Mnaderi Material Rev.04

:موضوع دوره آشنایی با بخش متریال

آشنایی با لوله ها هاآشنایی با کامپوننت آشنایی با شیرها

:گردآورنده محمد نادری

09353210118 09194352701

[email protected]

[email protected]

..................................................................

WWW.PIPINGTEAM.COM

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Prepared By: Mohammad Naderi (0935 3210 118)

PIPINGTEAM.COM

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

PIPING MATERIAL ENGINEER Responsible for: quality of piping material Fabrication Testing Inspection creating the project piping classes and piping specifications

Job Scope: dedicated to a project from the bid stage until the design phase has been

completed. be available during construction and through to mechanical completion.

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PIPING MATERIAL ENGINEER Responsibilities: Develop the project piping classes for all process and utility services. Write specifications for fabrication, shop and field testing, insulation, and

painting. Create and maintain all data sheets for process and utility valves. Create a list of piping specials, such as hoses and hose couplings, steam

traps, interlocks. Create and maintain data sheets for these piping special (SP) items. Assemble a piping material requisition with all additional documents. Review offers from vendors and create a technical bid evaluation. Make a technical recommendation. After placement of a purchase order, review and approve documentation

from vendors related to piping components. When required, visit the vendor’s premises to attend kickoff meetings, the

testing of piping components, or clarification meetings. Liaise with the following departments: Piping Design and Stress, Process,

Instrumentation, Vessels, Mechanical, Structural, Procurement, Material Control.

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PIPING MATERIAL ENGINEER Qualities: be experienced in several piping sectors, such as design, construction, and

stress. be a good communicator, to guarantee that everyone in the piping group is

aware of the materials of construction that can be used for piping systems. have a basic understanding of other disciplines having interface with the

piping, such as mechanical, process, instrumentation, and structural engineering.

Be aware of the corrosion characteristics of piping material and welding processes necessary for the fabrication of piping systems.

Familiar with: Corrosion. Welding. Piping stress. Static equipment. Rotating equipment. Instruments.

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PIPING

Piping used in: industrial (process) Marine Transportation civil engineering Plumbing

Process piping is used to transport fluids between storage tanks and processing units

Service piping (Utility) is used to convey steam, air, water, etc., for processing

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PIPE & TUBE

Tube : Outside Diameter (OD) Wall Thickness (WT)

Pipe : NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) Wall Thickness (schedule number - API designation – weight)

Tube : heat exchangers , instrument lines , small interconnections on equipment

Pipe : Fluid transferring

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TUBE A hollow product of round or any other cross section. are not required to comply with the requirements of ASME B31.3 The nominal dimensions of tubes are based on the outside diameter When gauge numbers is given for a pipe without reference to a system,

Birmingham Wire Gauge - BWG - is implied Birmingham Wire Gauge is also known as Stubs' Wire Gauge Ex: wall thickness of 0.083"of a 2" pipe is gauge 14

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PIPE SIZE

Size (NPS) : ½”, ¾”, 1”, 1 ½”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 14”, 16”, 18”, 20”, 24”, 28”, 30”,

32”, 36”, 40”, 44”, 48” 52”, 56”, 60”

NPS < 12, OD > NPS NPS ≥ 14, OD = NPS NPS 1 ¼”, 2 ½”, 3 ½”, 5” seldom used 1/8, 1/4, 3/8 and 1 /2-inch pipe is usually restricted to instrument lines 1/2-inch extensively used for steam tracing , auxiliary piping at pumps, etc.

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PIPE LENGHT & END

Straight pipe is supplied in: Random length (17 to 25 feet) Double random length (38 to 40 feet)

Pipe End Preparation: BE (bevel end) PE (plain end) TE or SC

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Pipe Size Designators: NPS and DN

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PIPE CLASSIFICATION

Manufacturers’ weight STD (Standard) XS (extra-strong) XXS (double-extra-strong)

Schedule number 5, 5s, 10, 10s, 20, 20s, 30, 40, 40s, 60, 80, 80s, 100, 120, 140, 160

SCH ≈ 1000 P/S P is the service pressure S is the allowable stress

NPS ≤ 10, SCH 40 = STD NPS ≤ 8, SCH 80 = XS

API 5L

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HISTORY OF NPS & SCH. In March 1927, the American Standards Association authorized a committee to standardize the dimensions of wrought steel and wrought iron pipe and tubing. At that time only a small selection of wall thicknesses were in use: standard weight (STD), extra-strong (XS), and double extra-strong (XXS), based on the iron pipe size (IPS) system of the day. However these three sizes did not fit all applications. The committee surveyed the industry and created a system of schedule numbers that designated wall thicknesses based on smaller steps between sizes, although IPS and NPS numbers remain equivalent.

