Nenas Final

8/17/2019 Nenas Final

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1. INTRODUCTION

Pineapple or in scientific known as Ananas comosus is one of the most popular and

appreciated tropical fruit around the world. Furthermore, pineapple was ‘discovered’ in

by Christopher Columbus in 14!, which was on his voya"e and took specimens back to

#urope to be cultivated $%mar bin &alip, &on" P.' and Casey (", !)1*+ . ne of the fruits

ori"inal native names in -rail was nana, from the scientific term Ananas $%mar bin

&alip, &on" P.' and Casey (", !)1*+. (ine varieties of pineapples are planted across

/alaysia today, such as N36 sp., Sarawak sp., Moris sp., Moris Gajah sp., Gandul,

Yankee sp., Josapine sp., MD2 sp. and Masapine sp., MD2 sp. is a hybrid species of

pineapple that is brou"ht in from the Philippines.

Pineapples plants flower between twelve and ei"hteen months of "rowth. &he whole

process of plantin" pineapples seed to harvestin" pineapple fruits are normally between

nineteen and twenty0four months. Pineapples are non0climacteric fruits. &hus, harvestin"

period is very crucial for this fruit since there is si"nificant chan"e in ripenin" after

harvest. Pineapples are a "ood source of nutrients such as vitamin C, man"anese, copper

and folate. -romelain is a type of enyme that can be found in the pineapple fruit and

abundantly in the core of the pineapple. -romelain enyme is widely used a meat

tenderier in cookin".

Pineapple is a very versatile fruit since it can be consumed fresh, uice, dried, canned

or as an in"redient in various recipes. 'ome pineapples are even made into ams and

marmalade. &he variety of product that can be developed usin" pineapples are the reason

they are cultivated in many countries and cultures around the "lobe.

Post0harvest handlin" system that consist of harvestin", stora"e, processin",

packa"in", transportin" and marketin" of crops plays a very important role in meetin"

food re2uirements and standards by eliminatin" avoidable losses that can occur after the

harvestin" process. 3ood a"riculture practices helps in minimiin" yield loss in fruits and

ve"etables farms. n a lar"er point of view, hi"her yield can open opportunities to a

lar"er market scale.


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2. OBJECTIVES

&o investi"ate the pre0harvest and post0harvest handlin" system of pineapple fruit in

pineapple farm durin" plantin", harvestin", transportation, stora"e, packa"in" house

and at market or supermarket.

&o identify the cause of loss of yield and 2uality of pineapple produce from the farm,

transportation, warehouse and markets.

&o understand further how the environmental factors and farmer’s practices can

affect the 2uality and number of saleable pineapple produce.

&o apply 3ood %"riculture Practices $3%P+ and 3ood /anufacturin" Practices

$3/P+ in the eistin" chain to help minimie crop loss.

3. METHODS AND MATERIAL

5n this proect, the fruit that had been chosen is pineapple. &he pineapple farm is

located at 6ampun" 'ekolah, 7uru is a 1) acres mineral soil land. Pineapple is one of the

local fruits that can be plant at various type of soil and "round. &he visit was planned two

weeks before the su""ested date of 11th %pril !)18. &he 9emba"a Perindustrian (enas

/alaysia $9P(/+, Penan" branch had been prior notice before the visit. /r. 'yed

3haali had been the officer in char"e to usher and "uide at the farm. &his farm had been

chosen due to the demo"raphic aspects of place and time. 5t only took about 4) minutes

from Penan" 5sland to reach there. 9ocal farmers were the one who harvest the whole

process. &he seeds had been provided to the farmers by the 9P(/ Penan" -ranch.

/r %nuar from 9P(/ 7ohor branch was also contacted to understand better how

implementation of /y3%P or /alaysia 3ood %"riculture Practice in the pineapple farm

is carried out. Comparisons between practices in pineapple farm located in 7ohor and the

farm we visited was made. &he students spent about two and a half hours to "ather all the

input and carry the site visit. :arious aspects from preparin" a land plot for pineapple

plantin" to harvestin" and maturity indees were discussed and eplained by #n. 3haali.


