N A V A L E N G I N E E R S J O U R N A L December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4

www.navalengineers.org

Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding 45

In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval Strategy 25

Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to the Flexible Modular Warship 37

Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes and Compositions: Two RCN Case Studies 53

A Detailed Analysis of Ideal Rankine Steam Cycle 59

Modifi cation of Ship Air Wakes with Passive Flow Control 69

2 | December 2016 | No. 128-4 NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL

FEATURES & NEWS

9 Rebranding ASNE’s Annual Meeting Captain Rick White, USN (Ret.) discusses the new format and program highlights for Technology, Systems & Ships 2017, formerly ASNE Day.

25 In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval StrategyExperts gathered in Baltimore in November to learn about the challenges and opportunities made possible by naval ships built with flexibility as a major design driver.

TECHNICAL ARTICLES

29 “We are going to cut our teeth on DDG-1000!” The ZUMWALT-Class DestroyerEdward Feege and Scott C. Truver

37 Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to the Flexible Modular WarshipNickolas H. Guertin, PE, CAPT Paul Van Benthem, USN (Ret.)

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4

DEPARTMENTS

5 President’s Page

7 Secretary’s Notes

12 New Members

14 Contributors

16 Committee Directory

18 Section Directory

20 Upcoming Events

23 Corporate Supporters

52 Code of Ethics

112 Advertising Rates

137 Membership Application

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL December 2016 | No. 128-4 | 3

TECHNICAL PAPERS

45 Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in U.S. Naval ShipbuildingJames E. Rogal, Abhay Tase, Raphael D. Lockett, Philip C. Koenig

53 Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes and Compositions: Two RCN Case StudiesDr. Renee Chow, Matthew Lamb, CPO1 Ghislain Charest, CPO1 Daniel Labbé

59 A Detailed Analysis of Ideal Rankine Steam CycleMehmet Turgay Pamuk

69 ModificationofShipAirWakeswithPassiveFlow ControlNicholas R. LaSalle, Murray R. Snyder, Hyung S. Kang, Chen Friedman

81 Human Factors Evaluation in Ship Design: ACaseStudyonOffshoreSupplyVesselsin the Norwegian Sea, Part 1: Theoretical Background and Technical ConstructsVincentius Rumawas, Bjørn Egil Asbjørnslett, Christian A. Klöckner

97 Diesel (ULSD, LSD, and HSD), Biodiesel, Kerosene, and Military Jet Propellants (JP-5 and JP-8) Applications and Their Combustion VisualizationinaSingleCylinderDieselEngineLCDR. Hyungmin Lee, ROKN, CDR. Yeonhwan Jeong, ROKN

107 Small Access Machine (SAM): High Quality, Safe, and Environmentally Friendly Submarine Hull CutsBenjamin M. Blasen, Nicholas R. Lane

113 Mine Clearing Line Charge (Miclic) Grounding and BondingWilliam Barnes

125 Real-Time Non-Stationary Pattern ClassificationBasedonCovarianceAnalysisinthe Seaway Estimation ProblemJonghyuk Lee, Miloš I. Doroslovački

ON THE COVER Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs

in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding

The nuclear powered attack submarine

Virginia while under construction.

Electric Boat Corporation of

Connecticut is the lead design authority

for the New Attack Submarine. The

building of the first Virginia-class

submarine started in 1998, four of

this class are currently scheduled for

construction, USS Virginia (SSN 774),

USS Texas (SSN 775), USS Hawaii (SSN

776) and USS North Carolina (SSN 777).

Virginia is scheduled to be commissioned in June 2004.

U.S. NAVY PHOTO. (RELEASED)

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4

N A V A L E N G I N E E R S J O U R N A L December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4

www.navalengineers.org

Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding 45

In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval Strategy 25

Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to the Flexible Modular Warship 37

Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes and Compositions: Two RCN Case Studies 53

A Detailed Analysis of Ideal Rankine Steam Cycle 59

Modifi cation of Ship Air Wakes with Passive Flow Control 69Correction: “Distributed Lethality, Command and Control

Software Engineering, and Navy Laboratories” by Kurt

Rothenhaus, Bill Bonwit, George Galdorisi and Anna Stang,

originally published in the June 2016 Naval Engineers Journal,

has been revised to include missing figures. The updated version

is available online through Ingenta Connect.

