajanyeba unda momxdariyo, risTvisac saWiro iyo

rogorc imereTis samefos daxmareba, aseve osmaleTis mxardaWera.

saamisod gadadga kidec nabijebi. osmaleTTan kavSirisTvis qaliSvilis

qmari _ samcxis aTabagi farad-faSa gamoiyena, imereTis mefes _ giorgi

III-s ki piroba misca, Tu dagvexmarebiT da gavimarjvebT, Sens vaJs mivcem

qarTlis taxtso. es saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegmis dasawyisi iqneboda.

kaxeTSi ver hpova Sahma myari dasayrdeni: 1624 wels SirazSi, qeTevan

dedoflis dasjam, araTu gatexa es kuTxe, aramed sulieri Zalac Semata

mtris winaaRmdeg. kaxeTis mmarTveli feiqar-xani grZnobda, rogor

daubrundnen mitovebul keras kaxelebi da rogori SurisZiebis grZnobiT

iyvnen anTebulni iranisadmi. miswera kidec Sah-abass da gaafrTxila

kaxeTis SesaZlo ajanyebis Sesaxeb. mefe Teimurazi am dros gadaxvewili

14

iyo, is dasavleT saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, Semdeg osmaleTs miaSura,

ruseTsac sTxova daxmareba, magram arc erTisgan da arc meorisgan Svela

ar Canda, kaxeTi ki samarTlianobis aRdgenas, kanonieri mefis taxtze

dabrunebas, iranuli jaris gayras da mSvidobis damyarebas eswrafvoda.

am mSvidobas omi sWirdeboda. feiqar-xama meored miswera Sahs _

aTiaTasi mebrZolis gamoyvana SeuZlia kaxeTs, Tu ajanydnen, gagviWirdeba

damorCilebao. qarTlidanac saeWvo ambebi midioda SahTan. moRalateebi

da moeneebi yvelgan hyavda sparseTis kars. Sah-abasma saqarTveloSi

gamosagzvni didi laSqris Segroveba daiwyo. 1624 wlis bolos TavisTan

gamoiZaxa giorgi saakaZe da misi colisZma _ zurab aragvis erisTavi.

saqarTveloSi wamosul jars yarCixa-xani Caudga saTaveSi, Sahis

pirad gvardiaSi aRzrdili, erovnebiT somexi sardali. mas Sahma Cumad

kaxeTisa da qarTlis saboloo aoxrebisa da qarTveli xalxis fizikuri

mospobis mizani dausaxa. mrCevlad saakaZe dauniSna, xmamaRla uTxra _

saakaZis gareSe arcerTi saqme ar gaakeToo, saidumlod ki gaafrTxila,

niSans daelode da Cemi brZanebis Sesabamisad imoqmedeo.

frTxilma da cbierma Sahma qarTvelebs mZevlebi mosTxova, saakaZis

umcrosi vaJi _ paata daitova TavisTan da zurab erisTavis coli _

RviZli da giorgi saakaZisa.

yarCixa_xani da misi jari TiTqosda mSvidobiani mizniT modioda:

isa-xan yorCibaSis asuli, Sah-abasis SviliSvili (qaliSvilis xaziT) _

jahan-banu mohyavdaT, raTa simon qarTlis mefeze daeqorwinebinaT.

sparseTis cnobili xanebi, jari da amala patarZals sapatio mayrebad

mohyvebodnen.

adregazafxuli idga. iranis jari qarTlSi movida, muxrans,

aRaianis velze dabanakda. yarCixa-xani Sahis saidumlo davalebis

Sesrulebas Seudga: muxrans moiwvia kaxeTis didebulebi da maTi

amowyveta ganizraxa. gegma aseTi iyo: kaxelebi iaraRSi Casxmuli unda

gamocxadebuliyvnen, viTomda sparseTis momaval laSqrobebSi

monawileobisaTvis. Tu sad igegmeboda laSqroba, maT jer ar icodnen.

yarCixa-xanTan gamocxadebulebma gaiges, rom es samxedro mzadeba

imereTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. yarCixa-xanma moulodnelad

gamoucxada laSqars, rom aRar sWirdeboda kaxelebi, radgan ar endoboda

maT, rogorc qristianebsa da qarTvelebs. gamocxadebisaTvis madlobas

uxdida da saCuqarsac gadascemda, oRond iaraRi unda aeyaraT da

xanisTvis CaebarebinaT. saCuqari ki iqve, moSorebiT mdgar karavSi,

saTiTaod gadaecemodaT. kaxelebma iaraRi aiyares da saCuqrebisaTvis

karavs mimarTes. aq maT saTiTaod kveTdnen Tavebs. eseni iyvnen adamianebi,

romlebic sparseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul moZraobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen

Cabmulni da Tu momavalSi didi ajanyeba ifeTqebda, ra Tqma unda, isini

am ajanebis sulisCamdgmelni iqnebodnen. Sahis saSineli politikiT

15

ukmayofilo da gamwarebul qarTvelebs ase uxdidnen samagieros:

motyuebiT, TvalTmaqcobiT asalmebdnen sicocxles. ramdenime xnis

Semdeg, karvis SesasvlelTan qsovili qarma aafriala da Zirs dayrili

gvamebi dainaxes rigSi Camdgarma kaxelebma. maSin mixvdnen, ratom

ayovnebdnen isini gamosvlas da sinamdvileSi ra xdeboda karavSi. maT

Tavs uSveles, gza gaikafes da kaxeTs miaSures. erTi versia aseTia.

meore ki, _ kaxelebi saerTod ar gamocxaddnen, radgan saakaZem winaswar

gaafrTxila. SesaZloa, orive versia swori iyos, saakaZem gaafrTxila

kaxelebi, magram yvelam ar daujera, nawili mainc gamocxadda, simarTle

Semdeg gaiges. iranelTa sardalic mixvda, rom am saqmeSi giorgi saakaZis

xeli eria. saakaZe garegnulad arafers imCnevda, is marTlac awarmoebda

saidumlo muSaobas sparselTa zurgs ukan, Tanac Sahs erTgulad

aCvenebda Tavs. sparseTSi darCenilma misma erTgulma emisrebma gaagebines,

rom Sahi specialur werils ugzavnida yarCixa-xans, romliTac sagangebo

davalebas aZlevda saqarTveloSi myof jars. saakaZe gafacicebiT

adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs da Sahis Sikriks sulmouTqmelad eloda.

werili SikrikisaTvis ise unda waerTmiaT, rom yarCixa-xanamde giorgisa

da mis xalxs Cavardnoda xelT, raTa saqarTvelos bedi, ufro sworad,

yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, qarTvelebs gadaewyvitaT da ara sparselebs.

yizilbaSebis mTavari jari martyofSi idga. aq iyo giorgi saakaZec.

ver isvenebda sardali. win gaurkveveli da metad saSiSi procesebi

ilandeboda. sparseTSi datovebuli mZevlebi, saqarTvloSi Sahis

arnaxuli angariSsworebis molodini. axla gamoCndeboda vin iyo igi:

namdvili moRalate, Tu qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli sardali, romelsac

Svilis, dis, Tavisi sicocxle unda gaewira.

erT dResac, loWinis xevSi sanadirod marto gasuli saakaZe, iqneb,

am fiqris morevSi trialebda da nadirobisaTvis sulac ar scxeloda.

saakaZem icoda, yarCixa-xani Sahis brZanebas rom eloda. iqidan wamosuli

macne loWinis xevs gamoivlida, amitom mouxSira iq nadiroba.

sparselebs ar ukvirdaT nadirobaze Seyvarebuli qarTveli sardlis

xSiri gasvla. am dros kaci dainaxa. mxedari sparseli iyo, anda,

sparseTidan modioda. icnes kidec erTmaneTi, Sahis sasaxlis karze

enaxaT. saakaZem TavisTan moixmo, magram kacma cxens maTraxi hkra da

gaqceva daapira. saakaZe aman daaeWva, gaekida, mxedari Seipyro da

gaCxrika. Sahis Sikriki aRmoCnda. SaTirs (Sahis macnes) werilic unaxa,

waikiTxa da gaognda. SaTirs iqve moaWra Tavi da damarxa. cxadi iyo:

movlenebs veRaraferi Seakavebda. Sahi yarCixa-xans kaxeTis amowyvetasa

da qarTlis ayras ubrZanebda, saakaZis moWril Tavsac sTxovda.

ajanyeba manam unda dawyebuliyo, sanam yizilbaSebi da maTi

sardali Sahis brZanebas miiRebdnen an vinme gaafrTxilebdaT Seqmnili

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amitom banakSi dabrunebulma saakaZem ar gaamJRavna

16

Tavisi grZnobebi, araferi SeimCnia da ise mkacrad dauwyo darigeba

yarCixa-xans, TiTqos saqarTvelos dasja, qarTvelebis amowyveta mas

aranakleb swyuroda da eCqareboda, vidre yizilbaS xanebs.

mrCeveli iyo saakaZe yarCixa-xanisa da urCia: Seni jarebi kaxeTis

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi dagzavne, rom ajanyebis safrxe aviciloTo. daijera

xanma da gagzavna. amiT Tavisi Zalebi daqsaqsa da saakaZes dasaxuli

amocanis SesrulebaSi daexmara.

