-
: : . 9206/08
, 2009.
-
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1
. , , , . , . , . : , . , , . , . , . . : , , , , , , , , .
ABSTRACT The explosive growth of the tourism industry over the past
years has increased the need for the effective management of
tourism development. Tourism generates different effects, both
positive and negative, on the economy, society and environment over
the world. The main positive economic and social effects of tourism
relate to foreign exchange earnings, effect on national income and
employment. In addition, tourism can contribute to the protection,
conservation and revaluation of socio cultural and natural
environment. However, tourism can bring with it different problems
such as: The danger of over dependance on tourism and deterioration
of environmental quality, change or loss of local indetity and
values. In the research of tourism impacts on human resorts, local
community and environment, a comparative method is used enabling
comparisons between domestic and foreign tourist destinations of
similar types. Special stress is given to integral approach
planning of tourism, spatial aspects of tourism development and
programmes for managing the environment in tourist areas. Although
tourism plays a vital role in the economies of many countries, the
official statistics often does not provide all benefits and
negative impacts.We can to conclusion that tourism industry is
highly heterogeneous and various participants are involved in the
provision of tourism services and management of tourism
development. Key words: Tourism, management, statistic, strategies,
factors, human resorts, environment, protection, sustainable
development.
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2
I
......................................................................................................................................4
II
...............................................................................6
III ...............................................10
3.1
.........................................................................................11
3.2 ..........................................11 3.3
...........................................................................13
3.4 ..................................................13 IV
.......................................14
4.1 ........................................................14
4.2 ............................15
V
............................................................................17
5.1
...................................................................................17
5.1.1 .................................20 5.1.2
....................................................22 5.1.2.1
..........................................................................................................23
5.1.2.2
....................................................................26
5.1.2.3
...................................................................29
5.1.3 ........................................32 5.2
.............................................................................35
5.3
..............................................................36
VI
..............................................................................42
6.1
................................................................................43
6.1.1
...............................................................................43
6.1.2
...........................................................................................45
6.1.3
..............................................................................................46
6.2
.............................................................47
6.2.1
...................................................................................47
6.2.2
......................................................................................48
6.2.3
..........................................................................................50
6.2.4
...................................................................52
6.3
...........................................................53 6.4
............................................................58
6.5 .....................................62 VII
......................................................65 7.1
..........................................................66
7.1.1
.....................................................68
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3
7.1.2
..................................................................................................69
7.1.3
.............................................................70 7.2
.............................72 7.3
..............................................................................75
7.4 ................................79
VIII
......................................................................................................................86
IX
..................................................................................................................88
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4
, , , , , . . ( ), , . . . . , . , . . - . . . . IX XX . : 2007.
903 . , 34 . 75 80 % 6 1. 2007. , 856 , 625 . 16 % , 3 . 2005. ,
805,8 441,6 , . 155,7; 133,4; 37,8 37,3 . 2020. 1,6 2 . 717 , 397 ,
282 , , .
1, ., , .,2008, . , . (.9).
-
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5
2010. :
- 3 % - 8 % - 7 % - 50 % 2000. ,
43 % 2. , , . , , ; . . , . 4,5 3 . 12.000 . 250 . , . . , . , .
, , , . , , , , , , . , , .
2Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.34).
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6
II . - . , . , , . . . , , . , . : ( metodos, methodus, , , , ,
, ) ( , , , - , , , , , ). ( ) , 3. , , , ; , . , . . . , , ; , . .
, . , , , . . , .
3, ., 2006, . Dispublic, . (.1).
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7
. , . , , . , . , , . , . , , , . , : , , , , , , . . . :
- . , . , . .
- , . . , . . , , , , , , .
- . , .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
8
, , , . .
- . : (City break), + MICE, (Mountain & Leke holidays), ,
(SPA/WELLNESS), (Events), (Touring) , . . . , .
, , , .
, . , , , . , . 4. : . , , . , , , . . . 4, ., ., 2003, . , .
(.22).
