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AGA K
UBDCGMRJRGD
Smb jbgcbq|mku ugqgckih k| |`hbsmkdi c{dghkl gdc
gjyg{| ru s` cgsb s` sgjo fq`h `db ibdbqgsk`d s` ibdbqgsk`d$
Jgsbj{* smb jbgcbq|mku rdcbq \A[ gdc NO* mg| ujgddbc g
jbgcbq|mku mbgcbc s`ygqc I``c I`vbqdgdlb$ Gjj smb
¼Rdksbc Lgakdbs³ ybqb mbgcbc s`ygqc smqbb hgkd gibdcg$
Smb{ uq`hk|bc s` arkjc ubglbfrjj |ksrgsk`d* nr|sklb gdc
cbh`lqgl{ gdc uq`|ubqks{ f`q gjj$ Smk| u`jkl{* `f l`rq|b
dbbc| g i``c ag|kl h`qgj gdc bsmkl$ Ugqgckihg
obubhkhukdgd hbqrugogd |b|rgsr {gdi |gdigs ckdghk|$ Hg|gjgmd{g |bjgjr mkcru cgd gosrgj
rdsro ckognk cgqk ibdbqg|k ob ibdbqg|k$ Gomkq · gomkq kdk Kdc`db|kg hk|gjd{g ck bqg
obubhkhukdgd \r|kj` Aghagdi [rc`{`d` hbdlgdgdiogd u`jg obubhkhukdgd {gdi
hbdigqgm obugcg obubhbqkdsgmgd {gdi agko {gdi ckobdgj cbdigd k|skjgm I``c I`vbqdgdlb$
Hbqbog abqsbogc hbyrnrcogd Kdc`db|kg {gdi ghgd cgd cghgk* gckj cgd cbh`oqg|k* |bqsg
hbyrnrcogd ob|bngmsbqggd {gdi hbjkhugm cgd hbqgsg - ubglb* nr|sklb* cbh`lqgl{ gdc
uq`|ubqks{+$ Obakngogd {gdi hrjkg kdk sbdsr |gng hbharsrmogd jgdcg|gd h`qgj cgd bsko
obubhkhukdgd {gdi agko$
Ubugsgm Gqga {gdi lroru sbqobdgj ck Kdc`db|kg hbdigsgogd ¼Kddghgj rhghr gomjgwr hgg
agwkgs fgkd mrhr ngmgags gomjgwrmrh ngmgar³ Gqskd{g |rgsr rhgs gogd orgs ogqbdg
abqubigdi sbirm ugcg h`qgjksg| {gdi gcg* dghrd gugakjg h`qgj ckgagkogd hgog srdiirjgm
obmgdlrqgd rhgs sbq|bars$ Rdsro ksrjgm oksg ubqjr hbd{gcgqk agmyg oqk|k| {gdi hbjgdcg
Agdi|g Kdc`db|kg |ggs kdk -oqk|k| obrgdigd* oqk|k| ugdigd* oqk|k| hkd{go* cgd oqk|k| jgkdd{g+
skcgo sbqjbug| cbdigd obhbq`|`sgd h`qgj cgd bskog obubhkhukdgd ck Dbigqg oksg$
Og|r| ubd{gjgmirdggd ybybdgdi cgd oborg|ggd ck Jbhagig [rckogskf sbjgm
hbdimgdlrqogd mgqgugd Agdi|g Kdc`db|kg rdsro hbdbigoogd |ruqbhg|k mrorh cgd obgckjgd$
Cbhkokgd urjg og|r| ubd{bjbybdigd cgd |rgu ck jbhagig jbik|jgskvb sbjgm hbhr|dgmogdkhukgd qgo{gs Kdc`db|kg {gdi sbjgm hbdrdnro ygokjd{g cgjgh hbhubqnrgdiogd ob|bngmsbqggd
abq|ghg$ Cgjgh akcgdi ubdckckogd* ubd{bjbybdigd cgdg ubdckckogd* ubq|bjkdiormgd*
Ubhgo|ggd objrjr|gd cgjgh RGD/RDG\ cgd hg|km agd{go jgik fbd`hbdg {gdi hbdrdnroogd
agmyg qgurmd{g h`qgj cgd bskog obmkcrugd abqagdi|g cgd abqdbigqg {gdi hbdngck ubd{baga
sbqab|gq cgqk oqk|k| hrjskckhbd|k`dgj ck Kdc`db|kg |ggs kdk$
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\bogqgdi ubqsgd{ggdd{g gcgjgm gug {gdi hbdngck ubd{baga h`qgj cgd bskog ksr skcgo
frdi|k`dgj$ Ngygagdd{g gcgjgm |bjghg kdk ubhagdirdgd {gdi ckigjgoogd jbakm agd{go
cksbogdogd cgd sbqf`or| ugcg rug{g hbdlgugk skdiogs ubqsrharmgd bo`d`hk {gdi hgo|khgj$
\bhbdsgqg g|ubo h`qgjksg| cgd bskog {gdi abqcg|gqogd dkjgk · dkjgk obgighggd |b`jgm · `jgm
sbqgagkogd `jbm ubdbdsr obakngogd rdsro ckhg|roogd cgjgh uq`|b| cgd khujbhbdsg|k
ubhagdirdgd$ Ubqjr ckkdigs agmyg ubhagdirdgd sgdug ckjgdcg|k h`qgj cgd bskog |rcgm
agqgdi sbdsr gogd abqcghugo hrdlrjd{g kdckvkcr cgd obj`hu`o {gdi skcgo |bmgs |blgqg
u|ko`j`ik| cgd |`|kgj$
\b`qgdi ubhkhukd {gdi agko cgjgh obubhbqkdsgmgd |b{`i{gd{g hbdrharmogd |bhgdigs
{gdi orgs rdsro hbhkhukd ckqkd{g |bdckqk |babjrh hbhkhukd agdi|gd{g$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd
mgqr| hbhkjkok |kogu sgors gogd Srmgd gigq cgugs sghukj |bagigk ubhkhukd |bngsk$ Ubhkhukd
{gdi cgugs ckubqlg{g* nrnrq* ugsrm* ck|kujkd* sggs g~g|* hghur abqo`hrdkog|k |blgqg bfboskf*
sbig| cgd sbord hbdbigoogd obabdgqgd |bmkdiig hghur hbdigjgmogd hr|rm agdi|g$
H`qgj hbjgmkqogd |b`qgdi ubhkhukd {gdi hghur hbdimgqigk ubobqnggd `qgdi jgkd*
hbdigork obhghurgd `qgdi {gdi ckukhukd cgd hbdim`qhgsk hbqbog |bagigk gack Dbigqg$
H`qgj hghur hbdc`q`di |b`qgd ubhkhukd abq|kogu sqgd|ugqgd* obsbqaroggd cgjgh
hbjgo|gdgogd ghgdgm {gdi ckbhagdd{g$
Cbhkokgd urjg mgjd{g cbdigd bskog {gdi hbqrugogd qbfjbo|k cgqk h`qgj {gdi abq|rhabq
cgqk Ugdlg|kjg$ Bskog {gdi abqmkhuksgd cbdigd ¼h`qgj³ hghur hbjgmkqogd ubhkhukd {gdi
|gcgq gogd obsbqagsg|gd oborg|ggdd{g$ Hbdigork cgd hbdcrordi gcgd{g obsbqagsg|gd
ubdiirdggd oborg|ggd ug|sk gogd hbdlbsgo ukhukdgd {gdi hghur hbdimkdcgqk
ubd{gjgmirdggd obybdgdigd$ Ubhkhukd {gdi |blgqg |gcgq hbdimkdcgqk sbqngckd{g
ubhbqkdsgmgd `s`qksbqk|sko cgd oborg|ggd ga|`jrsb $
Uqkd|ku Obubhkhukdgd hbdrqrs ugdcgdigd Gjoksga agmyg* Ubhkhukd \bagigk Ubjg{gd* Ck
cgjgh srig| Obubhkhukdgdd{g$ [b|r| sbjgm hbdirsgqgogd uqkd|ku obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd ck
cgjgh* Hgqor| ;><2 {gksr* ¼¯ Nkog |b|b`qgdi kdikd hbdngck {gdi sbqcgmrjr* mbdcgojgm kg
hbdngck {gdi sbqgomkq cgqk |bhrgd{g cgd ubjg{gd cgqk |bhrgd{g$³ Cgd ugcg Hgqor| 75> 3<(
33* ¼Sbsguk [b|r| hbhgdiikj hbqbog jgjr abqogsg > ¼oghr sgmr* agmyg hbqbog {gdi ck|bars
ubhbqkdsgm agdi|g(agdi|g hbhbqkdsgm qgo{gsd{g cbdigd sgdigd ab|k* cgd ubhab|gq( ubhab|gqd{g hbdngjgdogd org|gd{g cbdigd obqg| gsg| hbqbog$ Skcgojgm cbhkokgd ck gdsgqg
oghr* agqgdi|kgug kdikd hbdngck ab|gq ck gdsgqg oghr* mbdcgojgm kg hbdngck ubjg{gdhr* cgd
agqgdi|kgug kdikd hbdngck {gdi sbqobhrog ck gdsgqg oghr* mbdcgojgm kg hbdngck mghag rdsro
|bhrgd{g$ Ogqbdg Gdgo hgdr|kg nrig cgsgdi arogd rdsro ckjg{gdk* hbjgkdogd rdsro
hbjg{gdk cgd rdsro hbhabqkogd d{gyg(D{g hbdngck sbar|gd agik agd{go `qgdi$³ [gdi
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hbdngck ubqsgd{ggd |bogqgdi hg|km gcgogm h`qgj cgd bskog ubhkhukd oksg {gdi hgr hbdngck
|b`qgdi ¼ U bjg{gd³ \bh`ig$
@jbm ogqbdg ksr rdsro hbyrnrcogd mgj sbq|bars* hgog ugcg ob|bhugsgd kdk ubdrjk| kdk
hbjgorogd |rgsr ognkgd sb`qksk| cgjgh abdsro hgogjgm {gdi abqnrcrj > H@Q GJ CGD
BSKOG OBUBHKHUKD UBDCKCKOGD CGJGH UGDCGDIGD GJOKSGA
AGA KK
UBHAGMG\GD
K$ O @D\BU CG\GQ OBUBHKHUKDGD
G$ Cbfkdk|k Obubhkhukdgd
Obubhkhukdgd hbhkjkok ugdcgdigd {gdi abqabcg · abcg `jbm ugqg gmjk* |bmkdiig
hbqbogurd hbhabqkogd cbfkdk|k sbdsgdi obubhkhukdgd abqabcg urjg* gcgurd ubdcgugs
ugqg gmjk hbdibdgk cbfkdk|k ubdckckogd {gksr >
7$ @vbqs`d -1551+ hbdnbjg|ogd> obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm obhghurgd rdsro hbhubq`jbm
skdcgogd cbdigd cgd hbjgjrk `qgdi jgkd cbdigd obubqlg{ggd cgd obqng|ghg$
1$ Hgd~ cgd \kh|*Nq -1557+ abqubdcgugs agmyg* ubhkhukd gcgjgm `qgdi {gdi hbhkjkok
oborg|ggd* obybdgdigd gsgr ogqk|hg {gdi lroru rdsro hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi jgkd$
<$ Nghb| H$ Ajglo -7;67+* Jbgcbq|mku k| lgugajb ubq|rgckdi `smbq| s` y`qo s`ibsmbq
rdcbq ckqblsk`d| g| g sbgh s` gll`hujk|m lbqsgkd cb|kidgsbc `anblskvb|*
-Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm obhghurgd {gdi |gdiiru hbd{gokdogd `qgdi jgkd |rug{g
abobqng|ghg ck agygm ukhukdgdd{g |bagigk |rgsr skh rdsro hbdlgugk srnrgd sbqsbdsr+
3$ @qcyg{ Sbgc -7;<2+* Jbgcbq|mku k| smb glskvks{ `f kdfjrbdlkdi ub`ujb s` l``ubqgsb
s`ygqc |`hb i`gj ymklm l`hb s` fkdc cb|kqgajb* -Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm goskvksg|
hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi(`qgdi gigq hgr abobqng|ghg rdsro hbdlgugk ababqgug srnrgd
{gdi hbqbog kdikdogd+$
2$ I$J$ Fqbbhgd & B$O$ Sg{j`q -7;25+* Jbgcbq|mku k| gd gakjks{ s` lqbgsb iq`ru glsk`d
s`ygqc gd `qigdk~gsk`dgj `anblskvb yksm hg}khrh bffblskvbdb|| gdc l``ubqgsk`d fq`h
bglm kdckvkcrgj -Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm obhghurgd rdsro hbdlkusgogd obikgsgdobj`hu`o hbdlgugk srnrgd `qigdk|g|k cbdigd bfblskvksg| hgo|khrh cgd obqng|ghg cgqk
skgu(skgu kdckvkcr+$
6$ Ib`qib Q $ Sbqq{ -7;91+* Jbgcbq|mku k| smb qbjgsk`d|mku kd ymklm `db ubq|`d* `q smb
jbgcbq* kdfjrbdlb| `smbq| s` y`qo s`ibsmbq ykjjkdij{ `d qbjgsbc sg|o| s` gssgkd smgs ymklm
smb jbgcbq cb|kqb|* -Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm mrardigd {gdi gcg cgjgh ckqk |b|b`qgdi