mouravma meore rCevac misca, aranakleb momgebiani TavisTvis:

qarTlis Tavadebi Sekribe da Sahis brZanebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb

moelaparakeo, qarTlis mosaxleoba moamzadon asayrelad da sparseTSi

gadasasaxleblado. yarCixa-xanma esec gaakeTa. samagierod, saakaZem erTad

Sekrebil qarTvel Tavadebs saidumlod gaando Sahis namdvili ganzraxva

da SikrikisTvis warTmeuli werili waakiTxa. am saidumlo TaTbirze

moxvedrilma Tavadebma sabolood iwames misi, radgan TvalnaTliv

ixiles Sahis saSineli ganzraxva da saakaZis gulwrfeloba. amave

TaTbirze Sedga ajanyebis gegma. mters ver unda egrZno saakaZis Ralati,

amitom, dromde darCeboda sparselTa banakSi giorgi saakaZe, mas niSans

miscemdnen is Tavadebi, romlebic jars Sekrebdnen da daniSnul dros

daTqmul adgilze movidodnen. saakaZe banakis SigniT imoqmedebda da ise

daexmareboda qarTvelebs. SeTqmulebma erTgulebis fici dades, winaswar

gaatares zogi iseTi RonisZieba, rac gauadvilebdaT moqmedebas.

magaliTad, CamoiSores anduyafar amilaxvari, romelsac ver endobodnen,

radgan gamahmadianebulic iyo da coladac Sahis naTesavi _ yorCibaSis

asuli hyavda, simon mefis colisda. anduyafari safurclis WalaSi

Seipyres, colSvilianad Tergis xeobaSi waiyvanes da arSis cixeSi

gamoamwyvdies.

sparselTa banakSi giorgi saakaZesTan erTad, sxva qarTvelebic

imyofebodnen: giorgis vaJi _ avTandili, Tavadebi _ elia diasamiZe da

paata xerxeuliZe, saakaZis ganuyreli msaxuri papuna vaSayaSvili. yvela

eseni ubadlo meomrebi da Seudareblad mamaci adamianebi iyvnen. saakaZes

isinic daexmarebodnen banakSi dawyebul brZolaSi. muxranidan sparseTis

jarma adgili moinacvla da martyofis velze dabanakda. sword aq moxda

brZola 1625 wlis 25 marts (axali stiliT 7 aprils), xareba dRes.

martyofis brZola saqarTvelos istoriis gamorCeul movlenad iqca.

im RamiT yarCixa-xani mTavarsardlis banakSi isvenebda, misi vaJi _

imamverdi begic masTan iyo. martyofis veli mdumarebas moecva.

sparselTa banakSi myof 30 aTas yizilbaS meomars mSvidad eZina. banakSi

sul xuTi qarTveli iyo da maT gareTac aravin uSvebda, radgan saakaZes

ver endobodnen da garedan ufro did safrTxes igrZnobdnen, Tuki is

Tavisuflad imoZravebda mis qveyanaSi, vidre banakSi _ 30 aTasi

yizilbaSis gverdiT. samagierod, banaks gareT saakaZis colisZma, zurab

17

erisTavi daTareSobda, omSi iwvevda xalxs, qarTul laSqars krebda,

martyofis velze yizilbaSTa sisxlis dasanTxevad. albaT, saerTo

simSvideSi mxolod qarTvelebi ver daiZinebdnen, radgan maT icodnen, ra

mohyveboda ganTiads, maTi gulebi gamalebiT cemda yizilbaSebTan

samkvdro-sasicocxlo Sebmis Jams. ubralo misia xom ar hqondaT: am

xuTeuls _ giorgi saakaZes, avTandils, paata xerxeuliZes, elia

diasamiZes da papuna vaSayaSvils; Signidan una emoqmedaT da maTze

gadatydeboda omis dasawyisSi aelvebuli maxvili. an gaimarjvebdnen, an

_ vera. isini mzad iyvnen samkvdro-sasicocxlo SebmisaTvis. Relavdnen

da elodnen ciskars, romelsac sisxlis wvima unda mohyoloda.

ciskaric dadga.

gamayruebelma xmam, jaris yiJinam da iaraRis Cxarunma SeZra

myudroebaSi CaZiruli martyofis veli. es qarTvelTa jari moadga

yizilbaSTa banaks zurab erisTavis sardlobiT. dabneuli sparselebi

wamoxtnen da SeSinebuli kiTxulobdnen, ra moxda. yarCixa-xanic

gamoiWra karvidan da sardlebi ixmo. yvelani mividnen, maT Soris

saakaZec. Tormeti xani saxeldaxelod gamzadebuliyo sabrZolvelad.

gakvirvebuli Sescqerodnen da brZanebas elodnen yarCixa-xanisagan Sahis

erTguli xanebi: mohamed yuli-xani, ziad-oRli da sxvani. yarCixa-xani

instinqturad xvdeboda simarTles da giorgi saakaZes Sehyvira, Cqara

CamobrZandi cxenidan da Tqvi, ra xdebao. saakaZem ufro mSvdad uTxra: me

ki ara, Senc cxenze Sejeqi da jars mixede, mgoni Teimurazi modis

Tavisi jariTo. cxens moaxta yarCixa-xani, magram uzangSi erTi fexi rom

gahyo, meore aRar dascalda, saakaZem Subi aZgera da cxeni da kaci

erTad mokla. misma vaJma, avTandilma yarCixa-xanis Svili _ imamverdi-

begi gamoasalma sicocxles. saakaZis mxleblebma, simciris miuxedavad,

umeTaurod darCenil, dabneul da SeSinebul sparsTa jars musri

gaavles. sparsi mTavarsardlebic xmliT TavgaCexilebi dacvivdnen Zirs.

pirveli Setevis gmirebi swored saakaZis mxlebeli oTxeuli iyo.

saakaZem iusuf-xansac gaagdebina Tavi. ramdenime wuTSi sparselTa urdos

aRarc erTi sardali aRar hyavda cocxali, qarTvelebi uwyalod

Jletdnen momxdurT. yvelafrisaTvis iZiebdnen Surs, rac odiTgan

datexoda Tavs Cvens qveyanas mazdeanuri Tu mahmadianuri sparseTisagan.

mTeli dRe misdevdnen qarTveli meomrebi gaqceul mters da xocavdnen.

mustafa naimas cnobiT, sparselTa 30-aTasiani jaridan, mxolod

sami aTasma yizilbaSma uSvela Tavs gaqceviT, danarCenebi qarTvelebma

akuwes. maT mtris didZali iaraRi da qoneba Caigdes xelSi.

saakaZem sulis moTqmis saSualeba ar misca sparselebs. qarTvelebi

araCeulebriv simamaces iCendnen, Surs iZiebdnen mtrebze didi xnis

uRlisa da wamebisaTvis. saakaZes omis win TeimurazTanac hqonda kavSiri

dmyarebuli, kaxelebi mefis gareSe SeuerTdnen mas, mefe ki, dasavleT

18

saarTveloSi iyo, gonios cixeSi. ufro sworad, osmaleTSi. axla

erTiani saqarTvelos Zlieri suli da marjvena musravda mters.

martyofi sulierad da fizikurad Sekruli, RvTiuri ZaliT aRzevebuli

qarTvelebis gamarjvebis dResaswaulad iqca.

saakaZem sparselebisagan qarTvelTa sruli gaTavisuflebis gegma

Seadgina (Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom mis droSic da axlac, bevri

piqrobs, rom saakaZis mTavari mamoZravebeli, piraduli motivebi iyo). is

sparseTis batonobas da simon xanis mefobas miuReblad acxadebda.

xalxic, martyofis gamarjvebiT aRfrTovanebuli, mis azrs misdevda da

eTanxmeboda. mouravma colisZma, zurab erisTavi kaxeTSi gagzavna,

feiqar-xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; TviTon Tbilisisaken gaemarTa,

sadac simon mefe da misi mcveli sparselTa laSqari idga, swrafad

daikava dedaqalaqi da mis cixes alya Semoartya. simon mefe jer

aRjayalas, Semdeg ki SahTan gaiqca. saakaZeE kaxeTisken daiZra, raTa iq

myof zurab aragvis erisTavs SeerTeboda. saakaZem da qarTulma jarma

kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli Turqmanebi amowyvita, aiRes feiqar-xanis yofili

rezidencia _ xornabujis cixe. damarcxebulma xanma kaxeTidan ojaxianad

gaqceva da Tavis gadarCena SeZlo. giorgi saakaZem da zurab erisTavma

feiqar-xans bardavamde misdies, ganja-yarabaRi aiRes da didi nadavliT

dabrundnen.

feiqar-xans, rodesac kaxeTis dasarbevad gzavnida, Sah-abasma Tavisi

`coli~ SerTo _ luarsab II-is da lela-TinaTini, romelic Zmis gamo

dasaja ase. 1622 wels, rodesac luarsabi astrabadis cixeSi TokiT

moaxrCves, arc qarTlis xseneba undoda Sah-abass da arc luarsabis

romelime mokeTisa. colic ganuteva da koWl, maxinj, kaxeTis

asaoxreblad gamogzavnil feiqar-xans gamoatana. qalisTvis es sasjeli

ufro Zneli iyo, vidre Cveulebrivi damcireba. mas sakuTari samSoblos

damaqcevarisaTvis colobac unda gaewia da megzurobac, kaxeTis

dedofali ki misi da, Teimurazis meuRle, xoreSani iyo. mefis ojaxs

pirvel rigSi eloda awiokeba da mrisxane samsjavro. saakaZes surda

daexsna lela da colisZmisTvis mieca, radgan misi meuRle sparseTSi

Sahma daitova da martyofis Semdeg misi dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo.

yizilbaSma gaaswro zurab erisTavs, romelic ukan misdevda. sanam igi

dabrundeboda, saakaZem mtkvarze feiqar-xanisagan datovebuli

yizilbaSebi daatyveva `mravali qonebiT, iaraR-mowyobilobiT, uricxvi

msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonliT~. qarTvelebi Semobrundnen da isev

xornabujs miaSures. cixidan gamovida sparseli cixisTavi, iaraRayrili,

gamoitana 50 sapalne abreSumi da, mraval simdidresTan erTad miarTva

gamarjvebul qarTvelebs.

mTeli kaxeTi saakaZis xelSi moeqca. qarTl-kaxeTi sruliad

gaiwminda yizilbaSTa jarisgan.