The original intent was that each schedule would relate to a given pressure rating, however the numbers deviated so far from wall thicknesses in common use that this original intent could not be accomplished.Also, in 1939, it was hoped that the designations of STD, XS, and XXS would be phased out by schedule numbers, however those original terms are still in common use today (although sometimes referred to as standard, extra-heavy (XH), and double extra-heavy (XXH), respectively). Since the original schedules were created, there have been many revisions and additions to the tables of pipe sizes based on industry use and on standards from API, ASTM, and others.

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Pipe Size Designators: NPS and DN

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Piping Class Ratings & Corresponding PN Designators

Pression nominal (PN) is the rating designator followed by a designation

number, which indicates the approximate pressure rating in bars. The bar is the unit of pressure, and 1 bar is equal to 14.5 psi or 100 kilopascals (kPa).

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PIPE WALL THICKNESS CALCULATION

ASME B31.3

t = Required thickness for internal pressure, mm D = Nominal outside diameter of pipe, mm P = Internal design pressure, barg S = Allowable stress in tension from appendix A table A-1, barg E = Longitudinal-joint quality factor from appendix A, table A-1B Y = stress-temperature compensating tm = Total minimum required wall thickness, mm CA = sum of the mechanical allowances (thread or groove depth) plus

corrosion and erosion allowances.

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C.S. PIPE 2” – ASME B16.10M

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MATERIALS FOR PIPE STEEL PIPE Normally refers to carbon-steel pipe Seam-welded steel pipe is made from plate Seamless pipe is made using dies The most-used steel pipe for process lines, and for welding, bending, and

coiling, is made to ASTM A-53 or ASTM A-106, principally in wall thicknesses defined by schedules 40, 80, and manufacturers' weights, STD and XS.

Three grades of A-1 06 are available-Grades A, B, and C, in order of increasing tensile strength.

API 5L. used to convey oil and gas (Pipe-line)

OTHER METALS & ALLOYS copper, lead, nickel, brass, aluminum and various stainless steels Expensive particular corrosion resistance to the process chemical Good heat transfer tensile strength at high temperatures

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MATERIALS FOR PIPE PLASTIC convey actively corrosive Fluids handling corrosive or hazardous gases and dilute mineral acids Employed : 1-as all-plastic pipe, 2-filled' plastic materials, 3-lining or coating Plastic pipe is made from polypropylene, polyethylene (PE), polybutylene

(PB), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrilebutadiene- styrene (ABS), cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB). polyolefins, and polyesters.

By manufacture standard

LININGS & COATINGS to withstand chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids. Pipes and Fittings joint by flang Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied after fabricating the piping, but

pipe is often pre-lined Linings of various rubbers, plastics, metals and vitreous (glassy) materials

are available Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and copolymers are the most common

coating materials CS-Galv. is used for conveying drinking water,

instrument air and various other fluids

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C.S MATERIAL

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STAINLESS STEEL Austenitic (300 series) Ferritic, martensitic (400 series) Ferritic-austenitic (duplex)

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DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS OF PIPE

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DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS

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DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS

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WELDING METHODS SMAW shielded metal arc welding

Oxyacetylene SAW Submerged arc welding

GTAW gas tungsten arc welding

FCAW flux-covered arc welding

GMAW gas metal arc welding

PAW plasma arc welding – Rarely use in piping

EBW electron beam welding - Rarely use in piping

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WELDING WPS ASME Section IX requires the preparation of a Welding Procedure

Specification

PQR When each WPS is qualified, the parameters used in the qualification are recorded in a Procedure Qualification Record

Variables Base metal, filler metal, position, preheat, post weld heat treatment, shielding gases, joint configuration, electrical characteristics, and technique.

Careful study Section IX, AWS D10.9, or of API 1104

Personnel Qualification The performance qualification must be in accordance with a qualified WPS

WPQ The record of each performance qualification is kept on a Welder/Welding Operator Performance Qualification

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ASME P Numbers and Group Numbers for Some Typical Piping Materials

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Typical Preheat Requirements

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NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (NDE)

Visual – VT (surface crack detection for all material)

Magnetic particle - MT (surface-crack detection for carbon steel and any magnetic metals)

Dye (Paint) penetrant - PT (surface-crack detection for nonmagnetic stainless steels and other nonmagnetic metals)

Radiography – RT (surface and through the metal)

Ultrasonic - UT (surface and through the metal)

Before hydrotest & Painting & Insulation depending on the service fluid, material, temperature, pressure, and

location

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IMPORTANT FACTORS For Selecting Joints Type of process fluid - its toxicity and viscosity Design temperature Design pressure Mechanical strength Size Weight Erosion and corrosion For permanent or temporary use, need for quick release Cost Maintainability and reliability Plant life Need to handle vibration External mechanical impact from personnel, vehicles, … Ease of fabrication or erection Availability

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TYPE OF PROCESS FLUID

Hazardous process (see ASME 31.3, Category M)

Nonhazardous process (see ASME B31.3, normal fluid service (NFS))

Utility service (see ASME 31.3, Category D)

REFER TO: ASME B31.3 – Page 4 – Fluid services

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METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE

BUTT-WELDED SOCKET-WELDED PIPE TO PIPE SCREWED BOLTED FLANGE BOLTED QUICK COUPLINGS SPECIAL

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BUTT-WELDED NPS 2 and larger economic leakproof way Difficult in small sizes,

especially for thin wall Intruding weld metal may

affect flow (Disadv.)