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gsgr ubhkhukd* hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi(`qgdi jgkd rdsro abobqng|ghg |blgqg |gcgq
cgjgh mrardigd srig| rdsro hbdlgugk {gdi ckkdikdogd ubhkhukd+$
9$ Hbdrqrs \mbjs`d -7;;9+ gcg ababqgug uqkd|ku obubhkhukdgd {gdi ubqjr ckugmghk
{gksr>
g$ Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm skcgo bo|jr|kf agik obcrcrogd bo|borskf
a$ @qigdk|g|k gogd mgdlrq sgdug obubhkhukdgd
l$ Mgj {gdi abdgq rdsro hbhkhukd mgqr| ckhrdlrjogd
c$ F`or| obubhkhukdgd sbqmgcgu mrardigd skhagj agjko
b$ Obubhkhukdgd abq|kfgs o`dsbo|srgj
f$ Ubhkhukd hbhabqkogd kd|ukqg|k obugcg `qgdi jgkd rdsro hbhkhukd
i$ Obsbqghukjgd hgdgnbhbd gcgjgm |rgsr o`hu`dbd ubdskdi cgjgh obubhkhukdgd
m$ Obubhkhukdgd cgugs ckubjgngqk
Abqcg|gqogd obsbqgdigd ckgsg| cgugs ck|khurjogd obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm obhghurgd
hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi jgkd agko kdckvkcr hgrurd obj`hu`o {gdi cbdigd |rogqbjg
hbjgorogd obikgsgd rdsro hbdlgugk srnrgd sbqsbdsr$
A$ Rd|rq ( rd|rq Obubhkhukdgd
Hbdrqrs Mbq|b{ cgd Ajgdclmgqs -7;==+ abqubdcgugs agmyg rd|rq obubhkhukdgd ksr
{gksr ubhkhukd - Jbgcbq +* ubdikors - F`jj`ybq +* cgd |ksrg|k -\ksrgsk`d+ sbhugs ck hgdg
abqjgdi|rdid{g uq`|b| obubhkhukdgd$ \bcgdiogd {gdi hbhabcgogd ubhkhukd
cbdigd {gdi ckukhukd cgugs ckjkmgs cgqk agogs(agogsd{g$ Gcg bdgh agogs hbdrqrs
Okjugsqko cgd J`lob -@vbqs`d* 1551+* {gksr>
7$ Obabqgdkgd 3$ Qg|g ubqlg{g ckqk
1$ Obkdikdgd/ c`q`digd rdsro hbhkhukd 2$ Oblbqcg|gd
<$ Obnrnrqgd cgd kdsbiqksg| 6$ Ubdibsgmrgd {gdi qbjbvgd cbdigd ubobqnggd
Ubhkhukd skcgo gogd bo|k| sgdug gdii`sg gsgr ubdikors$ Hbdrqrs @ybd| -7;;2>711+
agmyg gcg ababqgug mgj ubhkhukd abqmrardigd cbdigd gdii s̀gd{g>
7$ Hbdc`q`di hbd{gsrogd gdii`sg cgjgh hbyrnrcogd vk|k
1$ Hbhagdioksogd o`hkshbd uqkagck rdsro abqr|gmg hbhagyg vk|k hbhg|rok hg|g
cbugd {gdi jbakm agko <$ Hbdigsrq jkdiordigd obqng|ghg {gdi hbdngckogd srnrgd |bagigk dkjgk sbqur|gs
cgjgh `qigdk|g|k
3$ Hbhrcgmogd ubobqnggd {gdi hbqbog arsrmogd hbjgorogdd{g rdsro hbdlgugk
vk|k$
L$ Oborg|ggd cgd Obubhkhukdgd
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Ck|kdk obubhkhukdgd |b|`qgdi hbhkjkok mrardigd {gdi |gdigs bqgs cbdigd
oborg|ggd$ Gcg jkhg nbdk| oborg|ggd hbdrqrs Fqbdlm cgd Qbvbd {gdi ckorsku @ybd|
-7;;2+* {gksr>
7$ Qbygqc U`ybq* |rgsr oborg|ggd {gdi ckubq`jbm gsg| cg|gq ubhabqkgd mgckgm gsgr
qbygqc obugcg gdii`sg |bmkdiig hbqbog hbjgorogd obikgsgd obikgsgd {gdi
ckkdikdogd$
1$ L`bqlkvb U`ybq* oborg|ggd {gdi abq|kfgs ugo|ggd hbjkagsogd obhghurgd
hbdigyg|k cgd hbhabqk mrorhgd |bmkdiig `qgdijgkd hbhgsrmkd{g$
<$ B}ubqs U`ybq* oborg|ggd {gdi ckcg|gqogd gsg| ubdirg|ggd ubdibsgmrgd sbqsbdsr
|bmkdiig hghur hbdc`q`di `qgdi hbjgorogd |b|rgsr ogqbdg ubdigqrmd{g {gdi
abqcg|gq ubdibsgmrgdd{g$
3$ Jbikskhgsb U`ybq* oborg|ggd {gdi ckhkjkok ogqbdg obybdgdigdd{g cgjgh u`|k|k
sbqsbdsr ugcg `qigdk|g|k |bmkdiig ckgork `jbm `qgdi jgkd hbhkjkok mgo {gdi ygnka
rdsro ckugsrmk$
2$ Qbfbqbds U`ybq* oborg|ggd cgsgdi cgqk obkdikdgd agygmgd rdsro hbdikcbdskfkog|k
gsgr hbd{bdgdiogd gsg|gdd{g$
C$ Obsbqghukjgd cgd \kfgs Obubhkhukdgd
7$ Obsbqghukjgd hbhkhukd
Mbq|b{ cgd Ajgdlmgqc -7;==>2+ hbdcbfkdk|kogd obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm |bskgu
skdcgogd {gdi ckjgorogd rdsro hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi jgkd hbjgorogd |b|rgsr |b|rgk
cbdigd mgqgugd {gdi hbhubdigqrmk ckcgjghd{g sbjgm sbqngck uq`|b|
obubhkhukdgd$
1$ \kfgs(\kfgs Obubhkhukdgd
Ababqgug agogs cgqk ubhkhukd {gdi agko hbdrqrs @vbqs`d -1551+ hbdlgoru > 7+
Obnrnrqgd cgd kdsbiqksg|* 1+ Obabqgdkgd/|bhgdigs* <+ Obkdikdgd/c`q`digd
hbhkhukrd* 3$ Ubqlg{g ckqk* 2+ Oblbqcg|gd* 6$ Ubdibsgmrgd {gdi qbjbvgd cbdigd
ubobqnggd$
B$ Ubqkjgor cgd Ig{g Obubhkhukdgd
7$ Uqkjgor obubhkhukdgdGcg bhugs ubqkjgor obubhkhukdgd mg|kj ubdbjkskgd @mk` \sgsb Jbgcbq|mku
|bagigkhgdg ckobhrogogd `jbm Q`akd| -7;;7+ cgd Mbq|b{ & Ajgdlmgqc -7;==+>
g$ Hbhbqkdsgm - Ckqblskv+* [gksr ubhkhukd hbhabqksgmr gug cgd ogugd |b|rgsr
ckobqngogd* skcgo gcg ugqsk|kug|k cgjgh ubdighakjgd obursr|gd$
a$ Hbdcrordi - |ruu`qskvb+* {gksr hgdgnbq hbdngck |gmgags agik ubigygk cgd
hbdrdnroogd hkdgs obugcg hbqbog$
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l$ Hbhrcgmogd - fg|kjksgskf +* {gksr ukhukdgd hbhabqksgmr |gqgd cgd hbjkagsogd
ubigygk cgjgh ubdighakjgd obursr|gd$
c$ @qkbdsg|k Uqb|sg|k - Glmkbvbhbds(@qkbdsbs +* {gksr ukhukdgd hbhagik o`dsqkar|k
sbdsgdi srnrgd cgd hbdrdnroogd obubqlg{ggd agmyg ubigygk hghur
hbdlgugkd{g$
1$ Ig{g Obubhkhukdgd
g$ Ig{g obubhkhukdgd `s`oqgsk| gcgjgm ig{g obubhkhukdgd {gdi abq`qkbdsg|k
obugcg srig| gogd sbsguk orqgdi ubqmgskgd ugcg obarsrmgd ugqg ubobqngd{g$
a$ Ig{g obubhkhukdgd cbh`oqgsk| gcgjgm hbdikors|bqsgogd gdii`sg agygmgd
cgjgh ubdighakjgd obursr|gd cgjgh qgdiog hbdrharmogd o`hkshbd obqng
rdsro hbdlgugk srnrgd$
l$ Ig{g obubhkhukdgd obdcgjk abag| -jgk||b~fgkqb+ hbdbogdogd agmyg ubhkhukd
skcgo mgd{g abqr|gmg rdsro hbdngjgdogd o`dsq`j gsgr ubdigqrm sbqmgcgu ugqg
gdii`sg obj`hu`o$ Cgjgh ig{g obubhkhukdgd kdk lbdcbqrdi ubhkhukd |bqkdi
hbhabqk oborg|ggd ugcg agygmgd$
KK$ Obubhkhukdgd ubdckckogd
G$ O`d|bu cg|gq obubhkhukdgd ubdckckogd
\blgqg rhrh cbfkdk|k obubhkhukdgd cgugs ckqrhr|ogd |bagigk abqkors$
¼Obubhkhukdgd abqgqsk obhghurgd cgd ob|kgugd {gdi ckhkjkok `jbm |b|b`qgdi rdsro
cgugs hbhubdigqrmk* hbdc`q`di* hbdigngo* hbdrdsrd* hbdiibqgoogd* hbdigqgmogd* cgd
ogjgr ubqjr hbhgo|g `qgdi gsgr obj`hu`o gigq hbdbqkhg ubdigqrm sbq|bars cgd
|bjgdnrsd{g abqargs |b|rgsr {gdi cgugs hbhagdsr sbqlgugkd{g |rgsr srnrgd sbqsbdsr {gdi
sbjgm cksbsguogd³$ Ubdckckogd³ {gdi hbdigdcrdi gqsk cgjgh jgugdigd gug cgd ckhgdg
obubhkhukdgd ksr abqjgdi|rdi* cgd |bogjkir| hbdnbjg|ogd urjg |kfgs gsgr lkqk(lkqk {gdi
mgqr| ckhkjkok `jbm obubhkhukdgd ksr$
Obubhkhukdgd ubdckckogd hbqrugogd obhghurgd rdsro hbdiibqgoogd ubjgo|gdggd
ubdckckogd* |bmkdiig srnrgd ubdckckogd {gdi sbjgm cksbsguogd cgugs sbqlgugk |blgqg bfboskf cgd bfk|kbd$
7$ Frdi|k Obubhkhukdgd Ubdckckogd
g$ Ubhkhukd hbhagdsr sbqlkusgd{g |rg|gdg ubq|grcgqggd* obqng|ghg* cbdigd ubdrm
qg|g obabag|gd$
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a$ Ubhkhukd hbhagdsr obj`hu`o rdsro hbdi`qigdk|kq cgqk {gksr kors |bqsg cgjgh
hbhabqkogd qgdi|gdigd cgd agdsrgd obugcg obj`hu`o cgjgh hbdbsguogd cgd
hbdnbjg|ogd rnkgd
l$ Ubhkhukd hbhagdsr obj`hu`o cgjgh hbdbsguogd uq`|bcrq obqng* {gksr hbhagdsr
obj`hu`o cgjgh hbdigdgjk|k| |ksrg|k rdsro obhrckgd hbdbsguogd uq`|bcrq hgdg
{gdi ugjkdi uqgosk| cgd bfboskf
c$ Ubhkhukd abqsgdiirdi ngyga cgjgh hbdighakj obursr|gd abq|ghg cbdigd
obj`hu`o$ Ubhkhukd hbhabqk ob|bhugsgd obugcg obj`hu`o rdsro abjgngq cgqk
ubdigjghgd
b$ Ubhkhukd abqsgdiirdi ngyga cgjgh hbdibhagdiogd cgd hbhubqsgmgdogd
bo|k|sbd|k `qigdk|g|k$
1$ Skub(Skub Obubhkhukdgd Ubdckckogd
g$ Skub @s`qksbq l$ Skub cbh`oqgsk|
a$ Skub ¼Jgk||b~(fgkqb³ c$ Skub U|brc` Cbh`oqgsk|$
<$ \{gqgs(\{gqgs Ubhkhukd Ubdckckogd
g$ Qbdcgm mgsk cgd |bcbqmgdg
a$ Abq|kfgs |rog hbd`j`di
l$ \gagq cgd hbhkjkok ob|sgakjgd bh`|k
c$ Ubqlg{g obugcg ckqk |bdckqk
b$ Nrnrq* gckj cgd cgugs ckubqlg{g
f$ Obgmjkgd cgjgh ngagsgd
3$ Obsqghukjgd [gdi Mgqr| Ckhkjkok Ubhkhukd
g$ Obsqghukjgd cgjgh hbhkhukd
a$ Obsqghukjgd cgjgh mrardigd kd|gdk
l$ Obsqghukjgd cgjgh uq`|b| obj`hu`o
c$ Obsqghukjgd cgjgh gchkdk|sqg|k ubq|`dkj
b$ Obsqghukjgd cgjgh hbdkjgk
2$ Ubdcbogsgd Sbdsgdi Sb`qk Hrdlrjd{g Ubhkhukd
Hrdlrjd{g ubhkhukd ckobhrogogd cgjgh ababqgug sb`qk* {gksr >g$ Sb`qk Ubqsghg* abqubdcgugs agmyg |b|b`qgdi gogd hbdngck ubhkhukd ogqbdg kg
hbhgdi ckjgmkqogd rdsro hbdngck ubhkhukd$ Hgog hrdlrjgm k|skjgm ² Jbgcbq| gqb