19

saakaZem samcxeSic gagzavna laSqari, raTa axalcixe yizilbaSTa

xelidan gamoeglija. gonios cixeSi, am dros osmaleTs rom ekuTvnoda,

Teimuraz mefe ruseTs wasasvlelad emzadeboda. sulTnis daxmareba rom

ver miiRo, axla ruseTisgan eloda Svelas. am dros mouvida saakaZis

macne: mouravi gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze dajdomas

sTavazobda. es didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo: qarTvel patriotTa

ocnebas saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Taobaze, frTebi esxmeboda, Tumca es

mxolod dasawyisi iqneboda am didi saqmisa.

gamarjvebuli sardali, faqtiurad, eris winamZRvrad iqca, magram

Wkvianma meomarma isic icoda, rom is ver iqneboda qarTl-kaxeTis

samefoTa legitimuri meTauri, taxti saqrTvelos yvela samefoSi

mxolod bagrationebs epyraT saukuneebis manZilze da es wesi

xelSeuxebeli iyo; amitom gagzavna Sikriki gonios cixeSi da ruseTSi

wasasvlelad samzadisSi myof Teimurazs kuTvnili taxtis dakaveba

SeuTvala. gaxarebulma Teimurazma samzadisi saswrafod qarTl-kaxeTSi

gamosamgzavreblad daiwyo. am dros amoqmeddnen moeneebi. saakaZis irgliv

arsebuli eWvebi martyofis omma gafanta, magram xalxi, vinc mis mimarT

undoblobas iCenda, bolomde mainc ver endoboda. maT Teimurazs

urCies, gadaedo ganzraxva, kvlav ruseTSi gamgzavrebuliyo, radgan

qarTl-kaxeTSi dabrunebiTa da saakaZis SeTavazebis miRebiT Tavs

daiRupavda. saakaZe ver Seegueboda mis gamefebas, radgan Tavad hqonda

mefobis ambicia, ubralod, misi Tavidan moSoreba surda, rogorc

kanonieri taxtis mflobelisa da es mowvevac imitom Caefiqrebina, rom

Teimurazis mokvla, misi samudamod CamoSoreba da taxtis dakaveba

surda.

Teimurazi jer dafiqrda, Semdeg ki, samSobloSi dabruneba arCia

da movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas daeloda. erTi sityviT, Tavi beds

miando da didi xnis unaxavi kaxeTisaken gaemarTa. saqarTvelos gulSi ki

kvlav brZolebi mimdinareobda. saakaZe Tbilisis mTavar cixes utevda,

sadac yizilbaSTa jari jer kidev idga. gaWirda am cixis mcvelTa

damarcxeba, radgan cixe saimedod iyo gamagrebuli. qarTvelma meomrebma

Taboris mTidan Tofebis sroliT da SeteviT aiRes e. w. `dabali cixe~,

nariyala ki kvlav magrad idga. giorgi saakaZem brZaneba gasca, rom

nariyalas wylis miwodeba Sewyvetoda. marTlac, kldeze gadmosuli

wyalsadinari Rarebi aSales da cixes wyali Seuwyda. qarTvelebi da

maTi sardali dRe-dReze cixis dacemas varaudobdnen, magram Ralatma

aqac iCina Tavi. gorelma vaWarma giorgi gorgijanaSvilma da Tbiliselma

moqalaqem _ garsia WanoaSvilma uRalates qarTvelebs; isini

megobrobdnen yizilbaS cixisTavs. ra Tqma unda, es megobroba

moRalateebs TavianTi gamdidrebis wyarod miaCndaT. amitom, wylis

Rarebi Cumad aRadgines da cixes wyali misces. saakaZis meomrebi cixis

20

irgvliv teritorias mudmivad aTvalierebdnen. rodesac gawyobili

Rarebi naxes, gakvirvebulebma mouravs moaxsenes. is mixvda, saqme

RalatTan hqonda. maSinve gamoiZia da simarTlec gaigo. moRalateTa

vinaobis dadgenisTanave, isini TavisTan ixmo. saakaZis brZanebiT,

WanoaSvils Tavi mokveTes, gorgijanaSvili ki Zelze gasves da qalaqis

quCebSi Camoatares.

saakaZis gamoZiebiT gairkva, rom garsia WanoaSvili yizilbaSTa

cixisTavis urTgulesi mokavSire iyo. isini SeTanxmebulni iyvnen, rom

mas TbilisSi momxdari yvela ambavi Seetyobinebina cixis ufrosisaTvis,

rasac garsia metad moxerxebulad da originalurad akeTebda: Tu

yizilbaSebisaTvis kargi ambebi xdeboda, WanoaSvili wiTlad

gamoewyoboda da ise daenaxveboda nariyaladan gadmomdgar

moTvalTvaleebs, Tu sparselebs raime safrTxe emuqrebodaT, Savebs

Caicvamda da amiT gaafrTxilebda. am gafrTxilebebis gamo, WanoaSvili

Ralats Seewira, gorgijanaSvili ki gadarCa. is quTaTelma episkoposma

ixsna; man giorgi saakaZes sTxova misi sicocxle, saakaZemac Seiwynara

quTaTelis Txovna, radgan SurisZiebaze metad, amjerad, ufro didi

politikuri mizani amoqmedebda.

male Teimuraz mefec moadga qarTls. saakaZe, qarTvel

didebulebTan erTad, mas mcxeTaSi miegeba. sparseTis siZulvili da

boRma mtris mimarT orive qarTvels _ mefesa da sardals _ zomaze

metad dagrovebodaT: erTs deda da sayvareli vaJebi moukla Sahma,

meores _ Svili. martyofis omisa da qarTvelebis ajanyebis ambavi

SahisaTvis SemaZrwunebeli Seiqna da saswrafod iZia Suri mZevlebze.

paata saakaZis moWrili Tavi mamas gamougzavna, raTa amiT mainc daetanja

moRalate gurji sardali. giorgi saakaZe, albaT, eloda aseT

dasasruls, sxva gagrZeleba SahTan mis urTierTobas ar mohyveboda,

magram gamwarda. didi Zalisxmeva gaswia, raTa Svilis sxeuli

moeZebninebina da daemarxa. manamde ki erTawmindaSi, saakaZeebis

sagvareulo samarxs miabares paatas mokveTili Tavi. male Tbiliselma

vaWrebma, evropeli misionerebis daxmarebiT, ipoves da wamoasvenes paatas

gvami sparseTidan saqarTveloSi da isic erTawmindis monasterSi

dakrZales.

pirad tkivilebs, ori qarTvelisaTvis, samSoblos gamo didi

wuxili da momavliT SeSfoTeba emateboda. Sahi maT ar apatiebda

martyofis epopeas, arc saqarTvelos daTmobda ase advilad, amitom

mxolod cudisa da saSinelis molodinSi unda yofiliyvnen. gana es

molodini ucxo iyo qarTvelebisaTvis? magram axla sul sxva iyo,

TiTqos TvalnaTliv moCanda mTidan daqanebuli vulkanis amonafrqvevi,

qarTl-kaxeTs rom unda mosdeboda cecxlian lavad. da mainc,

imdRevandeli gamarjvebiT datkbnen qarTvelebi, is izeimes sveticxovlis

21

didebul taZarSi, razec ukve didi xania ocnebobdnen: aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos gaerTianeba. es ki Teimurazis mefed kurTxevis

ceremonialiT dagvirgvinda. manamde igi kaxeTis mefed iyo nakurTxi.

amjerad, qarTl-kaxeTis mefed kurTxeva im ambionTan moxda, sadac

samefo gvirgvins gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi idgamdnen da sadac

ganisvenebda bevri qarTveli monarqi, dawyebuli vaxtang gorgaslidan.

zeimobda qarTveli xalxi, romelsac uyvars zeimi da icis

sixaruliT ataceba, SeuZlia Wiris daviwyeba da mTlianad Tavmicema

dResaswaulisaTvis. man droebiT daiviwya sparseTis mrisxane Sahi, magram

Sahs ar daviwyebia saqarTvelo. igi gamalebuli emzadeboda

SurissaZieblad da am qveynis srulad gasacamtvereblad.

martyofze ufro didi marcxi Sah-abass ar axsovda, saakaZeze da

Teimurazze didi mteri aRar eguleboda, saqarTveloze saZulveli

qveyana da qarTvelebze moRalate xalxi veRar warmoedgina. arada,

manamde qarTvelebic uyvarda TiTqos, pativs scemda undilaZeebs _ mamasa

da Svilebs, qarTvel xanebs, Tavisi piradi gvardiis meTaurobas _

yulaRasarobasa da ispahanis taruRobas* mxolod maT andobda. axla

saqarTvelos siZulvili da SursZiebis grZnoba marTavda mxolod da

brZana: didi jari daZruliyo saqarTvelos asaoxreblad da am jars

saTaveSi misi uerTgulesi adamiani, siZe, cxenosani razmis ufrosi isa-

xan yorCibaSi Cadgomoda.

emzadeboda saakaZe da qarTl-kaxeTis laSqaric. axla mTavari

simSvidisa da erTianobis SenarCuneba iyo. qarTvelebis yvelaze didi

mteri, SeuTanxmebloba, saerTo enis gamounaxveloba iyo. pativmoyvare

aragvis erisTavma, saakaZis rCeviT, Teimuraz mefes sTxova asuli.