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aligned, properly gapped, tack welded, continuous weld

Full penetration, with a backing ring, and with a fusible backing ring


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Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment – ASME B31.1

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Dissimilar metal welds

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BUTT-WELDED

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BUTT-WELDED

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SOCKET-WELDED NPS 1.1/2, and smaller normally field-run absence of leaking is assured Not used in services where corrosion is accelerated in crevices No weld metal can enter bore easier alignment on small line than butt-weld Tack is unnecessary Have not any leakage

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Slip-on and socket welding flange welds (FILLET WELD) – ASME B31.1

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METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE

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PIPE TO PIPE

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SCREWED

NPS 1.1/2, and smaller pressure rating < 600 temperature < 625 Normally field-run Easily made Minimizes fire hazard If severe erosion, crevice

corrosion, shock, or vibration is anticipated, Use not permitted.

Seal welding may be required Strength of the pipe is reduced Non-toxic, non-flammable,

Generally not used where leaks cannot be tolerated.

Common materials: Gray iron (ASME B16.4) Malleable iron (ASME B16.3) Steel (ASME B16.11)

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BOLTED-FLANGE Flanges are expensive used to mate with flanged vessels, equipment, valves for process lines which may require periodic cleaning. Removable Flanges are normally used for pipe sizes above NPS 1½”.

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FLANGE RATING CLASS According to ASME B16.5, “Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings” Pressure/temperature combinations Seven classes (150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1,500, 2,500) Flange strength increases with class number Materials categorized into 34 material :

8 carbon and low alloy steel 10 high-alloy steel 16 nonferrous metal

Example Assume that an ASTM A105 carbon-steel flange is required to satisfy a

pressure rating of 1060 psig (7310 kPa gage) at 650F (343C)

ASTM A105 is a material group 1.1

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FLANGE RATING CLASS

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FLANGE RATING CLASS

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FLANGE RATING CLASS

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TYPE OF FLANGE END Weld Neck Flanges Socket-Welded Flanges Threaded Flanges Slip-On Flanges Lapped Flanges

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WELDING NECK FLANGE

TYPES: REGULAR used with butt-welding fittings. LONG are primarily used for vessel and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe.

SUITABLE WHERE: Extreme temperature, high pressures, hazardous fluids Shear Impact and vibration Stress apply

May examined by radiography or ultrasonic inspection has good fatigue performance

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SOCKET WELDING FLANGE

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THREADED FLANGE

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SLIP-ON FLANGE For pipe sizes greater than NPS 2¹⁄₂ (DN 65). Internal welds is slightly more subject to corrosion than the butt-weld (0 –

1/16”) Poor resistance to shock and vibration Cheaper to buy, costlier to assemble Strength under internal pressure 2/3 of corresponding welding neck flange Easier to align than the welding neck flange

typically used on low-pressure, low-hazard services such as

fire water, cooling water, …. The pipe is ‘‘double-welded’’ to both the hub and the bore MP, PT, or VT is used to check the integrity of the weld

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REDUCING SLIP-ON FLANGE Specify by size of smaller pipe and outside diameter of flange to be mate

Ex: RED FLG 4” × 11” Should not be used if abrupt transition would create undesirable turbulence

as at pump

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EXPANDER SLIP-ON FLANGE Reducer + welding neck flange Increase pipe size to first or second large size

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LAP JOINT (VAN STONE) FLANGE If stub and flange are of the same material they will be more expensive than

a welding neck flange Economical for different material of stub and flange Useful where alignment of bolt holes is difficult

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FLANGE FACING TYPES

Flat Faced (FF) Raised Face (RF) Ring Type Joint (RTJ) Lap Joint

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FLANGE FACING TYPES RAISED FACE used for about 80% of all flanges ¹⁄₁₆-in high for Class 150 and Class 300 flanges and ¹⁄₄-in high for other allows the use of a wide combination of gasket designs typical flange face finish is 125 to 250 in Ra

FLAT FACE Most common uses are for mating with non-steel flanges used with a gasket whose outer diameter equals that of the flange

RING TYPE JOINT employed with either an oval-section or octagon-section gasket is a more expensive facing for high-temperature and high-pressure service