a`qdbc d`s arjkc ³$ Sb`qk kdk ck|bars sb`qk Ibdbsk|$
a$ Sb`qk Obcrg* hbdigsgogd agmyg |b|b`qgdi gogd hbdngck ubhkhukd ogjgr
jkdiordigd* ygosr gsgr obgcggd hbhrdiokdogd kg hbdngck ubhkhukd$ Hgog
hrdlrjgm k|skjgm ¼ Jbgcbq| gqb arkjs d`s a`qd³$ Sb`qk kdk ck|bars sb`qk \`|kgj$
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l$ Sb`qk Obskig* gcgjgm igardigd sb`qk ubqsghg cbdigd sb`qk obcrg* kgjgm rdsro
hbdngck |b`qgdi ubhkhukd ubqjr agogs cgd agogs ksr ubqjr ckakdg |rug{g
abqobhagdi$ Sb`qk kdk ck|bars sb`qk Bo`j`ik|$
c$ Sb`qk Obbhugs* ck|bars sb`qk \ksrg|k / O`dskdibd|k$ Hbdrqrs sb`qk kdk |bskgu `qgdi
ak|g hbdngck ubhkhukd* sbsguk cgjgh |ksrg|k sbqsbdsr |gng* ogqbdg kg hbhkjkok
objbakmgd(objbakmgd {gdi ckubqjrogd cgjgh |ksrg|k ksr$
6$ Ubdcbogsgd CgjghHbhubjgngqk Obubhkhukdgd Ubdckckogd
g$ Ubdcbogsgd O`dskdibd|k / \ksrg|k
H`cbj Obubhkhukdgd O`dskdibd|k
H`cbj Obubhkhukdgd Skig Ckhbd|k
Sb`qk Obubhkhukdgd \ksrg|k`dgj
a$ Ubdcbogsgd \kfgs -Sqgks| Guuq`lm+
l$ Ubdcbogsgd Obubqkjgorgd - Abmgvk`qgj Guuq`lm+
c$ \srck Obubhkhukdgd @mk` \sgsb Rdkvbq|ks{
b$ Sb`qk Obubhkhukdgd Hgdgibqkgj Iqkc
f$ H`cbj Ibs~bj| cgd Irag
i$ Og~s hbdibhrogogd skig obsqghukjgd {gdi mgqr| ckorg|gk `jbm |b`qgdi ubhkhukd*
kgjgm mrhgd qbjgsk`d |okjj* sblmdklgj |okjj* cgd l`dlbusrgj |okjj$ Og~s nrig
hbdibhrogogd qgdgm obsqghukjgd ubhkhukd {gksr > S`u Hgdgibq* Hkccjb Jbvbj
Hgdgibq cgd Fkq|s \rubqvk|k`q - J`ybq Hgdgibq +$
A$ H@CBJ · H@CBJ OBUBHKHUKDGD CGJGH UBDCKCKOGD
7$ Obubhkhukdgd Vk|k`dbq
Obubhkhukdgd vk|k`dbq gcgjgm obhghurgd |b|b`qgdi ubhkhukd cgjgh agigkhgdg
hbdlkusg* hbqrhr|ogd* hbdio`hrdkog|kogd / hbd|`|kgjk|g|kogd cgd
hbdikhujbhbdsg|kogd ubhkokqgd(ubhkokqgd kcbgj {gdi abqg|gj cgqk ckqkd{g gsgr
|bagigk mg|kj kdsbqgo|k |`|kgj ckgdsgqg gdii`sg `qigdk|g|k cgd |sgobm`jcbq {gdi ck{gokdk
|bagigk lksg(lksg `qigdk|g|k ck hg|g cbugd {gdi mgqr| ckqgkm gsgr ckyrnrcogd hbjgjrk
o`hkshbd |bhrg ubq|`dkj$
\babjrh |b`qgdi ubhkhukd {gdi vk|k`dbq hbdbsguogd vk|k* hgog hgog ubhkhukdsbq|bars ubqjr hbhurd{gk ubdigjghgd mkcru* ubdckckogd* ubdigjghgd uq`fb|k`dgj*
kdsbqgo|k cgd o`hrdkog|k cgjgh obikgsgd kdsbjbosrgj {gdi hbhabdsro u`jg ukokqd{g$
\bmkdiig cbdigd cbhkokgd* sbqlkusgd{g vk|k sbqabdsro cgqk ubqugcrgd gdsgqg
KD\UKQ G\K* KHGNKDG\K KD\KIMS* KDF@QHG\K* UBDIBSGMRGD cgd
UBDKJGKGD - NRCIHBDS +$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd {gdi vk|k`dbq hbhurd{gk o`d|bu
sbdsgdi >
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g$ Agigkhgdg hbqbog{g|g hg|g cbugd rdsro hbdlkusgogd ubdckckogd {gdi uq`croskf$
a$ Hbdngckogd ckqkd{g |bagigk gibd ubqragmgd
l$ Hbhu`|k|kogd |bagigk ubdbdsr gqgm `qigdk|g|k
c$ Ubjgskm gsgr ubhakhakdi {gdi uq`fb|k`dgj
b$ Hghur hbdghukjogd oborgsgd ubdibsgmrgd abqcg|gqogd ubdigjghgd uq`fb|k`dgj
cgd ubdckckogdd{g$
Ubdckckogd cgugs ckogsgogd uq`croskf gugakjg |b`qgdi ubhkhukd cgjgh hbdibj`jg
ubdckckogdd{g cgugs hbjgorogd bfboskvksg| cgd bfk|kbd|k cgjgh ubjgo|gdggdd{g
hbdbqguogd 2 o`d|bu sbq|bars ckgsg|$
\kfgs ( |kfgs |b`qgdi vk|k`dbq* |bjgkd ckg hghur hbjkmgs cgd hbhgdfggsogd ubjrgdi(
ubjrgdi ck hg|g cbugd kg nrig hbhkjkok uqkd|ku obubhkhukdgd |bubqsk {gdi
ckobhrogogd \sbumbd Q$ L`vb{ -7;;9+ sbdsgdi ubhkhukd {gdi abquqkd|ku cbdigd lkqk(
lkqk |bagigk abqkors >
g$ \bjgjr abjgngq -sbqr| hbdbqr|+ f$ Mkcru |bkhagdi
a$ Abq`qkbdsg|k ugcg ubjg{gdgd i$ Hbjkmgs mkcru |bagigk ubsrgjgdigd
l$ Hbhgdlgqogd bdbqik u`|kskf m$ \kdbqik|sko
c$ Hbhubqlg{gk `qgdi jgkd
b$ \bjgjr abqjgskm rdsro hbhubqagmgqrk ckqk gigq hghur hbdlgugk uqb|sg|k {gdi skdik
1$ Obubhkhukdgd Sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj
Ag|| -7;=2+ hbdibhrogogd |bargm sb`qk obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj
-sqgd|f`qhgsk`dgj jbgcbq|mku+ {gdi ckagdird gsg| igig|gd · igig|gd {gdi jbakm gygj
cgqk Arqd| -7;9=+$ Skdiogsgd |bngrm hgdg |b`qgdi ubhkhukd ck|bars sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj
sbqrsghg ckrorq cgjgh mrardigdd{g cbdigd bfbo obubhkhukdgdd{g sbq|bars sbqmgcgu
ugqg ubdikorsd{g$ Ck hgdg ugqg ubdikors cgqk |b|b`qgdi ubhkhukd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj
hbqg|g gcgd{g OBUBQ LG[GGD -SQR\S +* OBOGIRHGD* OB\BSKGGD
- J@[GJK S [ +* cgd M@QHGS SBQ MGCGU UBHKHUKD sbq|bars* |bqsg hbqbog
sbqh`skvg|k rdsro hbjgorogd jbakm cgqkugcg {gdi gygjd{g ckmgqguogd sbqmgcgu hbqbog
/ sbqc`q`di rdsro jbakm |ro|b| cgqk ubhkhukdd{g$
\ggs kdk ugqg s`o`m · s`o`m h`skvgs`q ck Kdc`db|kg hbdiirdgogd h`cbjobubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj |bagigk |gjgm |gsr o`d|bu ubdibhagdigd ckqk {gdi
|bqkdi ckgngqogd rdsro hbh`skvg|k cgd hbdlkusgogd ubhkhukd {gdi kcbgj* gdsgqg jgkd
Srdi Cb|bh Ygqkdikd* Hgqk` Sbirm* Gdcqkb Y`di|` cjj$ F`qhrjg|k g|jk cgqk sb`qk
sbq|bars ck gsg| hbdlgoru skig o`hu`dbd obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj* {gksr >
g$ Omgqk|hg
a$ \skhrjg|k kdsbjbosrgj
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l$ Ubqmgskgd {gdi ckkdckvkcrgjk|g|kogd
Cbdigd cbhkokgd |b`qgdi obugjg |bo`jgm cgugs ckogsgogd hbdbqguogd
obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj nkog ckg hghur hbdiragm bdbqik |rhabq(|rhabq cg{g
agko hgdr|kg hgrurd d`d(hgdr|kg rdsro hbdlgugk srnrgd(srnrgd |bo`jgm$
Khujbhbdsg|k h`cbj obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj cgjgh akcgdi ubdckckogd
hbhgdi ubqjr cksbqguogd* |bubqsk obugjg |bo`jgm* obugjg ckdg|* obugjg cbugqsbhbd* cjj$
H`cbj obubhkhukdgd kdk hbhgdi ubqjr cksbqguogd |bagigk |gjgm |gsr |`jr|k oqk|k|
obubhkhukdgd sbqrsghg cgjgh akcgdi obubdckckogd$ Gcgurd gjg|gd · gjg|gd hbdigug
cksbqguogdd{g h`cbj obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj ckcg|gqogd ubdcgugs @jig
Buksq`ukog -1557+ agmyg gcg bdgh mgj hbdigug obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj
ubdskdi agik |rgsr `qigdk|g|k >
g$ \blgqg |kidkfkogd hbdkdiogsogd okdbqng `qigdk|g|k
a$ \blgqg u`|kskf ckmrardiogd cbdigd `qkbdsg|k ubhg|gqgd ngdiog ugdngdi cgd
oburg|gd ubjgdiigd
l$ Hbhagdird o`hkshbd {gdi jbakm skdiik ugqg gdii`sgd{g sbqmgcgu `qigdk|g|k
c$ Hbdkdiogsogd obubqlg{ggd ubobqng cgjgh hgdgnbhbd cgd ubqkjgor ob|bmgqkgd
`qigdk|g|k
b$ Hbdkdiogsogd oburg|gd ubobqng hbjgjrk ubobqnggd cgd ubhkhukd
f$ Hbdirqgk |sqb|| ugqg ubobqng cgd hbdkdiogsogd ob|bngmsbqggd
Khujbhbdsg|k h`cbj obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj cgjgh `qigdk|g|k / kd|sgd|k
ubdckckogd ubqjr hbhubqmgskogd ababqgug mgj |bagigk abqkors >
g$ Hbdiglr ugcg dkjgk(dkjgk gighg {gdi gcg cgjgh `qgidk|g|k / kd|sgd|k agmogd |rgsr
dbigqg$
a$ Ck|b|rgkogd cbdigd dkjgk(dkjgk {gdi sbqogdcrdi cgjgh |k|sbh `qigdk|g|k / kd|sgd|k
sbq|bars$
l$ Hbdiigjk arcg{g {gdi gcg cgjgh `qgidk|g|k sbq|bars
c$ Ogqbdg |k|sbh ubdckckogd hbqrugogd |ra |k|sbh* hgog mgqr| hbhubqmgskogd
|k|sbh {gdi jbakm ab|gq {gdi gcg ck gsg|d{g |bubqsk |k|sbh dbigqg$
KKK$ Obubhkhukdgd cgjgh Ugdcgdigd Oqk|sbd
G$ Cg|gq Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
7$ Ckukjkm cgd cksbsguogd Gjjgm * \b`qgdi ak|g ckjgmkqogd cbdigd agogs obubhkhukdgd*
dghrd gogd bfboskf akjg ckg ckabdsro cbdigd gcgd{g ob|bhugsgd* jgskmgd cgd
ubdigjghgd$ Cgjgh obubhkhukdgd q`mgdk* |bjgkd agogs cgd ubhabdsrogd* gcg fgos`q
ugdiikjgd cgd ubdbsgugd Gjjgm rdsro hbhkhukd$ L`ds`m > Hr|g$
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1$ Gcgd{g obqkdcrgd/abagd rdsro hbhkhukd* \b`qgdi ubhkhukd q`mgdk gcgjgm `qgdi
{gdi hbd{gcgqk gcgd{g abagd srig| cgd sgdiirdi ngyga sbqmgcgu sbqmgcgu rhgs
Srmgd* |bmkdiig hbqbog abq|bckg abqo`qagd* agmogd hbdcbqksg cbhk hbdngjgdogd
obmbdcgo Gjjgm cgjgh ubjg{gdgd$ L`ds`m> Dbmbhkg* Hgqskd Jrsmbq$
<$ Hbdirsghgogd frdi|k* arogd ngagsgd* \b`qgdi ubhkhukd q`mgdk mgqr| abqfrdi|k>