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4. DirectSelling

1.Farm

2. Transportati

on3. Market 5. Consumer

;sin" local labor, the "rowth and development of the pineapple plants are monitored by

9P(/.

4. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS


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Fi"ure ! =Fence as physical barrier for farm.

Fi"ure >= Plant "rowth re"ulator to promote flowerin" in pineapple

Fi"ure 4= *? (P( or"anic fertilier.


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!. &ransportation

Fi"ure *= Fertiliin" process carried out by farmer.

Fi"ure 8 = ;nripe pineapple fruit.

Fi"ure @= Pineapples transported by lorry.

'ource = http=AAthumbs.dreamstime.comAApineapple0truck0fruit0concept0!>*[email protected]"

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/pineapple-truck-fruit-concept-29935487.jpghttp://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/pineapple-truck-fruit-concept-29935487.jpg


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>. /arket

/%6#&

4.


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*. Consumer

D

Fi"ure 11= Pineapple amsold commercially.

'ource = http=AAwww.ima"es0iherb.comAlA'&401.p"

Fi"ure 1!= Pineapple uice commercially sold.

'ource = http=AAwww.soukai.myAcoreAmediaAmedia.nlE

id1!B8Gc>@1>8!BGh>B)c4B8!bB*)1!@@@af@

http://www.images-iherb.com/l/STD-95834-1.jpghttp://www.soukai.my/core/media/media.nl?id=128699&c=3713628&h=380c4862b85012777af7http://www.soukai.my/core/media/media.nl?id=128699&c=3713628&h=380c4862b85012777af7http://www.images-iherb.com/l/STD-95834-1.jpghttp://www.soukai.my/core/media/media.nl?id=128699&c=3713628&h=380c4862b85012777af7http://www.soukai.my/core/media/media.nl?id=128699&c=3713628&h=380c4862b85012777af7


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D1)8@4*[email protected]"I. etrieved from=

Fi"ure 1> =Canned pineapple cubes in syrup commercially sold.

'ource= http=AAs>0ap0southeast0

1.amaonaws.comAwww.fairprice.com.s"AfpolAmediaAima"esAproductA9A1)8@4*[email protected]"

Fi"ure 14= Freshly consumed pineapple

'ource = http=AAi.huffpost.comA"enA18)!B@AthumbsAo0P5(#%PP9#0J%PPK0/%(0*@).p"E

1

http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/www.fairprice.com.sg/fpol/media/images/product/L/10674527_L1.jpghttp://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/www.fairprice.com.sg/fpol/media/images/product/L/10674527_L1.jpghttp://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/www.fairprice.com.sg/fpol/media/images/product/L/10674527_L1.jpghttp://i.huffpost.com/gen/1602987/thumbs/o-PINEAPPLE-HAPPY-MAN-570.jpg?1http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1602987/thumbs/o-PINEAPPLE-HAPPY-MAN-570.jpg?1http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/www.fairprice.com.sg/fpol/media/images/product/L/10674527_L1.jpghttp://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/www.fairprice.com.sg/fpol/media/images/product/L/10674527_L1.jpghttp://i.huffpost.com/gen/1602987/thumbs/o-PINEAPPLE-HAPPY-MAN-570.jpg?1http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1602987/thumbs/o-PINEAPPLE-HAPPY-MAN-570.jpg?1


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5. DISCUSSION

1. Farm

i+ &ype of pineapple

&wo species of pineapples were planted on the visited pineapple farm which is

Moris sp. and MD2 sp.. -oth species were selected to be planted because Moris sp. has

hi"h demands in the northern re"ion of /alaysia. n the other hand, MD2 sp. has hi"h

demands from the whole country.

