-
1
/ 1 / 2
– WAN X.25
– LAN
–
– ALOHA
– CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
– Wireless, Ubiquitous, …..
/ 3
WANWAN
/ 4
WANWAN X.25X.25
WAN: Wide Area Network
– LAN (Local Area Network) WAN
–
•
• ISDN
– CCITT standard ITU-T standard
OSI Layer 1 Layer 3
– PLP‒ HDLC (ITU-T), LAPB (CCITT)‒ X.21 bis
-
2
/ 5
X.25 Network ModelX.25 Network Model
DTE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DTE
DTE
PSE
PSN
DTE: Data Terminal Equipment
DCE: Data Circuit terminating Equipment
PSE: Packet Switch Exchange
PSN: Packet Switch Network
/ 6
HDLCHDLC (1) (1)
X.25
– SDLC (Synchronous Data Link
Control protocol)
– HDLC
• High-speed Data Link Control protocol
• ITU-T/ISO
• ISO Standard 3309
– LAPB
• Link Access Procedure B
• CCITT X.25
• HDLC subset
/ 7
HDLCHDLC (2) (2)
– ISDN
–
•
X.21
– bit-oriented
• bit-stuffing
– connection-oriented
•
•
/ 8
01111110 address Data 01111110Control Checksum
88 8 >= 0 816
HDLC frame (1)HDLC frame (1)
Address:
Control:
Data:
Checksum: CRC-CCITT
-
3
/ 9
HDLC frame (2)HDLC frame (2)
–
–
–
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
0 N(S) P/F N(R)
1 0 S P/F N(R)
1 1 M P/F N(R)
N(S):
N(R):
P/F: /
S:
M:
/ 10
HDLC frame (3)HDLC frame (3)
/
–(poll bit)
–(final bit)
–
– N(S)
– if N(R) =k: (k-1)
/ 11
HDLC frame (4)HDLC frame (4)
–
– S
• RR
– N(R)
–
• RNR
– N(R)
–
– RR
• REJ
– N(R)
– Go-back-N N(R)
• SREJ
– N(R)
– Selective-RepeatN(R)
/ 12
HDLC frame (4)HDLC frame (4)
(unnumbered frame)
–
–
SNRM(B),P
UA(B),F UA(B),F
DISC(B),P
A
B
……...(data transmission)
-
4
/ 13
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
HDLC
–
–
–
– 11111111
IETF
PPP over SONET/SDH
– 2
01111110 address Data 01111110Control Checksum
88 8 >= 0 816
Proto
16
11111111 00000011
/ 14
HDLC & PPP technical componentsHDLC & PPP technical
components
– Frame synchronization: bit stuffing
– Error detection: CRC-CCITT
– ARQ: Go back n, selective repeat
– Addressing: 8bits
– Link management: unnumbered frame
/ 15
ATMATM
/ 16
ATMATM
1980
– 150Mbp (OC-3), 662Mbps (OC-12)
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
53octet (cell)
– cut-through
–
– VP (Virtual Path) VC (Virtual Circuit)
– ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
-
5
/ 17
Com. Mgmt. Model: VP & VCCom. Mgmt. Model: VP & VC
VP: node/node VPI
VC: node/node VCI
/ 18
ATM Network ModelATM Network Model
– /VC
– IEEE802.1q Tag VLAN
Logical topology
/ 19
ATM sub-layersATM sub-layers
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer(AAL)
SignalingData
Transmission
I/F
•
••
•• VC/VP based switch routing
/ 20
ATMATM
– SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
–
– OC (Optical Carrier level)
• OC-3 155.52Mbps
• OC-12 622.08Mbps
• OC-24 1244.16Mbps
• OC-48 2488.32Mbps
• OC-192 10Gbps
– OC-3 OC-12, OC-48 , OC-192
-
6
/ 21
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
ATM
– AAL1
•
– AAL2
• MPEG2
– AAL3/4
•
•
– AAL5
• ATM Forum
• ATM AAL5
/ 22
ATMATM
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)
– VC
–
SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit)
– VC
– LAN Emulation
– NBMA
/ 23
ATMATM
PVC
–
– VC
PVP
–
– VC VC
/ 24
ATMATM
NTT MegaLink
– ATM
– ATM
•
• VC
–
•
– Single Mode Fiber
– (traffic shaper)
-
7
/ 25
……..
Ethernet
LAN
–
–
–
– ATM
ATM
/ 26
LANLAN
/ 27
LANLAN
Shared media, multiple-access
–
–
– MAC: Medium Access Control
medium
access
/ 28
(controlled)
–
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
–
• Token Passing
(contention)
– ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD...