-
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9
, , . , . . , , . , , . , , , , .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
10
III , , . , , , . . 5. XIX XX . . , . . :
- - 6.
. : , 7 . (AIEST). . . . . . , . , 2008, 29. :
.
5, ., 1996, . , . (.11). 6, ., , ., 2008, . , . (.6). 7, ., , .,
2008, . , . (.20).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
11
3.1 , . , . , . , . . : , , , , , , , , , . , . .1, C : C1 = A1,
A2, A3, ... An (C), (). 1:
C1 : A, ,
,
C2 : , ,
, . C3 C4 C5
C6
C7 C8
C9
: , ., , ., 2008, . , . (. 30). .
3.2 , . . . . ,
-
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12
, . . . . , ( , ) (, )8. , : , , , 9. , , . . , . 1: 1:
: , ., , ., 2000, . , . (.16). . 1 : , Cq 1. ( 1) . 8, ., , .,
2008, . , . (.32). 9, ., , ., 2000, . , . (.13).
C , q , Cq , T , p , C1q1
T2 T
T1 p
C1
C
C2
q2 q q1
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
13
3.3 , . , , . , , 10. , . , . : (City break), + MICE, (Mountain
& Leke holidays), , (SPA/WELLNESS), (Events), (Touring) ; , .
3.4 , . , . , , . . , , , , , , , , . , . , . , , - . , . . , . ; ,
.
10, ., , ., 2008, . , . (. 154). 10.
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14
IV 4.1 . (WTO) 2005. , 805,8 , 682,7 USD. 2007. , 908 16 856
USD11. , 2008. 924 , 16 2007. . 4 4.1 . 2 3: 2: 2000. 2008.
2000 687 28,3 128,1 110,5 395,9 24,2 2001 686,7 29,1 122,1 115,7
395,2 24,5 2002 707 30 116,7 124,9 407 28,5 2003 694,6 31,6 113,1
113,3 407,1 29,5 2004 765,1 34,5 125,7 144,2 424,4 36,3 2005 805,8
37,3 133,4 155,7 441,6 37,8 2006 846 41 136 167 461 41 2007 908
44,9 142,5 185,4 488 47,5 2008 924 4,9 147,6 188,3 488,5 52,9 :
www.unwto.org, (Tourism Market Trends, 2006 Edition-Annex) , .
. 2008, 12. . 3: 2000. 2005. USD
2000 481,6 10,5 130,8 90,2 232,5 17,6 2001 469,9 11,5 119,8 92,9
227,5 18,1 2002 488,2 12 113,5 101,4 241,9 19,4 2003 534,6 16,1
114,2 98,4 283,4 22,5 2004 634,7 19,2 132 129,5 328,5 25,5 2005
682,7 21,5 144,6 140,8 348,3 27,6 : www.unwto.org (Tourism Market
Trends, 2006 Edition-Annex) , .
. 2008, . .
11www.unwto.org , ., 2008, , . 12 2006. 2007. 2008. .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
15
2020. , , ( 4), 4: 2020.
: www.unwto.org/facts/eng/vision.htm (25.02.2009.)
1,006 , 2010. , 1,6 2020. . , . , , , . WTTC - 2015. , :
- 10.678,5 USD , - 2,9 , ( ) 8,9
(1 11,2 ), - 3,9 ( ) 10,6 , - 10 13. -
4.2 20 - , . , , . 1990. . 1999. . 2000. 2004. 10 , 2004. , 221
USD, 53 1990. 414 USD14 . 13, ., 2008, . Power Point , . 14Horwath
Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.111).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
16
2008. ( - ), 874,7 USD15. , , 2008. ( ) 2, 266.166 , 2 2007. .
1,619.672 , 71 . 646,494 29 . 2008. , 7,334.106 , 81 , 1,398.887 19
. , , 738.954 , 12 2007. ; : 94.795, 46.339, 41.304, 39.961, 38.630
. : 174.857, 152.939, 80.819, 80.703, 80.092, 71.787, 54.035,
52.908, 49.961 552.033 16. 2008. , 5: 5: 2008.
