A typical ATX PC motherboard with constituent components is given below:

The motherboard is the maincircuit boardof your computer and is also known as the mainboard or logic board. If you ever open your computer, the biggest piece of silicon you see is the motherboard. Attached to the motherboard, you'll find theCPU,ROM, memoryRAMexpansion slots,PCIslots, andUSBports. It also includes controllers for devices like thehard drive, DVD drive, keyboard, and mouse. Basically, the motherboard is what makes everything in your computer work together.

Each motherboard has a collection of chips and controllers known as thechipset. When new motherboards are developed, they often use new chipsets. The good news is that these boards are typically more efficient and faster than their predecessors. The bad news is that oldercomponentsoften do not work with new chipsets. Of course, if you are planning on upgrading multiple components, it may be more cost-effective to just buy a new computer.

Motherboard components

Below is a listing of links that describe each of the above mentioned motherboard components in additional detail. Links are listed in clockwise order going from the top-left corner of the image. Components not listed above or found on other motherboards are listed in the next section.

Expansion slots(PCI Express,PCI, andAGP)

3-pin case fan connectors Back pane connectors Heatsink 4-Pin (P4) power connector Inductor Capacitor CPU Socket Northbridge Screw hole Memory slot Super I/O Floppy connection ATA (IDE) disk drive primary connection 24-pin ATX power Supply connector Serial ATA connections Coin cell battery (CMOS backup battery) RAID System panel connectors FWH Southbridge Serial port connector USB headers Jumpers Integrated circuit 1394 headers SPDIF CD-INOther motherboard components

Below is a listing of other motherboard components that are not shown in the above small picture or have been part of older computer motherboards.

BIOS Cache memory Chipset Diode Dipswitches Electrolytic Fuse Game port / MIDI header Internal speaker Network header Obsolete expansion slots (AMR,CNR,EISA,ISA,VESA)

Obsolete memory slots (SIMM)

OnboardLED Parallel port header PS/2 header Resistor Serial port header Screw hole aka mounting hole SCSI Voltage regulator Voltage regulator module (VRM)Motherboard form factors

As computers advanced, so have motherboards. Below is a listing of the various motherboard form factors and additional information about each of these form factors including ATX the most commonly used motherboard form factor today.

AT ATX Baby AT BTX LPX Full AT Full ATX microATX NLXTop of Form

A typical ATX PC motherboard with constituent components is given below:

he important constituent components of an ATX Motherboard are given below:

1. Mouse & keyboard2. USB3. Parallel port4. CPU Chip5. RAM slots6. Floppy controller7. IDE controller8. PCI slot9. ISA slot10. CMOS Battery11. AGP slot12. CPU slot13. Power supply plug in

1. Mouse & keyboard:Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. All PCs havea Key board port connected directly to the motherboard. The oldest, but still quite common type, is a special DIN, and most PCs until recently retained this style connector. The AT-style keyboard connector is quickly disappearing, being replaced by the smaller mini DIN PS/2-style keyboard connector.

You can use an AT-style keyboard with a PS/2-style socket (or the other way around) by using a converter. Although the AT connector is unique in PCs, the PS/2-style mini-DIN is also used in more modern PCs for the mouse. Fortunately , most PCs that use the mini-DIN for both the keyboard and mouse clearly mark each mini-DIN socket as to its correct use. Some keyboards have a USB connection, but these are fairly rare compared to the PS/2 connection keyboards.

2. USB (Universal serial bus):USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of many different devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. a USB connector's distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable.USB has a number of features that makes it particularly popular on PCs. First, USB devices are hot swappable. You can insert or remove them without restarting your system.3. Parallel port:Most printers use a special connector called a parallel port. Parallel port carry data on more than one wire, as opposed to the serial port, which uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB connector. Parallel ports are directly supported by the motherboard through a direct connection orthrough a dangle.4. CPU Chip :Thecentral processing unit,also called themicroprocessorperforms all the calculations that take place inside a pc. CPUs come in Variety of shapes and sizes. Modern CPUs generate a lot of heat and thus requirea cooling fan or heat sink. The cooling device (such as a cooling fan) is removable, although some CPU manufactures sell the CPU with a fan permanently attached.5. RAM slots:Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU. RAM is measured in units called bytes. RAM has been packaged in many different ways. The most current package is called a 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory module).6. Floppy controller:The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pinribbon cable,whichin turn connects to the motherboard. Afloppy controlleris one that is used to control the floppy drive.7. IDE controller:Industry standards define two common types of hard drives: EIDE and SCSI. Majority of the PCs use EIDE drives. SCSI drives show up in high end PCs such as network servers or graphical workstations. The EIDEdrive connects to the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pinribbon cable,whichin turn connects to the motherboard.IDE controlleris responsible for controlling the hard drive.8. PCI slot:Intel introduced thePeripheral component interconnectbus protocol. The PCI bus is used to connect I/O devices (such as NIC or RAID controllers) to the main logic of the computer. PCI bus has replaced the ISA bus.9. ISA slot:(Industry Standard Architecture) It is thestandard architecture of the Expansion bus. Motherboard may contain some slots to connect ISA compatible cards.10. CMOS Battery:To provide CMOS with the power when the computer is turned off all motherboards comes with a battery. These batteriesmount on the motherboard in one of three ways: the obsolete external battery, the most commononboard battery, and built-in battery.

