Monograph 2

Engineering Dielectrics Volume III Electrical Insulating Liquids

R. Bartnikas Editor lnstitut de Recherche d'Hydro-Qudbec Varennes, Quebec, Canada

ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Printed in the U.S.A.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Electrical insulating liquids / R. Bartnikas, editor. (Engineering dielectrics; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8031-2055-9 1. Electric insulators and insulation--Liquids.

I. Bartnikas, R. II. Series. TK3401.E53 vol. 3 [TK3441 15] 621.319'37 s--dc20 [621.319'37]

2. Dielectrics.

93-27813 CIP

ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 31-002093-21

Copyright �9 1994 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher.

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NOTE--The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions in this publica- tion.

Printed in Chelsea, MI January 1994

Foreword

The present publication, Volume III, concerns electrical insulating liquids and forms an integral part of a monograph series entitled Engineering Dielectrics. The subject matter of the series encompasses various practical and theoretical facets of dielectric materials and systems that are suitable for use in electrical apparatus, cables, and devices. The series is comprised of eight volumes, namely:

Volume I Volume IIA

Volume IIB

Volume III Volume IV Volume V Volume VI Volume VII

Corona Measurement and Interpretation (ASTM STP 669) Electrical Properties of Solid Insulating Materials: Molecular Structure and Electrical Behavior (ASTM STP 783) Electrical Properties of Solid Insulating Materials: Measurement Techniques (ASTM STP 926) Electrical Insulating Liquids Electrical Solid-Liquid Insulating Systems Cable Insulating Systems Transformer and Rotating Machine Insulating Systems Capacitor and Bushing Insulating Systems

The overall monograph series is sponsored by ASTM Committee D9 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, with the present volume being also cosponsored by ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases. As a result of the depth to which the subject matter of this series must be addressed in both the theoretical and practical aspects, the progress and preparation of the individual volumes has been proceeding at a substantially slower pace than one may have wished. It is, therefore, with some solicitude on my part that I have attempted to devote increasing amounts of my disponible time on efforts to accelerate the preparation of subsequent volumes. To all the users of the series, who have placed enquiries concerning the release of future volumes, I wish to express my gratitude for their patience and understanding.

Varennes, Sept. 18, 1991

R. Bartnikas

Editor

Contents

Foreword

Preface

CHAPTER lkPermi t t iv i ty and Loss of Insulating LiquidskR. Bartnikas

CHAPTER 2nConduct ion Mechanisms in Liquids--W. F. Schmidt

CHAPTER 3~Electrical Breakdown in Dielectric Fluids--E. o. Forster

CHAPTER 4--Physical and Chemical Properties of Mineral Insulating Oils-- M. Duval and T. O. Rouse

CHAPTER 5~Molecular Structure and Composition of Liquid Insulating Materials--G. A. Vincent

iii

1

3

147

262

310

380

I Units and Equivalents

II General Physical Constants

III Greek Alphabet

IV Prefixes of the SI System of Units

Author Index

Subject Index

APPENDICES

431

434

435

436

437

449

A glimpse of Brownian motion from antiquity

Do but observe: Whenever beams enter and pour The sunlight through the dark chambers of a house, You will perceive many minute bodies mingling, In a multiplicity of ways within those rays of light Throughout the entire space, and as it were In a never ending conflict of battle Combating and contending troop with troop Without pause, maintained in motion by perpetual Encounters and separations; so that this Should assist you to imagine what it signifies When primordial particles o f matter Are always meandering in a great void. To this extent a small thing may suggest A picture of great things, and point the way To new concepts. There is another reason Why you should give attention to those bodies Which are seen wavering confusedly In the rays of the sun: such waverings indicate That beneath appearance there must be Motions of matter secret and unseen.

Contemplator enim, cum solis lumina cumque inserti fundunt radii per opaca domorum: multa minuta modis multis per inane videbis corpora miscari radiorum lumine in ipso et velut aeterno certamine proelia pugnas edere turmatim certantia nec dare pausam, conciliis et discidiis exercita crebis; conicere ut possis ex hoc, primordia rerum quale sit in magno iactari semper inani. dumtaxat rerum magnarum parva potest res exemplare dare et vestigia notitiai hoc etiam magnis haec animum te advertare par est corpora quae in solis radiis turbare videntur guod tales turbae motus quoque material significant clandestinos caecosque subesse.

Lucretius in De Rerum Natura

About the Editor... R, B A R T N I K A S received his early education at St. Michael's College School in Toronto, Ontario. He obtained the B.A.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto in 1958 and the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from McGill University in 1962 and 1964, respectively, also in Electrical Engineering.

In 1958 Dr. Bartnikas joined the Cable Development Laboratories, Northern Electric Company (now Northern Telecom), Lachine, Qu6bec, where he carried out work on ionization discharges

in cavities and on dielectric losses in cable insulating systems. In 1963 he joined the Northern Electric Research and Development Laboratories (now Bell Northern Laboratories), Ottawa, where he continued his work on discharges and dielectrics, becoming increasingly involved in thin film dielectrics with application to integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. In 1968 he joined the Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Qu6bec and held the position of Scientific Director of the Materials Science Department. He holds presently the position of Maitre de Recherche and is engaged in research on partial discharge phenomena and on dielectric materials with application to cables, transformers, and rotating machines.

Dr. Bartnikas is the author of many papers in the area of dielectrics, gaseous discharges and associated measurement techniques. He is the editor of the ASTM monograph/book series Engineering Dielectrics and two books entitled Elements of Cable Engineering and Power Cable Engineering. He is Adjunct Professor at the University of Waterloo, the ]~cole Polytechnique (Universit6 de Montr6al), and McGiU University.

Dr. Bartnikas is a recipient of many scientific awards; he is a Fellow of ASTM, the IEEE, the Institute of Physics (UK), and the Royal Society of Canada (Academy of Science Division). He held the position of Chairman of the ASTM Committee on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials from 1979 to 1985. He also served as President of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society, and is currently a member of the IEEE Energy Committee and the IEEE Insulated Conductors Committee. He is a member of the committees on electrical insulating materials of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

ISBN 0-8031-2055-9