2008/2007
2008/2007
2008/2007
7,334.106 100 5,935.219 101 1,398.887 95
1,417.859
93
584.110
99
833.749
89
2,367.730 101 2,266.766 101 100.964 110 1,912.008 99 1,776.294
98 135.714 107
1,377.867
105
1,101.637
105
276.230
107
258.642 117 206.412 126 52.230 90 :
www.serbia-tourism.org/srpski/vesti2 (20.02.2009.) .
. , . 15 www.nbs.rs, , - 2008. (01.03.2009). 16
www.serbia-tourism.org/srpski/vesti2 (20.02.2009).
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__________________________________________________________________________________
17
V . . , 21. . : , , , , . . , . , , . , , , . . , . . , . , . ,
. . , - .
5.1
. , , . , . . , . , . , .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
18
. . . , , , , , , , . , . , , , , . WTTC :
1. . , , , , .
2. :
- , , , , .
- .
- , , , , 17.
. . . , . , . . :
, . , 18.
17WTTC, 2002, World The Travel & Tourism Economy, Special
end of year update. London. 18Bargett, L., 2000, The Tourism
Industry, Enployment. Economic Policy and Statistics, The UK
Parliament, London. (.7).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
19
: 1:
e
/
o
: , .,2004, .
, . (.36). .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
20
5.1.1 192,2 2000. . 2010. 251,6 (1 11 ). 3 , ( ) 8 19. , 2000. ,
( 6): 6: 2000.
% 1. 8,3 2. 6,2 3. 5,9 4. 5,7 5. 5,6 6. 5,0 7. 4,9 8. 4,9 9. 4,9
10. 4,7 11. 4,3
: International Labour Office, 2001, Human Resources
Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering
and Tourism Sector. International Labour Office, Geneva. (. 126). ,
. WTTC 2013. , ( 7): 7: 2013.
1. 16,092 2. 12,659 3. 7,136 4. 4,336 5. 3,016 6. 2,526 7. 1,775
8. 1,697 9. 1,622 10. 1,604
: WTTC, 2003, Travel and Tourism Economic. Research, Executive
Summary, London, UK.
19ILO, 2001, Human Resources Development, Employment and
Globalisation in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector.
International Labour Office, Geneva. (.48).
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__________________________________________________________________________________
21
2013. ( 7), . , , . WTTC a 2003. , 2,6 % ( ) 7,6 %, 20. . , .
21. , (casual) (part time). ( 1996. ) 50 % . 80 % 3 41 % 6 22. 13 :
48 ; , , , , , 40 44 , , , 40 . , . :
1. .
2. 24 - . 23.
, , , . , 1. 30. . 20 % . . , 24. . , . . . . . , . . 20WTTC,
2003, Travel and Tourism Economic. Research, Executive Summary,
London, UK. 21ffice of the Deputy Prime Minister, 1998, Employment
in Tourism/leisure related industries. Great Britain,UK. (.10). 22,
., 2004, . , . (.78). 23Bull,A., 1994, The tourism industry and its
products. Pitman Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. (.147). 24,., ,
., 2008, . , . (.50).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
22
1996. , 20 % 25. :
1. 1998. 225,8 (GBP) 170,8 ; 328 211 .
2. 1999. 3.394 42,8 , 5.000 .
3. 2000. 309,14 221,3. 582,85 .
:
- - - -
26. . , , , , . 5.1.2 . , , , , . , . , 2006. 1.938 . 1.273 65,7
665 34,3 . 2,6 75.284 . , 25.930 . 2,4 - 1,087.295 . 2,1 23.030
;
25ILO, 2001, Human Resources Development, Employment and
Globalisation in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector.
International Labour Office, Geneva. (.53). 26Bull,A., 1994, The
tourism industry and its product. Pitman Publishing, Melbourne,
Australia. (.53).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
23
2.900 0,2 27. :
8: 2006.