11. AGP slot:If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like a PCI slot, but is slightly shorter and usually brown. You also probably have a video card inserted into this slot. This is anAdvanced Graphics Port (AGP)slot

12. CPU slot:To install theCPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special notches in the slot make it impossible to install them incorrectly. So remember if it does not go easily, it is probably not correct. Be sure to plug in the CPU fan's power.

13. Power supply plug in:The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to make the pc operate. the power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.The power supply connector has 20-pins, and the connector can go in only one direction.MOTHER BOARD TYPES:

Motherboards are divided into the following two main categories.

Designs of the Motherboard

Form Factors are the design of the motherboard. It is how the components of the mainboard are laid out, and especially what what type of case they fit into, and so what power supply they will be using.

ATX

ATX stands for Advanced Technology Extended. ATX was designed by Intel to allow easier expansion, and a higher degree of compatability amoung component manufacturers, while still allowing the main components of a pc intergrated into the motherboard. Its like the best of both intergrated and non intergrated motherboards. There is specific design changes that have taken place over the yearws in motherboards and since the ATX is one of the most recent, you can see that the journey of motherboards has sometimes been drastic difficulties, including where the expansion slots are in relationship to the processor. It used to be that some motherboards couldn't have new components added to them, as there was no room becuase of other parts of the board. The power supply connector for an ATX board is a 20-pin, and can support soft power off.

Micro ATX

The Micro ATX Form Factor motherboard is much smaller than ATX. The maximum motherboard size is 9.6" 9.6". Micro ATX uses a compact design, which is favoured by pc manufacturers, who like to focus on space saving pc's and designs for their customers. Typically their custoemrs are not pc enthuasats who prefer to get their hands dirty. This is the reason and shift from a few years ago when a pc was an enourmous tower, to the slimline versions that you see now. Normally the board will have more USB peripherial slots to allow external devices to be connected. There is also an even smaller version of the Micro ATX which is called the flex atx. This is a motherboard at the size of 9.6" 7.5". Don't expect to be able to add a pumping hot hardcore graphics card to motherboards like this.

BTX

The BTX Form Factor is the smoothest and quietiest of motherboard designs. It was designed to make sure that heat that is generated from the components is not concentrated in one place, and the motherboard can be kept cool by the primary airflow from the pc power supply.

Classification on the Basis of Type of ProcessorThis way of differentiating computer motherboards is based on motherboard socket types. In short, the CPUs that are available in the current market are compatible to specific motherboards. Let us try to understand the different CPU specific computer motherboards in a little more detail.

Socket A MotherboardsThese motherboards are meant for the AMD and Durons processors. The Socket A motherboard is also known as Socket 464 motherboard. The CPU socket in the motherboard has 462 pins and it comes in a PGA (Pin Grid Array) packaging. The bus speed of this type of motherboard is 100 to 200 MHz.

Meant for Intel P-III and Celeron processor, this motherboard comes for CPUs with 370 pins. It can also support VIA Cyrix III and VIA C3 processors. The bus speed for this type of motherboard is 66 to 133 MHz and it also comes in a PGA package.

Socket 378 MotherboardsThis type of motherboard is meant for the Pentium 4 processors. It also comes in a PGA package and has 478 pins. The bus speed is 100 to 200 MHz. This motherboard can also support Intel Pentium 4EE and Intel Pentium M processor. This type of motherboard is also known as Socket N motherboard.

