Network

Network

1.

, . .

, .

. , , RS-232C, V.21 .

(Frame) , , . , IBM SNA, SDLC , TCP/IP .

, .

1. ISO(International Standards Organization)OSI OSI .

2. ANSI(American National Standards Organization) . ANSI ISO FDDI .

3. EIA(Electronic Industries Organization) . EIA RS-232 .

4. IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)LAN . 802.3, 802.5 .

5. CCITT(Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone) . CCITT X.xx V.xx .

6. IAB(Internet Activities Board) Internet Task Force . IAB RFC(Request For Comments), TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) Internet

, .

, .

(1) (SEGMENTATION)

DELAY . . . .

(2) (FRAMING) (TRANSPARENCY)

. , (stuffing) .

(3) (BLOCKING)

/ . , . , .

(4) (ERROR CONTROL)

, . . . , . .

(5) (SEQUENCING/ORDERING)

.

(6) (FLOW CONTROL)

. Stop-and-Wait Sliding Window . , . .

(7) INTERRUPT

.

(8) (PRIORITY and PREEMPTION)

. . , . .

(9)

, , .

(10)

, . () , .

2. OSI 7 LAYER

1980 ISO 1984 OSI . OSI .

, . .

1. 1 : (Physical Layer) , , .

2. 2 : (-link Layer) . , , , , .

3. 3 : (Network Layer) . .

4. 4 : (Transport Layer), , . . . , , .

5. 5 : (Session Layer) . .

6. 6 : (Presentation Layer) .

7. 7 : (Application Layer) OSI . OSI . , .

3. LAN

1980 , , , , , (, ) . LAN(Local Area Network) .

LAN 1970 LAN 1980 1982 IEEE LAN (Bus) , (Token Bus) Point Arcnet, (Token Ring) IBM LAN LAN .

IEEE LAN " " . " ", ", , " .

.

LAN (Topology) , (Cable) , , .

3.1

" " .

(1) / LAN

(point to point) . , , , .

LAN . IEEE .

(2) LAN

. , T . .

, . , .

(3) LAN

. .

, , .

3.2

, (Bound) (Unbound) . , .

(1) (Twisted Pair)

. . (Noise) .

. , . PC .

(2) (Coaxial cable)

, , . (Bandwidth), LAN . 50ohm 75ohm . 50ohm .

3/8, 1/2 . LAN , 10 - 12Mbit .

(3) (Fiber Optics)

LED . .

, (Core), (Clad) . , . . . , .

. . (3.3GHz) , . 1Gbps, 1Gbit 1bit . ,

(4) LAN

, ISDN, ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) B-ISDN . (Twisted Pair) .

. , , , .

, . .

LAN .

LAN LAN , (Flexibility) (Installabilty) . , , . .

1990 10 IEEE 802.11 (Medium Access Control) OSI .

. . IEEE 802.11 , , MAC , " " . IEEE 802.11 .

, . LAN , , .

3.3

CSMA/CD , TOKEN PASSING .

(1) CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)

, (Contention) . (Carrier Sense) . . (Multiple Access) .

(Collision Detection) . , . . , .

, , . , (Jamming) (Broadcasting) .

, , . 16 . IEEE 802.3 .

(2) TOKEN PASSING

, , . . .

TOKEN RING LAN , TOKEN RING 4/16 Mbps , IEEE 802.5 .

3.4

(1) 10 BASE - T

, 10BASE-T 10 10 Mbps, BASE ( ) , T .

, , . (Hub) PC UTP 100M , RJ-45 .

(2) 10 BASE - 2

10BASE-2 10 10 Mbps, BASE , 2 200M .

, , , . 185M, BNC .

(3) 10 BASE - 5

10BASE-5 10 10 Mbps, BASE , 5 500M . , .

, .

4. Routing

1.

. , . , , 3 , .

, . . , . 3 , , . .

.

( ) . .

3 . (control information) . , .

. . , .

2.

1) (RIP:Routing Information Protocol)

RIP Xerox Network System(XNS) , 1982 (Berkeley Standard Distribution) UNIX UNIX TCP/IP , . RIP .

.

hop , `1 hop `, `2 hop ` . RIP hop 16 16 .

30 , 180 .

RIP . ( ) 30 . , ( ) RIP . RIP hop

, RIP .

, RIP 180 . 180 .

, hop hop , .

RIP . , hop 16 , 16 hop 15 . RIP .

RIP . RIP . .

Split Horizon : .

hold down : .

Poison Reverse : hop 16 .

RIP hop . . , T1 (2 hop), 3 FDDI (3 hop) FDDI T1 .

2) (IGRP:Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

, . RIP IGRP hop . , , , . IGRP .

IGRP .

IGRP . IGRP , . Opcode. Type . 1 Update, 2 Request . Request Table , Version, Opcode, AS Number . Update Routing Table Entry . Routing Table Entry , IP 1,500byte .

Opcode Edition Routing Table Serial Number . Edition Update .

AS Number. AS . AS AS Routing .

Update Subnet Number Major Network Number, External Network Number . IGRP Update Message Subnet , AS , AS . IGRP Checksum. .

Update Message Routing Table Entry 7 Data . Address 3 byte, Metric 5byte, 5byte Delay(10ms 167sec), Bandwidth (1,200bps 10Gbps), MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit ; Maximum Packet Size) MTU, Reliability(, ), Load ( Channel ), Hop Count .

3) (OSPF:Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF . SPF . OSPF .

, , , RIP .

.

. IP IP .

.

.

OSPF

OSPF OSPF (Tuning), (Control), OSPF .

OSPF (Tuning): OSPF .

(Control): , .

1) ( ) 2) ( ) 2 .

OSPF

2 . Area-to-Backbone Advertisement, Backbone-to-Area Advertisement.

Area-to-Backbone Advertisement : OSPF . 1) OSPF . 2) OSPF VLSM / Bit Boundary . 3) OSPF .

Backbone-to-Area Advertisement : 4 . : IP / . (Intra-areaRoutes) : . (Interarea Routes) : AS . (ExternalRoutes) : AS .

1. 3 .

2. Nonstub : 4 . RIP(Routing Information Protocol) OSPF ASBR(Autonomous Sustem BorderRouter) (Virtual Link) Nonstub . .

3. Stubarea : 3 . .

4. Stubarea : .

.

OSPF

OSPF . (Convergence) .

OSPF (Carrier Loss), , FDDI . Link State . SPF(Shortest Path First) .

OSPF . OSPF 2 . Dead Timer hello . Dead Timer 40 2. .

OSPF

. () OSPF .

OSPF

OSPF 2 . OSPF (Authentication) , OSPF . OSPF OSPF (Route Filter) .

5. LAN CARD

. NIC(Network Interface CARD, LAN CARD) .

1. LAN CARD

LAN CARD . LAN CARD , . (Packet) ( 10Mbps) . LAN CARD .

, LAN CARD . 8KB, 16KB, PC .

[ 1] LAN CARD

2. LAN CARD

LAN CARD PC . PC LAN CARD LAN CARD (Serial) .

PC LAN CARD , , LAN CARD PACKET NOS(NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM) LAN CARD .

NOS (Transparent) NOS . , .

[ 2] NOS, DOS, PACKET, LAN CARD

(DRIVER) .

.

MAC LAYER LAYER .

OSI MODEL LAYER 2 DATA LINK LAYER LAYER 1 PHYSICAL LAYER .

1) (MONOLITHIC DRIVER)

MAC SPEC . STACK PROGRAM .

RAM . NIU.E PROGRAM (DRIVER AND PROTOCOL) CARD MEMORY DOWNLOADING SYSTEM MEMORY UB .

2)

STACK .

NDIS (Network Interface Driver Specification)

MICROSOFT 3COM LAN MANAGER .

[ 3] NDIS

MANGER : PROTOCOL.INI FILE MAC .

MAC : MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL DRIVER ".DOS", ".OS2" .

STACK : NDIS SPEC STACK

ODI (Open Datalink Interface )

NOVELL

[ 4] ODI

MAC : ODI, SPEC MAC DIRVERNET.CFG FILE .

LSL : STACK MILD ROUTING .

STACK1,2 : IPXODI ODI SPEC TCP/IP

PDS (Packet Driver Specification) DRVIER

FTP .

- PDS

1

2

PACKET DRIVER

* PACKET : PDS MAC * STACK 1, 2 : IPX TCP/IP (PDS SPEC)

3.

, , , 64 1518 .

+-------------------------------------------------| [7]+-------------------------------------------------| (SFD) [1]+-------------------------------------------------LAN . tree , ()loop network .

internet protocol(network) network node . network internet protocol XNS, TCP/IP, OSI, DECnet protocol protocol support . protocol Backbone network protocol network , Ethernet(10Mbps) (48Kbps ~ 1.5Mbps) speed .