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL December 2016 | No. 128-4 | 27

F E AT U R E

NSWCPD Experimenting with Augmented Reality Technology to Improve Shipboard Damage Control By Joseph Battista, NSWCPD Public Aff airs

The future of Sailors maneuvering through smoke-fi lled compartments during damage control scenarios aboard Navy ships could become a lot clearer thanks to engineers at Naval Surface

Warfare Center, Philadelphia Division (NSWCPD). They are experimenting with creating a heads-up display (HUD) in helmets using augmented reality (AR) technology—the inte-gration of digital information within a user’s environment in real time.

Sailors could someday don a helmet with a visor utilizing AR technology allowing them to see clearly through smoke-fi lled compartments, instantly access information about potential hazards in the space, and fi nd diff erent routes to traverse around dangerous situations.

Patrick Violante, electrical engineer, and James Case, me-chanical engineer, both with Advanced Machinery Systems Integration Branch, are working in their lab with Microsoft’s HoloLens, augmented reality head-mounted smart glasses, to fi gure it out. Ideally, they want a Sailor to walk into a smoky compartment and have their HUD overlay a virtual 3-D mod-el of the space on top of what they are actually seeing. The

technology allows the Sailor to clearly see what equipment and obstacles are in the area, as well as see the smoke or fi re they are combatting.

“There is a real shipboard application for this technology,” said Violante, who is part of the Navy Augmented Reality Collaboration (NARC) Working Group—representatives from all the Navy’s systems commands—who share research and ideas on implementing augmented reality technologies. “We were able to procure an early development kit of the Micro-soft HoloLens here to learn its capabilities and try to develop ideas on how it can be incorporated into our work.”

Violante and Case’s idea of a damage control HUD comes from work NSWC Panama City is doing to create a HUD for diving helmets.

“We are defi nitely talking to them and getting ideas on how we can incorporate the technology successfully,” Violan-te said.

The fi rst stage of the project uses the current Advanced Damage Control System (ADCS) to investigate creating automated routes based on diff erent events. They are attempting to build an algorithm for fi nding safe routes to

Naval Surface Warfare Center Philadelphia Division purchased Microsoft’s HoloLens to test integrating augmented reality technology with their current endeavors in laser metrology, 3-D printing modeling and printing, and virtual reality.

28 | December 2016 | No. 128-4 NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL

damage events and linking it with a 3-D representation of the environment.

Violante and Case are in the early stages of their research. They purchased the HoloLens in May and are in the midst of setting up their research lab, which will combine the aug-mented reality equipment, with their current endeavors in laser metrology, 3-D modeling and printing, and virtual reality.

Case said their AR research also focuses on shipboard maintenance. He demonstrated how a Sailor could use the AR glasses. He held up a piece of paper with the word “test” on it. When the viewer looks through the glasses at the pa-per, other items such as an engine part and technical manual appear.

He described how a Sailor working on a ship engine could look at a specific component to get a technical manual to display in the lens. A virtual 3-D scan of the item could also appear showing the inner workings of the part.

“As long as there is digitized version of the tech manual or a 3-D scan for that part we could upload it into the system and it would be available to the Sailor,” said Case.

Communication between two HoloLenses is another capability they recently tested. Violante said this ability

should allow an engineer in Philadelphia to see what a Sailor is looking at on a ship and help walk them through repairs by instructing them what to do or sending instruc-tions, technical manuals or drawings directly to their AR glasses.

“There are still a lot of hurdles to get through with cre-ating a secure way to communicate between headsets,” said Violante. “But I envision engineers no longer having to fly to Japan to fix things on a ship.”

Violante admits he only had rudimentary knowledge of AR technology a year ago, but feels NSWCPD is up to par with most other Warfare Centers and moving fast toward accomplishing their goals of integrating AR with the com-mand’s engineering work.

Research funds come from a Naval Innovative Science and Engineering (NISE)/Section 219 program.

NSWCPD provides research, development, test and evalu-ation, acquisition support, engineering, systems integration, in-service engineering and fleet support with cyber security, comprehensive logistics, and life-cycle savings through com-monality for surface and undersea vehicle machinery, ship systems, equipment and material.

A Naval Surface Warfare Center Philadelphia Division employee looks at a 3-D printed ship part through Microsoft’s HoloLens, their augmented reality head-mounted smart glasses, to test the capability of integrating digital information with a user’s environment in real time. (U.S. Navy photo/Released)

NSWCPD Experimenting with Augmented Reality Technology to Improve Shipboard Damage Control