-ased on our observations, MD2 sp. "rown was "iven sufficient space to "row

with a ninety centimeters "ap between two rows, sity centimeters "ap between two

parallel fruits and thirty centimeters "ap between two adacent fruits. Jowever, the fruits

that "rew were not complyin" with the hybrid’s custom specifications. &he pineapple that

"rew was not round in shape and was too li"ht. &hese were the main reasons MD2 sp.

was not able to be eported to it’s intended market, 7apan.

&o overcome this problem, we did a comparison with another pineapple produce

farm located in 6ota &in""i, 7ohor . &his pineapple farm was able to control the "enetic

variation that occur in the MD2 sp. and eported their produce to 5ran and #"ypt. &o

ensure consistent specifications in colour, sie, teture and wei"ht of the pineapples was

produced for eport, the first three "enerations of the plant is not used. &his ensures the

seeds produce hi"h 2uality crops that are free from diseases.

ii+ Farm 'oil and 5nfrastructure

-ased on our observations, the pineapples are "rown on an abandon paddy field

lot. &he soil from the previous paddy plantation was not suitable for optimum "rowth of

the pineapple. &here were rubbles and sand that was not the best conditions for pineapple

plantations.

&he solution to this problem is peat soil. Pineapples are best "rown on peat soil.

&ype of peak soil has to be saprik and hemik that are at least fifty centimeters from the

dense and compress soil. 'aprik peat and hemic peat are suitable for pineapple fruits


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because it contains or"anic materials that are abundant in mineral and nutrients for the

"rowth of the pineapples. &he field must be even and not steep. &he soil also cannot

contain more than thity0five percent of stones and rubbles between the first fifty

centimeters of the soil. 5n addition, salt content of the soil cannot eceed 1 d'Am.

&he infrastructure of the field also plays an important role to produce best 2uality

produces.


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before harvest causin" consumers to eperience irritation in their mouth and ton"ue when

consumin" the pineapple fruits.

&he a"riculture industry very much depends on (P6 fertiliers which functions as

buildin" blocks of life that the plant needs for healthy "rowth. (atural soil often lacks

or"anic matter as nutrients due to over cultivation. (P6 fertilier is primarily composed

of three elements= (itro"en $(+, Phosphorus $P+ and Potassium $6+.

(itro"en aids in photosynthesis and is a component in chlorophyll, the substance

that "ive plants it’s "reen colour. Phosphorus also plays a vital role in photosynthesis by

aidin" in the formation of oils, su"ars and starches. Phosphorus is an important substance

needed to convert solar ener"y into chemical ener"y for positive development of the

plant. -esides that, Phosphorus encoura"es "rowth of roots and promotes bloomin" in

pineapple plants. &he third essential nutrient is Pottasium which helps the build protein to

withstand stress and diseases.

%ccordin" to the Plantin" /anual for Pineapples by 9emba"a (enas /alaysia,

there are five sta"es of fertiliin" in the duration of nine months. &he first sta"e of

fertiliin" is usin" combinations of Copper hidrate, Copper sulphate, Minc sulphate and

Ferum sulphate. &he second sta"e of fertiliin" is done on the third month usin" 1*

percent (P6 fertilier. &he third sta"e of fertiliin" has to be carried out on the fourth

month usin" miture containin" 9ime Jydrate, Copper sulphate, Minc sulphate, Ferus

sulphate and 4) percent ;rea. &he fourth and fifth sta"es of the fertiliin" are usin" 1*

percent (P6 fertilier.

iv+


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fruit also turns black and slimy. &o avoid this infestation, -enomyl which is a pesticide is

used to eliminate the fun"us. &he infested fruit has to be removed 2uickly to avoid

infestation in nei"hborin" plants. Fre2uent sanitation and "ood a"riculture practices can

decrease attacks by this fun"us.