75.284 100 1,087.295 100 1.273 1,7 23.030 2,1
665
0,8
2.900
0,2
+ 1.938 2,6 25.930 2,4
:
www.pks.komora.net/PrivredauSrbiji/Privrednegrane/Turizamiugostiteljstvo/Privrednakretanja
(14.02.2009). 5.1.2.1 , : 45,2 576 ; 24,1 307 ; 21,9 279 8,7 111
. , : 53,6 12.358 ; 29,4 6.777 ; 8,6 1.983 8,3 1.912 . , . 1 2:
1:
45,2%
21,9%
8,7%
24,1%
: .
27www.pks.komora.net/PrivredauSrbiji/Privrednegrane/Turizamiugostiteljstvo/Privrednakretanja
(14.02.2009).
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__________________________________________________________________________________
24
2:
6.777
12.358
1.912
1.983
: .
2007. , , 24.290 , 1.640 2006. 28. . . , . 2005. , 71 , 44,3 .
2,5 18,1 . 49,7 . , 30 29 . . , . :
: . , . 101 . 2007. 26.987 , : , , , , . 7.478 . : , 28 , 2008,
, . (.100). 29Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.38).
28. . (.347).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
25
. : , , , ; ; . . .
: 80 % , (, , .) .
: .
: 13-16 % 30. . . , .
. , . , 31. :
.
: .
: . . .
30Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.32). 31, .,
1995, . , . (.37).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
26
5.1.2.2 . . , , :
- - - 32.
, , , (special interest tours). . , , , , , . . 2009. 1.017 33.
. 5.000 . , , . . . . , , . , , , 34. 35: , . , . 22
32, ., 2004, . , . (.60). 32. (.61).
33www.turizmologija.net/post476.html (20.02.2009). 33. 34, ., 2006,
. - , . (.2). 35Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , .
(.39).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
27
. 103 . , . () : , . 500 36. : , , , , . . , . . YUTA, , , , , -
, , , . SWOT , , , . SWOT TOWS : Strengts (), Weakness (),
Opportunities () Threats ( ). . ( ) ( ) . , () , , 37. , . . . , ,
: 36 . 37, ., 2003, . , , , . (.106).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
28
9:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 , 10 10:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(, , ,
.)
,
,
( , ,
.)
1 , 10
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
29
11:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ,
1 , 10 12:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 , 10 9, 10, 11 12: Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . ,
. (.95). 5.1.2.3 , , . , , , . . . : (City break) , . . : , , , , ,
, . , , , , .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
30
, , . , , , . City break. - . , . , . , . . , . . . , 15 25 . .
low cost . + MICE . , . , , , , , , . : , , . , 38. , , . 30 , , ,
. (SPA/WELLNESS) wellness . , wellness . . . 40 SPA WELLNESS . . ,
.
38Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.66).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
31
(Events), , , () , . , . , . , , . , , . , . , . , , 1 5: 13:
:
: Horwath Consulting Zagreb & , 2005, . , . (.125.).
3, a 1,6 . , . . , , , .
1 2 3 4 5
:
: , (river boating courses)
,
,
: /, .
-- .
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
32
, . : , , , , (), ( ), , , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . 5.1.3
. . . , . , , . . . :
, . . . -, , . , , , . . , , , 39. , 41 % . 22 % 17 %40. , , , .
, , 39, ., 2006, . - , . (.71). 40ILO, 2001, Human Resources
Development, Employment and Globalisation in the Hotel, Catering
and Tourism Sector. International Labour Office, Geneva. (.74).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
33
. . . . 41. . , ( 14), 14:
, , , -, , , , , , .
, , , , , , . ,
, , , , , ,
, , .
,
: , ., 2004, . , . (.81). .
, . . . . 1970. 1995. . 1996. . 1996. 51,2 % 30,9 %. . 1980.
1995. 4,9 % 7,6 %. 1995. 16,7 % 42. , .
. . . .
41Holloway, C., 1994, The Business of Tourism. Pitman
Publishing, London. (.264). 42ILO, 2001, Human Resources
Development, Employment and Globalisation in the Hotel, Catering
and Tourism Sector. International Labour Office, Geneva. (.78).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
34
. . ILO (International Labour Office) 2001. , 500 . 80 % 1990.