, network mesh loop topology serial link( ) load sharing .

cost performance traffic . . . Routing table() .

Static Routing Dynamic Routing . .

(BROUTER) . Routed . . .

7. ROUTING ALGORITHM

1.

Routing Algorithm , Router Source Destination System Distance .

Distance Source Destination Router Hopping Account . Routing Algorithm Routing Protocol Distance Vector Algorithm RIP, IGRP, EIGRP , Link State Algorithm OSPF, NLSP .

2. ROUTING ALGORITHM

1. : Routing Metrics Metrics , Routing Protocol Metrics .

2. : Routing Algorithm . ( , Memory, CPU ) Software Utilization Overhead .

3. : Routing Algorithm (Hardware Fault, High Load, ) . .

4. : Routing Algorithm . (Router Down, Up ) Routes Update , Update . Routing Table Router Routing Loop .

3. ROUTING ALGORITHM TYPES

1) Routing Table - Static Routing Algorithm Dynamic Routing Algorithm

Static Routing Algorithm Static Routing Table Mapping , Table . Staic Algorithm Traffic . .

Dynamic Routing Algorithm Routing Table Update Routing Update Message . .

2) - Single-Path Multipath

Routing Protocol Destination Traffic . Routing Reliability .

3) Router - Flat Routing System Hierachical Routing System

Flat Routing System Router . RIP, IGRP Distance Vector Algorithm . Hierachical Routing System Backbone Router NonBackbone Router Backbone Router .

Node (Domain) , Domain Domain Domain Backbone Router . Map OSPF .

4) - Host-Intelligent Algorithm Router-Intelligent Algorithm

Source Destination Router Store-and-forward Routing Algorithm Host-Intelligent Algorithm , Routing Router-Intelligent .

5) Routing - Intradomain Routing Interdomain Routing

Domain Routing Domain Routing Algorithm .

6) - Link-State Algorithm Distance Vector Algorithm

Link-State Algorithm Hopping Account Cost, Line Speed, Transmission Delay, Topology Routing Table , Routing Table Router Covergence Time Overhead Performance Algorithm , Distance-Vector Algorithm Smallest Hopping Account(Routing Table ) , Routing Table Router Covergence Time Overhead .

4. METRICS

Routing Table Switching Software Routing . Metrics Routing Algorithm Metircs . Metrics .

Path length : Routing Metic Hop Count . Cost Source Destination Cost .

Reliability : ( bit-error) .

Delay : Packet Internetwork Source Destination , Bandwidth, , Port Queue, Congestion .

Banwidth : Traffic .

Load : Busy . CPU Utilization Packet .

5. ROUTING

Routing Algorithm Routing Routing Table , Packet Routing Table Next Hop .

8.

. , 21 . . , . .

.

1. ?

.

. . , . , , . . , .

. OSI

, , , (Protocol) . , IBM, . , , , . , .

, 1984 ISO(International Organization for Standardization) (OSI : Open System Interconnection) OSI (Reference Model) .

OSI (Layer) . OSI .

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

< 1> OSI

.

(Repeater), (Bridge), (Router) (Gateway) .

OSI . , .

. , , .

, .

OSI 4~7 . .

.

, . , , , .

, ISO ISO FDDI ANSI, LAN IEEE, ISO ITU-T (CCITT ) , EIA, IAB . (OSIA) (TTA) .

2. (Bridging)

.

(Bridge) 1980 , (-, - ) , (- ) .

OSI , , , FDDI .

. , . (Transparent) ,

1) . (Learning)

2) . , (Filtering), , , , . (Forwarding)

, , , .

, . , , .

.

, (Local Bridge) (Remote Bridge) , ..

2 LAN , LAN(Local Area Network) (WAN:Wide Area Network) .

, WAN LAN LAN WAN .

, (, ) . .

(Transparent Bridge) (Source Route Bridge) (Translation Bridge) .

3. (Routing)

.

() / (Router) . , OSI . .

2 .

, (Routing Table) . (Metric) , .

, , , , , . , , , , , .

, . 3 .

1) , .

2) , . , ( ) .

3) , 2) .

, . , , , , , , , . , .

.

(Static vs Dynamic)

, . , .

, . , , .

(Intradomain vs Interdomain)

, .

(Distance Vector vs Link State)

, . , . (Routing Loop) , .

, . (Topology) . , CPU .

4.

.

, . , , , , . , .

, , . SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) CMIP(Common Management Information Protocol) , ISO 5 .

.

. (Alarm) (;Agent) . , . , , .

(Poll) . , .

.

ISO , ISO . 5 .

(Performance Management)

(Configuration Management)

(Accounting Management)

(Fault Management)

(Security Management)

. . , . , , . .

9. (WAN ATM)

WAN(Wide Area Network) . WAN , , X.25, ATM .

1. X.25

. X.25

. TELENET, TYMNET 1970 .

, . , ITU-T , , X.25 .

. X.25

X. 25 , .

X.25 DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) . DTE , DCE DCE . X.25 .

X.25 OSI 1 3 . X.25 X.121 , LAP-B (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) X.21 bis .

X.25 , . X.25 .

1) .

2) . , .

3) , .

X.25 (Virtual Circuit) . , .

, . (PVC : Permanent Virtual Circuit), . (SVC : Switched Virtual Circuit)

. PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler)

X. 25 DTE X.25 , . X.25 , PAD / . PAD X.28, X.3 X.29 .

. X.25

70 80 X.25 . , X.25 , , .

, ISDN, ATM , .

2.

.

ISDN 1980 ITU-T . 1990 Cisco, StrataCom, Northen Telecom, DEC 4 .

ITU-T , . LMI(Local Management Interface) (Extension) .

, LAN . .

. X.25

X.25 (DTE) (DCE) X.25 , .

, (Statistical Multiplexing) , X.25 .

, , . , CRC , .

X. 25 , . .

X.25 OSI . X.25 OSI 1 3 1,2 . .

.

DLCI(Data Link Connection Identifier) LMI , DLCI . DLCI . DLCI .

, . X.25 PVC SVC . , .

, 512Kbps 512Kbps 2 , 512+512= 1024Kbps , . , , . , , .

. LMI

LMI , .

1) : PVC PVC PVC . PVC .

2) : ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) .

3) : LAN .

4) : XON/XOFF .

.

, . , X.25 .

, , .

X.25 , ATM . ATM ATM , , ATM .

3. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

. ATM

ATM AT&T Bell Lab France Telecom 1980 . 1 . VLSI , . (ATM (Cell) )

. ATM WAN LAN ATM LAN LAN Emulation V1.0 .

ATM ITU-T B-ISDN . 1991 ATM .

. ATM STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode)

ATM TDM(Time Division Multiplexing) STM .

TDM STM , ATM . STM , ATM .

, ATM . , 1024Kbps , ATM 512Kbps 2 .

. ATM

ATM 5 48 53 .

ATM 5 , UNI(User Network Interface; ATM ) NNI(Network Network Interface; ATM ATM ) .

. ATM

ATM 3 , ATM OSI , ATM ATM (Adaption) OSI . ATM OSI .

ATM PMS (Physical Medium Sublayer) ATM TCS(Transmission Convergence Sublayer) .

ATM ATM ATM .

ATM , . ATM , AAL (ATM Adaption Layer)1, AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5 .

. ATM

, , . ATM , B-ISDN .

ATM . LAN , LAN ATM . , ATM .

10.

. , IP(Internet Protocol) .

(Intra-domain) RIP OSPF , (Inter-domain) BGP . OSI CLNP(Connectionless Network Protocol) OSI .

1. RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

. RIP

RIP XNS(Xerox Network System) . RIP BSD UNIX TCP/IP routed , RFC 1058 .

RIP RIP , .

. RIP

RIP (Distance vector) , .

RIP 1 (Hop) . () 2, 2 . , RIP 2 .

, , .

, 3 .

: (Timeout:180) (invalid) , (Garbage collection time:120) . . RIP 30 .

: , . RIP . , (+ (1)) .

. RIP

RIP .

1) (Hop Count Limit)

RIP (Hop) 1 . , , . RIP 15 .

, 15 , RIP .

2) Hold Down

, . , .

, A X B , X C X B . , B C X , X . .

3) Split Horizon

N A N B , B A , .

4) Poison Reverse Update

. , Poison Reverse Hold-Down . Split Horizon Poison Reverse .

. RIP

RIP 15 , IP , 30 . () , RIP .

RIP RIP 2 , . OSPF .

2. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

. OSPF

1980 RIP IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) SPF(Shortest Path First) IP OSPF .

OSPF (Open) , OSPF RFC 1247 ( RFC 1583; OSPF Version 2 ) .