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FLANGE FACING TYPES

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BOLT & NUT Bolt holes in flanges are equally spaced (1) studbolt using two nuts (2) machine bolt using one nut The studbolt is more easily removed if corroded (adv. Of stud bolts) Confusion with other bolts at the site is avoided (adv. Of stud bolts) Bolting material for cast-iron flanges is listed in ASME B16.1 For steel flanges, acceptable bolting material is listed in ASME B16.5 Bolts and nuts normally are threaded in accordance with ASME B1.1

Bolt Coating None (black) , Zinc , Hot-dipped galv. , PTFE , Other

Lubrication of the Bolts should not reach the gasket

Bolting Sequence Hand tight , 30% , 60% , final torque

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Tightening arrangement

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Bolting Standards

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GASKET GENERAL is a sealing component placed between flanges to create a static seal

CHOICE OF GASKET Temperature, pressure, Corrosive nature, Viscosity of conveyed fluid Chemical resistance to the process media Compressibility Whether maintenance or operation requires repeated uncoupling Code/environmental requirements that may apply Cost

STANDARDS ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges, Ring- Joint, Spiral

Wound and Jacketed ASME B16.21 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges BS 4865 Part 1 - Flat Ring Gaskets to Suit BS4504 and DIN Flange BS 3381 - Spiral Wound Gaskets to Suit BS 1560 Flanges API 6A - Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment

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TYPES OF GASKET Nonmetallic Gaskets Usually used with flat-face flanges and low pressure class applications nonasbestos material or compressed asbestos fiber (CAF)

• arimid fiber , glass fiber , elastomer , Teflon (PTFE) , flexible graphite • Full-face gasket suitable for flat-face (FF) flanges • Flat-ring gasket are suitable for raised faced (RF) flanges

Semimetallic Gaskets composites of metal (strength and resiliency) and nonmetallic Materials

(conformability and sealability). designed for the widest range of operating conditions of temperature and

pressure • spiral wound , metal jacketed , kamprofile (stainless steel/graphite,

Inconel/graphite, and so forth)

Metallic Gaskets fabricated from one or a combination of metals Suitable for high-temperature and pressure applications require high-bolt loads to seal

• ring-joint , lens rings

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NONMETALLIC GASKETS Elastomer and Graphite families are common (soft gaskets or cut gaskets) cut from sheet easily compressed with low bolt loads Soft gaskets are generally the cheapest type Rubber and Elastomers = neoprene, nitrile, butyl, ethylene propylenediene,

styrene butadiene, and Viton Elastomers good for noncorrosive hydrocarbons and utility services Graphite can be used at higher temperatures than elastomers The graphite family can be used with a variety of media such as chemicals,

hydrocarbons, and steam. PTFE’s operating limitations are only marginally higher than that of rubber

and the elastomer family PTFE’s can be used for most services

*** Natural rubber (NR) - 308 to 708 C. *** Neoprene (CR) - hydrocarbons, moderate acids or alkalis, saline

solutions; - 408 to 1008 C. *** Nitrile (NBR) - 408 to 1008 C. *** Butyl (IIR) - 308 to 1208 C. *** Ethylene propylenediene (EPDM) - 408 to 1508 C. *** Styrene butadiene (SBR) - 608 to 808 C. *** Viton (FPM) - 158 to 2008 C.

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NONMETALLIC GASKETS

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SEMIMETALLIC GASKETS semi-metallic gaskets are more expensive than soft gaskets The most common is the spiral-wound spiral-wound gasket have four separate elements:

• Metal windings—to hold the filler • Filler—the sealing medium • Outer ring—to hold the gasket in the bolt circle • Inner ring—to prevent the windings collapsing into the process fluid

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METALLIC RING GASKETS is the most expensive of the three options rings are available in a variety of materials to suit the process media: soft

iron, stainless steel (various grades), and exotic metals, such as Monel, Inconel, or titanium

can be categorized into three groups: Style R, RX, and BX Style R gaskets are either oval or octagonal Style RX is a pressure-energized adaptation of the standard Style R Style BX pressure-energized ring joints are designed for use on pressurized

systems up to 20,000 psi (138 MPa) Lens rings gaskets have a spherical surface and are suited for use with

conical flange faces manufactured to DIN 2696

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RTJ GASKET

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RTJ GASKET

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RTJ GASKET

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Common Materials of RTJ

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GASKET CHARACTERISTICS

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Recommended Flange Surface Finish for Various Gasket Types

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INSULATING GASKET SET

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PIPE FITTINGS permit a change in direction of piping permit a change in diameter of pipe a branch to be made from the main run of pipe

formed from plate or pipe machined from forged blanks, cast molded from plastics

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ELBOW Types 90 – 45 deg Long Radius (LR)

R = 1 ½ D Short Radius (SR)

R = D REDUCING ELBOW RETURN (180 deg)

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MITERED ELBOWS fabricated from pipe For low-pressure lines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is