hbdngjgdogd srig| ubjg{gdgdd{g cbdigd qgnkd cgd |bskg* arogd hbdirsghgogd ugdiogs
gsgr ngagsgd$ F`or| cgd uqk`qksg| rsghgd{g gcgjgm hbdirsghgogd obqng cgd arogd
khagjgd -Jro$ 79>75+$
A$ U`jg Obubhkhukd Oqk|sbd
U`jg obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd {gdi Gjoksgakgm gcgjgm ubjg{gdgd {gdi ubdrm obqbdcgmgd
mgsk* |bubqsk {gdi cksrdnroogd [b|r| obskog Kg hbhag|rm ogok ugqg hrqkcD{g$ [b|r|
hbhabqk sbjgcgd sbdsgdi ubjg{gdgd |bngsk* obqbdcgmgd mgsk cgd obab|gqgd |bngsk -[`m$
7<>71(72* Jro$ 11>13(16+$ Ugjkdi skcgo kdk hbdlgoru skig o`d|borbd|k* {godk>
7$ Hbjg{gdk cbdigd og|km cgd arogd hbhbqkdsgm cbdigd `s`qksbq* Ubjg{gdgd {gdi
skcgo ckcg|gqk ubdkdiikgd sguk ubqbdcgmgd ckqk -Fkj$ 1>2(77+$ [b|r| gcgjgm sbjgcgd
obubhkhukdgd {gdi hbjg{gdk* ogqbdg Ckg cgsgdi rdsro hbjg{gdk cgd hbhabqk ckqk
agik ubjg{gdgd -Hqo$ 75>31(32+$ Ogqbdg ksr oksg skcgo a`jbm sbqubdigqrm `jbm u`jg
obubhkhukdgd crdkg cbdigd hbd`jgo> obubhkhukdgd sgdigd ab|k {gdi hbdngjgdogd
org|g cbdigd obqg| cgd hbhkjkok h`skvg|k kdikd hbdngck {gdi ugjkdi ab|gq cgd
sbqobhrog$
1$ Abqigdsrdi s`sgj obugcg Gjjgm* arogd obugcg hgdr|kg* Ubhkhukd q`mgdk skcgo
hbdigdcgjogd hgdr|kg -hk|> {gdi og{g* abqugdiogs+ sguk hbdigdcgjogd Gjjgm$
<$ Hbhubqhrjkgogd Gjjgm cgd arogd ckqk |bdckqk* Kg abqr|gmg hbd{rogogd Gjjgm
jbakm cgqk ugcg hbd{rogogd hgdr|kg -K Sb|$ 1>3+$ Ubdim`qhgsgd obugcg Gjjgm mgqr|
hbjbakmk ubdim`qhgsgd obugcg hgdr|kg$
L$ Cg|gq Sb`j`ik| Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
Cg|gq sb`j`ik| {gdi mgqr| ckugmghk cgd mgqr| gcg ugcg |b`qgdi ubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
kgjgm >
7$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbhgmghk cg|gq obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd agmyg kg sbqugdiikj|bagigk ¼ubjg{gd · mghag³ -Hgor| 75 > 31 · 32+$ \bagigk ubjg{gd* ubhkhukd
sbqugdiikj obugcg srig| {gdi `jbmd{g kg hbdngck ubhkhukd$ \bagigk mghag* kg
sbqugdiikj cbdigd |sgsr| hbdimghag obugcg SRMGD* {gdi mgqr| ckyrnrcogd cgjgh
|kogu* |kfgs* ogsg* cgd ubqargsgd$
1$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbhkjkok h`skf cg|gq obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd {gksr? \gsr>
¼hbhakdg mrardigd³ cbdigd `qgdi {gdi ckukhukdd{g cgd `qgdi jgkd ugcg rhrhd{g
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-Hgqor| <>7<(7;? Hgskr| 75>7(3? Jrog| 6>71(76+$ Cgjgh ogksgd kdk* ubqjrjgm ck|gcgqk
agmyg ogcgq mrardigd(mrardigdjgm {gdi hbdbdsrogd obabqmg|kjgd |b|b`qgdi |bagigk
ubhkhukd$ Crg> ¼hbdirsghgogd ubdigackgd³ -Jrog| 79>9(75+$ Hbdirsghgogd
ubdigackgd hbdbogdogd agmyg ¼obqng³ gcgjgm f`or|* uqk`qksg|* |kogu |bqsg sbogdgd
rsghg* |bmkdiig kg gogd hbdigackogd ckqk rdsro hbjgo`dogd srig| obubhkhukdgd
cbdigd |rdiirm(|rdiirm$
<$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbhgmghk UQ@\B\ OBUBHKHUKDGD |bqsg obsqghukjgd
hbhkhukd* gdsgqg jgkd >
g$ Kg mgqr| hbdibsgmrk srnrgd -srnrgd Gjjgm* srnrgd `qigdk|g|k* srnrgd `ubqg|k obqng+
cgqk kd|sksr|k/`qigdk|g|k {gdi ckukhukdd{g$
a$ Kg ubqjr hbdibdgj sgdiirdi ngyga |bqsg srig| {gdi ckubqlg{gogd obugcgd{g$
l$ Kg mgqr| hbhgmghk cgd hbdibdgj frdi|k ubdibj`jggd obqng -hgdgnbhbd+ · -Jrog|
73>1=(<5+$
c$ Kg mgqr| abqrug{g hbdibdgj |bskgu `qgdi {gdi ckukhukdd{g rdsro hbhubqhrcgm
ubdiigjgdigd |bqsg ubhakdggd mrardigd gdsgqg ubhkhukd(agygmgd* |bagigk cg|gq
rdsro hbjgo|gdgogd okdbqng obubhkhukdgd {gdi abqorgjksg|$ O`dck|k mrardigd
agko gdsgqg ubhkhukd cbdigd ugqg agygmgd |gdigs hbdbdsrogd ubjgo|gdggd obqng
{gdi cgugs ckjgorogd cbdigd agko urjg$
b$ Kg mgqr| hbdibqsk cbdigd agko agigkhgdg lgqgd{g hbdlkusg mrardigd* o`dck|k
{gdi o`dcr|kf* |bqsg ubhbdrmgd obarsrmgd cgqk agygmgdd{g cgjgh rug{g
hbhubqjgdlgq rgug{g cgd okdbqng obubhkhukdgd$
C$ Ogqgosbqk|sko Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
Fgos`q rsghg {gdi mgqr| ckhkjkok |b`qgdi ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd gcgjgm> Kdsbiqksg|$ Ugrjr|
ubqdgm hbdg|bmgsk Skh`skr|* ¼Gyg|kjgm ckqkhr |bdckqk cgd gyg|kjgm gngqgdhr$³ -K Skh$
3>76+$ Akjg oksg hbhkjkok ogqgosbq {gdi kdcgm hgog gogd skharjykagyg q`mgdk * {gdi
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|b`qgdi ubhkhukd q`mgdk$
Cgjgh Objrgqgd 7=>17* ck|barsogd agmyg `qgdi {gdi mgqr| ckukjkm rdsro hbdngck
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1$ Kdsbiqksg| Q ̀ mgdk -mrardigd uqkagck cbdigd Gjjgm+ · sgors gogd Gjjgm* o`hkshbd
obugcg Gjjgm$
<$ Kdsbiqksg| \`|kgj -kdsbiqksg| bskog/h`qgj/|`|kgj cgjgh mrardigd cbdigd `qgdi jgkd+ ·
cgugs ckubqlg{g
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3$ Kdsbiqksg| Bo`d`hk -mrardigd cbdigd abdcg/rgdi* obarsrmgd v| sgdiirdi ngyga+ ·
abdlk ubdibngqgd |rgu$
2$ Kdsbiqksg| Obqng -mrardigd cbdigd ubobqnggd {gdi ckubqlg{gogd obugcg ubhkhukd+ ·
hbhkhukd `qgdi 7555* 755* 25* 75 · |kogu sbqmgcgu obqng cgd `qgdi {gdi ckukhukd$
Cgjgh K Skh`skr| <>7(7<* Ugrjr| hbhabqkogd oqksbqkg agik |b`qgdi ubhkhukd q`mgdk*
hbjkursk ojg|kfkog|k >
7$ \`|kgj> sgo abqlglgs* hbhurd{gk dghg agko ck jrgq nbhggs* `qgdi sbqm`qhgs$
1$ H`qgj > |rghk cgqk |gsr k|sqk* cgugs hbdgmgd ckqk* arogd ubhkdrh/ubdiibhgq gdiirq$
<$ Hbdsgj> akngo|gdg* |`ugd* lgogu hbdigngq$
3$ Obuqkagckgd> Arogd ubhgqgm hbjgkdogd ubqghgm* ubdcghgk* |rog hbhabqk
srhugdigd* arogd mghag rgdi/|bqgogm* ngdigd abqlgagdi jkcgm cgd |rog hbhfksdgm*
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2$ Q rhgm Sgdiig> obugjg objrgqig {gdi agko* ck|bigdk cgd ckm`qhgsk `jbm gdgo(
gdgod{g$
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hbhkjkok obuqkagckgd {gdi hgsgdi/cbyg|g* gdsgqg jgkd >
7$ NRNRQ * \b`qgdi ubhkhukd mgqr| hbhkjkok obnrnrqgd agko sbqmgcgu `qgdi jgkd hgrurd
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|gjgm* sguk |kogu ckhgdg oksg |bdgdskg|g qbjg ckubqagkok cgd lbugs hbd{bjb|gkogd
obigigjgd* c`|g cgd ob|gjgmgd$ Hgokd skdiik obq`mgdkgd |b|b`qgdi* hgokd hrcgm kg
hbdigor c`|g cgd hbhabqb|ogdd{g$ @qgdi {gdi hrcgm hbdigor c`|g* hrcgm
hbdbqkhg ubdighurdgd$
<$ HBHKJKOK UBDCKQ KGD Q@MGDK [GDI SBIRM* Ubhkhukd mgqr| hbhkjkok
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gqskd{g o`d|boybd cbdigd gug {gdi |rcgm ckigqk|ogd$ Sbig| abqgqsk abqgdk hbdi q̀bo|k
gdgo argm {gdi |gjgm* dghrd cbdigd og|km -Gh|$ 1=>1<+$
3$ CK\KUJKD* \kfgs kdk |gdigs ubdskdi ogqbdg sgdug ck|kujkd hgog ogqrdkg(ogqrdkg {gdi
jgkd* absgug urd ab|gqd{g* skcgo gogd abqobhagdi cbdigd |bubdrmd{g$ \b`qgdi
ubhkhukd cgugs hbhkhukd `qgdi jgkd* ogqbdg kg sbjgm hbdigjgmogd ckqkd{g |bdckqk$
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\b`qgdi ubhkhukd gcgjgm `qgdi {gdi ubqsghg(sghg sbjgm hbd{bqgmogd cbdigd
|rogqbjg cgd abjgngq rdsro hbdsggsk ck|kujkd {gdi abqg|gj cgqk jrgq ckqkd{g* sbsguk {gdi
obhrckgd hbdgojroogd ckqkd{g |bdckqk ugcg ck|kujkd {gdi jbakm obqg| cgqk cgjgh$
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{gdi lgogu hbdngck ubhkhukd ugcg skdiogs gsg|$ @qgdi {gdi abqogjkabq ubhkhukd
gogd abobqng |bhbdsgqg `qgdi jgkd hbhargdi(argdi ygosr* abjgngq ugcg ygosr `qgdi
jgkd skcrq* cgd abqc`g ugcg ygosr `qgdi jgkd abqhgkd$
2$ OBABQ GDKGD* Obabqgdkgd gcgjgm |kfgs ukokqgd {gdi hbhrdiokdogd `qgdi rdsro
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ubdgors* sbsguk {gdi skcgo hgr hbd{bqgm obugcg obsgorsgd$³ Obabqgdkgd |b`qgdi
ubhkhukd ckd{gsgogd cgjgh mgj kg qbjg hbdimgcguk obd{gsggd {gdi skcgo bdgo cbdigd
obsbdgdigd mgsk {gdi sbirm$
6$ OBQ BDCGMGD MGSK* Ck akcgdi u`jksko* obqbdcgmgd mgsk arogdjgm |rgsr |kfgs {gdi
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cbfkdk|k {gdi ckabqkogd Oqk|sr| rdsro obubhkhukdgd$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd q`mgdk gogd
hbhkjkm ubjg{gdgd {gdi ubdrm ubdi`qagdgd {gdi skcgo ckibhagq(ibha`qogd* arogd