. OSPF

OSPF RIP . AS (Autonomous System) . AS AREA , . AS AREA , .

(Internal Router)

AREA , . (1: 1,2,5,6,7,8, 13)

AREA (Area Border Router)

AREA , AREA AREA . (1: 4,10,11 12))

(Backbone Router)

, AREA . (1: 4,5,6,10,11 12)

AS (AS Boundary Router)

AS , AS AS . AS AS .

.

OSPF

. OSPF

OSPF , (Hello) . (Designated) . .

OSPF LSA(Link State Advertisement) , LSA AREA . AREA .

AREA . AREA AS , AREA AREA (Summary) AS (Topology) AREA . AREA . AREA AREA .

AS AS AS (Stub) AREA AREA AREA . AS AS AREA AS .

OSPF AREA , AREA, AS (Topology) . SPF SPT(Shortest Path Tree) .

. OSPF

OSPF (Link State) , . RIP (Intra-domain) RIP , .

IP , OSPF , RIP OSPF . , , , OSPF .

3. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

. BPG

EGP(Exterior Gateway Protocol) . BGP , EGP BGP IDRP(Inter-Domain Routing Protocol) .

. BGP

AS ( ) BGP , AS BGP , BGP AS AS .

BGP , , . , BPG . TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) .

BGP RIP (Distance Vector) , , AS , (Counting to infinity) .

4. OSI

. OSI

OSI ISO OSI , . OSI IS-IS DECnet . OSI CLNP(Connectionless Network Protocol) , IP .

.

OSI ES(End System) , IS(Intermediate System) , ES-IS IS-IS . OSI OSPF AREA , AREA 1 , AREA 2 . .

OSI

. ES-IS (End System to Intermediate System)

ES-IS ES IS , . ES ESH(ES Hello) IS , IS ISH(IS Hello) ES . , .

. IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

IS-IS OSPF (Link State) , .

IS-IS ES . ES ES ISH IS . , IS ES , ES ES RD(Redirect) IS .

, ES AREA , IS IS . ES AREA , 1 IS 2 IS AREA . AREA ES .

IS IS ES IS . IS . IS IS . .

.

OSI IS-IS OSI CLNP . IS-IS IP IP OSPF IS-IS , IP IS-IS .

11.SNMP

1.

. , . , 2 .

LAN 3 , 606,000 . SNA 2,300,000 LAN 6,400,000 . . . , .

, / , , , NMS .

2. PROTOCOL

. . . .

SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) 88-89 . SNMP , , .

Internet Activitise Board Network SNMP TCP/IP . SNMP IP TCP/IP . SNMP IP .

SNMP . SNMP .

[] SNMP

3. SNMP

TCP/IP 4 , , MIB, .

, .

SNMP , , , , . SNMP OSI CMIP .

MIB(Management Information Base) TCP/IP . MIB . MIB SMI 5 .

(Configuration Management) Maping . (Performance Management) , , , , (Fault Management) , (Security Management) (Accounting)

4. SIMPLE PROTOCOL

SNMP UDP (User Datagram Protocol) / 4 .

Get : . . MIB .

Get Next : .

Set : MIB . , .

Trap : Treshold Event . , .

5.

SNMP Protocol . SNMP , . /

LAN

1 (LAN)

1

1.

. . .

1.1 (TOPOLOGY)

. Point-to-Point Star Ring . . . .

1.2

. . Twisted Pairs, , , Bandwidth . . .

Bandwidth 10?310MHZ 300MHZ Bandwidth Twisted Pairs 1 2MHZ Bandwidth . GHZ Bandwidth . Bandwidth . Bandwidth . bps(bit per second). 1.54Mbit . 1.54Mbps Bandwidth . Bandwidth .

1.3 LAN(Local Area Network)

LAN , . LAN (Point-to-point) .

1.4 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

MAN , LAN . MAN .

1.5 WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN .

1.6 VAN (Value Added Network)

VAN WAN, MAN .

2.

, Bounded, Unbounded . Unbounded , Bounded .

2.1 (Twisted Pair)

Twisted Pair . . , .

. . (1-10Mbps) , . PC .

2.2 (Coaxial cable)

, , , . , LAN . 500hm 750hm . Ethernet 50hm . Baseband Broadband 3/8, 1/2. Baseband LAN 10-12Mbit .

2.3 (Fiber Optics)

, . . LED . .

, . , . . . , . (3.3GHZ) , . 1Gbit, 1 1 . ,

3.

3.1 SDM(Space division Multiplexing)

. SDM .

3.2 FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Bandwidth Sub-Channel . Baseband Signal (Carrier Signal) .

3.3 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)

, . FDM TDM . TDM .

3.4 (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing)

Channel Allocation TDM . . Port TDM . . . TDM TDM STDM ATM .

4.

4.1 CSMA/CD

. Carrier Sense .

. Multiple Access . Collision Detection .

4.2 TOKEN PASSING

, . .

5. LAN

5.1 Ethernet

Ethernet Contention LAN.

5.2 Token Ring

Token Ring IBM , 4-16Mbps DATA, .

5.3 FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

FDDI 100Mbps passing LAN .

6.

(Circuit Switching) (Packet Switching) .

6.1

. . , . , . , . CODE, FPORMAT, SPEED, PROTOCOL , Station - .

6.2

. IDLE TIME . .

. . (Store and Forward) .

2

1.

, - - .

. .

1.1 LAN CARD

LAN CARD PC SERVER NETWORK INTERFACE. NIC (Network Interface Card) . 16 PC LAN , LAN ( Ethernet Token Ring) .

, PC ( SERVER) I/O . Network Driver .

1.2 Transceiver

PC Repeater Ethernet . LAN . 10base-5 .

1.3 BRIDGE

. OSI MAC .

Broadcasting Filtering . .

Local Remote . LAN Remote LAN WAN LAN . .

1.4 HUB

HUB 2.2. . HUB LAN .

Dummy HUB ( ) SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) Management Intelligent HUB .

LAN. LAN . .( CSMA/CD ) . HUB .

LAN (Dedicated Medium Switching) Switching HUB ( LAN Switch) , Dedicate . .

1.5

, . LAN . .

1.6 (Router)

. OSI , .( 2.5)

. Routing Table . OSI 3 3 . DTE .

. .,

2. IP

2.1 IP

IP , Internet Protocol Address . ID . IP .

Internet Address NIC(Network Information Center) Address Network group 5 Class , class A, class B, class C 3. Internet Address 32 Network address Host Address . IP address 1byte(8bit) 10 period(.) .

2.2 IP

Class A : NNN.HHH.HHH.HHH(NNN : NIC , HHH : )Class A 8bit Network address 1-127 Network number , Network host 24bit Host address 166,777,214(2^24 = 16,777,216-2).

) Address : 1.222.222.222Network : 1.0.0.0Host : 222.222.222

Class B : NNN.NNN.HHH.HHHClass B 16bit Network address 128.1-191.255 Network number , Network host 16bit Host address 65,534(2^16=65,536-2).

) Address : 128.128.222.222Network : 128.128.0.0Host : 222.222

Class C : NNN.NNN.NNN.HHHClass C 24bit Network address 190.0.1-223.255.255 Network number , Network host 8 Host address 254(2^8=256-2).

) Address : 203.255.240.41Network : 203.255.240.0Host : 41

Class

Class A Network address bit 8bit 1bit 0 . Class B Network address bit 8bit 2bit 10 . Class C Network address bit 8bit 3bit 110 .

class A

0. H. H. H - 127. H. H. H

00000000 - 01111111

class B

128. 0. H. H - 191.255. H. H

10000000 - 10111111

class C

192. 0. 0. H - 223.255.255. H

11000000 - 11011111

class C HOST Address 8 host 2^8=256. 2 254 . Host address bit 0 1 . Class Address .

Address

1st Byte

2nd Byte

3rd Byte

4th Byte

1. 0. 0. 0

00000001

00000000

00000000

00000000

1.255.255.255

00000001

11111111

11111111

11111111

128. 1. 0. 0

10000000

00000001

00000000

00000000

128. 1.255.255

10000000

00000001

11111111

11111111

192. 1. 1. 0

11000000

00000001

00000001

00000000

192. 1. 1.255

11000000

00000001

00000001

11111111

3.

3.1

(Internetwork) , , (Internetworking) . , . , , , , .

LAN , WAN LAN . LAN WAN .

3.2

.

1)

LAN . , WAN . WAN LAN .

2)

. , LAN MAC LLC X.25 WAN , , . . , .

3)

. LAN DTE MAC X.25 DTE X.121 . NPA( , METWORK POINT OF ATTACHMENT ADDRESS) .