Socket T MotherboardsAlso known as LGA 775, this type of motherboard is meant for Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad and Inel Xeon processor. Of course, this motherboard can also support other Intel processors such as the Celeron, P-4, Pentium D, Celeron D and Pentium XE processor. Its specifications include 775 pins and a very high bus speed of 1600 MHz. It also comes in a PGA package.Pentium

Definition:A line of processors produced by Intel for personal computers. Stronger than Celerons, but weaker than the Core 2 or i7 series.

The Socket 939 is meant mainly for the AMD family. It can support AMD processors like the Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2 and Opetron. It has 939 pins and can have a bus speed from 200 to 1000 MHz. Just like the other computer motherboard types described above, it also comes in a PGA package.The Pentium is a widely-used personal computer microprocessor from the Intel Corporation. First offered in 1993, the Pentium quickly replaced Intel's 486 microprocessor as the microchip-of-choice in manufacturing apersonal computer. The original Pentium model includes two processors on one chip that contains 3.1 milliontransistors.

The Pentium Pro, released in 1995, was designed for PC servers andworkstationthat needed to serve multiple users or needed the speed required for graphics-intensive applications. In addition to the microprocessor, the Pentium Pro includes another microchip containingcachememorythat, being closer to the processor than the computer's main memory (RAM), speeds up computer operation. The Pentium Pro contains 5.5 million transistors.

The Pentium II is a Pentium Pro with Intel'sMMXtechnology included. It comes in microprocessor clock speeds of 233MHz(millions of cycles per second), 266 MHz, and 300 MHz. It's suitable for applications that include motion video and 3-D images. Among the Pentium II's features are a 512 KB (kilobyte) level-two (L1 and L2) memory cache and a 32 KBL1 and L2cache, twice that of the Pentium Pro processor. The L2 cache can include error correcting code (ECC).

The latest Pentium II's areCeleron, a low-end Pentium without the L2 cache, andXeon, a high-end Pentium that replaces the Pentium Pro for enterprise server and workstation computers.

Pentium 3 models:

810,810E,815,820,825.

Pentium 4 models:

845,865,915,945,965,D101,D102,DG31,DG41,DG45,DG58,DG66.

Manufacture companys:

INTEL, AMD

ASUS

ASROCK

MERCURY

GIGABYTE

BIOSTOCK

MSI

IBM

ACER

DELL

HCL

APPEL

MOTHER IDENTIFICATION:

Socket AM3 MotherboardsSocket AM3 is among the most recently developed motherboards. Introduced in 2009, this motherboard is meant for the AMD Phenom II and AMD Athlon II processors. It has 941 pins and a bus speed range of 200 to 3200 MHz. The packaging for Socket AM3 motherboard is PGA.The Socket H or LGA 1156 is another recent motherboard that has been introduced in the year 2009 and is meant for the Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5 and Intel Core i7processors. It has 1156 pins and comes in LGA (Large Grid Array) packaging.

What I have mentioned above are the most common motherboard types. Besides the different types of computer motherboard types given above, there are other computer motherboards too. For example, the Socket F motherboard meant for the AMD Opteron and AMD Athlon 64 FX and the Socket M motherboard meant for the Intel Core Solo, Intel Dual Core and Intel Core Duo processors.

Motherboard Type Based on DimensionsThe dimensions of a motherboard, also known as the form factor, is another way of distinguishing between the different motherboard types. The different types of motherboards based on this form factor can be listed as under.

ATX MotherboardsThe ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) motherboard has a length of 12 inches and a width of 7.5 inches. The I/O ports and USB ports meant for the motherboard are integrated directly into it. The bus speed in ATX motherboard is 100 MHz. This board is mainly meant for the Intel processors.

Full AT MotherboardsThis was the first type of motherboard, which were 12 inches wide and 11 inches long. This motherboard suffered from a lot of problems like access to components was cumbersome and most importantly, the heating problem.

AT Motherboards

The type of motherboard used for your computer is also used for determining various other factors. For example, DDR SDRAM is the fastest of all the different types of RAM and only Socket A motherboards can be used for the same. Similarly, SDRAM is compatible with Socket 370 and RD RAM with socket 478. Similarly, the type of motherboard determines various other factors too. With this, I end my article. Hope this article on computer motherboard types proves to be of help to you.PROCESSOR:

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basicinstructions that drive a computer.

The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.

Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on themotherboard.

Eachmotherboardwill support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attachedheat sinkand small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.