Teimurazi xmas ar iRebda, magram avobda dedofali xoreSani, luarsab

mefis da. giorgi saakaZisa da misi colisZmis rols ra daaviwyebda

qarTlis samefo taxtis damxobaSi. yovelSemTxvevaSi, qals veravin

daajerebda, rom misi Zmis sikvdili da qarTlis daqceva saakaZis da

zurab erisTavis kiserze ar ido. bolos mainc daiTanxmes.

marto qarTl-kaxeTis Zalebi iqneb verc moreodnen gaavebuli Sahis

gamogzavnil uzarmazar laSqars. amitom, qarTvelebma osmaleTis

momxrobac scades. martyofis gamarjvebis Semdeg saakaZem specialuri

Sikriki gagzavna TurqeTSi, xonTqars saCuqrebi gaugzavna da yizilbaSTa

mokveTili Tavebic miayola. xonTqars qarTvelebma Sah-abasis winaaRmdeg

laSqroba SesTavazes, saamisod dapirebasac iZleodnen: mTel Zalebs

gamoiyvandnen da osmalebTan erTad yizilbaSebs amowyvetdnen, Semdeg

sparseTSi SeiWrebodnen da Sahis Zlier xelisuflebas daamxobdnen.

osmaleTs samudamod CamoaSorebdnen did metoqes.

mazandaranSi mdgari Sah-abasi cecxls afrqvevda. iranis samxedro

Zliereba, romelic am dros zenitSi iyo, qarTvelebis xeliT ecemoda. am

22

periodis Turqi istorikosi _ ibrahim FfeCevi Seulamazeblad arqmevda

saxels martyofis velze sparselTa gancdil marcxs: `ormoci wlis

manZilze aseTi didi zarali Sahs jer ar mosvlia~,-o werda igi. es

ormoci weli ki marTlac saocari iyo sparseTis istoriaSi. Sah-abasma

sparsuli mxedrobis saxeli Sors gastyorcna da ise aaRorZina es

imJamad dacemuli qveyana, rom saSiS dampyroblad aqcia. misi eSinodaT

araTu axlo mezoblebs, aramed Soreulebsac, radgan, sadac Sevidoda,

yvelafers musrs avlebda da nacartutas tovebda. ai, aseTi qveyana da

misi Zlevamosili jariskacebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma da Tanac rogor,

msgavsi marcxi pirvelad ganacdevines!.. es iyo martyofis dideba

qarTvelebisaTvis, vaeba _ sparselebisaTvis. qarTvelobam uRalata Sahs,

mereda ra dros! rodesac abasi osmalebs ebrZoda. rac taxtze avida,

iqidan mokidebuli, Searyia osmaluri imperia, dasca misi dideba, waarTva

miwebi da saxeli, axla ki saqarTvelom gatexa, osmalebs gaukeTa saqme

iranelTa daxocviT. is ki arada, qarTvelebi osmalebTan amyarebdnen

kavSirs, osmalebs hpirdebodnen im sparseTis damarcxebas, visi nawilic,

Sahis rwmeniT, es qveyana _ qarTl-kaxeTi iyo.

ibrahim feCevi TurqebTan giorgi saakaZis mier wargzavnili

elCobis detalebsac gadmoscems Tavis TxzulebaSi. misgan vgebulobT,

rom osmaleTis didi veziri da aRmosavleTis jarebis serasqeri* hafiz-

faSa am dros, anu 1625 wlis zafxulSi diarbeqirSi* idga da baRdadze

gasalaSqreblad emzadeboda. giorgi saakaZem masTan mosalaparakeblad

wargzavnil delegacias Tavisi vaJi _ ioram saakaZe Cauyena saTaveSi.

elCobam osmalebs miarTva saCuqrebi da saakaZis werili, sadac qarTveli

sardali ityobineboda martyofis gamarjvebis Sesaxeb, nanatri drois

dadgomaze, rodesac osmalebs sparselTa javris amoyra SeeZloT, Tuki

qaTvelebTan erTad SeebrZolebodnen maT. saakaZe winadadebas iZleoda _

yoymanisa da dayovnebis gareSe, osmalTa jari daZruliyo ganja-yarabaRsa

da Sirvanisaken. misvlisTanave, es qveynebi uomrad daemorCilebodaT, ris

Semdegac, sul iolad moaxerxebdnen ardebilisa* da meShedis* aRebas da

yizilbaSTa mTeli qveynis simdidres Caigdebdnen xelSi. hafiz-faSam

saakaZis SemonaTvali ver gaiazra da gadamWreli pasuxic ver gasca.

istorikosi ibrahim feCevi mrCevlad axlda hafiz-faSas, urCia kidec _

daTanxmeboda giorgi saakaZis winadadebas, aseTi SemTxveva xelSi

aRarasodes Cagvivardebao, daujere saakaZes da jariT azerbaijanisken

gailaSqreo.

hafiz-faSa xonTqris morCili iyo, uTxra mrCevels: Cvenma didma

fadiSahma (ase uwodebdnen osmalebi TavianT xonTqars), Cven baRdadze

galaSqreba gvibrZana da ara Sirvansa da saqarTvelozeo. rac meti

arwmuna mrCevelma faSa, miT metad SeewinaaRmdega igi: TuU winaswar ara

var gamarjvebaSi darwmunebuli, ise verafer saqmes ver wamoviwyebo.

23

baRdads rom CaxvalT, gana darwmunebuli xarT, rom gaimarjvebT, omSi

sardali xmalsa da alahs unda miendos da ara winaswar akviatebul

azrebso, _ kvlav urCia mrCevelma. mTavarsardali mainc ar daeTanxma da

ibrahim feCevma ianiCarTa* meTaurs _ xusrev-aRas mimarTa TxovniT, iqneb

Sen gamoexmauro qaTvel sardals da Sirvanisken ilaSqroo. Man gaikvirva

hafiz-faSas mrCevlisa da istorikosis rCeva da gadaWriT uTxra: Cven

mTavarsardlis xelqveiTebi varT da rasac is gvibrZanebs, im davalebas

avasrulebTo.

Sah-abasma swrafad auRo alRo Seqmnil mdgomareobas, uzarmazari

jari Seyara da siZe _ isa-xan yorCibaSi Cauyena saTaveSi. Sirvanis xans,

adarbadaganisa da erevnis beglar-begebs ubrZana, Tavis jarebiT, isa-xans

gahyolodnen. isa-xanis TanaSemwe sardlebad Sahma daniSna Sirvanis

beglar-begi yazax-xan-Cerqezi, erevnis beglar-begi P_ amirgune-xani,

azerbaijanis beglar-begi _ Sahbende-xani da xosro-mirza daviTis Ze,

qarTveli bagrationi batoniSvili, ispahanis taruRa, giorgi saakaZis

gamozrdili da misi wyalobiT aRzevebuli Sahis karze. Sahi did

SurisZiebas amzadebda, qarTl-kaxeTs saSineli bedi eloda, axla ki

namdvilad amowydeboda qarTveloba, es teritoria sparsuli tomebis

sacxovrisad iqceoda. Tuki saSualebas miscemdnen, Sah-abasis jarebi

qarTvelobis saxsenebels amoagdebdnen, giorgi saakaZec sagangebod

daisjeboda. Aamitom, qarTveli sardali guldagul emzadeboda, atarebda

mravalgvar samxedro Tu administraciul RonisZiebas qveynis Tavdacvis

gasaZliereblad. zurab erisTavis qorwinebac, kaxeTis mefis, Teimurazis

asulze, qarTl-kaxeTis erTianobis gansamtkiceblad, Sinagani

gamTlianebisa da saSiSi mtris winaaRmdeg saerTo ZaliT

dapirispirebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli.

sparselebis Semosvlas qarTvelebi DdRe-dReze elodnen.

SurisZiebisaTvis Sahs drois dakargva ar uyvarda. qarTvelebic

emzadebodnen, 20 aTasiani jari Sekribes da kojor-tabaxmelas

midamoebSi dabanakdnen. Mtris Semosvlas aqedan elodnen. sparselTa 50

aTasiani jari marTlac male gamoCnda da qvemo veli daikava. ratomRac,

sparslebi ieriSis dawyebas ar Cqarobdnen.

Dda ai, marabdis cnobili brZolis wina periodi, qarTvel-

sparselTa omis preludia. Orive mxare sakuTar beds wyvetda, momavali

SerkinebisTvis emzadeboda. qarTvelma mxedarTmTavrebma samxedro TaTbiri

moiwvies, unda gadawyvetiliyo samxedro strategia da taqtika,

sparselTa grandiozul laSqarTan dapirispirebis detalebi. Cxadi iyo

brZolis siZnele, 20 aTasi _ 50 aTasis winaaRmdeg. SurisZiebiT

anTebulni, kargad gawvrTnilni, arcTu qarTvelebze naklebi

TavganwirviT mebrZoli sparselebi ra did safrTxes umzadebdnen

ornaxevarjer mcire, magram sakuTari qveynis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol

24

qarTvelobas!.. TaTbirs eswrebodnen: mefe Teimurazi, giorgi saakaZe,

zurab aragvis erisTavi, misi Zma _ daviT erisTavi, mowinave sadroSos,

qvemo qarTlis sardali _ baraTa baraTaSvili, giorgi saakaZis siZeebi:

iase qsnis erisTavi da Teimuraz muxran-batoni, am ukanasknelis Zma _

qaixosro muxran-batoni, aRaTang xerxeuliZe, baadur ciciSvili, kaxeTis

saxelovani gmiri _ daviT jandieri, manuCar aTabagi; sasuliero pirebi:

mroveli, alaverdeli, rusTveli, xarWaSneli. TaTbiri didxans

gagrZelda. TiTqmis yvela damswrem gamoTqva azri, wamoayena sakuTari

Tvalsazrisi, daisaxa miznebi da amocanebi momavali brZolis

warmatebisaTvis, iyo imedebic da gamoiTqva eWvebic. Uupirvelesi

yuradReba mainc saakaZis sityvas eTmoboda, radgan igi iyo gamocdili da

niWieri sardali, Sah-abasisa da misi jaris TvisebebSi kargad garkveuli,

qarTuli laSqris suli da guli. Mman Tqva: kargad vicnob Sah-abass,

vici, rasac warmoadgens misTvis saqarTvelo, yvelafers gaakeTebs mis

xelaxla dasaCoqeblad, did jars gamogzavnis, davelodoT, sanam mteri

TviTon ar gadmova Setevazeo.