. . , NSAP(Network Service Access Point) .

4) ,

NPA , . NPA . , DTE NPA . NPA .

NPA , IS(INTERMEDIATE SYSTEM) .

5)

LAN , WAN 128. .

. , . , . , , .

3.3 (IP)

IP(internet protocol). IP TCP/IP , OSI7 . . , IP , IP . IP . IP 32, .

IP .

: IP

: 32

: QOS IP , , , .

: , 65,536 .

: IP . , .

D : D IP . D IP , .

M : M IP , () IP .

: IP , .

: IP . IP , IS . 0 . , .

: IP IP .

: .

: IP .

+ : , , . 32 , .

3.3

. 1) , 2) . , , .

. , . . . LAN, X.25 WAN, FDDI LAN . .

, . , .

.

1) ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP IP , NPA . NPA .

, IP NPA . ARP ARP . IP/NPA IP .

ARP . , IP , NPA IP .

IP ARP ARP , IP NPA . , NPA APR .

2)

. . RIP .

RIP DVA( ) . OSPF . DVA TCP/IP , OSPF ISO .

. , . HELLO . HELLO HELLO . .

3)

.

. . .

. .

3 ?

1. ?

. (communication protocol ) .

.

1.1

. .

,XXX ? , , YYY .. . , . .

, . , .

1.2

. , 1970.

ARRPA (Advanced Research Project Agency ) . , .

. ARPA ,CCITT X.25 . X.25 , . .

.

1.3

- . .

. .

. . .

CCITT ISO ( ) . .

(OSI: Open System Interconnection) . OSI .

2.

, .

2.1 (fragmentation packetization and reassembly)

, . (PDU : Protocol Data Unit) .

2.2 (encapsulation)

PDU . 3 .

a. : .b. : c. : .

2.3 (connection control )

(connection establishment) , (data transfer), (connection termination) 3 .

2.4 ( flow control )

. / PDU (ACK) . ACK .

2.5 (error control )

PDU .

2.6 (synchronization)

2 . , , , 2 .

2.7 ( sequence)

. , , .

2.8 (addressing)

, , .

2.9 (multiplexing)

. 1:1 , ( upward multiplexing ) (downward multiplexing ) .

, . , , .

2.10

. (priority): : (security) :

3.

3.1 / (direct/indirect)

. (a) (point to point) .

(b) (multi point) (a) . (a) (b) .

( c) . ( d ) catinet .

3.2 /(monolithic/structured )

, . HDLC .

, . , .

. OSI .

3.3 /(symmetric/asymmetric)

, . .

4 (NOS)

1. NOS

1.1 NOS ?

. LAN , . . , OS .

NOS , File Server , .

NOS UNIX . , , Open Client Server . , .

1.2 NOS

NOS . NOS OS OS , 95 OS/2 OS NOS OS .

NOS , .

*

Peer To Peer

Client&Server

Peer LAN . Peer to Peer .

Peer to Peer . , / .

/

Peer to Peer , PC . . Peer to Peer / .

Peer to Peer , PC / , PC . .

Artisoft LANtastic Novell Netware Lite M/S Workgroup For Windows

Novell Netware M/S Windows NT Banyan VINES/ENS IBM LAN Server

*

PC NOS

NOS

PC NOS

( UNIX)

NOS

NetWare LAN Manager VIENS

NetWare LAN Manager VIENS

NetWare Windows NT

2. Novell Netware

2.1 Netware

. NIC . NIC .

FAT(indexed File Allocation Table), , . PC LAN NETBIOS NetWare . SAN, TCP/IP, , .

. .

2.2 Netware

NetWare 2.XX

2.XX 16 .80286 100 User . . . 16 .

NetWare V3.XX

3.11 80486 32 . 386 3.11 . 3.11 LAN LAN, , 32 .

, , , HCFS(High Capacity File System) 2,097,152 . DOS, OS/2, , , UNIX IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, AppleTalk, OSI .

5, 20, 50, 100, 250 . 3.11 . , . .

3.11 NLM(NetWare Loadable Modules) . NLM LAN .

NetWare 4.XX

4.XX 32 . 4.XX 3.XX NOS. , LAN .

4.XX NDS(NetWare Directory Service) . NDS . NDS . , , , . 4.XX , , , GUI .

3. WINDOWS NT SERVER

WINDOWS NT SERVER , , .

/ . WINDOWS NT SERVER .

WINDOWS NT SERVER , . .

3.1 WINDOWS NT SERVER

WINDOWS NT SERVER .

3.2

WINDOWS NT SERVER NetWare, UNIX, Banayn, Microsoft LAN Manager, Pathworks, SNA Macintosh . NetWare LAN Manager . , WINDOWS NT SERVER MS-DOS, WINDOWS, WINDOWS NT WORKSTATION, UNIX, OS/2 Macintosh .

WINDOWS NT SERVER .

WINDOWS NT SERVER NCP, X-OPEN SMB HTTP . POSIX .

3.3

CD . .

WINDOWS NT SERVER . NetWare, WINDOWS NT SERVER, Macintosh . WINDOWS NT SERVER Internet Information Server .

, . , .

NetWare .

3.4

Internet Information Server WINDOWS NT SERVER . , WINDOWS NT SERVER Internet ISAPI(Information Server API) Microsoft BackOffice .

Windows NT .

. WINDOWS NT SERVER NetWare .

3.5

, WINDOWS NT SERVER , , , , , , .

COM(Component Object Model) , DCOM(Distributed Component Object Model) . DCOM / .

PPTP(Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) .

API(Application Programming Interface) , PBX PBX .

4. WINDOWS NT SERVER

4.1 USER

NT SERVER . NT SERVER .

, , DB .

.

.

NT USER . USER MANAGER NT SERVER ,, USER SERVER .

USER MANAGER FOR DOMAIN .

,

,

WINDOWS NT , , , .

1 . , 1 .

WINDOWS NT SERVER , . Profile . .

. . , NT MS-DOS . .

NT . .

.

. . . NT NT SERVER NT .

. , , , . , .

, NT SID .

4.2 RESOURCE

WINDOWS NT . RESOURCE . PASSWORD, , , , .

RESOURCE . RESOURCE RESOURCE , .

. NT SERVER . .

. . .

. , . .

. , .

4.3

NT . OS WINDOWS for Workgroups, Windows NT Server, LAN Manager, MS-DOS, Windows 3.1 Windows 95.

. Create Printer Detail .

. , .

, .

5 (NMS)

1. NMS ?

1.1 NMS

Monitoring, Planning . , NMS NMS workstation control and monitor .

1.2 NMS

NMS(network Management System) . NMS .

VENDER

UB Network

NetDirector

IBM

Netview

Cisco

Ciscoworks

HP

Openview

Cabletron

Lanview

Synotics

Optivity

3COM

Viewbuilder

(1) Monitoring, Planning . (2) SNMP Protocol Protocol CMIP . (3) Ethernet FDDI .(4) Graphic User Interface . (5) MIB-1, MIB-2 Vendor Specific MIB .(6) .

NMS Workstation Network Network NMS . NMS SNPM SNMP(Single Network Management Protocol) System NMS, NMS Agent, MIB(Management Information Base) 3 . SNMP Network Device , Routers, Bridges, Terminal Server, Host PC Query Transaction-Oriented Protocol.

NMS SNMP Agent Device . SNMP Agent NMS Network S/W. Agent MIB(Routing Table Counter, status indication ) Agent NMS Poll Query NMS DB .

SNMP Protocol . SNMP network Protocol .

2. SNMP

2.1

SNMP 3 .

1. ( , Agent)2. Station( , manager) 3. Protocol

SNMP 5.1 Agent, Manager . SNMP Protocol SNMP 5.2 .

SNMP IP (Internet Protocol) UDP(User datagram Protocol: ) . SNMP Manager Agent IP Address .

2.2 SNMP

SNMP SNMP Manager SNMP Agent MIB(Management Information Base : ) , .

1. GET : . 2. GET-NEXT : . 3. SET : .4. TRAP : .

1. : Agent .2. : Agent .3. : .

SNMP Manager SNMP Agent SNMP Manager trap . SNMP Manager SNMP GUI SNMP Manager .

2.3 MIB (Management Information Base)

MIB SNMP ( ), . MIB .

1. MIB-1

MIB-1 MIB MIB MIB-2 MIB-2 MIB-1 .MIB -1 object 114.

2. MIB-2

MIB-2 MIB-1 MIB-1 object 171 object . MIB-2 .

3. MIB

MIB-1, MIB-2 , Vendor SNMP .

(LAN) . , , , , . .

2 (WAN)

6 , X.25

1. X.25 ?

X.25 LAN LAN , WAN .LAN TCP/P IPX, AppleTalk , WAN X.25 FrameRelay .