srig| {gdi hbigm cgd urnkgd {gdi abqjbakmgd cgqk `qgdi(`qgdi {gdi skcgo q`mgdk$
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sbqlgugk - K O`q ;>11(1<+$
9$ Q GNKD* HGR ABOBQ NG OBQ G\* Sgo gcg mgj ab|gq {gdi ak|g cklgugk akjg
ubhkhukd hgjg| cgd skcgo hgr abobqng obqg|$ Obqgnkdgd* obqng obqg| ck|bqsgk obrjbsgd*
ksrjgm {gdi hbhargs obubhkhukdgd |b|b`qgdi hbdngck bfboskf$ Ubhkhukd cksrdsrs
abobqng jbakm cgqkugcg `qgdi {gdi ckukhukdd{g$ Sbqrsghg abobqng cbdigd ukokqgd*
|sqgsbik* ubdibqskgd cgd og|km$ Obabqmg|kjgd skcgo ckqgkm cgjgh |bobngu$ Hbqbog abobqng obqg| ck hgjgh {gdi ibjgu obskog `qgdi jgkd sbqskcrq jbjgu$ Rdsro ksr
ckarsrmogd ck|kujkd ckqk {gdi sbirm$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd cgugs hbhkhukd `qgdi jgkd
ogqbdg kg sbjgm hbdigjgmogd ckqkd{g |bdckqk$
=$ Q BJG ABQ O @Q AGD/HBDCBQ KSG* Ubhkhukd {gdi skcgo qbjg abqo`qagd
-sbqhg|ro hbdi`qagdogd mgqsg hkjko+ skcgo gogd abqmg|kj$ Ubqmgskogd sbjgcgd [b|r|
{gdi agmogd qbjg hbdi`qagdogd mkcru(D{g agik rhgs hgdr|kg$ Ubhkhukd q`mgdk nrig
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mgqr| |rdiirm(|rdiirm abqnrgdi cgd abqirhrj cgjgh ubjg{gdgd$ Obhgnrgd ubobqnggd
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716>2(6$
;$ OB\GAGQ GD*Ob|gagqgd gcgjgm obsbirmgd mgsk rdsro sgmgd hbdcbqksg cbhk
obhbdgdigd* hbdbqkhg cbdigd igigm cgd abqgdk |bigjg |b|rgsr {gdi cgugs hbdkhug
oksg ck cgjgh mkcru kdk* cgd hbdiragm obgcggd {gdi ugjkdi arqro |bogjkurd hbdngck
|gsr jgdiogm ob gqgm {gdi jbakm skdiik$ Ob|gagqgd gcgjgm ob|gdiirugd {gdi
hbhrdiokdogd `qgdi hbjghugrk obgcggd oqk|k| cbdigd sgagm* cgd cbdigd ibhakqg
|bjgjr hbd{ghars {gdi skcgo sbqjkmgs$
75$ HBHUBQ MGSKOGD* Ubhkhukd mgqr| ubcrjk obugcg ubdikorsd{g* |bubqsk kar {gdi
hbdig|rm cgd hbqgygs gdgod{g* cgd |bubqsk agug {gdi hbdg|bmgsk cgd hbdirgsogd
mgsk gdgod{g -K Sb|$ 1>9(=* 77+$ @qgdi skcgo ubcrjk abqgug agd{go {gdi gdcg sgmr*
|ghugk `qgdi sgmr abqgug agd{go gdcg ubcrjk$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd |bngsk |gdiiru
hbhubqog{g obmkcrugd `qgdi {gdi ckukhukdd{g$ Kg |bdgdi hbjkmgs hbqbog hgnr cgd
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77$ MKO HGS* Mkohgs gcgjgm ubdibsgmrgd cbdigd ubdibqskgd |bcgjgh(cgjghd{g sbqmgcgu
kdsk ubq|`gjgd* cgd hbdibdgjd{g |bagigkhgdg gcgd{g$ Ck cgjgh mkohgs sbqhg|ro
ubdibsgmrgd gogd Gjjgm cgd |bigjg |bjro abjro sbdsgdi mgsk hgdr|kg$ Mkohgs ngrm
jbakm jrg| cgqkugcg ubdibsgmrgd? mkohgs hbqrugogd ubdbqgugd {gdi abdgq cgqkugcg
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obgcggd {gdi hbhakdirdiogd cgd obqrhksgd mrardigd hgdr|kg$ Mkohgs jbakm
cgqkugcg oblbqcg|gd hgdr|kg* mkohgs gcgjgm obsgnghgd |`qigyk$ Hbdrqrs Smb`c`qb
Q``|bvbjs* mkohgs |bhakjgd ubq|burjrmd{g gcgjgm |kogu akngo|gdg ugcg
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71$ UBDRM CBDIGD Q@M ORCR\* Obubhkhukdgd q`mgdk mgd{g cgugs ckjgorogd `jbm
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6><*2+$
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G$ O`d|bu Bskog Obubhkhukdgd
7$ Ubdibqskgd Bskog
K|skjgm Bskog abqg|gj cgqk agmg|g [rdgdk ord`$ Abdsro srdiigj ogsg ²bskog¶ {gksr bsm`|
|bcgdiogd abdsro nghgod{g {gksr sg bsmg$ Bsm`| hbhurd{gk agd{go gqsk {gksr > sbhugs
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skdiigj {gdi akg|g* ugcgdi qrhurs* ogdcgdi* obakg|ggd/gcgs* gomjgo*ygsgo* ubqg|ggd*
|kogu* lgqg abqukokq$ \bcgdiogd gqsk sg bsmg {gksr gcgs obakg|ggd$ Gqsk cgqk abdsro nghgo
kdkjgm {gdi hbjgsgq(abjgogdik sbqabdsrod{g k|skjgm Bskog {gdi `jbm Gqk|s`sbjb| ckugogk
rdsro hbdrdnroogd fkj|gfgs h`qgj$ Ngck* |blgqg bskh`j`ik| -g|gj r|rj ogsg+* bskog
hbhurd{gk gqsk {gksr kjhr sbdsgdi gug {gdi akg|g ckjgorogd gsgr kjhr sbdsgdi gcgs
obakg|ggd -O$Abqsbd|* 1555+$ Akg|gd{g akjg oksg hbdigjghk ob|rjksgd rdsro hbhgmghk
gqsk |bargm ogsg hgog oksg gogd hbdlgqk gqsk ogsg sbq|bars cgjgh oghr|$ Sbsguk sbqd{gsg
skcgo |bhrg oghr| hbdlgdsrhogd gqsk cgqk |bargm ogsg |blgqg jbdiogu$ Mgj sbq|bars
cgugs oksg jkmgs cgqk ubqagdckdigd {gdi ckjgorogd `jbm O$ Abqsbd| sbqmgcgu gqsk ogsg
²bskog¶ {gdi sbqcgugs cgjgh Oghr| Agmg|g Kdc`db|kg {gdi jghg cbdigd Oghr| Agmg|g
Kdc`db|kg {gdi agqr$
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cgqk Abqsbd|*1555+* bskog hbhurd{gk gqsk |bagigk > ¼kjhr ubdibsgmrgd sbdsgdi g|g|(g|g|
gomjgo -h`qgj+³$ \bcgdiogd ogsg ²bskog¶ cgjgh Oghr| Ab|gq Agmg|g Kdc`db|kg {gdi
agqr -Cbugqsbhbd Ubdckckogd cgd Obarcg{ggd* 7;== · hbdirsku cgqk Abqsbd| 1555+*
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g$ Kjhr sbdsgdi gug {gdi agko cgd gug {gdi arqro cgd sbdsgdi mgo cgd obygnkagd
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l$ Dkjgk hbdibdgk abdgq cgd |gjgm {gdi ckgdrs |rgsr i`j`digd gsgr hg|{gqgogs$
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hgog ogsg ²bskog¶ ck |kdk akjg ckogksogd cbdigd gqsk {gdi sbqcgugs cgjgh Oghr| Agmg|g
Kdc`db|kg {gdi jghg sbq|bars skcgo l`l`o ogqbdg hgo|rc cgqk ogsg ²bskog¶ cgjgh
ogjkhgs sbq|bars arogd bskog |bagigk kjhr hbjgkdogd ²dkjgk hbdibdgk abdgq cgd |gjgm
{gdi ckgdrs |rgsr i`j`digd gsgr hg|{gqgogs¶$ Ngck gqsk ogsg ²bskog¶ cgjgh Oghr|
Agmg|g Kdc`db|kg {gdi jghg skcgo jbdiogu$ O$ Abqsbd| abqubdcgugs agmyg gqsk ogsg²bskog¶ cgjgh Oghr| Ab|gq Agmg|g Kdc`db|kg sbq|bars cgugs jbakm ckubqsgngh cgd
|r|rdgd gsgr rqrsgdd{g jbakm agko ckagjko* ogqbdg gqsk ogsg ob(< jbakm hbdcg|gq
cgqkugcg gqsk ogsg ob(7$ \bmkdiig gqsk cgd |r|rdgdd{g hbdngck |bubqsk abqkors >
g$ Dkjgk cgd d`qhg h`qgj {gdi hbdngck ubigdigd agik |b|b`qgdi gsgr |rgsr obj`hu`o
cgjgh hbdigsrq skdiogm jgord{g$ Hk|gjd{g* nkog `qgdi abqaklgqg sbdsgdi bskog `qgdi
ngyg* bskog gighg arcmg* bskog uq`sb|sgd cgd |bagigkd{g* hgog {gdi ckhgo|rcogd
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bskog ck |kdk arogd bskog |bagigk kjhr hbjgkdogd bskog |bagigk |k|sbh dkjgk$ \k|sbh
dkjgk kdk ak|gabqfrdi|k cgjgh mkcru hgdr|kg ubq`qgdigd hgrurd ugcg sgqgf |`|kgj$
a$ Orhurjgd g|g| gsgr dkjgk h`qgj$ [gdi ckhgo|rc ck |kdk gcgjgm o`cb bsko$ L`ds`m >
o`cb bsko nrqdgjk|sko
l$ Kjhr sbdsgdi {gdi agko gsgr arqro$ Bskog agqr hbdngck kjhr akjg obhrdiokdgd(
obhrdiokdgd bsk| -g|g|(g|g| cgd dkjgk(dkjgk sbdsgdi {gdi ckgdiigu agko cgd arqro+
{gdi abiksr |gng cksbqkhg cgjgh |rgsr hg|{gqgogs cgd |bqkdi ogjk sgdug ck|gcgqk
hbdngck agmgd qbfjbo|k agik |rgsr ubdbjkskgd |k|sbhgsk| cgd hbs`ck|$ Bskog ck |kdk
|ghg gqskd{g cbdigd fkj|gfgs h`qgj$
Ykqghkmgqcng hbhabqkogd crg ubdibqskgd sbdsgdi bskog* {gksr Bskog gcgjgm yglgdg
{i hbhubqakdlgdiogd jgdcg|gd ( jgdcg|gd h`qgjksg|$ Bskog gcgjgm jgdcg|gd fgj|gfgm
d`qhg cgd dkjgk cgjgh obmkcrugd abqhg|{gqgogs$
1$ \k|sbhgskog Bskog
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cgjgh hbdighakj obursr|gd bsk|* cgd sb`qk bskog |bqsg hbdiglr ugcg uqkd|ku h`qgj
cg|gq {gdi hbdngck ubigdigd cgjgh abqskdcgo cgd s`jgo rorq gsgr ubc`hgd rdsro
hbdkjgk ¼agko gsgr arqrod{g³ |rgsr skdcgogd {gdi ckjgorogd `jbm |b|b`qgdi gsgr
obj`hu`o `qgdi$
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omr|r|* {gksr agigkhgdg hbdighakj obursr|gd cgd abqskdcgo cgjgh obmkcrugd |bmgqk ·
mgqk ugcg uq`|b| cgd frdi|k`dgj cgqk |rgsr `qigdk|g|k* gsgr nrig |bagigk |b`qgdi
uq`fb|k`dgj rdsro abqskdcgo bsk| {gdi abqjgdcg|ogd sb`qk · sb`qk bskog cgd uqkd|ku ·
uqkd|ku h`qgj cg|gq$
Bskog omr|r| kdk ckagik hbdngck crg agikgd* {gksr >
g$ Bskog kdckvkckrgj hbd{gdiors obygnkagd cgd ubqkjgor hgdr|kg sbqmgcgu ckqkd{g
|bdckqk rdsro hbdlgugk ob|rlkgd obmkcrugd uqkagckd{g* obabq|kmgd mgsk drqgdk cgd abqgomjgo jrmrq$
a$ Bskog |`|kgj abqaklgqg hbdibdgk obygnkagd* |kogu cgd ubqkjgor |bagigk gdii`sg