Two typical components of a CPU are the following:

Thearithmetic logic unit(ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Thecontrol unit(CU), which extractsinstructionsfrommemoryand decodes andexecutesthem, calling on the ALU when necessary.Also calledclock rate,the speed at which amicroprocessorexecutes

HYPERLINK "http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/instruction.html" instructions. Everycomputercontains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. TheCPUrequires a fixed number ofclock ticks(orclock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.

Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).

The internalarchitectureof a CPU has as much to do with a CPU's performance as the clock speed, so two CPUs with the same clock speed will not necessarily perform equally. Whereas an Intel 80286 microprocessor requires 20 cycles to multiply two numbers, an Intel 80486 or laterprocessorcan perform the same calculation in a single clock tick. (Note thatclock tickhere refers to the system's clock, which runs at 66 MHz for all PCs.) These newer processors, therefore, would be 20 times faster than the older processors even if their clock speeds were the same. In addition, some microprocessors aresuperscalar, which means that they can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle.

Like CPUs,expansion busesalso have clock speeds. Ideally, the CPU clock speed and thebusclock speed should be the same so that neither component slows down the other. In practice, the bus clock speed is often slower than the CPU clock speed, which creates a bottleneck. This is why new local buses, such asAGP, have been developed. CPU socket

Motherboards are subcategorized by the type ofprocessorsocket they have. The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that houses aCPUand forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU. Processor sockets use apin gridarray(PGA) where pins on the underside of the processor connect to holes in the processor socket. Computers based on theIntel x86architecture include socket processors.

Dual-core refers to aCPUthat includes two complete execution cores per physicalprocessor. It has combined two processors and theircachesand cachecontrollersonto a singleintegrated circuit(siliconchip). Dual-core processors are well-suited formultitaskingenvironments because there are two complete executioncoresinstead of one, each with an independent interface to thefrontside bus. Since each core has its own cache, theoperating systemhas sufficient resources to handle most compute intensive tasks in parallel.

Multi-core is similar to dual-core in that it is an expansion to the dual-core technology which allows for more than two separate processors.Manufactured companys processor:IntelAmd IBM

Motorola

Apple

ViaIntel models:

Pentium-I

Pentium-II

Pentium-III

Pentium-IV

Dual core

Core 2duo Core 2 quard Core I3

CoreI5

coreI7

Amd models:

Athlon

Duron

Turion

Sempron

PHENOM

AMD 64

AMD TURIO 64X2

ATHLON 64X2

AMD DUO

PHENOM QUARD

PHENOM QUARD 64X black edition.

Both models suitable for desktop and laptop mother boards.

Centrino is used only for laptop.

RAMRAM is random access memory. a very high-speed type of memory, which makes it ideal for storing active programs and system processes. It is different thanhard disk spacein that RAM is made up of physical memory chips, while hard disks are magnetic disks that spin inside ahard drive. Accessing RAM is much faster than accessing the hard disk because RAM access is based on electric charges, while the hard drive needs to seek to the correct part of the disk before accessing data. However, all the information stored in RAM is erased when the computer's power is turned off. The hard disk, on the other hand, stores data magnetically without requiring any electrical power. Another common type of memory isflash memory, which is typically used for small devices such as digital cameras, USB keychain drives, and portable music players like the iPod nano. This kind of memory, known as "electrically erasable programmable read-only memory" (EEPROM), is convenient for portable devices, since it stores information even when its power source is turned off, but is smaller and more resilient than a hard drive

FUNCTION:When your computer boots up, it loads the operating system into its memory, or RAM. This allows your computer to access system functions, such as handling mouse clicks and keystrokes, since the event handlers are all loaded into RAM. Whenever you open a program, the interface and functions used by that program are also loaded into RAM.

TYPES OF RAMS:

There are two different types of RAM:

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).

SDRAM Memory

"SDRAM memory stands for shortSynchronousDRAM, Single data rate (a type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than conventional memory.SDRAM Memory actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at133 MHz.DDR1 RAM:Double-Data-Rate SynchronousDynamic Random Access Memory, better known asDDR SDRAMorDDR RAMfor short, is a type of very fastcomputer memory. DDRRAMis based on the same architecture asSDRAM, but utilizes theclock signaldifferently to transfer twice the data in the same amount of time.