WAN , X.25 LAN . X.25 WAN . X.25 .

1.1

.

, () . , . , .

, . , .

, X.25 .

. . , . , , . .

, .

busy

1.2

X.25 , . . ITU-T , .

1.2.1 ?

, , .

, , .

1.2.2

msec (Store & Forward) . , . , .

.

1.2.3

. , , (Virtual Circuit) .

. , . .

.

(SVC : Switched Virtual Circuit) : /

(PVC : Permanent Virtual Circuit) :

2. X.25

X.25 DCE DTE , DCE . , X.25 DCE DTE . X.25 .

X.25 . X.25 3 , , , . .

: , X.21 , X.21 DTE DCE .

: , HDLC ABM , LAPB .

: OSI , DTE DCE (Virtual Circuit) , .

X.25 , X.25 X.25 .

, OSI 7 Layer , .

, . . .

X.25 3 . LAP_B , LAP_B . LAP_B .

3. X.25

3.1

, , . .

X.25 SNA / SDLC

, X.25 3 ( FrameRelay 2) . .

, .

, , .

, .

(1 : N)

3.2

, , . FrameRelay .

, FrameRelay 2 . . FrameRelay Part , .

4. X.25 Frame-Relay

Frame-Relay . Frame-Relay X.25 X.25 .

Frame-Relay 2 . , X.25 3 .

X.25

Frame-Relay

2.4Kbps - 56Kbps

9.9Kbps - E1

Node to Node

End to End

OSI

1,2,3

1,2

7 , (Frame Relay)

1.

DTE (packet switched public data network) X.25. X.25 (in-band signaling) (out-of-band signaling) .

, X.25 3 ( ) 3 , 2 ( ) 3 .

X.25 , .

X.25 . , 2 2 . , , . X.25 .

1.1

X.25 . , , Performance . , ATM .

1.2

Graphic Data , LAN , Client/Server , LAN (Burst) . , , , OSI-7 .

1.3

1990 The Group of Four DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), Telecommunication Northern Telecom , LAN Bridge Router Cisco, TDM Cell based Switching Mux Stratacom Frame Relay .

, ANSI (American National Standard Institute) T1.606, T1.617, T1.618, CCITT (ITU-T) I.122, I.233, Q.922, Q.933, I.370, I.555 1990 10 16 17 The Frame Relay (implementors) Forum .

1.4 WAN

1.4.1

switching (call) , . . , , .

1.4.2

, switching . . , . .

routing , . , , .

. . . , .

(SVC, switched virtual circuit) (PVC, permanent virtual circuit) .

2.

2.1

DCE Connection Oriented , High Throughput & Low Delay . , OSI-2 45Mbps . , .

Logical Link . PVC , Protocol .

LAN . , Burst LAN traffic WAN .

2.2

, IBM FEP . , .

PVC, SVC X.25 PVC SVC delay voice video .

3.

(frame relaying service) (frame switching service) . PVC , , PVC , , , UNI (user-to-network interface) .

, .

3.1

.

Flag

Address Field

Information Field( 4098Bytes)

Frame Check Sequence(FCS)

Flag

Flag ,FCS 2 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) . 1Flag, 2~4 Address Field, 2 Frame Check Sequence, Information Field .

3.2

(Control Field) .

Flag

Address Field

Control Field

InformationField

Frame Check Sequence

Flag

Control Field 1/2 .

DLCI (msb)

C/R

EA

DLCI (lsb)

FECN

BECN

DE

EA

C/R (Command/Response bit) , EA (Extended Address bit) 0 1 .

, FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification bit) BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification bit) , FECN BECN .

DE (Discard Eligibility bit) , set set . traffic .

DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) (PVC) 0 1023 Address X.25 , . , end points DLCI .

3.3 X.25

X.25 , , 3 , 2 .

OSI

X.25

Frame Relay

3

- - -

Layer 3

User System

2

- - -

Layer 2

- - - 0

Layer 2 (Core)

1

-

Layer 1

Layer 1

4.

4.1

Green Frame, Amber Frame, Red Frame , .

Green Frame frame Bc frame . , Bc Be frame Amber Frame DE frame (congestion) Red Frame DE Graceful Discard feature setting frame Graceful Discard feature disable Red Frame Be frame.

4.2 Rate

Bc Be . .

Bc (Committed Burst Size) PVC Normal Condition T Network ( ) bits . , Be (Excess Burst Size) Normal Condition T Bc Network ( ) bits (congestion) frame .

Normal Condition CIR (Committed Information Rate) , .

5.

. , Frame-mode Bearer Service ISDN , .

DTE . , .

, . , 45Mbps , NNI (Network-to-Network Interface) .

.

8 , ISDN

1. ISDN

, .

, . ISDN .

2. ISDN

ISDN (bearer service) (tele-service) . , , , .

ISDN . (BRI, basic rate interface) (PRI, primary rate interface) . , 64Kbps (B ) 16Kbps (D ) . 2B+D . B , D . , 1.544 Mbps (23B + D, , , ) 2.048 Mbps (30B + D, ) .

( - ) ( - ) ISDN . D LAPD, B LAPB .

ISDN , (basic service) .

ISDN . ISDN . ITU-T 10 3 .

< 3.1 ISDN >

, B , D . .

64Kbps, 8-kHz (64Kbps Unrestricted, 8-kHz Structured)

64 Kbps . . , (in-band) .

64Kbps, 8-kHz, (64Kbps, 8-kHz Structured, Usable for Speech Information)

PCM (coding) . , (processing) .

-, 8-kHz (Multiple-Rate 64Kbps Unrestricted , 8-kHz Structured)

ISDN . , 64 Kbps 1.536 Mbps 1.92 Mbps .

B D , .

(Virtual Call and Permanent Virtual Circuit) .

(Connectionless)

(datagram) . (telemetry) (alarm) .

(User signaling)

D . .

3. ISDN

ISDN - .

3.1 ( - )

(1)

B, D, H .

B . B , B . , B B . B , , (semipermanent) .

D B , .H .

ISDN (basic access) (primary access) .

B

D

( BRI )

192 Kbps

2B + D +

64 Kbps

16 Kbps

( PRI )

1.544 Mbps

23B + D

64 Kbps

2.048 Mbps

30B + D

< 3.1 ISDN >

(full-duplex) 64 Kbps B , 16Kbps D . 144 kbps , (framing) 192 Kbps .

, 2B + D B + D D . . , ISDN .

. 1.544 Mbps (, , ) 2.048 Mbps(). 1.544 Mbps 23B+D 2.048 Mbps 30B + D . D 64 Kbps . .

(2) (- )

( - ) .

R, S, T : (Reference point)TE1 : 1 (Terminal equipment type 1)TE2 : 2 (Terminal equipment type 2)TA : (Terminal adaptor)NT1 : 1 (network termination 1)NT2 : 2 (network termination 2)

< 3.2 ISDN >

NT1 OSI . NT1 ISDN . , NT1 . NT1 (Multidrop) .

NT2 OSI3 (concentration) . 1, 2, 3 (PBX) LAN 1, 2 .

TE . TE1 ISDN TA ISDN .

( - ) (reference point) . T, S, R . ISDN . NT1, NT2 .

(3) ( - ) ISDN

< 3.4 - ISDN >

( - ) .

D . D HDLC LAPD. LAPD B Q.931 X.25 .

B H , , . LAPB .

3.2 ISDN

(1)

ISDN 6 . B H , , , D , . B ISDN .

ISDN .

< 3.5 ISDN >

ISDN B D . B . B . D . ( - ) D , SS-7 (signaling system No. 7) . SS-7 ISDN .

< 3.6 ISDN >( )

ISDN PSPDN (packet switched public data network) ISDN . PSPDN , ISDN PSPDN .

ISDN . D ISDN , . , . ISDN SS-7 .

(2)

ISDN (address) (number) . ISDN . ISDN ISDN T .

ISDN ISDN ISDN(subaddress) . , NT2 TE . ISDN S .

< 3.7 ISDN >

(3) (Interworking)

ISDN ISDN . ISDN , .

< 3.8 ISDN >

4. ISDN

4.1 LAPD

LAPD D , (unacknowledged) (acknowledged) . , . HDLCLAPB , .

LAPD .

< 3.9 LAPD >

LAPD TEI(Terminal Endpoint Identifier) 3 SAPI(Service Access Point Identifier) . TEI , (terminal concentrator) TEI . TEI , . , , , . SAPI TEI . SAPI TEI .

SAPI

0

16

X.25

32-61

63

2

TEI

0-63

TEI

64-126

TEI

127

TEI

< 3.2 SAPI TEI >

3 SAPI TEI . TEI SAPI DLCI(Data Link Connection Identifier, ) .

SAPI TEI .