%nother fun"us that often penetrates into the pineapple fruit and cause rot is

%h"!oph!hora paras!ica. &he plant rots at the base of the tree and causes the leaves to turn

reddish brown. &he infected one also turns black. &o overcome this problem, chemicals

such as /etalayl and Fosetyl0 aluminium can be sprayed at the base of the tree.

% lar"e portion of pineapple plants are lost due to sun scorch. 'un scorches are

burns on the pineapple fruits skin and tissues that are cause by direct sunli"ht and

etreme hot weathers. &he burns on the skin of the fruits can be observed when the

yellowish skin turns brown or black. &o avoid this problem, the pineapple fruits must be

covered or shield from direct sunli"ht usin" sun visors made from plastic or cloth.

9astly, some of the pineapples fruits are lost due to a lesion nematode,

%ra!"lenchus sp. &he nematode causes black lesions and decay on the roots of the

pineapple plant. &he "rowth of the plant and fruit are also retarded. &he leaves turn

yellow and then red. 9esion nematodes can be avoided by havin" a perfectly flowin"

ditch and usa"e of fun"icides such as Carbofuran before plantin".

vi+ /aturation 5nde

-ased on our findin"s, the pineapple fruits are harvested at a specific sie and

colour. &his is important to comply with the consumer’s preferences and ensurin" top

2uality of fruits sold. &he pineapple fruits are harvested based on the maturity inde. &he

maturity inde contains specifications of the colour, teture, sweetness and sie of the

pineapple fruit. &his "ives the farmers an idea when to harvest their fruits for optimum2uality and taste.

&he maturity inde is divided into five sta"es. &he first sta"e indicates the fruit is

unripe and is dark "reen in colour. &he fruit slips are oblon" in shape and are inclined

upwards. &he teture of the fruit is very chewy. &he acid content of the fruits is very hi"h


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and is not very sweet. Pineapples harvested at this sta"e are usually for eportation of

unripe pineapples by sea.

&he second sta"e of the maturity inde states that the pineapple fruit is be"innin"

to mature. &he overall fruit is round turns sli"htly yellowish in colour at the fruit slips and

turn li"ht "reen at the base of the fruit. %lmost twenty five percent of the fruits turn li"ht

yellow startin" from the base. &he sweetness of the fruit also develops. &he fruits are

harvested at this sta"e for eportation by air transport.

&he third sta"e of maturity is achieved when almost half of the fruit is ripe. &he

fruit can be eaten fresh. &he teture of the fruit is firm and very uicy. &he su"ar content

of the fruit is hi"h makin" it very sweet. &he pineapples are suitable for local markets.

&he fruits are not suitable for lon" distance deliveries.

&he fourth sta"e of the fruit states that the whole fruit is ripe. %lmost seventy five

percent of the fruit is yellowish0oran"e in colour. &he teture of the fruit is still very firm

and uicy. &he su"ar content of the fruit also increased and it very fittin" to be consumed

fresh.

9astly, the fifth sta"e of the maturity inde is reached when the whole fruit turns

yellow. &he fruit tissue tends to be very soft and too uicy. &he fruit also is very sweet

because su"ar production in fruits occurs in the last sta"es of fruit "rowth and

development. Fruits harvested at this sta"e can be consumed fresh or made into uices and

ams.

!. &ransportation and 3radin"

-ased on our observation, the pineapple are primarily "raded by the farmers before the

transportation and distribution. &he farmer will "rade the pineapple based on the colour,

smell and sie. %fter the "radin", the pineapples will be transported by usin" lorry. Moris

sp. does not need any packa"in" because it has a thick skin. Jowever, MD2 sp. that has

thin skin is wrapped usin" 'tyrofoam. &his avoids any physical bruises to the fruits. &he

transportin" lorries are filled with reposed mattresses. &hese mattresses "ive cushion to

the fruits so that skin lesions and bruises can be avoided on the pineapples. &he


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transportin" lorry must only carry pineapple fruits to avoid any cross contamination from

previous loads. Moris sp. are sold at local markets and MD2 sp. are "raded and

distributed by ‘9emba"a Pemasaran Pertanian Persekutuan’$F%/%+ to ‘3erai -uah0

-uahan 'e"ar’ supported by F%/%.

