Mushroom Lecture

8/6/2019 Mushroom Lecture

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Cultivated MushroomsCultivated Mushrooms

Cultivation of mushrooms as a researchendeavor in U.S.A.

Only Penn. State a degree program:Mushroom Science

IntroductionIntroduction

Common in Asian countries, inHorticulture departments.

Will use term “mushroom” in a broad sense,again.

Consumption of mushroom probablyoccurred during prehistory, in huntingand foraging period.

Unlike plants could not be cultivated atfirst and was be collected a long periodof time.

IntroductionIntroduction

Even today, relatively few species ofmushrooms can be cultivated.

Mushrooms thought to be special andsupernatural in origin.

Pharaohs decreed that only theycould eat mushrooms.

4600 years ago, Egyptians believedmushrooms to be plants ofimmortality.

HistoryHistory

Mushrooms thought to be special andsupernatural in origin.

HistoryHistory

Chinese and Japanese have utilized

mushrooms for medicinal usage forthousands of years.

Romans thought mushrooms were thefood of the gods.

HistoryHistoryMany people presently collect

mushrooms for the purpose ofconsumption, but…

Many myths and false concepts stillsurvive today concerning mushrooms.

Many species have now been “cultivated”,but……

Relative to number of edible species, fewcultivated.



HistoryHistory

Cultivation of mushrooms in Westerncultures first recorded in 1650.Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus was first species

cultivated, on compost.In Asia, specifically China and Japan, it is

not known when cultivation began.Several species of mushrooms

cultivated, on wood.

Different cultures cultivated differentspecies.

Cultivated SpeciesCultivated SpeciesWill cover some examples of cultivated

species in Eastern and Western Cultures.

Will also go over some new possibilities.

Will start off with Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus .

Also referred to as the ButtonButtonMushroomMushroom, most cultivated species.

Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus

First species cultivated in Westernculture, in Paris, France, around 1650.First observed growing in melon crop

compost.For 160 years grown in open field.

Then moved underground into caves,excavated tunnels or quarries. Stillused in France

Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus From France, method of cultivation

learned by England.

By 1865, United States began mushroomcultivation.

Spawn (=mycelium of mushroom) wasinitially imported from England.United States did not develop its own

spawn until 1903.

Initially, mushroom growing was a“backyard” endeavor.

Generating SpawnGenerating SpawnA medium in which to

grow mycelium.

“Autoclave” to sterilize

medium.

Pressure cooker

Grain medium

Generating SpawnGenerating SpawnA source of mycelium.

Spores.

Spores in syringe

Wipe injectionsite with

sterile swab

http://www.spiritgarden.co.uk/spawnbag.php




Spores.

Inoculate spores



Tear mushroomapart

Tissue culture.

Asepticallyexcise tissue


Initial growth

Incubate

Spawn growsthroughout medium


Agaricus bisporus Agaricus bisporus By 1865, United States began mushroom

cultivation (continued).By 1914, cultivation of button

mushroom was becoming industrialized.

Southern Pennsylvania largestmushroom growers in U.S., 85% ofmushrooms.

In 1970s and 80s, Penn. Stateimproved yield of mushrooms,keeping U.S. competitive with restof world.

Cultivating Agaricus bisporus Cultivating Agaricus bisporus

Method for growing well known, butpoorly understood.Substrate includes mostly horse

manure, wheat straw, corn cobs,and several other waste plantproducts and animal waste.

Mixed and allowed to sit andcompost. Breakdown of complexcompounds to simple compounds.

Will become very hot due to biologicalactivities.When complete will have consistency

of thick oat meal, when cooled.Agaricus bisporus spawn can then

be inoculated into substrate andgrow through substrate rapidly ifmaintained at 24 C.




Casing LayerCasing Layer is placed over substrate.Normally, clay soil. Critical phase!

Bacterial activity, soluble salts andlowering temperature to 14-18 C,criticalMushroom “buttons” form just below

casing layer.