< 3.10 SAP TEI >

LAPD (information), (supervisory), (unnumbered) 3 . . . .

4.2 I.465/V.120

B . , I.465 / V.120 . , TE1 TE2 TE2 TA TE2 I.465/V.120 , TE1 I.465/V.120 .

4.3 (TA, Terminal adapter)

TA ISDN ISDN . TA , .

: 64Kbps 64 Kbps .

: (ISDN - ) (Q.931) Q.931 .

: ISDN ISDN .

: , .

5. ISDN 3

5.1 (Basic call control)

ISDN Q.930(I.450) Q.931(I.451) . Q.931 .

3 .

(protocol discriminator) : D Q.931 X.25 . .

(call reference value) : ( - ) . ( - ) , . , 0 (supplementary) . 0 (restart) , DLCI .

(message type) : . Q.931 , , .

.

< 3.11 (Q.931) >

(call establishment) , (call information phase) , (call clearing) , (miscellaneous) .

ALTERING, CALL PROCEEDING, CONNECT, CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE, PROGRESS, SETUP, SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE

SUSPEND, SUSPEND ACKNOWLEDGE, SUSPEND REJECT, RESUME,RESUME ACKNOWLEDGE, RESUME REJECT, USER INFORMATION

DISCONNECT, RELEASE, RELEASE COMPLETE, RESTART, RESTART ACKNOWLEDGE

CONGESTION CONTROL, FACILITY, INFORMATION, NOTIFY, STATUS,STATUS ENQUIRY

< 3.3 Q.931 >

( - ) ( - ) . B , .

, (suspension) . , .

(information element) . .

(1) (bearer capability)

SETUP , . . , , .

2 . 3 ITU-T . , .4 ( ) (64 Kbps, 2X64 Kbps, 384 Kbps, 1536 Kbps, 1920 Kbps) ( ) .

< 3.12 >

4 . 4a . , 4a, 4b .

5 (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d) . 6 Q.921(I.441) X.25 2 , 7 Q.931(I.451) X.25 3 .

5.2 (Supplementary services control)

Q.932 . Q.932 (keypad) , (feature key management) , (functional) .

() . .

6.

90 ISDN , 11 2,600 . ISDN , , , , .

9 , (Internet)

1.

1.1 ?

93(1995 615 ) 178) , () 4,852,000(1995 1 ) . 4 5 , , .

(A Network of Networks), 20 ARPANET .

, . 1994 , . , , .

1.2

1963 . ARPA(The Advanced Research Projects Agency) , ARPA 1969 ARPANET .

ARPANET , , . ARPANET (LAN) , ARPANET . ARPA , TCP/IP ARPA .

60 NASA , 'ARPANET' . 1983 TCP/IP , ARPANET MILNET ARPANET .

, ARPANET TCP/IP . TCP/IP . . UNIX TCP/IP internet , ,

2.

" ?" " !" . . Email, FTP, TELNET, USENET NEWS .

, WWW WWW . , WWW . FM . , . BBS BBS , , , , .

. , , .

2.1 Email

. Email . . Email . Email . . Email , .

2.2 (telnet)

. . TCP/IP , "TELENET" , TELENET , , . .

2.3 Ftp

. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) , FTP . FTP . FTP , . FTP .

, "anonymous" . Email .

2.4

archie system McGill University anonymous FTP archive site archie . Archie's User Access component filename database "file" , archive site name, IP address, archive .

archive site "browse" archie .

archie server "package descriptions" (or "whatis") database . name description .

2.5 Usenet News

, USENET , , , . USENET , Netnews host . USENET news mail . USENET ,UUCP, BITNET Network Network . , USENET . Netnews mail traffic .

2.6 , Mailling List

. site postmaster . mailing list . mailing list .

List . mailing list , mailing list . "public" mailing list IETF TCP-IP mailing List mail address .

2.7 (Gopher)

. , , , .

2.8 WAIS

WAIS . , WAIS .

WAIS . WAIS . 250 WAIS Library . Library library . . WAIS Dow Jones Information Service . WAIS Library .

2.9 WWW

, WWW (World Wide Web). WWW ( W3) "" , FTP, , . (link) , WWW , , . (broswer) . , , , , (hypermedia) . WWW .

3.

3.1

, . UNIX talk ytalk IRC .

3.2 FINGER

finger . finger .

3.3 IRC

IRC(Internet Relay Chat) , compuserve CB simulator . 10 ? , , , PLO , , , .

3.4 , MUD

(MUD : Multi User Dungeon Multi User Dimension) . 1ikuMUD DikuMUD .

3.5 , : MBONE

IETF IETF "audiocast" MBONE IP . , MBONE IP LAN IP , (tunnel) . IP "mrouted" daemon .

3.6

, . , , 100 .

[http://www.vocaltec.com/] " " . , 1995 5 . (Full Duplex) .

3.7 , CU-Seeme

, . PC Mac , Ftp . Mac . . , NASA Reflector , .

4.

4.1

. , . anonymous FTP Archie WWW . , . , .

*

Archie, WAIS , WWW WAIS . . , ? .

WWW WWW .http://www.switch.ch/cat/gateways.html . FTP Archie . . ( , .) WAIS . WWW . , WAIS, WWW , . , . , WAIS .(quake.think.com telnet ). , WinWais xwais . , WWW WAIS . , relavance feedback , telnet, , WWW .)

4.2

PC , (LAN) . , , , , , , .

, ( ) .

. .

*

1. (virus) , . (logic bombs)

2. (worm) , , .

3. (trojan horse) , , (CODE) .

4. (trap door, back door) , , .

5. (spoof) , .

*

1. (process) .2. (free space) (inode) .3. , .4. .5. , , .6. , .7. , .8. , .

*

1.

, . .

2.

(1) npasswd

Austin Clyde Hoover npasswd UNIX passwd , ,

o .o , , .o .o , . o , .o , .

(2) cops

o /dev/kmem / ,o ,o o passwd ,o group ,o .cshrc, .profile, .login .rhost ,o /etc/rc cron o NFS "root" ,o expert ,o setuid ,

(3) kerberos

MIT Athena (Authentication) , Kerveros , , . Kerberos rlogin, mail, NFS Kerberos . Berkely 4.4 . 4.Crack Unix pw file pw 5.Satan Security tool 1 IP address 134.75.30.11 garam.kreonet.re.kr anonymous FTP ~/pub/SECURITY .

5.

90 , , . Information Super Highway(ISH) .

*

, , .

backbone RTP(Realtime Transport Protocol) , , . ISP .

*

, , .

, , . , .

, , . .

*

. (CU-SeeMe) .

, . (Reflector) . , .

MBONE, MBONE , MBONE . MBONE (Streaming) , RealAudio .

6.

6.1

Intra() Net = Intranet : , . (intranet) .

. . . . .

6.2

Intra() Net = Intranet , Extra() Net = Extranet .

, . Extranet , . Extranet Firewall .

6.3 (Hotjava)

*

WWW ( , ) , . , . , .

. Netscape Mosaic GIF jpeg . viewer . , .

. , .

*

Java(. ?) .

Java SUN . , . . , .

, . , , . . , .

, , .

*

. , C . C C++ . 90 . C++ . C++ , C++ .

95 .

, . , . , MS . , . C . .

- , ,

7.

7.1 (Information Super Highway)

, . , , , .

, , , .

, , . , . .

, (:, ) ( ) . .

7.2

. , . , . , .

, .

, . .

, . , . , (,) ? .

. , . , . . , .

, . , , . " " .

, , , . , . , , .

10 , ATM

, , , / , VOD(VIDEO ON DEMAND) , .

, , , . .

, . , , , .

( B-ISDN ) , , ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode : ) .

1. ATM

1.1 , NETWORK

20 . , PC WORKSTATION CPU 10 .

PC , LAN(Local Area Network). LAN , 1973 ETHERNET .

LAN PC , OS . OS PC DOS UNIX . OS (NETWARE) OS (WINDOW95, WINDOWS NT) . OS .

OS , PC . ACCESS LAN .

, Network Architecture .

1.2 NETWORK

. , CAD(Computer Aided Design) . DTP(Desktop Publishing: ) Vector Font, Outline Font .

. , . , .

* LAN

. CPU. OS, ,

.

.

. (, )

LAN ATM-LAN.

. . , .

. 19 , (CIRCUIT SWITCHING) ( ) , .

WAN(Wide Area Network) ARPANET , PACKET . , .

N-ISDN(Narrowband Integrated Service Digital Network) . N-ISDN . , , N-ISDN .

* WAN

. LAN

.

.