&he secondary "radin" sta"e is done by local dealers and F%/% employeers. 3radin"

is mainly done by wei"hin" the pineapples. -esides that, "radin" of pineapples is done

based on their maturity, freshness, uniformity in sie and physical condition of the

pineapples. /ost importantly, the fruits must be free from any disease or defect. %t this

sta"e, spoiled or infested pineapples are reected immediately. &his is because spoila"e

rate in "ood fruits increases when are stored to"ether with bad fruits. %fter "radin"

process is complete, the pineapples are sold by the kilo"ram.

&o further ensure the 2uality and safety of the "raded pineapples, the inspector

should observe and test if too much fertiliers or ecessive chemicals were used.

Pineapples that "row abnormally bi" or heavy are si"ns of abuse in fertiliers. -esides

that, pineapples that are sprayed with too much fertilier cause irritation on ton"ue and

mouth when consumed. &he hy"iene of the personnel must also be considered in order to

prevent any spoila"e of the fruits. % person with an illness, open lesion, sores or any

source of microbial contamination must not involve in handlin" the pineapples as this

could contaminate the fruits.

>. /arket and 4.


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*. Consumers

-ased on our observations, consumers were not well aware of the pineapple’s

maturity indees and use of different types of pineapples for different purposes. For

eample, Moris sp. is suitable for savory dishes and MD2 sp. is suitable to be freshly

eaten. Consumers also did not know how to preserve the freshness of the pineapples.

5n choosin" pineapples, colour and smell plays a very important role. Pleasant, stron"

and sweet scent of the pineapples indicates pineapples are mature and ripe. &he colour

and the teture of the pineapples can also be used to determine the maturity and ripeness

of the fruit. For eample, Morris sp. develops purplish skin in it’s fully ripe sta"es.

Jowever, MD2 sp. develops are bri"ht "reen colour. ;nder ripe pineapples are more

acidic and is not sweet since su"ars are produced in the last sta"es of "rowth. n the

other hand, over ripe pineapples usually has softer teture and is uicier. Jence, they are

often used to make uices, ams and marmalades. Pineapples which are non0 climacteric

fruits do not ripen further after harvest and are hi"hly perishable. &herefore, pineapple

must be stored in cool conditions to prevent it from turnin" moldy and ferment. 5f the

consumer choses to store the pineapples in room temperature, it will have a shelf life for a

day or two. 9astly, due to the pineapple’s uni2ue taste, many products were developed

and commercialied such as pineapple uices, pineapple elly, marmalade and canned

pineapples cubes in syrup.

6. CONCLUSION

5n conclusion, the whole pre0harvest and post0 harvest system of pineapples that

consist of the pineapple farm, transportation of produce, marketin" and consumer

understandin" was analyed. 'teps to further decrease any post 0harvest losses were

discussed.

%t the pineapple farm, the practices that were adapted by local farmers were

observed. Farmer’s practices, environmental factors, fertiliation, diseases and maturation

classifications were observed and analyed. 3ood %"riculture Practices were discussed to

minimie the problem faced to ensure best 2uality of pineapples was produced.


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%t the transportin" sta"e, we analyed the "radin" system of the pineapple fruits.

&he fruits were "raded accordin" to their avera"e sie, wei"ht, colour, smell and physical

appearance. Comparisons on packa"in" methods for MD2 sp. and Moris sp. were

discussed. &he lorries that transported the pineapples were observed to understand the

function of mattresses. &o further minimie post Nharvest loss durin" transportation,

separation of "ood and bad fruits and practices of the inspector was discussed.