Cultivating Agaricus bisporus Cultivating Agaricus bisporus Cultivating Agaricus bisporus Cultivating Agaricus bisporus

Compost pile:

http://www.personal.psu.edu/mab568/AgaricusV2.htm


Pasteurization:



“Spawning”:



Casing:



Harvesting:




Genetic variants of A. bisporus .

PortobelloPortobello.

Like white button mushroom, butexpanded and brown.


Genetic variants of A. bisporus .(continued).

CriminiCrimini.

Like white button mushroom, butbrown.


Prior to 1970s, Agaricus bisporus wasonly species cultivated in U.S.

Pleurotus ostreatus(Oyster Mushroom).

In early 1970s, some attempts togrow other species.

Common on deadwood, in Europe and

North America.

Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus ostreatus Now commonly in U.S. supermarkets.

Cultivation first described at beginningof 20th Century.

Innovation in cultivation ofmushroom growing on wood in late1950s made cultivation of P.ostreatus possible.By late 1970s, became common in

supermarkets.

Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus ostreatus

Many other species, but were fromalready cultivated species of Asia.

Actual beginning of mushroom

cultivation in Asia, unknown.Probably best

known species isLentinus edodes Lentinus edodes (=Shiitake) .

Mostly solddried in U.S.

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes Since 1970s, has been cultivated in U.S.

and now available, fresh, atsupermarkets.

Species originally cultured, in China,about 800 years ago.Now grown extensively in China and

Japan.Research in Japan also claims

mushroom has medicinal use, i.e., anti-tumor activity, rich in D2.

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes



Cultivation of Shiitake.

Initially began by placing logs with

fruitbodies near logs cut forcultivation.Spores would eventually infect logs

nearby.

To ensure fungus would infect logs,holes drilled in logs and woodendowel with the mycelium placed inhole and sealed.

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes Cultivation of Shitake (continued):

Logs kept moist

and in 6-9monthsmushrooms willbegin to form.May continue to

form for as longas several years.


Cultivation of Shitake (continued):

Difficulty in finding logs forcedinnovation of better method:placing sawdust and carbohydratein polypropylene bag, which issterilized.

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes Cultivation of Shitake (continued):

Polypropylene bag method(continued).


Cultivation of Shitake (continued):

Polypropylene bag method(continued).

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes Also known as the Paddy Straw

Mushroom.

Volvariella volvacea Volvariella volvacea

Not available fresh in U.S., usuallycanned.



Origin of cultivation uncertain, butbelieved to be as early as 1822.

Americans have had it in Chinese

restaurants.

Became more widely dispersed inother areas where Chinese havemigrated.

Origin in Hawai‘i likely during 19th.Century.

Volvariella volvacea Volvariella volvacea Cultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom:

Grown mostly on composted ricepaddy straw, but also on otherplant waste products.Other products included dried

banana leaves and oil palm waste.

Until 1972, with introduction ofcotton waste, yield of mushroomswas very low.


Cultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom(continued):

Cotton waste made mass cultivationof mushroom possible.

Industrial production ofmushroom now in Hong Kong,Thailand, Taiwan and Indonesia.Cotton waste with 4% rice or wheat

straw and 4-6% agricultural limestoneallowed to compost for 2-3 days.

Volvariella volvacea Volvariella volvacea Cultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom

(continued):

Turned at least once, pasteurizedwith steam.

Many countries still use lower yielding water material method.


Cultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom(continued):

Turned at least once, pasteurized

with steam.Many countries still use lower yielding water material method.

Volvariella volvacea Volvariella volvacea Auricularia Spp.Auricularia Spp.Several species cultivated, but most

common are A. auricula and A. cornea (=A. polytricha)

First species, temperate andother tropic to subtropic andoccurs commonly in Hawai‘i.



Auricularia cornea was one of the ediblefungi in ancient China

First cultivation reliably reported in about300-200 B.C.

Now known to be cultivated in many SouthPacific countries.

Commonly called “ear fungus” regardlessof where it is grown.