In a computer system, the clock signal is an oscillating frequency used to coordinate interaction between digital circuits. Simply put, it synchronizes communication. Digital circuits designed to operate on the clock signal may respond at the rising or falling edge of the signal. SDRAM memory chips utilized only the rising edge of the signal to transfer data, while DDRRAMtransfers data on both the risingandfalling edges of the clock signal. Hence, DDRRAMis essentially twice as fast as SDRAM.

DDRRAMis generally made for processors 1GHz and faster.DDRRAMis generally made of 184 pins.

DDR2 RAM:DDR2 achieves speeds beyond that of DDR, delivering bandwidth of up to 8.5 GB per second. Frequently, DDR2 based systems can use memory installed in pairs to run in "dual channel mode" to increase memory throughput even further.

DDRRAMis generally made of 240 pins. DDR3 RAM:The latest generation of memory technology, DDR3, began to appear in systems in late 2007. DDR3 is an evolutionary step beyond DDR2 and operates at lower voltages, thereby consuming less power, and can transfer data at rates up to 12.8 GB per second. Typically, DDR3 based systems can address memory modules in banks of 1, 2 or 3. If a system supports it, installing memory in matched sets of 2 or 3 modules (dual channel or triple channel modes) will deliver greatly increased memory performance over running a single memory module by itself.DDRRAMis generally made of 240 pins. Generally speaking, motherboards are built to support only one type of memory. You cannot mix and match SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, or DDR3 memory on the same motherboard in any system. They will not function and will not even fit in the same sockets.WHAT IS CHIPSET ?

Chip set is the generical name given to the set of circuits used by the motherboard. Normally the chip set uses two circuits, called North Bridge and south bridge. There are many chip sets manufacturers, like Intel, VIA, Sis and Ali. The motherboard's quality and performance is directly proportionaltothechipsquality. The chip set is the heart of the computer. It determines how fast components like processor, memory, and plug-ins can function. Select a chip set that will maximize the potential and be compatible with other computer components.SOUTH BRIDGE:

South bridgeis the chip that controls all of the computersI/Ofunctions, such asUSB, audio, serial, the systemBIOS, theISA bus, theinterruptcontroller and theID channels. In other words, all of the functions of a processor exceptmemory, PCIandAGP.It is also called INPUT OUTPUT CONTROLLER HUB

NORTH BRIDGE:

The north bridge, also known as the memory controller hub (MCH) inIntelsystems (AMD, VIA, Sis and others usually use 'north bridge'), is traditionally one of the two chips in thecore logic chip seton a PC motherboard, the other being the south bridge. Separating the chip set into north bridge and south bridge is common, although there are rare instances where these two chips have been combined onto one die when design complexity and fabrication processes permit it.

The north bridge typically handles communications between the CPU, RAM, AGP or PCI Express, and the south bridge. Some north bridges also contain integrated video controllers, which are also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH). Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a north bridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM. There are a few chip sets that support two types of RAM (generally these are available when there is a shift to a new standard). Manufactured companys of south and north bridge:

INTEL

AMD

ATA

SIS

VIA

NVIDA

BIOS:

The Basic Input Output System, usually referred to as BIOS, is software stored on a small memory chip on themotherboard.

BIO is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Basic Integrated Operating System.

BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions such asbootingand keyboardcontrol.

BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as thedrive, floppy,optical drive,CPU,memory, etc.

How to Access BIOS:

The BIOS is accessed and configured through the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS Setup Utility is, for all reasonable purposes, the BIOS itself. All available options in BIOS are configurable via the BIOS Setup Utility.

The CPU accesses the BIOS even before the operating system is loaded. The BIOS then checks all your hardware connections and locates all your devices. If everything is OK, the BIOS load the operating system into the computer's memory and finishes the boot-up process.

The BIOS also is used after the computer has booted up. It acts as an intermediary between the CPU and the I/O (input/output) devices. Because of the BIOS, your programs and your operating system don't have to know exact details (like hardware addresses) about the I/O devices attached to your PC. When device details change, only the BIOS needs to be updated. You can make these changes by entering the BIOS when your system starts up. To access the BIOS, hold down thekey as soon as your computer begins to start up.The BIOS is an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that a user can flash (or program) and update via a software utility. Occasionally, a BIOS chip may be corrupted or completely erased during an update or reprogramming process. When this occurs, a replacement or manual reprogramming of the chip will be required. Therefore, you must first remove the BIOS chip from the motherboard. Depending upon the physical structure the are classified into 3 types:

Flat bios

Sqare bios

8-pin bios

1. Sqare bios:

Its 32 pin bios chip. Internal memory capacity is 256 KB to 512 KB .it is used in PI PIV only.