7. REFERANCE

1. %mar %hmadi bin &halip, &on" P.'. and Casey (" $!)1*+, &he MD2 (Super

Swee!) pineapple *Ananas comosus+. etrieved on >rd /ay !)18 at

http=AAwww.utar.edu.myAfsaAfileA&he?!)/

?!)pineapple?!)$%nanas?!)comosus+?!)0?!)%mar?!)%hmad?!)bin

?!)&halip,?!)&on"?!)P.?!)'.?!)and?!)Casey?!)(".pdf

!. mpor!ance o- %os! ar$es! &echnolo/" 0 1rui!s and e/e!a#les Mana/emen!

*Jul", 2453+. etrieved on >rd /ay !)18 at http=AAwww.environment.co.aA"m0

foods0crops0biofuels0pesticidesAimportance0of0post0harvest0technolo"y0fruits0

and0ve"etables0mana"ement.html

3. mpro$in/ !he Sa-e!" and uali!" o- 1resh 1rui!s and e/e!a#les7 A &rainin/

Manual -or &rainers 89nline: A$aila#le -rom7

h!!p7;;ji-san.umd.edu;docs;/aps;en;GA%s


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/ay !)18I

8. 9emba"a Perindustrian (anas /alaysia, /anual &anaman (anas &anah

3ambut.

@. N%C 1er!ilier7 ha! s ! And ow Does ! orkE DnlineI %vailable from=

http=AAfeeco.comAnpk0fertilier0what0is0it0and0how0does0it0workAD%ccessed= 4 /ay

!)18I

B. &en 1As a#ou! !he %rickl" %ineapple DnlineI %vailable from=

http=AAshelflifeadvice.comAcontentAten0fa2s0about0prickly0pineapple D%ccessed= 4

/ay !)18I. &he Aus!ralian Soil =lassi-ica!ion DnlineI %vailable from=

http=AAwww.clw.csiro.auAaclepAascHreHonHlineAsoil"los.htmObd D%ccessed= 4 /ay

!)18I

8. APPENDICES

%ppendi 1 = 5nformation on site visit

9ocation of farm= 6ampun" 'ekolah Pineapple Farm, 7uru, 'P&, Pulau Pinan".

ffice= Peabat 9emba"a Perindustrian (enas /alaysia $Cawan"an Pulau Pinan"+, (o

@), 7alan !)), 6epala -atas, 'eberan"

Perai ;tara, Pulau Pinan".

Contact person= #ncik 'yed 3haali.

%ppendi ! = #laboration on scientific terms

1. %lpha (epthyl %cetic %cid $%(%%+ is a plant hormone booster that enhances

flowerin", root development and plant "rowth.

!. -romelain is a an enyme that is found abundantly in pineapple uice and

pineapple stem. 5t can be used as meat tenderier and reducin" inflammation.

>. 'aprik peat soil is a type of soil materials are the most hi"hly decomposed. -ulk

density is commonly ).! or more, and the fibre content avera"es less than one0

third of the volume before rubbin". /aimum water content when saturated

normally is less than 4*) percent on the oven0dry basis $Jistosols in 'oil

&aonomy, 'oil 'urvey 'taff ,1@*+

http://feeco.com/npk-fertilizer-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/http://shelflifeadvice.com/content/ten-faqs-about-prickly-pineapplehttp://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line/soilglos.htm#bdhttp://feeco.com/npk-fertilizer-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/http://shelflifeadvice.com/content/ten-faqs-about-prickly-pineapplehttp://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line/soilglos.htm#bd


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4. Jemic peat soil hese soil materials are intermediate in de"ree of decomposition.

-ulk density is commonly between ).)@ and ).1B and the fibre content is

normally between one0third and two0thirds of the volume before rubbin".

/aimum water content when saturated ran"es from about 4*) to B*) percent

$Histosols in Soil Taxonomy , Soil Survey Staff, 1975)

%ppendi > = /aturity 5nde of Pineapples


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%ppendi 4 = 'uitable 'oil Characteristics for Pineapple 3rowth

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Nenas Final