Was commercially exported from Hawai‘i,during 19th Century.

Auricularia Spp.Auricularia Spp.Cultivation technique same as that of

Shiitake and Oyster Mushroom.

Auricularia Spp.Auricularia Spp.

Tremella fuciformis Tremella fuciformis Also known as the Silver Ear.

Long used as a herb, in China, for

various ailments.

Said to extend life expectancy, curetuberculosis and good for treating highblood pressure. Also, grown for food aswell.

Once believed to be a wooddecomposer, but now known to be amycoparasite.

Prior to cultivation, only rich couldafford to have this mushroom.

Occurs in Hawai‘i.

Tremella fuciformis Tremella fuciformis

Flammulina velutipes Flammulina velutipes Also known as the Enoki

Small delicate mushroom.

Available fresh in U.S., in supermarkets.

Cultivated on sawdustmedium in a large, urn-shaped container.

Origin of cultivation obscured, but hasbeen cultivated for several centuries.

Cultivation of New SpeciesCultivation of New SpeciesTrufflesTruffles

Several species “cultivated”:

Two of most popular are Tuber melanosporum and T. magnatum .



TrufflesTrufflesHave been collected as far back as

1600 B.C.

Once believed to be a product of oaktrees, as recently as 1903.

Unlike other “mushrooms”, truffles aresubterranean and are Ascomycota.Cannot be “cultivated” in the usual

sense because they form mycorrhizae,symbiotic relationship between rootsof plant and fungus.

Because of inability to mass produce,one reason why price has been as high

as $800/lb.Until after World War II, the only

means of obtaining truffles wascollecting them in wild.

In 1972, idea of “growing” truffles, inan oak plantation. Requires up to 10

years before first truffles areharvested.

TrufflesTruffles

Harvesting truffles.

TrufflesTruffles

http://encarta.msn.com/media_461529942/Truffle_Hunting.html

http://www.plantin.com/truffles/hunting.html

Trees with truffle mycelium inoculatedcan be purchased.Some areas, other than Europe

believed to have truffles, but neverfound, i.e. California.

Numerous efforts have been made togrow oaks outside of native area havemostly failed, until 1987, when NewZealand attempted to grow truffles.

TrufflesTruffles

New Zealand was successful and it onlytook 5 years instead of 10.Why were they successful?.

It is believed that since oaks arenot native to New Zealand, nocompetitive mycorrhizal fungireplaces truffle mycelium on theroots of trees.

TrufflesTruffles MorelsMorelsNumerous species of morels occur and

all are equally edible.

Morels are also members of Ascomycotaand have never been successfullycultivated, commercially .

Morchella esculenta

(Morel)



Very much sought after, but not aspricey as truffles.

Numerous attempts have been made tocultivate morels.Mycelium could be grown and initially

commercial interest attempted to sellmycelium.

In 1980, Ron Ower grew the first morel,Morchella esculenta , but yield was verylow.

MorelsMorelsGary Mills of Neogene Corporation,

affiliated with Michigan State

collaborated with Ron and seemed tosuccessfully produce a high yieldmethod, but only worked in Michigan.

Attempts to use method elsewherefailed.

MorelsMorels

Medicinal MushroomMedicinal MushroomMany mushrooms cultivated for

medicinal uses.

Lentinus edodes Lentinus edodes : In combination withAIDs drugs to boost immune response,

chronic fatigue and induces antibodyformation to Hepatitis B

Grifola frondosa Grifola frondosa (Maitake): Said to be apowerful antioxidant and can help tomaintain a healthy immune system

Cordyceps Cordyceps sinensis sinensis (Winter Worm): helpsincrease stamina, energy levels, andendurance, aphrodisiac, stimulate immunesystem, and lowers “bad”- raises “good”cholesterol.



Tremella fuciformis Tremella fuciformis (Silver Ear): Anti-aging, asthma, anti-tumor agent, andwomen’s friend for skin, bone and weightcontrol

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Mushroom Lecture