2. Horizontal /40 pin bios chip:

It is 40 pin bios chip. Internal memory capacity is 512 KB to 1 MB .it is used in dual core and core 2 duo.

3. 8 pin bios: it is 8 pin chips. Internal memory capacity is 1 MB to 2 MB .it is used in dual core and core 2 duo.

Manufactured companys of bios chip:

Intel

SST

Win bon

Pmc

Ami

AT Mel

Amic

Award

Phonics

SMDIC (surface mounting device integrated circuit):

Surface-mount technology(SMT) is a method for constructingelectroniccircuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface ofprinted circuit boards(PCBs). An electronic device so made is called asurface-mount device(SMD). In the industry it has largely replaced thethrough-hole technologyconstruction method of fitting components with wire leads into holes in the circuit board.

The smdic preforms the three functions there are: Generating clock signals

Power management

Error amplifier

Generating clock signals: clock signals are used for transmitting purpose. with out clock signals we can not transmit the signals from one section to another section.

Power management: Each and every component in mother board controlling by smdic it directly controlling some components and indirectly controlling some component

Error amplifier: which amplify the signals?

DEPENDING ON THE MODEL THE PROCESSOR WILL BE INSERTED.CPUSOCKET NOFREQUENCY

P-III/P-IV Celer on370500mhz 1300 MHz

P-IV/ P-IV Celer on

423-4781400mhz- 2.8 GHz

P-IV pinless/dual core Or

Dual core /core 2 quard.7751600 MHz 3.6ghz

Core i3/core i5

11562.0 GHz -3.2 GHz

Core i7

13662.0 GHz -3.2 GHz

AMD(athlon/duron)

4621600 MHz 2.8 GHz

AMD(turion/sempron)

752- 7542.0 GHz 3.2 GHz

AMD(phenon)

939,9402.0 GHz 3.2 GHz

AMD(dual core/64/64x2)

AM22.0 GHz 3.2 GHz

AMD 64X3

AM32.0 GHz 3.2 GHz

CPUMOTHER BOARD MODELRAMCACHE MEMORY

P-III/P-III Celer on810,810E,815,820,825512MB+512MB=1GB(SDRAM)256 KB

P-IV/P-IV Celer on845512MB+512MB=1GB(SDRAM)1GB+1GB=2GB (DDR RAM)

512 KB

P-IV pinless865,915,945,965,D101,D102,DG311GB+1GB=2GB (DDR RAM) 2GB+2GB=4GB (DDR2 RAM)

1 MB

Dual core915, 945, 965, D101, D102, DG31, DG 41, DG45, DG 58.1GB+1GB=2GB (DDR RAM) 2GB+2GB=4GB (DDR2 RAM) 4GB+4GB=8GB(DDR3 RAM)

2 MB/4 MB

Core 2 Dual945, 965, D101, D102, DG31, DG 41, DG45, DG 58.2GB+2GB=4GB (DDR2 RAM) 4GB+4GB=8GB(DDR3 RAM)

4MB/6MB

Core 2 quard.DG31, DG 41, DG45, DG 58.2GB+2GB=4GB (DDR2 RAM) 4GB+4GB=8GB(DDR3 RAM)8 MB

USB PORT:

The Universal Serial Bus standard is a popular one. USB ports and cables are used to connect devices such as printers, scanners,flash drives, externalhard drivesand more to a computer. In fact, USB has become so popular, it's even used in nontraditional computer-like devices such as video game consoles, wireless phones and more.USB1.0,2.0and3.0

Supporting up to 127 devices, USB 1.0 (1996) and USB 1.1 (1998) provide a Low-Speed 1.5 Mbps sub channel for keyboards and mice and a Full-Speed channel at 12 Mbps.

Hi-Speed USB 2.0 (2001) jumps the top rate to 480 Mbps, while Super Speed USB 3.0 (2008) provides a huge 10x increase to 4.8 Gbps (seeUSB 3.0).

USB PORT TROUBLE SHOOTING:

PROBLEM: USB devices are not detecting.1. First check the usb device is working or not .it is working in another system.