ivnisis Tve iyo, didi papanaqeba idga, Tbilisi da misi Semogareni,

qarTli da kaxeTi, TiTqos, iwvoda. gansakuTrebuli sicxe qvemo qarTlSi

icis. maSinac ase iyo. swored amis gamo wamoayena saakaZem winadadeba,

marabdis veli dablaa, tafobSi, iq sicxe kidev ufro Zneli asatania,

qarTvelebs aseT pirobebSi brZola gagviWirdeba, yizilbaSebi ki sicxes

da papanaqebas SeCveulni arian, amitom brZolis velad nu avirCevT

marabdas, mters kojor-tabaxmelas viwroebSi SevebaT, iranelebs uWirT

aseT adgilebSi omi, ar miecemaT mTeli Zalebis gaSlisa da gamoyenebis

saSualeba. Cven jars mTebsa da xevebSi omi ar uWirs, amitom acileblad

vZlevT da gavimarjvebTo. giorgi saakaZes gansakuTrebiT qveiTi jaris

bedi adardebda. marabdis sicxian velze am jars gauWirdeboda

cxenosnebTan Serkineba, isini SesaZloa mTlianad amoxociliyvnen

yizilbaS cxenosnebTan brZolaSi. Aamitom saakaZe mtkiced iTxovda

kojor-tabaxmelaSi darCenas da brZolis aq gamarTvas.

saakaZes mxolod zogierTma moTaTbirem dauWira mxari. baadur

ciciSvilma maSinve Tanxmoba ganacxada, qveiTi jari, romelic

glexobisagan Sedgeba, srulad amogviwydeba da saqarTvelo uglexkacod

rogorRa iqnebao.

samwuxarod, giorgi saakaZisa da baadur ciciSvilis azrs meti

mxardamWeri ar aRmoaCnda. Yyvela danarCenma dauyovnebliv Setevaze

gadasvla moiTxova. sparselebi marabdis velze iyvnen dabanakebulni,

qarTvelebic kojor-tabaxmeladan iqiT unda wasuliyvnen. Tu Seteva male

ar daiwyeboda da lodinis taqtikas airCevdnen, jari daiSleboda da

saxlebSi wavid-wamovidodnen. simarTle am TvalsazrisSic iyo. damdgar

jars kveba undoda, furaJiT momarageba feodalur jars ar hqonda,

25

jariskacebi Sinidan wamoRebuli sagzliT ikvebebodnen. saWmeli

gamoeleodaT Tu ara, saSinel dReSi Cavardeboda jari.

zurab erisTavs saakaZis azri moewona, magram eWvic gamoTqva, ra

viciT, rom mteri maincdamainc Cvensken wamova, kojor-tabaxmelisken,

iqneb sxva gza airCios, amitom ajobebs, dros nu davkargavT, mters

davaswroT da pirdapir daveceT iq, sadac axla dgaso.

baraTa baraTaSvili gansakuTrebiT Sewuxebuli iyo, mteri mis

mamulSi idga da yvelafers anadgurebda (marabdis veli baraTaSvilebis

kuTvnileba iyo), amitom aCqarebda yvelas, jars nu davSliT, dros nu

vkargavT, xval diliTve daveceT mterso.

muxran-batonebsac brZolis dawyeba eCqarebodaT, laSqris Senaxvis

siZneleze saubrobdnen, Tu dros gavwelavT veRar daviWerT Cvens

mxedrebs da dagvefantebian, amitom Cven TviTon davSliT jars, aviyrebiT

da gageclebiTo.

kaxeli sardlebic mterze miiwevdnen, bevrjer dagvimarcxebia da

axlac davamarcxebTo, _ iqadnidnen, xval diliTve daviwyoT brZola da

sanam dacxebodes, movrCebiT kideco.

qsnis erisTavic saswrafod oms iTxovda.

manuCar aTabagic maT miemxro, _ saakaZisa da ciciSvilis

mowinaaRmdegeebs. misi mtkicebiT, oms yovelTvis igebs is, vinc uecrad

utevs da urtyams, moulodnelad da gabedulad, Tu qarTvelebic ase

moiqceodnen, aucileblad daamarcxebdnen yizilbaSebs. amitom aTabagma

Tqva, xval diliT, uTenia davesxaT mterso.

am adamianebis, qarTveli sardlobis ganwyoba, emTxveoda jaris

saerTo suliskveTebas. isini srulad iyvnen motivirebulni brZolis

dasawyebad, saomari cecxliT anTebulni, Tavs veRar ikavebdnen da

mtrisken miiwevdnen, dauyovnebliv iTxovdnen ieriSze gadasvlas.

samxedro TaTbirma ar moiwona saakaZis gegma. Ggadawyda, rom

brZola meore dRes, dilaadrian, 1625 wlis 1 ivliss dawyebuliyo.

mTavarsardlad ara brZolebSi gamocdil-gamobrZmedili da RvTiuri

niWiT sardlad dbadebuli giorgi saakaZe daadgines, aramed mefe

Teimurazi. Aasecaa: feodalur laSqars yovelTvis mefe sardlobda,

magram Tu es sardali poeti ufro iyo da gverdiT saakaZisnairi didi

mxedarTmTavari hyavda, xom SeiZleboda tradiciisa Tu ambiciis gverdze

gadadeba da movlenebis bunebriv kalapotSi moqceva! Mmagram amas didi

nebisyofa, sakuTar Tavze maRla dadgoma esaWiroeboda. Aamas ki

qarTvelebi iSviaTad axerxebdnen.

jari 30 ivnisis RamiT aiyara kojor-tabaxmelas midamoebidan da

ukun sibneleSi daiZra marabdisaken. mteric gafacicebiT eloda am

moments, qarTuli jaris velze Camotyuebaze ocnebobda. ra icoda, rom

qarTvelebi mtris mier dagebul xafangSi sakuTari nebiT Semohyofdnen

26

Tavs. iranelebi ukeTess ras inatrebdnen. Ra xSirad xdeboda ase

saqarTveloSi, erTmaneTis SuriT, sibriyviT, siZulviliT ise

aivsebodnen, rom qveynis moRalated, TiTqmis mtris mokavSired

gamodiodnen.

Mmarabdis velze iranelebs sangrebi aegoT, zarbaznebi daedgaT,

gamarTuli zarbaznebis ukan oTx rigad daeyenebiaT meTofeebi. meTofeTa

pirveli rigi cal fexze CaCoqiliyo, meore rigi fexze idga, mesame

cxenze iyo amxedrebuli, meoTxe ki aqlemebze mjdomi meTofeebisagan

Sedgeboda. Ees iyo mowinave jari, romlis sardlad amirgune-xani

daniSnes, simamacisaTvis `yviTel jiqad~ monaTluli.

centrs, romelsac yizilbaSTa jaris ZiriTadi birTvi qmnida, TviT

isa-xan yorCibaSi sardlobda. Mmarjvena flangs qarTveli xosro-mirza

edga sardlad, SemdegSi rostom mefe, yizilbaSuri wesiT gamefebuli da

bevri kargi qarTuli saqmis ganmaxorcielebelic, qristian meuRlesTan _

dedofal mariamTan erTad maSenebeli eklesiebisa, gzebisa da xidebisa.

marabdis velze ki sparsuli jaris erTi sardali, qarTuli sisxlis

damRvreli. am jarSive, mtris mxares ibrZoda bevri sxva qarTvelic,

samSoblodan Sors gazrdilebi Tu axlaxan gaqceulebi, iseTebi, rogorc

yaflan baraTaSvili iyo, baraTa baraTaSvilma rom amouwyvita mama-biZebi,

miitaca misi mamulebi. Yaflani sparseTSi gaqceuliyo da axla sparseTis

jars mohyoloda, piradi mtris _ baraTa baraTaSvilis pirispir idga.

piradma mtrobam is samSoblos mtrad aqcia.

memarcxene flangs sardlobda yazax-xan-Cerqezi. jerjerobiT arsad

Canda azerbaijanis beglar-begi Sah-ende-xani da misi mxedroba.

brZolis wina dRes, Teimuraz mefem, qarTuli jaris

mTavarsardalma, mzveravebi gagzavna mtris banakSi _ daviT jandieri da

aRaTang xerxeuliZe, cali Tvali rom dakargvodaT yizilbaSebTan

brZolaSi. jari mxiarulobda mefis amgvar gadawyvetilebaze, raRa

calTvala sardlebi daniSna mtris saTvalTvalodo.

mTeli Rame borgavda saomrad ganwyobili laSqari. Kkargad icoda

jarma, rom es brZola qarTvelebis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxs wyvetda,

amitom misi devizi iyo: gamarjveba an sikvdili. Ggadawyvites ziareba

mieRoT. 20 aTasiani laSqari idga ziarebis rigSi. maT win episkoposi,

mravali mRvdeli da beri damdgariyo, iaraRasxmulni iyvnen

samRvdelonic, radgan mtris simravle da misi Tanafardoba qarTul

jarTan, eklesiis msaxurT imis nebas ar aZlevda, rom dro mSvid

locvaSi gaetarebinaT da omis Sedegebs dalodebodnen. maTac unda aeRoT

iaraRi TanamoZmeTa dasaxmareblad, eris gadasarCenad.

jari mrovelma episkoposma _ domenti avaliSvilma aziara da

daloca, jvriTa da xmliT gadasaxa jvari. Ddaloca saqarTvelos

droSac, romelic aRaTang xerxeuliZis Zmas ebara. is iyo medroSe da

27

gverdiT Svidi vaJkaci edga, isinic misi Zmebi iyvnen. Ddiax, cxra Zma

xerxeuliZe, saqarTvelos gadasarCenad, dedisa da disgan dalocvilebi,

gamxnevebulni: saqarTvelos droSa miwaze ar daeces, Tu medroSe

mokvdes, momdevno Zmam aitacoso, Tu imasac umuxTlos bedma, mere

mesamem da ase manam, sanam ukanaskneli xerxeuliZe daecemodes. amasobaSi,

mteric amowydeba da saqarTvelos droSac ganuxrelad ifrialebs

qarTuli cis qveS. cxra Zma xerxeuliZe saqarTvelos istoris wminda

xatia, Cveni samSoblos wminda taZarSi dabrZanebuli. Aase cxra-cxra,

Svid-Svidi mravalSviliani ojaxebis Rirseuli wevri qarTvelebi

iRupebodnen mterTan brZolaSi, qarTveli eri isev mravldeboda, kvlav

izrdebodnen `algeTs lekvebi mglisani~ da mtris javrs iyridnen.