-
8
/ 29
TDMA (1)TDMA (1)
Time Division Multiple Access
– T
– N
–
–
– 1.5Mbps
•
• 64Kbps
/ 30
TDMA (2)TDMA (2)
terminal Aterminal B
frame (N=8)
/ 31
TDMA (3)TDMA (3)
–
–
–
–
/ 32
TDMATDMA ATMATM
TDMA
–
–
– TDMA
• STM (Synchronous transfer mode)
•
TDMA LAN
–
–
ATM
– LAN
– TDMA
– asynchronous transfer mode )
-
9
/ 33
Pure ALOHA (1)Pure ALOHA (1)
– ALOHA
System
–
•
– uplink
•
– downlink
–
–
–
– RTT (RoundTrip Time) ACK
–
• [0,K] : r
• r
/ 34
Pure ALOHA (2)Pure ALOHA (2)
–
–
–
–
– K
–
/ 35
slotted ALOHAslotted ALOHA
pure ALOHA
–
•
•
–
•
• 18.4% 6.8%
–
–
/ 36
CSMACSMA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
–
–
– RTT/2
•
-
10
/ 37
CSMACSMA
– 1-persistent CSMA
• Channel idle
– p-persisitent CSMA
• Channel idle
– nonpersistent CSMA
• Channel idle
•
–
/ 38
CSMA/CDCSMA/CD
CSMA with Collision Detection
–
–
– Ethernet binary backoff
– backoff timer
– Ethernet: unslotted 1-persistent CSMA/CD
/ 39
Token PassingToken Passing
802.4 (Token Bus), 802.5 (Token Ring)
FDDI Token Passing
– (token)
–
– token holding timer
–
– token bus, token ring
/ 40
Pure ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
CSMACSMA/CD
(Ethernet)
Token Ring FDDI
TDMA ATM
-
11
/ 41
– Unslotted 1-persistent CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
– Token Ring
– CSMA/CD
– Token Ring
/ 42
Ethernet (IEEE802.3 family)Ethernet (IEEE802.3 family)
/ 43
EthernetEthernet
CSMA/CD LAN
IEEE802.3
– 10Mbps,
– 1500octet MTU
– LAN
•
• 10Base5, 10Base2
UTP 10BaseT
–
–
/ 44
Fast EthernetFast Ethernet
100Mbps Ethernet
– UTP/CAT5
– 10Mbps Ethernet
– Bidirectional 100BaseT
•
– Auto-sense / Auto-negotiation
•
– 10BaseT/100BaseT, Unidirectional / Bidirectional
•
-
12
/ 45
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z)Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z)
1Gbps
– 1Gbps
–
– 1000Base-SX ( ), 1000Base-LX ( )
IEEE802.3z
–
– NIC
/ 46
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3ab)Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3ab)
Gigabit Ethernet
– 1000Base-T
– UTP 1Gbps ethernet, 100m
/ 47
Ethernet FamilyEthernet Family
Fast Ethernet
– 10BaseT
–
– 10BaseT
–
–
– ATM
/ 48
Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
Data Rate 10Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps
CAT 5 UTP 100m 100m 100m (CAT5+/6)
STP/Coax 500m 100m N/A
Multi-mode Fiber 2Km 412m (hd*) 2Km (fd*)
550m
Single-mode Fiber 25Km 20Km > 5Km
*IEEE half duplex/full duplex ) IEEE 802.3z
-
13
/ 49
EthernetEthernet
6 octet (48 bit)
IEEE 3
3
IEEE MAC address
“00:a0:cc:7c:47:16”
a0 cc 7c 4700 16
Assigned by IEEE Assigned by vendor
/ 50
10Gbps Ethernet10Gbps Ethernet
IEEE802.3ae– IEEE 2002 6
WAN LAN– WAN PHY
• SONET– SONET/SDH
• 300m, 850nm• 10km, 1310nm
• 40km, 1550nm
– LAN PHY• Ethernet
• 300m, 850nm• 10km, 1310nm• 40km, 1550nm• 10km, 1310nm
–• 10GBASE-LR (1310nm)• 10GBASE-EX4(1550nm WWDM• 10Km – 50Km
/ 51
802.3an: 10GBASE-T
– 2006 6
– Category 6, 6A, 7 LAN
802.3aq: 10BASE-LRM
– 10Gbps ethernet
– 40Gbps ethernet
– 100Gbps ethernet
–
/ 52
-
14
/ 53
xDSLxDSL
–
–
–
– ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
•
• 3Mbps, 8Mbps, 12Mbps
– VDSL: Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line
• 2
• 25Mbps 50Mbps
– …
• SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• HDSL: High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line
/ 54
xDSLxDSL
CPE
DSLAM
aggregator
/ 55
Peripheral Bus
– HIPPI (800Mbps/32bit, 1.6Gbps/64bit)
– FibreChannel (FC) (266Mbps, …)
– Myrinet ( max 4Gbps)
– SCI (6.4Gbps and higher)
– IEEE1394 ( 100Mbps 400Mbps): firewire
–
–
– E I/F Opt I/F