2. Determine if there is any physical damage to the USB port, such as a burned port or bent USB pins in the port.

3. Try the different devices with different ports.4. Check the USB driver is properly installed or not.

5. Check USB ports are enabled in BIOS

6. Reinstall drivers7. Check ur system is effected with virus or not.8. Still not detecting

9. Check the usb port tracks continuity.PS2 PORT:

PS/2 is a type ofportused by older computers for connectinginput devicessuch askeyboardsandmice The PS/2 port has six pins and is roughly circular in shape. keyboard and mouse connections are typically color-coded. For example, the keyboard port on the back of the computer is often purple, while the mouse port is usually green. Similarly, the connector on the end of the keyboard cord is purple and the mouse cord connector is green. This makes it easy for all users to know where to plug the cables into the computer.

Pin1= Data

Pin2 = No connection

Pin3 = GroundPin4 = +5 voltsPin5 = Clock signalPin6 = No connection

VGA PORT:Also called a "graphics port" or "VGA port," it is a socket on the back of a computer used to connect a monitor. On a PC, the standard video port is a 15-pin VGA connector for an analog monitor. DVI connectors are also used for direct digital output to flat panel displays.

A female DE15 socket (videocard side).

Pin 1REDRed video

Pin 2GREENGreen video

Pin 3BLUEBlue video

Pin 4ID2/RESformerly Monitor ID bit 2, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 5GNDGround (HSync)

Pin 6RED_RTNRed return

Pin 7GREEN_RTNGreen return

Pin 8BLUE_RTNBlue return

Pin 9KEY/PWRformerly key, now +5V DC

Pin 10GNDGround (VSync, DDC)

Pin 11ID0/RESformerly Monitor ID bit 0, reserved since E-DDC

Pin 12ID1/SDAformerly Monitor ID bit 1,ICdata since DDC2

Pin 13HSyncHorizontal sync

Pin 14VSyncVertical sync

Pin 15ID3/SCLformerly Monitor ID bit 3,ICclock since DDC2

TOTAL 15 PORTS

5 Ports are important they are port 1,2,3,13,14.

Red, Green, Blue, Horizontal, Vertical.

TROUBLE SHOOTING:

1. Mother is running condition but no display.

2. First check the monitor is working or not.

3. Check the CMOS jumper setting properly connected or not.

4. Still there is no display.

5. Clear the CMOS settings.

6. Remove the CMOS battery and reinsert.

7. Still no display means no problem in CMOS.

8. Check the RAM slots.

9. Check with another VGA card display coming means the problem in port side.

10. Check the components (resistors, capacitors, coils, transistors) near by port side.11. Every thing is OK but still no display.

12. Check the VGA port track continuity.

13. Tracks continuity is OK

14. Still no display .

15. Finally change the VGA port.SOUND PORT: VOLUME IS NOT COMING OR LOW VOLUME IS COMING.

1. First check the speaker settings.2. Open the Sound pane and the Output tab, and then select Internal Speakers.3. If Internal Speakers is present but not selected, select it and test again.

4. If the Output volume slider is low or the Mute box is selected, raise the volume slider or deselect the Mute box and test again.

5. Check the sound drivers are properly installed are not.6. Driver is working

7. Check the speakers working or not.

8. Speakers working .so problem in mother board side.

9. Reinstall the sound drives.

10. If drivers are properly installed then sound IC working properly.

11. If there is no error found in drivers means drivers installed properly.

12. Check the system is affected with virus or not.

13. Finally replace the sound port.

LAN PORT:

INTER NET IS NOT DETECTING:

1. Check the LAN cable is working or not.

2. Cable working.

3. Check the LAN settings.4. Check the LAN drivers properly installed or not.

5. Res install the LAN drivers.

6. Check the system is affected with virus or not.

7. Finally replace the LAN port.LPT PORT:

LPT (line print terminal) is the usual designation for aparallelportconnection to a printer or other device on a personal computer. Most PCs come with one or two LPT connections designated as LPT1 and LPT2. Some systems support a third, LPT3. Whatever the number, LPT1 is the usual default. You can add a parallel port for a second printer or other device by buying and adding a parallel port adaptercardto your compute TROUBLE SHOOTING:

Printer is not detecting.1. First check the printer is working or not.

2. Check the printer with another system.

3. If the printer is working means problem on system side.

4. Check the bios settings.

5. Check the LPT port is enabled or not.

6. It is enabled.

7. Still not detecting.

8. Dry solder the LPT port resistor packs.

9. Maximum problem is solved with dry solder.

SMPS:SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY:

1. AT: advanced technology

2. ATX: extended advanced technology.

3. BTX: basic technology extended.

4. MBTX: micro basic technology extended