Unimportant

2-piece, 90-degree four to six times the hydraulic resistance of LR

3-piece, 90-degree Double hydraulic resistance of LR

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REDUCER Joins a larger pipe to a smaller one concentric and eccentric The eccentric reducer is used when it is necessary to keep either the top or

the bottom of the line level

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SWAGE NIPPLE 'SWG' or 'SWG NIPP‘ example, NPS 2 (SCH 40) x NPS 1 (SCH 80) PBE (Plain Both End) BLE (Beveled Larger End) BSE (Beveled small end) PSE (Plain Smaller End) TBE (Threaded Both End) TSE (Threaded small end) TLE (Threaded large end) TOE (Threaded one end)

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NIPPLE join unions, valves, strainers, fittings, etc PBE (Plain Both End) TBE (Threaded Both End) POE-TOE (Plain One End – Threaded One End) Fully Threaded (close nipple) Available in various lengths (L=100 common)

TANK NIPPLE is used for making a screwed connection to a non-pressure vessel or tank in low-pressure service

Overall length is usually 6 inches

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REDUCER INSERT

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BRANCHING (PIPE TO PIPE) branch pipe welded directly into the side of the main pipe run commonest and least expensive method of welding a full-size or reducing

branch for pipe 2-inch and larger Not preferred for lines under 2-inch due to risk of weld metal entering line

and restricting flow A stub-in can be reinforced

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BRANCHING (TEE) Equal Tee (Straight) Reduce Tee Bullhead Tee commonest and least expensive method of welding a full-size or reducing

branch for pipe 2-inch and larger

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BRANCHING (CROSS) where space is restricted marine piping or 'revamp‘ work

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BRANCHING (LATERAL) where low resistance to flow is important Straight laterals are available in STD and XS weights Reducing laterals and laterals at angles other than 45 degrees are usually

available only to special order Reinforcement is required where it is necessary

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BRANCHING (OLETS) WELDOLET For branch 2” and upper

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BRANCHING (OLETS) SOCKOLET For branch 1 1/2” and bellow

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BRANCHING (OLETS) NIPOLET

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BRANCHING (OLETS) THREADOLET

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BRANCHING (OLETS) THREADED NIPOLET

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BRANCHING (OLETS) ELBOLET

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BRANCHING (OLETS) LATROLET

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BRANCHING (OLETS) SWEEPOLET for high-yield pipe used in oil and gas transmission lines good flow pattern optimum stress distribution

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CLOSURES CAP To seal the end of the pipe

FLAT CLOSURES Cut from plate by fabricator or erector

PLUG Cut from plate by fabricator or erector

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FULL COUPLING Joins pipe to pipe (SW , THDD) , nipple , etc.

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HALF COUPLING used for branching or for vessel connections permits 90-degree entry into a larger pipe or vessel wall

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REDUCING COUPLING joins threaded pipes of different sizes

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UNION maintenance , installation , removable screwed joint designed for use with socket-welded piping systems Union should be screwed tight before the ends are welded, to minimize

warping of the seat to remove piping from a vessel with threaded connections, each outlet from

the vessel should have one union between valve and vessel

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HEXAGON BUSHING A reducing fitting used for connecting a smaller pipe into a larger threaded

fitting or nozzle Has many applications to instrument connections Normally not used for high-pressure service

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IN-LINE CLOSURES SPECTACLE BLIND for Lower sizes

SPACER for upper sizes

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IN-LINE CLOSURES

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IN-LINE CLOSURES DOUBLE·BLOCK·AND-BLEED If a line is to be temporarily closed down with double-block-and-bleed, both

valves are closed, and the fluid between drawn off with the bleed valve. The bleed valve is then left open to show whether the other valves are tightly shut.

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IN-LINE CLOSURES REMOVABLE SPOOL

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IN-LINE CLOSURES

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BOLTED CLOSURES blind flanges future expansion, cleaning, inspection, etc

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EXPANSION JOINTS SIMPLE BELLOWS

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EXPANSION JOINTS ARTICULATED BELLOWS

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EXPANSION JOINTS ARTICULATED TWIN-BELLOWS ASSEMBLY

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EXPANSION JOINTS SLIDING-SLEEVE-AND-ANCHOR SUPPORT

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FLEXIBLE PIPING

Ex: Flexible Hose For filling and emptying railcars, tankers, etc. a need for temporary connections vibration or movement occurs

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SEPARATORS

collect droplets from a gaseous stream Ex: oil droplets from compressed air Ex: condensate droplets from wet steam

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STEAM TRAP Float Thermostatic

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Thermodynamic Inverted buckets


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STRAINER

Inserted in upstream of sensitive equipment collect solid particles (by passing the fluid thru the strainer's screen) Typical locations for strainers are before a control valve, pump, turbine, or

traps on steam systems T-type , Y-type

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SCREENS Simple temporary strainers made from perforated sheet metal and/or wire Mesh used for startup operations on the suction side of pumps and compressors long run of piping before the unit that may contain weld spatter or material

inadvertently left in the pipe usually removed After startup small removable spool to accommodate