. , LAN CATV

WAN ATM-WAN ITU(International Telecommunication Union) . , WAN LAN

2. ATM?

ISDN . ISDN .

ISDN 1.5Mbps , . , ISDN 64kbps .

, ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) .

2.1 ATM

ATM . ATM 48 Label() 5 , 53 CELL . 48 5 .

ATM . .

ATM OAM(Operation, Administration and Maintenance: ; ) , .

[1]

, , () . ATM . ATM (VC: Virtual channel) , (VP: Virtual Path) .

VP (VCC: Virtual Channel Connection) , (VCH: Virtual channel Handler, ATM ) , (VPC: Virtual Path Connection) ( , ) (VPH: Virtual Path Handler ATM ) . (Digital Section) , .

, . ATM , .

ATM VHC(ATM ) VP . , .

[2]

, , . .

ATM (buffer) . , . . . ATM .

[3] OPERATION

ATM . , , ( ) ( ) . ATM . OAM , .

2.2 ATM

. , . , . , . .

( ) , 128-4,096 . , . (X.25) . Mbps, , . .

ATM (ATM CELL ) 53 . . , ATM .

[1] ATM

B-ISDN (Broadband-ISDN: ISDN) , ATM . ATM 53 . 53 5 48 .

ATM . , (VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier) . , ATM , . (VCI: Virtual Path Identifier) (VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier) . , ( ) .

ATM , .ATM , , . .

. ATM

, , . 1,2,3 0.5,1.5 . .

, ATM . , . .

ATM . , , 64kbps, 128kbps ATM 64kbps, 70kbps .

. ATM

ATM 53 128-4,096 , ATM .

CPU . ATM (53 ) , VCI . , .

. (ATM)

ATM VCI . ATM . , , , .

X.25 , FLOW CONTROL . . , . , .

[2] ATM

. ATM

ATM , . ATM , ATM ( ), .

- () ATM .

a. UPC (Usage Parameter Control : ) - , 1 .b. OAM(Operation, Administration and Maintenance : ) - , .c. (HCV : Header Converter) - .

ATM - ( ).

- , ATM .

. ATM ( )

(Banyan: ) . .

< 5.1 >

1 0 . .

. ATM

. ATM .

* CAC (Connection Admission Control : )

. , . .

* UPC (Usage Parameter Control : )

ATM . UPC . UPC , , . , . , , UPC . , .

*

ATM . . , , , ( ) . .

*

, .

. . UPC . ATM .

. OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance : )

, . OAM , ATM .

OAM , , , . . . .

, CC(Continuity Check: ) .

, Keep Alive .

, , , . .

MC (Monitoring Cell: ) , , , . , N MC . MC MC , .

2.3 ATM

[1] B-ISDN

B-ISDN ATM . , ISDN 80 , , , , , . , , . ITU B-ISDN ATM .

B-ISDN . B-ISDN , ATM . 155 Mbps 622Mbps . B-ISDN N-ISDN . , B-ISDN ATM N-ISDN . B-ISDN N-ISDN .

< 5.2 B-ISDN >

B-ISDN .

B-ISDN , , , . . . . OAM . , ATM , ATM (AAL:ATM Adaptation Layer), .

, , . , .

, . , , , .

, . ATM AAL , . .

. (USE-PLANE), (CONTROL-PLANE), (MANAGEMENT-PLANE). , . , .

, , . UNI(User-Network Interface: ) , NNI(Network Node Interface) .

B-ISDN .

:

ATM (AAL) : (CS: Convergence Sublayer) (SAR: Segmentation and Reassembly) (Sublayer) .

- (CS: Convergence Sublayer) : AAL - (SAR: Segmentation and Reassembly) : ATM

ATM : , /, , /

: (TC: Transmission Convergence Sublayer) (PMD: Physicat Media Dependent Sublayer) (Sublayer) .

- (TC: Transmission Convergence Sublayer) : , HEC(Header Error Control) , , , - (PMD : Physical Media Dependent Sublayer) : ,

[2] ATM

ATM . AAL 48 ATM 5 ATM 53 .

SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierachy : ) . SDH ITU-T(International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector : ) .

SDH 155.52Mbps ( STM-1{Synchronous Transport Module-1: -1) STM-1 4 STM-4(622.08Mbps), 16qodls STM-16(2488.32Mbps) , ATM .

.

ITU-T ATM . PMD (Physical Media Dependence Sublayer : ), TC (Transmission Convergence Sublayer : ) .

* (PMD)

ATM , .

* (TC)

(1) SDH :

SDH 156Mbps, 622Mbps , 125um(1/800 ) . , (720 ) SDH ATM 156Mbps 149.760Mbps , 622Mbps 4 599.040Mbps .

ATM 53 ATM . ( ATM .) SDH ATM .

(2) HEC (Header Error Control : ) :

ATM 5 1 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check : ) 4 . HEC .

CRC . . CRC ATM TC .

(3) :

ATM SDH () . , . ( ) 156Mbps 622Mbps .

(4) :

. , , FDDI .

. ATM HEC .

. ATM

53 ATM . .

< 5.3 ATM >

(1) GFC (Generic Flow Control : )

GFC (4) . . .

GFC ATM-LAN , 1992 POINT TO POINT ALL ZERO .( GFC : 0000 = GFC , = POINT TO POINT ) GFC , ATM GFC . , GFC .

(2) VPI/VCI ( / )

ATM . UNI VPI 8, VCI 16 , . . OAM .

(3) PT (Payload Type : )

ATM 48( ) OAM, . 1 (000,001,010,011) . OAM (100,101) . (111 )

(4) CLP (Cell Loss Priority : )

ATM . . CLP , CLP=1 , CLP=0 .

(5) HEDC (Header Error Control : )

.

. ALL

ATM (ALL) ATM ATM . AAL PDU (Protocol Data Unit) 53 ATM .

AAL , , . AAL , AAL .

(1) AAL

B-ISDN ATM ATM . AAL (SAP : Service Access Point) , AAL (PDU : Protocol Data Unit) .

AAL (CS) (SAR) , (SSCS : Service Specific CS) (CPCS : Common Part CS) . SSCS , CPCS SAR AAL . (PDU) (PRIMITIVE) .

(2) AAL

B-ISDN .

. . .

. , , . (deterministic) (FCC: Forward Error Correction) .

. . .

(CBR : Constant Bit Rate) (VBR : Variable Bit Rate) . 64 kbit/s , .

. CBR , VBR . ATM .

< 5.4 AAL >

(Connection oriented) (connectionless) . . . B-ISDN LAN . B-ISDN .

B-ISDN . AAL .

ATM AAL .

. AAL TYPE 1: AAL TYPE 1 , CLASS A AAL .. AAL TYPE 2: ALL TYPE 2 CLASS B AAL.. ALL TYPE 3/4: CLASS C D AAL .. ALL TYPE 5: ALL TYPE 5 ALL CLASS C .

AAL TYPE , . AAL (Segmentation and Reassembly : SAR Sublayer) (CS : Convergence Sublayer) . SAR ATM .

3. ATM

3.1 WAN

N-ISDN (Narrowband-ISDN) , .

, . N-ISDN . , .

, . . , .

N-ISDN .

[1] , .[2] , .

ATM B-ISDN, ATM-WAN .

B-ISDN , . B-ISDN . B-ISDN .

[1] [2] ()ATM-WAN [3] [4] LAN

3.2 LAN

LAN ( ) . LAN , . (MAC: Media Access Control, ) LAN .

(CSMA/CD ) , . .

ATM (Dedicated Media) . . ATM ATM . ATM ATM . ATM ATM . LAN , . LAN .

ATM ( ) , . . LAN ATM . ATM UNI ATM LAN .

ATM .

[1] () .[2] .[3] (, , ) .[4] LAN WAN .

LAN ATM .

[1] ATM-LAN

PC KAN, ATM-LAN . (ATM ATM ) ATM .

[2] HUB ATM

(Collapsed backbone : LAN ) HUB ATM . , ATM , . LAN ATM .

[3] ATM

( ) HUB( HUB ) ATM ATM . ATM . .

[4] ATM( HUB),

( HUB) ( HUB) , ATM ( HUB) ATM . ATM .

4. ATM

4.1 (NII)

NII (National Information Infrastructure: ) . 1991 (HPC : US High Performance Computer ACT) , . CSPP(Computer System Policy Project) , . NREN(National Research and Education Network: ) . NREN ATM , AURORA( ) // BLANCA, CASA, The Nectar, VISTAnet, MAGIC . NREN NII , RFC1259 (Request For Comments 1259 : NREN) .

, CATV (National Public Network) . , , , , NII . 1992 . 1993 9 NII NII AGENDA . , IITF (Information Infrastructure Task Force) 1994 1 NII .