hg|{gqgogs {gdi abqogksgd cbdigd dkjgk · dkjgk |`ugd |gdsrd* sgsg oqghg cgd |gjkdi
hbdim`qhgsk* {gksr agigkhgdg |gjkdi abqkdsbqgo|k {gdi hbd{gdiors mrardigd
hgdr|kg cbdigd hgdr|kg* agko |blgqg ubq`qgdigd cgd jgdi|rdi* hgrurd |blgqg
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abq|ghg · |ghg gsgr obj`hu`o cgjgh abdsro objbhagiggd hg|{gqgogs cgd
`qigdk|g|k f`qhgj jgkdd{g$
<$ Hglgh · hglgh Bskog
Bskog hbdrqrs Qk|hgygs{ -155= > 62+ cgugs ckagik hbdngck skig hglgh* {gksr >
g$ Bskog |bagigk kjhr* hbqrugogd orhurjgd sbdsgdi obagnkogd* sbdsgdi ubdkjgkgd cgqk
ubqargsgd |b|b`qgdi$
a$ Bskog cgjgh gqsk ubqargsgd* hbqrugogd ubqargsgd obagnkogd$ Hk|gjd{g |b|b`qgdi
ckogsgogd bsk| gugakjg `qgdi ksr sbjgm abqargs obagnkogd$
l$ Bskog |bagigk fkj|gfgs* hbqrugogd |b||rgsr {gdi hbhubjgngqk ugdcgdigd ·
ugdcgdigd* ubq|`gjgd · ubq|`gjgd {gdi abqmrardigd cbdigd hg|gjgm ob|r|kjggd$
A$ Bskog Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
7$ Bskog Obubhkhukdgd
Bskog obubhkhukdgd hbdigdcrdi oqksbqkg> Ubhkhukd abqobjbakmgd ubdibsgmrgd*
obsbqghukjgd |`|kgj* obhgmkqgd sbodk|* ubdigjghgd? o`hubsbd hbjgorogd obygnkagd
cgd srig|(srig| obubhkhukdgdd{g? hghur abq|kogu |r|kjg* cbyg|g* abqsgdiirdingyga
|blgqg bsk|* |r|kjg$ hghur hbhabcgogd mgj(mgj agko cgd arqro* abqsgdiirdi ngyga
|`|kgj skdiik? hghur hbdi`dsq`j ckqk> ukokqgd* bh`|k* obkdikdgd* cgd |bibdgu
ubqargsgdd{g ck|b|rgkogd cbdigd d`qhg(d`qhg olagkogd* |bmkdiig hrdlrjgm |kogu
obagkogd h`qgj cgd abqsgdiirdi ngyga$ hbjgdcg|ogd ckqk ugcg dkjgk(dkjgk bsk|$
hbdlkusgogd dkjgk(dkjgk skdiik$ ugsrm qgcg d`qhg$ ubqkdsgm* jgqgdigd cbhk bfk|kbd|k cgd
ob|bngmsbqggd mkcru abq|ghg$ hghur hbhabsrjogd ob|gjgmgd* ubjgdiigqgdcgd
abqskdcgo sbig| -Ogqskdk Ogqs`d`$ 155<>&3(=6+$ Bskog obubhkhukdgd hbjgdcg|k
ubhkhukd rdsro |bjgjr abq|kogu oqksk|* qg|k`dgj* Abqgdk hbdibhrogogd ubdcgugs
|bdckqk* abq|kogu sbig| |b|rgk cbdigd qg|g sgdiirdi ngyga bsk| ugcg ckqk |bdckqk$ Bskog
obubhkhukdgd hbdiirigm ubhkhukd abq|kogu qg|k`dgj cgd oqksk| sbqmgcgu |bhrg
ubqk|skyg cgd d`qhg > sbqhg|ro d`qhg sqgck|k* mrorh* Bsko obqng$ cgd d`qhg(d`hjg
|`|kgj jgkdd{g> Abq|kogu `s`d`h> Abag|* sgdug ckugo|g gsgr !ckabjk!* hbhurd{gk!ubhbqkdsgmgd ( ckqk!* abqmgo hbhargs d`qhg cgd mrorh |bdckqk |b|rgk cbdigd
obsrjr|gd* obabq|kmgd |rgqg mgsk drqgdk$ Cbdigd `s`d`hk kdk arogd abqgqsk |gdi
ubhkhukd cgugs abqargs |bhgr ckqk$ abqskdiogm jgor |bybdgdi(ybdgdi? hbjgkdogd ckg
abag| hbhbjro d`qhg(d`ddg obagkogd cgd ygnka ckjgo|gdgogd* rdsro hbhagyg gdgo
argm ugcg ubdlgugkgd srnrgd sbqsbdsr> Hbhabqkogd obgckjgd ubqkdsgm cgd jgqgdigd
mgqr| cksggsk `jbm |bskgu jbhagig cgd kdckvkcr$
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1$ Bskog Oqk|sbd
Bskog oqk|sbd gcgjgm |gjgm |gsr s``j| rdsro hbhagdsr ugqg ubhkhukd cgjgh uq`|b|
obubhkhukdgdd{g$ Bskog oqk|sbd |bdckqk ckabdsro ugqg ubhkhukd ibqbng cgjgh |rgsr
`qigdk|g|k* rdsro hbdigsrq -hbhgdgnbhbdogd+ rqr|gd ubqkjgor gdsgq gdii`sg*
sbqhg|ro ubqkjgor ugqg ubhkhukd$ Bskog oqk|sbd ckghakj cgqk gjoksga$ Dghrd bskog
oqk|sbd skcgo cgugs ck|bngngqogd cbdigd gjoksga$ Bskog oqk|sbd ksr abqcg|gqogd g{gs(g{gs
gjoksga {i cksgf|kqogd `jbm agug ibqbng hbdngck ubc`hgd rdsro hbdngjgdogd mkcru$
\bqkdiogjk `qgdi hbd{barsd{g cbdigd ¼gjoksgakgm³$
Ngck bskog oqk|sbd ksr gogd hbdngck ugigq agik uqkd|ku(uqkd|ku obmkcrugd oksg$ Nkog
bskog oqk|sbd sbqhg|ro c`ihgskog* hgog c`ihg {i oksg ubqlg{gk ksr gsgr {i oksg gdrs ksr
gogd hbdngck ugigq cgjgh oksg hbjgorogd |bigjg |b|rgsr* cgjgh oksg hbhrsr|ogd
|bigjg |b|rgsr$
Nkog oksg hbjkmgs frdi|k oksg |bagigk `qgdi oqk|sbd gcgjgm |bagigk igqgh cgd sbqgdi
crdkg* hgog bskog oqk|sbd gcgjgm frdi|k |bagigk igqgh crdkg$ Ogsg ¼crdkg³ ck |kdk
hbdrdnroogd |rgsr qbik`d* agikgd oblkj cgqk ob|bjrqrmgd* abqgqsk o`hrdksg| sbqsbdsr
|gng$ Gqskd{g bskog oqk|sbd gcgjgm gsrqgd rdsro ob cgjgh |gng* arogd rdsro `qgdi ck jrgq
²o`hrdksg|¶$ Mgd{g hbdngck mgokh rso ²o`hrdksg|¶ |gng* aod `qi {i ck jrgq
²o`hrdksg|¶$ Abqgqsk ck |kdk ubhkhukd hbhagdird o`hrdksg|d{g |bdckqk*
hbhgdgnbhbdogdd{g gigq |bskgu gdii`sg cgugs abqfrdi|k cbdigd agko$ \bskgu `qgdi
|bmgqr|d{g cgugs hbharoskogd ²qg|g¶d{g* gsgr ²obg|kdgdd{g¶$
<$ Bskog Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd
Obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd hbhkjkok cg|gq bskog {gdi Gjoksgakgm$ Cgjgh obubhkhukdgd
Oqk|sbd* uqb|ru`|k|k cg|gq bskog(h`qgj ckjgdcg|ogd gsg| fgosg cgd ckdghkog ¼kdogqdg|k³
[b|r| Oqk|sr| -[`mgdb| 7>7(73* 7=? Fkjkuk 1>7(77+$
O`d|bu kdogqdg|k cgjgh obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd {gdi ckagdird ck gsg| fgosg ¼kdogqdg|k
[b|r| Oqk|sr|³ {gdi hbhkjkok ok|k obabdgqgd |b|rgk ubqkjgor obubhkhukdgd oqk|sbd
abqkors >
7$ Cg|gq ubqkjgor bskog(h`qgj obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd gcgjgm uqkagck [b|r| Oqk|sr|*
sbqhg|ro> obmkcrugd* ogq{g* gngqgd cgd ubqkjgor(D{g* ck hgdg |bjrqrm obqgdiogobubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd ckagdird ck gsg| cg|gq kdk -K [`mgdb| 1>6+$
1$ @qkbdsg|k cgd ubdcbogsgd bskog(h`qgj obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd abq|kfgs ugqsk|kugskf
{gdi abqjgor cgjgh ubdbqgugd obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd ugcg |bigjg akcgdi mkcru
-Jrog| 3>7=(7;+$
<$ Ckdghkog bskog(h`qgj obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd sbqyrnrc `jbm gcgd{g sqgd|f`qhg|k
mkcru -kdckvkcr/hg|{gqgogs+ {gdi ckaroskogd cbdigd ubqs`agsgd/ ubhagmgqrgd/
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ubhrjkmgd mkcru cgd |bhgdigs obqng -kdckvkcr/o`qu`qg|k? agdckdi> Q`hg 71>7(1* =*
;(17+$
3$ Ubqyrnrcgd cg|gq bsko(h`qgj obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd ck gsg| mgqr|jgm ckd{gsgogd
cgjgh |kogu mgsk* ogsg cgd ubqargsgd |bqsg agosk |bskgu ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd |blgqg
d{gsg cgjgh akcgdi mkcru abqkors >
g$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbharoskogd ckqk |bagigk ubhkhukd abqsgdiirdi
ngyga -Kaqgdk 7<>79+$
a$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbdbhrogd ckqk |bagigk ubhkhukd {gdi abqsrharm
-O`j`|b 1>6(9? <>2(79+$
l$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbdngck ubhkhukd h`cbj cgjgh obsbjgcgdgd mkcru
cgd okdbqng -Kaqgdk 7<>9(=+$
c$ Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd mgqr| hbhkjkok> h`skvg|k cg|gq Ubjg{gd(Mghag -Hgqor|
75>31(32+* {gdi |bdgdskg|g hbd{gcgqk gogd |sgsr| cgd ubqgdd{g |bagigk
ubhkhukd$
H`skvg|k cg|gq |b|b`qgdi ubhkhukd |bubqsk kdk gogd |gdigs hbdbdsrogd |kogu*
ubqkjgor* ogsg ccgd skdcgogd cgqk `qgdi sbq|bars* agko sbqmgcgu ckqk* `qgdi jgkd hgrurd
ubobqnggd$ Ogqbdg ksr* |b`qgdi ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd ubqjr hbhg|skogd gugogm kg hbhkjkok
cg|gq bskog(h`qgj* `qkbdsg|k cgd h`skvg|k {gdi |b|rgk cbdigd Fkqhgd Gjjgm$
3$ Ubqkjgor Obubhkhukdgd oqk|sbd {gdi bsko
Obubhkhukdgd {gdi bsko hbdiigardiogd gdsgqg ubdighakjgd obursr|gd bsko cgd
ubqkjgor bsko? cgd kdk sghugo cgjgh o`dsbo| kdckvkcr cgd `qigdk|g|k$ Sgdiirdi ngyga
rsghg cgqk |b`qgdi ubhkhukd gcgjgm hbhargs obursr|gd bsko cgd abqubqkjgor |blgqg
bsko urjg* |bqsg hbdirug{gogd gigq `qigdk|g|k hbhgmghk cgd hbdbqguogdd{g cgjgh
o`cb(o`cb bsko$
Akjg ubhkhukd bsko hbhkjkok dkjgk · dkjgk bskog uqkagck {gdi nbjg| cgd dkjgk(dkjgk bskog
`qigdk|g|k* hgog ubqkjgor bsko gcgjgm gug {gdi o`d|k|sbd |b|rgk cbdigd dkjgk(dkjgk
sbq|bars$ Gcg ababqgug |gqgd {gdi ckgcgusg|k cgqk Ajgdlmgqc cgd Ubgjb -7;;=+rdsro
Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd {gdi bsko {gksr >g$ Abqubqkjgorjgm |bcbhkokgd qrug |bmkdiig |bngjgd cbdigd srnrgd gdcg -Ajgdlmgqc
cgd Ubgjb hbdcbfkdk|kogdd{g |bagigk ngjgd {gdi kdikd gdcg jgjrk cgjgh mkcru kdk?