1994. , 1999. 90 % . .
, , . 46 % . 2 80 % . , 90 % , , , , , , , . , 43,8 % . 1985.
1995. 34 %, 68, 9 % . 1999. 8 % 100 43. , . 80 % , 10 70 % . , . ,
, , , . .
. . , . , . . , , . , , , ,
43UNED, 2000, Gender & Tourism: Womens Employment and
Participation in Tourism. Project Report, United Nations
Environment and Development, London, UK. (.4).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
35
, , . 5.2 ; . , . , . :
, 7,4 %, .
2000. , 690 , 50 1999. ( ).
58 % 2000. 6,2 %, 403 25 1999. .
2000. 14 % 14 1999. .
476 2000. , 4,5 % 1999. 680 2000. .
, , , 2,0 3,0 % 3 4 % . , , . , . , , , :
.
, 2010. 1 .
. 2020. 1.550 .
, .
().
8,5 %.
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
36
, 1997. 35 %.
, 13,4 % .
, 13 % .
, 1999. 190. 20. . , , , . , . , . . , , , . , . , . . , . , , ,
. , , , . , 44. 5.3 - , , , . . , , . , . , . , . . , 44, ., 2002,
. - , . (.60-72).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
37
. :
1. ,
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 45.
. , . , , . , . . , . . , , . . , , 12 , - . 46. , . , 15, , , ,
, : 45, ., , 2005, . - , . (.205). 46Swarbrooke, J., 1999,
Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI Publishing, Sheffield, UK.
(.71).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
38
15:
: Swarbrooke, J., 1999, Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI
Publishing, Sheffield, UK. (.72). . :
.
. .
. . .
47.
47, ., , 2005, . - , . (.208).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
39
. , , . , . - , - : : ! ! . ! "! ! , , 48. . : , . . , , , . . ,
, , , . . - , ( ) . , , , , , , , ; . , , , . , , . , , 49. - , . ,
(, , ), (, ), ( 60 % ), ( 70 % ), , , , , , (), , - 48Fennell, D.,
1999, Ecotourism. Routledge, London. (.249). 49, ., 2006, . - , .
(.96).
-
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40
, . , , , 50. , , : , , . . . . , . , , 17 . . 51. . , , , , , .
, . 1993. , . . , , . . , . . - . . , , . , , . , , , 52. , . , , .
5 , . , , ,
50Hall, C., Page, S., 2005, The Geography of Tourism and
Recreation, Environment, place and space. Routledge, London. (.
195, 196). 51Robinson, M., Boniface, P., 2005, Tourism and Cultural
Conflicts. Morpeth, Northum berland, UK. (.95). 52Holloway, C.,
1994, The Business of Tourism. Pitman Publishing, London.
(.264).
-
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41
, . , , 53. , . :
. . .
. . .
.
.
.
. . . . 54.
. , , , , . , . , . . 53Fennell, D., 1999, Ecotourism.
Routledge. London. (.251). 54, ., , 2005, . - , . (. 209, 210).
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42
VI , , . , , . , . . , . 4,5 3 . 12.000 . 250 . , . . , . . , .
, . , , . - 3 % - . 60 % . - . 70 % 55. , , , . . . , , , , .
20.000 3 . , , . , : , , , , , , .
55, ., 2000, , . , . (.21).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
43
6.1 . . , 200 C, 56. , . , . . . , - . . . , . . , , , , , , ,
57. . , , , , , , . , , . 6.1.1 . . , , , . (CFC ), 58. , . , - a ,
60. , 150 . , 40
56 , 2000, . - , , . (.34). 57, ., 2006, . - , . (.33). 58, ., ,
., 1999, . , . (.48). 57, (.34). 60, ., 2007, . , . (.51).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
44
. , 100.000 , . 3 5 61. . 1986. 1989. 62. , , , . 63. , 80 %. ,
. CFC . , . 19. 2007. . 2020. 2030. . , , 3, , 7-9. 2007. , : , ".