NII , NII ' .' . NII , . .

4.2 BAGNet

, ATM . BAGNeT (Bay Area Gigabit Network) . BAGNet , DEC, HP, NASA, , 65 , ATM . , , ATM BABNet .

ATM (), () , . BAGNet ATM , .

3

11 95

1.

* Cable : , UTP Cable* :, LAN Adapter(Card)* : PPP/SLIP, TCP/IP, Netbeui Protocol* ID : IP Address, * : , Router, Server* : Telnet,

Windows 95 . Windows 95 Plug & Play . IP Address .

LAN LAN .

2.

- ( ) Windows 95 .

2.1

4 , .

< 1.1 ( ) >

4 , .

: Microsoft

: LAN Card

: TCP/IP

: Microsoft /

. ( ) LAN Adapter Setting . LAN Adapter ( LAN Adapter )

< 1.2 >

* , LAN Card

* Intel Etherexpress 16: : Intel : Etherexpress 16 or 16TP* EtherNIC II : : Novell/Anthem : NE2000

Windows 95 , , . , , , ,

. ( Windows 95) , .

< 1.3 >

2.2

.

1) Microsoft

- NT Server

- - :

2)

< 1.5 >

3) TCP/IP

- (TCP/IP) -

- -

DNS

< 1.6 DNS >

DNS(Domain Name Service) Server . ,

- : toody- : sicc.co.kr- DNS : 203.255.244.4 (toody)

(Gateway, default router)

- - Address

WINS

Windows Internet Naming Service(WING) . WINS NetBIOS .

- TCP/IP

IP

< 1.7 IP >

- PC IP Address - ( )- : C class 255.255.255.0

2.3

.

. 15 . ( )

) woyzeck, Jerry,

. .

15 . .

. , , .

.

2.4

< 1.8 >

:

- .- . .

- .- .- . (NT Netware)

- .

3.

, . .

1. DOS 2. 3. .

32 203.255.244.4 ping :

203.255.244.4 : =32 =111ms TTL=251203.255.244.4 : =32 =49ms TTL=251203.255.244.4 : =32 =73ms TTL=251203.255.244.4 : =32 =39ms TTL=251

# Ping ?

4.

-

Windows 95 , . .

5.

. Windows 95 .

5.1

1)

. -- ( ) ( ALT+ENTER ). ( ). ( ALT+ENTER ). / .

< 1.9 >

* : * : .( )* : * : .( )

. .

< 1.10 >

2)

. .. , .. .

. .. .

3)

. -- .. - ( )

. , ( , , CD-ROM )

5.2

1)

. -- . . - . ( ALT+ENTER ). , Release Notes . HTTP, NNTP, SMTP, FTP . . HTTP HTML . .

Helpers . MIME , , .

. . .

. . OK Apply .

* File/MIME Type MIME .* Subtype .* File Extensions . .* Create New Type MIME MIME subtype Configure New MIME Type . OK .* Action . * View in Browse . * Save to Disk . * Unknown: Prompt User . * Launch Application . Browse .

1.4 Language

. . .

. en-US fr-CA . ISO .

Language/Region . User define . Language/Region Accept List .

* Right Language/Region Accept List . * Left Accept List . * Language/Region User define Accept List .

2. (Mail and News preferences)

. Server Identity .

2.1 Composition

Allow 8-bit . ASCII MIME MIME Compliant .

Mail Messages News Messages . .

Automatically quote original message when replying . > . , . .

2.2 Servers

SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) . POP . . Mail SMTP POP3 . SMTP POP .

* Outgoing Mail(SMTP)Server SMTP . * Incoming Mail(POP)Server POP . * Pop User Name ID . @ . * Mail Directory . * Maximum Message Size None Size , . . Size . None . * Removed from the server Left on the server . Removed from the server . * Every Never . Every . Every 10 .

News Usenet . .

* News(NNTP) Server . * News Directory . . * Get 100 Messages at a Time . . .

2.3 Identity

. . . sk@netscape.com sk@aol.com .

* Your Name . * Your Email @ . * Reply-to Address . * Your Organization . * Signature File . , Browse . .

3. (Network Preferences)

. .

3.1 Cache

* Memory Cache . Clear Memory Cache Now .* Disk Cache . Clear Disk Cache Now . * Disk Cache Directory .

. . Once per Session . Every Time . Never .

. . Verify Documents Every Time . .

WWW Reload . . . . Reload .

3.2 Connections

. . . , .

* Number of Connections 4 . . . * Network Buffer Size . 32K.

3.3 Proxy

. . . .

. . . . ( , )

No Proxies, Manual Proxy Configuration, Automatic Proxy Configuration . No Proxies . Manual Proxy Configuration View . Automatic Proxy Configuration URL .

, . HTTP FTP . . , HTTP 80 FTP 21 . . Proxy Port .

Proxy . HTTP, FTP, Gopher . IP . Port .

FTP(File Transfer Protocol), Gopher, HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol), Security (Secure Sockets Layer protocol), WAIS(Wide Area Information System), SOCKS (firewall bypass software) .

No Proxy for: . ,

HTTP Proxy: awerver.netscape.com Port:8080No Proxy for: adomain.bdomain.netscape.com

adomain, bdomain, netscape.com HTTP . HTTP aserver 8080 . . No Proxy for . , . * .

. 100% . .

13 Telnet FTP

1. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)

FTP . FTP , . . FTP ,

95 FTP. FTP File Transfer Protocol FTP PC , FTP DOS FTP. . WS_FTP.

2. WS_FTP FTP

WS_FTP32 FTP FTP PC, PC . WS_FTP .

2.1

login guest BBS '3. ' WS_FTP FTP ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/slip-ppp/windows/ . WS_FTP(WS_FTP.zip) WS_FTP WS_FTP pkunzip.exe .

1. pkunzip . FTP .EXE , .ZIP . .zip pkunzip.exe WINZIP .

, .ZIP . PC pkunzip.exe . C .

c:\>dir/s pkunzip.exe C .

2. , . BBS FTP . BBS ( 95 ) login: guest .

BBS '3. ' - '1. ' , -'27) Pkzip/unzip 2.04g' - '1) Zmodem ' Zmodem . pkz204g.exe.

3. utility ( .) .

c:\> md utility c:\> cd utility c:\utility\> move c:\down\pkz204g.exec:\utility> pkz204g c:\down\ . 95 pkz204g.exe .

4. .ZIP . FTP ws_ftp.zip . ws_ftp.zip c:\down\ .

a. , ws_ftp .

c:\> md ftp c:\> cd ftp c:\ftp\> move c:\down\ws_ftp.zip

b.pkunzip .

c:\ftp\> c:\utility\pkunzip ws_ftp.zip

5. .

ex) WS_FTP 951125 . c:\internet\>md ftp c:\internet\>cd ftp c:\internet\ftp\>pkunzip c:\download\WS_FTP.zip (WS_FTP download )

. 95 [ ]- [ ]- [] WS-FTP .[3-1] .

< 3-1 >

[] , [] .

2.2 WS-FTP FTP

95 PPP WS_FTP , . [3-3] FTP ftp://ftp.nuri.net .

Profile Name

( .)

Host Name

( FTP ftp.nuri.net)

Host Type

Automatic detect

User ID

anonymous ( Anonymous login V .)

Password

. ( Save Password V .)

Initial Directories

FTP .

Remote Host

( .)

Local PC

. ( .)

[Save] [OK] . [3-4] .

[3-4] PC .

(->)

PC .

(

SAMBA 95 ( E:) 95 NT . ( )

2. SAMBA

SAMBA , anonymous ftp site

ftp://dice.postech.ac.kr/pub/network

.

SAMBA samba-1.9.16p2.tar.gz ftp .

3. SAMBA

3.1

SAMBA samba-1.9.16p2.tar.gz .

1. gunzip samba-1.9.16p2.tar.gz ( samba-1.9.16p2.tar )2. tar -xvf samba-1.9.16p2.tar ( samba-1.9.16p2 COPYING, README, docs, examples, source ).

(Solaris, Linux, HP-UX ) .

1. source Makefile (source/Makefile) .

( )

SAMBA (#) . .

% uname -a

< 4.3 Makefile >

2. : make . 3. : make install . /usr/local/samba .

3.2 SAMBA

SAMBA samba-1.9.16p2/examples/simple/smb.conf(SAMBA ) /usr/local/samba/lib , smb.conf .

[homee] create mode = 750 create mode=75

[global] lpq command = /usr/ucb/lpq

[global] hosts allow = www.xxx.yyy.0/255.255.2255.0 host allow = www.xxx. . www.xxx.yyy.zzz PC IP .