Tendeboda. Kkojridan dabla, marabdisken eSveboda qaruli jari.

mterma icoda, rom qarTvelebs am diliT unda daewyoT brZola. saidan

da rogor, amas mniSvneloba aRarc aqvs, radgan moeneebic bevri hyavdaT

da aseT did omSi msgavsi movlena gasakviri arc iyo. winaswar gaeTxaraT

sangrebi da jaric daewyoT. sangrebs ukan, miwayrilze zarbaznebi eyenaT.

jari ise ganelagebinaT, rom metad SeenarCunebiaT simtkice, mters

(qarTvelebs) susti rgoli ver epova maTi dacvis sistemaSi.

mefem da mTavarsardalma _ Teimurazma win cxenosnebi daayena, ukan

_ qveiTni. gariJraJze Seebnen qarTvelebi mters. Tofis misawvden

manZilamde frTxilad iares, mere ki farebi aifares, Subebi waigrZeles

da gaWenebuli cxenebiT mters miuxdnen. 12 aTasma Tofma da zarbazanma

iWeqa sparselTa sangrebidan, xSirma srolam da Tofis kvalma yvelaferi

dafara, qarTvelTa Seteva odnav Seaferxa, magram mainc ar Sedrknen

isini, swrafi srboliT SeiWrnen mtris banakSi da Tavzari dasces

sparselTa mewinave jarebs. mZlavri yiJiniT ekveTnen da Subebis

ZgerebiT Seangries sparsi mewinaveni.

brZolis epizodebs xatovnad gadmogvcems sparsi istorikosi _

iskander munSi. Mmisi naambobiT irkveva, rom amirgune-xanis mewinave

razmebma ver gauZles qarTveli cxenosnebis Tavbrudamxvev Setevas da

gatydnen. male xani mZimed daiWra da brZolis velidan gaiyvanes, misi

jari ki gaifanta. `mere qarTvelebi iseTive gaxurebuli xocviT, _

mogviTxrobs sparsi istorikosi, _ meTofeebis razmSi SiWrnen. maTi

dartymebisagan meTofeebis rigebic daingra.~ Semdeg qarTulma jarma

sparsuli jaris centrs Seutia. qarTvelebis simamacisagan

Tavzardacemuli mowinaaRmdegis marjvena da marcxena frTis jarebi

centrs ver mieSvelnen da gaiqcnen. qarTvelebma srulad akafes `yviTeli

jiqis ~ jarebi; amirgune-xanis gazrdili iyo manuCar aTabagi. Aaxla es

samcxeli didebuli qristes rjulsa da qarTvelobas icavda, cxendacxen

miuvarda gamzrdels, Tavgapobili gadmoagdo cxenidan. manuCars mamis

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mklavi gamohyoloda, manuCar-mustafasi, romelic Turqebs ebrZoda da

bevri `samamaconi znenic~ gamoeCina.

`namaqarTamo~, SesZaxa amirgune-xanma, rac niSnavda, armad Cemi

purio, _ ratom mklav, gana Cemi gazrdili ara xaro. cota Sercxva

kidec manuCars, xeli dauSva, yizilbaSebma rom gaitaces daWrili, xeli

ar gaunZrevia, ise acala. Semdeg mainc am Wrilobas Seewira xani.

marabdis veli TiTqos aduRda da gadmoduRda. zrialiT, yiJiniT,

kiviliTa da Cexvis xmebiT aivso. xan alah, ilallah!.. ismoda, xanac _

`qriste da saqarTvelo~. qarTvelebma arnaxuli simamace gamoiCines,

yvela lomgulad qceuliyo, yvela Tavganwirulad ibrZoda, samSoblo da

brZolis bedi sakuTar sicocxleze maRla daeyenebinaT. ibrZodnen

sardlebi, Tavadebi, aznaurebi, glexebi, berebi, saeklesio pirebi.

`CvenTan ars RmerTi, gaumarjos saqarTvelos~. Ees sityvebi odiTgan rom

ismoda da ismis mebrZoli qarTvelis bagidan, yvelaze xSirad gaismoda

marabdis sanaxebSi. Lomis gerbiani sparsuli droSebi zedized ecemodnen

gaxurebul miwaze. Aamayad frialebda xerxeuliZis xeliT aRmarTuli

gorgaslian-daviTian-Tamariani droSa.

giorgi saakaZe, maTalia mTavarsardali ar iyo, magram realurad is

gaxda brZolis suli da guli. Mmuzaradi moixada, raTa mters Cveneboda.

sparseTSi xom misi miTi adamianebs omis qarcecxlis simbolod

evlinebodaT, aSinebdaT da ukan axevinebdaT. Ffsiqologiurad Zlierad

zemoqmedebda qarTvelTa jarSi Camdgari saakaZe, romelic aTwleulebi

idga sparsuli jaris rigebSi da am qveynis mtrebs zaravda. Aaxla es

gmiri, sparseTis gmiri, qarTvelebis moTave da sparsTa mmusvreli

gamxdariyo, gamgelebuli ebrZoda saSiS mters, iq Cndeboda, sadac

yvelaze metad sWirdeboda misianebs, yizilbaSTa gamorCeul razmebs

arCevda, Seutevda da muxlCakecili eSveboda Zirs sparsuli razmi.

mteric mis mokvlas cdilobda. Mmisi TaviT, albaT, Sah-abasis winaSe

yvelaze metad SeiZleboda Tavmowonebac da jildos miRebac. Aamitom

iwevdnen misken, magram mis gaavebul mzeras da gaficxebul brZolas rom

Sexedavdnen, wamsve ixevdnen ukan.

sparsma meomarma esrola Tofi. saakaZe TiTqos gumaniT grZnobda

yvela Semotevas, zurgiT rom mdgariyo, maSinac ki, da elvisuswrafesi

reaqciiT iridebda mtris ganzraxvas. Aaxlac manam igrZno, sanam tyvia

mis sxeulamde moaRwevda, cxeni yalyze Seagdo da maRla atyorcnili

sxeuliT gadarCa tyviisgan, samagierod, cxeni davarda usulod miwaze.

ucxenod darCenil gmirs gverdiT mebrZolma _ lomi Crdilelma

sakuTari dauTmo. wamierad moaxta saakaZe da Tavisi cxenis mkvlels

daedevna, xmliT Camoagdo, moklulis cxeni Crdilels misca.

vefxviviT ibrZoda zurab aragvis erisTavic. brZolaSi daWriliyo,

magram aravis usmina, ar datova saomari veli.

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qarTvelebi, yizilbaSTa centrSi SeWrilni, saomari flangebisaken

gaiSalnen ormxriv saieriSod. Mtris vercerTma flangma ver SeZlo verc

TavisianTa miSveleba, verc qarTvelTa gaxelebuli ieriSebis mogerieba.

sparselebma marcxena flangze miitanes ieriSi, avTandil saakaZisa

da zurab aragvis erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiT. Aam flangs yazax-xan

Cerqezi meTaurobda. is qarTvelTa Semotevis siswrafem daabnia,

Tavzardacemuli garboda da jaric ukan misdevda. qarTvelebic daedevnen

TavianTi jariT. marabdis vels gadascildnen sparselebic da

qarTvelebic. Omis bedze amanac iqonia gavlena. iqneb, es aCqareba iyo

qarTvel meomarTa mxridan, mters ar unda gamodevnebodnen da jaris

mniSvnelovani nawili qarTuli laSqris birTvs ar unda CamoecilebinaT.

amiT qarTvelTa Zalebi dasustda.