–
• Ethernet family
/ 56
WDMWDM
Wave-Division Multiplex ( )–
• ( ) SONET OC-48 8
–•
•
– WDM• 16 : D-WDM (Dense WDM) ( 1024 )
• 8 : C-WDM (Coarse WDM)
• 4 : W-WDM (Wide WDM)
– WDM• OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum)
– AT&T NTT KDD
• 1024 DWDM
• IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDMIP over WDM
-
15
/ 57
OC48(2.4G), OC192(9.6G)…., OC768(40G)
16
32
64
D-WDM: Dense Wavelength DivisionD-WDM: Dense Wavelength
Division
MultiplexingMultiplexing
/ 58
MPLSMPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
– Layer-2, Layer-3
– MPLS
–
•
–
• L3
•
/ 59
GMPLSGMPLS
Generalized MPLS
– Multi Protocol Lambda Switching
– MPLS
GMPLS
–
– IP
– RFC 3471~3473 (as standards) (Jan, 2003)
–
• RENA (Resonant Communication Network Architecture, NTT)
–
/ 60
IEEE802.11IEEE802.11
Wireless Ethernet
– 802.11a: 54Mbps / 5.7GHz
– 802.11b: 11Mbps / 2.4GHz
– 802.11g: 50Mbps / 2.4GHz
SS
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity)
–
– 802.11x
–
• ex: BlueTooth, …
-
16
/ 61
IEEE802.15IEEE802.15
/ 62
IEEE802.15IEEE802.15 IEEE802.22IEEE802.22
/ 63
IEEE 802.15IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.15 (Wireless Personal Area Networks)
–
•
–
• Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1
–
–
• UWB IEEE 802.15.13a
–
–
• ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
–
/ 64
IEEE 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access Standards)
–
• Metropolitan Area Network
–
• MHz( 28MHz )
• 10km( 50km)
» (IEEE 802.e 2 3km)
• (120km/h)
–
• (IEEE 802.16-2004)
• (IEEE 802.16e)
–
• I 802.11j( ) IEEE802.11m(IMT-Advanced
)
IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16
-
17
/ 65
IEEE802.17 IEEE802.17 IEEE802.19 IEEE802.19
IEEE802.17 (Resilient Packet Ring)
–
• SON Synchronous Optical NETwork
–
• Spatially Aware Sublayer (802.17b)
IEEE 802.18 (Radio Regulatory TAG)
–
•
IEEE 802.19 (Coexistence Technical Advisory)
–
•
/ 66
IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.21 IEEE 802.21
IEEE 82.20
–• Metropolitan Area Network
–• Fast ARQ(Automatic Repeat Request)
• “make before break”
• IEEE802.11e
IEEE 802.21
–
•
–• MIH(Media Independent Handover)
• WiFi WiMAX
/ 67
IEEE 802.22IEEE 802.22
IEEE802.22
–
•
–
• Point to Multipoint
•
802.15
802.11
802.16802.20
802.22
WPAN
WWAN
WMAN
WLAN
/ 68
-
18
/ 69 / 70
Switched media
Bridges
VLAN
Broadband wireless,
residential access, etc.
/ 71
shared media shared media switched mediaswitched media
LAN
Processor Interconnect
medium
access
Non-blocking crossbar switch
/ 72
Switched media Switched media
(switched media) (shared media)
Switched media
Ethernet
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Voice Video
(MPEG2)
Video
(D1)
Video
(MotionJPEG)
Video
(HD D1)
Voice Video
(MPEG2)
Video
(MotionJPEG)
Shared media
Wireless LAN
-
19
/ 73
BridgesBridges
LAN
– Coverage, capacity
km
00m
/ 74
Bridge basics: Transparent bridgeBridge basics: Transparent
bridge
Transparent bridge
– MAC
– Promiscuous:
– forwarding table
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Transparent
bridge
1 2
E, F, G, HFwd to 2
A, B, C, DFwd to 1
/ 75
Learning bridgeLearning bridge
MAC
– (flooding)
–
MAC
–
–
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H1 2
/ 76
Loops in learning bridgesLoops in learning bridges
A G ?
A
B1 2
G
4 5
8 10
E
7
3 6
9
D C F
-
20
/ 77
Spanning tree bridgesSpanning tree bridges
– Spanning tree
A
B1D 2D
G
4R 5D
8D 10R
E
7D
3D 6A
9D
D C F R: root port
D: designated port
A: alternative port
/ 78
VLAN
–
–
– Single medium, multiple-network installation
….