ngjgd {gdi hbhabqkogd hgodg cgd gqsk mkcru gdcg$+ \bargm srnrgd uqkagck {gdi
nbjg| hbqrugogd cg|gq agik ubqkjgor bsko$ \bargm srnrgd `qigdk|g|k {gdi nbjg| nrig
gogd hbhubqorgs ubqkjgor `qigdk|g|k {gdi bsko$
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a$ Abqubqkjgorjgm |bcbhkokgd qrug |bmkdiig gdcg |blgqg uqkagck hbqg|g agdiig gogd
ubqkjgor gdcg$ Obubqlg{ggd ckqk hbqrugogd |bubqgdiogs ubqgjgsgd {gdi orgs agik
ubqkjgor bsko$ Arogdogm obubqlg{ggd ckqk hbqrugogd qg|g agdiig -uqkcb+ {gdi
ckqghr cbdigd obqbdcgmgd mgsk |blgqg |bkhagdi {gdi gogd hbdrharmogd
ob{gokdgd orgs |ggs gdcg mgqr| hbdimgcguk |bargm ckjbhg cgjgh hbdbdsrogd |kogu
{gdi bsko$
l$ Abqubqkjgorjgm cbdigd |gagq cgd ubdrm ob{gokdgd gogd obursr|gd gdcg cgd ckqk
gdcg |bdckqk$ Ob|gagqgd* ogsg Ajgdlmgqc cgd Ubgjb* hbd`j`di oksg rdsro ak|g sbsgu
hbhkjkm ubqkjgor {gdi sbqagko cgjgh ngdiog ugdngdi* |bqsg hbdimkdcgqogd oksg cgqk
nbagogd mgj(mgj {gdi sbqngck |blgqg skag(skag$
c$ Abqubqkjgorjgm cbdigd sbirm$ Kdk abqgqsk abqubqkjgor |blgqg bsko |bugdngdi ygosr*
arogd mgd{g akjg oksg hbqg|g d{ghgd rdsro hbjgorogdd{g$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd bsko*
hbdrqrs Ajgdlmgqc cgd Ubgjb* hbhkjkok obsgdiirmgd rdsro sbsgu ugcg srnrgd cgd
hbdlgugk gug {gdi cklksg(lksgogdd{g$
b$ Abqubqkjgorjgm |blgqg o`d|k|sbd cbdigd gug {gdi abdgq(abdgq ubdskdi$ Kdk abqgqsk
gdcg mgqr| hbdngig ubq|uboskf$ Ubq|uboskf hbdigngo oksg rdsro hbjgorogd qbfjbo|k
cgd hbjkmgs mgj(mgj jbam nbqdkm |bmkdiig oksg ak|g hbjkmgs gug {gdi abdgq(abdgq
ubdskdi rdsro hbdrdsrd ubqkjgor oksg |bdckqk$
L$ O`d|bu H`qgj
7$ UBDIBQ SKGD H@Q GJ
K|skjgm H`qgj abqg|gj cgqk agmg|g Jgskd$ Abdsro srdiigj ogsg ²h`qgj¶ {gksr h`|
|bcgdiogd abdsro nghgod{g {gksr h`qb| {gdi hg|kdi(hg|kdi hbhurd{gk gqsk {gdi
|ghg {gksr obakg|ggd* gcgs$ Akjg oksg hbhagdckdiogd cbdigd gqsk ogsg ²bskog¶* hgog
|blgqg bskh`j`ik|* ogsg ¶bskog¶ |ghg cbdigd ogsg ²h`qgj¶ ogqbdg obcrg ogsg sbq|bars
|ghg(|ghg hbhurd{gk gqsk {gksr obakg|ggd*gcgs$ Cbdigd ogsg jgkd* ogjgr gqsk ogsg
¶h`qgj¶ |ghg cbdigd ogsg ²bskog¶* hgog qrhr|gd gqsk ogsg ²h`qgj¶ gcgjgm dkjgk(dkjgk cgd
d`qhg(d`qhg {gdi hbdngck ubigdigd agik |b|b`qgdi gsgr |rgsr obj`hu`o cgjgh
hbdigsrq skdiogm jgord{g$ \bcgdiogd {gdi hbhabcgogd mgd{g agmg|g g|gjd{g |gng{gksr ²bskog¶ cgqk agmg|g [rdgdk cgd ²h`qgj¶ cgqk agmg|g Jgskd$ Ngck akjg oksg
hbdigsgogd agmyg ubqargsgd ubdibcgq dgqo`skog ksr skcgo abqh`qgj* hgog oksg
hbdigdiigu ubqargsgd `qgdi ksr hbjgdiigq dkjgk(dkjgk cgd d`qhg(d`qhg bsk| {gdi
abqjgor cgjgh hg|{gqgogs$ Gsgr akjg oksg hbdigsgogd agmyg ubhbqo`|g ksr abqh`qgj
abngs* gqskd{g `qgdi sbq|bars abqubigdi ugcg dkjgk(dkjgk cgd d`qhg(d`qhg {gdi skcgo
agko$ ²H`qgjksg|¶ -cgqk ogsg |kfgs Jgskd h`qgjk|+ hbhurd{gk gqsk {gdi ugcg cg|gqd{g
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|ghg cbdigd ²h`qgj¶* mgd{g gcg dgcg jbakm ga|sqgo$ Abqaklgqg sbdsgdi ¼h`qgjksg| |rgsr
ubqargsgd³* gqskd{g |bik h`qgj |rgsr ubqargsgd gsgr agko arqrod{g ubqargsgd sbq|bars$
H`qgjksg| gcgjgm |kfgs h`qgj gsgr ob|bjrqrmgd g|g| cgd dkjgk {gdi abqobdggd cbdigd
agko cgd arqro$
1$ Ubq|{gqgsgd h`qgj |b`qgdi ubhkhukd
Ababqgug ubq|{gqgsgd h`qgj obubhkhukdgd* skcgo ubcrjk gugogm Kg ubhkhukd f`qhgj
gsgr d`d f`qhgj* {gksr > U bqsghg* hbhkjkok ogqgosbq cgd ngsk ckqk$ Obcrg mgj Kdk gcgjgm
ordlk rdsro |ro|b|d{g hbhkhukd* agko rdsro |bdckqk* jkdiordigd* `qigdk|g|k gsgr
agmogd skdiogs dbigqg |br|gk cbdigd obubhkhukdgd {gdi hbdngck sgdiirdi ngygad{g$
Ubhgmghgd sbdsgdi ogqgosbq cgd Ngsk ckqk sbq|bars* hbdlbqhkdogd gug {gdi mgqr|
ckjgo|gdgogd* hbhargs ukjkmgd sbqagko sbdsgdi gug$ |kgug cgd agigkhgdg |b|b`qgdi
abqfkokq* abquqkjgor cgd abqskdcgo* hbdighakj sgdiirdi Ngyga* hbhgmghk ckhgdg bi`
gogd hrdlrj cgd hbqbcg* |bqsg lbqhkdgd kdsbiqksg| obuqkagckgd -sbqmgcgu obgmjkgdd{g*
Kdsbjbosrgj cgd bh`|k`dgj |bqsg |ujqksrgjd{g cgugj abqngjgd abq|ghg(|ghg hbdngck
|gsr+$ Kdsbiqksg| obuqkagckgd sbq|bars gogd hbhabdsro obskdiikgd ckqk hgdr|kg$ Cbdigd
o`hkshbd |bubqsk Ksr hkdkhgj `qgdi skcgo abqargs |bhbdg(hbdg cgjgh hbdngjgdogd
ghgdgm obubhkhukdgdd{g$ Cbdigd ob|gcgqgd |bubqsk Ksr ckmgqguogd ubhkhukd {gdi
abq|gdiorsgd skcgo gogd hbdgaqgo qghar(qghar h`qgj* hk|gjd{g hbjgorogd OOD*
|boblkj gugurd mgd{g rdsro hbhbdrmk ghak|k cgd obubdskdigdd{g$ Obcrg* hbhkjkok
obhghurgd hbdgdigdk ubqragmgd* obskcgoug|skgd* obog(jrsgd* cgd
obhbdcrggd/crgjk|hb -c`rajb |sgdcgqs + cgjgh abqagigk akcgdi obmkcrugd$ Agik
obubhkhukdgd dg|k`dgj sbqhg|ro hbdngyga sgdsgdigd agmyg Kdc`db|kg$ Obskig*
hbhurd{gk vk|k obhgdg |rgsr `qigdk|g|k abqibqgo$ Vk|k gcgjgm ubjksg ubdrdsrd* ogqbdg
hbhagdsr cgjgh hbhargs gjrq obursr|gd$ \b`qgdi ubhkhukd mgqr| hbhkjkok
obhghurgd hbdighakj obursr|gd* lbugs* sbugs* abdgq* cbdigd mgqig {gdi sbqagko agik
agdi|g cgd dbigqg$ Cbdigd vk|k* ubhkhukd hbhabqkogd |bhrg Ngygagd {gdi ubdskdi
cgqk hg|g |bogqgdi ob hg|g cbugd$ Ogqbdg Ksr* ubhkhukd skcgo |bobcgq hbdikorsk ubqragmgd* sbsguk hbygqdgk ubqragmgd -cjq(qblsk`d |bssbq+$ abqgqsk hbdbdsrogd |kgug
{gdi abqogsg gug* obugcg |kgug* sbdsgdi gug cgd sbdsgdi agigkhgdg qbdlgdg cgd
obikgsgd ck|bjb|gkogd$ Obbhugs * hbhkjkok |bubqgdiogs dkjgk h`qgj {gdinbjg|$
Obubhkhukdgd srharm cgqk dkjgk(dkjgk {gdi ckubigdi `jbm ugqg ubhkhukd$ Ckgdsgqg
ugqg ubhkhukd Ksr* {gdi sbqubdskdi gcgjgm ogqgosbq cgd kdsbiqksg| h`qgj obuqkagckgd$
Akjg |b|b`qgdi obmkjgdigd ogqgosbq cgd kdsbiqksg| h`qgj obuqkagckgdd{g* hgog
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obubhkhukdgdd{g gogd mkjgdi -mgdlrq+$ Objkhg* hghur hbjg{gdk {gdi ckukhukd$
Jg~khd{g rdsro hbhrjgk |rgsr ubobqnggd* sbqjgjr agd{go gug {gdi ckkdikdogd `jbm
ubhkhukd* |bqsg gug {gdi Kdikd ckobqngogd$ Sbsguk abiksr hbhrjgk rdsro
hbhabqcg{gogd agd{go `qgdi {gdi nrig hbhkjkok obubcrjkgd* sbqg|g gcg |rgsr
sgdiirdi Ngyga ab|gq rdsro hbdiibqgogd `qigdk|g|k sbqr| hgnr$ Ogqbdg Ksr* ubhkhukd
kcbdsko cbdigd sgdiirdi ngyga* rdsro hbjg{gdk |blgqg gckj* arogd rdsro hkdsg
ckjg{gdk$ Obbdgh* obsbqaroggd$ Obsbqaroggd gcgjgm obcbyg|ggd abqfkokq* abqskdcgo
cgqk abquqkagckgd$ Obsbqaroggd hbqrugogd |gcrgd cgqk oblbqcg|gd bh`|k cgd
oblbqcg|gd |ukqksrgj cgd oblbqcg|gd ukokqgdd{g |bogjkir|$ Obsrnrm* obubqlg{ggd$
Obubqlg{ggd gcg(jgm jbh bh`|k`dgj {gdi hbdikogs gdii`sg cgd ubhkhukd |blgqg
abq|ghg(|ghg$ Gorhrjg|k obubqlg{ggd gcgjgm |rgsr rorqgd jbikskhg|k obubhkhukdgd*
{gdi skcgo cgugs cjhgdcgsogd gsgr ckubqnrgj abjkogd$ Obubqlg{ggd gcgjgm qrhr|gd
cg|gq cgqk |bhrg obarsrmgd rdsro hbhubqsgmgdogd bo|k|sbd|k kdsjsr|k$ Obcbjgugd*
hghur hbdiirdgogd oborg|ggd cbdigd akngo$ Ubhkhukd Ksr ubdgsgjg{gdgd cgd
ubdiirdg oborg|ggd -u`ybq+ |blgqg akngo|gdg -yk|c`h+$ Kg abq`ubqg|k ugcg jkdioru