Tumca, yizilbaSTa marjvena flangic Camoscilda brZolas. am

flangs gamahmadianebuli qarTveli _ xosro-mirza sardlobda. ratom

Sedrka Sahis sasaxelo gurji, aravin icis. iqneb, masac auRelda

ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli, saqarTvelo daenana da brZolis Sesawyvetad

sababic naxa _ jari ueWvel daRupvas gadaarCina. Ees qarTuli ocnebaa.

qarTvelebis sicocxle rogor SeeZlo gaewira qarTvel sardals, kargad

gamoCnda mis mier qsanze gamarTul brZolebSi, romelic marabdis oms

mohyva. magram mTavari `gadamrCeni~ sparseTis jarisa da marabdis velze

samarcxvino damarcxebis gamarjvebiT Semcvleli _ mTavarsardali isa-xan

yorCibaSi Seiqmna. Mman aarCia gansakuTrebulad SemarTebuli da mamaci

meomrebi da Rrma zurgSi gadavida, moieriSe qarTvelebs ki win daugdo

`orduvazari~. Ees iyo sadgomi, sadac inaxeboda sparselTa mTeli qoneba,

simdidre, fuli, saqoneli.

qarTvelebs, Tavi gamarjvebulad rom hqondaT dagulvebuli, bevri

aRar ufiqriaT, iaraRi dayares da am simdidres miesivnen. airivnen

sixarbiT avsilni, itacebdnen yvelafers, rasac waeweodnen: Zvirfas,

oqro-vercxliT mosevadebul xmal-xanjlebs, Tofebs, raxtebs*,

unagirebs, xalaTebs, kaba-jubaCebs da sxva.

jari erTbaSad moiSala, saxe dakarga, brZolis unari da SemarTeba

dauqveiTda, faqtiurad, mZarcvelTa banakad iqca.

sad iynen am dros jaris sardali Teimuraz mefe da giorgi

saakaZe? maT arc icodnen es ambavi. daWrili zurab erisTavic

sisxlisgan icleboda, erTis siZe iyo, meoris colisZma, amitom didi

mzrunvelobiT dastrialebdnen Tavze, qarTvelTa srul gamarjvebaSi

darwmunebulebs, eWvad ar hqondaT, rom omis beds rame Secvlida.

am dros erTbaSad, didi xmauriTa da zaTqiT SemoiWra marabdis

velze sparselTa axali Zalebi. Aazerbaijanis beglar-begi _ Sahbende-

xani, romelic manamde arsad Canda, dasvenebuli, srulad aRWurvili da

energiiT avsili ZalebiT modioda qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg. ismoda zurna-

30

dafebis, dudukebis, naRarebisa da dol-barbiTebis* gamayruebeli xmauri,

mahmadiani mebrZolebis yurTasmenis wamRebi yiJina.

ase, elvisuswrafesad Setrialda marabdis omis bediswera.

sam rigad wamovidnen yizilbaSebi: centrSi isa-xan yorCibaSi idga

Tavisi jariT, marjvniv _ Sahbende-xani da marcxniv _ xosro-mirza.

sparselebi brZolas maSin iwyebdnen, rodesac qarTvelebs ukve

damTavrebuli egonaT. TiTqmis daSlili qarTuli jariT, mainc

Tavgadakluli ibrZodnen, saarako iyo maTi gulovaneba. bZolis bedi

winaswar iyo cnobili, magram Tundac Rirseuli sikvdilisaTvis

Seerkinen mters qarTveli meomrebi.

mkerdSemusvrilebi daecnen calTvala raindebi _ daviT jandieri

da aRaTang xerxeuliZe, mklavmouRleli Teimuraz muxran-batoni. jarSi

maSinve gavrcelda es ambavi, Teimurazi mokleso, rom daiZaxes, yvelas

mefe egona mkvdari, am SemTxvevaSi ki _ mefis sikvdlis cnoba omis

dasasruls niSnavda. Ddakarga jarma rwmena da imedi, cxenosani jari

Semobrunda da gaiqca. Aamaod cdilobdnen Teimuraz mefe, giorgi saakaZe,

manuCar aTabagi da baadur ciciSvili gaqceulTa Sekavebas. Kkvlav ar

Candnen avTandil saakaZe da daviT erisTavi, adre gaqceul sparsel

jarebze mdevarni. Aarada, qarTul laSqars rogor sWirdeboda marabdis

velze maTi yofna. miyolebiT daecnen medroSe xerxeuliZeebi.

lomiviT ibrZoda TavSiSveli da sisxlSi mosvrili giorgi saakaZe.

ibrZoda mefe Teimurazi, rogorc gmiri da sardali, mamaci xelmwife. im

dRes man yvela iaraRi daamsxvria brZolaSi, beWdebic ki daemtvra

muStis ZgerebiT.

brZolaSi gamorCeuli iyo manuCar aTabagi da misi ymebic. tyviiT

ganigmirnen episkoposebi: rusTveli da xarWaSneli, daeca baadur

ciciSvilic.

ukanasknelma qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis cxenosanma razmma datova

brZolis veli da kojors miaSura TavSesafrad. meTofeTa aTaseuli

Seusies yizilbaSebma marabdis velze darCenilebs, sadac jer kidev

frialebda qarTuli droSa, magram rodesac ukanaskneli xerxeuliZe

daeca, cxra Zmidan bolo, droSac miwaze daenarcxa. brZolis velze

meomrebis deda da da mividnen, maT aswies dacemuli qarTuli droSa da

kvlav aafriales, magram amaod.…

cxra Zma xerxeuliZis gmirobas xotbas asxams qarTuli poezia.

lado asaTianis leqsSi vkiTxulobT, Tu ra tragizmi ido marabdis

gmirTa suliskveTebaSi, umxedrebod darCenil cxenTa WixvinSi:

`es gafrenili fafari, Tu mSobliuri nislia,

visia cxra bedauri, cxra daraxtuli visia?

saiT wavidnen vaJebi rad miatoves raSebi,

raSebi TamaS-TamaSa, omebSi naTamaSebi?!~

31

ase Seicvala didi gamarjveba marcxiT, qarTveli mxedrobis

aRzeveba _ dacemiT. Mmizezi? Mmizezi iyo daudevroba, sixarbe,

gauazrebloba da ZalTa dafantuloba.Mmagram sparseTi? Ggaimarjva ki

sisxlianma Sah-abasma?.. yvelasaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saakaZis gegma

umjobesi iyo, magram saqmes veRaraferi gamoasworebda. Tavadebis

politikuri sibece-SezRuduloba da ambiciebi, feodaluri laSqris

udisciplinoba da cudi SeiaraReba iyo marabdaze qarTvelTa damarcxebis

umTavresi mizezi.

2 ivliss diliT, marabdis velze, daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvdari

esvena. Aqedan 14 aTasamde, sparseli iyo, 9 aTasamde _ qarTveli. es omi

gamarjvebad ar CauTvlia Sah-abass, arc qarTvelebs miuCneviaT Tavi

damarcxebulad. maT brZola gaagrZeles igi da imave dRes (2 ivliss)

Seebnen erTmaneTs kojor-tabaxmelas xevebSi. sparselebi Sida

qarTlisaken apirebdnen gaWras. giorgi saakaZem jari mcire razmebad

dayo da partizanuli brZolebi gaaCaRa. aTi DdRe-Rame akavebdnen

qarTveli meomrebi kojris tyeebSi yizilbaSebs. amasobaSi, qarTlis

mosaxleoba saimedo adgilebSi ixizneboda.

Tbilisis cixidan gamovidnen aq mdgari yizilbaSTa jariskacebi da

Tbilisis garSemo arsebul soflebs moedvnen. aaoxres lisi, saakaZis

kuTvnili sofeli. samoci meomriT SeebrZola lisSi moTareSe Svidas

yizilbaSs saakaZe da yvelani sicocxles ise gamoasalma, Tavad erTic ar

daRupvia samocidan.

amis Semdeg, giorgi saakaZe qarTlSi mimaval sparselTa jars

RarTiskarSi gadaudga da srulad amowyvita. jari qarTlSi saTareSod

da saZarcvavad midioda. Aamas garda, isa-xan yorCibaSs Sahisagan

specialuri davaleba hqonda: arSis cixidan unda daexsna misi

SviliSvili da siZe, anduyafar amilaxvari. Aanduyafari Sahis colisZmac

iyo. Tumca, vin aRar iyo Sahis colisZma Tu moyvare saqarTveloSi, misi

haramxana xom qarTveli qalebiT iyo savse!.. isa-xani qaliSvilis

gamoxsnisaTvis yvelafers akeTebda, am cbier adamians exerxeboda sxvebis

motyueba, ankesze advilad wamoagebda xolme pativmoyvareebs. axla zurab

aragvis erisTavs SeuCnda: xom ici, Sahs rogor uyvars SviliSvili (is

ki ara, me rogor miyvars qaliSvilio), Sahi aucileblad dagimadlebs,

wyalobas ar mogaklebs da aRarc Segrisxavso. Mman xom martyofisa da

marabdis omebSi namdvili TavganwirviT ibrZola da mravali yizilbaSi

gamoasalma sicocxles. zurab erisTavi mxolod erTma ramem moxibla

yorCibaSis winadadebaSi: sparseTis jari aragvis xeobaze gaivlida,

magram ukan qsnis xeobiT dabrundeboda. amasTan, aragvis xeobaSi xels

arafers axlebda. Mmagram ras izamda es jari qsnis xeobaSi, amis piroba

sparsel sardals ar miucia aragvis erisTavisTvis. manac ifiqra: Tuki

jari aaoxrebs qsnis saeriTavos, kidev ukeTesi, Cemi metoqe erisTavi

32

dasustdebao. Tanac, Sahis wyaloba axla namdvilad sWirdeboda saakaZis

Tanamoazresa da sparselTa dauZinebel mters.

arSamde, romelic Tergis xeobaSi mdebareobs, sparselebma wynarad

miaRwies, gaaTavisufles tyveebi da ukan dabrundnen, gadmolaxes

lomisis mTa da qsnis xeobaSi Camovidnen.

didi sisxlisRvra eloda qsans.

giorgi saakaZeE swored qsanze damdgariyo samxreTisaken momavali

mtris dasaxvedrad `iase qsnis erisTavi da qaixosro muxran-batonic

SeuerTdnen saakaZes TavianTi jarebiT. Mmouravs zurgs umagrebdnen

umcrosi colisZmebi _ daviTi da giorgi, romelTac ufrosi Zmis

saqcieli, saaragvoSi mtris SemoSveba, _ mosawonad ar miiCnies.

qarTvelebma sparselebi SuaSi moiqcies, ise amowyvites momavalni, rom

msgavsi gamarjveba jer arc Tqmuliyo. Qqsani wiTlad SeiReba da

sisxlisfrad dioda.