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DRIP LEGS Often made from pipe and fittings inexpensive for collecting condensate

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DRIP LEGS Often made from pipe and fittings inexpensive for collecting condensate

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REINFORCEMENTS BRANCH CONNECTIONS extra metal made from a pipe or vessel wall compensates for the structural weakening Stub-ins may be reinforced with regular or wraparound saddles Small welded connections may be reinforced by adding extra weld metal small hole to vent gases and to indicate any leakage from the joint

STRAIGHT PIPE

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Bird Screen

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VALVE DATA SHEETS (VDS) design codes, design conditions, materials of construction, testing and

inspection, coating and painting, other requirements is the passport for the valve A maintenance manual is supplied with the valve that gives instructions on

how to repair and replace components, such as seats, seals, and handwheels.

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VALVE ASME Standards

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VALVE API Specifications

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VALVE API Standards

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VALVE MSS Standards

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VALVE MSS Standards

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VALVE MSS Standards

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VALVE MSS Standards

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USES OF VALVES On / off gate valve, ball valve, plug valve

Regulating globe valve (sizes to approx. 16 in.), butterfly valve (for larger sizes)

Preventing Fluid Reversal (Checking) swing check valve, wafer check valve, piston check Valve

Switching Discharging Pressure Safety Valve, Relief Valve

ASME B16.34 covers Class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500, and 4500 Valves

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MECHANICAL MOTION CLASIFICATION

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Gate Valve

Advantages Good shutoff features bidirectional Minimal Pressure loss

drawbacks not quickly open/close are not suitable for regulate or throttle flow They are sensitive to vibration in the open state

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Gate Valve

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SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE solid or flexible wedge disc On/Off, regulating (6-inch and larger) Suitable for most fluids (steam, water, oil, air and gas) can be installed in each position , for all liquids

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SINGLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE VALVE Stresses on stem and bonnet are lower than with wedge-gate valves liquid hydrocarbons and gases

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Globe Valve

Advantages Good shutoff features good throttling capability Shorter stroke (compared to a gate valve) Easy to machine or resurface the seats With disc not attached to the stem, valve can be used as a stop-check valve

drawbacks Slightly higher pressure drops than gate, plug, ball, etc. (wye-Type and

angle-Type are better) Requires greater force or a larger actuator to seat the valve

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Z-Body GLOBE

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Y-type GLOBE

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Angle-type

GLOBE

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Ball VALVE

Types Split-Body Ball Valve Top-Entry Ball Valve End-Entry Ball Valve Three-Piece—Body Ball Valve Double Trunnion Ball Valves Lubricated or Nonlubricated Ball Valves

Advantages Provides bubble-tight service Quick to open and close Smaller & Lighter than a gate valve Can be used in clean and slurry

applications High-quality ball valves provide reliable

service in high-pressure Force required to actuate the valve is

smaller Availability in large sizes Compactness

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drawbacks In slurry or other applications,

the suspended particles can settle and become trapped in body cavities causing wear, leakage, or valve failure

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ROTARY-BALL VALVE

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Ball VALVE

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Ball VALVE

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Plug VALVE

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Check VALVE

Advantages self-actuated

drawbacks Since all moving parts are enclosed, it is difficult to determine whether the valve is

open or closed. Furthermore, the condition of internal parts cannot be assessed) Each type of check valve has limitations on its installation configurations Valve disc can stick in open position

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Swing Check VALVE

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SWING CHECK VALVE is not suitable if there is frequent flow reversal For gritty liquids a composition disc is advisable May be mounted vertically with flow upward, or horizontally An optional lever and outside weight may be offered

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TILTING-DISC VALVE Suitable for frequent flow reversal closes rapidly , better closure , less slamming than the swing check Valve May be installed vertically with flow upward, or horizontally

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Lifting Check VALVE

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Piston Check VALVE

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PISTON-CHECK VALVE Suitable for frequent change of direction of flow Spring-loaded types can operate at any orientation Unsprung valves have to be orientated for gravity closure Not suitable for qrittv liquids

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Butterfly Check VALVE

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Butterfly Check VALVE

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BALL-CHECK VALVE

suitable for most services can handle gases, vapors

and liquids The ball seats by gravity

and/or back pressure, free to rotate

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Stop Check VALVE

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BUTTERFLY VALVE rotary stem movement (90 degrees or less) Compactness absence of pocketing available in all sizes can be produced in chemical-resistant and hygienic forms used for gases, liquids, slurries, powders and vacuum having a metal ring seal around the disc cause tight closure at high temperatures Slip-on and screwed flanges do not form a proper seal with some wafer forms

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NEEDLE VALVE small valve used for flow control Dosing liquids and gases

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SQUEEZE VALVE well-suited to regulating the flow of difficult liquids, slurries and powders