, (Stockholm Environmental Institute - SEI). 23. 2007. , (UNIDO)
2008. , , - 2007 - 2009. . , - - 19. (19 Meeting of the Parties -
19 MOP), 12 - 21. 2007. . - , , 700 - 2300 -. , . , , , 64.
61, ., , ., 1999, . , . (.49). 62, ., 2006, . - , . (.34). 63 ,
2000, . - , , . (.35). 61. 64www.ekoplan.gov.rs (13.06.2009).
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
45
6.1.2 . , . . , , . , 2 5 C . . 2100. 15 - 90 , 65. , , 70 7 ,
66. , . 16:
-
- 50 % CFC - 15-20 %
18 % 10 % 5 %
: , ., 2002, . , .(. 94). . . - 3 % - . CO2 67. , - 2 3 % , .
2015. . , 176 1999. . 550 - 3,5 - 68. 60 % . - , , 69. 65, ., , .,
1999, . , . (.50). 66Planet la Control. 2008, National Geographic
channel. 67Malone, P., 1998, Pollution Battle Takes to the Skies.
The Observer, London, 8. november. (.9). 68, ., 2000, , . , .
(.21). 69, ., 2004, . , . (.151).
-
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46
. - . Kennedy La Guardia . Midway . 10 % , 70. - . . . , . . ,
71. , 50 % . , 72. 70 % 73. - , , , 74. - , . , . , . 6.1.3 , - . ,
75. , .
70Air Transport and Global Warming,
www.gn.apc.org/sgr/kyoto/jw.html (04.05.2009). 71Zimmermann,
F.,1995, The Alpine Region. Chichester-Wiley, Montanari. (.25). 72
, 2007, : , . . , , . (.126) -, ., 2007, . , , . (.203). 73, .,
2000, , . , . (.19). 74Holden, A., 2000, Environment and Tourism,
Routledge Introductions to Environment Series. Routledge, Taylor
& Francis Group, London and New York. (.93). 75 , 2000, . - , ,
. (.54).
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47
. , , , , , ; . , , - , - , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . 75 , 15
50 . , , , , , . 5,5 , , , . , , 447,2 1,4 , 1,8 5,5 % 76. . . .
6.2 . 71 % . 2.100 3. 97,41 % , 1,984 % , 0,599 %, 0,007 % 0,001
%77. . , . . 6.2.1 . . 2000. 6,1 . 2050. 9 78. . , .
76www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/aerozagadjenje/Oblaci-crnog-dima-i-pepela.sr.html
(13.06.2009). 77, ., 2002, . , . (. 213). 78 - , ., 2009, . , . -
.
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
48
. . , 20.000 3 , , 2030. 79. 20 80. , , . . , , . , 440 , 81. ,
5 5 . , , 60.000 . 82. 6.2.2 , . . . , . . , , , . . . , . , , , ,
83. . 5.400 , 7.000 , 13.000 , 60.000 , 9.500 . . , . , , . . .
79, ., , ., 1999, . , . (.54). 80, .,2006, . - , . (.37). 81, .,
2004, . , . (.150). 82Holloway, C., 1994, The Business of Tourism,
Pitman Publishing, London. (.259). 83 , 2000, . - , , . (.82). 79.
(.55).
-
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49
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. 1900. 1990. , 75 % , , . , . , . . , , , . . , 104. , . 2020.
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, . , , , , , , . 19 % 1990. 30 % 2000. . . , , . , 109. . . . .
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, , ; . 114. Silver Lake Resort - a na ( 10 11). , , , . . I . .
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6.4 , , . . , . , , , . . : , , , , , 117. . , : ( ), , , ( ), (
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,
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,
.
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3. 4.
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, ,
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,
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- ,
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, .
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. 600 EC . 126. , . 2 2,5 , 25.000 30.000 (, , ). (115 402 ), .
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, . , .
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, . : 18:
- 3 m2 1,7 m2
5 -30 ha 5 -30 ha
5 -15 ha
100 ha
15 ha
15-70 ha
40
25-80
300-600 ha
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