qarTvelebma tyved aiyvanes Sahbende-xani _ azerbaijanis beglar-

begi, romelmac qarTvelTa marcxiT daasrula qarTvelebis mier ukve

mogebuli marabdis omi. qarTvelebma tyve iqve aCexes.

yizilbaSTa meore sardali _ Sirvanis beglar-begi _ yazax-xan

Cerqezic Seipyres, mihgvares jer zurab erisTavs, Semdeg _ Teimurazs.

maT tyve dazoges, sasikvdilod ar gaimetes, pur-marili migviRia

misgano, _ ganacxades. Ddatyvevebulma xanma mcvelebi moisyida da gaiqca.

qsanze yvelaze metad qarTveli xosro-mirza ibrZoda qarTvelebis

winaaRmdeg. masSi bagrationTa sisxli qarTveli glexi qalis sisxls

Serwymoda. Dam Tavdadebas, TavzexelaRebul gmirobas Caagonebda. 12 aTasi

sparselisagan qsanze TiTqmis aRaravin darCeniliyo. xosro-mirzas da

giorgi saakaZis Setakeba yvelaze mZime iyo am brZolaSi. Dda rodesac

gaTaTrebulma qarTvelma moaxerxa saakaZis alyidan Tavis daRweva,

saakaZes didi devna ar dauwyia. SeRamebis bindSi SeZlo Sah-abasis

sayvarelma gurjma gaqceva da mTeli Ramis awyvetili WenebiT Cavida

TbilisSi, Tan Cauyvana yorCibaSs asuli, anduyafar amilaxvaris col-

Svili, riTac Zalze gaaxara sardali. Sah-abasis davaleba Sesrulebli

iyo, magram misi mTavari survili ver acxadda, ver amoZirkva qarTvelisa

da saqarTvelos saxsenebeli, qsanze uamravi sparseli mxedari Cawyda,

marabdis sisxli da boRma qarTvelebma gadaWarbebiT aiRes.

mtris araerTi razmis ganadgurebis Semdeg, sparsTa zaralma sul

60 aTas kacs miaRwia, rac iranis mTeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis TiTqmis

naxevari iyo. es, faqtobrivad, Sah-abasis damarcxebas niSnavda. is

damarcxda, mTavari mizani ver aisrula, amitom ganzraxvaze xelis aReba

da ukandaxeva amjobina. Sahma qarTveli Tavadebis dayvaveba-daSoSmineba,

saCuqrebiTa da TanamdebobebiT maTi gulis mogeba scada da moaxerxa

kidec. boqaulTuxucesma qaixosro baraTaSvilma, romelic martyofisa da

33

marabdis omebSi saakaZis gverdiT idga, axla yizilbaSebs miarTva qvemo

qarTlis umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagre birTvisi. samagierod, mas

yorCibaSma qvemo qarTlis spasalaroba uboZa, romelic manamde baraTa

baraTaSvils epyra. gaTaTrebuli qaixosro 1626 wels Tbilisis

mouravic gaxda. Ralati bevrma Caidina, magram sparselebi mainc gaxdnen

iZulebulni, daetovebinaT saqarTvelo. yorCibaSisTvis Zneli iyo aq

fexis myarad mokideba. misi siZe _ anduyafar amilaxvaric moulodnelad

gardaicvala. TiTqos borotebam uwia _ mcxeTis taZari rom gaZarcva da

mcxeTeli dekanozis mola-mueZiniT Secvla moindoma, swored im dros,

fexi daucda nariyaladan da suli aRar dahyolia. Ddaqvrivebuli

qaliSviliT da SviliSvilebiT gaemarTa yarabaRSi isa-xan yorCibaSi.

roca qsnis ambebi moaxsenes, Sah-abasma Tqva: namdvili gmiri da vaJkaci

mxolod xosro-mirza yofilao. xolo rodesac xosro-mirzac dabrunda

da anduyafar amilaxvaris ojaxi mouyvana, maSin Sahma brZana, amieridan

Cemi yular-aRasi* xosro mirza iqnebao. ispahanis taruRa ukve iyo es

mamaci qarTveli da meore Tanamdebobac, Tavisi uerTgulesi yulis jaris

ufrosobac mas misca Sahma. qarTvelebze gamwarebulma, isev qarTvelSi

hpova dasayrdeni.

1626 wels moxda bazaleTis brZola _ giorgi saakaZisa da

Teimurazis momxreebs Soris atexili samoqalaqo omi. saakaZem amaod

ibrZola, amaod scada osmaleTis daxmareba iranis sabolood dasamxobad.

verc saqarTvelo gaaerTiana da verc mteri mospo, radgan sparseTma

erTmaneTs aumxedra ori qarTvli: mefe Teimurazi _ didad tragikuli

pirovneba da saqarTvelos uniWieresi mxedarTmTavari, giorgi saakaZe.

bazaleTis omis Semdeg saakaZe samudamod gadaixewa saqarTvelodan.

1629 wels Sah-abasi mokvda.

imave wels, osmaleTSi giorgi saakaZec mokles.

sul male, xosro-mirza qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gaxda, mefe rostomis

saxelwodebiT. istoriaSi arcTu cudi saxeli darCa: meuRlesTan _

mariam dadianTan erTad, bevri kargi qarTuli saqme gaakeTa; aSenebda

eklesia-monastrebs, cixe-qalaqebs, aaRorZina qveynis ekonomika, mSvidoba

damyarda qarTl-kaxeTSi, Tumca qristianuli rjuli da erovnuli

tradiciebi Selaxa, Mmagram amas im dros maincdamanc aravin ganicdida,

ramdenime patrioti qarTvelis garda. is ki arada, Tavadaznaurobis didi

nawili baZavda mefes da sparsuli cxovrebis wess irCevda. aRaravin

ixsenebda marabdaze da qsanze mefisgan daRvril qarTul sisxls.

anderZic erTgulad Seusrules: sikvdilis Semdeg yumSi waasvenes da

Sah-abasis gverdiT dakrZales.

martyofi da marabda ki Cveni istoriis is fesvebia, romelic

qarTul miwaSia gadgmuli, qarTul sulsa da cnobierebas amagrebs da

momavlisaTvis sabrZolvelad ganawyobs Cveni qveynis Svilebs. istoria

34

gvaswavlis vis mivbaZoT, visgan ra gadmoviRoT, ras gavufrTxildeT da

ra faseulobebi gveZvirfasebodes. istoria imasac gvaswavlis, _ ra iyo

cudi da ra aRar unda gavimeoroT, ras SevebrZoloT...

martyofi da marabda saqarTvelos istoriis saukeTeso

gakveTilebia.

35

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *

amasiis zavi _ qalaqi TurqeTSi, amasiis vilaieTis administraciuli

centri. 1555 wlis 29 maiss aq daido zavi iransa da TurqeTs Soris.

dampyroblebma amierkavkasia, maT Soris saqarTveloc gainawiles.

TurqeTs ergo imereTis samefo samegrelo-guriis samTavroebiT da

samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili _ tao, SavSeTi, klarjeTi; irans _

qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleTi

nawili, _ mtkvris auzi.

ardebili _ qalaqi iranSi, mdebareobs iranis Azerbaijanis aRmosavleT

nawilSi.

barbiTi _ aRmosavluri musikaluri simebiani sakravi.

diarbeqiri _ qalaqi TurqeTis samxreT aRmosavleT nawilSi, Tanamedrove

siriisa da erayis sazRvris siaxloves, diarbeqiris vilaieTis

administraciuli centri.

ianiCari _ Turquli sityvaa, niSnavs axal jars. osmaleTSi, XIV_XIX

saukuneebSi erqva privilegirebul qveiT jars, romelsac ZiriTadad

adgendnen bavSvobaSi tyved Cavardnili da gamahmadianebuli

qristianebisagan. ianiCarebi iyvnen qarTvelebic.

meShedi _ qalaqi iranSi, xorasnis ostanis (olqis) administraciuli

centri.

raxti _ cxenis aRkazmulobis nawilis _ aRviris morTuloba. aris

oqrosi an vercxlis.

renegati _ moRalate, gandgomili adamiani, romelmac uRalata Tavis

rwmenas da mowinaaRmdegis mxareze gadavida.

serasqeri _ Turquli sityvaa, osmaleTSi istoriul warsulSi erqva

armiis mTavarsardals, samxedro ministrs.

taruRi _ qalaqis Tavi iranSi.

yular-aRasi _ Sahis piradi gvardiis meTauri iranSi. Ees Tanamdeboba

Sah-abasis droidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze eWiraT qarTvel

sardlebs.

36

Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• platon ioseliani, didi mouravi, giorgi saakaZis cxovreba,

gamomcemloba `merani~, Tbilisi, 1973.

• niko berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VI, 1973.

• n. berZeniSvili, i. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, saqarTvelos istoria,

1948.

• v. gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII

saukuneebSi, 1958.

• f. gvritiSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, II, 1965.

• f. gorgijaniZe, istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, 1926.

• ioane batoniSvili, kalmasoba, II, 1948.

• ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, sergi

jiqias Targmani da mecnieruli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1964.

• ioseb tfileli, didmouraviani, 1939.

• saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

• saqarTvelos istoria, akad. s. janaSiasa da n. berZeniSvilis

redaqciiT, redaqtori g. meliqiSvili, 1980.

• T. natroSvili, maSriyiT maRribamde, Tbilisi, 1974.

• T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, 1897.

• l. sanikiZe, giorgi saakaZe, Tbilisi, 1988.

• j. Rvinjilia, giorgi saakaZis pirovneba, Tbilisi, 1980.

• n. Sengelia, mustafa naimis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbilisi,

1979.

• g. jamburia, giorgi saakaZe, Tbilisi, 1964.

• m. svaniZe, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-

XVII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1971.