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PINCH VALVE suited to regulating the flow of difficult liquids, slurries and powders

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PARTS OF VALVES Disc & seat directly affect the flow

Stem moves the disc

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Body & Bonnet house the stem

Operator moves the stem


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DISC & SEAT& PORT moving part = Disk actuated by fluid or stem

non-moving part = Seat maximum internal opening = Port plug or a ball valve , Disk called Plug or Ball

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STEM moved manually, hydraulically, pneumatically, electrically under remote, automatic control, mechanically by weighted lever, spring, etc

Rising stem gate and globe made with 'inside screw' (IS) or 'outside screw' (OS) OS type has a yoke on the bonnet and the assembly is referred to as

'outside screw and yoke‘ (OS&Y)

Non-Rising stem gate type handwheel and stem are in tne same position whether the valve is open or

closed screw is inside the bonnet and in contact with the conveyed fluid floor stand : stem extension to operate a valve thru a floor or platform

simple rotary stem Rotary-ball, plug and butterfly valves have a rotary stem (Ex: Lever)

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Rising STEM

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Non-Rising STEM

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BONNET (cover)

Screwed & Union bonnet occasionally stick and turn when a valve is opened best reserved for services presenting no hazard to personnel Union bonnets suitable for small valves requiring frequent dismantling

bolted bonnet displaced screwed and union bonnet valves in hydrocarbon services U-bolt or clamp-type bonnet is offered on some small gate valves for

moderate pressures For frequent cleaning and inspection Class 600 and below “pressure seal” for high-pressure valves, usually combined with OS&Y

(Class 600 and higher) tighten and seal an internal metal ring or gasket against the body

Breach lock heavier infrequently-used more expensive construction for high-pressure involves seal-welding of the bonnet with the body

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BODY Selection of material is important Interior of the body can lined with corrosion-resistant material Valves are connected to pipe, fittings or vessels by their body ends houses the internal valve parts cast, forged, fabricated, or a combination metals , alloys , nonmetals butt or socket-welded, threaded, flanged or bolted , other

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BODY

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SEAL packing or seals are used between stem and bonnet (or body) disc or stem may be sealed by a metal bellows, or by a flexible diaphragm

for high vacuum or corrosive, flammable or toxic fluid (pack less) gasket is used as a seal between a bolted bonnet and valve body

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GATE VALVE (OS&Y, bolted bonnet, rising stem)

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GLOBE VALVE (OS&Y, bolted bonnet, rising stem)

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GATE VALVE (IS, bolted bonnet, non-rising stem)

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MANUAL OPERATORS

HAND LEVER HANDWHEEL CHAIN GEAR QUICK-ACTING

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HAND LEVER Use for small rotary valves

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HANDWHEEL most common for rotating stem

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CHAIN where a handwheel would be out of reach

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GEAR used to reduce the operating torque For class 125, 150, and 300, 14 inch For class 400 and 600, 8 inch For class 900 and 1500, 6 inch For class 2500, 4 inch

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QUICK-ACTING gate and globe Two stem movements

1- Rotating stem, rotated by a lever Sliding stem, in which the stem is

raised and lowered by lever

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POWERED OPERATORS 1- Where a valve is remote from the main working area 2- If the required frequency of operation would need unreasonable human effort 3- If rapid opening and/or closing of a valve is required

ELECTRIC MOTOR SOLENOID PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC

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ELECTRIC MOTOR stem is moved by the electric motor

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SOLENOID fast-acting check valves on/off valves in light-duty instrumentation

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PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC Flammable vapor is likely to be present A) Cylinder with double-acting piston driven by air, water, oil, or other liquid which

usually actuates the stem directly B) Air motor which actuates the stem thru gearing C) double-acting vane with limited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating

the stem directly D) Squeeze type

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VALVES (General Notes) lubrication of the stem is critical selection of packing, gland design, and choice and application of lubricant is

important LANTERN RING : optional for bonnet , act as a collection point to drain off

any hazardous liquid , as a point where lubricant can be injected

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SELECTING VALVE

Steps: Material disc type Stem type operator Bonnet type Body ends Delivery time Price Warranty

How To Choose from chart: liquid, gas or powder is to be handled nature of the fluid (foodstuffs , drugs , hygienically things , chemicals ,

corrosives , and etc) function of the valve (On/Off or Regulation)

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On/Off Valve most commonly for On/Off is Gate Valve Most types of gate valve are unsuitable for regulating (Erosion of the

seat and disc – Vibration) Globe Valve is more tighter than Gate valve for On/Off (in some case)

SOLID WEDGE GATE DOUBLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE DOUBLE-DISC (SPLIT-WEDGE) GATE SINGLE-DISC SINGLE-SEAT GATE SINGLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE PLUG GATE VALVE PLUG VALVE LINE-BLIND VALVE

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REGULATING Valve GLOBE VALVE, STRAIGHT & ANGLE TYPE are most used over 6-inch , GATE or BUTTERFLY valves better for control flow