obgckjgd oblbqcg|gd gogj* bh`sk`dgj* |ukqksrgj* cgd h`qgj* o`hkshbd* cgd g|ukqg|k$
Dgjrqk |b`qgdi ubhkhukd |bmgqr|d{g gcgjgm hbd{rogk ubqragmgd -lmgdib+$ Gigq
abqmg|kj hbdngck gibds `f lmgdib$ |b`qgdi ubhkhukd mgqr| hbhkjkok o`d|bu
obubhkhukdgd {gdi hbd`dn`j cgjgh mgj obsbqgqgmgd$ hbhagdird skh* obsgrjg(cgdgd$
\baga Kg gcgjgm ugdrsgd cgd arogd hbdiirdgogd oborg|ggdd{g |bhbdg(hbdg cgd
obubhkmgogd gsgr hbjglrqogd ckqk rdsro obubdskdigd {gdi abqs`jgo cbdigd obarsrmgd
obabq|ghggd$ Kdsk cgqk u`rkbqcgd yk|c`h Kdk gcgjgm hbhagdird obhgnrgd |blgqg
abqobgckjgd cgd|bngmsbqg$ Hbdigdsk|kug|k hg|g cbugd {gdi rduqbcklsgajb sbq|bars*
hbdik|{gqgsogd agmyg vk|k cgd hk|k obubhkhukdgd gogd sbqogks bqgs cbdigd ygosr cgd
jkdiordigd$ Ubhkhukd cksrdsrs hbhkjkok obgmjkgd cgd hghur abqskdcgo |bagigk
|u`ob|hgd* hghur abqubqgd |bagigk gibds `f lmgdib* |bqsg hghur abqubqgd |bagigk
ckqblsk`d |bjjbq $Gug {gdi ckrqgkogd ckgsg|* gcgjgm |bagikgd cgqk h`qgj obubhkhukdgd
{gdi mgqr| gcg ugcg ckqk |b`qgdi ubhkhukd$ Sgdug h`qgj obubhkhukdgd |bubqsk ksr*
|rgsr `qigdk|g|k |boblkj QS$ QY |bogjkurd gugjgik |rgsr dbigqg agdi|g* gogd |bjgjrhbdkdiigjogd qb|kcr hg|gjgm cgqk ygosr ob ygosr
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AGA KKK
OB\KHURJGD
7$ Obubhkhukdgd cgugs ckcbfkdk|kogd abqcg|gqogd ubdbqgugdd{g ugcg akcgdi hkjksbq* `jgmqgig*
ak|dk|* ubdckckogd* kdcr|sqk cgd akcgdi(akcgdi jgkdd{g$ @qcyg{ Sbgc hbhabqkogd qrhr|gd
! Jbgcbq|mku k| smb glskvks{ kdfjrbdlkdi ub`ujb s` l``ubqgsb |`hb i``c ymklm smb{ l`hb s` fkdc
cb|kqgajb! $ Obubhkhukdgd gcgjgm |rgsr obikgsgd hbhubdigqrmk `qgdi jgkd rdsro abobqng
|ghg irdg hbdlgugk srnrgd sbqsbdsr {gdi ckkdikdogd$ - Yrq|gds`* 155<> 7;6+$ \jghbs |gds`|g -
1553> 33 + hbdcbfkdk|kogd obubhkhukdgd |bagigk !r|gmg rdsro hbhubdigqrmk gdii`sg
obj`hu`o gigq hbqbog abq|bckg hbd{rhagdiogd obhghurgdd{g jbakm agd{go cgjgh
hbdlgugk srnrgd obj`hu`o {gdi sbjgm ck|bugogsk!$ Hbdrqrs Digjkh Urqygds` -7;;<> 16+$
!Obubhkhukdgd |bagigk |rgsr abdsro ubq|rg|k* |rgsr |bdk ubhakdggd obj`hu`o `qgdi(`qgdi
sbqsbdsr* akg|gd{g hbjgjrk )mrhgd qbjgsk`d|) cgd h`skvg|k {gdi sbugs* |bmkdiig sgdug gcgd{g
qg|g sgors hbqbog hgr abobqng |ghg cgd hbhagdskdi srjgdi hbhgmghk cgd hbdlgugk |bigjg
gug {gdi hbdngck srnrgd(srnrgd `qigdk|g|k!$ Hbdrqrs I`b|slm cgd Cgvk| -7;;3> 7;1 +
!obubhkhukdgd hbqrugogd obhghurgd rdsro hbhagdioksogd |bhgdigs `qgdi jgkd gigq
abq|bckg cgd hbhkjkok sgdiirdi ngyga s`sgj sbqmgcgu r|gmg hbdlgugk gsgr hbjghugrk srnrgd
`qigdk|g|k!$
1$ Obubhkhukdgd vk|k`dbq gcgjgm obhghurgd |b|b`qgdi ubhkhukd cgjgh agigkhgdg hbdlkusg*
hbqrhr|ogd* hbdio`hrdkog|kogd/hbd|`|kgjk|g|kogd cgd hbdikhujbhbdsg|kogd ubhkokqgd(
ubhkokqgd kcbgj {gdi abqg|gj cgqk ckqkd{g gsgr |bagigk mg|kj kdsbqgo|k |`|kgj ckgdsgqg gdii`sg
`qigdk|g|k cgd |sgobm`jcbq {gdi ck{gokdk |bagigk lksg(lksg `qigdk|g|k ck hg|g cbugd {gdi mgqr|ckqgkm gsgr ckyrnrcogd hbjgjrk o`hkshbd |bhrg ubq|`dkj$
<$ Ag|| -7;=2+ hbdibhrogogd |bargm sb`qk obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj -sqgd|f`qhgsk`dgj
jbgcbq|mku+ {gdi ckagdird gsg| igig|gd · igig|gd {gdi jbakm gygj cgqk Arqd| -7;9=+$
Skdiogsgd |bngrm hgdg |b`qgdi ubhkhukd ck|bars sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj sbqrsghg ckrorq cgjgh
mrardigdd{g cbdigd bfbo obubhkhukdgdd{g sbq|bars sbqmgcgu ugqg ubdikorsd{g$
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3$ H`cbj obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj hbhgdi ubqjr cksbqguogd |bagigk |gjgm |gsr |`jr|k
oqk|k| obubhkhukdgd sbqrsghg cgjgh akcgdi obubdckckogd$ Gcgurd gjg|gd · gjg|gd hbdigug
cksbqguogdd{g h`cbj obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj ckcg|gqogd ubdcgugs @jig Buksq`ukog
-1557+ agmyg gcg bdgh mgj hbdigug obubhkhukdgd sqgd|f`qhg|k`dgj ubdskdi agik |rgsr
`qigdk|g|k >
g$ \blgqg |kidkfkogd hbdkdiogsogd okdbqng `qigdk|g|k
a$ \blgqg u`|kskf ckmrardiogd cbdigd `qkbdsg|k ubhg|gqgd ngdiog ugdngdi cgd oburg|gd
ubjgdiigd
l$ Hbhagdird o`hkshbd {gdi jbakm skdiik ugqg gdii`sgd{g sbqmgcgu `qigdk|g|k
c$ Hbdkdiogsogd obubqlg{ggd ubobqng cgjgh hgdgnbhbd cgd ubqkjgor ob|bmgqkgd `qigdk|g|k
b$ Hbdkdiogsogd oburg|gd ubobqng hbjgjrk ubobqnggd cgd ubhkhukd
f$ Hbdirqgk |sqb|| ugqg ubobqng cgd hbdkdiogsogd ob|bngmsbqggd
2$ Obubhkhukdgd hbdrqrs ugdcgdigd Oqk|sbd hbhkjkok fgos`q(fgos`q cg|gq obubhkhukdgd {gdi
|ghg cbdigd obubhkhukdgd rhrh jgkdd{g$ Ugcg |k|k jgkd obd{gsggd {gdi hbhabcgogd gdsgqg
Obubhkhukdgd hbdrqrs ugdcgdigd Oqk|sbd cgd obubhkhukdgd jgkdd{g kgjgm mgokogs*
ckdghkog* |bqsg fgj|gfgm {gdi ckcg|gqogd ugcg Gjoksga$ \bagigk l`ds`m* uqbhk| rsghg
obubhkhukdgd Oqk|sbd kgjgm agmyg Gjjgm {gdi abqcgrjgs `jbm obmbdcgo(D{g {gdi obogj* sbjgm
hbdbsguogd |bqsg hbhkjkm |bskgu ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd obugcg ubjg{gdgd hbhkhukd$ N$ Q`abqs
Ljkds`d hbdigsgogd* ¼Gjjgm hbhkjkm agik ckqkd{g |b`qgdi ubhkhukd* cgd Gjjgm
hbdibhagdiogd ubhkhukd sbq|bars |bugdngdi obmkcrugdd{g$³ Ksrjgm |bagad{g sgsogjg
hbdcbfkdk|kogd sbdsgdi |kgug ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd ksr* Ljkds`d hbdnbjg|ogd> ¼Ubhkhukd Oqk|sbd
gcgjgm |b|b`qgdi {gdi sbjgm ckugdiikj Gjjgm |bagigk UBHKHUKD$
6$ Jg`(S~r* fkj|gfgs cgqk Lkdg {gdi mkcru ugcg gagc ob bdgh |babjrh hg|bmk hbd{gsgogd
|b`qgdi ubhkhukd cgjgh skdiogsgdd{g {gdi ugjkdi agko* kgjgm obskog `qgdi(`qgdi d{gqk| skcgo
gcg sgmsg $ \baga* `qgdi(`qgdi {gdi |bjgjrabqr|gmg hgnr* abqgdk hbdimgcguk ubqragmgd cgd
hbdibhagdiogd obhghurgd obubhkhukdgdd{g* gcgjgm agikgd {gdi |gdigs ubdskdi cgqk hg|g
cbugd cgd hbqrugogd |bagikgd cgqk h`qgj obubhkhukdgd$ |kgug cgd agigkhgdg |b|b`qgdi
abqfkokq* abquqkjgor cgd abqskdcgo* hbdighakj sgdiirdi Ngyga* hbhgmghk ckhgdg bi` gogd
hrdlrj cgd hbqbcg* |bqsg lbqhkdgd kdsbiqksg| obuqkagckgd -sbqmgcgu obgmjkgdd{g* Kdsbjbosrgjcgd bh`|k`dgj |bqsg |ujqksrgjd{g cgugj abqngjgd abq|ghg(|ghg hbdngck |gsr+$ Cbdigd
ob|gcgqgd |bubqsk Ksr ckmgqguogd ubhkhukd {gdi abq|gdiorsgd skcgo gogd hbdgaqgo qghar(
qghar h`qgj* hk|gjd{g hbjgorogd OOD* |boblkj gugurd mgd{g rdsro hbhbdrmk ghak|k cgd
obubdskdigdd{g$ Jg~khd{g rdsro hbhrjgk |rgsr ubobqnggd* sbqjgjr agd{go gug {gdi
ckkdikdogd `jbm ubhkhukd* |bqsg gug {gdi Kdikd ckobqngogd$ \baga Kg gcgjgm ugdrsgd cgd
arogd hbdiirdgogd oborg|ggdd{g |bhbdg(hbdg cgd obubhkmgogd gsgr hbjglrqogd ckqk
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rdsro obubdskdigd {gdi abqs`jgo cbdigd obarsrmgd obabq|ghggd$ Ubhkhukd cksrdsrs hbhkjkok
obgmjkgd cgd hghur abqskdcgo |bagigk |u`ob|hgd* hghur abqubqgd |bagigk gibds ̀ f lmgdib*
|bqsg hghur abqubqgd |bagigk ckqblsk`d |bjjbq$Gug {gdi ckrqgkogd ckgsg|* gcgjgm |bagikgd cgqk
h`qgj obubhkhukdgd {gdi mgqr| gcg ugcg ckqk |b`qgdi ubhkhukd$