ANGLE VALVE REGULAR-DISC GLOBE VALVE PLUG-TYPE DISC GLOBE VALVE WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE COMPOSITION-DISC GLOBE VALVE DOUBLE-DISC GLOBE VALVE NEEDLE VALVE SQUEEZE VALVE PINCH VALVE

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VALVES FOR BOTH REGULATING & ON/OFF SERVICE

ROTARY-BALL VALVE BUTTERFLY VALVE

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VALVES FOR CHECKING BACKFLOW designed to permit flow of liquid or gas in one direction and close if flow

reverses

SWING CHECK VALVE TILTING-DISC VALVE LIFT-CHECK VALVE PISTON-CHECK VALVE STOP-CHECK VALVE BALL-CHECK VALVE WAFER CHECK VALVE FOOT VALVE

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FOOT VALVE Typical use on the suction of a sump pump basically a lift-check valve with a strainer integrated

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VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW

MUL TIPORT VALVE DIVERTING VALVE

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VALVES FOR DISCHARGING allow removal of fluid from a piping system to atmosphere, drain, or

another piping system or vessel at a lower pressure Operation is often automatic Pressure-relieving valves are usually spring loaded The first three valves are operated by system pressure, and are usually mounted directly onto the piping or

vessel to be protected, in a vertical, upright position

SAFETY VALVE RELIEF VALVE BALL FLOAT VALVE BLOWOFF VALVE FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE RUPTURE DISC SAMPLING VALVE TRAP

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SAFETY VALVE rapid-opening for air and other gases

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RELIEF VALVE relieve excess pressure in liquids

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BLOW-DOWN VALVE Usually plug-type disc globe for removing sludge and sedimentary matter from. the bottom of boiler drums,

vessels, driplegs, etc Reference ASME B31.1, section one, Paragraph 122.1.4 and 122.1.7

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FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE Usually a globe type Mainly for discharging liquid from the low point of a tank

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SAMPLING VALVE usually needle or globe placed in a branch line used in process industries , allows taking a representative portion of a fluid (gases,

liquids, fluidized, solids, or slurries) to test (e.g. by physical measurements, chemical analysis, microbiological examination), typically for quality control, etc.

double valve , Sampling from very high pressure lines

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CONTROL VALVES automatically regulate pressure and/or flow rate all control valves chosen will be Class 300 (minimum) is usually chosen to be smaller than line size to avoid throttling and

consequent rapid wear of the seat Globe-pattern normally , ends are usually flanged hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, mechanical operation temperature, pressure, level, flow rate may be self-operating, (controller, sensing element, etc) Pressure regulators (example)

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UNCLASSIFIED VALVES & TERMS

BARSTOCK VALVE: having a body machined from solid metal (barstock). Usually needle or globe type

BIBB: small valve with turned-down end, like a faucet

BLEED VALVE: Small valve provided for drawing off fluid

BLOCK VALVE: on/off valve, usually gate valve, placed in lines at battery limits

BREATHER VALVE: self-acting, installed on storage tanks, etc., to release vapor or gas on slight increase of internal pressure

BYPASS VALVE: Any valve placed in a bypass arranged around another valve or equipment

DIAPHRAGM VALVE: regulating the flow of slurries and corrosive fluids.

DRAIN VALVE: draining liquids from a line or vessel

DRIP VALVE: fitted to the bottom of a dripleg to permit blowdown

HEADER VALVE: isolating valve installed in a branch where it joins a headerl

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HOSE VALVE: gate or globe, one end externally threaded, used for vehicular, firewater, etc. connections

ISOLATING VALVE: on/off valve isolating a piece of equipment or a process from piping

KNIFE-EDGE VALVE: single-disc single-seat gate valve (slide gate) with a knife-edged disc

MIXING VALVE: regulates the proportions of two inflows to produce a controlled outflow

NON-RETURN VALVE: Any type of stop-check valve

ROOT VALVE: (1) used to isolate a pressure element or instrument (2) placed at the beginning of a branch from a header

SHUTOFF VALVE: on/off valve placed in lines for stopping and starting flow

SPIRAL-SOCK VALVE: control flow of powders by means of a twistable fabric tube

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STOP VALVE: on/off valve, usually a globe valve

THROTTLING VALVE: Any valve used to closely regulate flow in the just-open position

VACUUM BREAKER: special self-acting valve, or any valve suitable for vacuum service, operated manually or automatically, installed to admit gas (usually atmospheric air) into a vacuum or low-pressure space. Such valves are installed on high points of piping or vessels to permit draining, and sometimes to prevent siphoning

QUICK-ACTING VALVE: Any on/off valve rapidly operable, either by manual lever, spring, or by piston, solenoid or lever. are desirable in lines conveying flammable liquids.

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Documents

Mnaderi Material Rev.04